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{id/Civ 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 OF 
 
 ILLLNOIS 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 Newton Bateman, LL. D. Pah Selby, A.M. 
 
 ii ' 
 
 AND HISTORY OF 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 EDITED RV 
 
 Howard F. Dyson 
 
 ♦ 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 C H I C A G O : 
 
 M V N S E I. I. PUBLISHIN G C O M P A N V 
 
 PUBLISHERS. 
 
 19 08 
 
f-^7 
 
 £- 
 
 Entered according to act of Congress in the years 
 1894, 1899 and 1900 by 
 
 WILLIAM W. MUNSELL 
 
 In the office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington 
 
 -I I 
 
THe 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVSR 
 BASIN. 
 
 TERRITORY DRAINED BV THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 
 
j \n z T^o~vo-'L-^ i^tixA^-i^M, 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant such an 
 undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to have 
 induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a 
 distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should 
 receive attention. 
 
 In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there is 
 abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of 
 all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- 
 nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the 
 early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the 
 Ohio River — the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early 
 French population brought in contact with the aborigines — its political, military, and educa- 
 tional prominence — its steadfast loyalty and patriotism — the marvelous development of its 
 vast resources — the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has 
 furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on 
 the Slavery question. 
 
 This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its 
 essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume 
 devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most 
 carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting 
 material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- 
 fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been 
 gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible 
 to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- 
 pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information 
 within the smallest practicable space. 
 
 And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief 
 that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- 
 nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of 
 Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, 
 the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, 
 conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. 
 The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of 
 the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources 
 connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to 
 scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, 
 the office, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 
 
 3 
 
4 PKEFACE. 
 
 long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words 
 for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity 
 and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. 
 Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment — and there are 
 many of this character — it is handled accordingly. 
 
 As a rule, the method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, 
 as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered 
 separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass 
 from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and 
 order to complexity and confusion. 
 
 Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of 
 items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence ; since, 
 in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every 
 statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and 
 the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. 
 
 Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of 
 mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- 
 ernmental, financial, social, religious, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- 
 tary, judicial or otherwise; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It 
 is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be 
 disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and 
 legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission 
 of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. 
 Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than 
 the selection of names for this part of the work. 
 
 While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted 
 that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not 
 appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not 
 deemed best to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. 
 
 And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully 
 assumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their 
 uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have so generously and helpfully promoted 
 the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- 
 cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom 
 especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services; to 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, 
 encouraged us in this enterprise — with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, 
 the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of 
 details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, 
 for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found 
 instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. 
 
 
PREFATORY STATEMENT. 
 
 Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and 
 ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, 
 has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it 
 therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. 
 
 As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation 
 of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, 
 the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French 
 explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, 
 under the title, "Illinois," supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras 
 in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti- 
 tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have 
 taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military 
 organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of 
 State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each ; the 
 organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and 
 educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which 
 have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early 
 newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical 
 information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character — 
 all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- 
 tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business 
 man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. 
 
 While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been 
 wholly lacking or few in number — and those already in existence have a present and con- 
 stantly increasing value — they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and 
 particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character 
 of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial 
 bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon 
 the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather 
 together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and 
 upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring 
 patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction 
 that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of 
 many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is 
 still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be 
 appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. 
 
 The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable 
 feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 
 
 5 
 
6 PREFATORY STATEMENT. 
 
 elaboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise 
 form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. 
 Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been 
 spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. 
 
 In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- 
 dinary development of the State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given 
 to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has 
 been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population. 
 
 In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I 
 should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John 
 M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; 
 to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum, 
 Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- 
 cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State 
 Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for 
 special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different 
 parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special 
 topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been 
 attained in the work. 
 
 In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay this final tribute to the memory of my friend and 
 associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, elsewhere recorded, was 
 deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Knox College, his former pupils and 
 immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. 
 
 Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time 
 of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time 
 prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of 
 the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he 
 brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- 
 tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship 
 and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- 
 nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its 
 merit. 
 
 With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my 
 hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara- 
 tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer — one whose abilities commanded uni- 
 versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart 
 won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my 
 privilege to count as a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. 
 
 sL&j/atv, 
 
 y-^L4^<^i,a^£r %>da^ 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Abraham Lincoln (Frontispiece) 1 
 
 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 
 
 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 
 
 Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3 
 
 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 
 
 "Chenn Mansion," Kaskaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 
 
 Chicago Academy of Sciences . 394 
 
 Chicago Drainage Canal ~ 94 
 
 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 
 
 Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 
 
 Chicago Public Buildings 395 
 
 Chicago Thoroughfare-; 89 
 
 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 
 
 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 
 
 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 
 
 Day after Chicago Fire 92 
 
 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 
 
 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 
 
 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois— The Vineyard 13 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois — Orchard Cultivation 13 
 
 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 
 
 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 
 
 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 
 
 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 
 
 General John Edgar's House, Kaskasia 315 
 
 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 
 
 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 
 
 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Kaskaskias (1893) 314 
 
 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva. 236 
 
 Illinois Eastern Hospital for Insane, Kankakee 85 
 
 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 
 
 Hlinois State Normal University, Normal 504 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (First), Kaskaskia 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Third) , Springfield 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 
 
 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 
 
 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 
 
 Illinois State Penitentiary — Cell House and Women's Prison 307 
 
 Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 
 
 7 
 
8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 
 
 Interior of Room, Kaskaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banquet was held in 1825 314 
 
 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 
 
 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayette was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1893) 314 
 
 La Salle (Portrait) 246 
 
 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 
 
 Library Building — Main Floor — University of Illinois 335 
 
 Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 
 
 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 
 
 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 600 
 
 Map of Illinois Following Title Page 
 
 Map of Illinois River Valley " " " 
 
 McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 
 
 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 
 
 Newberry Library-, Chicago 394 
 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 
 
 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 
 
 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 
 
 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 
 
 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 
 
 Scenes in South Park, Chicago 604 
 
 Selby. Paul (Protrait) 5 
 
 Sheridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 121 
 
 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 439 
 
 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 505 
 
 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 492 
 
 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 
 
 University of Chicago 363 
 
 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 
 
 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 
 
 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 
 
 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 
 
 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 
 
 Views of Drainage Canal 96 
 
 Views of Drainage Canal 97 
 
 War Eagle (Portrait) 246 
 
 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 
 
 World's Pair Buildings 605 
 
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. 
 
 ABBOTT, (Lient.-tfov.) Edward, a British 
 officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes 
 (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the 
 time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- 
 kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at 
 least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois 
 Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- 
 kaskia, Colonel Clark, having learned that 
 Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at 
 Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard 
 except that furnished by the inhabitants of the 
 village, took advantage of his absence to send 
 Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- 
 nois, to win over the people to the American 
 cause, which he did so successfully that they at 
 once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- 
 can flag was run up over the fort. Although 
 Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of 
 the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- 
 tion was as much of a surprise to the British as 
 that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the 
 completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, 
 Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- 
 ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more 
 humane character than the mass of British 
 officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General 
 Carletor about this time, protesting strongly 
 against the employment of Indians in carrying 
 on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, 
 on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was 
 a detriment to the British cause, although he 
 was overruled by his superior officer, Colonel 
 Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- 
 ture Vincennes. 
 
 ABINGDON, second city in size in KnoxCounty, 
 at the junction of the Iowa Central and the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 
 miles soutli of Galesburg, with which it is con- 
 nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks, 
 electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile 
 works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, 
 
 three weekly papers, public library, fine high 
 school building and two ward schools. Hedding 
 College, a nourishing institution, under auspices 
 of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population 
 (1900), 2,022; (est. 1904), 3,000. 
 
 ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer 
 and companion of La Salle, who came to the 
 "Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied 
 Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois 
 River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis- 
 sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. 
 Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They 
 were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom 
 the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- 
 covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to 
 Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) 
 
 ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President 
 and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 
 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary 
 ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- 
 man, having served as Captain of a company of 
 the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with 
 "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony 
 Point during the Revolutionary War, while his 
 father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the 
 War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- 
 cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in 
 mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk 
 in the financial department of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of 
 the Company in 1860, he successively filled the 
 positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, 
 until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- 
 dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, 
 voluntarily retiring from this position in August, 
 1883, though serving some time longer in the 
 capacity of Vice-President. During the progress 
 of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
 (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the 
 Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago 
 under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 
 
10 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 (1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago 
 Historical Society, and has rendered valuable 
 service to railroad history by the issue of two bro- 
 chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail- 
 roads." and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad." 
 
 ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan- 
 thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. is, 
 1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught 
 for several years in his native place, in Plain- 
 field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he 
 became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- 
 dover, Mass., remaining there twenty-three 
 years. In addition to his educational duties he 
 participated in the organization of several great 
 charitable associations which attained national 
 importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy 
 in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, 111., where, 
 four years afterward, he became the third Prin- 
 cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining 
 six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- 
 can Sunday School Union, in the course of the 
 next few years founding several hundred Sunday 
 Schools in different parts of the State. He re- 
 ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 
 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The 
 subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William 
 Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian 
 clerg3 r man of New York and for seven years (1873- 
 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. 
 
 ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was 
 born at Londonderry, N. H, March 11, 1834, the 
 son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- 
 lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and 
 Twenty- first New York Volunteers during the 
 Civil War. Sir. Adams was educated at Gorham, 
 Me., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to 
 New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- 
 goods house at S150 a year. He next entered the 
 office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, 
 and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the 
 house of Morris K. Jessup & Co. He thus became 
 associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of 
 Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of 
 Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & 
 Westlake Co., have done a large business in the 
 manufacture of railway supplies. Since the 
 death of Mr. Crerar, Sir. Adams has been princi- 
 pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing 
 business. 
 
 ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- 
 cator, was born at Brunswick. Me., Dec. 19, 1806, 
 and educated at Bowdoin College, where he 
 graduated in both the departments of literature 
 and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a 
 
 physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the 
 chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and 
 Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro 
 fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
 Medical Department of the same institution, and, 
 during his connection with the College, gave 
 instruction at different times in nearly every 
 branch embraced in the college curriculum, 
 including the French and German languages. 
 Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- 
 age in his adherence to principle, he was a man 
 of singular modesty, refinement and amiability 
 in private life, winning the confidence and esteem 
 of all with whom he came in contact, especially 
 the students who came under his instruction. A 
 profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a 
 refined and exalted literary taste, which was 
 illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- 
 tific and literary periodicals. Among productions 
 of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- 
 ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in 
 his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the 
 "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte 
 and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and 
 "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- 
 tween Religion and Science" ("New r Englander," 
 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- 
 tinued until his death, April, 1877 — a period of 
 more than thirty-eight years. A monument to 
 his memory has been erected through the grate- 
 ful donations of his former pupils. 
 
 ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, born at Keene, N. H. , June 18, 1840; 
 was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane 
 Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the 
 former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- 
 cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher 
 in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the 
 practice of his profession. His first post of pub- 
 lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to 
 which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was 
 chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth 
 Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 
 1884, '86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi- 
 date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. 
 He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry 
 Library. 
 
 ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in 
 Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego 
 County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to 
 Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate 
 in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- 
 tensive practice for the time; in 1823 was elected 
 a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 11 
 
 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate 
 Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county 
 of the State, situated about midway between its 
 northern and southern extremities, and bounded 
 on the west by the Mississippi River. It was 
 organized in 1825 and named in honor of John 
 Quincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given 
 to the county seat. The United States Census of 
 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- 
 tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile 
 and well watered, the surface diversified and 
 hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and 
 its climate equable. The wealth of the county is 
 largely derived from agriculture, although a 
 large amount of manufacturing is carried on in 
 Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. 
 
 ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at 
 Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12, 
 1822; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., 
 and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, 
 which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. 
 Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, 
 Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land 
 and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. 
 In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from 
 Stephenson County, serving continuously in that 
 body by successive re-elections until 1870 — first as 
 a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 
 he established the Second National Bank of Free- 
 port, of which he continued to be the president 
 until his death, August 17, 1881. — Miss Jane 
 (Addams), philanthropist, the founder of the "Hull 
 House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. 
 
 ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of 
 Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School 
 and Orphan Asylum; has State Bank, stores and 
 public school. Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 014. 
 
 AD J UT ANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- 
 tant-General for the State of Illinois was first 
 created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. 
 Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position 
 was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties 
 (except during the Black Hawk War) and its 
 emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- 
 cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's 
 Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small 
 importance. Those who held the office during 
 the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert 
 Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson anil Wm. Alex- 
 ander. After the admission of Illinois as a State 
 up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties 
 (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- 
 charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819-21 ; Elijah C. 
 Berry, 1821-28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses 
 
 K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. 
 In November, 1861, Col. T. S. Mather, who had held 
 the position for three years previous, resigned to 
 enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller 
 was appointed, remaining in office until January 
 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 
 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office 
 until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869, 
 taking into consideration that all the Illinois 
 volunteers had been mustered out, and that the 
 duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- 
 ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the 
 department and curtailed the appropriation for 
 its support. Since the adoption of the military 
 code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has 
 occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- 
 tion among the departments of the State govern- 
 ment. The following is a list of those who have 
 held office since General Haynie, with the date 
 and duration of their respective terms of office: 
 Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins, 
 1873-75; Hiram Hilliard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 
 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- 
 dorff, 1893-96, C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. 
 Reece, 1897 — . 
 
 AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an 
 agricultural State. A large area in the eastern 
 portion of the State, because of the absence of 
 timber, was called by the early settlers "the 
 Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge 
 beginning in Jackson County and running across 
 the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of 
 Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending 
 from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are 
 of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- 
 tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, 
 and the southern and southwestern to the culti- 
 vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of 
 the entire State — some 42,000 square miles — is up- 
 land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. 
 In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the 
 States, that for 1891 being $31, 106, 674, with 3,068,- 
 930 acres under cultivation. In the production 
 of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census 
 (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, 
 and the value of the crop being estimated at 
 $86,905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, 
 although the annual average value of the crop 
 from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than $29,000,- 
 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value of 
 horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- 
 tion of swine ($30,000,000), third in cattle-growing 
 ($32,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the 
 value of milch cows being estimated at $24,000,- 
 000. (See also Farmers' Institute. ) 
 
12 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 AGRICULTURE, DEPARTMENT OF. A 
 
 department of the State administration which 
 grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- 
 cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the 
 Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from 
 the State treasury for its maintenance was $1,000 
 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of 
 mechanical and agricultural arts." The first 
 President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon 
 County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was 
 the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott 
 of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John 
 Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some 
 thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- 
 ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- 
 culturists. The department has well equipped 
 offices in the State House, and is charged with 
 the conduct of State Fairs and the management 
 of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the 
 collection and dissemination of statistical and 
 other information relative to the State's agri- 
 cultural interests. It receives annual reports 
 from all County Agricultural Societies. The 
 State Board consists of three general officers 
 (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one 
 representative from each Congressional district. 
 The State appropriates some §20,000 annually for 
 the prosecution of its work, besides which there 
 is a considerable income from receipts at State 
 Fairs and fat stock shows. Between $20,000 and 
 $25,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to 
 competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some 
 $10,000 divided among County Agricultural 
 Societies holding fairs. 
 
 AKERS, Peter, D. D., Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in 
 Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools, and, at the age 
 of 10, began teaching, later pursuing a classical 
 course in institutions of Virginia and North 
 Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a 
 brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling 
 in that State, he began the study of law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he 
 began the publication of a paper called "The 
 Star,' which was continued for a short time. In 
 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist 
 church, and a few months later began preaching. 
 In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year 
 spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the 
 Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, 
 remaining during 1833-34; then established a 
 "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which 
 he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 
 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding 
 
 Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In 
 the latter year he was again appointed to the 
 Presidency of McKendree College, where he 
 remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- 
 ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year 
 later was compelled by declining health to assume 
 a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois 
 about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the 
 Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but 
 was again compelled to accept a superannuated 
 relation, making Jacksonville his home, where 
 he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- 
 Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- 
 lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many 
 previous years of his life, and which gave evi- 
 dence of grpat learning and vast research. Dr. 
 Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- 
 sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit 
 orator and logician he probably had no superior 
 in the State during the time of his most active 
 service in the denomination to which he belonged. 
 
 AKIN, Edward C, lawyer and Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was born in Will Comity, 111., in 1852, and 
 educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich. For four years he was pa} - ing and 
 receiving teller in the First National Bank of 
 Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 and 
 has continued in active practice since. In 1887 he 
 entered upon his political career as the Republi- 
 can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was 
 elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although 
 the city was usually Democratic. The follow- 
 ing year he was the candidate of his party for 
 State's Attorney of Will County, and was again 
 elected, leading the State and county ticket by 
 800 votes — being re-elected to the same office in 
 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nominee 
 for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a 
 citizen's ticket headed by a Republican, was 
 elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- 
 sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was 
 in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General 
 on the Republican State ticket by a plurality 
 over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a 
 majority over all competitors of 111,255. His 
 legal abilities are recognized as of a very high 
 order, while his personal popularity is indicated 
 by his uniform success as a candidate, in the 
 face, at times, of strong political majorities. 
 
 ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- 
 cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island 
 branch). Population (1890), 611; (1900), 621. 
 
 ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, 
 on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis 
 
EXPERIMENT FARM (TIIK VINEYAKIm UNIVERSITY ill' ILLINOIS 
 
 EXPERIMENT FARM ( OKI II AIM > ( TI.TI VATION) UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 13 
 
 anil Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- 
 stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified 
 shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, 
 flouring mills, and is important shipping point 
 for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; 
 has five churches and splendid public schools. 
 Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. 
 
 ALCORN, James Lnsk, was born near Gol- 
 conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and 
 held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, 
 including member of the Legislature in each; 
 was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- 
 tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed 
 a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, 
 but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis 
 because his fidelity to the rebel cause was 
 doubted. At the close of the war he was one of 
 the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was 
 elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 
 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he 
 was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two 
 years later elected United States Senator, serving 
 until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. 
 
 ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born 
 at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of 
 William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- 
 gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago 
 in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- 
 cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- 
 laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, 
 receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he 
 engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. 
 Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a 
 member of the Board of County Commissioners 
 of Cook Count}', serving as President of that body 
 during the reform period of 1887; was also a 
 member of the County Board of Education and 
 Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, 
 appointed from the various clubs and commer- 
 cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- 
 mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From 
 May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner 
 of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned 
 his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a 
 member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the 
 Republican ticket, from the First Congressional 
 District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the 
 close of the Fifty -fourth Congress. In 1898 he 
 was appointed to a position in connection with 
 the office of Comptroller of the Currency at 
 Washington. 
 
 ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- 
 man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. 
 His early common school training was supple- 
 mented by private tuition in higher branches of 
 
 mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in 
 an academy. Until he had reached the age of 26 
 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, 
 but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile 
 pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, 
 where, in addition to merchandising, he engaged 
 in the manufacture of furniture and woodenware, 
 and where he also held several important offices, 
 being Superintendent of Schools for three years, 
 Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors 
 one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- 
 ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 
 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 
 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in 
 Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878, 
 and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lac, Wis., 
 Dec. 3, 1885. 
 
 ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in 
 the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal 
 region; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also 
 extensively carried on, and large quantities of 
 these commodities are shipped here; has two 
 newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. 
 
 ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and 
 stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia, 
 Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six 
 years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848. 
 Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres 
 of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of 
 Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of 
 the richest stock-farms in the State. After the 
 war he became the owner of the celebrated 
 "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres 
 on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in 
 Champaign County, to which he transferred his 
 stock interests, and although overtaken by re- 
 verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 1876. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Milton K., pioneer, was born in 
 Elbert County, Ga. , Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated 
 with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while 
 still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812, 
 serving under the command of General Jackson 
 until the capture of Pensacola, when he entered 
 upon the campaign against the Seminoles in 
 Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County, 
 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural 
 pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster 
 there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the 
 County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to '37. 
 In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles, 
 Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois 
 State Militia ; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- 
 ernor Reynolds, and, inl832, took part in the Black 
 
14 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second 
 Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of 
 the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was 
 elected by the Legislature a member of the first 
 Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving 
 until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. 
 ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, 
 came to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- 
 zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, 
 while practicing his profession as a physician, 
 acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of 
 America, which was located on the Ohio River, 
 on the first high ground above its junction with 
 the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat 
 of Alexander County, which was organized in 
 
 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find 
 him a Representative in the Second General 
 Assembly from Pope County, and two years later 
 Representative from Alexander County, when he 
 became Speaker of the House during the session 
 of the Third General Assembly. Later, he 
 removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, 
 where he died, though the date and place of his 
 death are unknown. 
 
 ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern 
 county of the State, being bounded on the west 
 by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the 
 Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230 
 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 
 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- 
 ans named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave 
 it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of 
 the Civil War (1861-65), had been transferred to 
 the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. 
 Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and 
 Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- 
 ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 
 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. 
 Comyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres 
 in the central and northern part of the county, 
 and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." 
 The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 
 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the 
 Government ; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. 
 Baker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- 
 feited bank tract and the title thereto became 
 vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," 
 which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, 
 extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The 
 county was organized in 1819; the first county- 
 seat being America, which was incorporated in 
 
 1820. Population (1900), 19,384. 
 
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located 
 at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the 
 management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic 
 
 order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was 
 originally opened in a small frame building, but a 
 better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- 
 stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following 
 year, through the aid of private benefactions and 
 an appropriation of §18,000 from the Chicago Re- 
 lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital 
 was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- 
 ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor 
 male patients are admitted, and these are received 
 without reference to nationality or religion, and 
 absolutely without charge. The present medical 
 staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- 
 geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- 
 mural transit line having rendered the building 
 unfit for hospital purposes, a street railwaj' com- 
 pany purchased the site and buildings for $250,- 
 000 and a new location has been selected. 
 
 ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the 
 Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of 
 north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of 
 brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- 
 ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. 
 Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915. 
 
 ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes. 
 Originally their territory extended from about 
 latitude 37° to 53° north, and from longitude 25° 
 east to 15° west of the meridian of Washington. 
 Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in 
 Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in 
 New England and by Catholic missionaries in the 
 great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- 
 cipal of their five confederacies embraced the 
 Illinois Indians, w T ho were found within the 
 State by the French when the latter discovered 
 the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes 
 of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory 
 was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, 
 other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- 
 nally dwelt within the present limits of Illinois, 
 were the Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, 
 and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of 
 life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the 
 chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers 
 of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. 
 Various dialects of their language have been 
 reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian 
 Bible is published in their tongue. The entire 
 Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 
 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the Unit* d 
 States. 
 
 ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born 
 June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- 
 ginia ancestrv of Scotch-Irish descent. In early 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 15 
 
 infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South- 
 ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- 
 came a Judge and member of Congress. After 
 reading law with his father and at the Louisville 
 Law School, young Allen was admitted to the 
 bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) 
 at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. 
 In 1855 he was appointed United States District 
 Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- 
 sumed private practice as partner of John A. 
 Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit 
 Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he 
 declined a re-election. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Conventions of 1802 and 1869, serv- 
 ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and 
 as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of 
 Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to 
 every National Democratic Convention, being 
 chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He 
 has been four times a candidate for Congress, and 
 twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During 
 this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai 
 policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the 
 solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook 
 the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- 
 detta" which had broken out among his former 
 neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- 
 less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to 
 justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, 
 Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 
 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed 
 Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the 
 United States District Court for the Southern 
 District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. 
 
 ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who 
 removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and 
 engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen 
 Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- 
 resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, 
 and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, 
 although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen 
 Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, 
 and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. 
 He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On 
 March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the 
 Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three 
 months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- 
 ceeded him in the latter office. 
 
 ALLERTOX, Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and 
 capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in 
 Dutchess County. N. Y., May 26, 1829. His 
 youth was spent with his father on a farm in 
 Yates County. N. Y., but about 1852 he engaged 
 
 in the live-stock business in Central and Western 
 New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations 
 to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to 
 New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He 
 was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago 
 Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts- 
 burg Stock- Yards, also becoming interested in 
 yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and 
 Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and 
 a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, 
 a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City 
 Railway (the first cable line in that city), the 
 owner of an extensive area of highly improved 
 farming lands in Central Illinois, as also of large 
 tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable 
 and productive mining properties in the Black 
 Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a 
 liberal supporter of the measures of that party, 
 and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- 
 didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to 
 Carter H. Harrison. 
 
 ALLOUEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called 
 "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was 
 born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 
 1658, and later explored the country around 
 Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the 
 mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., 
 now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green 
 Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the 
 existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, 
 and was the first to communicate the informa- 
 tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report 
 was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He 
 succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at 
 Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in 1677, where he 
 preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 
 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and 
 Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. 
 
 ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, 
 Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- 
 ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert 
 Altyn, who was one of the first settlers of New 
 London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his 
 early education in a country school, supple- 
 mented by access to a small public library, from 
 which he acquired a good degree of familiarity 
 with standard English writers. In 1837 he 
 entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, 
 Conn., where he distinguished himself as a 
 mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist 
 and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- 
 mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics 
 in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., 
 and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school. 
 
16 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the 
 Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- 
 pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at 
 East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed 
 Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island 
 — also serving the same year as a Visitor to West 
 Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 
 he filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the 
 State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- 
 cepted the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female 
 College at Cincinnati, four years later (1883) 
 becoming President of McKendree College at 
 Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. 
 That position he resigned to accept the Presi- 
 dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University 
 at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died 
 at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. 
 
 ALTAMONT, Effingham County, is intersecting 
 point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 
 Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, 
 being midway and highest point between St. 
 Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 
 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- 
 growing and stock-raising district; has a bank, 
 two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a 
 large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- 
 tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,044. 11900), 1,335. 
 
 ALTGELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- 
 hood accompanied his parents to America, the 
 family settling in Ohio. At the age of 16 he 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth 
 Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war 
 His legal education was acquired at St. Louis and 
 Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was 
 Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that 
 State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he 
 led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for 
 Congress in a strong Republican Congressional 
 district, and in 1886 was elected to the bench of 
 the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned 
 in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- 
 tion of 1892 nominated him for Governor, and he 
 was elected the following November, being the 
 first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the 
 history of the State, and the first Democrat 
 elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent 
 factor in the Democratic National Convention 
 which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- 
 dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to 
 the office of Governor, but was defeated by John 
 R. Tanner, the Republican nominee. 
 
 ALTON, principal city in Madison County 
 and important commercial and manufacturing 
 point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of 
 St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French 
 trading-post about 1807, the town proper being 
 laid out by Col. Rufus Easton in 1817; principal 
 business houses are located in the valley along 
 the river, while the residence portion occupies 
 the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising 
 to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has 
 extensive glass works employ'ng (1903) 4,000 
 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- 
 tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min 
 ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides 
 several banks, numerous churches, schools, and 
 four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- 
 ment to the memory of Elijah P Lovejoy, who 
 fell while defending his press against a pro-slav- 
 ery mob in 1837. was erected in Alton Cemetery, 
 1896-7, at a cost of 830,000, contributed by the 
 State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890), 
 10,294; (1900), 14,210. 
 
 ALTON PENITENTIARY. The earliest pun- 
 ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- 
 nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for 
 a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, 
 from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner 
 of nerve, strength and mental resource. The 
 inadequacy of such places of confinement was 
 soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any 
 increase of taxation prevented the adoption of 
 any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 
 acres of saline lands was made to the State by 
 Congress, and a considerable portion of the money 
 received from their sale was appropriated to the 
 establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. 
 The sum set apart proved insufficient, and, in 1831, 
 an additional appropriation of §10,000 was made 
 from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was 
 ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of 
 stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions 
 were made from time to time, but by 1857 the 
 State determined upon building a new peniten- 
 tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern 
 Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were 
 transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison 
 was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn 
 plan" — associated labor in silence by day and 
 separate confinement by night. The manage- 
 ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- 
 nished supplies, employed guards and exercised 
 the general powers of a warden under th6 super- 
 vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, 
 and who handled all the products of convict 
 labor. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 17 
 
 ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Par- 
 rish.) 
 
 ALTONA, town of Knox County, on C. , B. & Q. 
 R. R , 16-miles northeast of Galesburg; has an 
 endowed public library, electric light system, 
 cement sidewalks, four churches and good school 
 system. Population (1900), 633. 
 
 ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad.) 
 
 AM BOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at 
 junction of Illinois Central and C, B. & Q. Rail- 
 roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago; has 
 artesian water with waterworks and lire protec- 
 tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric 
 lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two 
 newspapers, seven churches, graded and high 
 schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric 
 Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; extensive bridge 
 and Iron works located here. Pop. (1900), 1,826. 
 
 AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, 
 May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State 
 University, where he joined the M. E. Church. 
 In 1828 he left college and became Principal of 
 the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards 
 became McKendree College. While there he 
 received a license to preach, and, after holding 
 various charges and positions in the church, in- 
 cluding membership in the General Conference 
 of 1840, '44 and '52, in the latter year was elected 
 Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred 
 in Baltimore, April 25, 1879. 
 
 ANDERSON, Galusha, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y., March 7, 1832; 
 graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at 
 the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent 
 ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, 
 Wis., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in 
 Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 
 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was 
 then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- 
 sity, remaining eight years, when he again be- 
 came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after 
 assumed the Presidency of Denison University, 
 Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago 
 University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics 
 and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds 
 
 ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Botetourt County, Va., March 
 11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by 
 his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- 
 ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying 
 law at Lincoln, Neh., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled 
 at Quincy, 111., where he hegan practice in 1880. 
 In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the 
 
 Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without 
 opposition. The following year he was the suc- 
 cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which 
 was his last public service. Died at Quincy, 
 Jan. 31, 1896. 
 
 ANDERSON, James C, legislator, was born in 
 Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on 
 a farm, and after receiving a common-school 
 education, entered Monmouth College, but left 
 early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained 
 the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he 
 served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, 
 was elected Representative in the General 
 Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on 
 the Republican "steering committee" during the 
 session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- 
 Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and 
 was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. 
 
 ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; 
 came to Jefferson County, 111. , in his youth, and, 
 at an early age, began to devote his attention to 
 breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk 
 War as a Lieutenant in 1832, and the same year 
 ■was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth 
 General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In 
 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Governor on the 
 ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after 
 the close of his term entered the United States 
 Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity 
 taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. 
 Still later he served under President Polk as 
 United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held 
 the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary 
 at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. — 
 William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Mount Vernon, 111., April 30, 1830; 
 attended the common schools and later studied 
 surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson 
 County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- 
 ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 
 he was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he 
 entered the volunteer service as a private, was 
 promoted through the grades of Captain and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the 
 close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential 
 Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member 
 of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
 and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to 
 fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Fi >i t y 
 
18 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 
 1893 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- 
 tinuing in that position four years, when he 
 retired to private life. 
 
 ANDRUS, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, 
 N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton 
 County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a 
 student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but 
 graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 
 1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the 
 Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi- 
 nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of 
 which he became a Professor; later re-entered 
 the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, 
 Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, 
 meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois 
 Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and 
 temporary President of Quincy College. In 1867 
 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and 
 stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 
 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- 
 versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, 
 Jan. 17, 1887. 
 
 ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center 
 of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, 
 and largest shipping-point for these commodities 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice 
 plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks 
 and two newspapers. The Southern (111.) Hos- 
 pital for the Insane is located here. Population 
 (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,018; (est. 1904), 3,000. 
 
 ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New 
 England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga 
 County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on 
 the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- 
 tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years 
 were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course 
 of preparatory stud3 r at Cortland Academy, in 
 1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton 
 College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 
 1850. The next year he began the study of law, 
 at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- 
 emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- 
 land as one of his pupils. After admission to the 
 bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- 
 ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following 
 year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A 
 Digest of Illinois Reports"; in 1858 was elected 
 City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the 
 Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony 
 served in two State Constitutional Conventions — 
 
 those of 1862 and 1869-70 — being chairman of the 
 Committee on Executive Department and mem- 
 ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. 
 He was delegate to the National Republican Con- 
 vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a 
 Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was 
 re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he 
 resumed the practice of his profession, being 
 chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge 
 Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- 
 rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member 
 of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago 
 Public Library; also served as President of the 
 State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered 
 several important historical addresses before that 
 body. His other most important productions 
 are volumes on "The Constitutional History of 
 Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and 
 "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of 
 his last term upon the bench, he spent several 
 months in an extended tour through the princi- 
 pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, 
 after a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- 
 ton, Feb. 24, 1898. 
 
 ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- 
 TION, a political body, which convened at 
 Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion 
 of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper 
 published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- 
 mulating a policy in opposition to the principles 
 of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors 
 were in attendance, as follows: Charles H. Ray 
 of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of 
 "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The 
 Rock Island Advertiser"; T. J. Pickett of "The 
 Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The 
 Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The 
 Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- 
 zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. 
 C. Daugherty of "The Rockford Register" ; E. W. 
 Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. 
 Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul 
 Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. ' ' Paul Selby 
 was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- 
 tary. The convention adopted a platform and 
 recommended the calling of a State convention 
 at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing 
 the following State Central Committee to take the 
 matter in charge : W. B. Ogden, Chicago ; S. M. 
 Church, Rockford ; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet ; T. J 
 Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William 
 H. Herndon, Springfield; R. J. Oglesby, Deca- 
 tur; Joseph Gillespie, Edwardsville ; D. L. Phil- 
 lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and 
 Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. Abra- 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 19 
 
 ham Lincoln was present and participated in the 
 consultations of the committees. All of these 
 served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- 
 ner, the two former declining on account of ab- 
 sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by 
 the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial 
 Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac 
 C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- 
 tion of 1856.) 
 
 APPLE RIVER, a village of Jo Daviess 
 County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles 
 east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 
 626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576. 
 
 APPLINGTON, (Maj.) Zenas, soldier, was born 
 in Broome County, N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 
 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- 
 lowed successively the occupations of farmer, 
 blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally 
 becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here 
 he became wealthy, but lost much of his property 
 in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he 
 was elected to the State Senate, and, during the 
 session of 1859, was one of the members of that 
 body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip 
 fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of 
 the earnest supporters of the Government in its 
 preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The 
 latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh 
 Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned 
 Major, being some time in command at Bird's 
 Point, and later rendering important service to 
 General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. 
 He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, 
 while obeying an order to charge upon a band of 
 rebels concealed in a wood. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of 
 the counties of the State into Districts for the 
 election of members of the General Assembly 
 and of Congress, which will be treated under 
 separate heads; 
 
 Legislative. — The first legislative apportion- 
 ment was provided for by the Constitution of 
 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature 
 with power to divide the State as follows: To 
 create districts for the election of Representatives 
 not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- 
 six in number, until the population of the State 
 should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- 
 torial districts, in number not less than one-third 
 nor more than one-half of the representative dis- 
 tricts at the time of organization. 
 
 The schedule appended to the first Constitution 
 contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- 
 tors and Representatives. The first fifteen 
 counties were allowed fourteen Senators and 
 
 twenty-nine Representatives. Each county 
 formed a distinct legislative district for repre- 
 sentation in the lower house, with the number of 
 members for each varying from one to three; 
 while Johnson and Franklin were combined in 
 one Senatorial district, the other counties being 
 entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- 
 ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. 
 Before an election was held under the last, how- 
 ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, 
 and considerable changes were effected in this 
 regard. The number of Senators was fixed at 
 twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy.- 
 five, until the entire population should equal 
 1,000,000, when five members of the House were 
 added and five additional members for each 500, - 
 000 increase in papulation until the whole num- 
 ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter 
 the number was neither increased nor dimiiir 
 ished, but apportioned among the several coun- 
 ties according to the number of white inhabit- 
 ants. Should it be found necessary, a single 
 district might be formed out of two or more 
 counties. 
 
 The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four 
 Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- 
 tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the 
 number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, 
 and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- 
 atorial districts remained unchanged, but their 
 geographical limits varied under each act, while 
 the number of members from Representative 
 districts varied according to population. 
 
 The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- 
 mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its 
 adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of 
 State upon the basis of the United States Census 
 of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, 
 as prescribed by the schedule, the State was 
 divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each 
 electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- 
 sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- 
 bers varying from one to ten for the several 
 districts, according to population. This arrange- 
 ment continued in force for only one Legislature 
 — that chosen in 1870. 
 
 In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- 
 tion the State in accordance with the principle of 
 "minority representation," which had been sub- 
 mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- 
 tion and adopted on a separate vote. This 
 provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one 
 districts, each being entitled to one Senator and 
 three Representatives. The ratio of representa- 
 tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 
 
20 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing the entire population by 153 and each county 
 to be allowed one Representative, provided its 
 population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- 
 ties having a population equivalent to one and 
 three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two 
 Representatives; while each county with a larger 
 population was entitled to one additional Repre- 
 sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated 
 in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments 
 were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93. 
 Members of the lower house are elected bienni- 
 ally ; Senators for four years, those in odd and 
 even districts being chosen at each alternate 
 ' legislative election. The election of Senators for 
 the even (numbered) districts takes place at the 
 same time with that of Governor and other State 
 officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- 
 mediate periods. 
 
 Congressional. — For the first fourteen years 
 of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one 
 Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- 
 ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 
 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into 
 three districts, the first election under this law 
 being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. 
 At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- 
 ties, which were apportioned among the districts 
 as follows: First — Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, 
 Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, 
 Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin- 
 ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second — White, 
 Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, 
 Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, 
 Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- 
 ford; Third — Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, 
 Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La 
 Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, 
 McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, 
 Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. 
 
 The reapportionment following the census of 
 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the 
 first election of Representatives thereunder 
 occurred on the first Monday of the following 
 August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- 
 ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number 
 of districts was increased to seven as follows: 
 First — Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, 
 Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, 
 Madison; Second — Johnson, Pope, Hardin, 
 Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne, 
 Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, 
 Marion; Third — Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, 
 Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- 
 gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles, Clark, Clay, 
 Edgar, Piatt. Macon, De W T itt: Fourth— Lake, 
 
 McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page, 
 Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, 
 Livingston, Champaign. Vermilion, McLean, 
 Bureau; Fifth — Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, 
 Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully 
 organized), Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, 
 Macoupin ; Sixth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, 
 Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, 
 Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, 
 Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh 
 — Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, 
 Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. 
 
 The next Congressional apportionment (August 
 22, 1852) divided the State into nine districts, as 
 follows — the first election under it being held the 
 following November : First — Lake, McHenry, 
 Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- 
 roll, Ogle ; Second — Cook, Du Page, Kane, De 
 Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island; Third — 
 Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, 
 Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- 
 paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth — Fulton, 
 Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, 
 Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth 
 — Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- 
 Donough, Hancock, Henderson; Sixth — Morgan, 
 Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- 
 ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; 
 Seventh — Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, 
 Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- 
 ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette; 
 Eighth — Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, 
 Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- 
 ion; Ninth — Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union, 
 Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- 
 son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, 
 Edwards. White, Wayne, Wabash. 
 
 The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was 
 entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through 
 an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, 
 created only thirteen districts. This was com- 
 pensated for by providing for the election of one 
 Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts 
 were as follows: First — Cook, Lake; Second — 
 McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and 
 Kane; Third — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- 
 side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth — Adams, Han- 
 cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; 
 Fifth — Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, 
 Bureau, Henry; Sixth— La Salle, Grundy, Ken- 
 dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh — 
 Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie, 
 Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, 
 Ford; Eighth — Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- 
 Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth — 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 21 
 
 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, 
 Schuyler, Brown ; Tenth — Bond, Morgan, Cal- 
 houn, Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, 
 Montgomery, Shelby ; Eleventh — Marion, Fay- 
 ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, 
 Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Effingham, 
 Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth — St. Clair, Madison, 
 Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; 
 Thirteenth — Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, 
 Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, 
 Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, White, Edwards, 
 Wabash. 
 
 Tlie next reapportionment was made July 1, 
 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- 
 lows: First — The first seven wards in Chicago 
 and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the 
 county of Du Page; Second — -Wards Eighth to 
 Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third — Wards 
 Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder 
 of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth — 
 Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- 
 bago; Fifth — Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, 
 Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth — Henry, Rock Island, 
 Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh — La Salle, Ken- 
 dall, Grundy, Will; Eighth — Kankakee, Iroquois, 
 Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth — 
 Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth — Mercer, 
 Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, 
 Schuyler; Eleventh- — Adams, Brown, Calhoun, 
 Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth — Scott, Morgan, 
 Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth — 
 Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt ; Four- 
 teenth — Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, 
 Vermilion; Fifteenth — Edgar, Clark, Cumber- 
 land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, 
 Jasper, Crawford ; Sixteenth — Montgomery, 
 Fayette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, 
 Clay; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Madison, St. 
 Clair, Monroe ; Eighteenth — Randolph, Perry, 
 Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex- 
 ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth — 
 Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, 
 Saline, Gallatin, Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 Hamilton. 
 
 In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- 
 tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- 
 aries determined as follows; First — Wards First 
 to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen 
 towns in Cook County; Second — Wards 5th to 
 7th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third — Wards 
 9th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago; Fourth 
 — The remainder of the City of Chicago and of 
 the county of Cook; Fifth — Lake, McHenry, 
 Boone, Kane, and De Kalb; Sixth — Winnebago, 
 Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; 
 
 Seventh — Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau, Put- 
 nam; Eighth — La Salle. Kendall Grundy, Du 
 Page, and Will; Ninth — Kankakee, Iroquois, 
 Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth — ■ 
 Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton ; Eleventh — Rock 
 Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock, 
 McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth — Cass, Brown, 
 Adams, Pike, Scott, Greene, Calhoun, Jersey ; 
 Thirteenth — Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- 
 mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth — McLean, 
 De Witt, Piatt, Macon, Logan ; Fifteenth — 
 Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign; 
 Sixteenth — Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, 
 Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, 
 Wabash ; Seventeenth — Macoupin, Montgomery, 
 Moultrie, Shelby, Effingham, Fayette; Eight- 
 eenth — Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- 
 ington; Nineteenth — Marion, Clinton, Jefferson, 
 Saline, Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- 
 din ; Twentieth — Perry, Randolph, Jackson, 
 Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, 
 Pulaski, Massac. 
 
 The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- 
 led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- 
 portionment, however, was made until June, 
 1893, two members from the State-at-large being 
 elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- 
 gressional districts are as follows: The first 
 seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and 
 Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- 
 trict ; Eighth — McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du 
 Page, Kendall, Grundy ; Ninth — Boone, Winne- 
 bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee ; 
 Tenth — Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, 
 Stark, Knox ; Eleventh — Bureau, La Salle, 
 Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth — Will, Kanka- 
 kee, Iroquois, Vermilion ; Thirteenth — Ford, Mc- 
 Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- 
 teenth — Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, 
 Tazewell, Mason ; Fifteenth — Henderson, War- 
 ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, 
 Schuyler ; Sixteenth — Cass, Morgan, Scott, 
 Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; 
 Seventeenth — Menard, Logan, Sangamon, Macon, 
 Christian ; Eighteenth — Madison, Montgomery, 
 Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth- 
 Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham, 
 Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- 
 eth — Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- 
 wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin, 
 Hardin; Twenty first — Marion, Clinton, Wash- 
 ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; 
 Twenty-second — Jackson, Union, Alexander, 
 Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, 
 Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. ) 
 
22 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ARCHER, William B., pioneer, was born in 
 Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- 
 tucky at an early day, where he remained until 
 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally 
 settling in what is now Clark County. Although 
 pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became 
 one of the most prominent and influential men in 
 that part of the State. On the organization of 
 Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first 
 County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former 
 office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he 
 was elected to the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly, and two years later to the State 
 Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight 
 years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking 
 out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he 
 served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor ; 
 >vas appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a 
 member of the first Board of Commissioners of 
 r,he Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was 
 returned a second time to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the 
 same body. Two years later (1848) he was again 
 elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and 
 in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate 
 for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. 
 Although Allen received the certificate of elec- 
 tion, Archer contested his right to the seat, with 
 the result that Congress declared the seat vacant 
 and referred the question back to the people. In 
 a new election held in August, 1856, Archer was 
 defeated and Allen elected. He held no public 
 office of importance after this date, but in 1856 
 was a delegate to the first Republican National 
 Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was 
 an enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, 
 whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the 
 office of Vice-President. He was also one of the 
 active promoters of various railroad enterprises 
 in that section of the State, especially the old 
 Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected 
 southward from the City of Chicago. His con- 
 nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was 
 die means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, 
 a somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago 
 fle was of tall stature and great energ}- of char- 
 acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- 
 municated itself to others. A local histoiy has 
 said of him that "he did more for Clark County 
 chan any man in his day or since," although "no 
 consideration, pecuniar}- or otherwise, was ever 
 given him for his services." Colonel Archer was 
 one of the founders of Marshall, the county-seat 
 of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- 
 
 ated with him in the ownership of the land on 
 which the town was laid out. His death oc- 
 curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the 
 age of 78 years. 
 
 ARCOLA, incorporated city in Douglas County, 
 158 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois 
 Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- 
 road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing 
 region in the world; has city waterworks, with 
 efficient volunteer fire department, electric lights, 
 telephone system, grain elevators and broom- 
 corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers, 
 nine churches, library building and excellent free 
 school system. Pop. (1890), 1,733; (1900), 1,995. 
 
 ARENZ, Francis A., pioneer, was born at 
 Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein, 
 Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education 
 and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile 
 business in his native country. In 1827 he came 
 to the United States and, after spending two 
 years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where 
 he was engaged for a short time in the lead 
 trade. He took an early opportunity to become 
 naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few 
 months later, went into merchandising and real 
 estate; also became a contractor for furnishing 
 supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk 
 War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous 
 and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- 
 cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois 
 Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of 
 the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending 
 from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's 
 Ferry on the Sangamon, for which he secured a 
 special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He 
 had a survey of the line made, but the hard times 
 prevented the beginning of the work and it was 
 finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile 
 business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles 
 southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to 
 a tract of land near the Morgan County line 
 which he had bought in 1833, and on which the 
 present village of Arenzville now stands. This 
 became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- 
 munity composed largely of Germans, among 
 whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming 
 the mercantile business here, he continued it 
 until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable 
 part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was 
 elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- 
 teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan 
 County, and during the following session suc- 
 ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which. 
 a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- 
 ern part of Morgan County, including the village 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 23 
 
 of Arenzville, and which had been in dispute, 
 was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cass 
 County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native 
 land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as 
 bearer of dispatches to the American legations at 
 Berlin and Vienna. He was one of the founders 
 of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853, 
 and served as the Vice-President for his district 
 until his death, and was also the founder and 
 President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- 
 ety. Died, April 2, 1856. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92 
 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; 
 (1890), 436: (1900), 400. 
 
 ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a 
 village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; 
 is in a dairying district and has several cheese 
 factories, besides a sewing machine factory, 
 hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and 
 one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 
 1,424; (1900), 1,380. 
 
 ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of 
 Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- 
 bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. 
 After receiving the benefits of such education as 
 the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out 
 across the Plains to California, where he re- 
 mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- 
 cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon 
 after embarked in the commission business in 
 Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he 
 formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton 
 in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- 
 tion with his brothers — H. O. Armour having 
 already built up an extensive grain commission 
 trade in Chicago — he organized the extensive 
 packing and commission firm of Armour & 
 Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City 
 and Chicago, their headquarters being removed 
 to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. 
 Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- 
 thodical business man, giving as many hours 
 to the superintendence of business details as the 
 most industrious day-laborer, the result being 
 seen in the creation of one of the most extensive 
 and prosperous firms in the country. Mr. 
 Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- 
 strated in a munificent manner by his establish- 
 ment and endowment of the Armour Institute 
 (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost 
 of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour 
 Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased 
 brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jau. G, 1901. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, born in 
 Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of 
 a family of nine sons; was taken by his parents 
 in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent 
 his childhood and early youth. His father was a 
 native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob 
 Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and 
 dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came 
 to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later 
 joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now 
 Marshall) County, all finally removing to La 
 Salle County, where they were among the earli- 
 est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, 
 where he continued to reside over fifty years, 
 when he located in the village of Sheridan, but 
 early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in 
 Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk 
 War, has been a prominent and influential farm- 
 er, and, in the later years of his life, has been 
 a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his 
 local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of 
 the State Grange. — George Washington (Arm- 
 strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon 
 the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) 
 Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 
 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his 
 father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at 
 the age of 18 was in charge of the factory 
 Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family 
 to Illinois, locating a few months later in La 
 Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older 
 brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, was 
 identified with the earl}- steps for the construc- 
 tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- 
 coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, 
 where he resided several years. He then returned 
 to the farm near the present village of Seneca, 
 where he had located in 1833, and where (with 
 the exception of his residence at Utica) he has 
 resided continuously over sixty-five years. In 
 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower 
 branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, 
 also served in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen 
 Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as 
 Representative from La Salle County, he served 
 in that body by successive re-elections until 1868, 
 proving one of its ablest and most influential 
 members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- 
 tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original 
 promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. — 
 William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this 
 family, was born in Licking County. Ohio, Oct. 
 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 
 
24 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County 
 until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms 
 as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was 
 appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the 
 county-seat of the newly-organized county of 
 Grundy, finally becoming one of the founders and 
 the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy 
 — later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- 
 ris, of Quincy, 111, at that time one of the Com- 
 missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the 
 office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- 
 tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that 
 he was popularly known as "The Emperor of 
 Grundy." Died, Nov. 1, 1850— Joel W. (Arm- 
 strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking 
 County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood 
 to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as 
 County Recorder, was member of the Board of 
 Supervisors for a number of years and the first 
 Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. — 
 Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of 
 this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick- 
 ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La 
 Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for 
 acquiring an education in a new country were 
 limited, but between work on the farm and serv- 
 ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a 
 short term in an academy and as a teacher in 
 Kendall Coimty, he managed to prepare himself 
 for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was 
 compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- 
 legiate education and returned home at the end 
 of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, 
 meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter 
 and working on his mother's farm during the 
 crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor- 
 ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and 
 was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- 
 lic position of some sort ever since he reached his 
 majority, including the offices of School Trustee, 
 Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, 
 County Clerk (two terms), Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1862, and two terms as 
 Representative in the General Assembly (1862-64 
 and 1872-74). During his last session in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the 
 revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 
 1870, framing some of the most important laws 
 on the statute book, while participating in the 
 preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell 
 to his lot to draw up the original charters of the 
 Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He 
 
 has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and 
 Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the 
 first named order in the State and being the old- 
 est 32d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to 
 the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States in 1868, and has been 
 Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive 
 years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do 
 some literary work, as shown by his history of 
 "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- 
 ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- 
 ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one 
 of which is the story of his first trip from 
 Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he 
 accompanied his oldest brother (William E. 
 Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- 
 team for salt to cure their mast- fed pork, the 
 trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that 
 there were but three white families in Chicago 
 at that time, but a large number of Indians 
 mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian 
 origin. 
 
 ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, 
 being descended from one of the companions of 
 Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources 
 at an early age, he was largely "self-made." 
 He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to 
 Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, 
 but resigned before the close of the year and was 
 admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon 
 established a reputation as a lawyer, and served 
 for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 
 Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- 
 ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on 
 the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- 
 sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- 
 soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by 
 which he was sent to Congress from 1801 to 1865. 
 While in Congress he prepared and delivered an 
 exhaustive argument in support of the right of 
 confiscation by the General Government. After 
 the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. 
 Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided 
 until Lis death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- 
 arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of 
 repute. Among his best known works are his 
 "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of 
 Benedict Arnold." 
 
 ARRUVGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer 
 and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C. , 
 September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- 
 ber of Congress from that State. In 1829 he was 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 25 
 
 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and 
 became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1832-33 
 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much 
 celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the 
 study of law, and having been admitted to the 
 bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, 
 where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, 
 was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- 
 tor. Later he removed to Texas, where lie served 
 as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to 
 Madison, Wis. , but a year later came to Chicago, 
 where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying 
 in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- 
 plished scholar and gifted writer, having written 
 much for "The Democratic Review" and "The 
 Southern Literary Messenger, " over the signature 
 of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an 
 "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the 
 mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and 
 which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote 
 with great effect. A volume of his poems with a 
 memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. 
 
 ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, 
 on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles 
 east of Bloomington ; is in an agricultural and 
 stock region; has one newspaper. Population 
 (1890), 420; (1900), 317. 
 
 ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas 
 Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi- 
 nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia 
 Line ; is center of broom-corn belt ; lias two 
 banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 
 858; (est. 1904), 1,000. 
 
 ASAY, Edward (J., lawyer, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private 
 schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church ; later spent some time in the 
 South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and 
 began the study of law, meantime devoting a part 
 of his time to mercantile business in New York 
 City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- 
 ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up 
 a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker 
 and became eminent, especially as a criminal 
 lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat 
 and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris 
 and others during their trial for conspiracy in 
 connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- 
 vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- 
 tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen 
 months, making a second visit in 1882. His later 
 years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle 
 County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. 
 
 ASBURY, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- 
 son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 
 
 1810; came to Illinois in 1834, making the jour- 
 ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy, 
 where he soon after began the study of law with 
 the Hon. O. H. Bro vning; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1837, being tor a time the partner of Col. 
 Edward D. Baksr, afterwards United States 
 Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's 
 Bluff in 1862. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed 
 by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land 
 Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of 
 President Lincoln (who was his close personal 
 friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- 
 trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," 
 by which he was widely known among his 
 friends. Later he served for several years as 
 Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was 
 his last official position. Originally a Kentucky 
 Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders 
 of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- 
 operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams. 
 Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others 
 of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham 
 Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- 
 spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and 
 Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the 
 credit of having suggested one of the famous 
 questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas 
 which gave the latter so much trouble during 
 the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain 
 Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued 
 to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. 
 
 ASHLAJiD, a town in Cass County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 
 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 
 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of 
 a rich agricultural region, and is an important 
 shipping point for grain and stock. It has a 
 bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. 
 Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 
 609; (1890), 1,045; (1900), 1,201. 
 
 ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at 
 intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & 
 Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of 
 St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit growing 
 region; has some manufactures, electric light 
 plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. 
 
 ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
 way, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper 
 and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
 446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520. 
 
 ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- 
 cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 
 
26 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Chicago; lias one newspaper. Population (1880), 
 646; (1890), 680; (1900), 770. 
 
 ASPINWALL, Homer F., farmer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Stephenson County. 111., Nov. 15, 
 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, 
 in early life, spent two years in a wholesale 
 notion store, later resuming the occupation of a 
 farmer. After holding various local offices, in- 
 cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- 
 ors of Stephenson County, in 1892 Mr. Aspinwall 
 was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 
 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish 
 American War in 1898, he was appointed by 
 President McKinley Captain and Assistant 
 Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but 
 before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- 
 visional Regiment. When it became evident that 
 the regiment would not be called into the service, 
 he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- 
 toba,'" a large transport steamer, which carried 
 some 12.000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- 
 out a single accident. In view of the approach- 
 ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly, 
 it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. 
 Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was 
 refused, a 20-days" leave of absence being granted 
 instead. A discharge was finally granted about 
 the middle of February, when he resumed his 
 seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and 
 operates a large farm near Freeport. 
 
 ASSUMPTION, a town in Christian County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 23 miles south by 
 west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. 
 It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min- 
 ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a 
 public school, two weekly papers and coal mines. 
 Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702. 
 
 ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock 
 Island & St. Louis Division C, B. & Q. R. R. ; 
 has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- 
 phone exchange, three large grain elevators, 
 pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, 
 two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good 
 schools; is in a coal region; business portion is 
 built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684. 
 
 ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL- 
 WAY COMPANY. This Company operates three 
 subsidiary lines in Illinois — the Chicago, Santa 
 Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 
 Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- 
 road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a 
 through line between Chicago and Kansas City, 
 with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- 
 ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of 
 
 which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and 
 income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were 
 81,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed 
 charges amounted to §2,360,706. The accumu- 
 lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30, 
 1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali- 
 zation of the whole line in 1895 was 852,775.251. 
 The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the 
 name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad; but in 
 1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main 
 line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. 
 The largest number of miles operated was in 
 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road 
 was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe Railw-ay Company (its present 
 name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- 
 closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran 
 chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 
 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers 
 of the system (1898) are: 
 
 Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, 
 New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C. 
 M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; 
 E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General 
 Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 2d Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- 
 urer, Topeka ; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, 
 New York; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, 
 New Y'ork; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, 
 New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, 
 New Y'ork; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, 
 Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, 
 Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; 
 H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; 
 W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, 
 Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic 
 Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant 
 Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. 
 Hodges, General Purchasing Agent, Chicago; 
 James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- 
 cago ; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; 
 John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, 
 Topeka. Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car 
 Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. S. Hobson, Signal 
 Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent 
 of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General 
 Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight 
 Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General 
 Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General 
 Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General 
 Baggage Agent, Chicago. 
 
 ATHENS, an incorporated city and coalmining 
 town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 27 
 
 & St. Louis R. R. , north by northwest of Spring- 
 field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising district, and large 
 numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- 
 cago market. The place has an electric lighting 
 plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain 
 elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good 
 schools. Athens is one of the oldest towns in 
 Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. 
 ATKINS, Smith D., soldier and journalist, was 
 born near Elmira, N. Y. , June 9, 183G ; came with 
 his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm 
 till 1850 ; was educated at Rock River Seminary, 
 Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's 
 trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna 
 Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he began 
 the study of law, and in 1800, while practicing at 
 Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but 
 resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a 
 private soldier in Stephenson Count}'. He served 
 as a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers 
 (three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same 
 rank for three years and took part in the capture 
 of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- 
 ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. 
 Forced to retire temporarily on account of his 
 health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in 
 Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- 
 onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 
 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in 
 the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army 
 of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- 
 man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently 
 cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General 
 for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the 
 war, by special order of President Lincoln, was 
 brevetted Major -General. Since the war, Gen- 
 eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of 
 editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for 
 nearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- 
 master of that city. He took a prominent part 
 in the erection of the Stephenson Count}' Sol- 
 diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President 
 of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- 
 tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 
 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, 
 one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- 
 mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. 
 
 ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles 
 east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a 
 bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900). 762. 
 
 ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of 
 Bloomingtou. It stands on a high, fertile prairie 
 
 and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as. 
 well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- 
 ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- 
 tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a 
 weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, aud is 
 the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- 
 ciety established in 1860. Population (1900). 1,270. 
 ATLAS, a liamlet in the southwestern part of 
 Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and 
 three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on 
 the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- 
 teresting history. It was settled by Col. William 
 Ross and four brothers, who came here from 
 Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or 
 early in 1820, making there the first settlement 
 within the present limits of Pike County. The 
 town was laid out by the Rosses in 1823, and the 
 next year the county-seat was removed thither 
 from Coles Grove — now in Calhoun County — but 
 which had been the first county-seat of Pike 
 County, when it comprised all the territory lying 
 north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- 
 sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. 
 Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when 
 the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. 
 During a part of that time it was one of the 
 most important points in the western part of the 
 State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. 
 It now has only a postoffice and general store. 
 The population, according to the census of 1890, 
 was 52. 
 
 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a 
 list of the Attorneys- General of Illinois under the 
 Territorial and State Governments, down to the 
 present time (1899), with the date and duration of 
 the term of each incumbent: 
 
 Territorial — Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- 
 cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to 
 April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to 
 October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-13; 
 William Mears, 1813-18. 
 
 State — Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 
 1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- 
 wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George 
 Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-34; NiniaJi 
 W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
 1835-36; Walter B. Seates, 1836-37; Usher F. 
 Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; V.'ick- 
 liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn, 1840-43; 
 James Allen McDougal, 1843-46; David B. Camp- 
 bell, 1846-48. 
 
 The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for 
 the continuance of the office, and for nineteen 
 years it remained vacant. It was re-created, 
 
28 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 bowever, by legislative enactment in 1867, and 
 mi Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby 
 appointed Robert G. Ingersoli, of Peoria, to dis 
 charge the duties of the position, which he con- 
 tinued to do until 1809. Subsequent incumbents 
 of the office have been: Washington Bushnell, 
 1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart- 
 ney, 1881-85; George Hunt, 1885-93; M. T. Moloney, 
 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 — . Under the 
 first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- 
 General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- 
 ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already 
 stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of 
 the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made 
 a constitutional office to be filled by popular 
 election for a term of four years. 
 
 ATWOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and 
 partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, 
 Hamilton & Dayton R. R., 27 miles east of Deca- 
 tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- 
 ing; the town has two banks, an excellent school 
 and a newspaper. Pop (1890), 530 ; (1900), 698. 
 
 ATWOOD, Charles B., architect, was born at 
 Jlillbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full 
 course in architecture at Harvard Scientific 
 School, and, after graduation, received prizes for 
 public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and 
 a number of other cities, besides furnishing 
 designs for some of the finest private residences 
 in the country. He was associated with D. H. 
 Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian 
 Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's 
 Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- 
 ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- 
 style," the "Terminal Station" and other 
 prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his 
 highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, 
 Dec. 19, 1895. 
 
 AUBURN, a village of Sangarnon County, on 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of 
 Springfield; has some manufactories of flour and 
 farm implements, besides tile and brick works, 
 two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, 
 several churches, a graded school and a weekly 
 newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281. 
 
 AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The 
 Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- 
 torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16; 
 Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April 
 to August), 1817; Elijah C. Berry, 1817-18. Under 
 the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public 
 Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, 
 without limitation of term; but by the Constitu- 
 tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made 
 elective by the people for a term of four years. 
 
 The following is a list of the State Auditors 
 from the date of the admission of the State into 
 the Union down to the present time (1899), with 
 the date and duration of the term of each: 
 Elijah C. Berry, 1818-31; James T. B. Stapp, 
 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 
 1841-43; William Lee D. Ewlng ,843 46; Thomas 
 H Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; 
 Orlin H. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 
 1869-77 ; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81 ; Charles P. 
 Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David 
 Gore. 1893-97; James S McCullough, 1897 — . 
 
 AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, 
 Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. 
 Wagons and brick are the principal manufac- 
 tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, 
 three churches and a graded school. The sur 
 rounding country is a fertile agricultural region 
 and abounds in a good quality of bituminous 
 coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral 
 paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 
 1,077; (1900), 1,149. 
 
 AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran 
 denomination, located at Rock Island and founded 
 in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- 
 partments, a theological school is connected with 
 the institution. To the two first named, young 
 women are admitted on an equality with 
 men. More than 500 students were reported in 
 attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being 
 women. A majority of the latter were in the 
 preparatory (or academic) department. The col- 
 lege is not endowed, but owns property (real 
 and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a 
 library of 12,000 volumes. 
 
 AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- 
 ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- 
 west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine 
 water-power and many successful manufactories, 
 including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, 
 cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- 
 ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage 
 factories, stove and smelting works, establish- 
 ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, 
 and wood-working machinery. The city owns 
 water- works and electric light plant; has six 
 banks, four daily and several weekly papers, 
 some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and 
 handsome public library building; is connected 
 by interurban electric lines with the principal 
 towns and villages in the Fox River valley. 
 Population (1890), 19.088; (1900), 24.147. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 29 
 
 AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. 
 It is accessible from that city by either the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street 
 railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a 
 graded school is supported (including a higli 
 school department) and there are numerous 
 churches, representing the various religious 
 denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890), 
 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. 
 
 AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- 
 ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers 
 and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98—162 
 males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000 
 volumes and reports property valued at $37,000. 
 
 AUSTRALIAN BALLOT," a form of ballot for 
 popular elections, thus named because it was 
 first brought into use in Australia. It was 
 adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 
 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public 
 officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- 
 ors, members of Boards of Education and officers 
 of road districts in counties not under township 
 organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- 
 tion of c fficers (except those just enumerated) 
 are required to be printed and distributed to the 
 election officers for use on the day of election, at 
 public cost. These ballots contain the names, 
 on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted 
 for at such election, such names having been 
 formally certified previously to the Secretary of 
 State (in the case of candidates for offices to be 
 voted for by electors of the entire State or any 
 district greater than a single county) or to the 
 County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding 
 officer and secretary of the convention or caucus 
 making such nominations, when the party repre- 
 sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate 
 vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- 
 eral election. Other names may be added to the 
 ballot on the petition of a specified number of the 
 legal voters under certain prescribed conditions 
 named in the act. The duly registered voter, on 
 presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of 
 the official ticket by one of the judges of election, 
 upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- 
 ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for 
 his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- 
 umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if 
 he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the 
 same party, or by a similar mark before the name 
 of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in 
 case he desires to distribute his support among 
 the candidates of different parties. The object of 
 the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the 
 ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- 
 
 tation or interference by others in the exercise of 
 his right of suffrage. 
 
 AVA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated 
 as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad 
 (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south- 
 southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and 
 two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984. 
 
 AVON, village of Fulton County, on O, B & Q. 
 R. R. , 20 miles south of Galesburg; has drain- 
 pipe works, two factories for manufacture of 
 steam- and hot-water heaters, two banks and two 
 newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu- 
 ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1 000. 
 
 AYER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in 
 Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1825, graduated at 
 Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane 
 Law School (Harvard University), was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice at Manchester, 
 N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- 
 shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney 
 for Hillsborough County, in 1857 became to Chica- 
 go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers 
 then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel 
 in 1861, and, {wo years later, drafted the revised 
 city charter. After the close of his official career, 
 he was a member for eight years of the law firm of 
 Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the 
 firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general 
 practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, 
 and is at present its General Counsel and a potent 
 factor in its management. 
 
 AYERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, 
 was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823; 
 came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 
 1830, and was educated there, graduating from 
 Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. 
 Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox 
 College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K. 
 Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- 
 lege he became the partner of his father (David 
 B. Ayers)as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- 
 phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- 
 nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers 
 succeeded to the management of the business, 
 about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands 
 coming under his charge. In December, 1852, 
 with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- 
 ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- 
 sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which 
 finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been 
 continued ever since, being recognized as one of 
 the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 
 1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York 
 capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers" Rail- 
 
30 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- 
 wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia 
 and Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the 
 Jacksonville Southeastern Railway, though Mr. 
 Ayers has had no connection with it for several 
 years. Other business enterprises with which he 
 lias been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com- 
 pany (now including an electric light and power 
 plant), of which he has been President for forty 
 years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped 
 out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, 
 coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a 
 body of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County, 
 known as "Broadlands," from John T. Alexander, 
 an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become 
 heavily involved during the years of financial 
 revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr. 
 Alexander's debts, which aggregated §1,000,000, 
 were discharged within the next two years. Mr. 
 Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the 
 organization of that party and, during the war, 
 rendered valuable service in assisting to raise 
 funds for the support of the operations of the 
 Christian Commission in the field. He has also 
 been active in Sunday School, benevolent and 
 educational work, having been, for twenty years, 
 a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has 
 been an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married 
 to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John 
 Allen, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father 
 of four sons and four daughters, all living. 
 
 BABCOCK, Amos C, was born at Penn Yan, 
 N. Y., Jan.20, 1828, the son of a member of Con- 
 gress from that State ; at the age of 18, having 
 lost his father by death, came West, and soon 
 after engaged in mercantile business in partner- 
 ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he 
 was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- 
 Nebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine- 
 teenth General Assembly, and, in the following 
 session, took part in the election of United States 
 Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman 
 Trumbull. Although a personal and political 
 friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter 
 of policy, cast his vote for his townsman. William 
 Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- 
 trict, until it was apparent that a concentration 
 of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was 
 necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat. 
 In 1S62 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
 the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the 
 Fourth District, and. in 1863, was commissioned 
 by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred 
 and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. 
 Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in 
 
 the Republican National Convention of 1868. 
 which nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
 dency, and the same 3'ear was made Chairman of 
 the Republican State Central Committee, also 
 conducting the campaign two years later. He 
 identified himself with the Greeley movement in 
 1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his 
 party and restored to his old position on the State 
 Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among 
 business enterprises with which he was con- 
 nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda 
 branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the 
 erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., 
 which was undertaken, in conjunction with 
 Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farvvell, about 
 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm 
 received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the 
 "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel 
 Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which 
 continued to be his home until his death from 
 apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899. 
 
 BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at 
 Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1830; 
 began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 
 went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to 
 Springfield, 111. , where, in 1859, he joined a mili- 
 tary company called the Springfield Greys, com- 
 manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of 
 which he was First Lieutenant. This company 
 became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's 
 first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook 
 having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded 
 him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- 
 ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and, in March, 1862, being pi-omoted to 
 the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service 
 rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later lie was 
 compelled to resign on account of impaired 
 health. His home is at Springfield. 
 
 BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born 
 at Madison, Ind., Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to 
 Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and, 
 in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County; in 1879 
 was admitted to the bar and held various minor 
 offices, including one term as State's Attorney. 
 In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the 
 State Senate and reelected four years later, but 
 finally removed to Aurora, where he died, July 
 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized 
 ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death 
 of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his 
 colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy 
 on the deceased statesman. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 31 
 
 BAGBT, John C, jurist and Congressman, was 
 born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- 
 sing through the comrnon schools of Barren 
 County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at 
 Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he 
 read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. 
 In 1840 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., 
 confining himself exclusively to professional work 
 until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, 
 by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 
 1885 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the 
 Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. 
 
 BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, 
 was born at Middlebury, Wyoming County, N. Y., 
 June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) 
 University in 1854, and was admitted to the 
 bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he 
 removed to Freeport, 111., where he soon built up 
 a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a 
 Representative in the Twenty-fifth General 
 Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was 
 especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- 
 lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on 
 the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a 
 Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and 
 re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 
 1878, and again in June, 1879, he was assigned to 
 the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding 
 Justice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from 
 June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received 
 the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of 
 Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected 
 to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in 
 office, Oct. 16, 1895. 
 
 BAILHACHE, John, pioneer journalist, was 
 born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after 
 gaining the rudiments of an education in his 
 mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- 
 edge of English and some proficiency in Greek 
 and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, 
 when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. 
 In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- 
 ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a 
 half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe 
 (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole 
 owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- 
 zette" and consolidated the two papers under the 
 name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian 
 Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- 
 time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- 
 ness, also serving one term in the Legislature 
 (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the 
 Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 
 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge 
 
 of "The Ohio State Journal," served one term as 
 Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive 
 years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- 
 nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- 
 ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The 
 Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted 
 alone or in association with various partners until 
 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the 
 book and job branch of the business. He served as 
 Representative from Madison County in the Thir- 
 teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man 
 and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the 
 highest respect, and did much to elevate the 
 standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- 
 graph," during the period of his connection with 
 it, being one of the leading papers of the State. 
 His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the 
 result of injuries received' the day previous, by 
 being thrown from a carriage in which he was 
 riding. — Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of 
 the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, 
 August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 
 111., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, 
 and learned the printing trade in the office of 
 "The Telegraph," under the direction of his 
 father, afterwards being associated with the 
 business department. In 1855, in partnership 
 with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the 
 proprietors and business manager of "The State 
 Journal" at Springfield. During the Civil War 
 he received from President Lincoln the appoint- 
 ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, 
 serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank 
 of Major. After the war he returned to journal- 
 ism and was associated at different times with 
 "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig." 
 as business manager of each, but retired in 1873; 
 in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, 
 Receiver of Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., 
 remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- 
 dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been 
 engaged in newspaper work, and, under the 
 administration of President McKinley, has been 
 a Special Agent of the Treasury Department. — 
 Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was 
 born in Columbus, Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as 
 a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a 
 Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- 
 tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- 
 ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the 
 interest of sanitary and hospital service. At 
 present (1899) he occupies a prominent position 
 at the headquarters of the United States Marine 
 Hospital Service in Washington. — Arthur Lee 
 (Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April 
 
32 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 12, 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was 
 employed in the State commissary service at 
 Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the 
 Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at 
 Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of 
 disease and exposure in the service. 
 
 BAKER, David Jewett, lawyer and United 
 States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , 
 Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York 
 in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- 
 hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 
 1816, and three years later was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- 
 tice at Kaskaskia, where he attained prominence 
 in his profession and was made Probate Judge of 
 Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- 
 duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- 
 sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 
 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United 
 States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of 
 Senator McLean, but he served only one month 
 when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, 
 who was elected by the Legislature. He was 
 United States District Attorney from 1S33 
 to 1841 (the State then constituting but 
 one district), and thereafter resumed private 
 practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. 
 —Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 
 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- 
 leff College, Upper Alton, and. in 1843, entered 
 Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom 
 in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- 
 ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, 
 Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an 
 Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of 
 the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the 
 subsequent session of the General Assembly, was 
 one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose 
 ivncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Trum- 
 bull resulted in the election of the latter to the 
 United States Senate for the first time — the others 
 being his colleague. Dr. George T. Allen of the 
 House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards 
 United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- 
 man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the 
 Secretaries of the Republican State Convention 
 held at Bloomington in May, 1856, was a Repub- 
 lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, 
 became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving 
 until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- 
 lican State Convention, served as delegate to the 
 Republican National Convention of the same 
 year and was an unsuccessful candidate for 
 Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. 
 
 Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver 
 the address on occasion of the unveiling of the 
 statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the 
 capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. 
 About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at 
 Alton, March 5, 1897. — Edward L. (Baker), 
 second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at 
 Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- 
 leff College in 1847; read law with his father two 
 years, after which he entered Harvard Law 
 School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
 field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had 
 become associated with William H. Bailhache, in 
 the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," 
 and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois 
 State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. 
 Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 
 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States 
 Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until 
 the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received 
 the appointment from President Grant of Consul 
 to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming 
 the duties of the office in 1874, remained there 
 for twenty-three years, proving himself one of 
 the most capable and efficient officers in the con- 
 sular service. On the evening of the 20th of 
 June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a 
 railway train already in motion at the station in 
 the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, 
 receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- 
 tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his 
 death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, 
 following. His remains were brought home at 
 the Government expense and interred in Oak 
 Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- 
 ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing 
 a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres 
 and foreign representatives in that city express- 
 ive of their respect for his memory. — David 
 Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jewett 
 Baker, Sr. . was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; 
 graduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of 
 that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- 
 tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, 
 in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth 
 Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act 
 of March 28) having divided the State into 
 twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, 
 he resigned to accept an appointment on the 
 Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, 
 deceased, but at the close of his term on the 
 Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit 
 Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 33 
 
 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. 
 In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by 
 resignation and was elected a Justice of the 
 Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, 
 in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but 
 was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after 
 retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to 
 Chicago and engaged in general practice, in 
 partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He 
 fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 
 1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty 
 years almost continuously on the bench, and had 
 attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and 
 a jurist. 
 
 BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and 
 United States Senator, was born in London, 
 Eng. , Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while 
 yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, 
 afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to 
 Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- 
 sented in the lower house of the Tenth General 
 Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth 
 and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as 
 a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned 
 in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the 
 Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in the 
 Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in 
 command of the brigade, when the latter was 
 wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected 
 to Congress from the Galena District; was also 
 identified with the construction of the Panama 
 Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1853, but 
 'ater removed to Oregon, where he was elected 
 to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he 
 resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union 
 arm}', commanding a brigade at the battle of 
 Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. 
 
 BAKER, Jehu, lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1S22. At 
 an early age he removed to Illinois, making his 
 home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- 
 ceived his early education in the common schools 
 and at McKendree College. Although he did 
 not graduate from the latter institution, he 
 received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. 
 in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time 
 he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the 
 study of law. From 1861 to 1865 he was Master 
 in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 
 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a 
 Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and 
 from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in 
 Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term 
 of service acting also as Consul-General. Return- 
 ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) 
 
 from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated 
 for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman, 
 Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified 
 himself with the Free Silver Democracy and 
 People's Party, he was elected to Congress from 
 the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, 
 the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 
 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition 
 of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of 
 the Romans." 
 
 BALDWIX, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March 
 8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- 
 try school, continuing this occupation for several 
 years during the winter months, while working 
 on his father's farm in the summer. He then 
 started a store at New Milford, which he man- 
 aged for three years, when he sold out on account 
 of his health and began farming. In 1833 he 
 came west and purchased a considerable tract of 
 Government land in La Salle County, where the 
 village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing 
 thither with his family the following year. He 
 served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- 
 secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and 
 as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La 
 Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected 
 as a Republican to the House of Representatives, 
 was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to 
 the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He 
 was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first 
 Board of Public Charities, serving as President of 
 the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- 
 tory of La Salle County," which contains much 
 local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 
 1895. 
 
 BALDWIN, Theron, clergyman and educa- 
 tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; 
 graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two 
 years' study in the theological school there, was 
 ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming 
 one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or 
 "Western College Society," of which lie was Cor- 
 responding Secretary during most of his life. He 
 was settled as a Congregationalist minister at 
 Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- 
 curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville, of which lie was a Trustee from its 
 organization to his death. He served for a 
 number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the 
 Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 
 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello 
 Female Seminary, near Alton, which lie con- 
 ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 
 10, 1870. 
 
34 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of 
 Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- 
 vember, 1822. He located at La Porte, Ind., 
 about 1841, where he learned and pursued the 
 carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, 
 remaining two years, when he returned to La 
 Porte ; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked 
 in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 
 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard 
 served several years as one of the Commissioners 
 of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- 
 man of the City of Chicago, and again in the 
 latter office, 1894-96. 
 
 BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop 
 of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- 
 varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges 
 of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. 
 Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, 
 Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and 
 consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- 
 istration was successful, but regarded by his 
 priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- 
 ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance 
 of clergy and laity. His most important literary 
 work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first 
 edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and 
 enlarged), 1880. Died' at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886. 
 
 BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN 
 RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two 
 principal divisions, the first extending across the 
 State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the 
 second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- 
 ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total 
 mileage of the former (or main line) is 537 
 miles, of which 147 }4 are in Illinois, and of the 
 latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The 
 main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- 
 sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 
 1848. in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It 
 was constructed by two companies, the section 
 from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State 
 line being known as the Eastern Division, and 
 that in Illinois as the Western Division, the 
 gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but 
 reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm 
 of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, 
 were the principal financial backers of the enter- 
 prise. The line was completed and opened for 
 traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the road 
 became financially embarrassed ; the Eastern Di- 
 vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 
 1S60. while the Western Division was sold under 
 foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio 
 & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois 
 
 Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- 
 ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in 
 November of the same year, the two divisions 
 were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & 
 Mississippi Railway. — The Springfield Division 
 was the result of the consolidation, in December, 
 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern 
 and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad — each 
 having been chartered in 1867 — the new corpo- 
 ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- 
 nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name 
 the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 
 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; in 
 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 
 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- 
 sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, 
 the road was again placed in the hands of a 
 receiver, but was restored to the Company in 1884. 
 — In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was 
 consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad, which was the successor of the 
 Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, 
 the reorganized Company taking the name of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- 
 pany. The total capitalization of the road, as 
 organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several 
 branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go 
 to increase the aggregate mileage, but being 
 wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ac- 
 count in this statement. 
 
 BALTIMORE & OHIO & CHICAGO RAIL- 
 ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in 
 Illinois. The principal object of the company's 
 incorporation was to secure entrance for the 
 Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital 
 stock outstanding exceeds $1,500,000. The total 
 capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) 
 is $20,329,166 or §76,728 per mile. The gross 
 earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were 
 §3,383,016 and the operating expenses §2,493,452. 
 The income and earnings for the portion of the 
 line in Illinois for the same period were §209,208 
 and the expenses §208,096. 
 
 BAXGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin 
 County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after 
 a year in an institution at Rochester, came to 
 Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm 
 work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- 
 ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for 
 two years at Springfield, Mass. , then spent 
 a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111. 
 meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. Li 
 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judg«, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 35 
 
 of the Circuit Court in 1859; served one session 
 as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- 
 pointed Circuit Juiige to fill the unexpired 
 term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, 
 was appointed by President Grant United States 
 District Attorney for the Northern District, 
 remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was 
 also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State 
 Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854; 
 in 1802 presided over the Congressional Conven- 
 tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress 
 for the first time ; was one of the charter members 
 of the "Union League of America," serving as its 
 President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the 
 National Convention which nominated General 
 Grant for President for the first time. After 
 retiring from the office of District Attorney in 
 1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still 
 (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. 
 
 BANKSON, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- 
 lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver 
 Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south 
 of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently 
 removed to Washington County. He was a Col- 
 onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a 
 Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 
 1822 he was elected to the State Senate from 
 Washington County, serving four years, and at 
 the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted 
 against the Convention resolution which had for 
 its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 
 1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. 
 
 BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- 
 tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who 
 located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- 
 lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and 
 Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist 
 church within the limits of the State. Five 
 churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- 
 bers, formed an association in 1807. Several 
 causes, among them a difference of views on the 
 slavery question, resulted in the division of the 
 denomination into factions. Of these perhaps 
 the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- 
 ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John 
 M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1822 until 
 his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, 
 until it had some 250 churches, with about 7,500 
 members. These were under the ecclesiastical 
 care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac 
 McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at 
 Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years 
 later, Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first 
 Baptist society in what was then an infant set- 
 
 tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations 
 had grown to forty, with 1010 churches 891 
 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- 
 logical Seminary was for some time supported at 
 Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the 
 University of Chicago, becoming the divinity 
 school of that institution. The chief organ of the 
 denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- 
 lished at Chicago. 
 
 BARBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, 
 N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he 
 accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which 
 State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- 
 ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at 
 Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law 
 School, and was admitted to practice. After 
 serving one term as District Attorney of his 
 county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant 
 Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in 
 the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, 
 was elected to Congress by the Republicans of 
 the old Second Illinois District. His home is in 
 Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in 
 Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. 
 
 BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 
 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. 
 Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387. 
 
 BARNSBACK, George Frederick Julias, pio- 
 neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came 
 to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- 
 tucky, where he became an overseer; two or 
 three years later visited his native country, suf- 
 fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; 
 returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 
 1809, when he removed to wiiat is now Madison 
 (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in 
 the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 
 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he 
 bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. 
 Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, 
 he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, 
 locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where lie 
 resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback 
 served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after i-eturning from 
 Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor 
 of Madison County. — Julius A. (Barnsback), his 
 son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 
 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy. 
 Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 
 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company 
 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- 
 teers (100-days' men) ; also served as a member or 
 the Twenty-fourth General Assembly (.1865). 
 
36 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BARNUM, William H., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
 was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 13, 
 1840. When he was but two yeara old his family 
 removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed 
 his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- 
 tion was obtained at Belleville, 111., Ypsilanti, 
 Mich., and at the Michigan State University at 
 Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last 
 named at the end of the sophomore year, he 
 taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- 
 sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar 
 at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office 
 at Chester, where, for a time, he held the office 
 of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago 
 in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench 
 of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- 
 ration of his term he resumed private practice. 
 
 BARRERE, Granville, was born in Highland 
 County, Ohio. After attending the common 
 schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- 
 gusta, Ky., and Marietta, Ohio. He was admitted 
 to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- 
 tice of law in Fulton County, 111., in 1856. In 
 1872 he received the Republican nomination for 
 Congress and was elected, representing his dis- 
 trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his 
 term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 
 111, Jan. 13, 1889. 
 
 BARRIXGTON, a village located on the north- 
 ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, 
 at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 32 miles 
 northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, 
 and several cheese factories, being in a dairying 
 district. Population (1890), 8-48; (1900), 1,162. 
 
 BARROWS, John Henry, D. D., clergyman 
 and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 
 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 
 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and 
 Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, 
 where he spent two and a half years in mission- 
 ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) 
 accepted a call to the First Congregational 
 Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a 
 year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, 
 visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a 
 part of the time supplying the American chapel 
 in Paris. On liis return to the United States he 
 spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and 
 East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he 
 assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a 
 world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman 
 of the "Parliament of Religious," a branch of the 
 "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 
 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- 
 turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships 
 in connection with the University of Chicago en- 
 dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, 
 established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated 
 a series of lectures iu India, to be delivered on 
 alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- 
 versity. Courses were delivered at the University 
 in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes 
 of the foreign lectureship. Dr. Barrows found it 
 necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in 
 the spring of 1896. After spending the summer 
 in German}', the regular itinerary of the round- 
 the-world tour began at London in the latter part 
 of November, 1896, ending with his return to the 
 United States by way of San Francisco in May, 
 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party 
 of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, 
 the tour embracing visits to the principal cities 
 of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and 
 Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India 
 during the winter of 1896-97. After his return to 
 the United States he lectured at the University 
 of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of 
 the country, on the moral and religious condition 
 of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered 
 the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which 
 he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 
 1899. 
 
 BARRY, a city in Pike County, founded in 
 1836, on the Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of 
 Hannibal, Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. 
 The surrounding country is agricultural. The 
 city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and 
 poultry establishments, etc. It has two local 
 papers, two banks, three churches and a high 
 school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 1,392; (1890), 1,354; (1900), 1,643. 
 
 BARTLETT, Adolphns Clay, merchant, was 
 born of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, 
 Fulton County, N. Y., June 22, 1844; was educated 
 in the common schools and at Danville Academy 
 and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y., and, coming 
 to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment 
 of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., 
 now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, 
 a few years later, he became a partner, and later 
 Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett 
 has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and 
 a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and 
 the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being 
 identified with various other business and benevo- 
 leut associations. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 37 
 
 BASCOM, (Rev.) Flavel, D. D., clergyman, 
 was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent 
 his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- 
 while attending the common schools; prepared 
 for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, 
 entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a 
 year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, 
 Conn., he entered upon the study of theology 
 at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for 
 the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- 
 ary department of the college. Then coming to 
 Illinois (1833), he cast his lot with the "Yale 
 Band," organized at Yale College a few years 
 previous; spent five years in missionary work in 
 Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- 
 nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, 
 exploring new settlements, founding churches 
 and introducing missionaries to new fields of 
 labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First 
 Pi'esbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 
 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First 
 Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation 
 continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- 
 ice as the Agent of the American Missionary 
 Association of the Congregational Church, he 
 accepted a call to the Congregational Church at 
 Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when 
 he took charge of the Congregational Church at 
 Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- 
 able period as a member of the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society; 
 was also prominent in educational work, being 
 one of the founders and, for over twenty-five 
 years, an officer of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of 
 the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, 
 Wis., from which he received the degree of D. B. 
 in 1869. Br. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., 
 August 8, 1890. 
 
 BATAVIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox 
 River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- 
 western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago; has water 
 power and several prosperous manufacturing 
 establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. 
 The city has fine water-works supplied from an 
 artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric 
 street car lines with interurban connections, two 
 weekly papers, eight churches, two public 
 schools, and private hospital for insane women. 
 Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est.), 4,400. 
 
 BATEMAX, Newton, A. M., LL.D., educator 
 and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- 
 pedia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., 
 July 27. 1022. of mixed English and Scotch an- 
 
 cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 
 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- 
 tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois 
 College at Jacksonville in 1843, supporting him- 
 self during his college course who'lv by his own 
 labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- 
 tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane 
 Theological Seminary, but was compelled to 
 withdraw on account of failing health, when he 
 gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his 
 life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal 
 of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, 
 remaining there two years, when he accepted the 
 Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- 
 lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that 
 position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- 
 sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the 
 principalship of the main public school of that 
 city. Here he remained seven years, during four 
 of them discharging the duties of County Super- 
 intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the 
 fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville 
 Female Academy, but the following year was 
 elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, having been nominated for the office by the 
 Republican State Convention of 1858, which put 
 Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United 
 States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- 
 tinued in this office fourteen years, serving con- 
 tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years 
 (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election 
 in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office 
 by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but 
 was not formally nominated by a State Conven- 
 tion. Buring his incumbency the Illinois com- 
 mon school system was developed and brought to 
 the state of efficiency which it has so well main- 
 tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of 
 biennial reports, portions of which have been 
 republished in five different languages of Europe, 
 besides a volume of "Common School Becisions," 
 originally published by authority of the General 
 Assembly, and of which several editions have 
 since been issued. This volume has been recog- 
 nized by the courts, and is still regarded as 
 authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. 
 In addition to his official duties during a part of 
 this period, for three years he served as editor of 
 "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- 
 mittee of three which prepared the bill adopted 
 by Congress creating the National Bureau of 
 Education. Occupying a room in the old State 
 Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an 
 office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- 
 dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860, a 
 
38 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 close intimacy sprang up between the two men, 
 which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- 
 coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an 
 insight into the character of the future emanci- 
 pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, 
 and of which he gave evidence by his lectures 
 full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent 
 appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr 
 President." A few months after his retirement 
 from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- 
 man was offered and accepted the Presidency of 
 Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, 
 when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. 
 This, after having been repeatedly urged upon 
 the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body 
 immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed 
 him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental 
 and Moral Science, under which he continued to 
 discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his 
 health enabled him to do so. During his incum- 
 bency as President of Knox College, he twice 
 received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State 
 University and the Chancellorship of two other 
 important State institutions. He also served, by 
 appointment of successive Governors between 1877 
 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of 
 Health, for four years of this period being Presi- 
 dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- 
 man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his 
 part, received from President Hayes an appoint- 
 ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and 
 test the fineness and weight of United States 
 coins, in accordance with the provisions of the 
 act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged 
 the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. 
 Never of a very strong physique, which was 
 rather weakened by his privations while a stu- 
 dent and his many years of close confinement to 
 mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. 
 Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble 
 which finally developed into "angina pectoris," 
 or heart disease, from which, as the result of a 
 most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- 
 burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the 
 most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- 
 ates in the Faculty and among the students of 
 Knox College, but a large number of friends 
 throughout the State, who had known him offi- 
 cially or personally, and had learned to admire 
 his many noble and beautiful traits of character. 
 His funeral which occurred at Galesburg on 
 Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of 
 sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- 
 formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of 
 matter for this volume, in which he manifested 
 
 the deepest interest from the time of his assump- 
 tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the 
 time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- 
 ing that his work in this field was practically 
 complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, 
 first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, 
 who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 
 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts 
 (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville 
 Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878.— 
 Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman 
 by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, 
 March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and 
 later from the law department of Columbia Col- 
 lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his 
 studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally 
 becoming Professor of Administrative Law and 
 Government in Columbia College — a position 
 especially created for him. He had filled this 
 position a little over one year when his career — 
 which was one of great promise — was cut short by 
 death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- 
 man survive — all the wives of clergymen. — P. S. 
 
 BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first 
 book in 1868; the next year married Morgan 
 Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for 
 juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, 
 some of the most popular among the latter being 
 "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "^Esop's Fables" in 
 verse (1873). She was the collector of a model 
 library for children, for the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. 
 BATES, Erastus Newton, soldier and State 
 Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 
 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- 
 flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by 
 his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- 
 ward died. For several years he lived with an 
 uncle, preparing himself for college and earning 
 money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- 
 ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and 
 commenced the study of law in New York City, 
 but later removed to Minnesota, where he served 
 as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. 
 In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- 
 menced practice there in August, 1862 ; was com- 
 missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois 
 Volunteers, being successively promoted to the 
 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and 
 finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen 
 months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from 
 Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later 
 exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 39 
 
 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was 
 elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State 
 Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office 
 under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving 
 until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, 
 Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- 
 field. 
 
 BATES, George C., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Canandaigua, N. Y., and removed to 
 Michigan in 1834; in 1849 was appointed United 
 States District Attorney for that State, but re- 
 moved to California in 1850, where he became a 
 member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" 
 at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first 
 Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he 
 practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was 
 appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving 
 two years, in 1878 removing to Denver, Colo., 
 where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an 
 orator of much reputation, and was selected to 
 express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to 
 Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, 
 after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- 
 las conspiracy in November, 1864 — a duty which 
 he performed in an address of great eloquence. 
 At an early day he married the widow of Dr. 
 Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- 
 ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife 
 being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white 
 settler of Chicago. 
 
 BATH, a village of Mason County, on the 
 Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. 
 Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (.190(1), 330. 
 
 BAYLIS, a corporate village of Pike County, 
 on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles 
 southeast of Quincy; lias one newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. 
 
 BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a 
 private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last 
 two years of the Civil War, and graduated from 
 Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting 
 himself during his college course by work upon a 
 farm and teaching. After serving three years as 
 County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange 
 County, Ind., in 1874 he came to Illinois and 
 entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the 
 northern part of the State. He served for some 
 time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of 
 Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the 
 Township High School at Streator, where he was, 
 in 1*98, when he received the nomination for the 
 office of State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, to which lie was elected in November follow- 
 
 ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent 
 of nearly 70,000 votes. 
 
 BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the 
 city of Beardstown, 111., was born in Granville, 
 Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to 
 Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed 
 to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville 
 and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of 
 the present city of Beardstown, and later estab- 
 lished there the first ferry across the Illinois 
 River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch 
 March of Morgan County, he entered the land on 
 which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at 
 Beardstown, in November, 1849. 
 
 BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the 
 Illinois River, being the intersecting point for 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the 
 northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 
 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of 
 Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town was 
 named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- 
 wards established the first ferry across the Illi- 
 nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by 
 Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, 
 and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it 
 became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- 
 nois volunteers. The city has six churches and 
 three schools (including a high school), two banks 
 and two daily newspapers. Several branches of 
 manufacturing are carried on here — flouring and 
 saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- 
 torj 7 , two button factories, two stave factories, 
 one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others 
 of less importance. The river is spanned here by 
 a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000. 
 Population (1890), 4,226; (1900), 4,827. 
 
 BEAUBIEN, Jean Baptiste, the second per- 
 manent settler on the site of Chicago, was borr> 
 at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on 
 Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his 
 first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil- 
 waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ha 
 visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin 
 there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre of 
 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- 
 boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became 
 agent of the American Fur Company, having 
 charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and els3- 
 where. After 1823 he occupied the building 
 known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear« 
 born, which had belonged to the Government, 
 but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. 
 Out of the ownership of this building grew his 
 claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 
 
40 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn 
 reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land 
 Office officials and sustained by the State courts, 
 but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States after long litigation. An attempt 
 was made to revive this claim in Congress in 
 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a 
 Senate Committee of which the late Senator 
 Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien 
 was evidently a man of no little prominence in 
 his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens 
 to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed 
 by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for 
 Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. — Mark 
 (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, 
 was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 
 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in 
 which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he 
 erected the first frame building in Chicago, which 
 was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he 
 kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- 
 chandising, but was not successful, ran the first 
 ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, and served for many years as lighthouse 
 keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- 
 ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on 
 the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- 
 wards, he received a patent which had been 
 signed by Martin Van Buren — he having previ- 
 ously been ignorant of its existence. He was 
 married twice and had a family of twenty-two 
 children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. 
 — Madore B. (Beaubien), the second son of 
 General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born 
 on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined 
 his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist 
 Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; 
 was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, 
 but failed as a business man; served as Second 
 Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the 
 Black Hawk War. and later was First Lieutenant 
 of a Chicago Company. His first wife was a 
 white woman, from whom he separated, after- 
 wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- 
 nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at 
 Council Bluffs and. later, in Kansas, being for 
 many years the official interpreter of the tribe 
 and, for some time, one of six Commissioners 
 employed by the Indians to look after their 
 affairs with the United States Government. — 
 Alexander (Beaubien), son of General Beau- 
 bien by his white wife, was born in one of the 
 buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 
 
 1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his 
 farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago 
 in 1862, and for years past has been employed on 
 the Chicago police force. 
 
 BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born 
 in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught 
 school at North Bend, the home of William Henry 
 Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; 
 served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a 
 Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- 
 break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago 
 County, 111., where he had purchased a large 
 body of land. He was a man of uncompromising 
 loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner 
 of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln 
 and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- 
 paign which resulted in Grant's first election to 
 the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. 
 A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. 
 John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary 
 of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, 
 during the World's Columbian Exposition, 
 Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's 
 Fair Commissioners. 
 
 BECKER, Charles St. N., ex State Treasurer, 
 was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought 
 to this country by his parents at the age of 11 
 years, the family settling in St. Clair County, 111. 
 Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth 
 Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea 
 Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was 
 found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 
 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, 
 and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the 
 St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several 
 terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 
 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican 
 ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891. 
 
 BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- 
 dence, R. I., and Wrentham, Mass. He read law 
 and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans. Vt., 
 where lie practiced for two years. In 1853 he 
 removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was 
 appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months 
 of the unexpired term of Judge Caton, who had 
 resigned. On retiring from the bench lie re- 
 sumed private practice. Died, August 18, 1890. 
 
 BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and 
 author, was born at Danville. 111.. March 5. 1*33. 
 Mr. Beokwith's father, Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- 
 neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the 
 founders of the city of Danville, was a native of 
 Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 41 
 
 his mother being, in her girlhood. Hannah York, 
 one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming 
 massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, 
 in company with his brother George, descended 
 the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash 
 to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally 
 locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 
 111. A year later he removed to the vicinity of 
 the present site of the city of Danville. Having 
 been employed for a time in a surveyor's 
 corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, 
 on the organization of Vermilion County, served 
 for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of 
 the Governor, and was also employed by the 
 General Government in surveying lands in the 
 eastern part of the State, some of the Indian 
 reservations in that section of the State being 
 set off by him. In connection with Guy W. 
 Smith, then Receiver of Public Moneys in the 
 Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the 
 ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion 
 County was located, and it took the name of Dan- 
 ville from his first name — "Dan." In 1830 he 
 was elected Representative in the State Legisla- 
 ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, 
 and Vermilion Counties, then including all that 
 section of the State between Crawford County 
 and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. 
 Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left 
 fatherless at less than three years of age, received 
 only such education as was afforded in the com- 
 mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he 
 began the study of law in the Danville office of 
 Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice 
 in 1854, about the time of reaching his majority. 
 He continued in their office and, on the removal 
 of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded 
 to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. 
 Lamon — who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the 
 Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia — was distantly related to Mr. 
 Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of 
 the latter. While engaged in the practice of his 
 profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty 
 years a zealous collector of records and other 
 material bearing upon the early history of Illinois 
 and the Northwest, and is probably now the 
 owner of one of the most complete and valuable 
 collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also 
 the author of several monographs on historic 
 themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The 
 Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic 
 Notes of the Northwest." published in the "Fer- 
 gus Series." besides having edited an edition of 
 "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the 
 
 same firm), which he has enriched by the addition 
 of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed 
 a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago 
 Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and 
 Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by 
 Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of 
 Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 
 serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, 
 and was re-appointed to the same position by 
 Governor Tanner in 1897. in each case being 
 chosen President of the Board. 
 
 BEECHER, Charles A., attorney and railway 
 solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., 
 August 27, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his 
 family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived 
 upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. 
 Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan 
 University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to 
 Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, 
 and began the study of law in the office of his 
 brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- 
 tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the 
 organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- 
 road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood 
 on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. 
 This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two 
 later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- 
 ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois 
 Southeastern, under which name it was con- 
 structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This 
 line — which Mr. Beecher served for some time 
 as Vice-President — now constitutes the Beards 
 town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- 
 nois Southeastern Company having fallen into 
 financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was 
 appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, 
 had control of its operation as agent for the bond- 
 holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the 
 Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became 
 General Counsel of the controlling corporation, 
 so remaining until 1888. Since that date he has 
 been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- 
 nati, although for over a quarter of a century he 
 has been prominently identified with one of the 
 most important railway enterprises in Southern 
 Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been 
 a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne 
 County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for 
 Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of 
 the Republican State Central Committee of 
 Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve 
 years. 
 
4-; 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BEECHER, Edward, D. D., clergyman and 
 
 educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., 
 August 27, 1803 — the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher 
 and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated 
 at Yale College in 1822, taught for over a year at 
 Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a 
 year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 
 1826 was ordained pastor of the Park Street 
 Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 
 he became President of Illinois College at 
 Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he 
 resigned and returned to Boston, serving as 
 pastor of the Salem Street Church in that 
 city until 1850, also acting as senior editor of 
 "The Congregationalist" for four years. In 1850 
 lie returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- 
 gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing 
 until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where 
 he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 
 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- 
 gational Church. While President of Illinois 
 College, that institution was exposed to much 
 hostile criticism on account of his outspoken 
 opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- 
 tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- 
 Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of 
 the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his 
 brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most 
 powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, 
 and, in connection with his able associates in the 
 faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give 
 that institution a wide reputation as a nursery 
 of independent thought. Up to a short time 
 before his death, he was a prolific writer, his 
 productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- 
 tributions on a variety of subjects) including 
 nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- 
 tant are: "Statement of Anti Slavery Principles 
 and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); 
 "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the 
 Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" 
 (1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal 
 Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number 
 of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery 
 topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. 
 
 BEECHER, William H., clergyman — oldest 
 son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of 
 Edward and Henry Ward — was born at East 
 Hampton, N. Y. , educated at home and at An- 
 dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, 
 occupying pulpits at Newport, R. I., Batavia, 
 N. Y., and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in 
 his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- 
 ters in that city, June 23, 1889. 
 
 BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R.. pioneer Methodist 
 
 Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham 
 County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who 
 was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 
 1805, but remained there only two years, when he 
 removed to Clark County, Ind. The sou enjoyed 
 but poor educational advantages here, obtaining 
 his education chiefly by his own efforts in what 
 he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 lie 
 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, during the next ten years traveling 
 different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was 
 appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War 
 coming on immediately thereafter, lie retired to 
 Plainfield. Later he traveled various circuits in 
 Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, 
 occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- 
 niscences of his early history. A volume of this 
 character published by him, was entitled "Pages 
 from the Early History of the West and North- 
 west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895, 
 in the 95th year of his age. 
 
 BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of 
 German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 
 27, 1812 ; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at 
 Springfield, where he carried on the grocery 
 business for five years, then removed to Chicago 
 and engaged in the lumber trade in connection 
 with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large 
 lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, 
 Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 
 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- 
 vesting largely in west side real estate in the city 
 of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, 
 making him one of the most wealthy real estate 
 owners in Chicago. Died, March 10, 1893. — Jacob 
 (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in 
 Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 
 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but 
 later engaged in the grocery business with his 
 brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to 
 Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four 
 years later, when they engaged largely in the 
 lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business 
 in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate 
 investments. He was a liberal contributor to 
 religious, educational and benevolent institutions. 
 Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. 
 
 BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was 
 born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated 
 at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in 
 the same; during the War of the Rebellion served 
 in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- 
 ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth 
 Iowa Cavalry, still later being upon the staff of 
 Gen. E. M. McCook. and taking part in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 43 
 
 Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a 
 prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed 
 under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. 
 Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal 
 in various public schools, including the North 
 Division High School. He was one of the earli- 
 est advocates of manual training, and, on the 
 establishment of the Chicago Manual Training 
 School in 1884, was appointed its Director — a 
 position which he has continued to occupy. 
 During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by 
 appointment of the Government, to investigate 
 the school systems in European countries. 
 
 BELKNAP, Hugh Reid, ex-Member of Congress, 
 was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being 
 the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- 
 tary of War under President Grant. After 
 attending the public schools of his native city, 
 he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, 
 Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when 
 he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, where he remained twelve years in 
 various departments, finally becoming Chief 
 Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired 
 from this position to become Superintendent of 
 the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. 
 He never held any political position until nomi- 
 nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth 
 Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- 
 trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed 
 a plurality of thirty-one votes for his Democratic 
 opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved 
 him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- 
 tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously 
 awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected 
 from a District usually strongly Democratic, 
 receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but w;is 
 defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- 
 ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- 
 ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army 
 from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. 
 BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence 
 Comity, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel 
 and Indiana State University at Bloomington, 
 graduating from the law department of the 
 latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited 
 "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52 
 becoming joint owner and editor of the same 
 with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- 
 ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne 
 County, but, in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel 
 &nd from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. 
 Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief 
 Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 
 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County 
 
 Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the 
 same office in 1894. He was also President 
 of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company 
 until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes 
 Road 'in 1867; later became President of the St. 
 Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the 
 Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and 
 secured the construction of the division from 
 Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited 
 California as Special Agent of the Treasury 
 Department to investigate alleged frauds in the 
 Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast ; in 1878 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on 
 the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic 
 Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same 
 year, a member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee for the State-at-large, and, in 1881, 
 officiated by appointment of President Garfield, 
 as Commissioner to examine a section of the 
 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. 
 Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known 
 in the southeastern part of the State as the 
 "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." 
 
 BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair 
 County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south 
 of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest 
 towns in the State, having been selected as the 
 county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies 
 in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- 
 ing district and contains numerous factories of 
 various descriptions, including flouring mills, a 
 nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has 
 five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- 
 man, which issue daily editions. Its commercial 
 and educational facilities are exceptionally good. 
 Its population is largely of German descent. 
 Population (1890), 15,361 ; (1900), 17,484. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, CENTRALIA & EASTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville & St. 
 Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 BELLEVILLE & CARONDELET RAILROAD, 
 a short line of road extending from Belleville to 
 East Carondelet, 111., 17.3 miles. It was chartered 
 Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton 
 & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. 
 The annual rental is $30,000, a sum ecmivalent to 
 the interest on the bonded debt. The capital 
 stock (1895) is 8500,000 and the bonded debt $485,- 
 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt 
 swells the entire capitalization to .$995,054 or 857,- 
 317 per mile. 
 
 BELLEVILLE & ELDORADO RAILROAD, 
 a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- 
 ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22, 
 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 
 
44 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & 
 Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and 
 has since been operated by that corporation in 
 connection with its Belleville branch, from East 
 St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road 
 intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and 
 the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & 
 Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville 
 & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital 
 stock (1895) is 81,000,000 and its bonded debt 
 $550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 
 
 BELLEVILLE & ILL1XOISTOWN RAILROAD. 
 (See St Louis, Alton &• Terre Haute Railroad.) 
 
 BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
 RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- 
 ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles 
 in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and 
 completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects 
 with the Illinois Central and forms a short line 
 between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was 
 leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital 
 stock is Sl.692,000 and the bonded debt 81,000,- 
 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 
 
 BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on 
 the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 
 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 
 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624. 
 
 BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, 
 THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and 
 the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & 
 Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total 
 trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- 
 pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- 
 lows : Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & 
 St. Paul Junction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- 
 man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; 
 second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. 
 The cost of constrviction has been §524,549; capi- 
 tal stock, §1,200,000. It has no funded debt. 
 The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, 
 were 8556,847, the operating expenses §378,012, 
 and the taxes 851,009. 
 
 BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- 
 kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest 
 of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- 
 nected with the latter city by electric railroad. 
 The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, 
 and three banks (two national). Two daily and 
 two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel- 
 videre also has very considerable manufacturing 
 interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- 
 chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large 
 
 milk-condensing factory and two cieameries. 
 Population (1890), 3,867; (1900), 6,937. 
 
 BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- 
 section of main line and Chicago Division of 
 Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 
 166 miles south-southwest of Chicago; in agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising district; has three 
 grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec- 
 tric-light plant, four churches, two banks and 
 weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1900), 1,484. 
 
 BENJAMIN, Reuben Moore, lawyer, born at 
 Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 
 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- 
 herst, Mass. ; spent one year iu the law depart- 
 ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst 
 and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on 
 an examination certificate furnished by Abraham 
 Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first 
 public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of 
 Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in 
 shaping the provisions of the new Constitution 
 relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen 
 County Judge of McLean County, by repeated 
 re-elections holding the position until 1886, when 
 he resumed private practice. For more than 
 twentj' years he has been connected with the law 
 department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
 ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; 
 is also the author of several volumes of legal 
 text-books. 
 
 BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic 
 Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by 
 special charter and opened in the autumn of 
 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large 
 rooms; its faculty consisted of seven professors, 
 and there were thirty matriculates. "More com- 
 modious quarters were secured the following 
 year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, 
 in which all the college property was destroyed. 
 Another change of location was made in 1874. 
 In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a 
 new college building, in connection with a hos- 
 pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. 
 A free dispensary is conducted by the college. 
 The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen 
 professors, with four assistants and demonstra- 
 tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal 
 terms with men. 
 
 BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- 
 cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family. 
 in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside. County, where, 
 two years later, he became an apprentice to the 
 printing business in the office of "The Whiteside 
 Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 45 
 
 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- 
 days' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term 
 of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
 Forty-seventh Illinois, being mustered out at 
 Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank 
 of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- 
 tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the 
 office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he 
 learned his trade, and has since been the editor of 
 that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged 
 in writing a "History of Whiteside County." 
 He is a charter member of the local Grand Army 
 Post and served on the staff of the Department 
 Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal 
 Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected 
 as a Republican to the State Senate for White- 
 side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. 
 Other positions held by him include the office of 
 City Alderman, member of the State Board of 
 Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner 
 of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also 
 been a member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. 
 
 BENTON, county-seat of Franklin County, on 
 111. Cent, and Chi. & E.-I1I. Railroads; has electric- 
 light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- 
 tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick 
 and tile works (projected), four churches and 
 three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939 ; (1900), 1,341. 
 
 BERDAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, 
 was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and 
 educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- 
 ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His 
 father, James Berdan, Sr. , came west in the fall 
 of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York 
 Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited 
 the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 
 111., but died soon after his return, in part from 
 exposure incurred during his long and arduous 
 winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his 
 son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same 
 region, and Jacksonville became his home for the 
 remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well 
 read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle 
 and sound culture, with pure literary and social 
 tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, 
 his refinement of character and dislike of osten- 
 tation made him seek rather the association and 
 esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he 
 was elected County Judge of Morgan County, 
 serving by a second election until 1857. Later 
 he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica 
 & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of 
 construction), serving until it was merged into 
 the St. Louis. Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, 
 
 now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- 
 vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; also 
 served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois 
 College. In the latter years of his life he was, for 
 a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- 
 ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge 
 Berdan was the ardent political friend and 
 admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- 
 mate friend and frequent correspondent of the 
 poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, 
 during a long period of his life, of a number of 
 other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, 
 the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving. 
 was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a 
 favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- 
 ville, August 24, 1884. 
 
 BERGEN, (Rev.) John G., pioneer clergyman, 
 was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 1790; 
 studied theology, and, after two years' service as 
 tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of 
 a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828 
 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the 
 erection of the first Protestant church in the 
 central part of the State, of which he remained 
 pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield, Jan. 
 17, 1S72. 
 
 BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in 
 Sweden. August 17, 1840; came to the United 
 States at 10 years of age and located at Oneida, 
 Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- 
 burg; held various offices, including that of 
 Sheriff of Knox County (1873-81), State Senator 
 (1881-89) — serving as President pro tern, of the 
 Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State 
 penitentiary at Joliet. 1888-91. He was for many 
 years the very able and efficient President of the 
 Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and 
 is now its Treasurer. 
 
 BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in 
 France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He 
 labored among the Tamaroas. bei ng in charge of the 
 mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1711). 
 
 BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was 
 born in McDonough County, 111.. Feb. 16. 1852; 
 early left an orphan and, after working for some 
 time on a farm, removed to Carthage, Hancock 
 County, where he read law and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of 
 Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the 
 State Senate in 1888 and '92, and. in 1891, took a 
 prominent part in securing the enactment of the 
 compulsory education clause in the common 
 school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- 
 lican State Convention of 1896, the same year was 
 a candidate for re-election to the State Senate, 
 
46 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic 
 competitor, who was declared elected by 164 
 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the 
 first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, 
 the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground 
 of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of 
 State affecting the vote of his opponent. 
 
 BERRY, (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- 
 dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and 
 educated at Oxford. Ohio. His home being then 
 in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, 
 at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky., 
 being married two years later to Miss Georgie 
 Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered 
 the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the 
 Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in 
 the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the 
 sea with Sherman and, during the period of his 
 service, receiving four wounds. After the close 
 of the war he was offered the position oi Gov- 
 ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining 
 not to go further west than Illinois, declined. 
 For three years he was located and in practice at 
 Winchester, 111., but removed to Quincy in 1874, 
 where he afterwards resided. He always took a 
 warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, 
 was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of 
 the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com- 
 mander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of 
 the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- 
 ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he 
 believed that the young minds should take an 
 active part in politics. He was one of the com- 
 mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to 
 locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, 
 and, after spending six months inspecting vari- 
 ous sites offered, the institution was finally 
 located at Quincy ; was also Trustee of Knox 
 College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was 
 frequently urged by his party friends to run for 
 public office, but it was so much against his 
 nature to ask for even one vote, that he would 
 not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, 
 much regretted. May 6, 1895. 
 
 BESTOR, George C, legislator, born in Wash- 
 ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- 
 ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight 
 years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in 
 real estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- 
 pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) 
 and three times elected Mayor; served as finan- 
 cial agent of the Peoria & Oquawka (now Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad), and a Director of 
 the, Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the 
 Whig National Convention of 1852; a State 
 
 Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 
 
 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the 
 Government for the construction of gunboats 
 during the war. 
 
 BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. 
 
 BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on 
 Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- 
 east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- 
 paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American 
 born. (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. 
 
 BETTIE STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- 
 tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111. , founded 
 in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- 
 ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. 
 Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- 
 ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at 
 §23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the 
 preparatory and classical branches, together with 
 music, oratory and fine arts. 
 
 BEVERIDGE, James H., State Treasurer, 
 was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828; 
 served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as 
 Secretary of the Commission which built the 
 State Capitol. His later years were spent in 
 superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich. 
 De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. 
 
 BEYERIDGE, John L., ex-Governor, was born 
 in Greenwich. N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi- 
 nois, 1842. and, after spending some two years in 
 Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, 
 went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching 
 while studying law. Having been admitted to 
 the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- 
 ing at Sycamore, but three years later established 
 himself in Chicago. During the first year of the 
 war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- 
 nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- 
 tain and still later Major; two years later 
 became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, 
 which he commanded to the close of the war, 
 being mustered out, February, 1866, with the 
 rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war 
 he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four 
 years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, 
 and, in the following year, Congressman-at-large 
 to succeed General Logan, elected to the United 
 States Senate; resigned this office in January. 
 
 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor, 
 and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- 
 orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the 
 United States Senate. In 1881 he was appointed- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 47 
 
 by President Arthur, Assistant United States 
 Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- 
 land's first election. His present home (1898), is 
 near Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 BIENVILLE, Jean Bnptiste le Moyne, Sieur 
 <le, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, 
 and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the 
 time the Illinois country was included in that 
 province. He had several brothers, a number of 
 whom played important parts in the early history 
 of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- 
 ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 
 1698, their object being to establish a French 
 colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
 first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, 
 and Sanvolle, another brother, %vas placed in 
 charge. The latter was afterward made Governor 
 of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was 
 succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat 
 of government to Mobile. Iu 1704 he was joined 
 by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- 
 teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards 
 Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to 
 France in 1707, but was reinstated the following 
 year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of 
 the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- 
 ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- 
 colored aborigines for negroes from the West 
 Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- 
 lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out 
 as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- 
 Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was 
 superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's 
 first expedition arrived (see Company of the 
 West), and brought a Governor's commission for 
 Bienville. The latter soon after founded New 
 Orleans, which became the seat of government 
 for the province (which then included Illinois), in 
 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned 
 to France to answer charges; was removed in 
 disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given 
 the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- 
 ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, 
 he was again superseded in 1743, returning to 
 France, where he died in 1768. 
 
 BIGGS, William, pioneer, Judge and legislator, 
 was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the 
 Revolutionary army, and served as an officer 
 under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- 
 dition for the capture of Illinois from the British 
 in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe 
 County) soon after the close of the war. He was 
 Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and 
 later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court 
 of Common Pleas. He also represented his 
 
 county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- 
 diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, 
 in 1827. 
 
 BIGGSVILLE, a village of Henderson County, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
 15 miles northeast of Burlington; has a bank and 
 two newspapers; considerable grain and live- 
 stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358; 
 (1890), 487; (1900), 417. 
 
 BIG MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the 
 union of two branches which rise in Jefferson 
 County. It runs south and southwest through 
 Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the 
 Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. 
 Its length is estimated at 140 miles. 
 
 BILLINGS, Albert Merritt, capitalist, was 
 born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated 
 in the common schools of his native State and 
 Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of 
 Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor 
 for a time of the mail stage-coach line between 
 Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, 
 invested his means in the securities of the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway and became 
 identified with the business interests of Chicago. 
 In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius 
 K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- 
 cago, of which he served as President from 1859 
 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively 
 interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. 
 C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- 
 prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, 
 Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early 
 life he had been associated with Commodore 
 Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River 
 steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his 
 other business enterprises, he was principal 
 owner and, during the last twenty-five years of 
 his life, President of the Home National and 
 Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 
 1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, 
 Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- 
 lege at twenty years of age, and began the study 
 of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, was 
 admitted to the bar two years later and practiced 
 there some two years longer. He then removed 
 to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at 
 Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845. settled at 
 Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, 
 and the first Judge of the newly organized City 
 Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. 
 In 1869 he w T as elected a Delegate from Madison 
 County to the State Constitutional Convention of 
 
48 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- 
 sion, on April 19, 1870. 
 
 BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born 
 in England about 1762 or 1763, emigrated to 
 America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 
 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- 
 duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers 
 and farmers to settle upon the same, founding 
 the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- 
 compromising opponent of slavery, and was an 
 important factor in defeating the scheme to make 
 Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- 
 tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824, 
 but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile 
 Legislature having refused to confirm him. A 
 strong writer and a frequent contributor to the 
 press, his letters and published works attracted 
 attention both in this country and in Europe. 
 Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a 
 Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a 
 Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters 
 from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 
 1825, aged about 63 years. (See Slavery and 
 Slave Laws.) 
 
 BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- 
 ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, 
 N. Y., on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at 
 Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short 
 time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- 
 roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- 
 sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon 
 attained high rank as a debater. He studied law 
 and practiced in Belleville, St. Clair County, be- 
 coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 
 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois 
 Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved 
 distinction at Buena Vista. He represented Illi- 
 nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first 
 elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pas- 
 sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- 
 cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on 
 the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was 
 challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- 
 change of heated words respecting the relative 
 courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, 
 spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, 
 naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's 
 friends objected, and the duel never occurred. 
 Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. 
 
 BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, 
 born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight 
 years of age came with his widowed mother to 
 Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., 
 in April, 1861, enlisted in the Union army, serv- 
 ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 
 
 1865, when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he 
 retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- 
 ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 
 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving 
 until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as 
 Congressman-at-large (1893-95), and U. S. District 
 Attorney (1895-99): Commander of the Loyal 
 Legion and of the G. A. R. (Department of 
 Illinois); was elected Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. 
 Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. 
 from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox 
 College; in January, 1904, was appointed by 
 President Roosevelt member of the U. S. Civil 
 Service Commission, and chosen its President. 
 
 BLACKBURN UNIVERSITY, located at Car- 
 linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to 
 the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having 
 induced friends in the East to unite with him in 
 the purchase of Illinois lands at Government 
 price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these 
 lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust 
 for the founding of an institution of learning, 
 intended particularly "to qualify young men for 
 the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville 
 donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty 
 acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was 
 included in the deed of trust. The enterprise 
 lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 
 1H57 that the institution was formally incorpo- 
 rated, and ten years later it was little more than 
 a high school, giving one course of instruction 
 considered particularly adapted to prospective 
 students of theology. At present (1898) there 
 are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty 
 of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as 
 preparatory and collegiate departments. The 
 institution owns property valued at 8110,000, of 
 which 850,000 is represented by real estate and 
 §40,000 by endowment funds. 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of 
 Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia 
 in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on 
 Rock River, as well as within the present limits 
 of Hancock County. ) Conceiving that his people 
 had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging 
 to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com- 
 monly known as the Black Hawk War. His 
 Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify- 
 ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but 
 susceptible to flattery, and while having many of 
 the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral 
 force. He was always attached to British inter- 
 ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 49 
 
 substantial sort. After his defeat he was made 
 the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which 
 humiliation of his pride broke his heart. He died 
 on a reservation set apart for him in Iowa, in 
 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been 
 exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- 
 lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved 
 in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical 
 Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire. 
 (See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.) 
 
 BLACKSTONE, Timothy B., Railway Presi- 
 dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 
 1829. After receiving a common school educa- 
 tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring 
 academy, at 18 he began the practical study of 
 engineering in a corps employed by the New 
 York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and 
 the same year became assistant engineer on the 
 Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus 
 employed he applied himself diligently to the 
 study of the theoretical science of engineering, 
 and. on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified 
 to accept and fill the position of division engineer 
 (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railway. On the completion of the main 
 line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief 
 Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later 
 becoming financially interested therein, and 
 being chosen President of the corporation on the 
 completion of the line. In January, 1864, the 
 Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- 
 stone then became a Director in the latter organi- 
 zation and, in April following, was chosen its 
 President. This office he filled uninterruptedly 
 until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the 
 hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also 
 one of the original incorporators of the Union 
 Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 
 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- 
 spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted 
 success of his management of the enterprises 
 entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for 
 the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated 
 by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred 
 and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8J.j percent 
 per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- 
 quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- 
 tion in 1*99, Jl r . Blackstone rejected offers for his 
 stock — aggregating nearly one-third of the whole 
 —which would have netted him 51,000,000 in 
 excess of the amount received, because he was 
 unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage 
 over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900. 
 
 BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born 
 at Belleville, 111., in 1823. He belonged to a 
 prominent family in the early history of the 
 State, bis father, David Blackwell, who was also 
 a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, 
 having been a member of the Second General 
 Assembly (1820) from St. Clair County, and also 
 of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was 
 appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, 
 succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, after- 
 wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had 
 just received from President Monroe the appoint- 
 ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the 
 Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served 
 in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during 
 a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer," which had been removed from 
 Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly 
 opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave 
 State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert 
 Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of 
 the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with 
 Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" — after- 
 wards "The Intelligencer" — at Kaskaskia, in 
 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the 
 office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who 
 had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," 
 and served as Auditor until the organization of 
 the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry 
 were chosen State Printers after the removal of 
 the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in 
 this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell 
 located at Vandalia and served as a member of 
 the House from Fayette County in the Eighth 
 and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in 
 the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S.— the son of David, 
 and the younger member of this somewhat 
 famous and historic family — whose name stands at 
 the head of this paragraph, attended the common 
 schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early 
 manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law 
 with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincj^, beginning 
 practice at Rushville. where he was associated 
 for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1S52 he 
 removed to Chicago, having for his first partner 
 Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme 
 Court, still later being associated with a number 
 of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- 
 scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an 
 eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." 
 "Blackwell on Tax Titles, "from his pen, has beer, 
 accepted by the profession as a high authority on 
 that branch of law. He also published a revision 
 
50 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract 
 of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had 
 reached the third or fourth volume at his death, 
 Ma j- 16. 1863. 
 
 BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at 
 Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, 
 being descended through five generations of New 
 England ancestors. After attending school in 
 the town of Cortland, which became his father's 
 residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- 
 ment in a stove and hardware store, four years 
 later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge 
 of a branch store which the firm had established 
 there. The next year he purchased the stock and 
 continued the business on his own account. In 
 August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he 
 established the earliest and one of the most 
 extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that 
 city, with which he remained connected nearly 
 fifty years. During this period he was associated 
 with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, 
 E. G. Hall, O. W. Belden, James H. Horton and 
 others, besides, at times, conducting the business 
 alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common 
 with other business men of Chicago, but promptly 
 resumed business and, within the next two or 
 three years, had erected business blocks, succes- 
 sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired 
 from business in 1888. He was a Director of the 
 Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its 
 organization in 1865, as also for a time of the 
 Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the 
 Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of 
 Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of 
 the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, 
 May 10, 1899. 
 
 BLAKELT, David, journalist, was born in 
 Franklin County, Vt., in 1834; learned the print- 
 er's trade and graduated from the University of 
 Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical 
 family which, under the name of "The Blakely 
 Family," made several successful tours of the 
 West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, 
 Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of 
 State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, 
 serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in 
 partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago 
 Evening Post," with which he was connected at 
 the time of the great fire and for some time after- 
 ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and 
 became one of the proprietors and a member of 
 the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press. " 
 In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of 
 the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also 
 
 conducting a large printing business in New 
 York, which was his residence. He was manager 
 for several years of the celebrated Gilmore Band 
 of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing 
 the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was 
 manager up to the time of his decease in New 
 York, Nov. 7, 1896. 
 
 BLAKEMAN, Curtiss, sea-captain, and pioneer 
 settler, came from New England to Madison 
 County, 111., in 1819, and settled in what was 
 afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of 
 which he was cne of the founders. This settle- 
 ment, of which the present town of Marine (first 
 called Madison) was the outcome, took its name 
 from the fact that several of the early settlers, like 
 Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain 
 Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- 
 sented Madison County in the lower branch of 
 the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 
 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents 
 of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. 
 A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- 
 ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth 
 General Assemblies from Madison County. 
 
 BLAJfCHARD, Jonathan, clergyman and edu 
 cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 
 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; 
 then, after teaching some time, spent two years 
 in Andover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- 
 ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, 
 in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor 
 of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. 
 Before this time he had become interested in 
 various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a 
 delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery 
 Convention in London, serving as the American 
 Vice-President of that body. In 1846 he assumed 
 the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, 
 remaining until 1858, during his connection 
 with that institution doing much to increase its 
 capacity and resources. After two years spent in 
 pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency 
 of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill 
 until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer- 
 itus, remaining in this position until his death, 
 May 14, 1892. 
 
 BLANDINSVILLE, a town in McDonough 
 County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- 
 road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 
 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship 
 ping point for the grain grown in the surround- 
 ing country, and has a grain elevatoi and steam 
 flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two 
 weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- 
 lation (J "^ 877; (1900), 995. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 51 
 
 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zaudt, early physician, 
 bom at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- 
 cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at 
 Philadelphia when too young to receive his 
 diploma; in 1842 came west and joined Dr. Daniel 
 Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at 
 Chicago, for a time filling three chairs in that 
 institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of 
 Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- 
 ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- 
 geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the 
 army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of 
 General Sheridan at the time of the battle of 
 Winchester; after the war was delegated by the 
 Government to pay off medical officers in the 
 Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 
 000; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. Died, Dec. 11, 1874. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wickes, LL.D., 
 son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, 
 X. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel 
 Blatchford, D.D. , who came to New York from 
 England, in 1790. He prepared for college at Lan- 
 singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion 
 College, Mo. , finally graduating at Illinois College, 
 Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- 
 ing, he was employed for several years in the law 
 offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, 
 New York. For considerations of health he re- 
 turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- 
 ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. 
 Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the 
 late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- 
 ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established 
 in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After 
 a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- 
 ford taking the Chicago business, which has 
 continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co. to the pres- 
 ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably 
 declined political offices, he has been recognized 
 as a staunch Republican, and the services of few 
 men have been in more frequent request for 
 positions of trust in connection with educational 
 and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- 
 ous positions of this character which he has been 
 called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- 
 western Branch of the United States Sanitary 
 Commission, during the Civil War, to which he 
 devoted a large part of his time; Trustee of Illi- 
 nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- 
 teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of 
 the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of 
 the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee 
 of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its 
 
 incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees 
 of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John 
 Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago 
 Manual Training School; life member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty 
 years President of the Board of Directors of the 
 Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- 
 dence in Chicago an officer of the New England 
 Congregational Church; a corporate member of 
 the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
 eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- 
 President; a charter member of the City 
 Missionary Society, and of the Congregational 
 Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago 
 Union League, the University, the Literary and 
 the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he has 
 been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was 
 married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter 
 of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children — 
 four sons and three daughters — have blessed this 
 union, the eldest son, Paul, being to day one of 
 Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's 
 life has been one of ceaseless and successful 
 activity in business, and to him Chicago owes 
 much of its prosperity. In the giving of time 
 and money for Christian, educational and benevo- 
 lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his 
 generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and 
 executive ability in carrying these enterprises to 
 success. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- 
 field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; 
 removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., 
 and was educated at Cambridge Academy and 
 Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. 
 He finished his theological course at Princeton, 
 N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- 
 sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and 
 Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate 
 of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- 
 port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- 
 ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111., and, 
 in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he 
 remained until compelled by failing health to 
 resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac- 
 cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- 
 losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently 
 assuming the Presidency. The institution having 
 been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he 
 removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, 
 to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the 
 remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. 
 Louis, April 8, 1S55. The churches he served 
 
5-2 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, 
 acceptable and successful performance of his 
 ministerial duties. He was married in 1820 to 
 Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes. 
 Esq., of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. 
 
 BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- 
 yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky., Nov. 9, 1809; 
 graduated at West Point Military Academy in 
 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- 
 son, Indian Territory, retired from the army in 
 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor 
 of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon 
 College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of 
 Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- 
 ing studied theology, he served for several years 
 as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 
 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- 
 tice of law, remaining several years, when he 
 removed to "Washington, D. C. Later he became 
 Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the 
 University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the 
 University of Virginia. He then entered the 
 Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, 
 but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of 
 War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material 
 for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- 
 lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, 
 where he began the publication of "The Southern 
 Review," which became the recognized organ of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later 
 he became a minister of the Methodist Church. 
 He gained considerable reputation for eloquence 
 during his residence in Illinois, and was the 
 author of a number of works on religious and 
 political subjects, the latter maintaining the 
 right of secession; was a man of recognized 
 ability, but lacked stability of character. Died 
 at Alexandria, Va. , Dec. 8, 1877. 
 
 BLODGETT, Henry Williams, jurist, was born 
 at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 
 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, 
 where he attended the district schools, later 
 returning to Amherst to spend a year at the 
 Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 
 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he 
 began the study of law at Chicago, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- 
 tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued 
 to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the Legislature from Lake County, as 
 an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the 
 State Senate, in the latter serving four years. 
 He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being 
 employed at different times by the Chicago & 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 
 Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg 
 & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named 
 road he was one of the projectors, procuring its 
 charter, and being identified with it in the sev- 
 eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- 
 dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him 
 Judge of the United States District Court for the 
 Northern District of Illinois. This position he 
 continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- 
 ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the 
 United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators 
 at Paris, which was his last official service. 
 
 BLOOMIN'GDALE, a village of Du Page County. 
 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population 
 (1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON, the county-seat of McLean 
 County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 
 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- 
 cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car 
 shops and repair works employing some 2,000 
 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- 
 naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous 
 in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much 
 attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wes- 
 leyan University, has fine public schools, several 
 newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- 
 tional and other publications. The business sec- 
 tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been 
 rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- 
 cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- 
 nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of 
 the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- 
 phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900), 23,286. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON CONTENTION' OF 1856. 
 Although not formally called as such, this was 
 the first Republican State Convention held in 
 Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- 
 lican organization in the State. A mass convene 
 tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska 
 Convention") was held at Springfield during the 
 week of the State Fair of 1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), 
 and, although it adopted a platform in harmony 
 with the principles which afterwards became the 
 foundation of the Republican part}-, and appointed 
 a State Central Committee, besides putting in 
 nomination a candidate for State Treasurer — the 
 only State officer elected that year — the organi- 
 zation was not perpetuated, the State Central 
 Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington 
 Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call 
 issued by a State Central Committee appointed 
 by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held 
 at Decatur on February 22. 1856. (See Anti-Neb- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 53 
 
 raska Editorial Convention.) The call did not 
 even contain the word "Republican," but was 
 addressed to those opposed to the principles of 
 the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing 
 Democratic administration. The Convention 
 met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the 
 Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather 
 in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- 
 tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- 
 ties of the State at that time. Consequently 
 representation was very unequal and followed no 
 systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties 
 into which the State was then divided, only 
 seventy were represented by delegates, ranging 
 from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty 
 counties (embracing nearly the whole of the 
 southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- 
 sented. Lee County had the largest representa- 
 tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of 
 Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- 
 gates, while Cook County had seventeen and 
 Sangamon had five. The whole number of 
 delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous 
 record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in 
 the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- 
 bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, 
 John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. 
 Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards 
 became prominent in State politics. The delega- 
 tion from Cook County included the names of 
 John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich, George 
 Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and 
 Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization 
 was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams 
 County in the chair, followed by the election of 
 John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent 
 President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- 
 dents — John A. Davis of Stephenson; William 
 Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. 
 Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; 
 Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of 
 Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith 
 of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. 
 Ruggles of Mason ; G. D. A. Parks of Will, and John 
 Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries — Henry S. Baker 
 of Madison ; Charles L. Wilson of Cook ; John 
 Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La 
 Salle, and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State 
 ticket was put in nomination consisting of 
 William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- 
 tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, 
 for Lieutenant-Governor; Ozias M. Hatch of 
 Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of 
 Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, 
 for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria, 
 
 for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- 
 man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- 
 dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, 
 and his place was subsequently filled by the 
 nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- 
 form adopted was outspoken in its pledges of 
 unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition 
 to the extension of slavery into new territory. A 
 delegation was appointed to the National Con- 
 vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, 
 following, and a State Central Committee was 
 named to conduct the State campaign, consisting 
 of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; 
 Asahel Gridley of McLean ; Burton C. Cook of 
 La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. 
 Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the 
 occasion, before the convention or in popular 
 meetings held while the members were present in 
 Bloomington, included the names of 0. H. Brown- 
 ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton 
 C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John 
 Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and 
 Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been 
 Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment 
 of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out 
 the policy of the administration for making 
 Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches 
 were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has 
 been universally regarded by those who heard it 
 as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant 
 of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- 
 divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. 
 John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
 cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his 
 paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to 
 listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- 
 tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he 
 (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by 
 the power of his argument, the intense irony of 
 his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid 
 brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, 
 the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after 
 cheer told how deeply their hearts had been 
 touched and their souls warmed up to a generous 
 enthusiasm." At the election, in November 
 following, although the Democratic candidate 
 for President carried the State by a plurality of 
 over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in 
 nomination at Bloomington was successful by 
 majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the 
 several candidates. 
 
 BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on 
 the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island 
 & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and 
 the Illinois Central Railways, 15 miles south of 
 
54 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two 
 newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. 
 Population (1890), 2,521; (1900), 6,114. 
 
 BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 
 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; 
 capital stock 825,000; operated by the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt 
 (1895) was 8100,000 and its floating debt, §3,779. 
 
 BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on 
 the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- 
 catur; in rich grain and live-stock region; has 
 three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and 
 one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. 
 
 BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the 
 junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of 
 the Wabash Railway, 52 miles west of Spring- 
 field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 162; (1890), 421; (1900), 539. 
 
 BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- 
 lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was 
 brought by his parents to Ohio when five years 
 old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from 
 the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at 
 Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, 
 when, having been appointed Surgeon of the 
 Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- 
 moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by 
 Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the 
 Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies 
 (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and 
 Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- 
 tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, 
 remaining in the latter position seventeen years 
 under the successive administrations of Gov- 
 ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- 
 idge — the last five years of his service being 
 President of the Board. He was also President 
 of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal 
 continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, 
 when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon 
 to reside with his daughter, the widow of the 
 late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years 
 Representative in Congress from the Eighth 
 District. 
 
 BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the 
 State Government, created by an act of the Legis- 
 lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed 
 by the Executive and is composed of three mem- 
 bers (not more than two of whom can belong to 
 the same political party), one of whom must be 
 an employer of labor and one a member of some 
 labor organization. The term of office for the 
 members first named was fixed at two years ; 
 after March 1, 1897, it is to be three years, one 
 member retiring annually. A compensation of 
 
 81,500 per annum is allowed to each member of 
 the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be 
 a stenographer, receives a salary of 81,200 per 
 annum. When a controversy arises between an 
 individual, firm or corporation employing not less 
 than twenty-five persons, and his or its employes, 
 application may be made by the aggrieved 
 party to the Board for an inquiry into the 
 nature of the disagreement, or both parties may 
 unite in the submission of a case. The Board is 
 required to visit the locality, carefully investi- 
 gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- 
 sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once 
 made public. If the application be filed by the 
 employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- 
 tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out 
 for the space of three weeks after its date In 
 like manner, complaining employes must promise 
 to continue peacefully at work, under existing 
 conditions, for a like period. The Board is 
 granted power to send for persons and papers and 
 to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions 
 are binding upon applicants for six months after 
 rendition, or until either party shall have given 
 the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or 
 their intention not to be bound thereby. In case 
 the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists 
 between employes and an employer having less 
 than twenty-five persons in his employ, and that 
 a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is 
 made the duty of the body to put itself into 
 communication with both employer and employes 
 and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement 
 between them by mediation. The absence of any 
 provision in the law prescribing penalties for its 
 violation leaves the observance of the law, in its 
 present form, dependent upon the voluntary 
 action of the parties interested. 
 
 BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ- 
 ized under act of the General Assembly, approved 
 March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five 
 members, one from each Senatorial District. 
 The first Board was appointed by the Governor, 
 holding office two years, afterwards becoming 
 elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the 
 law was amended, reducing the number of mem- 
 bers to one for each Congressional District, the 
 whole number at that time becoming nineteen, 
 with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who 
 usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted 
 of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was 
 increased to twenty-two. The Board meets 
 annually on the second Tuesday of August. The 
 abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in 
 the several counties of the State are laid before 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 55 
 
 it for examination and equalization, but it may 
 not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase 
 it more than one per cent. Its powers over the 
 returns of the assessors do not extend be}*ond 
 equalization of assessments between counties. 
 The Board is required to consider the various 
 classes of property separately, and determine 
 such rates of addition to or deduction from the 
 listed, or assessed, valuation of each class as it 
 may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- 
 scribe rules for determining the value of all the 
 classes of property enumerated — personal, real, 
 railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the 
 capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other 
 corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the 
 Board. Its consideration having been completed, 
 the Board is required to summarize the results of 
 its labors in a comparative table, which must be 
 again examined, compared and perfected. 
 Reports of each annual meeting, with the results 
 reached, are printed at the expense of the State 
 and distributed as are other public documents. 
 The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- 
 tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. 
 McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon, (4) Andrew Mc- 
 Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin, 
 (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers, 
 (9) Charles A. Works, (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) 
 Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) 
 Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) 
 J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) 
 Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) 
 Richard Cadle, (20) Charles Emerson, (21) John 
 W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the 
 Auditor of Public Accounts as ex-officio member 
 — the District members being divided politically 
 in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four 
 Democrats. 
 
 BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, a State 
 Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 
 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor 
 Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the 
 Commissioners supervisory oversight of the 
 financial and administrative conduct of all the 
 charitable and correctional institutions of the 
 State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, 
 and they are especially charged with looking 
 after and caring for the condition of the paupers 
 and the insane. As originally constituted the 
 Board consisted of five male members who em- 
 ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made 
 for the appointment of a female Commissioner. 
 The office is not elective. The Board has always 
 carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various 
 State charitable institutions, and, under its man- 
 
 agement, no charge of peculation against any 
 official connected with the same has ever been 
 substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and 
 only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to 
 inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and 
 almshouses has been careful and conscientious, 
 and has resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers 
 and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the 
 year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- 
 bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- 
 thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence 
 (1899), Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal- 
 houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- 
 bus was President and Frederick H. Wines, 
 Secretary. 
 
 BOItARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born 
 in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841, and 
 left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated 
 in the common schools, began working in a store 
 at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected 
 First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service 
 as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- 
 ous service" before Petersburg. While in the 
 service he participated in some of the most 
 important battles in Virginia, and was once 
 wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located 
 in Ford County, 111., where he has been a success- 
 ful operator in real estate. He has been twice 
 elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and 
 '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, 
 '92 and '96), and has served on the most important 
 committees in each house, and has proved him- 
 self one of the most useful members. At the 
 session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern. 
 of the Senate. 
 
 BOGGS, Carroll C, Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 
 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native 
 town; has held the offices of State's Attorney, 
 County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of 
 the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, 
 being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In 
 June, 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of 
 the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. 
 Baker, his term to continue until 1906. 
 
 BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William 
 and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- 
 herst, Mass., Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at 
 Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst 
 College in 1853. While in college he taught 
 school every winter, commencing on a salary of 
 $4 per week and "boarding round" among the 
 scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- 
 emies at Limerick, Me. , ami at Pembroke and 
 
56 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Deny, N. H., and in the high school at Law- 
 rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner 
 for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 lie went 
 into the service of the Sanitary Commission in 
 the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the 
 close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a 
 colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered 
 in. After the close of the war he was employed 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., 
 for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- 
 ized the first township high school ever organized 
 in the State, where he remained eleven years. He 
 afterwards organized the township high school at 
 Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, 
 in 1883, he organized and took charge of the 
 township high school at Evanston, where he has 
 since been employed in his profession as a teacher. 
 Professor Bolt wood has been a member of the State 
 Board of Education and has served as President 
 of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher 
 he has given special attention to English language 
 and literature, and to history, being the author 
 of an English Grammar, a High School Speller 
 and "Topical Outlines of General History," 
 besides many contributions to educational jour- 
 nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, 
 both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known 
 somewhat as a tariff reformer. 
 
 BOND, Lester L., lawyer, was born at Raven- 
 na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829 ; educated in the common 
 schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring 
 in local factories; studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to 
 Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly 
 to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. 
 Bond served several terms in the Chicago City 
 Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 
 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- 
 bly— 1866-70. 
 
 BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in 
 Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the 
 State, was born in Maryland, and, after being 
 liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while 
 Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. 
 He served as a member of the first Territorial 
 Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the 
 first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in 
 Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the 
 latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public 
 Moneys : he also held a commission as Captain in 
 the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, 
 in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied 
 the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- 
 kia, April 13. 1832.— Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle 
 of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was 
 
 elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then 
 comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial 
 Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, 
 in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly 
 organized Territory of Indiana. 
 
 BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- 
 east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square 
 miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The 
 first American settlers located here in 1807, com- 
 ing from the South, and building Hill's and 
 Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. 
 Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely 
 twenty-five log cabins in the county. The 
 county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin 
 was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The 
 county was organized in 1818, and named in 
 honor of Gov. Shadrach Bond. Its original 
 limits included the present counties of Clinton, 
 Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was 
 held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge 
 Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit 
 Court at Hill's Station. The first court house 
 was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county 
 contains good timber and farming lands, and at 
 some points, coal is found near the surface. 
 
 BONNET, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- 
 former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 
 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled 
 in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the 
 avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was 
 admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- 
 cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in 
 practice; served as President of the National 
 Law and Order League in New York in 1885, 
 being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been 
 President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as 
 well as a member of the American Bar Associa- 
 tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- 
 cated are constitutional prohibition of special 
 legislation; an extension of equity practice to 
 bankruptcy and other law proceedings ; civil serv- 
 ice pensions; State Boards of labor and capital, 
 etc. He has also published some treatises in book 
 form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing 
 a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arrington, 
 with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi- 
 dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, 
 Mr. Bonne}' contributed largely to the success of 
 that very interesting and important feature of 
 the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 
 
 BOONE, Levi D., M. D., early physician, was 
 born near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 — a 
 descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- 
 ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania 
 Universitv and came to Edwardsville, 111. , at an 
 
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 or 
 
 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and 
 taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of 
 a cavalry company; came to Chicago in 1836 and 
 engaged in the insurance business, later resuming 
 the practice of his profession; served several 
 terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 
 1855 by a combination of temperance men and 
 Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by 
 operations in real estate. Died, February, 
 1882 
 
 BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- 
 ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 
 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. 
 Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the 
 principal products are oats and corn. The earli- 
 est settlers came from New York and New Eng- 
 land, and among them were included Medkiff, 
 Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and 
 Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had 
 evacuated the country), came the Shattuck 
 brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard, 
 Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Ci'osby, Dr. Whiting, H. 
 C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. 
 Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and 
 organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- 
 tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the 
 county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for 
 fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north 
 side of the Kishwaukee River. The county -seat 
 (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy 
 built soon after. The first Protestant church 
 was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. 
 Dr. King. 
 
 BOURBONN AIS, a village of Kankakee County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of 
 Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900), 595. 
 
 BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Boston, Mass. , March 14, 
 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity at Evanston, 111. , in 1874, and from Harvard 
 in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 
 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth 
 General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, 
 in the long struggle during the following session, 
 participated in the election of Gen. John A. 
 Logan to the United States Senate for the last 
 time. At a special election held in the Sixth 
 Illinois District in November, 1897, he was 
 elected Representative in Congress to fill the 
 vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- 
 ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at 
 the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the 
 same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over 
 
 his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 
 over all. 
 
 BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was 
 born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his 
 youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, 
 but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed 
 in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards 
 became a partner, in the manufacture of car- 
 wheels and railway castings. Later he became 
 associated with the American Bridge Company's 
 works, which was sold to the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the 
 Union Car Works, which he operated until 1863. 
 He then became the head of the Union Foundry 
 Works, which having been consolidated with 
 the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, 
 organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. 
 Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of 
 Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms 
 before the Civil War, and served as Assistant 
 Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois 
 Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) 
 from 1862 until after the battle of Chiekamauga. 
 
 BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, 
 Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall 
 College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; 
 studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted 
 to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where 
 he practiced until 1856, when he removed to Illi- 
 nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist 
 in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he 
 held the position of Captain. At the close of the 
 war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and 
 in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected 
 at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in 
 the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
 seventh General Assemblies. He was also a 
 Republican Representative from his District in 
 the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses 
 (1877-81). Died, at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. 
 
 BRACEYILLE, a town in Grundy County, 61 
 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining 
 is the principal industry. The town has two 
 banks, two churches and good public schools. 
 Population (1890), 2,150; (1900), 1,669. 
 
 BRADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda 
 and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway; is in excellent farming region 
 and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- 
 lent high school building, fine churches, good 
 hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. 
 
 BRADS BY, William H., pioneer and Judge, 
 was born in Bedford County, Va.. July 12. 1TS7. 
 He removed to Illinois early in life, ami was the 
 first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- 
 
58 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ington), the first school-teacher and the first 
 Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder At the 
 time of his death he was Probate and County 
 Judge. Besides being Clerk of all the courts, he 
 was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- 
 tody of all the county's money. For several 
 years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, 
 and in that capacity surveyed much of the south 
 part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay 
 Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 
 1839. 
 
 BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and 
 editor, was born at Loughborough, England, April 
 16, 1828, and brought to America in infancy, his 
 parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 
 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the 
 following year removed to Wheeling, Cook 
 County, settling on a farm, where the younger 
 Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking 
 prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His 
 first schooling was obtained in a country log- 
 school-house, but, later, he attended the Wilson 
 Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- 
 renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a 
 course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a 
 manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- 
 ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, 
 etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra 
 Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- 
 phis, Tenn., the same year, where they engaged 
 in teaching a select school, the subject of this 
 sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to 
 reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, 
 but after a stay of less than two years in Mem- 
 phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. 
 In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook 
 County, and re-elected four years later, but 
 declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of 
 his term occurring during the progress of the 
 Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering 
 some vigorous decisions which won for him the 
 reputation of a man of courage and inflexible 
 independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- 
 pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the 
 lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 
 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by 
 many believed to have been honestly elected, 
 though his opponent received the certificate. He 
 made a contest for the seat, and the majority of 
 the Committee on Elections reported in his 
 favor; but he was defeated through the treach- 
 ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- 
 ical friend. He is the author of the law making 
 women eligible to school offices in Illinois and 
 
 allowing them to become Notaries Public, and 
 has always been a champion for equal rights for 
 women in the professions and as citizens. He 
 was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and 
 Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided 
 over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- 
 tion at its organization in Cleveland ; has been 
 President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- 
 cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, 
 the Historian of the latter; one of the founders 
 and President of the Union League Club, besides 
 being associated with many other social and 
 business organizations. At present (1899) he is 
 editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by 
 his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has 
 been identified in a business capacity from its 
 establishment. — Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife 
 of Judge Bradwell, was born at Manchester, Vt., 
 Feb. 12, 1831 — being descended on her mother's 
 side from the Chase family to which Bishop 
 Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter 
 Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of 
 the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham 
 Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought 
 to Portage, N. Y., where she remained until she 
 was twelve years of age, when her family re- 
 moved west. She attended school in Kenosha, 
 Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being 
 engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was 
 married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately 
 going to Memphis, Tenn. , where, with the assist- 
 ance of her husband, she conducted a select school 
 for some time, also teaching in the public schools, 
 when the}' returned to Chicago. In the early 
 part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in 
 the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their 
 families at home, becoming President of the 
 Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in 
 the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 
 1865. After the war she commenced the study 
 of law and, in 1868, began the publication of 
 "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- 
 mained identified until her death — also publishing 
 biennially an edition of the session laws after 
 each session of the General Assembly. After 
 passing a most creditable examination, applica- 
 tion was made for her admission to the bar in 
 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered 
 by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court 
 of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as 
 was also done by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States in 1873, on the latter occasion 
 Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally 
 admitted t<> the baron March 28, 1892, and was 
 the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 59 
 
 atiou. Other organizations with which she was 
 identified embraced the Illinois State Press 
 Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- 
 diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial 
 School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian 
 Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of 
 the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the 
 World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although 
 much before the public during the latter years of 
 her life, she never lost the refinement and graces 
 which belong to a true woman. Died, at her 
 home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. 
 
 BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- 
 rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad ; an important coal- 
 mining point, and in the heart of a rich 
 agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 4,041 ; (1900), 3,279. 
 
 BRANSON, Nathaniel W., lawyer, was born in 
 Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in 
 the private and public schools of that city and at 
 Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
 1857; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- 
 nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was 
 admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after 
 establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, 
 Menard County, where he has ever since resided. 
 In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in 
 Bankruptcy for the Springfield District — a po- 
 sition which he held thirteen years. He was also 
 elected Representative in the General Assembly 
 in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years 
 in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth 
 General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois 
 to the National Republican Convention of 1876, 
 and served for several years most efficiently as a 
 Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at 
 Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the 
 Board. Politically a conservative Republican, 
 and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- 
 sitions which he has occupied have come to him 
 unsought and in recognition of his fitness and 
 capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. 
 
 BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was 
 born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up 
 as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The 
 Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 
 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 
 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- 
 tiser'' in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in 
 Springfield, 111., and the following year was 
 appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to 
 adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity 
 
 he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was 
 appointed to revise the statutes of the State. 
 Later he devoted much attention to railroad 
 enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, 1851-55; then projected the construc- 
 tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite 
 Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- 
 pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- 
 stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered 
 the service as Major of the Twenty-ninth Illinois 
 Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early 
 battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; 
 was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- 
 duct at .the latter, and for a time served as 
 Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- 
 nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- 
 tember, 1862, at the close of the war receiving 
 the brevet rank of Major-General. After the 
 close of the war he devoted considerable atten- 
 tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the 
 South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 
 1872-73; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- 
 pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876. serving four 
 years, after which he returned to Ripon, Wis. 
 Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. 
 
 BREESE, a village in Clinton County, on 
 Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of 
 St. Louis; has coal mines, wafer system, bank and 
 weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), mis. (1900), 1,571. 
 
 BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was 
 born at Whitesboro, N Y., (according to the 
 generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. 
 Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in 
 his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult 
 to secure authentic data on the subject ; but his 
 arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at 
 Union College, and his admission to the bar in 
 1820, have induced many to believe that the date 
 of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. 
 He was related to some of the most prominent 
 families in New Y'ork, including the Livingstons 
 and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- 
 kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias 
 Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. 
 Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- 
 kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, 
 and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- 
 moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia, 
 the new State capital. Later he was appointed 
 Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position 
 from 1822 till 1827, when he became United 
 States District Attorney for Illinois. He was 
 the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, 
 issuing its first volume of decisions; served as 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 
 
GO 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Black Hawk War (1832) ; in 1835 was elected to 
 the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to 
 the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, 
 when he resigned to accept a seat in the United 
 States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as 
 the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating 
 Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter 
 for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on Public 
 Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the 
 construction of a transcontinental railway to the 
 Pacific. He was also one of the originators and 
 active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the 
 Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again 
 became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to 
 the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than 
 one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 
 1873-74. His home during most of his public life 
 in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred 
 at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. 
 
 BRENTANO, Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, 
 in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 
 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities of 
 Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of 
 LL.D., and attaining high honors, both profes- 
 sional and political. He was successively a 
 member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and 
 of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader 
 of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became 
 President of the Provisional Republican Gov- 
 ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced 
 to find an asylum in the United States. He first 
 settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, 
 but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was 
 admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the 
 field of journalism, becoming editor and part 
 proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung. " He 
 held various public offices, being elected to the 
 Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector in 18C8, and 
 United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- 
 eral amnesty having been granted to the 
 participants in the revolution of 1848), and 
 Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. 
 Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, 
 on t lie Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 
 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank 
 and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of 
 the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South 
 Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the 
 
 center of the large slaughtering and packing 
 industry. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.) 
 
 BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at 
 the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined 
 here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; 
 (1890), 697; (1900), 660. 
 
 BRIMFIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
 Buda and Rush ville branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of 
 Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief 
 industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. 
 Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 677. 
 
 BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was born 
 in Orleans County, N. Y., Jan. 4, 1851; came 
 to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost 
 his father at 12 years of age, spent the following 
 years in various manual occupations until about 
 nineteen years of age, when, having been con- 
 verted, he determined to devote his life to the 
 ministry. Through the aid of a benevolent lady, 
 he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- 
 tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- 
 ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching 
 at various points, meanwhile continuing his 
 studies at the University until 1877. After com- 
 pleting his course he served as pastor of some of 
 the most prominent Methodist , churches in Chi- 
 cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- 
 ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington 
 City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. 
 Church, attended by President McKinley Dr. 
 Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator 
 of recognized ability. 
 
 BROADWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born 
 in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools and at McKendree 
 and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing 
 health to leave college without graduating; spent 
 some time in the book business, then began the 
 study of medicine with a view to benefiting his 
 own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 
 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of 
 Lincoln & Herndon at Springfield. Having been 
 admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at 
 Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 
 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of 
 Representatives from Sangamon County, serving 
 in the Twenty-second General Assembly. Other 
 offices held by him included those of County 
 Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 61 
 
 field, to which last position he was twice elected 
 (1867 and again in 1809). Judge Broadwell was 
 one of the most genial of men, popular, high- 
 minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, 
 in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. 
 
 BROOKS, John Flavel, educator, was born 
 in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; 
 graduated at Hamilton College, 1828; studied 
 three years in the theological department of Yale 
 College ; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- 
 istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service 
 of the American Home Missionary Society. 
 After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and 
 other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of 
 the celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the 
 principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, 
 Morgan County, but three years later removed to 
 Springfield, where he established an academy for 
 both sexes. Although finally compelled to 
 abandon this, he continued teaching with some 
 interruptions to within a few years of his death, 
 which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- 
 tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to 
 his death. 
 
 BROSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- 
 sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated 
 with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- 
 ing previously developed his physical strength 
 by much hard work upon the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For 
 five years after graduating he was a teacher, and 
 settled in Chicago in 1848. Thsre he first engaged 
 in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. 
 His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a 
 religious paper, which was discontinued after 
 two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. 
 Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," 
 which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 
 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the 
 new concern. He was always an ardent free- 
 soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of 
 Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- 
 astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as 
 an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was 
 the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor. This was his only official position 
 outside of a membership in the Chicago Common 
 Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was 
 dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was 
 shown by the fact that no appeals were taken 
 from his decisions. After quitting public life he 
 devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- 
 ing lectures in various parts of the country. 
 Among his best known works are a brief "His- 
 tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," 
 
 and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27, 
 1890. 
 
 BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was 
 born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13, 
 1789 — the son of a commissary in the army of 
 General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu- 
 ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed 
 to New York, later studying law at Albany, 
 Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to 
 the bar about 1813, when he settled down in 
 practice at Cooperstovvn; in 1816 was appointed 
 Judge of Herkimer County, remaining on the 
 bench until about 1824. He then resumed prac- 
 tice at Cooperstown, continuing until 1836, when 
 he removed to Chicago. The following year he 
 was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two 
 years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney 
 of Cook County. During this period he was 
 engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which 
 was published in New York in 1844 This was 
 regarded at the time as the most voluminous and 
 best digested work on Illinois history that had as 
 yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the 
 Presidency of the Chicago Lyceum, he delivered 
 an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and 
 Future," which is still preserved as a striking 
 prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- 
 nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. 
 Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. 
 
 BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in 
 Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H, Sept. 1, 
 1833 — his father being a member of the Legisla- 
 ture and Selectman for his town. The son was 
 educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he 
 studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- 
 ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at 
 Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he 
 became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 
 was elected County Superintendent of Schools 
 for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two 
 years later and assuming the editorship of "The 
 Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as 
 Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, 
 Feb. 13, 1896. 
 
 BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- 
 man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 
 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, 
 locating at Island Grove, where he engaged 
 extensively in farming and stock-raising. He 
 served as Representative in the General Assem- 
 blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was 
 instrumental in securing the incorporation of the 
 Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he 
 was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 
 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 
 
62 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ers of blooded cattle in the State and did much to 
 introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an 
 earnest and influential advocate of scientific 
 education for the agricultural classes and an 
 efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of 
 Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- 
 gress, in 1862, of the law granting lands for the 
 endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which 
 grew the Illinois State University and institu- 
 tions of like character in other States. Died, 
 Nov. 16, 1868. 
 
 BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- 
 ents emigrating to this country when he was 
 eight years old, and settling in Western New 
 York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
 in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- 
 ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1853 
 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- 
 teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1857, was chosen 
 Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to 
 the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to 
 Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- 
 preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 
 1873, in '79 and '85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 
 1891. 
 
 BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, 
 was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent 
 his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, 
 in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- 
 wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme 
 Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- 
 town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- 
 kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the 
 United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new 
 State capital, where he remained until 1835. He 
 then removed to Chicago to accept the position of 
 Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank 
 of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many 
 years. He served the city as School Agent for 
 thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's 
 school fund through a critical period with great 
 discretion and success. He was one of the group 
 of early patriots who successfully resisted the 
 attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; 
 was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & 
 Galena Union Railroad, was President of the 
 Chicago Historical Society for seven years and 
 connected with many other local enterprises. 
 He was an ardent personal friend of President 
 Lincoln and served as Representative in the 
 Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). 
 While making a tour of Europe he died of paraly- 
 sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. 
 
 BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western 
 part of the State, with an area of 300 square 
 miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951 ; was cut 
 off from Schuyler and made a separate county in 
 May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob 
 Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the 
 Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David 
 Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, 
 Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus and 
 Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount 
 Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. 
 Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and 
 Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is 
 farming, although there is some manufacturing 
 of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois 
 River. Population (1900), 11,557. 
 
 BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, 
 was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the 
 son of "William Goldsmith Browne, who was a 
 teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- 
 dred Years to Come." In childhood he was 
 brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, 
 where he attended the public schools and learned 
 the printing trade in his father's newspaper 
 office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862, 
 he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- 
 chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one 
 year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Arm}- 
 of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- 
 ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the 
 University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning 
 his iutenton of entering the legal profession, 
 removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in 
 journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 
 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly," 
 when he became literary editor of "The Alliance," 
 but, in 1880, he established and assumed the 
 editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub- 
 lication which has gained a high reputation, and 
 of which he has remained in control continuously 
 ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary 
 adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub- 
 lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his 
 journalistic work, Sir. Browne has contributed 
 to the magazines and literary anthologies a num 
 ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The 
 Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and 
 a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" 
 (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden 
 Poems by British and American Authors" (1881) ; 
 "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose'' 
 (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- 
 ard poetry (1891-92). Sir. Browne was Chairman 
 of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in 
 
• HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 63 
 
 the World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- 
 nection with The Columbian Exposition in 
 1893. 
 
 BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in 
 Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to 
 Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch 
 of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) 
 and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- 
 yer to enter that body. In 1815 lie was appointed 
 Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of 
 Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme 
 bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the 
 Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously 
 until the reorganization of the Supreme Court 
 under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over 
 thirty years. ■ Judge Browne's judicial character 
 and abilities have been differently estimated. 
 Though lacking in industry as a student, he is 
 represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, 
 who knew him personally, as a close thinker and 
 a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, 
 accustomed to argue questions in the conference 
 room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity 
 for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- 
 tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- 
 siderable ability and had clear and distinct views 
 of his own. An attempt was made to impeach 
 him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of 
 capacity to discharge the duties of his office," 
 but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He 
 was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- 
 porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne 
 was one of the four candidates for Governor — in 
 the final returns standing third on the list and, by 
 dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery 
 clause in the State Constitution, contributing to 
 the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of 
 the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and 
 Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of 
 his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- 
 lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, 
 ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later — 
 probably about 1856 or 1858. 
 
 BROWNING, Orville Hickman, lawyer, United 
 States Senator and Attorney-General, was born 
 in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv- 
 ing a classical education at Augusta in his native 
 State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served 
 in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, 
 was a member of the Legislature, serving in both 
 houses. A personal friend and political adherent 
 of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization 
 of the Republican party at the memorable 
 
 Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate 
 to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in 
 securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a 
 conspicuous supporter of the Government in the 
 Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Yates United States Senator to fill Senator 
 Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863 In 
 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- 
 pointment of President Johnson, also for a time 
 discharging the duties of Attorney-General. 
 Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which 
 was his last participation in public affairs, his 
 time thereafter being devoted to his profession. 
 He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 
 1881. 
 
 BRYAN, Silas Lillard, legislator and jurist, 
 born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov 4, 1822; was 
 left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 
 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, 
 Mil The following year he came to Marion 
 County, 111., where he attended school and 
 winked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree 
 College, graduating in 1849, and two years later 
 was admitted to the bar, supporting himself 
 meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem 
 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to 
 the State Senate, in which body he served for 
 eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he 
 was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial 
 Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second 
 term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, 
 he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- 
 cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley 
 ticket in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880.— 
 William Jenninsrs (Bryan), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Salem, III, March 19, 1860. The early 
 life of young Bryan was spent on his father's 
 farm, but at the age of ten years he began to 
 attend the public school in town ; later spent two 
 years in Whipple Academy, .the preparatory 
 department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
 and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as 
 the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted 
 two years to the study of law in the Union Law 
 School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and 
 studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman 
 Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he 
 soon entered upon the practice of his profession 
 at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. 
 Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent 
 Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) 
 found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has 
 since been his home. He took a prominent part 
 
64 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State 
 for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and 
 in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for 
 Congress in a district which had been regarded 
 as strongly Republican, and was elected by a 
 large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected 
 by a reduced majority, but two years later 
 declined a renomination, though proclaiming 
 himself a free-silver candidate for the United 
 States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of 
 "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he 
 received the nomination for President from the 
 Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on 
 a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited 
 coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver 
 (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later 
 was nominated by the "Populists" at St. Louis 
 for the same office — being the youngest man ever 
 put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- 
 tory of the Government. He conducted an 
 active personal campaign, speaking in nearly 
 every Northern and Middle Western State, but 
 was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. 
 William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and 
 fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual 
 compass and power, and is recognized, even by 
 his political opponents, as a man of pure personal 
 character. 
 
 BRYAN, Thomas Barbour, lawyer and real 
 estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., 
 Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal 
 side from the noted Barbour faniity of that 
 State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the 
 age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 
 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- 
 tensive real estate interests and built Bryan 
 Hall, which became a popular place for en- 
 tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well 
 as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen 
 to deliver the address of welcome to Senator 
 Douglas, when that statesman returned to 
 Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. 
 During the progress of the war lie devoted his 
 time and his means most generously to fitting out 
 soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and 
 wounded. His services as President of the great 
 Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some 
 §300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were 
 especially conspicuous. At this time he became 
 the purchaser (at 83,000) of the original copy of 
 President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, 
 which had been donated to the cause. He also 
 rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, 
 though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was 
 a leading factor in securing the location of the 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 1890, 
 later becoming Vice President of the Board of 
 Directors and making a visit to Europe in the 
 interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan 
 resided in Washington for some time, and, by 
 appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- 
 missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing 
 refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done 
 much for the encouragement of literature and 
 art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban 
 village of Elmhurst.— Charles Page (Bryan), son 
 of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, 
 was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated 
 at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law 
 School; was admitted to practice in 1S78, and 
 the following year removed to Colorado, where 
 he remained four years, while there serving in 
 both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he 
 returned to Chicago and became a member of the 
 First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, 
 serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby 
 and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the 
 State Legislature from Cook County, being re- 
 elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first 
 Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of 
 the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return 
 serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- 
 sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he 
 was appointed by President McKinley Minister 
 to China, but before being confirmed, early in 
 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to 
 the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. 
 E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been 
 appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- 
 ferred to Pekin. 
 
 BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of 
 William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in 
 Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at 
 the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, 
 N. Y, ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- 
 ous offices in Bureau County, including that of 
 Representative in the General Assembly, to which 
 he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A 
 practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- 
 fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society 
 in its early history, as also with the movement 
 which resulted in the establishment of industrial 
 colleges in the various States. He was one of the 
 founders of the Republican party and a warm 
 personal friend of President Lincoln, being a 
 member of the first Republican State Convention 
 at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector 
 of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
 coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the 
 Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 65 
 
 years "later was identified with the "Independent 
 Reform" party, but has since cooperated with 
 the Democratic party. He has produced two 
 volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 
 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses 
 His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. 
 
 BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- 
 ben County, 1ST. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois 
 Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- 
 tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being 
 much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his 
 death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the 
 endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at 
 Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College 
 at Jacksonville Died at Decatur, 111., August 
 22, 1892. 
 
 BUDA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc- 
 tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- 
 ville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of 
 the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest 
 of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of 
 Chicago; has excellent water-works, electric- 
 light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, 
 graded school, a bank and one newspaper 
 Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a 
 good-sized creamery is located here. Population 
 (1890), 990; (1900), 873. 
 
 BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and 
 soldier, was born in Woodford County. Ky., Jan. 
 13, 1807; graduated at West Point Military Acad- 
 emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant 
 of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in 
 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then 
 resigned his commission, and, after some service 
 as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, 
 established himself as an iron- founder and banker 
 at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President 
 of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 
 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of 
 the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various 
 points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as 
 also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, 
 Ark., where he was in command from Septem- 
 ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by 
 promotion, he attained to the rank of Major - 
 General by brevet, being mustered out in August, 
 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special 
 United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
 (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad (1867-69). Died, March 28, 1883. 
 
 BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born 
 at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y. , July 2:!, 
 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 
 
 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend- 
 ing school in a log school house in the winter and 
 working on a farm in the summer. His family 
 then removed to Illinois, finally locating at 
 Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the 
 preparatory department of Shurtleff College at 
 Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was 
 immediately made Principal of the preparatory 
 department, remaining two years, when he was 
 ordained to the Baptist ministry and became 
 pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years 
 later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics 
 in Shurtleff College, but remained only two 
 years, when he accepted the pastorship of a 
 church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill 
 nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a 
 church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of 
 one year he was again called to a professorship 
 in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of 
 Church History and Church Polity, which he 
 continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; 
 also serving for a time as Acting President dur- 
 ing a vacancy in that office. During this period 
 he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- 
 erator at General Associations of the Baptist 
 Church, and he became widely known, not only 
 in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at 
 Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. 
 
 BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, 111., was bom 
 in Hartford, Conn., March 21, 1819, being the 
 eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin 
 Bull, His ancestors on both sides were of the 
 party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from 
 the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 
 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he 
 arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, 
 but soon after secured a position with Judge 
 Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the 
 county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- 
 missioners' Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
 Recorder, Judge of Probate, Notary Public and 
 Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk 
 made himself acquainted with the people of the 
 comity (at that time few in number), with the 
 land -system of the country and with the legal 
 forms and methods of procedure in the courts. 
 He remained with Judge Snow over two years, 
 receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- 
 lars per month, and, for the second, ten dollars 
 per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's 
 family. He next accepted a situation with 
 Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the 
 most prominent mercantile houses of the city, 
 remaining through various changes of the firm 
 until 1844, when he formed a partnership with 
 
66 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II. 
 Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware 
 and crockery, which was the first attempt made 
 in Quincy to separate the mercantile business 
 into different departments. Disposing of their 
 business in 1861, the firm of L & C. H. Bull 
 embarked in the private banking business, which 
 they continued in one location for about thirty 
 years, when they organized the State Savings 
 Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the 
 position of President until 1898, when he retired 
 Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the 
 improvement and growth of the city , was one of 
 the five persons who built most of the horse rail- 
 roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, 
 President of the Company. The Quincy water- 
 works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself 
 and his son. He has never sought or held political 
 office, but at one time was the active President of 
 five distinct business corporations. He was also 
 for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois 
 College at Jacksonville. He was married in 1844 
 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. 
 Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they 
 have five children now living. In politics he is a 
 Eepublican, and his religious associations are with 
 the Congregational Church. — Charles Henry 
 (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in 
 Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1822, and removed 
 to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837 He commenced 
 business as a clerk in a general store, where 
 he remained for seven years, when he entered 
 into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, 
 in the hardware and crockery business, to 
 which was subsequently added dealing in 
 agricultural implements. This business was 
 continued until the year 1861, when it was 
 sold out, and the brothers established them- 
 selves as private bankers under the same firm 
 name. A few years later they organized the 
 Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which 
 was mainly owned and altogether managed by 
 them. Five or six years later this bank was 
 wound up, when they returned to private bank- 
 ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when 
 it was merged in the State Savings Loan & 
 Trust Company, organized under the laws of 
 Illinois with a capital of S300.000, held equally 
 by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. 
 Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the 
 First National Bank of Quincy was merged into 
 the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with 
 J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as 
 President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull 
 
 was one of the parties who originally organized 
 the Quincy, Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- 
 pany in 1869 —a road intended to be built from 
 Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to 
 Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now 
 (1898) the President, the name having been 
 changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City 
 Railway. He was also identified with the con- 
 struction of the system of street railways in 
 Quincy, and continued active in their manage- 
 ment for about twenty years. He has been 
 active in various other public and private enter- 
 prises, and has done much to advance the growth 
 and prosperity of the city. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, a city of Macoupin County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis; has 
 electric-lighting plant, telephone service, coal 
 mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other 
 manufactories, two banks, two newspapers, opera 
 house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- 
 tary academy and fine public schools, and many 
 handsome residences; is situated on high ground 
 in a rich agricultural and dairying region and an 
 important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1,279. 
 
 BUNN, Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was 
 born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came 
 to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began 
 business as a grocer, to winch he afterwards 
 added that of private banking, continuing until 
 1878. During a part of this time his bank was 
 one of the best known and widely regarded as 
 one of the most solid institutions of its kind in 
 the State. Though crippled by the financial 
 revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in 
 depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. 
 After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed 
 charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in 
 which he was a large stockholder, and of which 
 he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- 
 tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in 
 "The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of 
 "The Inter-Ocean"), and was one of the bankers 
 who came to the aid of the State Government with 
 financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil 
 War. Died at Springfield, Oct. 16, 1897— John TV. 
 (Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor 
 to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, has 
 been a prominent business man of Springfield, 
 and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural 
 Board from 1858 to 1898, and of the Illinois Uni- 
 versity from its establishment to 1893. 
 
 BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa- 
 tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the Maine, Ger- 
 many, Feb. 18, 1794, and educated in his native 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 67 
 
 city and at Berlin University; while still a 
 student took part in the Peninsular War which 
 resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- 
 ing his studies in 1816, graduated three years 
 later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank- 
 fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, 
 having been implicated in the republican revolu ■ 
 tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country, 
 locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair 
 County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in 
 the public schools, served in the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847, was elected School 
 Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having 
 removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a 
 private school for the instruction of teachers 
 while discharging the duties of his office; later 
 was appointed a member of the first State School 
 Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the 
 establishment of the Illinois State Normal Uni 
 versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He 
 was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," 
 and, for several years prior to his death, served 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without 
 compensation. Died, November, 1873. 
 
 BURCHARD, Horatio C, ex Congressman, was 
 born at Marshall, Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 22, 
 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 
 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 
 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- 
 sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely 
 interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 
 1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson 
 County ; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State 
 Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- 
 tive in Congress, being each time elected as a 
 Republican, for the first time as the successor of 
 E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress, 
 he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the 
 United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked 
 ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in 
 charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection 
 with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- 
 ing the practice of his profession at Freeport. 
 
 BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and 
 humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa., July 
 30, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, 
 where he was educated in the public schools. In 
 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh 
 Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the 
 war ; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed 
 upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers 
 of that city. Later he became associated with 
 "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which 
 he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- 
 
 ist. Several volumes of his sketches have beer 
 published, but in recent years he has devoted his 
 attention chiefly to lecturing with occasional 
 contributions to the literary press. 
 
 BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam 
 County in 1837, near the center of the northern 
 half of the State, Princeton being made the 
 county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, 
 there being considerable quantities mined at 
 Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- 
 tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale 
 as early as 1835, and by 1844 had been nearly all 
 sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890, 
 contained a population of 3,396. The county has 
 an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the 
 census of 1900, a population of 41,112. The pio- 
 neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the 
 first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was 
 soon followed by the Anient brothers (Edward, 
 Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers came 
 in rapid succession, among the earliest being 
 Amos Leonard, Daniel Dimmick, John Hall, 
 William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard 
 
 Roth, Bulbona and John Dixon. Serious 
 
 Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of 
 the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 
 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the 
 whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large 
 influx of immigrants. Among other early set- 
 tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers 
 of the poet, William Cullen Bryant. 
 
 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- 
 lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation 
 and discontent among the laboring classes, which 
 culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of 
 five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal 
 compensation, their term of office being two 
 years. They are nominated by the Executive 
 and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires 
 that three of them shall be manual laborers and 
 two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is 
 charged with the collection, compilation and 
 tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- 
 nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- 
 cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary 
 conditions of the working classes. The Com- 
 mission is required to submit biennial reports. 
 Those already published contain much informa- 
 tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, 
 convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- 
 outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage 
 indebtedness, and kindred topics. 
 
 BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at 
 Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 from Brown University in 1838 and from the 
 General Theological Seminary (New York) in 
 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842, and 
 ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- 
 vation to the episcopate he was rector of various 
 parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. Y., and at 
 Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses 
 of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the 
 General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, 
 was President of the House of Deputies. Upon 
 the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, 
 he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- 
 ceed him but declined When the diocese of 
 Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first 
 Bishop, and consecrated at Christ Church, Spring- 
 field, Mass . on May 15, 1878. Besides publishing 
 a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the 
 author of several Sunday-school question books, 
 carols and hymns, and has been a contributor to 
 periodical church literature. His residence is at 
 Peoria 
 
 BURLEY. Arthur Gilnian, merchant, was born 
 at Exeter, N. H. Oct. 4, 1812, received his edu- 
 cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came 
 West, locating in Chicago. For some two years 
 he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing 
 store of John Holbrook, after which he accepted 
 a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, 
 the proprietor of the first book and stationery 
 store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings 
 in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from 
 the old State Bank, and entered upon a business 
 career which was continued uninterruptedly for 
 nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley 
 built up a business which, for its extent and 
 success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. 
 His brother in-law. Mr. John Tyrrell, became a 
 member of the firm in 1852, the business there- 
 after being conducted under the name of Burley 
 & Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the 
 Company until his death, which occurred, August 
 
 27, 1897. — Augustus Harris (Burley), brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 
 
 28, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native 
 State, and, in his youth, was employed for a 
 time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to 
 Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman 
 in the book and stationery store of his half- 
 brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a 
 partner, and, on the retirement of Mr Gale a 
 few years later, succeeded to the control of the 
 business. In 1857 he. disposed of his book and 
 stationery business, and about the same time 
 became one of the founders of the Merchants' 
 
 Loan and Trust Company, with which he has 
 been connected as a Director ever since. Mr. 
 Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart- 
 ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the 
 numerous public positions held by him may be 
 mentioned, member of the Board of PublicWorks 
 (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park 
 (1809), Representative from Cook County in the 
 Twenty seventh General Assembly (1870-72). City 
 Comptroller during the administration of Mayor 
 Medill (1872-73), and again undar Mayor Roche 
 (1S87), and member of the City Council (1881-82). 
 Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub- 
 lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense 
 Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and 
 was a delegate from the State-at-large to the 
 National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 
 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the 
 Presidency a second time. 
 
 BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was 
 born at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to 
 Chicago at 9 years of age: attended private 
 schools and the Chicago High School, after which 
 he spent two years at Waltham, Mass.. receiving 
 special instruction ; returning to Chicago in 1867. 
 he was afterwards associated with various firms. 
 About 1873 he formed a business connection with 
 J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the 
 death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham 
 & Root furnished the plans of a large number of 
 the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- 
 cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- 
 nection with the construction of buildings for the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. 
 Root was Supervising Architect previous to his 
 death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of 
 Construction and, later. Director of Works. In 
 this capacity his authority was almost absolute, 
 but was used with a discretion that contributed 
 greatly to the success of the enterprise. 
 
 BURR, Albert G., former Congressman, was 
 born in Genesee County, N. Y„ Nov. 8, 1829: 
 came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed 
 mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life 
 he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read 
 law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, 
 following the occupation of a printer. Here he 
 was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly (I860 and 1862), meanwhile serving 
 as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1862. Having removed to Carrollton. 
 Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to 
 the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 
 1868), serving until March 4, 1871. In August, 
 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 69 
 
 vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term 
 in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. 
 
 BURRELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was 
 born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with his 
 parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing 
 up on a farm near Carmi ; received a common 
 school education; in 1850 went to California, 
 driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after 
 the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a 
 company of cavalry, of which he was elected 
 Captain, and which became a part of the First 
 Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County 
 Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff 
 in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative 
 in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth 
 District, composed of counties which formerly 
 constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth 
 District, and which had uniformly been repre- 
 sented by a Democrat- He suffered defeat as a 
 candidate for re election in 1896. 
 
 BURROUGHS, John Curtis, clergyman and 
 educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y. , Dec. 7, 
 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and 
 Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After 
 five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at 
 Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he 
 assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church 
 of Chicago ; about 1856 was elected to the presi- 
 dency of the Chicago University, then just 
 established, having previously declined the 
 presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. 
 Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after 
 became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
 cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving 
 until his death, April 21, 1892. 
 
 BUSEY, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 
 1835 ; in infancy was brought by his parents to 
 Urbana, III., where he was educated and has 
 since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 
 attended a commercial college and read law. In 
 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned 
 to enter the Union Army, being commissioned 
 Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and 
 assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in 
 the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois 
 Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted 
 to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at 
 Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet 
 Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for the General Assembly on the 
 Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of the State 
 
 University in 1888. From 1880 to 18S9 he was 
 Mayor and President of the Board of Education 
 of Urbana. In 1867 he opened a private bank, 
 which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 
 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- 
 teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can 
 non, Republican, by whom he was in turn 
 defeated for the same office in 1892. 
 
 BUSHNELL, a flourishing city and manufac- 
 turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles 
 northeast of Macomb, at the junction or two 
 branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has 
 numerous manufactories, including wooden 
 pumps, flour, agricultural implements, wagons 
 and carriages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- 
 boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry 
 packing houses; also has water- works and elec- 
 tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several 
 churches, graded public and high schools, two 
 newspapers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 2,490. 
 
 BUSHNELL, Nehemiah, lawyer, was born in 
 the town of Westbrook, Conn., Oct. 9, 1813; 
 graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in 
 December of the same year to Quincy, 111., where, 
 for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" 
 of that city, later forming a partnership with 
 O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken 
 until his death. In his practice he gave much 
 attention to land titles in the "Military Tract"; 
 in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- 
 ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- 
 burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company 
 and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 
 1872 he was elected by the Republicans the 
 "minority" Representative from Adams County 
 in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but 
 died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. 
 He was able, high-minded and honorable in public 
 and private life. 
 
 BUSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- 
 ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., 
 Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to 
 Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on 
 a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- 
 keepsie, N. Y., was admitted to the bar and 
 established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. 
 The public positions held by him were those of 
 State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and 
 Attorney-General (1869-73); was also a member 
 of the Republican National Convention of 1864, 
 besides being identified with various business 
 enterprises at Ottawa. Died, June 30, 1885. 
 
70 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born 
 in Adair County, Ky., Deo. 15, 1797; during the 
 war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the 
 messenger of the Governor of Kentucky, carrying 
 dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in 
 the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 
 1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the 
 Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 
 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury 
 which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" 
 charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it 
 was largely through his influence that the pro- 
 ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- 
 lished in an official form. During the same year 
 Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer 
 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of 
 James Miller, and he was elected to the same 
 office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- 
 porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently 
 befriended in the early struggles of the latter 
 in Springfield. He died in Springfield, Jan. 11, 
 1876. 
 
 BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was 
 born at Keene, N. II., in 1790. He studied at 
 Williams College, and was admitted to the bar 
 at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years 
 devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's 
 Harbor, N. Y., he removed to New Orleans, where 
 he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he 
 settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in 
 his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed 
 by President Harrison United States District At- 
 torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by 
 President Taylor Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the 
 latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- 
 tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- 
 ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, 
 of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend 
 and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he 
 rendered valuable service to the State in securing 
 the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical 
 and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at 
 repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the 
 Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories 
 are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and 
 elsewhere. One of the former relates to his 
 address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the 
 United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- 
 corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, 
 the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under 
 the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- 
 ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin 
 his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to 
 address the Pope'" (bowing to the Court), "sur- 
 
 rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party 
 of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of 
 the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of 
 the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if 
 he was opposed to the war with Mexico, he 
 replied, "I opposed one war" — meaning his 
 opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 — 
 "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for 
 war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 
 1855. 
 
 BYFORD, William H., physician and author, 
 was born at Eaton, Ohio, March 20, 1817; in 1830 
 came with his widowed mother to Crawford 
 County, 111., and began learning the tailor's 
 trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at 
 Vincennes and practiced at different points in 
 Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the 
 Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he 
 assumed a professorship in a Medical College at 
 Evansville, Ind.. also editing a medical journal. 
 In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- 
 cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two 
 years later became one of the founders of the 
 Chicago Medical College, where he remained 
 twenty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, 
 assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he 
 assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- 
 lege of Chicago, remaining President of the 
 Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, 
 May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical 
 works which are regarded as standard by the 
 profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. 
 Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical 
 Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical 
 Journal and Examiner," the successor of the 
 former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest 
 esteem as a physician and a man, both by the 
 general public and his professional associates. 
 
 BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- 
 esque region on Rock River, at junction of the 
 Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways 83 miles west-north- 
 west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy- 
 ing district; has two banks and two weekly 
 papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900), 1,015. 
 
 CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock 
 Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east 
 from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal 
 industry, but there are also tile works, a good 
 quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being 
 found in abundance. Population (1880), 572, 
 (1890), 1,276; (1900). 697. 
 
 CABLE, Beiijajnin T., capitalist and politician, 
 was born in Georgetown, Scott County, Ky.. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 71 
 
 August 11, 1853. When he was three years old 
 his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111. , 
 where he has since resided. After passing 
 through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- 
 ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating 
 in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and 
 manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy; 
 is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- 
 ential in his party, having been a member of both 
 the National and State Central Committees. In 
 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh 
 Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public 
 office. 
 
 CABLE, Ransom R., railway manager, was 
 born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834 
 His early training was mainly of the practical 
 sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was 
 actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he 
 removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention 
 to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock 
 Island. Later he became interested in the pro- 
 jection and management of railroads, being in 
 turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- 
 dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His 
 next position was that of General Manager of the 
 Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His 
 experience in these positions rendered him famil- 
 iar with both the scope and the details of railroad 
 management, while his success brought him to 
 the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- 
 way interests all over the country. In 1876 he 
 was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with 
 this company he has held, successively, the 
 offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- 
 dent, General Manager and President, being chief 
 executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railway.) 
 
 CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- 
 ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, 
 one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- 
 sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas 
 here in 1700, to which they gave the name of 
 "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the 
 settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a 
 few months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were 
 jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County, 
 when that county was organized by Governor St. 
 Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph 
 County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was 
 continued as the county-seat of the parent 
 county, so remaining until the removal of the 
 seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its 
 early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- 
 tance until, in 1890, its population was estimated 
 
 at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers 
 make up a considerable portion of the present 
 population. The site of the old town is on the 
 line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 road, about four miles from East St. Louis. 
 Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in 
 the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia 
 Mounds," are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- 
 Builders, IVorks of tlie.) 
 
 CAIRNES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 
 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, 111., 
 which was embraced in Lawrence County on the 
 organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes 
 was a member of the House for Crawford County 
 in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and 
 for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in 
 the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- 
 tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence 
 County to some point on the Mississippi River in 
 1826, but further details of his history are un- 
 known. 
 
 CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County, 
 and the most important river point between St. 
 Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- 
 tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad- 
 rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John 
 G. Comyges and others, who incorporated the 
 "City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered 
 about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Comy- 
 ges, the land reverted to the Government. The 
 forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney 
 Breese and others, who later transferred it to the 
 "Cairo City and Canal Company," a corporation 
 chartered in 1837, which, by purchase, increased 
 its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is 
 said to have erected the first house, and John 
 Hawley the second, within the town limits. In 
 consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois 
 Central Railroad has erected around the water 
 front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- 
 ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base 
 for military operations. Its population, according 
 to the census of 1900, was 12,566. (See also Alex- 
 ander County.) 
 
 CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of 
 modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, 
 opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest 
 metallic bridge across a river in the world, being 
 thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in 
 Scotland. The work of construction was begun, 
 July 1, 1887, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for 
 twenty-seven months, being completed, Oct. 29, 
 1889. The first train to cross it was made up <>f 
 ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 
 
72 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky 
 shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced 
 timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach 
 consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and 
 one span of 106 H feet. All these rest on cylin- 
 der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally 
 supported by piles driven within the cylinders. 
 The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar 
 general construction. The total number of spans 
 is twenty-two — twenty-one being of 150 feet each, 
 and one of 106# feet. The total length of the 
 metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, 
 including that of the bridge' proper, which is 
 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through 
 spans and three deck spans. The through spans 
 rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic 
 foundations The total length of the bridge, 
 including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet — about 
 ZYs miles. Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle 
 work has been filled in with earth, while that on 
 the southern shore has been virtually replaced by 
 an embankment since the completion of the 
 1 nidge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in 
 the clear above low water, and from the deepest 
 foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 
 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including 
 the filling and embankment of the trestles, has 
 been (1895) between 83,250,000 and 83,500,000. 
 
 CAIRO, VINCENNES & CHICAGO RAIL- 
 ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from 
 Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with a branch nine 
 miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- 
 cennes, Ind. It was chartered as the Cairo & 
 Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, 
 placed in the hands of a receiver in 1874, sold 
 under foreclosure in January, 1880. and for some 
 time operated as the Cairo Division of the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, 
 having been surrendered by the AVabash, St. 
 Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the 
 Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as 
 the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, 
 in ls00, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cagi > & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known 
 as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago d- St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. 
 Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail- 
 way. I 
 
 CAIRO A. VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See 
 < 'airo, Vincennes it- < indigo Railroad, i 
 
 CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician 
 and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell 
 and Caldwell in the early records), was born at 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn., Feb. 21, 1773, and received 
 his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- 
 fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter 
 of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of 
 Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress 
 from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), 
 and was elected the first Delegate in Congress 
 from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking 
 his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- 
 dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate 
 for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, 
 but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp- 
 stead. Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the 
 Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's 
 family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger 
 (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a 
 prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party 
 locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldwell 
 and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near 
 old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in 
 the American Bottom. The former finally 
 located on the banks of the Mississippi a few 
 miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his 
 profession and held various public offices, includ- 
 ing those of Justice of the Peace and County 
 Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison 
 County after the organization of the latter. He 
 served as State Senator from Madison County 
 in the First and Second General Assemblies 
 (1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the 
 limits of what is now Morgan County (but still 
 earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected 
 to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties — 
 the latter at that time embracing all the northern 
 and northwestern part of the State, including 
 the county of Cook. During the following ses- 
 sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent 
 of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. His 
 home in Morgan County was in a locality known 
 as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of 
 Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. 
 (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) Dr. Caldwell (or 
 Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded 
 a high degree of respect among early residents of 
 Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer 
 History of Illinois,*' says of him: "He was 
 moral and correct in his public and private life, 
 . . . was a respectable physician, and always 
 maintained an unblemished character." 
 
 CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, 
 was born at AVatertown. N. Y., April 14. 180S; 
 learned the printing trade and practiced it in his 
 native town, also working in a type-foundry in 
 Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall 
 of 1333 he came to Chicago, bringing with him 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 73 
 
 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, 
 and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago 
 Democrat" — the first paper ever published in that 
 city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of 
 the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- 
 ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it 
 until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 
 1861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County 
 Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as 
 agent of the Illinois Central Railroad in procur- 
 ing right of way for the construction of its lines. 
 Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. 
 
 CALHOUN, John, surveyor and politician, was 
 born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to 
 Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black 
 Hawk War and was soon after appointed County 
 Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his 
 appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for 
 some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon 
 County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- 
 ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated 
 in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the 
 following session. He was a Democratic Presi- 
 dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the nomination for Governor in 
 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51), 
 served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 
 1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- 
 wards Governor and United States Senator) , as a 
 candidate for Congress, but two years later was 
 appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General 
 of Kansas, where he became discreditably con- 
 spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out 
 the policy of the Buchanan administration for 
 making Kansas a slave State — especially in con- 
 nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- 
 vention, with the election of which he had much 
 to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. 
 Joseph, Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. 
 
 CALHOUN, William J., lawyer, was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. 5, 1847. After residing at 
 various points in that State, his family removed 
 to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, 
 when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of 
 the war. He participated in a number of severe 
 battles while with Sherman on the march against 
 Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the 
 war he served in Texas, being mustered] out at 
 San Antonio in that State, though receiving his 
 final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the 
 war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, 
 where he became the intimate personal friend of 
 Maj. William McKinley, who was elected to the 
 
 Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the 
 seminary, he came to Areola, Douglas County, 
 111. , and began the study of law, later taking a 
 course in a law school in Chicago, after which he 
 was admitted to the bar (18T5) and established 
 himself in practice at Danville as the partner of 
 the Hon. Joseph B. Mann. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun 
 was elected as a Republican to the lower branch 
 of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during 
 the following session, proved himself one of the 
 ablest members of that body. In May, 1897, Mr. 
 Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a 
 special envoy to investigate the circumstances 
 attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- 
 uralized citizen of the United States who had 
 died while a prisoner in the hands of the Spaniards 
 during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. 
 In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- 
 State Commerce Commission to succeed William 
 R. Morrison, whose term had expired. 
 
 CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the 
 Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their 
 junction. It has an area of 260 square miles. 
 with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized 
 in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- 
 nally, the county was well timbered and the 
 earl}' settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, 
 which tended to give the population more or less 
 of a migratory character. Much of the timber 
 has been cleared off, and the principal business 
 in later years has been agriculture, although coal 
 is found and mined in paying quantities along 
 Silver Creek. Tradition has it that the aborig- 
 ines found the precious metals in the bed of this 
 stream. It was originally included within, the 
 limits of the Military Tract set apart for the 
 veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- 
 formation of the county's surface exhibits some 
 peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- 
 times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of 
 both rivers, while through the center of the 
 county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. 
 The side valleys and the top of the central ridge 
 are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very 
 rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- 
 seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- 
 tion (1890) of 311. 
 
 C.VLLAH \N, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, 
 was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; 
 came to Crawford Count}', 111., in 1849, where he 
 farmed, taught school and edited, at different 
 times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall 
 Telegraph." He early identified himself with 
 the Republican party, and. in 1864, was the 
 Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 
 
74 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 trict ; became a member of the first State Board 
 of Equalization by appointment of Governor 
 Oglesby in 1807 ; served in the lower house of the 
 General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91, 
 '93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee 
 to revise the State Revenue Laws. He was also 
 Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. 
 Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 
 30 years of age, and was President of the State 
 Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. 
 CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main 
 body of which is formed by the union of two 
 branches which come together at the southern 
 boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows 
 into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the 
 Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known 
 as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- 
 tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with 
 the Little Calumet from the west, 3)4 miles from 
 the mouth of the main stream. From the south- 
 ern limit of Chicago the general course of the 
 stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf 
 Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, 
 Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which 
 admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy 
 draught, and is a shipping and receiving 
 point of importance for heavy freight for 
 the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace 
 Car Works and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as 
 a navigable stream, and has been dredged by the 
 General Government to a depth of twenty feet 
 and 200 feet wide for a distance of two miles, 
 with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of 
 the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder 
 for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from 
 the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal 
 in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream 
 was known to the early French explorers as "the 
 Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by 
 them with the Chicago River. 
 
 CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line, 
 4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook 
 County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company 
 is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present 
 (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is §08.700. 
 It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of 
 §116,357, making a total capitalization of $185,087. 
 This road extends from One Hundredth Street in 
 Chicago to Hegewisch, and was chartered in 1883. 
 (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry 
 County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, 
 on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to 
 
 agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- 
 siderable grain market and has some manufac- 
 tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public 
 library, two newspapers, three banks, good 
 schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. 
 Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States 
 census report, 940; (1900), 1,345. 
 
 CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian 
 minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 
 1791. came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled 
 in Sangamon County.' In 1829 he is said to have 
 located where the town of New Salem (after- 
 wards associated with the early history of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and 
 James Rutledge were the founders. He is also 
 said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann 
 Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's 
 name has been tenderly associated by his biog- 
 raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed 
 successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and 
 to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter 
 State, about 1878. 
 
 CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp 
 established at Chicago early in the War of the 
 Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and 
 College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest 
 Avenues. It was 'originally designed and solely 
 used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. 
 Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- 
 ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For 
 plot to liberate the latter, together with other 
 similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas 
 Conspiracy. ) 
 
 CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed 
 in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate 
 prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), 
 Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be 
 but a preliminary step in the execution of a 
 design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- 
 ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- 
 ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the 
 formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, 
 through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- 
 erty." (See Secret Treasonable Societies.) Three 
 peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. 
 Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent 
 from Richmond to Canada, held frequent 
 conferences with leaders of the treasonable 
 organizations in the North, including Clement L. 
 Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one 
 Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement 
 in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that 
 city and scattered throughout the States. The 
 general management of the affair was entrusted 
 to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .0 
 
 in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- 
 ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col. 
 Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger 
 Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to 
 carry out the military program. Hines followed 
 out his instructions with great zeal and labored 
 indefatigably. Thompsons duty was to dis- 
 seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and 
 strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by 
 the use of argument and money, both he and his 
 agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. 
 There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was 
 determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for 
 resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for 
 July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was 
 finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- 
 self at Chicago, and personally attended to the 
 distribution of funds and the purchase of arms. 
 The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate 
 the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when 
 the National Democratic Convention was to 
 assemble at Chicago. On that date it was 
 expected the city would be so crowded that the 
 presence of the promised force of "Sons" would 
 not excite comment. The program also included 
 an attack on the city by water, for which pur- 
 pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- 
 dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. 
 There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the 
 State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at 
 Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- 
 field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that 
 there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, 
 who would be largely reenforced. With these 
 and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp 
 Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus 
 formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- 
 field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, 
 and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of 
 infantry and a battery. The organization of the 
 proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and 
 the great majority of those who were to compose 
 it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the 
 latter reported for service to justify an attack, 
 and the project was postponed. In the meantime 
 a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly - 
 connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, 
 and which contemplated the release of the rebel 
 officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake 
 Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest 
 of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- 
 guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was 
 on the point of putting in execution a scheme for 
 seizing the United States steamer Michigan at 
 Sandusky, and putting on board of it a Confeder- 
 
 ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected 
 to carry out the Chicago scheme — the day of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre- 
 liminaries were arranged, except that no water 
 attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be 
 burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. 
 Detachments were designated to apply the torch, 
 to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack 
 banks. But representatives of the United States 
 Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons 
 of Libert}',"' and the plans of Captain Hines and 
 his associates were well known to the authori- 
 ties. An efficient body of detectives was put 
 upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com- 
 mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the 
 most valuable service in running down the con- 
 spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered 
 by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel 
 Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken 
 the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of 
 some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. 
 Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known 
 as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks 
 were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot 
 as it was unfolded to them, and entered with 
 zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was 
 permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby 
 getting in communication with the leaders of the 
 plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- 
 fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On 
 the night of Nov. 6 — or rather after midnight on 
 the morning of the 7th — General Sweet caused 
 simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at 
 their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not 
 captured, but the following conspirators were 
 taken into custody: Captains Cantrill and Trav- 
 erse ; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of 
 the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, 
 and in whose barn and house was found a large 
 quantity of arms and military stores; Cols. St. 
 Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. 
 Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, 
 Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the 
 Treasurer of the order. They were tried by 
 Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- 
 acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted ; 
 Anderson committed suicide during the trial; 
 Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to 
 the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to 
 be hung, although his sentence was afterward 
 commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- 
 gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some 
 years afterward, but whether he escaped or was 
 drowned in the attempt to do so has never been 
 known. The British Government had made 
 
76 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother 
 of his being a General in the British Army. 
 Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap- 
 tured, while "Walsh and Semmes, after under- 
 going brief terms of imprisonment, were 
 pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent 
 history of Shanks, who played so prominent a 
 part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, 
 pillage and assassination, is interesting. While 
 in prison he had been detailed for service as a 
 clerk in one of the offices under the direction of 
 General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made 
 the acquaintance of a young lady member of a 
 loyal family, whom he afterwards married. 
 After the exposure of the contemplated uprising, 
 the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of 
 81, 000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he 
 was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered 
 by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a 
 commission as Captain and engaged in fighting 
 the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency 
 shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- 
 spiracy and defeating its consummation won for 
 him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and 
 the whole nation, and was recognized by the 
 Government in awarding him a commission as 
 Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, 
 Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies. ) 
 
 CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- 
 gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. 
 After obtaining a limited education in the com- 
 mon schools, at an early age he secured employ 
 ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon 
 rose to the position of superintendent, managing 
 iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois, 
 settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 
 1853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented 
 his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly 
 (1859). He was also a member of the State 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served 
 one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, 
 being elected as an Independent, but, in 1878, was 
 defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, 
 Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend 
 of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed 
 liberal!}- to the expenses of the latter in making 
 the tour of the State during the debate with 
 Douglas. He broke with the Republican party 
 in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for 
 him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His 
 death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born 
 in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., 
 
 in 1838; was appointed Master in Chancery for 
 Sangamon County in 1849, and, in 1861, to a 
 similar position by the United States District 
 Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. 
 
 CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- 
 dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4, 
 1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers 
 in that section of the State; was educated at 
 Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; 
 in 1878 purchased "The McLeansboro Times," 
 which he has since conducted ; was elected to the 
 lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and 
 again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and 
 re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' 
 experience in the Legislature he participated, as 
 a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison 
 contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and 
 assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer 
 to the Senate in 1891. At the close of his last 
 term in the Senate (1896) he was elected to Con- 
 gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a 
 plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- 
 lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the 
 second call for troops issued by the President 
 during the Spanish-American War, Mr. Camp- 
 bell organized a regiment which was mustered in 
 as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned 
 to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- 
 ville, Fla. Although his regiment saw no active 
 service during the war, it was held in readiness 
 for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba 
 in December, 1898, it became a part of the army 
 of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained 
 with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- 
 ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- 
 gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 
 1898. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State 
 and Congressman, was born in Chester County, 
 Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western 
 part of the State and was educated at Jefferson 
 College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. 
 Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed 
 to Galena, 111. , where he had acquired some min- 
 ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre- 
 tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 
 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847; in 1850 was elected as a 
 Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, 
 but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. 
 Washburne. He was then appointed by President 
 Pierce Commissioner to look after certain laud 
 grants by the Mexican Government in California, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 77 
 
 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this 
 position about 1855 to engage in general practice. 
 In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe 
 with his family, and, on his return, located in 
 Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate 
 for Presidential Elector -at-large on the Breckin- 
 ridge ticket; in 1861 returned to California, and, 
 on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a 
 zealous champion of the Union cause, by his 
 speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the 
 destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- 
 fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, 
 was a member of the Baltimore Convention 
 which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency 
 a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- 
 quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub- 
 lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868. 
 
 CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- 
 cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When 
 he was two years old his father removed to 
 Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing 
 through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- 
 bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for 
 two years, after which he studied law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he 
 was in active practice and attained prominence 
 at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State 
 Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all 
 eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 
 he was chosen President pro tempore of the 
 Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- 
 Governor Hamilton to the executive office to 
 succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected 
 United States Senator. In 1888 he represented 
 the First Illinois District in the National Repub- 
 lican Convention, and was the same year chosen 
 a member of the Republican National Committee 
 for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in 
 Chicago, March 4, - 1896. For several years 
 immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell 
 was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing 
 Company of Chicago. 
 
 CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at 
 the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east- 
 northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has 
 one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a 
 pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a 
 high school, and one newspaper. Population 
 (1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260. 
 
 CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session 
 of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. 
 Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had 
 been associated with the construction of the 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845, 
 had his attention called to a check purporting to 
 have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839. 
 which, upon investigation, he became convinced 
 was counterfeit, or had been fraudulently issued. 
 Having communicated his conclusions to Hon. 
 Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of 
 the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an 
 inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund 
 Commissioner — a position attached to the Gov- 
 ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary — 
 which developed the fact that a large amount of 
 these evidences of indebtedness had been taken 
 up through that office and bonds issued therefor 
 by the State Auditor under the laws for funding 
 the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the 
 Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered 
 by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery 
 that, in May and August, 1839, two series of 
 canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the 
 Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the 
 work of construction — the sum aggi'egating 
 $269,059— of which all but $316 had been redeemed 
 within a few years at the Chicago branch of the 
 Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified 
 that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after 
 redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults 
 without cancellation until settlement was had 
 with the Canal Board, when it was packed in 
 boxes and turned over to the Board. After hav- 
 ing lain in the canal office for several j'ears in 
 this condition, and a new •'Trustee" (as the 
 officer in charge was now called) having come 
 into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other 
 papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk 
 and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then 
 Governor, to be taken by him to Springfield and 
 deposited there. Nothing further was known of 
 these papers until October, 1854, when 8300 of the 
 scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund 
 Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond 
 issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 
 1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- 
 lative investigation was instituted, it was found 
 that bonds to the amount of 8223.182.66 had been 
 issued on account of principal and interest. 
 With the exception of the 8300 first presented, it 
 was shown that all the scrip so funded had been 
 presented by Governor Matteson, either while in 
 office or subsequent to his retirement, and the 
 bonds issued therefor delivered to him — although 
 none of the persons in whose names the issue was 
 made were known or ever afterward discovered. 
 The developments made by the Senate Finance 
 Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 
 
78 
 
 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 indemnify the State, in which he stated that he 
 had "unconsciously and innocently been made 
 the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon 
 the State had been attempted." He therefore 
 gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying 
 bond for the sum shown to have been funded by 
 him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the 
 State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured 
 judgment for §255,000, although the property on 
 being sold realized only §238,000. A further 
 investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed 
 the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar 
 scrip had been made amounting to 8165,340, for 
 which the State never received any compensa- 
 tion. A search through the State House for the 
 trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor 
 Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation 
 was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the 
 trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, 
 but the box was never found. The fraud was 
 made the subject of a protracted investigation 
 by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 
 1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict 
 Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted 
 to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to 
 "ignore the bill." 
 
 CANBY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in 
 Green County, Ohio, Sept. 30, 1808 ; was educated 
 at Miami University and admitted to the bar, 
 afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, 
 member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) 
 in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, 
 locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming 
 practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. 
 Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge 
 Canby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard 
 Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by 
 the Modocs in California in 1873. 
 
 CANNON, Joseph G., Congressman, was born 
 at Guilford, N. C, May 7, 1836, and removed to 
 Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- 
 milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, 
 and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion 
 County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, 
 he is conducting a large banking business at 
 Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican 
 to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- 
 trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever 
 since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for 
 the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey, 
 his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) 
 serving his twelfth term as the Representative 
 for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has 
 been re-elected for a thirteenth term in the Fifty- 
 
 sixth Congress (1899-1901). Mr. Cannon has been 
 an influential factor in State and National poli- 
 tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- 
 man of the House Committee on Appropriations 
 during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth 
 and Fifty-fifth Congresses. 
 
 CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County, 
 12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles 
 southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- 
 tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties 
 in the "corn bell"; also has abundant supplies 
 of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. 
 There are coal mines within the municipal limits, 
 and various manufacturing establishments. 
 Among the principal outputs are agricultural 
 implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar 
 boxes, foundry and machjne-shop products, fire- 
 arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted 
 by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- 
 partment, a public library, six ward schools and 
 one high schoo"., and three newspapers. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564. 
 
 CAPPS, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, 
 England, Sept. 9, 1796; came to the United States 
 in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. 
 For a time he taught school in what is now 
 called Round Prairie, in the present County of 
 Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original 
 name of a part of the city of Springfield), having 
 among his pupils a number of those who after- 
 wards became prominent citizens of Central 
 Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- 
 ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the 
 original county-seat of Logan County, where he 
 continued to live for the remainder of his life, 
 and where, during its later period, he served as 
 Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as 
 Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, 
 April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. 
 
 CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, 
 founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 
 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway 
 center here. The chief industries are coal-min- 
 ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
 lumbering. It has two preserving plants, eight 
 churches, two weekly papers, and four public 
 schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois 
 Normal University. Pop.(1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318. 
 
 CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a short line 17 % miles in length, ex- 
 tending from Marion to Carbondale, and operated 
 by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
 Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the 
 Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867; 
 its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 79 
 
 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 
 1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. 
 Louis Southern, through which it passed into the 
 hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
 road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became 
 apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). 
 CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town 
 of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with 
 General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of 
 Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 
 1857, and the Supreme Court of the United 
 States, on motion of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, in 
 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State 
 Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo 
 Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans 
 in that body for temporary presiding officer; 
 was elected to the next General Assembly (the 
 Twenty-seventh), serving as Chairman of the 
 House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- 
 sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying 
 various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno 
 County, Kan. The first office held by Judge 
 Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of 
 Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred 
 upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- 
 lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff 
 during the war, and later Secretary of War — 
 although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were 
 politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- 
 dence is in Chicago. 
 
 CARLIN, Thomas, former Governor, was born 
 of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 
 18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served 
 as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain 
 in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- 
 cated, he was a man of strong common sense, 
 high moral standard, great firmness of character 
 and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in 
 Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ; 
 was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- 
 ter of the Land Office at Qiiincy, when he was 
 elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 
 1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- 
 theless commanded the respect and good-will of 
 his political opponents. Died at his home in 
 Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. 
 
 CARLIN, William Passmore, soldier, nephew of 
 Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, 
 Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age 
 of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- 
 tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was 
 attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as 
 Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian 
 
 fighting, he was ordered to California, where he 
 was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to 
 recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the Thirty-eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. His record during the war was 
 an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. 
 Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 
 1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- 
 souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under 
 Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with 
 marked distinction in Kentucky and Mississippi; 
 took a prominent part in the battle of Stone 
 River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, 
 at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
 ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- 
 sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also 
 took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the 
 capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman 
 to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at 
 Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made 
 Colonel in the regular arm}', and, on March 13, 
 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- 
 ous service at Bentonville, N. C, and Major- 
 General for services during the war. Colonel 
 Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- 
 General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. 
 
 CARLINVILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin 
 County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of 
 Springfield. Blackburn Universitj' (which see) 
 is located here. Three coal mines are opeiated, 
 and there are brick works, tile woiks, and one 
 newspaper. The city has gas and electric light 
 plants and water-works. Population (1880), 
 3,117, (1890), 3,293; (1900), 3,502. 
 
 CARLTLE, the county-seat of Clinton County, 
 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas- 
 kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and 
 public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and 
 manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for 
 young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public 
 library connected with the high school. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. 
 
 CARMI, the county-seat of White County, on 
 the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St- 
 Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- 
 rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals 
 and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- 
 turing, including the making of staves, are the 
 chief industries, though the city has brick and 
 tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939. 
 
 CARPENTER, Milton, legislator and State 
 Treasurer; entered upon public life in Illinois as 
 
80 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 Representative in the Ninth General Assembly 
 ( L834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- 
 sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and 
 Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) 
 he was elected by the Legislature to the office of 
 State Treasurer, retaining this position until the 
 adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was 
 chosen his own successor by popular vote, but 
 died a few days after the election in August, 
 1S48. He was buried in what is now known as 
 the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" — a burying 
 ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, 
 long since abandoned — where his remains still lie 
 (189T) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. 
 
 CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- 
 gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary 
 ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 
 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , 
 in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he 
 established himself in the drug business, which 
 was later extended into other lines. Soon after 
 his arrival, he began investing in lands, which 
 have since become immensely valuable. Mr. 
 Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. 
 Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851, 
 withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the 
 attitude of some of the representatives of that 
 denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- 
 ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, 
 in which he had been reared. He was one of the 
 original founders and most liberal benefactors of 
 the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which lie 
 gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in 
 bequests after his death, sums aggregating not 
 far from $100,000. One of the Seminary build- 
 ings was named in his honor, "Carpenter Hall.'* 
 He was identified with various other organiza- 
 tions, one of the most important being the Relief 
 and Aid Society, which did such useful work 
 after the fire of 1871. By a life of probity, liber- 
 ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all 
 classes, dying, August 7, 1886. 
 
 CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- 
 neer teacher, born in Fredonia, N. Y., Sept. 1, 
 1813; at the age of 13 she began teaching at State 
 Line, N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents 
 (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and 
 soon after began teaching in what was called the 
 "Yankee settlement," now the town of Lockport, 
 Will County. She came to Chicago the following 
 year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- 
 ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to 
 have been the first teacher paid out of the public 
 funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell 
 
 (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- 
 ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. 
 Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom 
 she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, 
 Jan. 10, 1897. 
 
 CARPEXTERSVILLE, a village of Kane 
 County and manufacturing center, on Lake Ge- 
 neva branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 
 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754; (1900), 1,002. 
 
 CARR, Clark E., lawyer, politician and diplo- 
 mat, was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., 
 May 20, 1836 ; at 13 years of age accompanied his 
 father's family to Galesburg, 111. , where he spent 
 several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu 
 ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- 
 ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his 
 affiliations being uniformly with the Republican 
 party. His first office was that of Postmaster at 
 Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi 
 dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for 
 twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued 
 assistant of Governor Yates during the War of 
 the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter 
 with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to 
 the National Convention of his party at Baltimore 
 in 1864, which renominated Lincoln, and took an 
 active part in the campaigns of that year, as well 
 as those of 1868 and 1S72. In 1869 he purchased 
 "The Galesburg Republican," which he edited 
 and published for two years. In 1880 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- 
 nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the 
 Republican National Convention, from the State- 
 at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus 
 nomination for United States Senator, which was 
 given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was 
 defeated in the Republican State Convention as 
 candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 
 1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister 
 to Denmark, which post he filled with marked 
 ability and credit to the country until his resig 
 nation was accepted by President Cleveland, 
 when he returned to his former home at Gales- 
 burg. While in Denmark lie did much to 
 promote American trade with that country, 
 especially in the introduction of American corn 
 as an article of food, which has led to a large 
 increase in the annual exportation of this com- 
 modity to Scandinavian markets. 
 
 CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie 
 County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at 
 West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles. 
 Until 1861 he was stationed in the Far West, and 
 engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 81 
 
 tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he 
 entered upon active service under General Lyon, 
 in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- 
 ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, 
 winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 
 September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of 
 the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting 
 Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day 
 expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth 
 Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the 
 second day at Pea Ridge, although three times 
 wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, 
 and materially aided in securing a victory, for 
 his bravery being made Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers. In the summer of 1862 he was 
 promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular 
 Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- 
 manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia 
 Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, 
 and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 
 the United States Army. He also distinguished 
 himself for a first and second assault upon taking 
 Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862, com- 
 manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at 
 Corinth. In December of that year he was 
 transferred to the Department of Arkansas, 
 where he gained new laurels, being brevetted 
 Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, 
 and Major-General for services during the war. 
 After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed 
 chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- 
 ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was 
 retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and 
 has since resided in New York. 
 
 CARRIEL, Henry F., 31. D., alienist, was born 
 at Charlestown, N. H, and educated at Marlow 
 Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary, Vt. ; 
 graduated from the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- 
 ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician 
 in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, 
 remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he 
 visited a large number of the leading hospitals 
 and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel 
 received the appointment of Superintendent of 
 the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at 
 Jacksonville, a position which he continued to 
 fill until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to 
 Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect 
 July 1 of that year.— Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel), 
 wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. 
 Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected 
 a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub- 
 lican ticket in 1896, receiving a plurality of 148,039 
 over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo 
 Daviess County, but set apart and organized in 
 1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The 
 first settlements were in and around Savanna, 
 Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first 
 County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor 
 den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held 
 their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 
 1843 the county seat was changed from Savanna 
 to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town 
 ships were first organized in 1850, and the 
 development of the county has steadily pro- 
 gressed since that date. The surface of the land 
 is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- 
 esque. The land is generally good for farming. 
 It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- 
 sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles; 
 population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, 
 prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 
 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public 
 and private schools. 
 
 CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene 
 County, situated on the west branch of the Chi- 
 cago & Alton and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. 
 Louis Railroads, 33 miles north-northwest of 
 Alton, and 34 miles south by west from Jackson- 
 ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and 
 wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour 
 mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and 
 two weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 
 2,258; (1900), 2,355. 
 
 CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky . , March 
 12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after 
 attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged 
 in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois 
 College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated 
 from the Law Department of the University of 
 Michigan, the next year establishing himself in 
 practice at Quincy, where he has since resided 
 He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty- 
 second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in 
 June, 1894, was elected to the seat on the Supreme 
 Bench, which he now occupies 
 
 CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena- 
 tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct, 30, 1854; 
 in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his 
 father locating at Pana, where he was educated 
 in the public schools ; was employed in farming, 
 railroading and teaching several years, then 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar, and, in 
 1882, removed to Helena, Mont., where he en- 
 gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican 
 the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from 
 Idaho and the first Representative from the new 
 
82 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 State; was Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the 
 United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. 
 In 1892 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- 
 lican National Committee, serving until the St. 
 Louis Convention of 1896. 
 
 CARTER V I LLE, a city in Williamson County, 
 10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- 
 ing is the principal industry. It has a bank, five 
 churches, a public school, and a weekly news- 
 paper. Population (1880), 092; (1890), 969; (1900), 
 1,749; (1904, est.), 2,000. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a city and the county-seat of 
 Hancock County, 13 miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincyand the Wa- 
 bash Railroads; has water-works, electric lights, 
 three banks, four trust companies, four weekly 
 and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a 
 Lutheran College. Pop. (1890), 1,654; (1900), 2,104. 
 
 CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage, Hancock 
 County, incorporated in 1871 ; has a teaching 
 faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils 
 — sixty-eight men and ninety women — for 1897-98. 
 It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment 
 of $32,000, Instruction is given in the classical, 
 scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- 
 ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 
 this institution reported a property valuation of 
 $41,000, of which $35,000 was in real estate. 
 
 CARTHAGE & BURLINGTON RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa, 
 Dec. 1, 1842 — the son of a frontier Methodist 
 clergyman j was educated at Rock River Semi- 
 nary and the University of Michigan, graduating 
 from the latter in 1867 ; began practice in 1870 at 
 Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in 
 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge 
 Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- 
 late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected 
 Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice 
 John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 
 1897. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist 
 preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., 
 Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- 
 panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to 
 Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and 
 unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill 
 was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore 
 homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, 
 tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- 
 known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded 
 the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane 
 
 Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious 
 impressions. A few months later he abandoned 
 his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured 
 gambling. He began preaching immediately 
 after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly 
 received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 
 1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon 
 County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and 
 again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, 
 where his homespun wit and undaunted courage 
 stood him in good stead, For a long series of 
 years he attended annual conferences (usually as 
 a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at 
 camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his 
 life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of 
 slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his 
 denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous 
 supporter of the Government during the Civil 
 War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress 
 on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by 
 Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, 
 a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a 
 Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the 
 lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity, 
 together with his inexhaustible fund of personal 
 anecdotes, insured an interested audience. 
 Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess 
 in overcoming unruly characters whom he had 
 failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the 
 church lie was equally fearless and outspoken, 
 and his strong common sense did much to pro- 
 mote the success of the denomination in the 
 West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, 
 Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal 
 published works are "A Controversy with the 
 Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- 
 wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher" 
 (London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. 
 CARY, Eugene, lawyer and insurance manager, 
 was born at Boston, Erie Count}', N. Y., Feb. 20, 
 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile 
 attending a select school or academy at intervals; 
 studied law at Sheboygan, Wis., and Buffalo, 
 N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and 
 later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in 
 the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- 
 ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland, 
 and the last two years as Judge-Advocate on the 
 staff of General Rousseau. After the war he 
 settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the 
 office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 
 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, 
 was the High-License candidate for Mayor in 
 opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 -83 
 
 many to have been honestly elected, but counted 
 out by the machine methods then in vogue. 
 
 CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- 
 sician, was born in Wantage Township, Sussex 
 County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Summerfleld, 
 111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas 
 Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his 
 wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early 
 settlers of Sussex County. He was descended 
 from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name 
 being originally Cossart, the American branch 
 having been- founded by Jacques Cossart, who 
 emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663. 
 At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene 
 County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site 
 of the present city of Dayton, where some of his 
 relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he 
 married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel 
 Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's 
 father and grandfather having been patriot sol- 
 diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony 
 Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in 
 the War of 1812, being a member of Captain 
 Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- 
 moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. 
 Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered 
 the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia 
 and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, 
 where he taught school. Later he studied medi- 
 cine and attained considerable prominence as a 
 practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the 
 Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was 
 one of the founders of McKendree College and a 
 liberal contributor to its -support; was also for 
 many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at 
 Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. 
 Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper 
 Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. 
 He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- 
 ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda 
 Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). 
 
 CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter- 
 section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & 
 Ohio River Railroad, 35 miles southwest of Terre 
 Haute. Population (1890), 844; (1900), 1,500. 
 
 CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman, 
 was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the young- 
 est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who 
 removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject 
 of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing 
 with him his widowed mother, and settling in 
 the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, 
 in Jefferson County, where he acquired great 
 prominence as a politician and became the hea I 
 
 of an influential family. He began preaching at 
 an early age, and continued to do so occasionally 
 through his political career. In 1819, he took a 
 prominent part in the organization of Jefferson 
 County, serving on the first Board of County 
 Commissioners; whs an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected 
 Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years 
 later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- 
 ing until 1830, when he was elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor, and during his incumbency took part 
 in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he 
 resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept 
 a seat as one of the three Congressmen from 
 Illinois, to which he had been elected a few 
 months previous, being subsequently re-elected 
 for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was 
 again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. 
 McClernand. Other public positions held by him 
 included those of Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in 
 the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- 
 blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former. 
 He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but 
 died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4. 
 1862. During the latter years of his life he was 
 active in securing the right of way for the Ohio 
 & Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- 
 sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- 
 western. He commenced life in poverty, but 
 acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor 
 of the ground upon which the Supreme Court 
 building for the Southern Division at Mount 
 Vernon was erected. — Dr. Newton R. (Casey), 
 son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson 
 County, 111., Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- 
 mary education in the local schools and at Hills- 
 boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 
 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that 
 State, remaining until 1845, when he com- 
 menced the study of medicine, taking a course 
 of lectures the following year at the Louisville 
 Medical Institute; soon after began practice, 
 and, in 1847, removed to Benton, 111., returning 
 the following year to Mount Vernon. In 
 1856-57 he attended a second course of lectures at 
 the Missouri Medical College, St. Louis, the latter 
 year removing to Mound City, where he filled a 
 number of positions, including that of Mayor 
 from 1859 to 1864, wiien he declined a re-election 
 In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- 
 nois to the Democratic National Convention at 
 Charleston. S. C, and, on the establishment of 
 the United States Government Hospital at Mound 
 City in 1861, acted for some time as a volunteer 
 
84 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 
 1866, he was elected Representative in the 
 Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 
 1868. when he was an unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. 
 Cullom; also again served as Representative in 
 the Twenty -eighth General Assembly (1872-74). 
 Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has 
 given his attention to the practice of his profes- 
 sion. — Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was 
 born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832, 
 educated in the common schools and at McKend- 
 ree College, in due course receiving the degree of 
 A.M. from the latter; studied law for three 
 years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860, 
 was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth 
 Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- 
 missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out 
 May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part 
 in the battle of Stone River and other important 
 engagements in Western Tennessee. By this 
 time his regiment, having been much reduced 
 in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was 
 again elected State's Attorney, serving until 
 1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in 
 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for 
 a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- 
 cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to 
 Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of 
 his term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where 
 he died, March 1, 1891. 
 
 CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the 
 center of the State, with an area of 360 square 
 miles and a population (1900) of 17,222— named 
 for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed 
 to have made the locality of Beardstown their 
 headquarters about the time of the discovery of 
 the Illinois country. The earliest permanent 
 white settlers came about 1820, and among them 
 were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John 
 Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 
 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in 
 1827, M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the 
 bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist 
 missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest 
 preachers, and among the pioneers may be named 
 Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing, 
 Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins. 
 Beardstown was the original county-seat, and 
 during botli the Black Hawk and Mormon 
 troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous 
 for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made 
 his first political speech. The site of the town, 
 
 as at present laid out, was at one time sold by 
 Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The 
 county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The 
 principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand- 
 lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- 
 seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed 
 to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was 
 incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. 
 Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated 
 until 1842. 
 
 CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at 
 Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison 
 University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor 
 there, and, for several years, had charge of the 
 public schools of Zanesville, Ohio. In 1858, he 
 accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and 
 Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper 
 Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 
 1892. Professor Castle received the degree of 
 LL.D. from Denison University in 1877. 
 
 CATHERWOOD, Mary Hartwell, author, was 
 born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844, 
 educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, 
 where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was 
 married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she 
 resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the 
 author of a number of works of fiction, which 
 have been accorded a high rank. Among her 
 earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), 
 "Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" 
 (1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The 
 Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. 
 Anne" (1889). During the past few j r ears she 
 has shown a predilection for subjects connected 
 witli early Illinois history, and has published 
 popular romances under the title of "The Story 
 of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of 
 Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase 
 of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French 
 in the New World." 
 
 CATOJf, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Monroe County. N. Y. , March 19, 
 1812. Left to the care of a widowed mother at 
 an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty 
 and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a 
 trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to 
 abandon it. After a brief attendance at an 
 academy at Utica, where he studied law betwee.n 
 the ages of 19 and 21, in 1833 he removed to 
 Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to 
 Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by 
 Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected 
 Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 
 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme 
 Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 85 
 
 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During 
 this period he more than once occupied the posi- 
 tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the 
 financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year 
 he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and, 
 taking his family with him, began farming. 
 Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he 
 became interested in the construction of telegraph 
 lines in the West, which for a time bore his name 
 and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- 
 ern Union," laying the foundation of a large 
 fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted 
 himself for the remainder of his life to his private 
 affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among 
 his published works are "The Antelope and Deer 
 of America,'' "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- 
 lanies," and "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." 
 Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. 
 
 CAYARLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- 
 lator ; was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; 
 served as a soldier in the War of 1812, and, in 
 1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- 
 ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene 
 County. Here he was elected Representative in 
 the Fifth General Assembly (1826), and again to 
 the Twelfth ( 1840) ; also served as Senator in the 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies 
 (1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- 
 sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a 
 prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
 nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- 
 tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was 
 prominent both in his profession and in the 
 Legislature while a member of that body. In 
 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided 
 until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. 
 
 CENTERVILLE (or Central City), a village in 
 the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near 
 Coal City. Population (1880), 673; (1900), 290. 
 
 CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 established under act of the Legislature passed 
 March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- 
 gan County. Its founding was largely due to the 
 philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix, 
 who addressed the people from the platform and 
 appeared before the General Assembly in behalf 
 of this class of unfortunates. Construction of 
 the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two 
 wards were ready for occupancy, and the first 
 patient was received in November of that year. 
 The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, 
 who served less than two years, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- 
 ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as 
 
 Acting Superintendent for several months, when 
 the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. 
 Andrew McFarlaud of New Hampshire, his 
 administration continuing until 1870, when he 
 resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded 
 by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. 
 Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, 
 after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. 
 F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- 
 tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge 
 of the institution. The original plan of construc- 
 tion provided for a center building, five and a 
 half stories high, and two wings with a rear 
 extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen 
 and employes' quarters. Subsequently these 
 wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an 
 increase in the number of wards, and as the 
 exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- 
 ations have been made for the erection of addi- 
 tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings 
 have been erected within the past few years, and 
 the capacity of the institution greatly increased 
 — "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of 
 many new and valuable features in the classifica- 
 tion and treatment of patients. The number of 
 inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 
 1,400. The counties from which patients are 
 received in this institution embrace: Rock 
 Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- 
 shall, Stark, Knox, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, 
 McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, 
 Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, 
 Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, 
 Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and 
 Jersey. 
 
 CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of 
 Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It 
 forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" 
 of Southern Illinois ; has a number of coal mines, 
 a glass plant, an envelope factor}', iron foundries, 
 railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and 
 an ice plant ; also has water-works and sewerage 
 system, a fire department, two daily papers, and 
 excellent graded schools. Several parks afford 
 splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 
 4,763; (1900), 6,721; (1903, est.). 8,000. 
 
 CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. 
 (See Centralia <v Chester Railroad I 
 
 CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail 
 way line wholly within the State, extending 
 from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the 
 Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral 
 branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and 
 trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from 
 the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) — 
 
86 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered 
 as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 
 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 
 1889, and consolidated the same year with the 
 Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- 
 mont Railroads (projected) ; line completed 
 from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The 
 branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 
 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia 
 to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from 
 Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. 
 The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, 
 June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension 
 and equipment made under authority granted by 
 the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's 
 certificates. The total capitalization is $2,374,- 
 841, of which $978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in 
 bonds. 
 
 CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 
 miles by rail east-northeast of Decatur. The crop 
 of cereals in the surrounding country is sufficient 
 to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which 
 has also a flouring mill, brick and tile factories, 
 etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a 
 bank and two newspaper offices. Population 
 (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008. 
 
 CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under 
 the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa- 
 tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and 
 reports 127 students— 70 male and 57 female— in 
 the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- 
 ments in literature, science and the classics, 
 instruction is given to classes in theology, music, 
 the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It 
 has property valued at $110,000, and reports an 
 endowment fund of $8,000. 
 
 CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist 
 and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 
 25, 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, 
 in 1866: took a course in Michigan University 
 (1868-69): taught in various Wisconsin institu- 
 tions, also discharged the duties of State 
 Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at 
 Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In 
 1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- 
 cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- 
 tional Exposition of that year — during his visit 
 making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. 
 In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- 
 sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he 
 became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is 
 
 also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- 
 ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a 
 number of volumes on educational and scientific 
 subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He 
 received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian 
 University, all on the same date (1887). 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign 
 County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 
 miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting 
 point of three lines of railway and connected 
 with the adjacent city of Urbana, the county- 
 seat, by an electric railway. The University of 
 Illinois, located in Urbana, is contiguous to the 
 city. Champaign has an excellent system of 
 water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by 
 both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- 
 try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- 
 tories of carriages and machines. Three papers 
 are published here, besides a college weekly con- 
 ducted by the students of the University. The 
 Burnham Hospital and the Garwood Old Ladies' 
 Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- 
 dence portion of the city there is a handsome 
 park, covering ten acres and containing a notable 
 piece of bronze statuary, and several smaller parks 
 in other sections. There are several handsome 
 churches, and excellent schools, both public and 
 private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900), 9,098. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern 
 half of the central belt of the State; area, 1,008 
 square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The 
 county was organized in 1833, and named for a 
 county in Ohio. The physical conformation is 
 flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the 
 heart of what was once called the "Grand 
 Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal 
 underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands 
 interfere with their operation. The Sangamon 
 and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this 
 region, and several railroads cross the county. 
 The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow 
 clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 
 1900) is the county-seat. Other important points 
 in the county are Champaign (9.000), Tolono 
 (1,000), and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and 
 Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the 
 Illinois State University extend into each corpo- 
 ration, being largely situated in Champaign. 
 Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are 
 found, interspersed with coal measure limestone 
 and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel 
 and quicksand of the drift formation are found 
 beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 87 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at 
 West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated 
 with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt., and, 
 in 1829, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started 
 with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now 
 Peoria), 111., but was stopped at Beardstown by 
 the "Black Hawk War," finally locating on the 
 Sangamon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848, 
 he laid out the town of Chandlerville — Abraham 
 Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted 
 the town. Here he gained a large practice, 
 which he was compelled, in his later years, par- 
 tially to abandon in consequence of injuries 
 received while prosecuting his profession, after- 
 wards turning his attention to merchandising 
 and encouraging the development of the locality 
 in which he lived by promoting the construction 
 of railroads and the building of schoolhouses and 
 churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- 
 ence for good extended over a large region. 
 Died, April 7, 1879. 
 
 CHANDLER, Henry B., newspaper manager, 
 was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1830; 
 at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of 
 the business department of "The Detroit Free 
 Press" ; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. 
 Storey and became business manager of "The 
 Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey 
 and retired from newspaper business. Died, at 
 Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1896. 
 
 CHANDLERVILLE, a village in Cass County, 
 on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad, 7 
 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 
 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by 
 Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a cieamery, 
 four churches, a weekly newspaper, a flour and a 
 saw-mill. Population (1890), 910; (1900), 940. 
 
 CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the 
 intersection of the Wabash and the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 10 miles west of 
 Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 514. 
 
 CHAPPELL, Charles H., railway manager, 
 was born in Du Page County, 111., March 3, 1841. 
 With an ardent passion for the railroad business, 
 at the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight 
 brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, being steadily promoted through the 
 ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, 
 until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed 
 General Agent of the Eastern Division of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad 
 positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are : 
 Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific 
 
 (1869-70) ; Assistant or Division Superintendent 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of 
 its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent 
 of the Missouri, Kansas & Texas (1874-76) . 
 Superintendent of the Western Division of the 
 Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted the 
 position of Assistant General Superintendent of 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in 
 the next three years through the grades of 
 General Superintendent and Assistant General 
 Manager, to that of General Manager of the 
 entire system, which he has continued to fill for 
 over twelve years. Quietly and without show or 
 display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge 
 of his duties, assisting to make the system with 
 which he is identified one of the most successful 
 and perfect in its operation in the whole country. 
 CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles 
 County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- 
 tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies 
 in the center of a farming region, yet has several 
 factories, including woolen and flouring mills, 
 broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry 
 and a canning factory. Three newspapers are 
 published here, issuing daily editions. Population 
 (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State 
 Normal School was located here in 1895. 
 
 CHARLESTON, NEOIJA & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas < 'it// 
 Railroad.) 
 
 CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavier de, 
 a celebrated French traveler and an early 
 explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France, 
 Oct. 29, 1682. He entered the Jesuit Society, 
 and while a student was sent to Quebec 
 (1695), where for four years he was instructor in 
 the college, and completed his divinity studies. 
 In 1709 he returned to France, but came again to 
 Quebec a few years later. He ascended the St. 
 Lawrence, sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
 and finally reached the Mississippi by way of the 
 Illinois River. After visiting Cahokia and the 
 surrounding county (1720-21), he continued down 
 the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to 
 France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some 
 works on religious subjects, he was the author of 
 histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo. 
 His great work, however, was the "History of 
 New France," which was not published until 
 twenty years after his death. His journal of his 
 American explorations appeared about the same 
 time. His history has long been cited by 
 scholars as authority, but no English translation 
 was made until 1865, when it was undertaken bv 
 Shea. Died in France, Feb. 1, 1761. 
 
88 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775, 
 and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although 
 reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the 
 Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 
 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary 
 in Northern and Western New York. In 18(J."S, 
 he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 
 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, 
 Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, 
 organizing a number of parishes and founding an 
 academy at Worthington ; was consecrated a 
 Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to 
 raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon 
 College and Gambier Theological Seminary, 
 named in honor of two English noblemen who 
 had contributed a large portion of the funds. 
 Differences arising with some of his clergy in 
 reference to the proper use of the funds, he 
 resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency 
 of the college in 1831. and after three years of 
 missionary labor in Michigan, in 1833 was chosen 
 Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to 
 England, he succeeded in raising additional 
 funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at 
 Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a 
 charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of 
 great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance 
 and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal 
 Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop 
 from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept. 
 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, 
 the most important being "A Plea for the West" 
 (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, 
 Comprising a History of the Principal Events in 
 the Author's Life" (1848). 
 
 CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of 
 Springfield. Population (1890), 4S2; (1900), 629. 
 
 CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, 
 on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- 
 ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and 
 stock-raising district ; has two banks, three grain 
 elevators, five churches, a graded school, two 
 weekly papers, water-works, electric lights, paved 
 streets, cement sidewalks, brick works, and other 
 manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827; (1900), 1,038. 
 
 CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee 
 Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 
 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place 
 has two banks ami one newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555. 
 
 CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in 
 Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1830; graduated ;:t 
 
 Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after 
 ordination he became rector of Christ Church, 
 Chicago, and was prominent among those who, 
 under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- 
 mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis 
 copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary 
 Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- 
 tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, 
 Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. 
 
 CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, 
 was born at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, 
 though the family home was at Dorset, Vt., 
 where he grew up and received his primary edu- 
 cation. He acquired his academic training at 
 Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, 
 Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 
 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the 
 same institution. Having studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts 
 and New York; but meanwhile having written 
 considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" 
 (now "Century Magazine"), while under the 
 editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually 
 adopted literature as a profession. Removing to 
 the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the 
 Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining 
 until 1894, when he accepted the position of 
 Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, 
 as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. 
 Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney 
 is the author of numerous essays on literary 
 subjects. His published works include "Thistle- 
 Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems 
 (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That 
 Dome in Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," 
 poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem 
 (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild, " 
 by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Caxton Club's 
 edition of Derby's Phcenixiaua. 
 
 CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean 
 County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, 
 Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast 
 of Bloomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. 
 Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and 
 coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- 
 rounding region. The city also has an electric 
 light plant, water-works, canning works and tile 
 works, besides two banks, seven churches, a 
 graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone 
 systems connecting with -the surrounding coun- 
 try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,512. 
 
 CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer, 
 was born in Baltimore, Md., July 6, 1S13; at the 
 
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Si) 
 
 age of thirteen was chaimnan to an engineering 
 party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being 
 later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was 
 appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- 
 struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- 
 ton Railroad, and, in 1846, Chief Engineer of the 
 Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- 
 missioner of the Water Department of that city. 
 In 1855, he became engineer of the Chicago Board 
 of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity 
 designed the sewerage system of the city — also 
 planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 
 office of Commissioner of Public Works of 
 Chicago in 1879. He was regarded as an author- 
 ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- 
 sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, 
 Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, 
 August 19, 1886. 
 
 CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken- 
 tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of 
 South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. 
 was educated principally in his native State, but 
 came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. 
 Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 
 1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged 
 in real estate and banking business. Mr. Ches- 
 nut was associated with many local business 
 enterprises, was for several years one of the 
 Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the 
 Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same 
 place, and was Supervisor of the United States 
 Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. 
 Died, Jan. 14, 1898. 
 
 CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph 
 County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 
 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the 
 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State 
 Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the 
 heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, 
 and is a prominent shipping point for this com- 
 modity : also has quarries of building stone. It 
 has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills 
 and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890), 
 2,708; (1900), 2,833. 
 
 CHETLA1N, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born 
 in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- 
 not stock — his parents having emigrated from 
 Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members 
 of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. 
 Having received a common school education, he 
 became a merchant at Galena, and was the first 
 to volunteer there in response to the call for 
 troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 
 
 1801, being chosen to the captaincy of a company 
 in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, 
 which General Grant had declined; participated 
 in the campaign on the Tennessee River which 
 resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson and the 
 battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned 
 Lieutenant-Colonel ; also distinguished himself at 
 Corinth, where he remained in command until 
 May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- 
 ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he 
 was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in 
 charge of the organization of colored troops in 
 Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being 
 brevetted Major-General in January, 1864. From 
 January to October, 1865, he commanded the 
 post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- 
 dega, Ala., until January, 1866, when he was 
 mustered out of the service. General Chetlain 
 was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District 
 of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United States 
 Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his 
 return to the United States establishing himself 
 as a banker and broker in Chicago. 
 
 CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, 
 chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in 
 population in the United States. 
 
 Situation. — The city is situated at the south- 
 west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of 
 the extreme southern point of the lake, at the 
 mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of 
 New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- 
 ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
 From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. 
 Latitude 41° 52' north; longitude 87° 35' west of 
 Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. 
 
 Topography. — Chicago stands on the dividing 
 ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence 
 basins. It is 503 feet above sea-level, aud its 
 highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- 
 gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, 
 dividing into north and south branches about a 
 half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding 
 country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering 
 science and skill have done much for it in the 
 way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 terminates at a point on the south branch of 
 the Chicago River, within the city limits, and 
 unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those 
 of the Illinois River. 
 
 Commerce. — The Chicago River, with its 
 branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 
 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for 
 the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, 
 stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anrther navigable 
 stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 
 
90 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- 
 cago River, with its branches, navigable for 
 vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been 
 widened and deepened. Well constructed break- 
 waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the 
 port is as safe as any on the great lakes. The 
 city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels 
 arriving there exceeds that of any other port in 
 the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels 
 arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,209,412, 
 while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 
 7,185,324. It is the largest grain market in the 
 world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity 
 of 32, 550, 000 bushels. 
 
 According to the reports of the Board of Trade, 
 the total receipts and shipments of grain for 
 the year 1898 — counting flour as its grain equiva- 
 lent in bushels — amounted to 323,097,453 bushels 
 of the former, to 289,920,028 bushels of the latter. 
 The receipts and shipments of various products 
 for the year (1898) were as follows: 
 
 Flour (bbls.) . 
 
 Wheat (bu.) . . 
 
 Corn " . . . 
 
 Oats "... 
 
 Rye "... 
 
 Barlev " . 
 
 Cured Meats (lbs.) 
 
 Dressed Beef " . 
 
 Live-stock — Hogs 
 Cattle 
 Sheep 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 5,316,195 
 
 35,741,555 
 
 127,426,374 
 
 110,293,647 
 
 4.935.308 
 
 18,116,594 
 
 229,005,246 
 
 110,286,652 
 
 9,360,968 
 
 2,480,632 
 
 3,502,378 
 
 Shipments. 
 
 5.032,236 
 
 38,094.900 
 
 130,397,681 
 
 85.057,636 
 
 4,453.384 
 
 6.755.247 
 
 923.627,722 
 
 1,060,859,808 
 
 1,334,768 
 
 864,408 
 
 545,001 
 
 Chicago is also an important lumber market, 
 the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 
 1,562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- 
 packing, the city is without a rival in the amount 
 of its products, there having been 92,459 cattle 
 and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank 
 clearings and general mercantile business it 
 ranks second only to New York, while it is also 
 one of the chief manufacturing centers of the 
 country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- 
 facturing establishments, with a capital of $292,- 
 477,038; employing 203,108 hands, and turning 
 out products valued at §632,184,140. Of the out- 
 put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- 
 ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting 
 to $203,825,092; men's clothing came next ($32,- 
 517,226) ; iron and steel, 831,419,854; foundry and 
 machine shop products, $29,928,616; planed 
 lumber, $17,604,494. Chicago is also the most 
 important live-stock market in the United States. 
 The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of 
 the city) are connected with all railroad lines 
 entering the city, and cover many hundreds of 
 
 acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 
 animals (of all descriptions), valued at $148,057,- 
 626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides 
 and leather, the production and sales being both 
 of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- 
 tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) 
 exceeds that of any other market in the country. 
 Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also 
 brick-making, distilling and brewing. 
 
 Transportation, etc. — Besides being the chief 
 port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to 
 no other American city as a railway center. The 
 old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, 
 was operated in 1849, and within three years a 
 substantial advance had been scored in the way 
 of steam transportation. Since then the multi- 
 plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing 
 through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 
 1895 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter 
 the city, although these are operated by only 
 twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of 
 railroad track are laid within the city limits. 
 The number of trains daily arriving and depart- 
 ing (suburban and freight included) is about 
 2,000. Intramural transportation is afforded by 
 electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four 
 tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, 
 and numerous bridges connect the various divi- 
 sions of the city. 
 
 History. — Point du Sable (a native of San 
 Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of 
 Chicago other than the aborigines. The French 
 missionaries and explorers — Marquette, Joliet, 
 La Salle, Hennepin and others — came a century 
 earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. 
 After the expulsion of the French at the close of 
 the French and Indian War, the territory passed 
 under British control, though French traders 
 remained in this vicinity after the War of the 
 Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed 
 Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- 
 ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who 
 came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the 
 mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land 
 acquired from the Indians by the treaty of 
 Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
 in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of 
 the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- 
 cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The 
 fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement 
 established around it. The first Government 
 survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were 
 the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the 
 Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather 
 aided in developing the resources and increasing 
 
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 Z 
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 ZS 
 
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 a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 91 
 
 the population of the infant settlement by draw- 
 ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of 
 mutual protection. Town organization was 
 effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of 
 votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly 
 for a time, but received a set-back in the financial 
 crisis of 1837. During May of that year, how- 
 
 ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became 
 a city. The total number of votes cast at that 
 time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st 
 of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. 
 The following table shows the names and term 
 of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 
 1899: 
 
 1837 
 1838 
 1839 
 1840 
 1841 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 1846 
 1847 
 1848 
 1849 
 1850 
 1851 
 1852 
 1853 
 1854 
 1855 
 1856 
 1857 
 1858 
 1859 
 1860 
 1861 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 1865 
 1866 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 1875 
 1876 
 
 1877-78 
 1879-80 
 1881-82 
 1883-84 
 1885-86 
 1887-88 
 i-w,* <m 
 1891-92 
 1893-94 
 
 1895-96 
 l8y7-98 
 
 Wm. B. Ogden 
 
 Buckner 8. Morris 
 
 Benj. W. Raymond 
 
 Alexander Lloyd 
 
 F.C.Sherman 
 
 Benj. W. Raymond 
 
 Augustus Garrett 
 
 Aug. Garrett, Alaon S.Sherman(4) 
 Aug.Garrett. Alson S.Shermani 4 ) 
 
 John P. Chapin 
 
 James Curtiss 
 
 James H. Woodworth 
 
 James H. Woodworth 
 
 James Curtiss 
 
 Walters. Gurnee 
 
 Walters. Gurnee 
 
 Charles M. Gray 
 
 Ira L Milliken 
 
 Levi D. Boone 
 
 Thomas Dyer 
 
 John Wentworth 
 
 John C. Haines 
 
 John C. Haines. 
 
 John Wentworth. 
 
 Julian S. RuniBey. 
 
 K. C. Sherman 
 
 F. C. Sherman 
 
 F.C.Sherman 
 
 John B. Rice 
 
 John B. Rice 
 
 John B. Rice 
 
 John B. Rice 
 
 John B. Rice (8) 
 
 R. B. Mason 
 
 R. B. Mason 
 
 Joieph Medill 
 
 Joseph Medill 
 
 Harvey D. Colvin 
 
 Harvey D. Colvin 
 
 Monroe Heath, (9) H. D. Colvin, 
 
 Thomas Hoyne 
 
 Monroe Heath 
 
 Carter H. Harrison .. 
 
 Carter H. Harrison 
 
 Carter H. Harrison 
 
 Carter H. Harrison 
 
 John A. Roche 
 
 Dewitt C. Cregler 
 
 Hempstead Washburne 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, Geo. B. 
 
 Swift.dl) John P. Hopkins.(ll) 
 
 Geo. B. Swift 
 
 jCarter H. Harrison, Jr 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, Jr 
 
 City Clerk. 
 
 I. N. Arnold, Geo. Davis (1). 
 
 Geo. Davis 
 
 Wm. H. Brackett 
 
 Thomas Hoyne 
 
 Thomas Hoyne 
 
 J. Curtis 
 
 James M. Lowe 
 
 E. A. Rucker 
 
 E. A. Rucker.Wm S.Brown(5) 
 
 Henry B. Clarke 
 
 Henry B. Clarke 
 
 Sidney Abeil 
 
 Sidney A bell 
 
 Sidney Abell 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 H. Kreismau 
 
 H. Kreisman 
 
 H. Kreisman 
 
 Abraham Kohn 
 
 A.J. Marble 
 
 A. J. Marble 
 
 H.W.Zimmerman 
 
 H. W. Zimmerman 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 Charles T. Hotcbkiss 
 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 
 Jos. K. C. Forrest 
 
 Jos. K. C. Forrest 
 
 Caspar Butz 
 
 Caspar Butz 
 
 P. J. Howard 
 
 P.J. Howard 
 
 John G. Neumeister 
 
 C. Herman Plautz 
 
 D. W. Nickerson 
 
 Franz Amberg 
 
 James R. B. Van Cleave 
 
 Chas. D. Gastfield 
 
 James R. B. Van Cleave 
 
 William LoefTler 
 
 William Loeftier 
 
 C T TY ATTORNEY. 
 
 N. B. Judd 
 
 N. B. Judd 
 
 Sam uel L. Smith 
 
 Mark Skinner 
 
 Geo. Manierre 
 
 Henry Brown 
 
 G- Manierre, Henry Brown* 3) 
 
 Henry W. Clarke 
 
 Henry W. Clarke 
 
 Charles H. Larrabee 
 
 Patrick Ballingall 
 
 Giles Spring 
 
 O. R. W. Lull 
 
 Henry H. Clark 
 
 Henry H. Clark 
 
 Arno Voss 
 
 Arno Voss 
 
 Patrick Ballingall 
 
 J. A. Thompson 
 
 J. L Marsh 
 
 John C. Miller 
 
 Elliott Anthony 
 
 Geo. F. Crocker 
 
 John Lyle King 
 
 Ira W. Buel 
 
 Geo. A. Meech 
 
 Francis Adams 
 
 Francis Adams 
 
 Daniel D. Driscoll 
 
 Daniel D. Driscoll 
 
 Hasbrouck Davis 
 
 Hasbrouck Davis 
 
 Hasbrouck Davis 
 
 Israel N. Stiles 
 
 Israel N. Stiles 
 
 Israel N. Stiles 
 
 Israel N. Stiles 
 
 Egbert Jamieson 
 
 Egbert Jamieson 
 
 R.S. Tuthill 
 
 R. S. Tuthill 
 
 Julius S. Grinnell 
 
 Julius S. Grinnell 
 
 Julius S. Grinnell 
 
 Hempstead Washburne 
 
 Hempstead Washburne 
 
 Geo. F. Sugg 
 
 Jacob J. Kern, G. A Trude (10) 
 
 Geo. A. Trude 
 
 Roy O. West 
 
 Miles J. Devine 
 
 Andrew J. Ryan 
 
 City Treasurer. 
 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 
 Geo. W. Dole. 
 
 W.S. Gurnee.N.H. Bollea(2) 
 
 N. H. Bolles. 
 
 F. C. Sherman. 
 
 Walter S. Gurnee. 
 
 Walter S. Gurnee. 
 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 
 Andrew Getzler. 
 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 
 Edward Manierre. 
 
 Edward Manierre. 
 
 Edward Manierre. 
 
 Edward Manierre. 
 
 Uriah P. Harris. 
 
 Wm. F De Wolf. 
 
 O. J. Rose. 
 
 C. N. Holden. 
 
 Alonzo Harvey. 
 
 Alonzo Harvey. 
 
 Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6) 
 
 W. H. Rice. 
 
 F. H. Cutting, W. H.Rice (7) 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 A. G. Throop. 
 
 A. G. Throop. 
 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 David A. Gage. 
 
 Daniel O'Hara. 
 
 Daniel O'Hara. 
 
 Clinton Brlggs. 
 Chas. B. Larrabee. 
 W. C. Seipp. 
 Rudolph Brand. 
 John M. Dunphy. 
 Wm. M. Devine. 
 C. Herman Plautz. 
 Bernard Roesing. 
 Peter Kiolbassa. 
 
 Michael J. Bransfield. 
 Adam Wolf. 
 Ernst Hummel. 
 Adam Ortseifen. 
 
 (1) 
 (2) 
 (3) 
 (4) 
 (5) 
 C6) 
 (7) 
 (8) 
 
 (9) 
 
 ill) 
 
 I. N. Arnold resigned, and Geo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. 
 
 Gurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor. April, 1840. 
 
 Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor, July, 1843. 
 
 Election of Garrett declared illegal, and Sherman elected at new election, held April, 1844. 
 
 Brown appointed to fill vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. 
 
 Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to fill vacancy. 
 
 Cutting having failed to qualify, Rice, who was already in office, held over. 
 
 Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in office at beginning of 1869 remaining in office 
 to December of that year. 
 
 City organized under general Incorporation Act in 1875, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order for a new 
 election omitted the office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council 
 then in office refused to canvass this vote, but its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected. 
 Colvin, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to " hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest 
 for the office, which resulted in a decision by the Supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new 
 election was ordered by the City Council. July 12, 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. 
 
 City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21,1892, Geo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the 
 term. 
 
 Mayor Harrison, having been assassinated, October 28, 1893, the City Council at its next meeting (November 6, 1893) 
 elected Geo. B. Swift < an Alderman from the Eleventh Ward) Mayor ad interim. At a special election held December 19, 
 1893, John P. Hopkins was elected to fill out the unexpired term of Mayor Harrison. 
 
92 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The Fire of 1871. -^The city steadily grew i-n 
 beauty, population and commercial importance 
 until 18T1. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the 
 "great fire" the story of which has passed into 
 history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 
 acres burned over wera rapidly being rebuilt, 
 when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, 
 although by no means so disastrous as that of 
 1871. The city's recuperative power was again 
 demonstrated, and its subsequent development 
 has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement 
 shows its growth in population : 
 
 1837 
 1840 
 1850 
 1860 
 1870 
 1880 
 1890 
 1900 
 
 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and 
 a constant army of unemploy 
 
 4,179 
 
 4,470 
 
 28,269 
 
 112,102 
 
 298,977 
 
 503, IS") 
 
 1,099.850 
 
 1,698,575 
 
 Chicago 
 the 
 the 
 1886, and a strike of 
 
 ed men, 
 has witnessed only three disturbances of 
 peace by mobs — the railroad riots of 1877, 
 Anarchist disturbance of 
 railroad employes in 1894. 
 
 Municipal Administration. — Chicago long 
 since outgrew its special charter, and is now 
 incorporated under the broader provisions of the 
 law applicable to "cities of the first class," under 
 which the city is virtually autonomous. The 
 personnel, drill and equipment of the police and 
 tire departments are second to none, if noi supe- 
 rior to any, to be found in other American cities. 
 The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the 
 city into three principal divisions, known respec- 
 tively as North, South and West. Each division 
 has its statutory geographical boundaries, and 
 each retains its own distinct township organiza- 
 tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- 
 ever, both assailants and defenders. 
 
 Public Improvements. — Chicago has a fine 
 system of parks and boulevards, well developed, 
 well improved and well managed. One of the 
 parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the 
 site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The 
 water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by 
 means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction 
 new and better facilities are being constantly 
 introduced, and the existing water system will 
 compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- 
 can city. 
 
 Architecture. — The public and office build- 
 ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some 
 instances classical, but generally severely plain. 
 
 Granite and other varieties of stone are used in 
 the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of 
 Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- 
 ings, as well as in many private residences. In 
 the business part of the city, however, steel, 
 iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most 
 largely employed in construction, the exterior 
 walls being of brick. The most approved 
 methods of fire-proof building are followed, and 
 the "Chicago construction" has been recognized 
 and adopted (with modifications) all over the 
 United States. Office buildings range from ten 
 to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic 
 Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them 
 are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the 
 largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 
 occupants, including tenants and their employes. 
 In the residence sections wide diversity may be 
 seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about 
 equally popular. Among the handsome public, 
 or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the 
 Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art 
 Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of 
 Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade 
 Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the 
 railroad depots. 
 
 Education and Libraries. — Chicago has a 
 public school system unsurpassed for excellence 
 in any other city in the country. According to 
 the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the 
 city had a total of 221 primary and grammar 
 schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 
 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 
 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The 
 total expenditures during the year amounted to 
 86,785,601, of which nearly §4,500,000 was on 
 account of teachers' salaries. The city has 
 nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings. 
 Besides pupils attending public schools there are 
 about 100,000 in attendance on private and 
 parochial schools, not reckoning students at 
 higher institutions of learnjng, such as medical, 
 law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical 
 schools, and the great University of Chicago. 
 Near the city are also the Northwestern and the 
 Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston 
 and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- 
 sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- 
 ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, 
 and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 
 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there 
 are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society 
 and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries — the last 
 two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by 
 public-spirited and liberal citizens — all open to 
 
DAY AFTER CHICAGO FIRE. 
 
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 93 
 
 the public for purposes of reference under certain 
 conditions. This list does not include the exten- 
 sive library of the University of Chicago and those 
 connected with the Armour Institute and the 
 public schools, intended for the use of the pupils 
 of these various institutions 
 
 CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the 
 leading commercial exchanges of the world. It 
 was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as 
 a voluntary association, with a membership of 
 eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- 
 tion of the city's commercial interests by unity 
 of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature 
 enacted a general law authorizing the establish- 
 ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions 
 an incorporation was effected — a second organi- 
 zation being effected in April, 1850. For several 
 years the association languished, and at times its 
 existence seemed precarious. It was, however, 
 largely instrumental in securing the introduction 
 of the system of measuring grain by weight, 
 which initial step opened the way for subsequent 
 great improvements in the methods of handling, 
 storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. 
 By the close of 1856, the association had overcome 
 the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and 
 the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange 
 building began to be agitated, but the project lay 
 dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted 
 the first system of classification and grading of 
 wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- 
 tion of the elaborate modern system, which has 
 proved of such benefit to the grain-growing 
 States of the West, and has done so much to give 
 Chicago its commanding influence in the grain 
 markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of 
 trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited 
 to members. The same year the Board began 
 to receive and send out daily telegraphic market 
 reports at a cost, for the first year, of $500,000, 
 which was defrayed by private subscriptions. 
 New York was the only city with which such 
 communication was then maintained. In Febru- 
 ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- 
 ring more extensive powers upon the organization, 
 and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An 
 important era in the Board's history was the 
 Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its 
 attitude was one of undeviating loyalty and gener- 
 ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 were contributed, by individual members and 
 from the treasury of the organization, for the work 
 of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring 
 for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and 
 Providing for the families of enlisted men. In 
 
 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war 
 upon the irredeemable currency with which the 
 entire West was then flooded, and secured such 
 action by the banks and b} r the railroad and 
 express companies as compelled its replacement 
 by United States legal-tender notes and national 
 bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as 
 then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- 
 pied in a new building erected by the Chicago 
 Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with 
 the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed 
 in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, 
 and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely 
 one year after the destruction of its predecessor. 
 Spacious and ample as these quarters were then 
 considered, the growing membership and increas- 
 ing business demonstrated their inadequacy 
 before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the 
 erection of a new building were taken in 1881, 
 and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice — then the 
 largest and most ornate of its class in the world 
 — was opened for occupanc)-. The membership 
 of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- 
 siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the 
 association is felt in every quarter of the com- 
 mercial world. 
 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & NORTHERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- 
 ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is 
 the parent organization of an extensive system 
 which operates railroads in eleven Western and 
 Northwestern States, furnishing connections 
 from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and 
 Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- 
 enne (Wyo.), Billings (Mont.), Deadwood (So. 
 Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- 
 nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. 
 The main line extends from Chicago to Denver 
 (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the 
 various branches and leased proprietary lines 
 (1898) aggregates 4,627.06 miles. The Company 
 uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other 
 roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines 
 controlled through the ownership of securities 
 amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to 
 these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 
 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole 
 number of miles of standard-gauge road operated 
 by the Burlington system, and known as the 
 Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated 
 at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47 
 miles being owned by the Company. The system 
 in Illinois connects many important commercial 
 
94 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 points, including Chicago, Aurora, Galesburg, 
 Quincy, Peoria, Streator, Sterling, Mendota, Ful- 
 ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, 
 Rock Island, Beardstown, Alton, etc. The entire 
 capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds 
 and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to §234,884,- 
 600, which was equivalent to about §33,000 per 
 mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, 
 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, 
 amounted to 88,724,997, and the total disburse- 
 ments of the Company within the State, during 
 the same period, to §7,469,456. Taxes paid in 
 1898, §377,968.— (History). The first section of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was 
 constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to 
 the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name 
 being changed in 1852 to the Chicago & Aurora 
 Railroad Company. The hue was completed in 
 1853, from the junction with the old Galena & 
 Chicago Union Railroad, 30 miles west of Chi- 
 cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. 
 In 1855 the name of the Company was changed 
 by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and 
 Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter 
 granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract 
 Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 
 9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated 
 under the name of the former. Previous to this 
 consolidation the Company had extended aid to 
 the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to 
 the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, 
 Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from 
 Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- 
 pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy. In 1857 the name of the 
 Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & 
 Chicago Railroad. In 1860 the latter was sold 
 under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy, and, in 1863, the Peoria & Oquawka was 
 acquired in the same way — the former constitut- 
 ing the Quincy branch of the main line and the 
 latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up 
 to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used 
 the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- 
 road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year 
 began the construction of its line from Aurora to 
 Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1872 
 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of the 
 Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, 
 and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, 
 now reaching Billings, Mont., witli a lateral 
 branch to DeadwooVd, So. Dak. Other brandies 
 in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation, 
 include the Peoria & Hannibal ; Carthage & Bur- 
 
 lington ; Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago & 
 Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, 
 and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The 
 Chicago, Burlington & Northern — known as the 
 Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy — is an important part of the system, 
 furnishing a connection between St. Louis on 
 the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the 
 north, of which more than half of the distance of 
 583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. 
 The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 
 21, 1885, and constructed from Oregon, 111., to St. 
 Paul, Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to 
 Savanna, 111. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov 1, 
 1886. It was formally incorporated into the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In 
 June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & 
 Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert, 
 Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas 
 City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Caines- 
 ville, Mo. (112 miles). 
 
 CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENNES RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Eastern Illinois Bail- 
 road. ) 
 
 CHICAGO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or 
 waterway, in course of construction (1892-99) 
 from the Chicago River, within the limits of the 
 city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines 
 River, about 12 miles above the junction of the 
 Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object 
 of the channel is the removal of the sewage of 
 the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of 
 the region comprised within what is called the 
 "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility 
 of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by 
 way of the Des Plaines River with those of the 
 Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest 
 French explorers of this region, and was com- 
 mented upon, from time to time, by them and 
 their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of 
 a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
 was discussed in a report on roads and canals by 
 Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury, 
 and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- 
 ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- 
 duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued 
 to receive attention in the press, in Western 
 Territorial Legislatures and in official reports, 
 one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- 
 houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is 
 spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." 
 In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the 
 right of way to the State through the public 
 lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, 
 
SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO 
 
 MANCHESTER 
 
 NORTH SEA 
 
 - 9ALTIC- 
 
 NORTH SEA 
 - AMSTERDAM - 
 200 os 
 
 ^ 
 
 SUE1 
 
 PANAMA 
 
 WELLAND 
 
 ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI 
 
 HENNEPIN - 
 * - - goo 
 
 ERIE 
 
 ILLINOISiMICHIGAN 
 
 — — ~- ( , ...'.■ 
 
 COMPARATIVE SIZE OF NOTED CANALS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 95 
 
 five J-ears later, by a grant of lands for the pur- 
 pose of its construction. The work was begun in 
 1836, and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of 
 the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La 
 Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Under 
 an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work 
 of deepening the canal was undertaken by the 
 city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means 
 to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being 
 completed some time before the fire of 1871. This 
 scheme having failed to accomplish the object 
 designed, other measures began to be considered. 
 Various remedies were proposed, but in all the 
 authorities were confronted with the difficulty 
 of providing a fund, under the provisions of the 
 Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost 
 of construction. In the closing months of the 
 year 1885, Hon. H. B. Hurd, who had been a 
 member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- 
 ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give 
 attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- 
 self and others that the difficulties were not 
 insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- 
 lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed 
 a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a 
 Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of 
 reputation and experience in engineering and 
 sanitary matters," and two consulting engineers, 
 to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- 
 mission" for the purpose of investigating and 
 reporting upon the matter of water-supply and 
 disposition of the sewage of the city. As a 
 result of this action, Rudolph Hering, of Philadel- 
 phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor 
 Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. 
 Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. 
 At the succeeding session of the General Assem- 
 bly (1887), two bills — one known as the "Hurd 
 bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but 
 both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating 
 doing the work by general taxation and the issue 
 of bonds, and the other by special assessment — 
 were introduced in that body. As it was found 
 that neither of these bills could be passed at that 
 session, a new and shorter one, which became 
 known as the "Roche-Winston bill," was intro- 
 duced and passed near the close of the session. 
 A resolution was also adopted creating a com- 
 mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- 
 sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further 
 investigate the subject. The later act, just 
 referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- 
 off from the Des Plaines River, which would 
 divert the flood-waters of that stream and the 
 North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the • 
 
 city. Nothing was done under this act, however. 
 At the next session (1889) the commission made a 
 favorable report, and a new law was enacted 
 embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, 
 though changing the title of the organization to 
 be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as 
 proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- 
 trict." The act, as passed, provided for the 
 election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers 
 being confined to "providing for the drainage of 
 the district," both as to surplus water and sew- 
 age. Much opposition to the measure had been 
 developed during the pendency of the legislation 
 on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, 
 on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- 
 mer flooding of the bottom lands which are 
 cultivated to some extent : but this was overcome 
 by the argument that the channel would, when 
 the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved 
 between Joliet and La Salle, furnish a new and 
 enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels 
 between the lake and the Mississippi River, and 
 the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held 
 at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the 
 eighteen months preceding the' passage of the 
 act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of 
 not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also 
 excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, 
 lest the taking of so large a volume of water from 
 Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level 
 injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- 
 sions were quieted by the assurance of expert 
 engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- 
 level below the present minimum would not 
 exceed three inches, and more likely would not 
 produce a perceptible effect. 
 
 At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, 
 the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- 
 ized by an almost unanimous popular vote 
 — the returns showing 70,958 votes for the 
 measure to 242 against. The District, as thus 
 formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago 
 north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- 
 three square miles outside of the city limits 
 but within the area to be benefited by the 
 improvement. Though the channel is located 
 partly in Will County, the district is wholly in 
 Cook and bears the entire expense of construc- 
 tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a 
 special election, Dec. 12, 1889, the Trustees then 
 elected to hold their offices for five years and 
 until the following November. The second 
 election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, 
 as now constituted (1899), was chosen, viz. : 
 William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden, Zina R. 
 
90 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Carter, Bernard A. Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones, 
 Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. 
 Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have 
 power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to 
 prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- 
 erty within the district, under certain limitations 
 as to length of time the taxes run and the rate 
 per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the 
 Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, 
 the rate of assessment upon property within the 
 Drainage District is limited to one and one-half 
 per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but 
 after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. 
 The bed of the channel, as now in process of 
 construction, commences at Eobey Street and the 
 South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles 
 from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- 
 westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, 
 where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From 
 this point it follows the bed of that stream to 
 Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence 
 of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of 
 the channel comes to the surface, and where the 
 great controlling works are situated. This has made 
 necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles 
 of new channel for the river — which runs parallel 
 with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal 
 — besides the construction of about nineteen 
 miles of levee to separate the waters of the 
 canal from the river. The following statement 
 of the quality of the material excavated and the 
 dimensions of the work, is taken from a paper by 
 Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago 
 Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in 
 the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): 
 "Through that portion of the channel between 
 Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed 
 to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, 
 which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- 
 age for about the present population (of Chicago), 
 the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- 
 tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion 
 of the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the 
 capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The 
 bottom of the channel, at Robey Street, is 24.448 
 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the 
 channel from Summit down to the neighborhood 
 of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with 
 the same side slope. The cut through the rock, 
 which extends from the neighborhood of Willow 
 Springs to the point where the channel runs out 
 of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the 
 bottom. The entire depth of the channel is 
 substantially the same as at Robey Street, with 
 the addition of one foot in 40.000 feet. The rock 
 
 portion of the channel is constructed to the full 
 capacity of 600,(100 cubic feet per minute. From 
 the point where the channel runs out of ground 
 to Joliet Lake, there is a rapid fall ; over this 
 slope works are to be constructed to let the water 
 down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " 
 
 Ground was broken on the rock-cut near 
 Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in 
 progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- 
 ress of the work was greatly obstructed during 
 the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- 
 ing the right of way for the discharge of the 
 waters of the canal through the city of Joliet, 
 but these were compromised near the close of the 
 year, and it was anticipated that the work would 
 be prosecuted to completion during the year 
 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 81, 1898, the 
 net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of 
 the work aggregated S28,257,707, while the net 
 expenditures had amounted to $28, 22 1 864. 57. Of 
 the latter, §20,099,284.67 was charged to construc- 
 tion account, 53,156,903.12 to "land account" 
 (including right of way), and Sl,222,092.82 to the 
 cost of maintaining the engineering department. 
 When finished, the cost will reach not less than 
 §35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- 
 dous character of the work, which bids fair to 
 stand without a rival of its kind in modern 
 engineering and in the results it is expected to 
 achieve. 
 
 CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. 
 The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 
 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated 
 and owned in Illinois. The line in this State 
 extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the 
 extreme terminal points being Chicago and 
 Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City 
 in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi 
 nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- 
 ments with several lines, the most important 
 being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 
 miles), completing the connection between St. 
 Paul and Minneapolis ; with the Illinois Central 
 from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and 
 with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest 
 Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. 
 The company's own track is single, of standard 
 gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound 
 steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and 
 the equipment well maintained. The outstand- 
 ing capital stock (1898) was S52,019,054; total 
 capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- 
 laneous indebtedness, $57,144,245. (History). The 
 road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws 
 of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of 
 
VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 

 
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 VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 97 
 
 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway 
 Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the 
 De Kalb & Great Western Railroad (5. SI miles) 
 was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder 
 of this line. 
 
 CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAYIA RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road. ) 
 
 CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) 
 
 CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, 
 April 24, 1856, for the purposes of (1) establishing 
 a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; 
 (2) the collection and preservation of historical 
 manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) 
 the encouragement of the discovery and investi- 
 gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- 
 nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating 
 the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 
 the Society had accumulated much valuable 
 material, but the entire collection was destroyed 
 in the great Chicago Are of that year, among the 
 manuscripts consumed being the original draft 
 of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham 
 Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was 
 consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second 
 conflagration included many valuable manu- 
 scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was 
 erected, which was torn down in 1892 to make 
 room for the erection, on the same lot, of a 
 thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, 
 planned after the most approved modern systems. 
 The new building was erected and dedicated 
 under the direction of its late President, Ed- 
 ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's 
 third collection now embraces about twenty-five 
 thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand 
 pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with 
 other works of art; a valuable collection of 
 mauuscript documents, and a large museum of 
 local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles 
 Evans is Secretary and Librarian. 
 
 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- 
 LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty 
 of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first 
 term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased 
 building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its 
 first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed 
 structure was erected by the trustees, in a more 
 desirable location. The institution was among 
 the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- 
 tion, extending over a period of eighteen vears. 
 In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. 
 
 CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND 
 CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 
 
 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared 
 objects are: "To afford a home for women and 
 children among the respectable poor in need of 
 medical and surgical aid ; to treat the same 
 classes at home by an assistant physician; to 
 afford a free dispensary for the same, and to 
 train competent nurses." At the outset the 
 hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- 
 vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through 
 Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized 
 for the medical education of women exclusively. 
 (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical 
 School.) The hospital building was totally 
 destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary 
 accommodations were provided in another section 
 of the city. The following year, with the aid of 
 §25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and 
 Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- 
 chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well 
 planned building was erected on the same site, at 
 a cost of about §75,000. 
 
 CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length, 140 
 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated 
 by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is 
 known as its "Freeport Division." The par value 
 of the capital stock outstanding is $50,000 and of 
 bonds §2,500,000, while the floating debt is 
 $3,620,698, making a total capitalization of 
 §6,170,698, or §26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois 
 Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from 
 Chicago to Freeport in 1888. 
 
 CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See North- 
 weMcrn University Medical College.) 
 
 CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAIL- 
 WAY, one of the great trunk lines of the North- 
 west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.83 
 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main 
 line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 
 miles, although it has connections with Kansas 
 City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in 
 Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys 
 the distinction of being the owner of all the lines 
 operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of 
 second tracks owned jointly with other lines. 
 The greater part of its track is laid with 
 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital 
 invested (1898; is §220,005,901, distributed as 
 follows: capital stock, $77,845,000; bonded debt, 
 §135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, 
 $5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 
 1898 were §5,205,244, and the total expendi- 
 tures, §3,320,248. The total number of em- 
 ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 
 
98 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ? 1.746, 827. 70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes 
 paid for the same year amounted to §151,285.— 
 (History). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railway was organized in 18G3 under the name 
 of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- 
 nois portion of the main line was built under a 
 charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- 
 tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- 
 road Company; the whole built and opened in 
 1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railway Company. It subsequently acquired by 
 purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole 
 receiving the present name of the line by act of 
 the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. 
 The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was chartered, 
 Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 
 miles), and opened, May 1, 1885; was consolidated 
 with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, 
 under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake 
 Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, 18S5, opened 
 to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in 
 June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now 
 organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions 
 located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 
 North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. 
 CHICAGO, PADUCAH & MEMPHIS RAIL- 
 ROAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 
 1893, to run between Altamont and Metropolis, 
 111., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City 
 to Carbondale, 20 miles — total length, 172 miles. 
 The gauge is standard, and the track laid with 
 sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road 
 from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- 
 pleted, and work on the remainder of the line has 
 been in progress. It is intended to connect with 
 the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. 
 Capital stock authorized and subscribed. $2,500,- 
 000; bunds issued, §1,575,000. Funded debt, 
 authorized, $15,000 per mile in five per cent first 
 mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1, 
 1895, $20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire 
 line, $2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road 
 passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern 
 Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to 
 Marion, in Williamson County. (See Clucago A 
 Eastern Illinois Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield 
 Railroad, in 1859; opened from Pekin to Streator 
 in 1873. and to Mazon Bridge in 1876; sold under 
 foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of 
 the Chicago & Alton system. 
 
 CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD 
 COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating 
 two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria 
 to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to 
 Springfield, with a connection from the latter 
 place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis. 
 The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, 
 was 208. 6G miles, of which 166 were owned by 
 the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- 
 ville Division of this line was the Illinois River 
 Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. 
 In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, 
 and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur- 
 chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria, 
 Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by 
 whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, 
 and, in 18G9, to Jacksonville. Another fore- 
 closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the 
 creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, 
 with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 
 (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 
 1*69 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway; 
 construction was begun in 1872, and road opened 
 from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in 
 December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin and 
 Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & 
 Jacksonville line. The same year the road was 
 leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- 
 ern Railroad Company, but the lease was for- 
 feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands 
 of a receiver. In 1881, together with the 
 Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by 
 that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- 
 field Railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific 
 having defaulted and gone into the hands of a 
 receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring- 
 field Divisions were reorganized in Februarj', 
 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of 
 the Jacksonville Southeastern Railroad. A 
 reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, 
 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & 
 St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the 
 hands of receivers, and was severed from its 
 allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railroad remained under the management of a 
 separate receiver until January, 1896, when a 
 reorganization was effected under its present 
 name — "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
 road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield 
 & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- 
 ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an 
 independent corporation under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Peoria i Northern Rail way (which see) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 99 
 
 CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining 
 a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan 
 and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed 
 drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It 
 is formed by the union of the "North" and 
 the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile 
 and a half from the mouth of the main stream. 
 At an early day the former was known as the 
 "Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The 
 total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, 
 only a small fraction of which is navigable. The 
 South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities 
 for navigation, being lined along its lower por- 
 tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and 
 manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days 
 found an easy portage between it and the Des 
 Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its 
 branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, 
 known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" 
 and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have 
 been erected at the principal street crossings 
 over the river and both branches, and four 
 tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the 
 city, have been constructed under the river bed. 
 
 CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- 
 WAT, formed by the consolidation of various 
 lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The 
 Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered 
 in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- 
 cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 
 miles), July 10, 1854. In 1852 a company was 
 chartered under the name of the Mississippi & 
 Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road 
 from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The 
 two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the 
 extension to the Missouri River and a junction 
 with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The 
 Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important 
 feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction — 46. 7 
 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed 
 and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock 
 Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa 
 Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas 
 City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company 
 has financial and traffic agreements with the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending 
 from Terral Station. Indian Territory, to Fort 
 Worth, Texas. The road also has connections 
 from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- 
 apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver, Colo- 
 rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo.), besides various 
 points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern 
 Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and 
 operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, " 1898) , 
 
 is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in 
 Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo- 
 ration. All of the Company's owned and 
 leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total 
 capitalization reported for the same year was 
 $116,748,211, of which 850,000,000 was in stock 
 and §58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and 
 income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending 
 June 30, 1898, was $5,851,875, and the total 
 expenses $3,401,165, of which $233,129 was in the 
 form of taxes. The Company has received under 
 Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- 
 sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, 
 up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
 WAT. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- 
 WAT, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with 
 steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 
 111., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, 
 and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. 
 Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is 
 the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- 
 est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock 
 is $1,000,000, and its bonded debt $2,000,000, 
 making the total capitalization about $56,000 per 
 mile. The cost of the. road was $2,950,000; total 
 incumbrance (1895), $3,016,715. 
 
 CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- 
 ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern 
 Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in 
 November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to 
 other roads and transact a local business. The 
 Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 
 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property 
 of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after 
 acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet 
 Terminal Railway also. The combination gives 
 it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 
 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for 
 both passenger and freight terminal purposes, 
 and also a belt Line just outside the city limits. 
 Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- 
 ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central 
 Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western 
 Railroad. The Company also has control of the 
 ground on which the Grand Central Depot is 
 located. Its total capitalization (1898) was $44.- 
 553,044, of which $30,000,000 was capital stock 
 and $13,394,000 in the form of bonds. 
 
 CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINART, organ- 
 ized. Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- 
 gational ministers and laymen representing seven 
 
100 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Western States, among which was Illinois. A 
 special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15, 
 1855. The Seminary has always been under 
 Congregational control and supervision, its 
 twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial 
 Conventions, at which are represented all the 
 churches of that denomination west of the Ohio 
 and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu- 
 tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6, 
 1858, with two professors and twenty-nine 
 matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown 
 in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and 
 linguistic schools have been added and the 
 faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine 
 minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally 
 endowed, its productive assets being nearly 
 $1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- 
 ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $500,000 
 more. No charge is made for tuition or room 
 rent, and there are forty-two endowed scholar- 
 ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid 
 of needy students. The buildings, including the 
 library and dormitories, are four in number, and 
 are well constructed and arranged. 
 
 CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor- 
 tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- 
 tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous 
 branches, extending into Missouri, Kansas and 
 Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper 
 was constructed under two charters — the first 
 granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- 
 pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & 
 Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con- 
 struction of the former was begun in 1852, and 
 the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 
 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was 
 opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854, 
 and to Joliet in 1850. In 1855 a line was con- 
 structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name 
 of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in 
 perpetuity to the present Company, which was 
 reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. 
 I ii mis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For 
 some time connection was had between Alton 
 and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in 
 connection with the railroad; but later over the 
 line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad — 
 the first railway line connecting the two cities — 
 and, finally, by the Company's own line, which 
 was constructed in 1864, and formally opened 
 Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the 
 present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- 
 pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased 
 the St. Louis, Alton & Chicago Road at fore- 
 closure sale. Several branch lines have since 
 
 been acquired by purchase or lease, the most 
 important in the State being the line from 
 Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. 
 This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was 
 opened for business in January, 1868, and having 
 been diverted from the route upon which it was 
 originally projected, was completed to Blooming- 
 ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. 
 In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main 
 line. Other important branches are the Kansas 
 City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the Mis- 
 sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington 
 Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, 
 and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is 
 obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks 
 of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole 
 number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of 
 which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double 
 tracks and sidings, the Company has a total 
 trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, 
 in 1898, was §32,793,972, of which §22, 230, 600 was 
 in stock, and 86,694,850 in bonds. The total 
 earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were 
 §5,022,315, and the operating and other expenses, 
 S4. 272,207. This road, under its management as 
 it existed up to 1898, lias been one of the most uni- 
 formly successful in the country. Dividends 
 have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, 
 and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number 
 of years previous to 1897, the dividends had 
 amounted to eight per cent per annum on both 
 preferred and common stock, but later had been 
 reduced to seven per cent on account of short 
 crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 
 were §341,040. The surplus, June 30, 1895, 
 exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. 
 The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the 
 world to put into service sleeping and dining cars 
 of the Pullman model, which have since been so 
 widely adopted, as well as the first to run free 
 reclining chair-cars for the convenience and 
 comfort of its passengers. At the time the 
 matter embraced in this volume is undergoing 
 final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress 
 for the purchase of this historic line by a syndi- 
 cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the 
 Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the 
 Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose 
 interest it will hereafter be operated. 
 
 CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles 
 in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. 
 
HISTOMCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 10] 
 
 The main line in this State extends southerly 
 from Dolton Junction (IT miles south of Chicago) 
 to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot 
 in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the 
 Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns 
 several important branch lines, as follows : From 
 Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; 
 from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park ; from Dan- 
 ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to 
 Rossville. The system in Illinois is of standard 
 gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The 
 right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. 
 The grades are light, and the construction 
 (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is 
 generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- 
 ing (1895) is 813,594, 400; funded debt, §18,018,000; 
 floating debt, §916,381; total capital invested, 
 §32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, §2,592,072; 
 expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- 
 pany paid the same year a dividend of six per 
 cent on its common stock (8286,914), and reported 
 a surplus of 81,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern 
 Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the 
 Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main 
 line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted 
 on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, 
 and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but 
 later in same year took its present name. In 
 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & 
 Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in 
 length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 
 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, 
 Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now 
 operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See 
 Chicago. Paducah &• Memphis Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of 
 the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk 
 Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the 
 latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That 
 portion of the line within the State extends from 
 Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The 
 Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction 
 Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is 
 capitalized at §6,600,000, has a bonded debt of 
 §12,000,000 and a floating debt (1895) of §2,271,425, 
 making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. 
 The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted 
 to §660,393; disbursements within the State for 
 the same period, §345,233. The Chicago & Grand 
 Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- 
 dation of various lines between Port Huron, 
 Mich. , and Chicago, operated in the interest of 
 the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- 
 nois section was built under a charter granted in 
 1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- 
 
 pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. 
 This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- 
 ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the 
 Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all 
 being consolidated under the name of the North- 
 western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a final 
 consolidation of these lines with the eastward 
 connections took place under the present name — 
 the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. 
 
 CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 
 (See Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway. ) 
 
 CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) 
 
 CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail- 
 way.) 
 
 CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & NASHYILLE RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 
 one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- 
 trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- 
 gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South 
 Dakota. The total length of its main line, 
 branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 
 1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are 
 operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. 
 Second and side tracks increase the mileage 
 to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in 
 nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- 
 consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, 
 Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and 
 Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines 
 of the "Northwestern System,'' in its entirety, 
 are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul 
 and Minneapolis for their termini, though their 
 branches reach numerous important points 
 within the States already named, from the shore 
 of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the 
 west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake 
 Superior on the north.— (History.) The Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railway Company was 
 organized in 1859 under charters granted by the 
 Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during 
 that year, under which the new company came 
 into possession of the rights and franchises of the 
 Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- 
 pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of 
 various railway enterprises which had been pro 
 
102 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 jected, chartered and partly constructed in Wis- 
 consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, 
 including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the 
 Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- 
 nois & Wisconsin Railroad — the last named com- 
 pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature 
 in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from 
 Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin 
 Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation 
 of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the 
 Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con- 
 solidation of these lines was perfected under the 
 name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
 Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- 
 ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of 
 which seventy miles were between Chicago and 
 the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- 
 structed in Wisconsin completing the connection 
 between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result 
 of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation 
 became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its 
 property and franchises under the foreclosure of 
 1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked 
 the beginning of the present corporation, and, in 
 the next few years, by the construction of new 
 lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and 
 Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent 
 of its lines, both constructed and projected. The 
 most important of these was the union effected 
 with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 
 which was formally consolidated with the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern in 1804. The history of 
 the Galena & Chicago Union is interesting in 
 view of the fact that it was one of the earliest 
 railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been 
 chartered by special act of the Legislature during 
 the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836. 
 Besides, its charter was the only one of that 
 period under which an organization was effected, 
 and although construction was not begun under 
 it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the 
 second railroad constructed in the State and the 
 first leading from the city of Chicago. In the 
 forty years of its history the growth of the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its 
 success almost phenomenal. In that time it has 
 not only added largely to its mileage by the con- 
 struction of new lines, but has absorbed more 
 lines than almost any other road in the country, 
 until it now reaches almost every important city 
 in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern 
 Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several 
 which had become a part of the Galena & Chicago 
 Union before the consolidation. These included 
 a line from Belvidere to Beloit. Wis. ; the Fox 
 
 River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & 
 Mississippi Air Line Railroad — all Illinois enter 
 prises, and more or less closely connected with 
 the development of the State. The total capi- 
 talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was 
 §200,968,108, of which §66,408,821 was capi- 
 tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of 
 bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois, 
 for the same period, aggregated $4, 374, 923, 
 and the expenditures §3,712,593. At the present 
 time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- 
 ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern 
 System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of 
 road not included in the preceding statements of 
 mileage and financial condition. Although owned 
 by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they 
 are managed by different officers and under other 
 names. The mileage of the whole system covers 
 nearly 8,000 miles of main line. 
 
 CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. 
 (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line 
 seventy-three miles in length, extending from 
 Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to 
 the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- 
 deau. The line was originally operated by two 
 companies, under the names of the Grand Tower 
 & Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- 
 deau Railroad Companies. The former was 
 chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885 ; the 
 latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the 
 same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and 
 operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas 
 Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last 
 named line was transferred, under a twenty-five 
 year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & 
 Cape Girardeau division. 
 
 CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- 
 ROAD. The main line of this road extends from 
 Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- 
 minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. 
 Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond, 
 Ind. (10.28 miles); to Cragin (15.9 miles), and to 
 South Chicago (5.41 miles); making the direct 
 mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition, 
 its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings 
 increase the mileage to 204.79 miles. The com- 
 pany was organized June 9, 1879 ; the road opened 
 in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with 
 the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad 
 Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana 
 Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee 
 in Chicago, including wharf property on the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 103 
 
 Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer 
 yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. 
 The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to 
 the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the 
 rest of the property is leased conjointly by the 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand 
 Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville. New 
 Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways 
 (each of which owns §1,000,000 of the capital 
 stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. 
 These companies pay the expense of operation 
 and maintenance on a mileage basis. 
 
 CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wisconsin Central Lines.) 
 
 CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone, 
 Franklin County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son 
 of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled 
 near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 1852. His 
 home having been broken up by the death of his 
 mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In 
 April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in 
 the company of Captain (afterwards General) 
 Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to 
 the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being 
 mustered out at the close of the war, he entered 
 school, and graduated from the Illinois State 
 Normal University in 1870. For the following three 
 years he was Principal and Superintendent of 
 public schools at Aniboy, Lee County, meanwhile 
 studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 
 1873, he began the practice of his profession at 
 Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After 
 filling various local offices, in 1884 he was 
 chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in 1892, was elected by the narrow 
 majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the 
 Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- 
 gress, as a Republican. 
 
 CHILLICOTHE, a city in Peoria County, situ- 
 ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria 
 Lake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on the 
 Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railroad, and the freight division of the 
 Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an 
 important shipping-point for grain ; has a can- 
 ning factory, a button factory, two banks, five 
 churches, a high school, and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,632; (1900), 1,699. 
 
 CHINIQUT, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and 
 reformer, was born in Canada. July 30, 1809, of 
 mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated 
 for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St. 
 Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a 
 reputation among his fellow students for extraor- 
 dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained 
 
 to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various 
 churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted 
 an invitation to Illinois with a view to building 
 up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- 
 ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois 
 Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means 
 of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 
 5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists 
 from France, Belgium and other European 
 countries. It has been estimated that over 
 50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in 
 Illinois within a few years. The colony em- 
 braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with 
 the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here 
 Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting 
 churches and schools for the colonists. He soon 
 became dissatisfied with what he believed to be 
 the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling 
 Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question 
 of papal infallibility, the final result being a 
 determination to separate himself from the 
 Mother Church. In this step he appears to have 
 been followed by a large proportion of the colo- 
 nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but 
 the result was a feeling of intense bitterness 
 between the opposing factions, leading to much 
 litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of 
 which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though 
 never convicted. In one of these suits, in which 
 the Father was accused of an infamous crime, 
 Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, 
 the charge being proven to be the outgrowth of 
 a conspiracy. Having finally determined to 
 espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father 
 Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres- 
 bytery, and for many years of his active clerical 
 life, divided his time between Canada and the 
 United States, having supervision of churches in 
 Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country. 
 He also more than once visited Europe by special 
 invitation to address important religious bodies 
 in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, 
 Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90th year of his age. 
 
 CHOC ART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des 
 Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed 
 to have been born at Touraine, France, about 
 1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he 
 made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in- 
 law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 
 1654-56, these two being believed to have been 
 the first white men to reach Lake Superior. 
 After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La 
 Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, 
 they are believed by some to have discovered the 
 Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 
 
104 
 
 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 stream a long distance towards its mouth, as 
 the}- claimed to have reached a much milder 
 climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt 
 water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians 
 credit them, about this time (1659), with having 
 visited the present site of the city of Chicago. 
 They were the first explorers of Northwestern 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited 
 with having been the first to discover an inland 
 route to Hudson's Bay, and with being the 
 founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. 
 Groseillier's later history is unknown, but he 
 ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the 
 "New "World" about the middle of the seventh 
 century. 
 
 CHRISMAN, a city of Edgar County, at the 
 intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & 
 Dayton Railroads. 24 miles south of Danville ; has 
 a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and 
 storage cribs. Population (1890). 820; (1900), 905. 
 
 CHRISTIAN C0U1VTY, a rich agricultural 
 comity, lying in the "central belt." and organized 
 in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, 
 Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first 
 given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, 
 one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but 
 a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- 
 ponderance of early settlers having come from 
 Christian County, Ky., this name was finally 
 adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, 
 the northern half of the county being best 
 adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its 
 area is about 710 square miles, and its population 
 (1900), was 32,790. The life of the early settlers 
 was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- 
 dant ; wild honey was used as a substitute for 
 sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires 
 were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) 
 could not grind more than ten bushels of grain 
 per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their 
 corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The 
 first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but 
 the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A 
 great change was wrought in local conditions by 
 the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which 
 passes through the eastern part of the county. 
 Two other railroads now pass centrally through 
 the county — the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are 
 Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town 
 of 2.829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- 
 burg, and Assumption. 
 
 CHURCH, Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Nunda, N. Y.. in 1820; passed his 
 
 youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, 
 at an early age began teaching in winter with a 
 view to earning means to prosecute his studies in 
 law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the 
 county-seat of McHenry Count} - , 111., having 
 walked a part of the way from New York, paying 
 a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- 
 tures. He soon after visited Springfield; and 
 having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, 
 was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the 
 county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he 
 removed to the latter place, where he continued 
 to reside to the end of his life. A member of the 
 Whig party up to 1856, he was that year elected 
 as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth 
 General Assembly, serving by re-election in the 
 Twenty-first and Twenty-second ; in 1860. was 
 supported for the nomination for Congress in the 
 Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. 
 E. B. Washburne ; in 1862, aided in the organiza- 
 tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and 
 was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled 
 to resign before reaching the field on account of 
 failing health. In 1806 he was elected County 
 Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, 
 in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. 
 Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of 
 high principle and a speaker of decided ability. 
 
 CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born 
 at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by 
 Ins father to Monroe County, N. Y T ., in boyhood, 
 and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 
 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged 
 in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in 
 the public schools of that city. Then, having 
 spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first 
 locating at Geneva, but the following year 
 removed to Rockford, where he continued to 
 reside for the remainder of his life. In 1811, he 
 was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- 
 ford by the first President Harrison, remaining 
 in office three years. Other offices held by him 
 were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to 
 the Second Constitutional Convention (1S47), 
 Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in 
 the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-65), 
 and member of the first Board of Public Charities 
 by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, 
 being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 
 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- 
 dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- 
 ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the 
 Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- 
 ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 105 
 
 the Government bridge between Rock Island and 
 Davenport. During the latter years of his life he 
 was President for some time of the Rockford 
 Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- 
 tors, and, for many years, Managing Director of 
 the Rockford Water Power Company, which has 
 done so much to promote the prosperity of that 
 city, and. at the time of his death, was one of the 
 Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died 
 at Rockford, June 23, 1893. 
 
 CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- 
 lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland 
 County, Vt., Oct. 11, 1789; received a good edu- 
 cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for 
 literature which led to his learning the printer's 
 trade. In 1806 he became an apprentice in the 
 office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, 
 after serving his time, worked as a journeyman 
 printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase 
 a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling 
 this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to 
 New York, and, after working at the case some 
 five months, started for the West, stopping en 
 route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. 
 In the latter place he worked for a time in the 
 office of "The Courier," and still later in that of 
 "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah 
 C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and 
 served as Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 
 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- 
 tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- 
 cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some 
 six miles southeast of Edwardsville, in Madison 
 County, where he continued to reside the re- 
 mainder of his life. In order to raise means to 
 improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he 
 worked as a compositor in the office of "The 
 Missouri Gazette" — the predecessor of "The St. 
 Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series 
 of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. 
 Charles County," advocating the admission of 
 the State of Missouri into the Union without 
 slavery, which caused considerable excitement 
 among the friends of that institution. During 
 the same year he aided Hooper Warren in 
 establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at 
 Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent 
 contributor to its columns, especially during the 
 campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter 
 year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery 
 in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- 
 ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in 
 that body by successive re-elections until 1832. 
 His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- 
 strated that his vote at the preceding session, in 
 
 opposition to the scheme for a State Convention 
 to revise the State Constitution in the interest of 
 slavery, was approved by his constituents. In 
 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving 
 four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the 
 House — in all serving a period in both Houses of 
 sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married. 
 He was an industrious and systematic collector of 
 historical records, and, at the time of his death in 
 the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents and 
 other historical material of great value. (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laics; Warren, Hooper, and 
 Coles, Edward.) 
 
 CLARK (Gen.) George Rogers, soldier, was 
 born near Montieello, Albemarle County, Va., 
 Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a 
 farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His 
 first experience in Indian fighting was under 
 Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). 
 In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and 
 the British having incited the Indians against 
 the Americans in the following year, he was 
 commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose 
 to a Colonelcy, and attained marked distinction. 
 Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, 
 and planned an expedition against the British 
 fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In 
 the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. 
 Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- 
 dition against Illinois, which was carried out 
 the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured 
 Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other 
 French villages surrendered at discretion. The 
 following February he set out from Kaskaskia to 
 cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of 
 recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken and 
 was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. 
 After a forced march characterized by incredible 
 suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap- 
 ture of the post. His last important military 
 service was against the savages on the Big 
 Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. 
 His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- 
 parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky., 
 Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a 
 private cemetery near that city for half a cen- 
 tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill 
 Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General 
 Clark's expedition and his life will be found in 
 the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of the 
 Ohio River, 1774 1783, and Life of Gen. George 
 Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late 
 William H. English, of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was 
 born at Huntsburg, Ohio, August 12, 1840. At 
 
106 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found 
 employment in a livery stable ; later, worked on 
 a farm in Kane County, attending school in the 
 winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- 
 ing the Iowa State University, he returned to 
 Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, 
 later occupying himself with various occupations 
 in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to 
 his Ohio home, where he began the study of law 
 at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio 
 regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, 
 but was finally compelled to leave the service in 
 consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. 
 In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, 111., where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the 
 Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator 
 in 1880, serving four years and proving himself 
 one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 
 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National 
 Republican Convention, and has long been a con- 
 spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was 
 a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- 
 nation for Governor. 
 
 CLARK, John 31., civil engineer and merchant, 
 was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; 
 came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 
 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, 
 served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad. After a course in the 
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., 
 where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the 
 service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to 
 Colorado, where he was one of the original 
 founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- 
 neer of its first water supply company. In 1862 
 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, 
 but was in Santa Fe when that place was captured 
 by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also 
 present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, 
 when the Confederates, being defeated, were 
 driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- 
 cago in 1864, he became a member of the whole- 
 sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The 
 official positions held by Mr. Clark include those 
 of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of 
 Education, Collector of Customs, to which he 
 was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, 
 and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board 
 by appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act 
 passed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. 
 In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor 
 of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- 
 son. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar 
 Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. 
 
 CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties 
 of the State, south of the middle line and front- 
 ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square 
 miles, and population (1900), 24,033; named for 
 Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was 
 effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers 
 were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James 
 Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer 
 and Uri Manly. The county -seat is Marshall, the 
 site of which was purchased from the Govern- 
 ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and Col. 
 William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- 
 prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin 
 was built. The original county -seat was Darwin, 
 and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made 
 only after a hard struggle. The soil of the 
 county is rich, and its agricultural products 
 varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, 
 potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, 
 maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring 
 and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing 
 interests are not extensive. Among the promi- 
 nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are 
 Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- 
 field (510), and York (294). 
 
 CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the 
 celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, 
 March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, 
 studied law, and was, for a time, Auditor of 
 Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- 
 verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, 
 locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent 
 most of his life. Died, in 1850. 
 
 CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 12 
 miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, 
 and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. 
 Population (1890), 612; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. 
 
 CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
 quarter of the State; has an area of 470 square 
 miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was 
 named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the 
 county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and 
 soon after settlers began to locate homes in the 
 count}', although it was not organized until 1824. 
 During the same year the pioneer settlement of 
 Maysville was made the county-seat, but immi- 
 gration continued inactive until 1837, when 
 many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- 
 son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, 
 who were soon followed by the families of Coch- 
 ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash 
 River and a number of small tributaries drain 
 the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- 
 tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 107 
 
 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad 
 facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- 
 date the county's requirements. Fruits, 
 especially apples, are successfully cultivated. 
 Educational advantages are fair, although largely 
 confined to district schools and academies in 
 larger towns. Louisville was made the county- 
 seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of 
 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important 
 towns. 
 
 CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the 
 Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of 
 Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- 
 tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., 
 and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to 
 Quincy, 111. The industries include flour and feed 
 mills, machine and railroad repair shops, grain 
 elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a 
 bank, four churches, a highschool, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,038; (1900), 996. 
 
 CLEAVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- 
 don, England, in 1815; came to Canada with his 
 parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged 
 in business as a chandler, later going into the 
 grocery trade ; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in 
 California, and, six years afterwards, established 
 himself in the southern part of the present city 
 of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he 
 served as Postmaster and managed a general 
 store. He was the owner of considerable real 
 estate at one time in what is now a densely 
 populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in 
 Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. 
 
 CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- 
 ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 
 111., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; 
 graduated from Asbury University, at Green- 
 castle, in 1859, having supported himself during 
 his college course by teaching. After reading 
 law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, 
 he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again 
 found it necessary to resort to teaching in order 
 to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted 
 in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He 
 was in the service for three years, was three 
 times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- 
 torious service." In June, 1867, he was ap- 
 pointed Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 
 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the 
 Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth 
 District. He was also a member of the Repub- 
 lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, he 
 became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, 
 by appointment of President Harrison, serving 
 
 until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was 
 appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' 
 Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a 
 few months, when he accepted the position of 
 Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 
 at Danville. 
 
 CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. 
 LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys- 
 tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles 
 are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main 
 line lying within the State extends from East St. 
 Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 
 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the 
 Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- 
 ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The 
 Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the 
 line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- 
 ville, to Cairo (259 miles)- the Chicago Division, 
 extending from Kankakee southeast to the 
 Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, 
 from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton 
 (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- 
 ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which 
 it operates. The system is uniformly of standard 
 gauge, and about 280 miles are of double track. 
 It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- 
 seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, 
 and is amply ballasted with broken stone and 
 gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at 
 Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system 
 on June 30, 1898— including capital stock and 
 bonded and floating debt — was $97,149,361. The 
 total earnings in Illinois for the year were 
 §3,773,193, and the total expenditures in the State 
 83,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were 
 $124,196. The history of this system, so far as 
 Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- 
 tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. 
 Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Columbus, Cin- 
 cinnati & Indianapolis, and the Indianapolis & 
 St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, certain 
 leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) 
 were merged into the system. (For history of 
 the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, 
 Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo 
 & Vincennes, and Kankakee & Seneca Railroads.) 
 
 CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through 
 six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great 
 diversity of climate, as regards not only the 
 range of temperature, but also the amount of 
 rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several 
 points of contrast to States lying between the 
 same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- 
 tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the North Central and the Western States. 
 Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up 
 the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation 
 in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- 
 ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. 
 On the other hand, there is no great barrier to 
 the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in 
 winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing 
 the temperature to a point lower than is custom- 
 ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. 
 Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the 
 climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, 
 mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. 
 If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa 
 and Boston — the latter being one degree farther 
 north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level — the 
 springs and summers are found to be about five 
 degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees 
 colder, at the former point. In comparing the 
 East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen 
 that, in the former section, the same is pretty 
 equally distributed over the four seasons, while 
 in the latter, spring and summer may be called 
 the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. 
 In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the 
 yearly precipitation occurs during the growing 
 season. This is a climatic condition highly 
 favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but 
 detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we 
 find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in 
 the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a 
 geographical position where these great climatic 
 changes begin to manifest themselves, and where 
 the distinctive features of the prairie first become 
 fully apparent. The annual precipitation of 
 rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, 
 but, owing to the higher temperature of that 
 section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The 
 distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons 
 is also more unequal toward the south, a fact 
 which may account, in part at least, for the 
 increased area of woodlands in that region. 
 While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest 
 winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- 
 what abnormal. The northeast trades, after 
 entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains 
 of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, 
 southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 
 and southwesterly as they enter the Upper 
 Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, 
 moist summers are attributable. The north and 
 northwest winds, which set in with the change 
 of the season, depress the temperature to a point 
 below that of the Atlantic slope, and are 
 attended with a diminished precipitation. 
 
 CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, 
 situated 23 miles south of Bloomington, at inter- 
 section of the Springfield and the Champaign- 
 Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural 
 region; has machine shops, flour and planing 
 mills, brick and tile works, water-works, electric 
 lighting plant, piano-case factor}*, banks, three 
 newspapers, six churches, and two public schools. 
 Population (1890), 2,598; (1900), 4,452. 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824, from 
 portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- 
 ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It 
 is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area 
 of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 
 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskia River and 
 by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its 
 geological formation is similar to that of other 
 counties in the same section. Thick layers of 
 limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams 
 underlying the same at varying depths. The 
 soil is varied, being at some points black and 
 loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly 
 clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel 
 because of the inherent difficulties attending 
 coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county 
 from east to west, but its trade is not important. 
 Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat 
 and oats being the staple products. 
 
 CLOl'D, Newton, clergyman and legislator, 
 was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827. 
 settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan 
 County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a 
 farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist 
 Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- 
 cratic politician, and served in no less than nine 
 sessions of the General Assembly, besides the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he 
 was chosen President. He was first elected 
 Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), 
 and afterwards served in the House during the 
 sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- 
 teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as 
 Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He 
 was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and, 
 having been elected Representative two years 
 later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- 
 sion. Although not noted for any specially 
 aggressive qualities, his consistency of character 
 won for him general respect, while his frequent 
 elections to the Legislature prove him to have 
 been a man of large influence. 
 
 CLOWRY, Robert C, Telegraph Manager, was 
 born in 1S3S ; entered the service of the Illinois & 
 Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 109 
 
 boy at Joliet in 1852, became manager of the 
 office at Lockportsix months later, at Springfield 
 in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. 
 Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible 
 positions on various Western lines, but the latter 
 year was commissioned by President Lincoln 
 Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed 
 in charge of United States military lines with 
 headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered 
 out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed 
 District Superintendent of Western Union lines 
 in the Southwest. From that time his promotion 
 was steady and rapid. In 18T5 he became 
 Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- 
 ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- 
 sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General 
 Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, 
 was elected Director, member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- 
 tory extending from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific. 
 
 COAL AND COAL-MIXINdi. Illinois contains 
 much the larger portion of what is known as the 
 central coal field, covering an area of about 
 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- 
 ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- 
 tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The 
 Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. 
 Those available for commercial mining generally 
 lie at considerable depth and are reached by 
 shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish 
 an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- 
 factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some 
 of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the 
 State the coal does not yield a good marketable 
 coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas 
 coal, although used in some localities for that 
 purpose, rather because of its abundance than on 
 account of its adaptability. It is thought that, 
 with the increase of cheap transportation facili- 
 ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State 
 in such quantities as eventually to exclude local 
 coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report 
 of the Eleventh United States Census, the total 
 product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 
 12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported 
 by the Tenth Census. The value of the output 
 was estimated at $11,735,203, or 50.97 per ton at 
 the mines. The total number of mines was 
 stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined 
 was nearly equal to the combined yield of the 
 mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are 
 divided into two classes, technically known as 
 "regular" and "local." Of the former, there 
 were-358, and of the latter, 714 These 358 regular 
 
 mines employed 23,934 men and boys, of whom 
 21,350 worked below ground, besides an office 
 force of 389, and paid, in wages, §8,694,397. The 
 total capital invested in these 358 mines was 
 $17,630,351. According to the report of the State 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines 
 were operated during the year, employing 35,026 
 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which 
 was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year— 
 the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. 
 Five counties of the State produced more than 
 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following 
 order: Sangamon, 1,763,863; St. Clair, 1,600,752; 
 Vermilion, 1,520,099; Macoupin, 1,264,920; La 
 Salle, 1,165,490. 
 
 COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles 
 by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal 
 mines are operated here, and the town is an im- 
 portant shipping point for their product. It has a 
 bank, a weekly newspaper and five churches. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,672; (1900), 2,607; (1903), about 3,000. 
 
 COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden, 
 Tompkins County, N. Y., August 20, 1831; at 16, 
 began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later 
 acted as operator on Western New York lines, 
 but, in 1852, became manager of the office at 
 Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- 
 panies having meanwhile been consolidated into 
 the Western Union. He then made an extensive 
 tour of the world, and, although he had intro- 
 duced the system of transmitting money by 
 telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to 
 the key-board. Having made large investments 
 in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, 
 he has devoted much of his time to agriculture 
 and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a 
 member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- 
 dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, 
 and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 
 He has done much to improve the city of his 
 adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- 
 struction of electric street-car lines and the 
 promotion of manufactures. 
 
 COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- 
 tor, was born at Montpelier, Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; 
 came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- 
 falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being 
 without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a 
 building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, 
 was erecting; later he erected a building of his 
 own in which he started a harness-shop, which 
 he conducted successfully for a number of years. 
 He has since been connected with a number 
 
110 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of business enterprises of a public character, 
 including banks, street and steam railways, but 
 his largest successes have been achieved in the line 
 of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- 
 sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- 
 factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb 
 Lecture Hall," on the campus of that institution, 
 being the result of a contribution of his amount- 
 ing to §150,000. Died in Chicago, April 5, 1900. 
 
 COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo 
 and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and 
 vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped 
 to northern markets. This region is well tim- 
 bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ- 
 ing a considerable number of men ; also has 
 several churches, schools and two weekly papers. 
 Population (1890), 994; (1900,) 1,034. 
 
 COCHKAN, William Granville, legislator and 
 jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13, 
 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, 
 and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 serving in the War of the Rebellion three years 
 as a private. Returning home from the war, he 
 resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began 
 merchandising at Lovington, continuing this 
 business three years, when he began the study of 
 law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has 
 since been in active practice. In 1888 he was 
 elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House 
 in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session 
 of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly 
 honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- 
 tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and 
 an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected 
 for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is 
 also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home at Normal. 
 
 C0DDI>'G, Icliabod, clergyman and anti- 
 slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 
 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- 
 ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, 
 Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; 
 after leaving college served five years as agent 
 and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was 
 often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- 
 ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping 
 serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- 
 tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, 
 Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 
 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on 
 the Kansas-Nebraska issue, and was a power in 
 
 the organization of the Republican party. Died 
 at Baraboo, Wis., June 17, 1866. 
 
 CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; 
 born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was 
 partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 
 1843, came with his father to Kendall County. 
 111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where 
 for six years he served as Clerk of the County 
 Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted 
 to the bar; in 1861, was elected County Judge 
 with practical unanimity, served as a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, 
 in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- 
 cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa-" 
 dena, Cal. 
 
 COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County. 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
 midway between Galesburg and Quincy ; is the 
 center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- 
 mining region, producing more than 100,000 tons 
 of coal annually. A superior cpaality of potter's 
 clay is also ruined and shipped extensively to 
 other points. The city has brick and drain-tile 
 works, a bank, four churches, two public schools 
 and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 
 1,643; (1900), 1,635. 
 
 COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the 
 State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va., 
 Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who 
 had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; 
 was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William 
 and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before 
 graduation by an accident which interrupted his 
 studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of 
 President Madison, remaining six years, after 
 which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- 
 senger by appointment of the President. He 
 early manifested an interest in the emancipation 
 of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his 
 first tour through the Northwest Territory, going 
 as far west as St. Louis, returning three years 
 later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In 
 April of the following year he set out from his 
 Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for 
 Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville, Pa., 
 where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river 
 with his goods and servants to a point below 
 Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying 
 overland to Edwardsville. While descending 
 the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were 
 free, and, after arriving at their destination, 
 gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. 
 This generous act was, in after years, made the 
 ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of 
 Register of the Land Office, to which he had 
 been appointed by President Monroe. In 1823 
 he became the candidate for Governor of those 
 opposed to removing the restriction in the State 
 Constitution against the introduction of slavery, 
 and, although a majority of the voters then 
 favored the measure, he was elected by a small 
 plurality over his highest competitor in conse- 
 quence of a division of the opposition vote 
 between three candidates. The Legislature 
 chosen at the same time submitted to the people 
 a proposition for a State Convention to revise the 
 Constitution, which was rejected at the election 
 of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 
 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient 
 aid in opposition to the measure of such men as 
 Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel 
 P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, 
 Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he 
 was himself a most influential factor in protecting 
 Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing 
 his salary for his entire term (§4,000) to that end. 
 In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- 
 ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he 
 continued to reside some years on his farm near 
 Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for 
 Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- 
 eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. 
 Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, 
 where he married during the following year, and 
 continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 
 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of 
 slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and 
 Since Laws.) 
 
 COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford 
 County, but organized in 1831, and named in 
 honor of Gov. Edward Coles— lies central to the 
 eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 
 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146. 
 The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the 
 Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the 
 county, but the principal stream is the Embarras 
 (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is 
 agriculture, although the county lies within the 
 limits of the Illinois coal belt. To the north and 
 west are prairies, while timber abounds in the 
 southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although 
 wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, 
 sorghum, wool, etc. , are also important products. 
 Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- 
 turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output 
 embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, 
 agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots 
 ■md shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is 
 
 centrally located, and has a number of handsome 
 public buildings, private residences and business 
 blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated 
 in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488. 
 Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 
 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 
 9,622, and is an important shipping point for 
 grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are 
 Ashmore, Oakland and Lerna. 
 
 COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the 
 Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- 
 ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading 
 industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three 
 elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900), 1.153. 
 
 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AXD SURGEONS, 
 located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its 
 first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- 
 ing erected by the trustees at a cost of §60,000, 
 with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, 
 with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- 
 ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. 
 The institution ranks among the leading medical 
 colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- 
 tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is 
 equal to those of other first-class medical schools 
 throughout the country. The teaching faculty, 
 of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five 
 professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of 
 assistants, demonstrators, etc. 
 
 COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of 
 Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward 
 colleges. The first charters for institutions of 
 this character were granted in 1833, and were for 
 the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- 
 nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- 
 lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first 
 named was to be under the care of the Scotch 
 Covenanters, but was never founded. The 
 second was in the interest of the Baptists, but 
 the charter was not accepted. Both these acts 
 contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, 
 notably one to the effect that no theological 
 department should be established and no pro- 
 fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor 
 should anj' religious test be applied in the selec- 
 tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The 
 friends of higher education, however, made com- 
 mon cause, and, in 1835, secured the passage of 
 an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private 
 colleges — the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; 
 the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. 
 Similar restrictive provisions as to theological 
 teaching were incorporated in these charters, and 
 a limitation was placed upon the amount of 
 
112 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 property to be owned by any institution, but in 
 many respects the law was more liberal than its 
 predecessors of two years previous Owing to 
 the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these 
 institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- 
 tory departments under the tuition of the college 
 professors. The college last named above ( Jones- 
 boro) was to have been founded by the Christian 
 denomination, but was never organized. The 
 three remaining ones stand, in the order of their 
 formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward 
 Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial 
 classes — Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- 
 paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois 
 College in 1829, and a class was organized in the 
 collegiate department in 1831. The Legislature 
 of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female 
 Academy, the first school for girls chartered in 
 the State. From this time forward colleges and 
 academies were incorporated in rapid succession, 
 many of them at places whose names have long 
 since disappeared from the map of the State. It 
 was at this time that there developed a strong 
 party in favor of founding what were termed, 
 rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- 
 leges." It was believed that the time which a 
 student might be able to "redeem" from study, 
 could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- 
 work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. 
 Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of 1835 
 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor 
 College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle 
 County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor 
 Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham 
 Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie, Sanga- 
 mon County. University powers were conferred 
 upon the institution last named, and its charter 
 also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- 
 vision that anj- sect might establish a professor- 
 ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more 
 colleges were incorporated, only one of which 
 (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, 
 better and broader views of education had 
 developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed 
 all prohibition of the establishing of theological 
 departments, as well as the restrictions previously 
 imposed upon the amount and value of property 
 to be owned by private educational institutions. 
 The whole number of colleges and seminaries 
 incorporated under the State law (1896) is forty- 
 three. (See also Illinois College, Knox College, 
 Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- 
 mouth College, Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
 Montiecllo Female Seminary, Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, Shurtleff College.) 
 
 COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was born 
 in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at 
 Boston University, 1858; soon after became an 
 itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united 
 with the Unitarian Church and officiated as 
 pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- 
 sas City, besides supplying, pulpits in various 
 cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was 
 appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but 
 later served as a special commissioner of the 
 Johns Hopkins University in the collection of 
 labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a 
 wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine 
 writer. His published works include: "Every - 
 Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and 
 "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity'' 
 (1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. 
 
 COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born 
 in Connecticut, Feb. 24, 1804. He was the young- 
 est of five brothers who came with their parents 
 from Litchfield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and 
 settled in the town of Unionville— now Collins- 
 ville — in the southwestern part of Madison 
 County. They were enterprising and public- 
 spirited business men, who engaged, quite 
 extensively for the time, in various branches of 
 manufacture, including flour and whisky. This 
 was an era of progress and development, and 
 becoming convinced of the injurious character 
 of the latter branch of their business, it was 
 promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch 
 was later associated with his brother Michael in 
 the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, 
 the early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon 
 & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally 
 located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged 
 in manufacturing business for many years. He 
 was a man of high business probity and religious 
 principle, as well as a determined opponent of the 
 institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that 
 he was once subjected by his neighbors to the 
 intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the 
 crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the 
 road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in 
 commemoration of the act of emancipation in the 
 West Indies, he gave utterance to the following 
 prediction : "Methinks the time is not far distant 
 when our own country will celebrate a day of 
 emancipation within her own borders, and con- 
 sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring 
 throughout the length and breadth of the land." 
 He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at 
 Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of 
 the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutenant-Gov 
 ernor in 1842. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 113 
 
 COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., 
 but taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, 
 where he grew to manhood. After spending a 
 couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 
 he began the study of law, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1824, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 
 1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- 
 ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach 
 from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. 
 After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in 
 exploration of the surrounding country, but 
 returning to Chicago in 1834, he entered into 
 partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had 
 been his preceptor in New York, still later being 
 a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm 
 name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- 
 sidered an eminent authority in law and gained 
 an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- 
 cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able 
 pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising 
 anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway 
 slaves in securing their liberty or defended others 
 who did so. He was also one of the original 
 promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union 
 Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. 
 Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court 
 at Ottawa, in 1854. 
 
 COLLINS, Loren C, jurist, was born at Wind- 
 sor, Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 18 
 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was 
 educated at the Northwestern University. He 
 read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon 
 built up a remunerative practice. He was 
 elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through 
 his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, 
 soon became one of the leaders of his party on 
 the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected 
 in 1880 and 1882, and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker 
 of the Thirty -third General Assembly. In 
 December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy 
 created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was 
 elected to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected 
 in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time 
 devoting his attention to regular practice in the 
 city of Chicago. 
 
 COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, 
 born at Collinsville, 111., March 20, 1831; was 
 educated in the common schools and at Illinois 
 College, later taking a course in literature, 
 philosophy and theology at Yale College; served 
 as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle 
 several years; in 1858, became editor and propri- 
 etor of "The Jacksonville Journal." which he 
 
 conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- 
 ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of 
 the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but 
 resigning in 1863, organized a company of the 
 One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which 
 he was chosen Captain, participating in the 
 battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and 
 Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff 
 of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army 
 Corps headquarters, until after the fall of 
 Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he 
 was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- 
 Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- 
 tinuing in this service until the close of 1865, 
 when he engaged in the manufacturing business 
 as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. 
 This business he conducted successfully some 
 twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins 
 has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim, 
 of the city of Quincy ; Representative in the 
 Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
 blies — during the latter being chosen to deliver 
 the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- 
 nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant 
 Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican 
 candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; 
 in 1894, was the Republican nominee for State 
 Senator in Adams County, and, though a Repub- 
 lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a 
 strongly Democratic city. 
 
 COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border 
 of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- 
 east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. 
 & I. Ry.), about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. 
 The place was originally settled in 1817 by four 
 brothers named Collins from Litchfield, Conn. , 
 who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill 
 for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber 
 The town was platted by surviving members of 
 this family in 1836 Coal-mining is the principal 
 industry, and one or two mines are operated 
 within the corporate limits. The city has zinc 
 works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile 
 factories, two building and loan associations, a 
 lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street 
 railways, seven churches, two banks, a high 
 school, and a newspaper office. Population 
 (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4,021; (1903, est.), 7,500. 
 
 COLLYER, Robert, clergyman, was born at 
 Keighly, Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823; left 
 school at eight years of age to earn his living in 
 a factory; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- 
 smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. 
 His only opportunity of acquiring an education 
 during this period, apart from private study, was 
 
114 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in a night-school, which he attended two winters. 
 In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher, 
 came to the United States the next year, settling 
 in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, 
 preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- 
 ment having gradually been changed towards 
 Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked 
 by the conference, and, in 1859, he united with 
 the Unitarian Church, having already won a 
 wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. 
 Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- 
 ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church, 
 beginning with seven members, though it has 
 since become one of the strongest and most influ- 
 ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted 
 a call to a church in New York City, where he 
 still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and 
 a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the 
 Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary 
 Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly 
 visited England, and has exerted a wide influence 
 as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of 
 the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of 
 volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1806) ; 
 "A Man in Earnest: Life of A. H. Conant" (1868); 
 "A History of the Town and Parish of likely" 
 (1880), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" 
 (1880). 
 
 COLTON, Chauncey Sill, pioneer, was born at 
 Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- 
 setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that 
 State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- 
 ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to 
 Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present 
 city of Galesburg, where he built the first store 
 and dwelling house; continued in general mer- 
 chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- 
 while associating his sons with him in business 
 under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. 
 Colton was associated with the construction of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from 
 the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of 
 the Company; was also a Director of the First 
 National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer 
 and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- 
 ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of 
 Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885. 
 — Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born 
 at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- 
 burg with his father's family in 1836, and was 
 educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855, 
 and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After 
 graduation, he was in partnership with his father 
 some seven years, also served as Vice-President 
 of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 
 
 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United 
 States Consul at Venice, remaining thei-e until 
 1869. The latter year he became the General 
 Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 continuing in that position until 1871, meantime 
 visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing 
 agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- 
 ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he 
 succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' 
 and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 
 1884. and the same year removed to Washington, 
 D. C, where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is 
 a large land owner in some of the Western States, 
 especially Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, on 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St. 
 Louis; has a machine shop, large flour mill, 
 brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, 
 telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, 
 and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205. 
 
 COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE, a company 
 formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop 
 the resources of "New France," in which the 
 "Illinois Country" was at that time included. 
 At the head of the company was the celebrated 
 John Law, and to him and his associates the 
 French monarch granted extraordinary powers, 
 both governmental and commercial. They were 
 given the exclusive right to refine the precious 
 metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in 
 • tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became 
 known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, 
 owing to the king having granted them conces- 
 sions to trade with the East Indies and China. 
 On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France 
 declared that the Illinois Country should form a 
 part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the 
 shrewd management of Law and his associates, 
 immigration soon increased, as many as 800 
 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors 
 of the company, in the exercise of their govern- 
 mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois 
 briant Governor of the Illinois District. He 
 proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles 
 of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See 
 Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company 
 was energetic, and, in the main, wise. Grants of 
 commons were made to various French villages, 
 and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size 
 anil population. Permanent settlers were given 
 grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. 
 These grants (which were allodial in their char- 
 acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of 
 the American Bottom, lying between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 115 
 
 held their lands in one great common field, each 
 proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- 
 nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies 
 Company divided the Province of Louisiana into 
 nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois 
 was numerically the Seventh, and included not 
 only the southern half of the existing State, but 
 also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, 
 extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- 
 ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa 
 and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and 
 Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary 
 and the Company's Commissary, formed the 
 District Council, the civil law being in force. In 
 1733, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
 and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were 
 appointed directly by the French crown. 
 
 CONCORDIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- 
 cated at Springfield, founded in 1879; the succes- 
 sor of an earlier institution under the name of 
 Illinois University. Theological, scientific and 
 preparatory departments are maintained, al- 
 though there is no classical course. The insti- 
 tution is under control of the German Lutherans. 
 The institution reports §125,000 worth of real 
 property. The members of the Faculty (1898) 
 are five in number, and there were about 171 
 students in attendance. 
 
 CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in 
 Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1817; brought 
 by his parents to Coles County, 111. , at the age of 
 seven years, and received his education in the 
 common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- 
 kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State 
 University and graduating from the law depart- 
 ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- 
 tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., where he 
 served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, 
 returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now 
 a part of Chicago), where he served as City 
 Attorney for four consecutive terms before its 
 annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected 
 as a Republican to the State Senate for the 
 Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- 
 second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. 
 In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge 
 of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was 
 defeated with the National and the State tickets 
 of that year, since when he has given his atten- 
 tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank 
 in his profession. 
 
 CONGER, Edwin Kurd, lawyer and diploma- 
 tist, was born in Knox County, 111., March 7, 1843; 
 graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in 
 1862. and immediately thereafter enlisted as a 
 
 private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois 
 Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- 
 ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted 
 Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated 
 from the Albany Law School and practiced for a 
 time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, 
 where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and 
 banking ; was twice elected County Treasurer of 
 Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, 
 being re-elected in 1882; in 1886, was elected to 
 Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice 
 re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of 
 his last term was appointed by President Harri- 
 son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 
 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the 
 State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed 
 Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred 
 to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- 
 ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of 
 Illinois. 
 
 CONGREGATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- 
 gational ministers — Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. 
 Daniel Smith — visited Illinois in 1814, and spent 
 some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but 
 left for New Orleans without organizing any 
 churches. The first church was organized at 
 Mendon, Adams County, in 1833, followed bj 
 others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- 
 sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had 
 increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers 
 were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at 
 Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830, 
 who became pastor of the first Quincy church, 
 followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant 
 (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- 
 man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foci: 
 Other Congregational ministers who came to t^e 
 State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley, 
 who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M. 
 Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- 
 mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- 
 sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville; Revs. 
 Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Theron 
 Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two 
 Lovejoys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more 
 of whom, either temporarily or permanently, 
 became associated with Presbyterian churches. 
 Although Illinois College was under the united 
 patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational - 
 ists, the leading spirits in its original establish- 
 ment were Congregationalists, and the same was 
 true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at 
 Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was 
 convened the first Congregational Council, known 
 in the denominational history of the State as 
 
110 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to 
 fifteen separate Associations have been organized. 
 By 1890, the development of the denomination 
 had been such that it had 280 churches, support- 
 ing 312 ministers, with 33,126 members. During 
 that year the disbursements on account of chari- 
 ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, 
 were nearly §1 , 000, 000. The Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school 
 of divinity, its property holdings being worth 
 nearly §700,000. "The Advance'* (published at 
 Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. 
 (See also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. (See 
 Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- 
 atives in Congress.) 
 
 CONKLING, James Cook, lawyer, was born in 
 New York City, Oct. 13, 1816 ; graduated at Prince- 
 ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and 
 being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 
 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first 
 business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent 
 and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a 
 later period he was associated with Gen. James 
 Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War 
 and a United States Senator, at different times, 
 from three different States. As an original 
 Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated 
 with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and 
 trusted friend he was through life. It was to 
 him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
 letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- 
 ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at 
 Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the 
 "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was 
 chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, 
 and served in the lower branch of the Seven- 
 teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies. 
 (1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful 
 management in the latter, that the first appropri- 
 ation was made for the new State House, which 
 established the capital permanently in that city. 
 At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where 
 the Republican party in Illinois may be said to 
 have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln 
 and three others, he represented Sangamon 
 County, served on the Committee on Resolutions, 
 and was appointed a member of the State Central 
 Committee which conducted the campaign of 
 that year. In 1860, and again in 1864, his name 
 was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- 
 tial Elector, and, on both occasions, it became his 
 duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's 
 own District for him for President. The intimacy 
 of personal friendship existing between him and 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi 
 tion for over thirty years as an original member 
 of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other 
 public positions held by him included those of 
 State Agent during the Civil War by appointment 
 of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University 
 at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at 
 Carlinville. as also that of Postmaster of the city 
 of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, 
 continuing in office four years. High-minded 
 and honorable, of pure personal character and 
 strong religious convictions, public-spirited and 
 liberal, probably no man did more to promote 
 the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- 
 field, during the sixty years of his residence there, 
 than he. His death, as a result of old age, 
 occurred in that city, March 1, 1899. — Clinton L. 
 (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in 
 Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale 
 College in 1864, studied law with his father, and 
 was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 
 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. 
 After practicing a few years, he turned his atten 
 tion to manufacturing, but. in 1877, resumed 
 practice and has proved successful. He has 
 devoted much attention of late years to real 
 estate business, and has represented large land 
 interests in this and other States. For many 
 years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument 
 Association, and has served on the Board of 
 County Supervisors, which is the only political 
 office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub 
 lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- 
 cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the 
 highest probity and ability, was defeated in a 
 district overwhelmingly Democratic. 
 
 CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Newark, N. J., March 8, 
 1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, 
 where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of 
 the State Senate ; studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after 
 removed to Illinois; the following year (1862) he 
 enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-third Illinois Volunteers, but was 
 successively commissioned as Captain and Major, 
 retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. In 1872 he was elected Representative 
 in the State Legislature from Coles County and 
 re-elected in 1874; was United States District 
 Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois 
 from 1876 to 1885, and again from 1889 to 1893; 
 in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of 
 the Treasury, but declined the office; the same 
 year ran as the Republican candidate for Con- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 117 
 
 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) 
 District in opposition to Wm. M. Springer, and 
 was defeated hy less than 1,000 votes in a district 
 usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He 
 declined a second nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, 
 was nominated for a third time (this time for the 
 Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was 
 for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- 
 tion in 1S98, returning to the practice of his pro- 
 fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth 
 Congress. 
 
 CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at 
 Chestertown, Md.,July 6, 1817; educated at Belle 
 Air Academy and the University of Virginia, 
 graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having 
 studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to 
 Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, 
 Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the 
 State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, 
 Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. 
 He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the 
 dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a 
 Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential 
 Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, 
 during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- 
 nent of the policy of the Government in dealing 
 with secession. Having removed to Marshall, 
 Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice 
 of his profession there, but was elected Judge of 
 the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, 
 which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding 
 court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- 
 stable was arrested because of his release of four 
 deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, 
 on the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers 
 who had arrested them. He was subsequently 
 released by Judge Treat of the United States 
 District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- 
 minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in 
 which four soldiers and three citizens were killed 
 outright, and eight persons were wounded. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONTENTIONS. Illinois 
 has had four - State Conventions called for the 
 purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of 
 these, three— those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70— 
 adopted Constitutions which went into effect, 
 while the instrument framed by the Convention 
 of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical 
 history of each will be found below : 
 
 Convention of 1818.— In January, 1818, the 
 Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution 
 instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. 
 Nathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress 
 requesting the passage of an act authorizing the 
 
 people of Illinois Territory to organize a State 
 Government. A bill to this effect was intro- 
 duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- 
 ing. It authorized the people to frame a 
 Constitution and organize a State Government — 
 apportioning the Delegates to be elected from 
 each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- 
 ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday 
 of July, following, as the day of election, and the 
 first Monday of August as the time for the meet- 
 ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned 
 upon a census of the people of the Territory (to 
 be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- 
 lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as 
 taken, showed the required population, but, as 
 finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 — 
 being the smallest with which any State was ever 
 admitted into the Union. The election took 
 place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- 
 bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of 
 thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were 
 farmers of limited education, but with a fair 
 portion of hard common-sense. Five of the 
 Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly 
 wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. 
 Thomas (afterwards one of the first United 
 States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, 
 also a later Senator, was among the dominating 
 spirits. It has been asserted that to the latter 
 should be ascribed whatever new matter was 
 incorporated in the instrument, it being copied 
 in most of its essential provisions from the Con- 
 stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The 
 Convention completed its labors and adjourned, 
 August 26, the Constitution was submitted to 
 Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the 
 formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- 
 nois was admitted into the Union as a State by 
 resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. 
 
 Convention of 1847.— An attempt was made in 
 1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 
 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the 
 movement being to secure the incorporation of a 
 provision authorizing the admission of slavery 
 into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the 
 necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the 
 General Assembly, submitting the proposition to 
 a vote of the people, was secured by the most 
 questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but 
 after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it 
 was rejected at the election of 1824. (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laws: also Coles, Edward.) 
 At the session of 1840-41, another resolution on 
 the subject was submitted to the people, but it 
 was rejected by the narrow margin of 1,039 
 
118 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- 
 ted, and, at the election of 1846, was approved. 
 The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, 
 and the Convention met at Springfield, June 19, 
 following. It was composed of 162 members, 
 ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list 
 of Delegates embraced the names of many who 
 afterwards attained high distinction in public 
 affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- 
 ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached 
 to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed 
 in its successor, except by a few additions, 
 among which was a section disqualifying any 
 person who had been concerned in a duel from 
 holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- 
 ever, was carefully revised and several important 
 changes made. Among these may be mentioned 
 the following: Limiting the elective franchise 
 for foreign-born citizens to those who had 
 become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- 
 ive; requiring that all State officers be elected 
 by the people ; changing the time of the election 
 of the Executive, and making him ineligible for 
 immediate re-election; various curtailments of 
 the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- 
 mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- 
 viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. 
 The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- 
 tion, August 31, 1847; ratified by popular vote, 
 March 6, 1848, and went into effect, April 1, 1848. 
 Convention of 1862. — The proposition for 
 holding a third Constitutional Convention was 
 submitted to vote of the people by the Legislature 
 of 1859, endorsed at the election of 1860, and the 
 election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In 
 the excitement attendant upon the early events 
 of the war, people paid comparatively littlo 
 attention to the choice of its members. It was 
 composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one 
 Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed 
 as doubtful. The Convention assembled at 
 Springfield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- 
 sion until March 24, following. It was in many 
 respects a remarkable body. The law providing 
 for its existence prescribed that the members, 
 before proceeding to business, should take an 
 oath to support the State Constitution. This the 
 majority refused to do. Their conception of 
 their powers was such that they seriously deliber- 
 ated upon electing a United States Senator, 
 assumed to make appropriations from the State 
 treasury, claimed the right to interfere with 
 military affairs, and called upon the Governor 
 for information concerning claims of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to 
 
 lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- 
 posed numerous important changes in the organic 
 law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. 
 It was rejected at an election held, June 17, 1862, 
 by a majority of over 16,000 votes. 
 
 Convention of 1869-70. — The second attempt 
 to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in 
 submission to the people, by the Legislature of 
 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was 
 approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- 
 ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was 
 provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- 
 tion held in November and the Convention 
 assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles 
 Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- 
 mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. 
 Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were 
 eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were 
 Republicans and forty-one Democrats, although 
 fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ- 
 ents." It was an assemblage of some of the 
 ablest men of the State, including representatives 
 of all the learned professions except the clerical, 
 besides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal- 
 ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, and 
 in the main good. Some of the principal changes 
 made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the 
 Convention, were the following: The prohibi- 
 tion of special legislation where a general law 
 may be made to cover the necessities of the case, 
 and the absolute prohibition of such legislation 
 in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of 
 other matters ; prohibition of the passage of any 
 law releasing any civil division (district, county, 
 city, township or town) from the payment of its 
 just proportion' of any State tax; recommenda- 
 tions to the Legislature to enact laws upon 
 certain specified subjects, such as liberal home- 
 stead and exemption rights, the construction of 
 drains, the regulation of charges on railways 
 (which were declared to be public highways), 
 etc., etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses 
 public warehouses, and providing for their legis- 
 lative inspection and supervision. The mainte- 
 nance of an "efficient system of public schools" 
 was made obligatory upon the Legislature, and 
 the appropriation of any funds — State, municipal, 
 town or district — to the support of sectarian 
 schools was prohibited. The principle of cumu- 
 lative voting, or "minority representation," in 
 the choice of members of the House of Represent- 
 atives was provided for, and additional safe 
 guards thrown around the passage of bills. The 
 ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for a 
 second consecutive term was set aside, and a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 119 
 
 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary 
 to override an executive veto. The list of State 
 officers was increased by the creation of the 
 offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent 
 of Public. Instruction, these having been previ- 
 ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme 
 Court bench was increased by the addition of 
 four members, making the whole number of 
 Supreme Court judges seven ; Appellate Courts 
 authorized after 1874, and County Courts were 
 made courts of record. The compensation of all 
 State officers — executive, judicial and legislative 
 — was left discretionary with the Legislature, 
 and no limit was placed upon the length of the 
 sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- 
 ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at 
 an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force, 
 August 8, following. Occasional amendments 
 have been submitted and ratified from time to 
 time. (See Constitutions, Elections and Repre- 
 sentation; also Minority Representation.) 
 
 CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- 
 stitutions — that of 1870 being now (1898) in force. 
 The earliest instrument was that approved by 
 Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made 
 in 1847 — the Constitution having been ratified at 
 an election held, March 5, 1848, and going into 
 force, April 1, following. The term of State 
 officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, 
 except that of Treasurer, which is two years. 
 Biennial elections and sessions of the General 
 Assembly are provided for, Senators holding their 
 seats for four years, and Representatives two 
 years. The State is required to be apportioned 
 after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- 
 tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three 
 Representatives. The principle of minority rep- 
 resentation has been incorporated into the 
 organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as 
 many votes for one legislative candidate as there 
 are Representatives to be chosen in his district; 
 or ho may divide his vote equally among all the 
 three candidates or between two of them, as he 
 may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti- 
 tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General 
 Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- 
 palities are classified, and legislation is for all 
 cities of a class, not for an individual corpora- 
 tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- 
 ance must secure payment of their claims under 
 the terms of some general appropriation. The 
 sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to 
 time, nor is there an} T restriction upon the power 
 of the Executive to summon extra sessions. 
 (See also Constitutional Conventions; Elections; 
 
 Governors and other State Officers; Judicial 
 System; Suffrage, Etc. ) 
 
 COOK, Burton C, lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; 
 completed his academic education at the Collegi- 
 ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying 
 law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at 
 Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began 
 the practice of his profession, and, in 1846, was 
 elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for 
 the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years, 
 when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people 
 under the Constitution of that year, for four 
 years. From 1852 to 18G0, he was State Senator, 
 taking part in the election which resulted in 
 making Lyman Trumbull United States Senator 
 in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace 
 Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference 
 which met at Washington. He may be called 
 one of the founders of the Republican party in 
 this State, having been a member of the State 
 Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 
 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- 
 gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but 
 resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the 
 Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 
 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham 
 Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National 
 Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- 
 dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 
 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 
 18, 1894. 
 
 COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was 
 born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to 
 Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas- 
 kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner 
 and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer.' and at 
 the same time served as Auditor of Public 
 Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards; 
 the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- 
 roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, 
 then minister to London, and, on his return, was 
 appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of 
 the State he was elected the first Attorney- 
 General, but almost immediately resigned and, 
 in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- 
 ing as Representative until 1827. Having married 
 a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a 
 resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous 
 opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a 
 slave State in 1823-24, and did much to prevent 
 the success of that scheme. He also bore a 
 prominent part while in Congress in securing the 
 donation of lands for the construction of the 
 
120 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished 
 for his eloquence, and it was during his first 
 Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was 
 introduced into the State. Suffering from 
 consumption, he visited Cuba, and. after return- 
 ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to 
 improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, 
 Oct. 16, 1827.— John (Cook), soldier, born at 
 Edwardsville, 111., June 12. 1825, the son of 
 Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from 
 Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, 
 was educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
 College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield 
 and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon 
 County, later serving as Quartermaster of the 
 State. Raising a company promptly after the 
 firing on Fort Sumter in 1861, he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers 
 —the first regiment organized in Illinois under 
 the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was 
 promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort 
 Donelson in March, 1862; in 1864 commanded the 
 District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- 
 field, being mustered out, August. 1865, with the 
 brevet rank of Major-General. General Cook was 
 elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly from Sangamon County, in 186* During 
 recent years his home has been in Michigan. 
 
 COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern 
 section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, 
 and being the most easterly of the second tier of 
 counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It 
 has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890), 
 1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago. 
 The county was organized in 1831, having origi- 
 nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, 
 Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its 
 present territorial limits. It was named in 
 honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- 
 sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, 
 Daniel P.) The first County Commissioners were 
 Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James 
 Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice 
 John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. William 
 Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Cly bourne 
 Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County 
 Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago. 
 Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A 
 scow ferry was established across the South 
 Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only 
 non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- 
 gists are of the opinion that, previous to the 
 glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay 
 under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was 
 connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines 
 
 River. This theory is borne out by the finding 
 of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern 
 and southern portions of the county, either under- 
 lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. 
 The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- 
 ence of an ancient key, -and they conclude that, 
 at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty 
 feet higher than at present. Glacial action is 
 believed to have been very effective in establish- 
 ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- 
 stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable 
 abundance. Athens marble (white when taken 
 out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) 
 is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat 
 have also been found. The general surface is 
 level, although undulating in some portions. The 
 soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior 
 becomes a black mold from one to four feet in 
 depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines, 
 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being 
 improved by the construction of the Drainage 
 Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the 
 principal industries outside of the city of Chi- 
 cago. (See also Chicago.) 
 
 COOK COUJVTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi- 
 cago and under control of the Commissioners of 
 Cook County. It was originally erected by the 
 City of Chicago, at a cost of §80,000, and was 
 intended to be used as a hospital for patients 
 suffering from infectious diseases. For several 
 years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, 
 it was leased by an association of physicians, who 
 opened a hospital, with . the further purpose of 
 affording facilities for clinical instruction to the 
 students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the 
 building was taken by the General Government 
 for military purposes, being used as an eye and 
 ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it 
 reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was 
 purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County 
 Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- 
 cious site at a cost of 8145,000, and began the erec- 
 tion of buildings thereon. The two principal 
 pavilions were completed and occupied before the 
 close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and 
 connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an 
 administrative building and two additional 
 pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date 
 the total cost of the buildings had been 8719.574, 
 and later additions and improvements have 
 swelled the outlay to more than 81,000,000. It 
 accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes 
 a part of the county machinery for the care of 
 the poor. A certain number of beds are placed 
 under the care of homeopathic physicians. The 
 
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 H 
 
ALONG SHERIDAN ROAD AND ON THE BOULEVARDS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 121 
 
 present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of 
 fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist 
 and aurist and one pathologist ; the homeopathic 
 staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. 
 In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or 
 house physicians and surgeons, composed of 
 recent graduates from the several medical col- 
 leges, who gain their positions through competi- 
 tive examination and hold them for eighteen 
 months. 
 
 COOKE, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 
 1849; was educated in the common schools and 
 the high school of Dubuque; studied law in that 
 city and at Columbian University, Washington, 
 DC, graduating from that institution with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to 
 the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- 
 cago the same year, he entered upon the practice 
 of his' profession, which he pursued for the 
 remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a 
 Representative in the State Legislature from 
 Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a 
 Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the 
 Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 
 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in 
 attendance on the extra session of Congress in 
 Washington, June 24, 1897. 
 
 COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was 
 born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the 
 age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in 
 Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch 
 establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, 
 Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank- 
 ing business, also serving in the Iowa State 
 Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate 
 of his party for United States Senator, being 
 defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 
 1862 he came to Chicago and opened the banking 
 house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co. , which, in 1865, 
 became the Union National Bank of Chicago. 
 Later he became the first President of the Chi- 
 cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' 
 Association of the West and South, a Director of 
 the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator 
 of the Chamber of Commerce, besides being a 
 member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of 
 Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to 
 the whole city of Chicago. 
 
 COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was 
 In nil in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- 
 cine for two years in early life, then -went to Ban- 
 gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 
 1*4<i he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville 
 
 and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a 
 prominent part in the campaign which resulted 
 in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor— also 
 received from Governor Carlin an appointment as 
 Quartermaster-General of the State. On the 
 accession of Governor French in December, 1846, 
 he was appointed Secretary of State and elected 
 to the same office under the Constitution of 1848, 
 dying before the expiration of his term, April 2, 
 1850. 
 
 CORBUS, (Dr.) J. C, physician, was born in 
 Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri 
 mary education in the public schools, followed 
 by an academic course, and began the study of 
 medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from 
 the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- 
 land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, 
 but the same year located at Mendota, 111. , soon 
 thereafter removing to Lee County, where he 
 remained until 1862. The latter year he was 
 appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy-fifth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- 
 moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- 
 pelled to resign the following year on account of 
 ill health. Returning from the army, he located 
 at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a 
 member of the State Board of Public Charities 
 from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld 
 to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned 
 He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical 
 Examiners for his District under the Pension 
 Bureau, and has served as a member of the 
 Republican State Central Committee for the 
 Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented 
 by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the 
 State Board of Charities, and was made President 
 of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed 
 Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the 
 Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William 
 G. Stearns. 
 
 CORNELL, Paul, real estate operator and capi- 
 talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in 
 Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822; at 9 
 years of age removed with his step-father. Dr. 
 Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams 
 County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of 
 a farmer, working part of the year to earn money 
 to send himself to school the remainder; also 
 taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. 
 Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a 
 law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but 
 soon after became a student in the law office of 
 Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted 
 to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 
 1847, he was associated, successively, with the late 
 
122 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 L. C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and 
 Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a 
 contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 
 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the 
 present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded 
 in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby 
 securing one-half of the property in his own 
 name. He thus became the founder of the village 
 of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- 
 sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. 
 He also established a watch factory at Cornell 
 (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- 
 ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell 
 was a member of the first Park Board, and there- 
 fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- 
 cago's extensive park system. 
 
 CORAYIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at 
 Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the 
 bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he 
 served in both Houses of the Legislature, and 
 settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at 
 Peru. He was a member of the lower house of 
 the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
 sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 1867, 
 and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to 
 Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was 
 defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the 
 race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111., June 
 15, 1S79. 
 
 COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born 
 at Fort Edward, N. Y. , August 31, 1800; removed 
 to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where 
 he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a 
 fair English education. After engaging succes- 
 sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, 
 stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- 
 tilling business, in 1836, in company with his 
 younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They 
 both decided to go into business there, first open- 
 ing a small store, and later entering upon their 
 hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- 
 cessful, and gave, the Tremont House of Chicago 
 so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch 
 superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at 
 various times, of many large business blocks in 
 the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, 
 he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, 
 with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House 
 after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892, 
 while boarding a street car in the central part of 
 the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, 
 receiving injuries which resulted in his death 
 the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d 
 year of his age. — Ira (Couch), younger brother of 
 the preceding, was born in Saratoga County, 
 
 N. Y., Nov. 22, 1806. At the age of sixteen he 
 was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up 
 in business on his own account. In 1836, while 
 visiting Chicago with his brother James, he 
 determined to go into business there. With a 
 stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, 
 newly bought in New York, a small store was 
 opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. 
 Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the 
 old Tremont House, then a low frame building 
 kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and 
 refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was 
 destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger 
 rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, 
 and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost 
 of 875.00(1, surpassing anything the West had ever 
 known before, the Tremont House this time stood 
 until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again 
 destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an 
 immense patronage, and was able to accumulate 
 (for that time) a large fortune. He purchased 
 and improved a large number of business blocks, 
 then within the business center of the city. In 
 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- 
 sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of 
 his life to seek recreation in travel. In the 
 winter of 1857, while with his family in 
 Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which 
 soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a 
 mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 COULTERVILLE,a town of Randolph County, 
 at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and 
 the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central 
 Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- 
 ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. 
 The town has two banks, two creameries, and a 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 598; (1900), 650. 
 COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- 
 ized Counties.) 
 
 COWDEN, a village of Shelby County, at the 
 intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
 ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- 
 siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a 
 bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 350; (1S90), 702; (1900), 751. 
 
 COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was 
 born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew 
 up on a farm and, after spending some time at 
 Michigan University, entered the office of "The 
 Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a 
 similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which 
 had just been bought by Joseph Medill and 
 others, finallv becoming a stockholder and busi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 123 
 
 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his 
 death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889. 
 
 COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First 
 General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union 
 County, and a conspicuous figure in early State 
 history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of 
 making Illinois a slave State ; became one of the 
 original proprietors and founders of the city of 
 Springfield, and was appointed the first Register 
 of the Land Office there, but was removed under 
 charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from 
 the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 
 1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- 
 sin Territory), became a member of the first 
 Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected 
 and once Speaker of the House, being prominent 
 in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who 
 drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes 
 who had got possession at Bellevue, Iowa. Died, 
 at Maquoketa, Iowa, 1843. 
 
 COT, Irus, lawyer, was born in Chenango 
 County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the 
 common schools and at Central College, Cortland 
 County, N. Y., graduating in law at Albany in 
 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he 
 located in Kendall County and began practice ; in 
 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential 
 Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to 
 Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the 
 Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, 
 in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. 
 
 CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, 
 born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 
 1848; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- 
 ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, 
 coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in 
 seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- 
 bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from 
 Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic 
 majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. 
 
 CRAIG, Alfred M., jurist, was born in Edgar 
 County, 111., Jan. 15/1831, graduated from Knox 
 College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 
 the following year, commencing practice at 
 Knoxville. He held the offices of State's 
 Attorney and County Judge, and represented 
 Knox County in the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench 
 of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice 
 C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and 
 '91 ; his present term expiring with the century. 
 He is a Democrat in politics, but has been 
 three times elected in a Republican judicial 
 district. 
 
 CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in 
 Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; lias practiced 
 law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three 
 times elected to the State Senate — 1884, '88 and 
 '94 — and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- 
 tion Law, enacted in 1885. 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
 bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due 
 south of Chicago — named for William H. Craw- 
 ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452 
 square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The 
 first settlers were the French, but later came 
 emigrants from New England. The soil is rich 
 and well adapted to the production of corn and 
 wheat, which are the principal crops. The 
 county was organized in 1817, Darwin being 
 the first county-seat. The present county-seat 
 is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387; 
 centrally located and the point of intersection of 
 two railroads. Other towns of importance are 
 Palestine (population, 734)andHutsonville (popu- 
 lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is 
 a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River 
 crosses the southwest portion of the county, and 
 receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and 
 Bushy Fork. The county has no mineral 
 resources, but contains some valuable woodland 
 and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, 
 potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead- 
 ing products. 
 
 CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson 
 Count} - , on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940. 
 
 CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in 
 Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va., April 7, 1830. 
 When he was but 7 years old his parents removed 
 to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the 
 age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852, 
 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in 
 White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the 
 Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a 
 commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating 
 in all the important movements in the Mississippi 
 Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and 
 in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time 
 commanding a brigade. Returning home, he 
 resumed the practice of his profession. In 1806 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction on the 
 Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress 
 in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a 
 delegate to the Democratic State Convention 
 Died, June 26, 1890. 
 
KM 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CRPMiM'l'ON. .laiiics A., jurist . was born in 
 White County, 111 . March 7, L846; in ohildhood 
 removed with his parents to Wayne County, and 
 was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at 
 the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating 
 from the latter in 1868, After teaching for a 
 time while studying law, he was admitted to the 
 bar in 1*70, and opened an olliee at Fairfield, but, 
 in is, 7. removed to Springfield. In L885 he was 
 elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- 
 cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1S9T. 
 
 CRERAR, John, inanufact urer and philanthro- 
 pist, was horn of Scotch ancestry in New York 
 City, in IS'.'?; at IS years Of age was an employe 
 
 of .in iron-importing firm in that city, subse- 
 quently aocepting a position with Morris K. 
 Jessup & Co., in the same line Coming to 
 Chicago in Isti°, in partnership with .1. McGregor 
 
 Clams, he succeeded to t he business of Jessup & 
 
 Co., in thai city, also becoming a partner in the 
 \>ianis & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- 
 ers. He also became interested and an official in 
 hi. us other business organizations, including 
 the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings 
 Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- 
 cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified 
 with various benevolent institutions and associ- 
 ations, \flcr the lire of 1871, limns intrusted 
 by the New York Chamber of Commerce with 
 
 the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer 
 
 ers by that calamity. 1 1 is integrity and business 
 sagacity were universally recognized. After his 
 death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. I!', 
 1889, it was found that, after making munificent 
 
 bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent 
 
 associations ami enterprises, aggregating nearly 
 a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to 
 relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, 
 amounting to some $2,000,000, for the purpose of 
 founding a public library in the city of Chicago. 
 Darning thirteen of his most, intimate friends as 
 the first Hoard of Trustees. No more fitting and 
 lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited 
 a man could have been <lc\ is,, I. 
 
 CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi 
 cago \ Eastern Illinois Railroad, 80 miles south 
 oi Chicago. Population (1890), 643; (1900), 760 
 
 CROOK, George, sol, Her, was bom near Day- 
 ton, Ohio. Sept s. L828; graduated at the United 
 
 States Military Academy. West. Point, in 1852, and 
 
 was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the 
 Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- 
 ant in 1858. In 1861 he entered the volunteer 
 
 service as Colonel Of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- 
 
 try; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and 
 Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the 
 service, January, 1866. During the war he 
 
 participated in some of the most important 
 battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought, at 
 Chiokamauga and Aiitietam, and commanded 
 the cavalry in the advance on Kicfimond in the 
 spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the 
 volunteer service hi' returned to the regular 
 army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was 
 engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians 
 in the Northwest and in Arizona. In ISSN he 
 was appointed Major-General and, from that time 
 to his death, was in command of the Military 
 Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at 
 Cln, ago. where he died, March 19, 18',)0. 
 
 CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near 
 Pittsburg. Pa., in the latter part of the last 
 century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois 
 in 1S|!I, settling first at Cap an Oris, a French 
 village on the Mississippi just above the month 
 of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County; 
 later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at 
 Shipping-port near the present city of La Salle 
 (1829), and at Old Utica (1884); in the mean- 
 while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in 
 La Salle County, kept a storage and commission 
 house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a 
 steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. 
 
 CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry 
 County, at the intersection of two divisions of 
 the Chicago ,v Northwestern Railway, 43 miles 
 northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; 
 (1890), 7si : (1900), 950. 
 
 CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 
 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles 
 north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ 
 ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of 
 bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist 
 Wort hen asserted that, in seven townships of 
 Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the 
 square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick 
 and cigars are made here, and the town has two 
 banks, a newspaper, three churches and good 
 schools. Population (\SW). 1,114; (1900), 1,198; 
 (1908, school census). 1.400. 
 
 CULLEJf, William, editor and Congressman, 
 
 born in the north of Ireland. March 4. 1826; while 
 yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts 
 burg. Pa., where he was educated in the public 
 schools. At the age of 20 he removed to 
 I.a Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. 
 Later he took up his resilience at Ottawa. He 
 
 has served as Sheriff of La Salle ( Jounty, and lie Id 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF [LLINOIS. 
 
 125 
 
 oilier 1 ' >< ■ : 1 1 offices, Hti'l was for many years a pari 
 
 owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub 
 1 i ' -; i r i " Prom i SH l to 1885, as a Republican, he 
 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
 gress. 
 
 CULLOM, Richard Nortlirraft, fanner and 
 legislator, was born in the State <>r Maryland, 
 October I, 1795, but early removed to Wayne 
 ('ounty, Ky., where lie was married to Miss 
 Elizabet h I 'offey, a native of North < 'arolina. In 
 1880 Ik- removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- 
 ington, Tazewell < 'ounty, when- In- continued to 
 reside during the remainder of his life. A [though 
 a farmer by vocation, Mr. Oullom was a man of 
 prominence and a recognized leader in public 
 affairs. In 1830 he was elected as a Whig Repre- 
 i niative in the Tenth General .Assembly, Berving 
 in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of 
 
 w 1 1' .in lie was an intimate personal and political 
 friend. In l s lu he was chosen a member of the 
 State Senate Berving in the Twelfth and Thir- 
 teenth fo'iieral \ssemblies, and, in 1852, was 
 again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death 
 occurred in Tazewell ('ounty, Dec. I, 1872, his 
 wife bavin"; died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Oullom were the parents of lion. Shelby M. 
 < lullom. 
 
 CULLOM, Shelby .Moore, United States Sena- 
 tor, was horn in Wayne < 'ounty, Ky., Nov. 22, 
 !8'J!i. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 
 
 111., in 1*30, where his father 1 umi-a member 
 
 of the Legislature am I at t a i ne. I prominence as a 
 public man. After two years spent in Rock 
 River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some 
 experience as a teacher, in 1*",:: the subject of 
 I his sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the 
 study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. 
 Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, 
 he was almost immediately elected City Attor- 
 ney, and, in 18r>o, was a candidate on the Fill- 
 more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same 
 
 lime being elected to the Twentieth General 
 Assembly tor Sangamon County, as he was again. 
 as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by 
 the Fillmore men and the I ree-Soilers. At the 
 II following the latter election lie was 
 chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first 
 important political recognition. Iii 1862 he was 
 appointed by President Lincoln a member Of the 
 War Claims Commie ion al < lairo, serving in this 
 capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- 
 setts and ( iharleS A. Dana of New York. He was 
 
 a candidate for i he State Senate the 
 hut then sustained his only defeat. Two 
 later (1864 is a candidate for I Ion 
 
 gress, defeating hi former preceptor, Hon. John 
 T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 
 1868, the latter year over B. S Edwards. He 
 was a delegate to the National Republican Con- 
 vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois 
 
 delegation, placed Ceneru I (Irani in m nation 
 
 for the Presidency, holding I he game position 
 again in 1884 and in 1m!i~; was elected |o the Illi- 
 nois House of Represent iti in Viand in 1874, 
 being chosen Speaker a. second time in 1ST:;, .1 h. 
 was the unanimous choice of his party for 
 Speaker again in 1875; in 187<> was elected (h,v 
 ernor. was re-eiected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected 
 to the United Stati 9 Senate as successor to Hon, 
 David Davis. Having had 1 « o re-elections since 
 (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, 
 which will expire in 1901. In 189*, by special 
 appointment of President McKinley. Sei 
 Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate 
 the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and 
 report a plan of government for this new division 
 of the American Republic. Other important 
 measures with which his name has been promi 
 iienllv identified have been the laws for the sup 
 pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creat ion 
 ol the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At, 
 present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee 
 on Inter-State Commerce and a member of the e 
 on Appropriations and foreign Affairs, His 
 career has been conspicuous for hi long public 
 service, the large number of important off 
 which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- 
 it}' of his success when a candidate, and his com- 
 plete exemption from scandal-, of every sort. No 
 man in the history of the State has been more 
 frequently elected to the United state. Senate 
 
 and only three —Senators Douglas, Trumbull 
 Logan— for an equal numbei of term . though 
 only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to 
 serve out the full period for which he was 
 elected. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the 
 southeast quarter of the State, directly south of 
 Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1842. 
 Its area is 350 square miles and population (1900) 
 16,124. The county-seat was at Oreenup until 
 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie ' 
 which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a 
 
 town in 1866. The present county-seal is at 
 Toledo (population 1890, 676) The Embarras 
 River crosses the county, as do also three lines of 
 railroad Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- 
 tion of 829. The county received its name from 
 the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro 
 
 i through it. 
 
126 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CUMMINS, (Rev.) David, Bishop of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was 
 born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- 
 ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and 
 became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, 
 but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal 
 Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- 
 more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity 
 Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- 
 secrated Assistant Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- 
 Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue 
 with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church 
 party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal 
 Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the 
 Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- 
 ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his 
 strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- 
 erville, Md., June 26, 1876. A memoir of Bishop 
 Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. 
 
 CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- 
 sentation.) 
 
 CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was 
 born in Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y., May 30, 
 1806-, graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 
 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after 
 three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
 was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
 church at Brandon, Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he 
 accepted an appointment as agent of the Home 
 Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 
 1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison, 
 Ind., and Chicago. In the latter year he was 
 chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, 
 dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born 
 at Akron. Ohio, Nov. 5, 1850; graduated at 
 Western Reserve College in 1871, meanwhile 
 learning the art of typesetting; later served as a 
 reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, 
 took a subordinate position on "The Chicago 
 Inter Ocean," finally rising to that of managing- 
 editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- 
 panied General Custer in his campaign against 
 the Sioux, spent several months investigating 
 the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- 
 tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The 
 Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. 
 Having retired from "The Inter Ocean," he 
 became Secretary of the "Pan-American Con- 
 gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the 
 tour of the United States with the South and 
 Central American representatives in that Con- 
 gress. During the World's Columbian Expositii in 
 in Chicago he had general supervision of the 
 
 Latin-American historical and archaeological 
 exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every 
 Central and South American country and has 
 written elaborately on these subjects for the 
 magazines and for publication in book form ; has 
 also published a "Life' of Zachariah Chandler'' 
 and a "Diplomatic History of the United States 
 and Foreign Powers " For some time he was 
 managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is 
 now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of 
 "The Chicago Record." 
 
 CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier 
 and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., 
 May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary, 
 Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. , 
 at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, 
 and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., 
 where he opened a country store, also built a mill 
 at Vermilionville; later was identified with many 
 large financial enterprises which generally 
 proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- 
 tune at one time estimated at §3,000,000. He was 
 elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and 
 Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) 
 and, for several years, held a commission as 
 Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The 
 Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing 
 the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- 
 missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. 
 He organized and was principal owner of the 
 Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First 
 National Bank of that city; was the leading 
 spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas 
 Company at Ottawa, built and operated the 
 Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated 
 largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties — 
 his operations in the latter being especially large 
 about Riverside, as well as in Chicago, was a 
 principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- 
 man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in 
 the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of 
 the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- 
 western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, 
 however, brought financial disaster upon him, 
 which finally dissipated his fortune and de- 
 stroyed his mental and physical health. His 
 death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. 
 
 DALE, Michael G., lawyer, was born in Lan- 
 caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the 
 public schools of his native city, except one year 
 in West Chester Academy, when he entered 
 Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating 
 there in 1835. He then began the study of law 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1*37; coming to 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 127 
 
 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a 
 suit at Greenville, Bond County, which led to his 
 employment in others, and finally to opening an 
 office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate 
 Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- 
 teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major 
 of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- 
 ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847 ; was also 
 the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- 
 signed the office of County Judge in Bond County 
 to accept that of Register of the Laud office at 
 Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- 
 ing the office of County Judge in Madison County 
 five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- 
 nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter 
 of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- 
 ville, April 1, 1895. 
 
 DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at 
 the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Rail- 
 roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man- 
 ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and 
 wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 829; (1890), 747; 1900), 970. 
 
 DANENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, 
 was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 — the son of 
 \V. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing 
 through the schools of Chicago and Washington, 
 he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- 
 emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively bom- 
 missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and 
 served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in 
 the Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic 
 steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in 
 command under Lieut. George W. De Long; pro- 
 ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the 
 steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of 
 Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an 
 ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months, 
 Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- 
 abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, 
 as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged 
 their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until 
 they were able to launch them in open water, 
 but were soon separated by a gale. The boat 
 commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached 
 the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, 
 where the crew were rescued by natives, landing 
 Sept. 17 ; 1881. After an ineffectual search on 
 the delta for the crews of the other two boats, 
 Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made 
 the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally 
 arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He 
 has told the story of the expedition in "The 
 
 Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. 
 Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. 
 
 DANVERS, a village of McLean County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway. The section is agricultural. The town 
 has a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 
 460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607. 
 
 DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion 
 County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- 
 tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining 
 district and near large deposits of shale and 
 soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of 
 sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city 
 has car-shops and numerous factories, water- 
 works, electric lights, paved streets, several 
 banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools 
 and one high school, and six newspapers, three 
 daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles 
 east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491 ; (1900), 16,354. 
 DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Ohio River Railroad.) 
 DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINGTON & 
 PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Peoria & Eastern 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 D'ARTAIUUIETTE, Pierre, a French com- 
 mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having 
 been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of 
 Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry 
 and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, 
 but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the 
 Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned 
 at the stake. 
 
 DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer and 
 trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783, 
 came to this country in 1804, and soon aftei 
 enlisted in the United States army, with the rani 
 of sergeant. He served gallantly on various 
 expeditions in the West, where he obtained a 
 knowledge of the Indians which was afterward 
 of great value to him. During the War of 1813 
 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- 
 pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other 
 enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- 
 ing expired and the war ended, he entered the 
 service of the contract commissary. He selected 
 the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning 
 and supervising its construction. He cultivated 
 friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, 
 and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, 
 and engaged in business as a fur-trader, near the 
 site of the present city of Rock Island. He had 
 the confidence and respect of the savages, was 
 successful and his trading posts were soon scat- 
 tered through Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin. In 
 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 
 
128 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the 
 first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only 
 white civilian resident there. In 1826 he united 
 his business with that of the American Fur Com- 
 pany, in whose service he remained. Although 
 he employed every effort to induce President 
 Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and 
 his followers to induce them to emigrate across 
 the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief 
 commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered 
 his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom he 
 was commissioned Quartermaster-General with 
 the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased 
 rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War 
 In 1835 a company, of which he was a member, 
 founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock 
 Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 
 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- 
 ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their 
 lands in Iowa to the United States. In the 
 latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, 
 having accumulated a fortune through hard 
 labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often 
 of grave perils. He had large business interests in 
 nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which 
 he gave more or less personal attention. On the 
 night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his 
 home by robbers. For a long time the crime was 
 shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were 
 ultimately detected and brought to punishment. 
 DAVIS, David, jurist and United States 
 Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 
 8, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon 
 College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled 
 at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing 
 law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house 
 of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After 
 serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial 
 Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being 
 re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- 
 sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862, 
 placed him upon the bench of the United States 
 Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial 
 honors to become United States Senator in 1877 
 as successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 
 1881, he was elected President pro tern, of the 
 Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his 
 term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- 
 ton, June 26, 1886. 
 
 DAVIS, George R., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; 
 received a common school education, and a 
 classical course at Williston Seminary, Easthamp- 
 ton, Mass. From 1862 to 1865 he served in the 
 
 Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth 
 Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the 
 Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he 
 removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By 
 profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent 
 part in the organization of the Chicago militia, 
 was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, 
 I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in 
 the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful 
 Republican candidate for Congress, but was 
 elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. 
 From 1886. to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook 
 County. He took an active and influential part 
 in securing the location of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General 
 of the Exposition from its inception to its close, 
 by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- 
 dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. 
 
 DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was 
 born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827, being 
 the son of John Davis, United States Senator and 
 Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime 
 as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- 
 cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of 
 law, in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- 
 tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of 
 Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. 
 In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral, remaining in active service until August, 
 1865, when he resigned. After the war he was. 
 for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
 was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 
 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts 
 Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870, 
 by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a 
 voyage to Europe. 
 
 DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in 
 Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois 
 in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to 
 have taught the first school in that county. He 
 became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the 
 Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to 
 the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- 
 ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of 
 Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a 
 man of striking personal appearance, being over 
 six feet in height, and of strong individuality. 
 After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi- 
 fied himself with the Democracy and was an 
 intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of 
 the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 
 1866. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 129 
 
 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- 
 ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen- 
 son County, 111., in boyhood and served as 
 Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 
 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, 
 was elected Captain and, on the organization of 
 the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
 Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He 
 participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, 
 and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately 
 wounded by a shot through the lungs, but 
 recovered in time to join his regiment before the 
 battle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell 
 mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On 
 receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- 
 zens, a few days before his death, to accept a 
 nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, 
 Colonel Davis patriotically replied: "I can serve 
 my country better in following the torn banner 
 of my regiment in the battlefield." 
 
 DAVIS, Levi, lawyer and State Auditor, was 
 born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- 
 ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The 
 following year he removed to Illinois, settling at 
 Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor 
 Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public 
 Accounts, to which office he was elected by the 
 Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 
 1816 he took up his residence at Alton. He 
 attained prominence at the bar and was, for 
 several years, attorney for the Cliicago & Alton 
 and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
 Companies, in which he was also a Director. 
 Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. 
 
 DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.D., LL.D., physi- 
 cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango 
 County, N. Y. , Jan. 9, 1817 ; took a classical and 
 scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 
 graduated from the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, winning several prizes during his 
 course; the same year began practice at Bing- 
 hamton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York 
 City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the 
 chair of Physiology and General Pathology in 
 Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a 
 similar position in the Chicago Medical College 
 (now the medical department of Northwestern 
 University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis 
 has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- 
 minous writer on general and special topics con- 
 nected with his profession, having been editor at 
 different times of several medical periodicals, 
 including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The 
 Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The 
 
 Journal of the American Medical Association.'' 
 He has also been prominent in State, National 
 and International Medical Congresses, and is one 
 of the founders of the Northwestern University, 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago 
 Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- 
 cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides 
 other scientific and benevolent associations. 
 
 DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New 
 York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the 
 employ of the American Fur Company some 
 seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and 
 commenced studying law the next year; was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth 
 and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a 
 Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; 
 served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again 
 in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate 
 bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. 
 
 DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in 
 Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- 
 tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in 
 the lower house of the General Assembly (1830, 
 '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time 
 being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He 
 was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- 
 sented Sangamon County at the time of the 
 removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was 
 also a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1847. Died, Nov. 12, 1850. 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- 
 TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- 
 sonville, established by act of the Legislature, 
 Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State 
 charitable institutions. Work was not begun 
 until 1842, but one building was ready for 
 partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed 
 in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known 
 as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and 
 was razed and rebuilt.) The center building 
 was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 
 1857. Other additions and new buildings have 
 been added from time to time, such as new dining 
 halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator 
 house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- 
 tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the 
 institution is probably the largest, as it is un- 
 questionably one of the best conducted, of its class 
 in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 
 716. Among its employes are men and women of 
 ripe culture and experience, who have been con- 
 nected with it for more than a quarter of a 
 century. 
 
 DEARBORN, Luther, lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 
 
130 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and educated in Plymouth schools and at New 
 Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- 
 born County, Ind., where he taught school and 
 served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to 
 Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here 
 he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of 
 his term, Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the 
 banking business, which proving disastrous in 
 1837, he returned to Mason County and began the 
 practice of law. He then spent some years in 
 Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second 
 time, resumed practice at Havana, served one 
 term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 
 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but 
 retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position 
 until his death, which occurred suddenly at 
 Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years 
 of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at 
 Aurora. 
 
 DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 
 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north 
 of the Sangamon River — also an important rail- 
 way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- 
 side the city. ' It is a center for the grain trade, 
 having live elevators. Extensive car and repair 
 shops are located there, and several important 
 manufacturing industries flourish, among them 
 three flouring mills. Decatur has paved streets, 
 water-works, electric street railways, and excel- 
 lent public schools, including one of the best and 
 must noted high schools in the State. Four 
 newspapers are published there, each issuing a 
 daily edition. Pop., (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20,754. 
 
 DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION; (See 
 Anti-Nebraska Editorial < 'onvention.) 
 
 DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See 
 Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) 
 
 DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
 Railway.) 
 
 DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
 Railway. ) 
 
 DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the 
 winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers 
 of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- 
 tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- 
 dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old 
 Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before 
 his death, gave the following account of it: "In 
 the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- 
 ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a 
 depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came 
 a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it 
 
 fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of 
 snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear 
 a man, and finally over this crust there were a 
 few inches of snow. The clouds passed away 
 and the wind came down upon us from the north- 
 west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks — 
 certainly not less than two weeks — the mercury 
 in the thermometer tube was not, on any one 
 morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. 
 This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for 
 nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts 
 say that this storm caused great suffering among 
 both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- 
 able to reach the mills or produce stores, were 
 driven, in some cases, to great extremity for 
 supplies ; mills were stopped by the freezing up 
 of streams, while deer and other game, sinking 
 through the crust of snow, were easily captured 
 or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic 
 fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- 
 tenance or from the severity of the cold. 
 
 DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at 
 Middlebury, Vt., Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- 
 smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when 
 he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle 
 County ; ten years later removed to Moline, and 
 there founded the plow-works which bear his 
 name and of which he was President from 1868 
 until his death in 1886.— Charles H. (Deere), son 
 of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison 
 County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the 
 common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- 
 emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; 
 became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- 
 ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow 
 Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- 
 dent and General Manager, until his father's 
 death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He 
 is also the founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn 
 Planter Works, President of the Moline Water 
 Power Company, besides being a Director in 
 various other concerns and in the branch houses 
 of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines, 
 Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- 
 standing his immense business interests, Mr. 
 Deere has found time for the discharge of public 
 and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he 
 was for years a member and Chairman of the 
 State Bureau of Labor Statistics ; a Commissioner 
 from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- 
 tion of 1873; one of the State Commissioners of 
 the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a 
 Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, 
 and a delegate from his District to the National 
 Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 1896. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 131 
 
 DEERING, William, manufacturer, was born 
 at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826, 
 completed his education at the Readfield high 
 school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- 
 ing, and during his time lias assisted in establish- 
 ing several large, successful business enterprises, 
 iucluding wholesale and commission dry-goods 
 houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. 
 His greatest work has been the building up of the 
 Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature 
 of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- 
 facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural 
 implements and appliances. This concern began 
 operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present 
 time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north 
 part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. 
 It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater 
 variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist 
 than any other establishment in the country, 
 receiving its raw material from many foreign 
 countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- 
 uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- 
 ing continues to be President of the Company 
 and a principal factor in the management of its 
 immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited 
 and benevolent, and his business career has been 
 notable for the absence of controversies with his 
 employes. He has been, for a number of years, 
 one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is 
 President of the Board. 
 
 DE KALB, a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles 
 west of Chicago. Of late 3'ears it has grown 
 rapidly, largely because of the introduction of 
 new industrial enterprises. It contains a large 
 wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun- 
 dry, agricultural implement works, machine 
 shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- 
 turing establishments. It has banks, four news- 
 papers, electric street railway, eight miles of 
 paved streets, nine churches and three graded 
 schools. It is the site of the Northern State Nor- 
 mal School, located in 1895. Population (1880), 
 1,598; (1890), 2,579; (1900), 5,904; (1903, est), 8,000. 
 
 DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of 
 La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized 
 in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the 
 Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square 
 miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land 
 is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox 
 and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged 
 to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained 
 several villages and their own tribal government. 
 No sooner had the aborigines been removed than 
 white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, 
 
 in September, 1835, a convocation was held on 
 the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- 
 rary form of government. The public lands in the 
 county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. 
 Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the 
 county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 
 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at 
 Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers 
 Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the 
 first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." 
 Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population, 
 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- 
 face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with 
 numerous groves and wooded tracts along the 
 principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- 
 erse the county, which embraces one of the 
 wealthiest rural districts in the State. 
 
 DE KALB & GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 
 
 DELAVAN,a thriving city in Tazewell County, 
 on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at 
 the point of its intersection with the Peoria and 
 Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 
 miles west-southwest of Bloomington and 24 
 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively 
 grown in the adjacent territory, and much 
 shipped from Delavan. The place supports two 
 banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two 
 weekly papers. It also has five churches and a 
 graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304. 
 
 DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex -Secretary of State, 
 was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 — the son of 
 Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent 
 citizen of the State, who held the office of State 
 Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel 
 Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the 
 subject of this sketch was educated there and at 
 Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected 
 a Second Lieutenant and soon promoted to First 
 Lieutenant — also received from Governor Yates a 
 complimentary commission as Captain for gal- 
 lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw 
 Bayou, where the commander of his regiment, 
 Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served 
 with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the 
 Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. 
 After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- 
 facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- 
 tain Dement entered the State Legislature by 
 election as Representative from Lee County in 
 1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876. was pro- 
 moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and 
 Thirtv-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 
 
132 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, 
 serving eight years. The last public position held 
 by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the 
 State Penitentiary at Joliet, to which he was 
 appointed in 1891, serving two years. His 
 present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. 
 
 DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County, 
 Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he 
 accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in 
 Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff 
 in 1826, and which he represented in the General 
 Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with 
 distinction during the Black Hawk War. having 
 previously had experience in two Indian cam- 
 paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer 
 by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this 
 office to represent Fayette County in the General 
 Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal 
 of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing 
 of success, he removed to the northern part of the 
 State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became 
 extensively engaged in manufacturing. In 1837 
 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of 
 Public Moneys, but he was removed by President 
 Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 
 1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 1849 
 and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the 
 office from that date until it was abolished. He 
 was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; 
 served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, 
 '62, and '70), being Temporary President of the 
 two bodies last named. He was the father of 
 Hon. Denry D. Dement, Secretary of State of Illi- 
 nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at 
 Dixon, Jan. 16, 1883. 
 
 DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam 
 County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was 
 employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, 
 meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1854, and, in 1856, opened an office in Chi- 
 cago; is still in practice and has served as 
 President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and 
 the State Bar Association. 
 
 DES PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and 
 the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- 
 west from Chicago ; is a dairying region. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666. 
 
 DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois 
 River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, 
 after passing through Kenosha County, in that 
 State, and Lake County. 111., running nearly 
 parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan 
 through Cook County, finally unites with the 
 Kankakee, about 13 miles southwest of Joliet, by 
 
 its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois 
 River. Its length is about 150 miles. The 
 Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the 
 valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- 
 tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. 
 
 DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S., physician, alienist, 
 was born at Forest ville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after 
 receiving his primary education took a two years' 
 course in the literary and a three years' course in 
 the medical department of the Michigan Univer- 
 sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
 1869. He then began practice as House Physician 
 and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y T ., remaining for a year, after which he 
 visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary 
 methods, meanwhile spending six months in the 
 Prussian military service as Surgeon during the 
 Franco-Prussian War. After the close of the 
 war he took a brief course in the University of 
 Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he 
 was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- 
 cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at 
 Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- 
 intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 
 at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of 
 John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. 
 Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the 
 treatment of the insane has stood among the 
 highest of his class. 
 
 DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central 
 portion of the State ; has an area of 405 square 
 miles and a population (1900) of 18,972. The land 
 was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- 
 watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- 
 nent white settlers occupy this region. The first 
 to come were Felix Jones. Prettyman Marvel, 
 William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families 
 of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- 
 ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of 
 the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. 
 Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and 
 Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. 
 Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- 
 migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from 
 Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be 
 made. In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian 
 church were built at Waynesville. The county 
 was organized in 1839, and — with its capital 
 (Clinton) — was named after one of New Y r ork's 
 most distinguished Governors. It lies within the 
 great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt 
 Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is 
 rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. 
 Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois 
 Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 133 
 
 lation of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. 
 Both are railroad centers and have considerable 
 trade. 
 
 DE WOLF. Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, 
 was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. 18, 1815; 
 taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of 
 age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that 
 State; spent one year at a manual labor school 
 in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to 
 Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will 
 County, still later engaging in the same vocation 
 in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of 
 law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, 
 was admitted to practice. In 1851 he was 
 elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the 
 position for a quarter of a century, winning for 
 himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- 
 ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an 
 original abolitionist and his home is said to have 
 been one of the stations on the "underground 
 railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. 
 
 DEXTER, Wirt, lawyer, born at Dexter, Mich., 
 Oct. 25, 1831 ; was educated in the schools of his 
 native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, N. Y. 
 He was descended from a family of lawyers, his 
 grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- 
 tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the 
 Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. 
 Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- 
 sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable 
 attention at first to his father's extensive lumber 
 trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter 
 of the Government during the Civil War, and 
 was an active member of the Relief and Aid 
 Society after the fire of 1871. His entire profes- 
 sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years 
 before his death being in the service of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as 
 its general solicitor and member of the executive 
 committee of the Board of Directors. Died in 
 Chicago, May 20, 1890. 
 
 DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in 
 New York City, May 30, 1811; graduated from 
 Columbia College, read law and was admitted to 
 the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four 
 years later settled there, becoming one of its 
 most influential citizens. Upon the organization 
 of the County Court of Cook County in 1845, 
 Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- 
 ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh 
 Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan 
 opposition, serving until the expiration of his 
 term in 1853. He was prominently identified 
 with several important commercial enterprises, 
 was one of the founders of the Chicago Library 
 
 Association, and one of the first Trustees of the 
 Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy 
 Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his 
 residence in his native city, New York, where he 
 died, June 2, 1892. 
 
 DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, 
 the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- 
 ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- 
 moved to Illinois in 1834, settling at Macomb, 
 McDonough County, where he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, 
 where he resided three years, a part of the time 
 editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a 
 resident of Ottawa, and, at the opening of the 
 Mexican War, organized a company of volun- 
 teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 
 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was 
 mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois 
 Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned 
 Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- 
 paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his 
 commission and resumed the practice of his 
 profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the 
 State-at- large in opposition to John A. Logan, 
 and, in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- 
 tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United 
 States, resigning after eighteen months' service. 
 In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and, in 1874, was 
 made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, 
 he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. 
 McAllister, deceased ; was re-elected in 1879, and 
 died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. 
 
 DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as 
 the Christian Church and as "Campbellites," 
 having been founded by Alexander Campbell. 
 Many members settled in Illinois in the early 
 30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the 
 denomination soon began to flourish greatly 
 Any one was admitted to membership who made 
 what is termed a scriptural confession of faith 
 and was baptized by immersion. Alexander 
 Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of 
 much native ability, as well as a born conver- 
 sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in 
 numbers and influence in the State. The United 
 States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the 
 State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- 
 bership of 61,587, having 530 Sunday schools, with 
 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the 
 real property, which included 552 church edifices 
 ( with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson- 
 ages, was SI, 167,675. The denomination supports 
 Eureka College, with an attendance of between 
 
134 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued 
 at 8150,000. Total membership in the United 
 States, estimated at 750,000. 
 
 DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
 of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock 
 River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- 
 nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock 
 River furnishes abundant water power and the 
 manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- 
 tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth 
 factory, wagon factory; also has electric light 
 and power plant, three shoe factories, planing 
 mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are 
 two National and one State bank, eleven 
 churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In 
 schools the city particularly excels, having sev- 
 eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. 
 The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here 
 annually. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900), 7,917. 
 DIXON, John, pioneer — the first white settler 
 in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- 
 chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed 
 to New York City, where he was in business some 
 fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family 
 for the West, traveling by laud to Pittsburg, 
 and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having 
 disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed 
 out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity 
 of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy 
 Creek, some nine miles north of the present site 
 of that city. Here he remained some five years, 
 in that time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- 
 mon County Grand Jury. The new county of 
 Peoria having been established in 1825, he was 
 offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit 
 Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was 
 then called. Later he became contractor for 
 carrying the mail on the newly established route 
 between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- 
 vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a 
 French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to 
 take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards 
 known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the 
 lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and 
 the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- 
 breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. 
 Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his 
 family to this point in April, 1830. Here he 
 established friendly relations with the Indians, 
 and, duringthe Black Hawk War ,two years later, 
 was enabled to render valuable service to the 
 State. His station was for many years one of 
 the most important points in Northern Illinois, 
 and among the men of national reputation who 
 
 were entertained at different times at his home 
 may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid 
 ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson 
 Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln, 
 Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the 
 land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off 
 the town ; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature 
 a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in 
 1840, secured the removal of the land office from 
 Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate 
 from Lee County to the Republican State Con- 
 vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and, 
 although then considerably over 70 years o€ age, 
 spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- 
 coln, his presence producing much enthusiasm. 
 His death occurred, July 6, 1876. 
 
 DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, 
 was born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., 
 March 23, 1833; was educated in the common 
 schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago 
 and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870, 
 had become one of the most extensive concerns 
 of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out 
 of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- 
 lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, 
 although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an 
 importing business in many lines of goods used in 
 the grocery trade. Having become interested in 
 the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was 
 elected its President and has continued to act in 
 that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a 
 Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
 the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading 
 promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 
 1893 — being one of those who guaranteed the 
 $5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago 
 to assure the success of the enterprise. 
 
 DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, 
 on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & 
 Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of 
 Chicago; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, 
 churches and a graded school. Population (1880) 
 448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229. 
 
 DON'GOLA, a village in Union County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. 
 Population (1880), 599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681. 
 
 DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States 
 Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington 
 County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- 
 bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted 
 to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and 
 Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of 
 Wyoming County. X. Y.. in 1845, and in 1851 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 135 
 
 removed to Wisconsin; two years later was 
 elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and 
 the following year was elected as a Democratic- 
 Republican to the United States Senate, being 
 re-elected as a Republican in 18G3. Retiring 
 from public life in 1809, he afterwards resided 
 chiefly at Racine, Wis., though practicing in the 
 courts of Chicago. He was President of the 
 National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
 1866, and of the National Democratic Convention 
 of 1872 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace 
 Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I., 
 July 27, 1897. 
 
 DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of 
 Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H. , 
 March 22, 1822 ; began teaching at 17 years of age 
 and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; 
 then taught several years and, in 1854, was 
 offered and accepted the position of Superintend- 
 ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two 
 years later. Afterwards engaging in business, 
 he served as Vice-President and President of 
 the Board of Trade, President of the Com- 
 mercial Insurance Company and of the State 
 Savings Institution ; was a member of the State 
 Senate, 1868-72, and has been identified with 
 various benevolent organizations of the city of 
 Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec, 14, 1900. 
 
 DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, Slay 6, 
 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape 
 Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after 
 the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 
 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother 
 removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read 
 law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary 
 of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and 
 early attaining prominence as a successful 
 criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized 
 political leader, was elected as a member of the 
 House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) 
 and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in 
 1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
 latter body until the adoption of the Constitution 
 of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in 1858, 
 the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for 
 State Treasurer, as opposed to the Douglas wing 
 of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- 
 porter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 
 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- 
 large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
 and, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, 
 serving until June, 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, 
 Sept. 7, 1879. 
 
 DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway 
 President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton 
 County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three 
 years in his native city, then came west and 
 settled at Galena, 111., where he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he 
 removed to Chicago, and, the following year, 
 became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, with which he had been associated as 
 an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 
 he was a Director of the Company over twelve 
 years ; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again 
 for eighteen months in 1875-76, when he retired 
 permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak 
 of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well 
 as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, 
 March 25, 1891. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was 
 born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- 
 quence of the death of his father in infancy, 
 his early educational advantages were limited. 
 When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- 
 maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his 
 mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. 
 In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for 
 the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- 
 chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing 
 before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He 
 was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep 
 interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- 
 cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few 
 months later resigned this office to enter the 
 lower house of the Legislature, to which he was 
 elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for 
 Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his 
 Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of 
 State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, 
 elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was 
 elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in 
 the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- 
 tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being 
 re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was 
 rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 
 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham 
 Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- 
 ture. He was a candidate for the presidential 
 nomination before the Democratic National 
 Conventions of 1852 and '56. In 1860, after having 
 failed of a nomination for the Presidency at 
 Charleston, S. C, through the operation of the 
 "two thirds rule," he received the nomination 
 from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore 
 six weeks later — though not until the delegates 
 from nearly all the Southern States had with- 
 drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 
 
136 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 nat ing John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated 
 for the Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time 
 antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to 
 the incoming administration in its attitude 
 toward the seceded States, occupying a place of 
 honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the 
 capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As 
 politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had 
 few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in 
 expedients, ready in resources, earnest and 
 fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of 
 men." His shortness of stature, considered in 
 relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, 
 gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little 
 Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. 
 
 DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the 
 center of the State, embracing an area of 410 
 square miles and having a population (1900) of 
 19.097. The earliest land entry was made by 
 Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was 
 signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early 
 settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian, 
 who erected one of the first frame houses in 
 the' county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- 
 kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is 
 also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central 
 Railways. Douglas Count}' was organized in 
 1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in 
 honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States 
 Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- 
 cola was made the county-seat. It has been 
 visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but 
 is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a 
 population of 1,897. Other important towns are 
 Areola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which 
 was originally known as New Salem. 
 
 DOWSERS -GROVE, village, Du Page County, 
 on C, B. & Q. R. R., 21 miles south- southwest from 
 Chicago, incorporated 1873 ; has water- works, elec- 
 tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 960; (1900), 2,103. 
 
 DOWXIXG, Finis Ewing, ex-Congressman and 
 lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24, 
 1846; reared on a farm and educated in the public 
 and private schools of his native town; from 1805 
 was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, 
 when lie was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court 
 of Cass County, serving three successive terms; 
 read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
 ber, 1887. In August, 1891, he became interested 
 in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic 
 paper), which lie lias since conducted; was 
 elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, 
 and. in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- 
 fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by a 
 
 plurality of fort}- votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker, 
 the Republican nominee. A contest and recount 
 of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the 
 seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing 
 was the nominee of his party for Secretary of 
 State, but was defeated -with the rest of his ticket. 
 
 DRAKE, Francis Marion, soldier and Governor, 
 was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., 
 Dec. 30, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, 
 which his father founded; entered mercantile 
 life at 10 years of age ; crossed the plains to Cali- 
 fornia in 1852, had experience in Indian warfare 
 and, in 1859, established himself in business at 
 Unionville, Iowa ; served through the Civil War, 
 becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 
 1865 with the rank of Brigadier-General by 
 brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the 
 war, was admitted to the bar in 1866, subsequently 
 engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib- 
 buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake 
 University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 
 1895, serving until January, 1898. 
 
 DRAPER, Andrew Sloan, Id.. It., lawyer and 
 educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., 
 June 21, 1848 — being a descendant, in the eighth 
 generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, 
 who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. 
 Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where 
 he attended school, winning a scholarship in the 
 Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from 
 that institution in 1866. During the next four 
 years he was employed in teaching, part of the 
 time as an instructor at his alma mater ; but, in 
 1871, graduated from the Union College Law- 
 Department, when he began practice. The rank 
 he attained in the profession was indicated by 
 his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, 
 i me of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- 
 mission, upon which he served until the conclu- 
 sion of its labors in 1886. He had previously 
 served in the New Y'ork State Senate (1880) and. 
 in 1884. was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention, also serving as Chairman of the 
 Republican State Central Committee the same 
 year. After his return from Europe in 1886, he 
 served as State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion of New Y'ork until 1892, and, in 1889, and 
 again in 1890, was President of the National 
 Association of School Superintendents. Soon 
 after retiring from the State Superintendency in 
 New Y'ork, he was chosen Superintendent of 
 Public Schools for the city of Cleveland, Ohio, 
 remaining in that position until 1894, when lie 
 was elected President of the University of Illinois 
 at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 13^ 
 
 tration has been characterized by enterprise and 
 sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- 
 ity and prosperity of the institution. 
 
 DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at 
 Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 24, 1800; graduated from 
 Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia, 
 where he studied theology and was ordained a 
 minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 
 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector 
 of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 
 1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the 
 ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary 
 Todd in marriage. He died, March 25, 1865. 
 
 DRUMMOXD, Thomas, jurist, was born at 
 Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine. Oct. 16, 
 1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 
 1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1833. He settled at 
 Galena. 111., in 1835, and was a member of the 
 General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was 
 appointed United States District Judge for the 
 District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. 
 Upon the division of the State into two judicial 
 districts, in 1855, he was assigned to the North- 
 ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the 
 United States Circuit Court, and presided over 
 the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included 
 the States of Indiana. Illinois and Wisconsin. In 
 1884 — at the age of 75 — he resigned, living in 
 retirement until his death, which occurred at 
 Wheaton, 111, May 15, 1890. 
 
 DUBOIS, Jesse Kilgore, State Auditor, was 
 born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111., 
 near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. 
 Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The 
 latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, 
 and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, 
 had been a personal friend of General Harrison, 
 under whom he served in the Indian wars, 
 including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son 
 received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- 
 ington. Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was 
 elected to the General Assembly, serving in the 
 same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being 
 re-elected in 1836, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was 
 appointed by President Harrison Register of the 
 Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned, 
 giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 
 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce 
 in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- 
 lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, 
 and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was 
 nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 
 renominated in 1860 and elected both times. In 
 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of 
 his party for Governor, but was defeated by 
 General Oglesby, serving, however, on the 
 National Executive Committee of that year, and 
 as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. 
 Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22, 1876. 
 — Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was 
 born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851, 
 received a common-school and classical educa- 
 tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was 
 Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse 
 Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory 
 and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed 
 United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until 
 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the 
 Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the 
 admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became 
 one of the first United States Senators, his term 
 extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the 
 Idaho delegation in the National Republican 
 Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a 
 member of the National Republican Convention 
 at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body 
 with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since 
 cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver 
 Democrats. 
 
 DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil 
 engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24. 
 1830, received a liberal education and became a 
 civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, 
 and six years later was made Secretary and Chief 
 Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that 
 city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually 
 revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. 
 In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, 
 sappers and miners, but neither the State nor 
 Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon 
 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois 
 Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid 
 promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- 
 tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of 
 Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
 February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the 
 army, General Ducat returned to Chicago, 
 re-entering the insurance field and finally, after 
 holding various responsible positions, engaging 
 in general business in that line. In 1875 he was 
 entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State 
 militia, which he performed with signal success. 
 Died, at Downer's Grove, 111., Jan. 29, 1896. 
 
 DUELS AND ANTI-DUELUVG LAWS. Al 
 though a majority of the population of Illinois, 
 in Territorial days, came from Southern States 
 where the duel was widely regarded as the pp iper 
 
138 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mode for settling '•difficulties" of a personal 
 character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs 
 of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on 
 Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of 
 which either history or tradition has handed 
 down any account, is said to have occurred 
 between an English and a French officer at the 
 time of the surrender of Fort Chartres to the 
 British in 1765, and in connection with that 
 event. The officers are said to have fought with 
 small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, 
 when one of them was killed, but the name of 
 neither the victor nor the vanquished has come 
 down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, 
 who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer 
 History of Illinois," claimed to have received it 
 in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who 
 represented that he had seen the combat. 
 
 An affair of less doubtful authenticity has come 
 down to us in the history of the Territorial 
 period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it 
 finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- 
 Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 
 1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jc mes, 
 the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois 
 Country." The younger Jones is described as an 
 exceptionally brilliant young man who. having 
 studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 1808. Two 
 years later he became a candidate. for Represent- 
 ative from Randolph County in the Legislature 
 of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. 
 In the course of the canvass which resulted in 
 Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel 
 with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of 
 the Territorial Council from the same county, 
 and afterwards became Delegate in Congress 
 from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. 
 Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took 
 place on an island in the Mississippi between 
 Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second 
 was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia, who 
 appears also to have been a bitter enemy of Jones. 
 The discharge of a pistol in the hand of Jones 
 after the combatants had taken their places 
 preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the 
 question whether it was accidental or to be 
 regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the 
 latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his 
 adversary that the discharge was accidental, and 
 the generosity which he displayed led to expla- 
 nations that averted a final exchange of shots. 
 The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap 
 grew until it involved a large part of the com- 
 munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down 
 Jones in cold blood and without warning in 
 
 the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. 
 The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard 
 of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident 
 furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter 
 in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." 
 Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the 
 Go.vernor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a 
 stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in 
 which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- 
 nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, 
 were held to be guilty of murder. 
 
 Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a 
 duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a 
 noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one 
 Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- 
 time during the War of 1812, though no exact 
 dates are given. This affair took place on the 
 favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody 
 Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to 
 at a later day. by devotees of "the code" in Mis- 
 souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the 
 conflict." 
 
 The next affair of which history makes men- 
 tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, 
 in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between 
 two men named Alonzo Stuart and William 
 Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. 
 The managers of the affair for the principals are 
 said to have agreed that the guns should be loaded 
 with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the 
 secret but Bennett was not. When the order to 
 fire came, Bennett's gun proved to have been 
 loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, 
 expiring almost immediately. One report says 
 that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so 
 understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the 
 result. He and his two seconds were arrested for 
 murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to 
 Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. 
 Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. 
 Benton defending, the trial resulting in their 
 acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- 
 hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, 
 convicted and executed — Judge John Reynolds 
 (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing 
 sentence. 
 
 In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," 
 edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed 
 under the auspices of the Chicago Historical 
 Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates 
 an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while 
 "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- 
 tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. 
 Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders 
 of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 139 
 
 M Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates 
 (a Galena business man and captain of a packet 
 plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a 
 short communication for the paper reflecting on 
 the character of John Turney, a prominent law- 
 yer who had been a member of the House of 
 Representatives in 1828-30, from the District 
 composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, 
 Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties' Turney de- 
 manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave 
 up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take 
 any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett 
 to a duel, which was promptly accepted by Bart- 
 lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph 
 P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from 
 the Galena District. Bartlett's second was 
 William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." 
 (Warren was a prominent Union officer during 
 the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the 
 ground selected for the duel, in what was then 
 Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, 
 and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was 
 compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed 
 to Quincy, and was for a long time connected 
 with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" 
 
 During the session of the Twelfth General 
 Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic 
 Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- 
 self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. 
 John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative 
 from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party 
 in connection with the partisan reorganization 
 of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" 
 Hardin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. 
 Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and 
 J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with 
 the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- 
 ably to both parties." 
 
 It was during the same session that John A. 
 McClernand, then a young and fiery member 
 from Gallatin County — who had, two years 
 before, been appointed Secretary of State by 
 Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from 
 taking the office by an adverse decision of the 
 Supreme Court — indulged in a violent attack 
 upon the Whig members of the Court based upon 
 allegations afterwards shown to have been fur- 
 nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic 
 member of the same court. Smith having joined 
 his associates in a card denying the truth of the 
 charges, McClernand responded with the publi- 
 cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- 
 tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a 
 note from Smith which McClernand construed into 
 a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- 
 
 ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got 
 wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a 
 Springfield Justice of the Peace, which resulted 
 in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to 
 keep the peace, when he took his departure for 
 Chicago, and the "affair" ended. 
 
 An incident of greater historical interest than 
 all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in 
 which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln — the 
 former the State Auditor and the latter at that 
 time a young attorney at Springfield — were con- 
 cerned. A communication in doggerel verse had 
 appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing 
 the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the 
 editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the 
 author, and, in accordance with previous under- 
 standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- 
 dence, later coming to light, showed that the real 
 authors were Miss Mary Todd — who, a few months 
 later, became Mrs. Lincoln — and Miss Julia Jayne, 
 afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) 
 Shields, through John D. Whiteside, a former 
 State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the 
 offensive matter — the demand being presented to 
 Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where 
 Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- 
 ing to follow the affair through all its complicated 
 details — Shields having assumed that Lincoln was 
 the author without further investigation, and 
 Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless 
 the first demand was withdrawn — Lincoln named 
 Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted 
 Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords 
 as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within 
 three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. 
 The principals, with their "friends," met at the 
 appointed time and place (Sept. 22, 1842, opposite 
 the city of Alton); but, in the meantime, mutual 
 friends, having been apprised of what was going 
 on, also -appeared on the ground and brought 
 about explanations which averted an actual con- 
 flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing 
 about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of 
 Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene 
 County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. 
 Ewing and Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- 
 atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, 
 Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. 
 Out of this affair, within the next few days, 
 followed challenges from Shields to Butler and 
 Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were 
 accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part 
 of the challenging party to the conditions named 
 by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- 
 lay, no meeting actually took place. 
 
140 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Another affair which bore important results 
 without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the 
 session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. 
 The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson 
 Campbell — both Delegates from Jo Daviess 
 County, and both Democrats. Some sparring 
 between them over the question of suffrage for 
 naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation 
 from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the 
 Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation 
 that this was for the purpose of arranging the 
 preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on 
 hand before the appointed time, but their arrest 
 by the St. Louis authorities and putting them 
 under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them 
 an excuse for returning to their convention 
 duties without coming to actual hostilities — if 
 they had such intention. This was promptly 
 followed by the adoption in Convention of the 
 provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify- 
 ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either 
 as principal or second, from holding any office of 
 honor or profit in the State. 
 
 The last and principal affair of this kind of 
 historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois 
 was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that 
 in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after- 
 wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis 
 were concerned in February, 1850. During the 
 debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that 
 year. Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out 
 of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon 
 the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on 
 the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim f< >r 
 the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis 
 the credit of saving the day. Replying to these 
 claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the 
 Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- . 
 ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and 
 Kentucky troops. In doing si. In- declared that, 
 at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon. 
 when the Indiana regiment gave way, Davis's 
 regiment was not within a mile and a half of the 
 scene of action. This was construed by Davis as 
 a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge 
 which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who 
 named the soldier's weapon (the common army 
 musket), loaded with ball and buckshot, with 
 forty paces as the distance, with liberty to 
 advance up to ten — otherwise leaving the pre- 
 liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi- 
 dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be 
 intimidated, but was prepared to face death 
 itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his 
 comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- 
 
 ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis 
 to withdraw his challenge on condition that 
 Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a 
 clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi- 
 ment for what they actually did, but without dis- 
 avowing or retracting a single word he had 
 uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said 
 that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law 
 of Davis, having been apprised of what was on 
 foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting 
 by instituting legal proceedings the night before 
 it was to take place, though this was rendered 
 unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, 
 Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though 
 indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, 
 he was violently assailed by his political opponents 
 for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State 
 Constitution against dueling, especially when he 
 came to take the oath of office as Governor of 
 Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- 
 ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents 
 aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his 
 friends maintained that the act having been 
 performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, 
 he was technically not guilty of any violation of 
 the laws. 
 
 While the provision in the Constitution of 1848, 
 against dueling, was not re- incorporated in that 
 of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- 
 gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than 
 one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a 
 line not exceeding §3,000, upon any one who, as 
 principal or second, participates in a duel with a 
 deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal 
 or not, or who sends, carries or accepts a chal- 
 lenge: the law also provides that any one con- 
 victed of such offense shall be disqualified for 
 holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument, 
 either civil or military, under the Constitution or 
 laws of this State." Any person leaving the 
 State to send or receive a challenge is subject to 
 the same penalties as if the offense had been 
 committed witlnn the State ; and an}- person who 
 may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as 
 the result of an engagement made in this State to 
 fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction — when the 
 person so wounded dies within this State — is held 
 to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment 
 for the same. The publishing of any person as a 
 coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or 
 abusive language, for refusing to accept a chal- 
 lenge, is declared to be a crime punishable by 
 fine or imprisonment. 
 
 DUFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 141 
 
 County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the 
 country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his 
 time in teaching and as a farmer. The latter 
 year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, 
 where he began reading law, but suspended his 
 studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a 
 private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of 
 Franklin County, and. in the following year, was 
 admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected 
 Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- 
 elected in 1867, serving until 1878. He also 
 served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional 
 Convention of 1862 from the district composed of 
 Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a 
 zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in 
 calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in 
 August. 1864, to protest against the policy of the 
 Government in the prosecution of the war. 
 About the close of his last term upon the bench 
 (1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- 
 tinued to reside. In his later years he be- 
 came an Independent in politics, acting for 
 a time in cooperation with the friends of 
 temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint 
 resolution of the Legislature on a commission to 
 revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at 
 Tucson. Ariz., June 25, 1889. 
 
 DUNCAN, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- 
 ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 22, 1794; 
 emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously 
 served with distinction in the War of 1812, and 
 been pi - esented with a sword, by vote of Congress, 
 for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- 
 son. He was commissioned Major-General of 
 Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator 
 from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the 
 lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when 
 he resigned his seat to occupy the gubernatorial 
 chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He 
 was the author of the first free-school law, 
 adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con- 
 servative and consistent, and his administration 
 successful. He erected the first frame building 
 at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend 
 of Illinois College at that place. In his personal 
 character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, 
 although fearless in the expression of his convic- 
 tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor 
 in 1842, when he met with his first political 
 defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, 
 mourned by men of all parties. 
 
 DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- 
 kaskia, 111., April 14, 1809; served as a private in 
 the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black 
 Hawk War of 1832; also as First Lieutenant of 
 
 cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War 
 (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel 
 during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing 
 duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in 
 check. He was retired from active service in 
 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. 
 
 DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane 
 County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 
 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two 
 distinct corporations— East and West Dundee— 
 but is progressive and united in action. Dairy 
 farming is the principal industry of the adjacent 
 region, and the town has two large milk-con- 
 densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It has good 
 water power and there are flour and saw-mills, 
 besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, 
 two banks, six churches, a handsome high school 
 building, a public library and one weekly paper. 
 Population (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765. 
 
 DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of 
 Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, 
 N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in 
 the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years 
 later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- 
 tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to 
 the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the 
 next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' 
 Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the 
 first President, retiring five years later and re- 
 engaging in the mercantile business. While 
 Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the 
 Treasury, he was appointed National Bank 
 Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He 
 was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, 
 the Academy of Sciences, and an early member 
 of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 1893, 
 leaving a large estate. 
 
 DUNHAM, Ransom W., merchant and Con- 
 gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21, 
 1838 ; after graduating from the High School at 
 Springfield, Mass., in 1855, was connected with 
 the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed 
 from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- 
 tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- 
 pany, embarked in the grain and provision 
 commission business in that city, and, in 1882, 
 was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
 From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois 
 District in Congress, after the expiration of his 
 last term devoting his attention to his large 
 private business His death took place suddenly 
 at Springfield, Mass., August 19, 1896. 
 
 DUNLAP, Oeorge Lincoln, civil engineer and 
 Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick, 
 
142 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Maine, in 1838 ; studied mathematics and engineer- 
 ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several 
 years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the 
 New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 
 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on 
 what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 road, finally becoming its General Superintend- 
 ent, and, in fourteen years of his connection with 
 that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 
 1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal 
 & Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned 
 to Illinois and was actively connected with the 
 extension of the Wabash system until his retire- 
 ment a few years ago. 
 
 DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- 
 lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14, 
 1853 — the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known 
 "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist 
 in Champaign County and was one of the found- 
 ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family 
 having located at Savoy, Champaign County, 
 about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in 
 the University of Illinois, graduating in the 
 scientific department in 1875. Following in the 
 footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively 
 in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of 
 both President and Secretary of the State Horti 
 cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he 
 was elected as a Republican to the State Senate 
 for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, 
 and has been prominent in State legislation. 
 
 DUNLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was 
 born at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14, 1814; 
 coming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he 
 taught school the following winter ; then secured 
 a clerkship in Chicago, and later became book- 
 keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having 
 entered a body of Government land in the western 
 part of Cook County, he turned his attention to 
 farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- 
 ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture 
 and, in a few years, built up one of the most 
 extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was 
 chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the 
 following session, presided over the caucus which 
 resulted in the nomination and final election of 
 Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for 
 the first time. Politically an anti-slavery Demo- 
 crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the 
 Territories, while his house was one of the depots 
 of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- 
 chased a half-section of land near Champaign, 
 whither he removed, two years later, for the 
 
 prosecution of his nursery business. He was an 
 active member, for many years, of the State Agri- 
 cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the 
 scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial 
 University," which finally took form in the Uni- 
 versify of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to 
 his death he was the agricultural correspondent, 
 first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and 
 later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de 
 plume of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875. 
 
 DU PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named 
 for a river which flows through it. It adjoins 
 Cook County on the west and contains 340 square 
 miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The 
 county-seat was originally at Naperville, which 
 was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. 
 Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. 
 In 1869 the county government was removed to 
 Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, 
 where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, 
 early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson 
 (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce 
 Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns 
 are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville 
 (2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960), 
 and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are 
 largely populated by persons doing business in 
 Chicago. 
 
 DD (JUOIX, a city and railway junction in 
 Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a 
 foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, 
 salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, 
 creamery, coal mines, graded school, public 
 library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 
 4.052; (1900), 4,353; (1903, school census), 5,207. 
 
 DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress- 
 man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. 
 When five years old he accompanied his parents 
 to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his 
 early education. He entered the preparatory 
 department of Wabash College in 1872, and 
 graduated from the University of Indiana, at 
 Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence 
 in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, whei - e he 
 engaged in business. Always active in local 
 politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, 
 and again in 1892, Representative in Congress 
 from the Second District, retiring with the close 
 of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is 
 Treasiirer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com- 
 pany. 
 
 DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in 
 Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; 
 received a common-school and academic educa- 
 tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 143 
 
 lege in 1846. After practicing three years at 
 Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1850 and 
 engaged in mining, but three years later resumed 
 the practice of his profession while conducting a 
 mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen 
 to the California Legislature from Nevada 
 County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he 
 engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De 
 Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. 
 On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold 
 out his drug business and assisted in raising the 
 Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- 
 missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment 
 was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, 
 in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position 
 of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of 
 Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" 
 before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One 
 Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major 
 Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after 
 joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the 
 Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- 
 mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the 
 Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position 
 to the close of the war, meanwhile having been 
 brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed 
 on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was 
 mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and 
 took part in the grand review of the armies in 
 that city which marked the close of the war. 
 Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he 
 was elected County Clerk in the following 
 November, remaining in office four years. Sub- 
 sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- 
 officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter 
 re-elected — in 1884 and 1888. On the organization 
 of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 
 1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one 
 of the Trustees, retaining the position until his 
 death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by 
 President Harrison Assistant United States 
 Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on 
 a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo., March 
 30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high 
 degree, and, in 1872, was chosen Right Eminent 
 Commander of the Grand Commandery of the 
 State. 
 
 I) WIGHT, a prosperous city in Livingston 
 County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- 
 cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 
 miles east of Streator ; has two banks, two weekly 
 papers, six churches, five large warehouses, two 
 electric light plants, complete water-works sys- 
 tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a 
 
 rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight 
 has attained celebrity as the location of the first 
 of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of 
 the drink and morphine habit. Population 
 (1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not 
 include the floating population, which is 
 augmented by patients who receive treatment 
 at the "Keeley Institute." 
 
 DYER, Charles Volney, M.D., pioneer physi- 
 cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; 
 graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 
 1830; began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, 
 and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- 
 ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- 
 porter of the "underground railroad," and, in 
 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party 
 of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one 
 of the original incorporators of the North Chicago 
 Street Railway Company, and his name was 
 prominently identified with many local benevo- 
 lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a 
 suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. 
 
 EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in 
 La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, 
 at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural 
 and stock-raising district, and is an important 
 shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded 
 school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and 
 manufactories of plows, wagons and carriages. 
 Population (1880), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122. 
 
 EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish 
 ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 
 17, 1828, and accompanied his parents to Cale- 
 donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood 
 was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth 
 he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter 
 and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, 
 Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State 
 Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- 
 ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held 
 sundry local offices, and, in 1869, was appointed 
 by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State 
 Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State 
 Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the 
 Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth 
 and Thirtieth' General Assemblies. In 1873 he 
 was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
 Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive 
 chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. 
 In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for 
 the Presidency of the Senate, but was defeated 
 
\u 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. 
 He died while a member of the Senate, Sept 3, 
 1877. 
 
 EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the 
 most remarkable earthquakes in the history of 
 the Mississippi Valley began on the night of 
 November 16, 1811, continuing for several months 
 and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- 
 cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the 
 center of the earlier disturbance appears to have 
 been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- 
 ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through 
 a wide extent of country, especially in the 
 settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous 
 history states that, in the American Bottom, then 
 the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the 
 results were very perceptible. The walls of a 
 brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a 
 pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, 
 near Edwardsville, Madison County, were cracked 
 by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more 
 than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then 
 a young man of 23, living with his father's 
 family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- 
 ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My 
 Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all 
 sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out 
 of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently 
 fought, and it was supposed the Indians would 
 attack the settlements. Not one in the family 
 knew at that time it was an earthquake. The 
 next morning another shock made us acquainted 
 with it. . . . The cattle came running home 
 bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly 
 alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we 
 were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the 
 American Bottom many chimneys were thrown 
 down, and the church bell at Cahokia was 
 sounded by the agitation of the building. It is 
 said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- 
 kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to 
 the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that 
 time, but little is known of the effect of the con- 
 vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous 
 "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, 
 between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or 
 some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia 
 River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in 
 his "Pioneer History," "the water and white sand 
 were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." 
 
 EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo 
 Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi. 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It 
 
 is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad 
 and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has 
 a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill 
 and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. 
 It has also a bank, . two churches, good public 
 schools and a weekly newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 1,037; (1890), 1,069; (1900), 1,146. 
 
 EASTON, (Col.) Rufus, pioneer, founder of the 
 city of Alton; was born at Litchfield, Conn., 
 May 4. 1774; studied law and practiced two 
 years in Oneida County, N. Y. ; emigrated to St. 
 Louis in 1804, and was commissioned by President 
 Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, 
 and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, 
 in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate 
 in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the 
 organization of the State of Missouri (1821), was 
 appointed Attorney -General for the State, serving 
 until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, 
 Mo., July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection 
 with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the 
 fact that he was the founder of the present city 
 of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of 
 land of which he had obtained possession at the 
 mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the 
 town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, 
 prominently identified with the early history of 
 that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton 
 at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from 
 Alton, in the early " '20's." 
 
 EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair 
 County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- 
 rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of 
 twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, 
 and the leading commercial and manufacturing 
 point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include 
 rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and 
 glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, 
 breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The 
 city has eleven public and five parochial schools, 
 one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- 
 plied with banks and has one daily and four 
 weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 
 29,655; (1903, est ), 40,000. 
 
 EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
 The act for the establishment of this institution 
 passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many 
 cities offered inducements, by way of donations, 
 for the location of the new hospital, but the site 
 finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kan- 
 kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the 
 purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work 
 was begun in 1878 and the first patients received 
 in December, 1879. The plan of the institution 
 is, in many respects, unique. It comprises a 
 
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 CO 
 IX 
 
 1-3 
 H 
 
 O 
 
 
 a 
 5 
 
 DO 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 145 
 
 general building, three stories high, capable of 
 accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number 
 of detached buildings, technically termed cot- 
 tages, where various classes of insane patients may 
 be grouped and receive the particular treatment 
 best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans 
 were mainly worked out from suggestions by 
 Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary 
 of the Board of Public Charities, and have 
 attracted generally favorable comment both in 
 this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- 
 ings occupied for the various purposes of the 
 institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off 
 in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants 
 and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of 
 a flourishing village with numerous small parks 
 adorned with walks and drives. The counties 
 from which patients are received include Cook, 
 Champaign, Coles, Cumberland, De Witt, Doug- 
 las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee, 
 La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie 
 Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole 
 number of patients in 1898 was 2,200, while the 
 employes of all classes numbered 300. 
 
 EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
 institution designed to qualify teachers for giving 
 instruction in the public schools, located at 
 Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the 
 Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The 
 act appropriated §50,000 for the erection of build- 
 ings, to which additional appropriations were 
 added in 1897 and 1898, of §25,000 and §50,000, 
 respectively, with §56,216.72 contributed by the 
 city of Charleston, making a total of §181,216.72. 
 The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone 
 being laid on May 27 of that year. There was 
 delay in the progress of the work in consequence 
 of the failure of the contractors in December, 
 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and 
 practically completed early in 1899, with the 
 expectation that the institution would be opened 
 for the reception of students in September fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, 
 was born at North Amherst, Mass., Sept. 8, 1815; 
 became a printer's apprentice at 14, but later 
 spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. 
 Then, after a brief experience as an employe in 
 the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 
 18 he invested his patrimony of some §2,000 in 
 the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- 
 ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 
 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by- 
 way of Chicago, working for a time on "The 
 
 Peoria Register, " but soon after joined Benjamin 
 Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper, 
 "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at 
 Lowell, La Salle County. This scheme was 
 partially defeated by Lundy's early death, but, 
 after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- 
 tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication 
 of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of 
 Lundy's paper, using the printing press which 
 Warren had used in the office of "The Commer 
 cial Advertiser, "in Chicago, a year or so before. In 
 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, 
 the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was 
 issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," 
 in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, 
 in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." 
 After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. 
 Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago 
 Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, 
 but it reached only its fifth number when it was 
 discontinued for want of financial support. In 
 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
 United States Consul at Bristol, England, where 
 he remained eight years. On his return from 
 Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later 
 removing to May wood, a suburb of Chicago, 
 where he died, June. 14, 1883. During the latter 
 years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many 
 articles of great historical interest to the Chi- 
 cago press. (See Lundy, Benjamin, and Warren, 
 Hooper.) 
 
 EBERHART, John Frederick, educator and 
 real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County. 
 Pa., Jan. 21, 1829; commenced teaching at 16 
 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- 
 gheny College, at Meadville, soon after becoming 
 Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the 
 same State ; in 1855 came west by way of Chicago, 
 locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work; 
 a year later established "The Northwestern 
 Home and School Journal," which he published 
 three years, in the meantime establishing and 
 conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa 
 and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School 
 Commissioner of Cook County — a position which 
 was afterwards changed to County Superintend- 
 ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. 
 Eberhart was largely instrumental in the estab- 
 lishment of the Cook County Normal School. 
 Since retiring from office he has been engaged in 
 the real-estate business in Chicago. 
 
 ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and 
 President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was 
 born in Alsace, France (now Germany), brought 
 to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 
 
146 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- 
 kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the 
 Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards 
 serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard 
 cities. He finally established an extensive mill- 
 ing business in Chicago, in which he is now 
 engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the 
 National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, 
 in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving 
 four years and taking a prominent part in draft- 
 ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the 
 Thirty -sixth General Assembly. He has also been 
 prominent in connection with various financial 
 institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the 
 Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was 
 re-elected in 1895 and chosen President of the 
 Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- 
 ident in December, 1898. 
 
 EDBROOKE, Willoughby J., Supervising 
 Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 
 111., Sept. 3, 1843; brought up to the architectural 
 profession by his father and under the instruc- 
 tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor 
 Roche's administration he held the position of 
 Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 
 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the 
 Treasury Department at Washington, in that 
 capacity supervising the construction of Govern- 
 ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. 
 
 EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, 
 was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New 
 York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, 
 served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in 
 the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to 
 Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The 
 Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that 
 part of the State; was a Presidential Elector in 
 1*24, a Representative in the Second and Fif- 
 teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit 
 Judge in 1833, but resigned a few weeks later. 
 He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in 
 his "Reminiscences of the Early Bench and Bar 
 of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he 
 addressed the court, he elicited the most profound 
 attention. He was a sort of walking law library. 
 He never forgot anything that he ever knew, 
 whether law, poetry or belles lettres." Died, 
 June 29, 1849. 
 
 EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, 
 was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 
 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 
 1842 tn 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher 
 in that State, becoming Agent of the American 
 Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding 
 
 Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when 
 he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern 
 Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from 
 that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates 
 in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen 
 one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- 
 sionary Society by the General Conference of 
 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the 
 press, and, besides occasional sermons, published 
 two volumes of ' reminiscences and personal 
 sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of 
 the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of 
 Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York, City, Oct. 
 7, 1874. 
 
 EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was 
 born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- 
 lution, served as an officer in the British navy, 
 but married an American woman of great force 
 of character who sympathized strongly with the 
 patriot cause. Having become involved in the 
 desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife 
 had promised to assist in reaching the American 
 camp, he was compelled to flee. A f ter remaining 
 for a while in the American army, during which 
 he became the friend of General La Fayette, he 
 sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- 
 kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but 
 his wife succeeded in saving some §12,000 from 
 the wreck, with which she joined him two years 
 later. He engaged in business and became an 
 extensive land-owner, being credited, during 
 Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 
 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. 
 Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and 
 Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar 
 lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill 
 near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- 
 man named Paget, and became a large shipper of 
 flour at an early day to the Southern markets. 
 When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he 
 was appointed one of the Judges of the Common 
 Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued 
 for more than a quarter of a century. On the 
 establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the 
 Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one 
 of the members for St. Clair County — the Legis- 
 lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the 
 present State of Ohio, under the administration 
 of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a 
 Major-General of militia, retaining the office for 
 many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were 
 leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, 
 and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 
 . 1825, a reception was given at their house to the 
 distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 147 
 
 they had made more than forty years before. He 
 died at Kaskaskia, in 1832. Edgar County, in the 
 eastern part of the State, was named in honor of 
 General Edgar. He was Worshipful Master of 
 the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted 
 Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 
 1806. 
 
 EDGAR COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
 counties from north to south, lying on the east- 
 ern border of the State; was organized in 1823, 
 and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of 
 Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with 
 a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is 
 nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most 
 of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing 
 and stock-raising being the principal industries. 
 Generally, the soil is black to a considerable 
 depth, though at some points — especially adjoin- 
 ing the timber lands in the east — the soft, brown 
 clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of 
 the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found 
 in the northern portion, and some twenty-five 
 years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon 
 was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five 
 feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs 
 along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the 
 county-seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- 
 lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are 
 prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, 
 which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was 
 credited with a population of 900 in 1900. 
 
 EDINBURG, a village of Christian County, on 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks 
 and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, 
 though some coal is mined here. Population 
 (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. 
 
 EDSALL, James Kirtland, former Attorney 
 General, was born at Windham, Greene County, 
 N. Y., May 10, 1831. After passing through the 
 common-schools, he attended an academy at 
 Prattsville, N.Y. , supporting himself, meanwhile, 
 by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- 
 ville and Catskill, and was admitted to the bar at 
 Albany in 1852. The next two years lie spent in 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed 
 to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the 
 Legislature of that State in 1855, being a member 
 of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken 
 up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 
 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once 
 engaged in practice. In 1863 lie was elected 
 Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State 
 Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- 
 ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh 
 
 General Assembly. In 1872 he was elected 
 Attorney-General on the Republican ticket and 
 re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his 
 second term he took up his residence in Chicago, 
 where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- 
 tice of his profession, until his death, which 
 occurred, June 20, 1892. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The first step in the direction of the establish- 
 ment of a system of free schools for the region 
 now comprised within the State of Illinois was 
 taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 
 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the 
 mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- 
 tory. " This applied specifically to the region 
 northwest of the Ohio River, which had been 
 acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois 
 Country" by Col. George Rogers Clark, acting 
 under the auspices of the State of Virginia and 
 by authority received from its Governor, the 
 patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first 
 time established the present system of township 
 (or as it was then called, "rectangular") surveys, 
 devised by Capt. Thomas Hutchins, who became 
 the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as 
 the office was styled) of the United States under 
 the same act. Its important feature, in this con- 
 nection, was the provision "that there shall be 
 reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the 
 maintenance of public schools within the town- 
 ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" 
 being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 
 1796) was made in all subsequent acts for the sale 
 of public lands — the acts of July 23, 1787, and 
 June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in 
 each township, or fractional part of a township," 
 shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con- 
 tained in said ordinance" (i. e. , the act of 1785). 
 The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 
 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, 
 morality and knowledge being necessary for the 
 happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
 education shall forever be encouraged." The 
 reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and 
 subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling 
 act" passed by Congress, April 18, 1818, authoriz- 
 ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a 
 State Government, and was formally accepted by 
 the Convention which formed the first State 
 Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one 
 entii-e township (in addition to one previously 
 donated for the same purpose by act of Congress 
 in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 
 
148 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 together with three per cent of the net proceeds 
 of the sales of public lands within the State, "to 
 be appropriated by the Legislature of the State 
 for the encouragement of learning, of which one- 
 sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall 
 be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- 
 sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a 
 system of free public education in Illinois had its 
 inception in the first steps for the organization of 
 the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the 
 Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory 
 forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in 
 the preliminary steps for the organization of the 
 State Government. These several acts became 
 the basis of that permanent provision for the 
 encouragement of education known as the "town- 
 ship," "seminary" and "college or university" 
 funds. 
 
 Early Schools. — Previous to this, however, a 
 beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- 
 lish schools for the benefit of the children of the 
 pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught 
 the first American school within the territory of 
 Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, 
 followed by others in the next twenty years in 
 Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- 
 ties. Seeley's earliest successor was Francis 
 Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man 
 named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill 
 near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe 
 County. Among the teachers of a still later period 
 were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers 
 Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County 
 between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near 
 Edwardsville, in 1807, and John Messinger, a sur- 
 veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House 
 of Representatives. The latter taught in the 
 vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards 
 the site of Rev. John M. Peck*s Rock Spring 
 Seminary. The schools which existed during 
 this period, and for many years after the organi- 
 zation of the State Government, were necessarily 
 few, widely scattered and of a very primitive 
 character, receiving their support entirely by 
 subscription from their patrons. 
 
 First Free School Law and Sales of 
 School Lands. — It has been stated that the first 
 free school in the State was established at Upper 
 Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- 
 ing this claim was based upon the power granted 
 by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to 
 establish such schools there, which power was 
 never carried into effect. The first attempt to 
 establish a free-school system for the whole State 
 
 was made in January, 1825, in the passage of a 
 bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a 
 Congressman and Governor of the State. It 
 nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one 
 hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, 
 to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or 
 subscriptions for the support of schools. So 
 small was the aggregate revenue of the State at 
 that time (only a little over 860,000), that the 
 sum realized from this law would have been but 
 little more than §1,000 per year. It remained 
 practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, 
 when the State inaugurated the policy of selling 
 the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds 
 for the payment of current expenses. In this 
 way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- 
 tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, 
 realizing less than 860,000. The first sale of 
 township school lands took place in Greene 
 County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater 
 part of the school section in the heart of the 
 present city of Chicago was sold, producing 
 about $39,000. The average rate at which these 
 sales were made, up to 1882, was §3.78 per acre, 
 and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That 
 these lands have, in very few instances, produced 
 the results expected of them, was not so much 
 the fault of the system as of those selected to 
 administer it — whose bad judgment in premature 
 sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of 
 speculators, were the means, in many cases, of 
 squandering what might otherwise have furnished 
 a liberal provision for the support of public 
 schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. 
 Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University 
 of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 1885-86 — to which the writer is indebted for many 
 of the facts presented in this article — gives to 
 Chicago the credit of establishing the first free 
 schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed 
 in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. 
 Early Higher Institutions. — A movement 
 looking to the establishment of a higher institu- 
 tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which 
 Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by 
 the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at 
 Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- 
 rating the University of Indiana Territory to be 
 located at Vincennes. One provision of the act 
 authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu- 
 tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees 
 was promptly organized, with Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, 
 at its head ; but, beyond the erection of a building, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 149 
 
 little progress was made. Twenty-one years 
 later (1827) the first successful attempt to found 
 an advanced school was made by the indomitable 
 Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- 
 ment of his Theological Seminary and High 
 School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, 
 in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at 
 Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- 
 nary, established in 1828, two years later 
 expandeil into McKendree College, while instruc- 
 tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- 
 sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a 
 movement started by a band of young men at 
 Yale College in 1827 — these several institutions 
 being formally incorporated by the same act of 
 the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See.sketches of 
 these Institutions.) 
 
 Educational Conventions. — In 1833 there 
 was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the 
 first of a series of educational conventions, which 
 were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty 
 years, and whose history is remarkable for the 
 number of those participating in them who after- 
 wards gained distinction in State and National 
 history. At first these conventions were held at 
 the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them 
 were members of that body and State officers, 
 with a few other friends of education from the 
 ranks of professional or business men. At the 
 convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- 
 pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a 
 United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme 
 Court; Judge S. D. Lockwood, then of the Supreme 
 Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- 
 ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, 
 afterwards United States Senator and Secretary 
 of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, 
 the most notable writers in the State in their day, 
 besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, 
 Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy 
 and others, all prominent in their several depart- 
 ments. In a second convention at the same 
 place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, 
 Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin 
 were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- 
 fessional and literary men began to take a more 
 prominent part, although the members of the 
 Legislature were present in considerable force. 
 A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made 
 up largely of professional teachers and school 
 officers, with a few citizens of local prominence ; 
 and the same may be said of those held at Jack- 
 sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other 
 points. Various attempts were made to form 
 
 permanent educational societies, finally result- 
 ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the 
 "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years 
 later, took the name of the "State Teachers' 
 Association" — though an association of the same 
 name was organized in 1836 and continued in 
 existence several years. 
 
 State Superintendent and School Jour- 
 nals. — The appointment of a State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as 
 early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in 
 memorials and resolutions by educational conven- 
 tions, by the educational press, and in the State 
 Legislature; but it was not until February, 1854, 
 that an act was passed creating the office, when 
 the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by 
 Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until 
 his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common 
 School Advocate" was published for a year at 
 Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 
 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" 
 began publication at Springfield, but was discon- 
 tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 
 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This 
 was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- 
 master," which became the organ of the State 
 Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. 
 The State Teachers' Association has no official 
 organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is 
 the chief educational publication of the State. 
 
 Industrial Education. — In 1851 was insti- 
 tuted a movement which, although obstructed for 
 some time by partisan opposition, has been 
 followed by more far-reaching results, for the 
 country at large, than any single measure in the 
 history of education since the act of 1785 setting 
 apart one section in each township for the support 
 of public schools. This was the scheme formu- 
 lated by the late Prof. Jonathan B. Turner, of 
 Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific, 
 education for the agricultural, mechanical and 
 other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention 
 held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an 
 Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam 
 County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan 
 for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- 
 cated, from the outset, a "University for the 
 industrial classes in each of the States," by way 
 of supplementing the work which a "National 
 Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian 
 Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- 
 plish. The proposition attracted the attention 
 of persons interested in the cause of industrial 
 education in other States, especially in New 
 York and some of the New England States, and 
 
i50 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 received their hearty endorsement and cooper- 
 ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a 
 series of similar conventions held at Springfield, 
 June 8, 1852; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1852; Springfield, 
 Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at 
 which the scheme was still further elaborated. 
 At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an 
 organization was formed under the title of the 
 "Industrial League of the State of Illinois,"' with 
 a view to disseminating information, securing 
 more thorough organization on the part of friends 
 of the measure, and the employment of lecturers 
 to address the people of the State on the subject. 
 At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- 
 vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of 
 obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and 
 endow industrial institutions in each and every 
 State in the Union." It is worthy of note that 
 this resolution contains the central idea of the 
 act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- 
 ward, making appropriations of public lands for 
 the establishment and support of industrial 
 colleges in the several States, which act received 
 the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862— 
 a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- 
 dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State 
 was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, 
 Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late 
 Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, in behalf of the 
 objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its 
 session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, 
 adopted the resolutions commending the measure 
 and instructing the United States Senators from 
 Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to 
 give it their support. Though not specifically 
 contemplated at the outset of the movement, the 
 Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- 
 posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment 
 of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School 
 Department." which took form in the act passed 
 at the session of 185T, for the establishment of 
 the State Normal School at Normal. Although 
 delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- 
 trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other 
 States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands 
 received by the State as the result of this act 
 amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- 
 nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, 
 Jonathan Baldwin.) On the foundation thus 
 furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- 
 ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University'' 
 — now the University of Illinois — at Champaign, 
 to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- 
 tutions in as many States and Territories, based 
 upon the same general act of Congress. 
 
 Free-School System.— While there may be 
 said to have been a sort of free-school system in 
 existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was 
 limited to a few fortunate districts possessing 
 funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- 
 ated within their respective limits. The system 
 of free schools, as it now exists, based upon 
 general taxation for the creation of a permanent 
 school fund, had its origin in the act of that 
 year. As already shown, the office of State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction had been 
 created by act of the Legislature in February, 
 1854, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- 
 lary of the previous measure, giving to the people 
 a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided 
 an official for its administration. Since then 
 there have been many amendments of the school 
 law, but these have been generally in the direc- 
 tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- 
 out departure from the principle of securing 
 to all the children of the State the equal 
 privileges of a common-school education. The 
 development of the system began practically 
 about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a 
 century, the laws on the subject had grown 
 into a considerable volume, while the number- 
 less decisions, emanating from the office of the 
 State Superintendent in construction of these 
 laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. 
 
 The following comparative table of school 
 statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the 
 Reports of the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the 
 system in some of its more important features: 
 
 I860. 1896. 
 
 Population 1,711,951 (est.) 4,250,000 
 
 No. of Persona of School Age ( be- 
 
 tween6and21) •549.604 1,384.367 
 
 No. of Pupils enrolled «472.247 898.619 
 
 " School Districts 8.956 11,615 
 
 Public Schools 9.162 12.623 
 
 Graded " 294 l."7 
 
 Public High Schools 272 
 
 ■< School Houses built during 
 
 tlievear. 557 267 
 
 Whole No. of School Houses 8.221 12,632 
 
 No. of Male Teachers 8.223 7,057 
 
 Female Teachers 6,485 18,359 
 
 Whole No. of Teachers in Public 
 
 Schools 14,708 26.416 
 
 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male 
 
 Teachers S180.00 S300.00 
 
 Highest Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers 75.00 280.00 
 
 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male 
 
 Teachers 8.00 14.00 
 
 Lowest Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers... 4.00 10.00 
 
 Average Monthly Wages paid Male 
 
 Teachers 28.82 57.78 
 
 Average Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers 18.80 50.63 
 
 No. of Private Schools 500 2,619 
 
 No. of Pupils in Private Schools.... 29,204 139,969 
 Interest on State and County Funds 
 
 received »73,<50.38 J65.583.63 
 
 Amount of Income from Township 
 
 Funds 322,852.00 889,614.20 
 
 *Only white children were included In these statistics for 
 I860. 
 
o 
 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 151 
 
 I860. 1896. 
 Amount received from State Tax.. $ 690,000.00 J 1,000,000.00 
 " " " Special Dis- 
 trict Taxes 1,265,137.00 13,133,809.61 
 
 Amount received from Bonds dur- 
 ing the year 517,960.93 
 
 Total Amount received during the 
 
 year by School Districts 2,193,455,00 15,607,172.50 
 
 Amount paid Male Teachers 2,772,829.32 
 
 " •' Female " 7.186.105.67 
 
 Whole amount paid Teachers .... 1,542,211.00 9,958,934.99 
 Amount paid for new School 
 
 Houses 348,728.00 1,873,757.25 
 
 Amount paid for repairs and im- 
 provements 1,070.755.09 
 
 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24,837.00 154,836.64 
 
 ' " Apparatus 8,563.00 164,298.92 
 
 " " " Books for Dis- 
 trict Lihrarles 30.12400 13,664.97 
 
 Total Expenditures 2.269,868.00 14,614,627.31 
 
 Estimated value of School Property 13,304,892.00 42,780.267.00 
 
 " Libraries.. 377,819.00 
 
 " " " Apparatus 607,389.00 
 
 The sums annually disbursed for incidental 
 expenses on account of superintendence and the 
 cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- 
 lished, and partially or wholly supported by the 
 State, increase the total expenditures by some 
 §600,000 per annum. These higher institutions 
 include the Illinois State Normal University at 
 Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbon- 
 dale and the University of Illinois at Urbana ; to 
 which were addod by the Legislature, at its ses- 
 sion of 1890, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, 
 afterwards established at Charleston, and the 
 Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These 
 institutions, although under supervision of the 
 State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See 
 description of these institutions under their 
 several titles.) The normal schools — as their 
 names indicate — are primarily designed for the 
 training of teachers, although other classes of 
 pupils are admitted under certain conditions, 
 including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- 
 versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- 
 sics, the sciences, agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts. In addition to these the State supports four 
 other institutions of an educational rather than a 
 custodial character — viz. : the Institution for the 
 Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- 
 tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum 
 for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- 
 diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated 
 value of the property connected with these 
 several institutions, in addition to the value of 
 school property given in the preceding table, will 
 increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) 
 to §47,155,374.95, of which $4, 375, 107.95 repre- 
 sents property belonging to the institutions above 
 mentioned. 
 
 Powers and Duties of Superintendents 
 and Other School Officers.— Each county 
 elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose 
 duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- 
 tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and 
 
 instruct them in their respective duties, conduct 
 examinations of persons desiring to become 
 teachers, and exercise general supervision over 
 school affairs within his county. The subordi- 
 nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township 
 Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or — 
 in place of the latter in cities and villages — Boards 
 of Education. The two last named Boards have 
 power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- 
 vise the management of schools in districts. The 
 State Superintendent is entrusted with general 
 supervision of the common-school system of the 
 State, ami it is his duty to advise and assist 
 Count}' Superintendents, to visit State Charitable 
 institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, 
 school officers and others in regard to their rights 
 and duties under the general school code; to 
 decide controverted questions of school law, com- 
 ing to him by appeal from Count}' Superintend- 
 ents and others, and to make full and detailed 
 reports of the operations of his office to the 
 Governor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, 
 and is empowered to grant certificates of two 
 different grades to teachers — the higher grade to 
 be valid during the lifetime of the holder, and 
 the lower for two years. Certificates granted by 
 County Superintendents are also of two grades 
 and have a tenure of one and two years, respec- 
 tively, in the county where given. The conditions 
 for securing a certificate of the first (or two- 
 years') grade, require that the candidate shall be 
 of good moral character and qualified to teach 
 orthography, reading in English, penmanship, 
 arithmetic, modern geography, English grammar, 
 the elements of the natural sciences, the history 
 of the United States, physiology and the laws of 
 health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- 
 cate calls for examination in the branches just 
 enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- 
 ology and laws of health ; but teachers employed 
 exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- 
 ing, penmanship or other special branches, may 
 take examinations in these branches alone, but 
 are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they 
 have been examined. — County Boards are 
 empowered to establish County Normal Schools 
 for the education of teachers for the common 
 schools, and the management of such normal 
 schools is placed in the hands of a County Board 
 of Education, to consist of not less than five nor 
 more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman 
 of the County Board and the County Superin- 
 tendent of Schools shall lie ex-officio members. 
 
152 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Boards of Education and Directors may establish 
 kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote 
 of a majority of the voters of their districts), for 
 children between the ages of four and six years, 
 but the cost of supporting the same must be 
 defrayed by a special tax. — A compulsory pro- 
 vision of the School Law requires that each child, 
 between the ages of seven and fourteen years, 
 shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of 
 each year, unless otherwise instructed in the 
 elementary branches, or disqualified by physical 
 or mental disability. — Under the provisions of an 
 act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to 
 any office created by the general or special school 
 laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age 
 or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same 
 qualifications for the office as are prescribed for 
 men. (For list of incumbents in the office of 
 State Superintendent, see Superintendents of 
 Public Instruction. ) 
 
 EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier 
 and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 
 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- 
 leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the 
 latter in 1858; entered the Detroit Conference of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, 
 was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after 
 the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of 
 the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to 
 accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 
 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The 
 Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago, 
 and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, 
 became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every 
 four years thereafter to the present time. He 
 has also been a member of each General Confer- 
 ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical 
 Conference at London in 1881, and has held other 
 positions of prominence within the church. 
 
 EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the 
 age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- 
 tucky, where he received his primary education, 
 and studied law ; was admitted to the bar at Kas- 
 kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he 
 was the youngest brother) being then Territorial 
 Governor. During the next fourteen years he 
 resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, 
 anil, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- 
 ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to 
 abandon bis profession and engage in general 
 business, later becoming a resident of Upper 
 Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house 
 of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 
 and '60, the last time as a Republican; was State 
 
 Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig 
 candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to 
 Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He 
 served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- 
 cially interested in education and in public chari- 
 ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of 
 Shurtleff College, to which he was a most 
 munificent benefactor, and which conferred on 
 him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper 
 Alton, September, 1877. 
 
 EDWARDS, Jfinlan, Territorial Governor and 
 United States Senator, was born in Montgomery 
 County, Md., March 17, 1775; for a time had the 
 celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing 
 his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 
 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- 
 ing considerable money, he studied law and, step 
 by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of 
 Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed 
 him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
 This office he held until the admission of Illinois 
 as a State in 1818, when he was elected United 
 Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of 
 his first (the short) term. In 1826 he was elected 
 Governor of the State, his successful administra- 
 tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a 
 candidate for Congress, but was defeated by 
 Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and 
 incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic 
 tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, 
 at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of 
 cholera, the disease having been contracted 
 through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers 
 from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom 
 over the entire State. Two valuable volumes 
 bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- 
 respondence with man}' public men of his time, 
 have been published ; the first under the title of 
 "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards,*' 
 by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and 
 the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the 
 late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the 
 auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. — 
 Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian 
 Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 
 1809, the year his father became Territorial 
 Governor of Illinois: spent his boyhood at Kas- 
 kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was 
 educated at Transylvania University, graduating 
 in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister 
 of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- 
 ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when 
 he removed to Springfield. In 1836 he was 
 elected to the Legislature from Sangamon 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 153 
 
 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, 
 being one of the celebrated "Long Nine, - ' and 
 was influential in securing the removal of the 
 State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected 
 to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, 
 and again to the House in 1848; was also a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. 
 Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but 
 resigned on account of his change of politics 
 from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to 
 till the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- 
 ling. He served as Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- 
 son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by 
 President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- 
 sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, 
 since which time he remained in private life. He 
 is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian 
 Edwards'* (1870), which was prepared at the 
 request of the State Historical Society. Died, at 
 Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. — Benjamin Stevenson 
 (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. 
 Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., 
 June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 
 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following 
 year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently 
 became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- 
 tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected 
 Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but 
 within eighteen months resigned the position, 
 preferring the excitement and emoluments of 
 private practice to the dignity and scanty salary 
 attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a 
 citizen he was universally respected. Died, at 
 his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time 
 of his decease being President of the Illinois 
 State Bar Association. 
 
 EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex-Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- 
 ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with 
 his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began 
 life on a farm; later graduated at the State 
 Normal School, Bridge water, Mass., and from 
 the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- 
 ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil 
 Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer 
 on the Boston water works, then beginning a 
 career as a teacher which continued almost unin- 
 terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this 
 period he was connected with the Normal School 
 at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, 
 and the State Normal at the same place, coming 
 west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. 
 
 Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the 
 St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the 
 Presidency of the State Normal University, at 
 Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, 
 remaining fourteen years, accomplished his 
 greatest work and left his deepest impress upon 
 the educational system of the State by personal 
 contact with its teachers. The next nine years 
 were spent as pastor of the First Congregational 
 church at Princeton, when, after eighteen 
 months in the service of Knox College as Finan- 
 cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a 
 closer connection with the educational field by 
 his election to the office of State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, 
 having failed of a re-election, he soon after 
 assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University 
 at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- 
 pelled his retirement a year later, when he 
 removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) 
 his place of residence. 
 
 EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 eastern part of the State, between Richland and 
 White on the north and south, and Wabash and 
 Wayne on the east and west, and touching the 
 Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was 
 separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during 
 the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- 
 ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash 
 County. The surface is diversified by prairie 
 and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to 
 the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- 
 pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, 
 on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the 
 west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) 
 was the seat for holding the first county court, 
 in 1815, John Mcintosh, Seth Gard and William 
 Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present 
 county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by 
 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants 
 from England), in 1819, and settled largely by 
 their countrymen, but not incorporated until 
 1860. The area of the county is 220 square 
 miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, 
 with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is parti} - in 
 this county, though mostly in White. Edwards 
 County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards 
 the Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
 
 EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison 
 County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of 
 Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards; is on four 
 lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 
 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was 
 the home of some of the most prominent men in 
 the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 
 
154 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 wards, Coles, and others. It has pressed and 
 shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine 
 shops, banks, electric street railway, water-works, 
 schools, and churches. In a suburb of the city 
 (LeClaire) is a cooperative manufactory of sani- 
 tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large 
 business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, 
 one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890), 3,561 ; 
 (1900), 4,157; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. 
 
 EFFINGHAM, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Effingham County, 9 miles northeast from 
 St. Louis and 199 southwest of Chicago; has four 
 papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- 
 tory. Population (1890), 3,260; (1900), 3,774. 
 
 EFFINGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette 
 (and separately organized) in 1831 — named for 
 Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the 
 central portion of the State, 62 miles northeast of 
 St. Louis; has an area of 490 square miles and a 
 population (1900) of 20,465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon 
 and William I. Hawkins were the first County 
 Commissioners. Effingham, the county-seat, was 
 platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. 
 Messrs. Gillenwater, Hawkins and Brown were 
 among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- 
 way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- 
 raising are leading industries, wool being one of 
 the principal products. 
 
 EGAN, William Bradshaw, M.D., pioneer phy- 
 sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent 
 some time during his youth in the study of sur- 
 gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- 
 lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for 
 a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal 
 and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board 
 of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in 
 that State, later practicing in New York. In 
 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- 
 nized as a prominent physician; on July 4, 1836, 
 delivered the address at the breaking of ground 
 for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the 
 early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan 
 was owner of the block on which the Tremont 
 House stands, and erected a number of houses 
 there. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate 
 to the first Convention of that party, held at 
 Joliet in 1843; was elected Count}- Recorder in 
 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1853-54). Died, Oct. 27, 1860. 
 
 ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west 
 of Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- 
 paper Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606. 
 
 ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis, the 
 
 Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton 
 & Terre Haute Railroads; has a bank and one 
 newspaper; district argicultural. Population, 
 (1900). 1,445. 
 
 ELDRIDGE, Hamilton N., lawyer and soldier, 
 was born at South Williamstown, Mass., August, 
 1837 ; graduated at Williams College in the class 
 with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany 
 Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to 
 Chicago and began practice ; in 1862 assisted in 
 organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteers, of which he was elected 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year 
 being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- 
 tinguished himself at Arkansas Post, Chicka- 
 mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg. 
 winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, 
 but, after two years' service, was compelled to 
 retire on account of disability, being carried east 
 on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- 
 ciently to resume his profession, but died in 
 Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large 
 circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly 
 popular. 
 
 ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers 
 in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those 
 conducted in accordance with United States 
 laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under 
 State laws. 
 
 I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of 
 United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- 
 ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. 
 (United States Senators). The election of 
 United States Senators, while an act of the State 
 Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre- 
 scribed by the laws of the United States. These 
 make it the duty of the Legislature, on the second 
 Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- 
 ceding the expiration of the term for which any 
 Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to 
 elect his successor in the following manner: 
 Each House is required, on the day designated, in 
 open session and by the viva voce vote of each 
 member present, to name some person for United 
 States Senator, the result of the balloting to be 
 entered on the journals of the respective Houses. 
 At twelve o'clock (M.) on the day following the 
 day of election, the members of the two Houses 
 meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both 
 Houses are read. If it appears that the same 
 person has received a majority of all the votes in 
 each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, 
 however, no one has received such majority, or 
 if either House has failed to take proceedings as 
 required on the preceding day, then the members 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 155 
 
 of the two Houses, iu joint assembly, proceed to 
 ballot for Senator by viva voce vote of members 
 present. The person receiving a majority of all 
 the votes cast— a majority of the members of 
 both Houses being present and voting — is declared 
 elected; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed 
 at noon each legislative day of the session, and at 
 least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. 
 When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time 
 of the assembling of the Legislature, the same 
 rule prevails as to the time of holding an election 
 to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the 
 session, the Legislature is required to proceed to 
 an election on the second Tuesday after having 
 received official notice of such vacancy. The 
 tenure of a United States Senator for a full term 
 is six years — the regular term beginning with a 
 new Congress — the two Senators from each State 
 belonging to different "classes," so that their 
 terms expire alternately at periods of two and 
 four years from each other. — 2. (Presidential 
 Electors). The choice of Electors of President 
 and Vice-President is made by popular vote 
 taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the 
 first Monday in November. The date of such 
 election is fixed by act of Congress, being the 
 same as that for Congressman, although the State 
 Legislature prescribes the manner of conducting 
 it and making returns of the same. The number 
 of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators 
 and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it 
 was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- 
 eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to 
 elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the 
 second Monday of January after their election 
 (Act of Congress, 1887), to cast the vote of the 
 State — 3. (Members of Congress). The elec- 
 tion of Representatives in Congress is also held 
 under United States law, occurring biennially 
 (on the even years) simultaneously with the gen- 
 eral State election in November. Should Congress 
 select a different date for such election, it would 
 be the duty of the Legislature to recognize it by 
 a corresponding change in the State law relating 
 to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a 
 Congressman is two years, the election being by 
 Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the 
 case of Presidential Electors — the term of each 
 Representative for a full term beginning with a 
 new Congress, on the 1th of March of the odd 
 years following a general election. (See Con- 
 gressional Apportionment. ) 
 
 II. All officers under the State Government — 
 except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal 
 institutions or the heads of certain departments, 
 
 which are made appointive by the Governor— are 
 elected by popular vote. Apart from county 
 officers they consist of three classes : ( 1 ) Legisla- 
 tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial — which are 
 chosen at different times and for different periods. 
 1. (Legislature). Legislative officers consist of 
 Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections 
 held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
 November, biennially. The regular term of a 
 Senator (of whom there are fifty-one under the 
 present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five 
 (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being 
 chosen on the years in which a President and 
 Governor are elected, and the other twenty-six at 
 the intermediate period two years later. Thus. 
 one-half of each State Senate is composed of what 
 are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives 
 are elected biennially at the November election, 
 and hold office two years. The qualifications as 
 to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require 
 that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, 
 while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in 
 the House — the Constitution requiring that each 
 shall have been a resident of the State for five 
 years, and of the District for which he is chosen, 
 two years next preceding his election. (See 
 Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- 
 sentation.) — 2. (Executive Officers). The 
 officers constituting the Executive Department 
 include the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 and Attorney General. Each of these, except the 
 State Treasurer, holds office four years and — with 
 the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction — are elected at the 
 general election at which Presidential Electors 
 are chosen. The election of State Superintendent 
 occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that 
 of State Treasurer every two years coincidently 
 with the election of Governor and Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- 
 tive Officers.) In addition to the State officers 
 already named, three Trustees of the University 
 of Illinois are elected biennially at the general 
 election in November, each holding office for 
 six years. These trustees (nine in number), 
 with the Governor, President of the State Board 
 of Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of 
 the University of Illinois. — 3. (Judiciary). The 
 Judicial Department embraces Judges of the 
 Supreme, Circuit and County Courts, and such 
 other subordinate officials as may be connected 
 with the administration of justice. For the 
 
156 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 election of members of the Supreme Court the 
 State is divided into seven Districts, each of 
 which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for 
 a term of nine years. The elections in five of 
 these — the First, Second, Third, Sixth and 
 Seventh — occur on the first Monday in June every 
 ninth year from 1879, the last election having 
 occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the 
 other t vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine 
 years from 1876 and 1873, respectively — the last 
 election in the Fourth District having occurred 
 in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891. — 
 Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in 
 June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges 
 of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected 
 every six years at the November election. — Clerks 
 of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected 
 at the November election for six years, the last 
 election having occurred in 1896. Under the act 
 of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme 
 Court into one Grand Division, the number of 
 Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although 
 the Clerks elected in 1S96 remain in office and have 
 charge of the records of their several Divisions 
 until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The 
 Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- 
 field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday 
 of October, December, February, April and June. 
 
 (Other Officers), (a) Members of the State 
 Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- 
 sional District) are elective every four years at 
 the same time as Congressmen, (b) County 
 officers (except County Commissioners not under 
 township organization) hold office for four years 
 and are chosen at the November election as 
 follows: (1) At the general election at which 
 the Governor is chosen — Clerk of the Circuit 
 Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in 
 counties having a population of 60,000 or over), 
 Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- 
 mediate years — Sheriff, County Judge, Probate 
 Judge (in counties having a population of 70,000 
 and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- 
 ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of 
 Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- 
 ship organization a Board of County Commission- 
 ers is elected, one being chosen in November of 
 each year, and each holding office three years, 
 (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 
 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities accepting an 
 Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of 
 opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. 
 (See also Australian Ballot.) 
 
 ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See 
 Suffrage.) 
 
 EL(>I>", an important city of Northern Illinois, 
 in Kane Count} - , on Fox River and the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- 
 ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 
 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- 
 power and over fifty manufacturing establish- 
 ments, including the National Watch Factory and 
 the Cook Publishing Company, both among the 
 most extensive of their kind in the world; is also 
 a great dairy center with extensive creameries 
 and milk-condensing works. The quotations of 
 its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed 
 to all the great commercial centers and regulate 
 the prices of these commodities throughout the 
 country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- 
 nois) Hospital for the Insane, and lias a handsome 
 Government (postoffice) building, fine public 
 library and many handsome residences. It has 
 had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. 
 Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433. 
 
 ELGIN, JOLIET & EASTERN RAILWAY. The 
 main line of this road extends west from Dyer on 
 the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast 
 to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) 
 is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- 
 nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- 
 ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to 
 $13,799,630— more than §71,000 per mile. Its total 
 earnings in Illinois for the same year were $1,212,- 
 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, 
 81,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same 
 year, §48,876. Branch lines extend southerly 
 from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- 
 tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly 
 from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. 
 — (History). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- 
 way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the 
 Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to 
 Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 
 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions 
 from Joliet to Spaulding, 111. , and from Joliet to 
 McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company 
 purchased all the properties and franchises of the 
 Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the 
 Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies 
 (formerly operated under lease). The former of 
 these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened 
 in 1890. The system forms a belt line around 
 Chicago, intersecting all railroads "entering that 
 city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly 
 in the transportation of freight. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWX, the county-seat of Hardin 
 County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio 
 River, 44 miles above Paducah, Kv., and about 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 157 
 
 133 miles southeast of Belleville; lias a brick and 
 tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two 
 flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), G52; (1900), 668. 
 
 ELKHART, a town of Logan County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of 
 Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal 
 shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. 
 
 ELKIX, William F., pioneer and early legisla- 
 tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 
 1792, after spending several years in Ohio and 
 Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1825; 
 was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh 
 General Assemblies, being one of the "Long 
 Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was 
 appointed by his former colleague (Abraham 
 Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- 
 field, resigning in 1872. Died, in 1878. 
 
 ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at 
 Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years 
 (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature 
 of that State in 1851, and proving himself an 
 earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the 
 next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111. , 
 where he embarked in the banking business. 
 Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- 
 ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached 
 to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at 
 the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed 
 while bravely leading on his men. 
 
 ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- 
 sionary, was born in Keene, N. IL, July 14, 1793; 
 came to Illinois as a home missionary of the 
 Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served 
 for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and 
 Jacksonville, and was one of the influential 
 factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- 
 lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, 
 for some years, a private school for young ladies 
 at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- 
 sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still 
 maintained after a history of over sixty years. 
 Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- 
 ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind. , 
 finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 
 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. 
 In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- 
 ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological 
 Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first 
 victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics 
 ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He 
 came to Chicago at an early age, studied law, 
 
 and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised 
 a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became 
 famous for the perfection of its discipline and 
 drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. 
 In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to 
 Washington, going from there to New York, 
 where he recruited and organized a Zouave 
 regiment composed of firemen. He became its 
 Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- 
 dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- 
 worth observed that a Confederate flag was 
 flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. 
 Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before 
 he reached the street was shot and killed by 
 Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. 
 Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men He was the 
 first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 
 24, 1861. 
 
 ELMHURST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village 
 of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western 
 and 111. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; 
 is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- 
 tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, 
 electric light, water and sewerage systems, high 
 school, and churches. Pop. (1900), 1,728. 
 
 ELMWOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
 Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville 
 branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the 
 principal industries are coal-mining and corn and 
 tomato canning; has a bank and one newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582. 
 
 EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles 
 north of Blooniiugton, 33 miles east of Peoria, at 
 the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroads; in agricultural district; has 
 two national banks, three grain elevators, two 
 high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441; (1903, est.), 1,600. 
 EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign 
 County and runs southward through the counties 
 of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in 
 Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, 
 passing through Lawrence County, and entering 
 the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- 
 cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. 
 
 EMMERSOX, Charles, jurist, was bom at North 
 Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H. April 15, 1811; 
 came to Illinois in 1831, first settling at Jackson- 
 ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, 
 then studied law at Springfield, and, having been 
 admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life except 
 three years (1847-50) during which he resided at 
 Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 
 
158 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Legislature, and, in 1853, to the Circuit bench, 
 serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The 
 latter year he was a candidate for Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late 
 Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was 
 elected to the State Constitutional Convention, 
 but died in April, 1870, while the Convention was 
 still in session. 
 
 ENFIELD, a town of White County, at the 
 intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 
 miles west of Carmi; is the seat of Southern Illi- 
 nois College. The town also has a bank and one 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1890), 870; 
 (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. 
 
 ENGLISH, Joseph G., banker, was born at 
 Rising Sun, Ind., Dec. 17, 1820; lived for a time 
 at Perrysville and La Fayette in that State, finally 
 engaging in merchandising in the former; in 
 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed 
 a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile 
 business ; later conducted a private banking busi- 
 ness and, in 1863, established the First National 
 Bank, of which he has been President over twenty 
 years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- 
 ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State 
 Board of Equalization, and, for more than twenty 
 years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago 
 & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. 
 English, having practically retired from busi- 
 ness, is spending most of his time in the West. 
 
 ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at 
 Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1794, studied law, and, after spending 
 some years in Vermont, where he served as High 
 Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, 
 removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A 
 year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to 
 Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, 
 finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later at 
 St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land 
 in Madison County, 111., he remained there about 
 two years, when, in 1823, having received from 
 President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of 
 the newly established Land Office at Springfield, 
 he removed thither, making it his permanent 
 home. He was one of the original purchasers of 
 the land on which the city of Springfield now 
 stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies, John 
 Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in 
 laying out the town, to which they first gave the 
 name of Calhoun. Mr. Enos remained in office 
 through the administration of President John 
 Quincy Adams, but was removed by President 
 Jackson for political reasons, in 1829. Died, at 
 
 Springfield, April, 1832.— Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., 
 eldest son of Mr. Enos, was born in St. Charles, 
 Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 
 1852, and served by appointment of Justice 
 McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the 
 United States Circuit Court, being reappointed 
 by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 
 1867. — Zimri A. (Enos), another son, was born 
 Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield — has 
 served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the 
 city. — Julia R., a daughter, was born in Spring- 
 field, Dec. 20, 1832, is the widow of the late O. M. 
 Hatch, Secretary of State(1857-65). 
 
 EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 at Charleston, Clark Count)', Ind., Nov. 12, 
 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- 
 ville, studied law, and was admitted to th& 
 bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney 
 the same year; also served as a member 
 of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) 
 and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County, 
 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge 
 for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected 
 successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four 
 terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire 
 professional and official career his home has been 
 in Jacksonville. 
 
 EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on 
 the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & 
 Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of 
 Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the 
 county-seat of Gallatin County and market for 
 the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some 
 coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekly 
 paper is published here. Population (1880), 500; 
 (1890), 622; (1900), 898. 
 
 ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the 
 Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- 
 east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; 
 (1890), 535; (1900), 768. 
 
 EUREKA, the county -seat of Woodford County, 
 incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of 
 Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and 
 agricultural district. The principal mechanical 
 industry is a large canning factory. Besides 
 having good grammar and high schools, it is also 
 the seat of Eureka College, under the control of 
 the Christian denomination, in connection with 
 which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- 
 tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and 
 a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. 
 Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford 
 County in 1896, the change from Metamora being 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 159 
 
 due to the central location and more convenient 
 accessibility of the former from all parts of the 
 county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; 
 (1900), 1,661. 
 
 EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- 
 ford County, and chartered in 1855, distinctively 
 under the care and supervision of the "Christian" 
 or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary 
 aim of its founders was to prepare young men for 
 the ministry, while at the same time affording 
 facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 
 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been 
 steady. Besides a preparatory department and a 
 business school, the college maintains a collegiate 
 department (with classical and scientific courses) 
 and a theological school, the latter being designed 
 to fit young men for the ministry of the denomi- 
 nation. Both male and female matriculates are 
 received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen 
 professors and assistants, and an attendance of 
 some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom 
 ■ were females. The total value of the institution's 
 property is §144,000, which includes an endow- 
 ment of §45,000 and real estate valued at $85,000. 
 
 EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was 
 born in Philadelphia, Sept. 9, 1821 ; graduated 
 from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and, 
 in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, 
 removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where he 
 resided until his death. In 1856 he was elected 
 to the General Assembly and, in 1857, became 
 Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen 
 Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in March, 1878, 
 was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice 
 Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the 
 same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885, but 
 died in 1888, three years before the expiration of 
 his term. 
 
 EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution 
 under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- 
 tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- 
 hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in 
 the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory 
 studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The 
 number of pupils during the school year (1895-96) 
 was 133 — all young men. It has property valued 
 at $59,305. 
 
 EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in 
 Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; brought by his 
 father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to 
 Aurora, 111., where the latter finally became fore- 
 man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- 
 chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the 
 
 war. Since the war he has become most widely 
 known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- 
 ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and 
 subsequently to the Senate every four years from 
 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty 
 years of almost continuous service. He is a large 
 owner of real estate and has been prominently 
 connected with financial and other business 
 enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas 
 and Street Railway Companies ; also served with 
 the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governoi's 
 Cullom, Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. 
 
 EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice G., educator and re- 
 former, was born in Marshall County, III., Dec. 
 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted 
 the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, 
 which he filled for six years. He then became 
 President of Chad dock College at Quincy, but the 
 following year returned to pastoral work. In 
 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- 
 lege, where (1898) lie still remains. Dr. Evans is 
 a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- 
 ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; 
 has also produced a number of volumes on reli- 
 gious and moral questions. 
 
 EVANS, John, M.I'., physician and Governor, 
 was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- 
 try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at 
 Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., 
 but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at 
 Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the 
 establishment of the first insane hospital in In- 
 diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a 
 resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, 
 having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, 
 in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for 
 a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical 
 and Surgical Journal." He served as a member 
 of the Chicago City Council, became a successful 
 operator in real estate and in the promotion of 
 various railroad enterprises, and was one of the 
 founders of the Northwestern University, at 
 Evanston, serving as President of the Board of 
 Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of 
 the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, 
 and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, 
 from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment 
 of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con 
 tinuing in office until displaced by Andrew John- 
 son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading 
 factor in the construction of some of the most 
 important railroad lines in that section, including 
 the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was 
 for many years the President. He was also 
 
160 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 prominent in connection with educational and 
 church enterprises at Denver, which was his home 
 after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. 
 EVANSTON, a city of Cook County, situated 12 
 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads. The original town was incorporated 
 Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act 
 was passed hy the Legislature incorporating it as 
 a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On 
 Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town 
 adopted village organizations under the General 
 Village and City Incorporation Act of the same 
 year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- 
 tory to the village of Evanston have taken place 
 as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts 
 by petition ; in April, 1874, the village of North 
 Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the 
 electors of both corporations; in April, 1886, 
 there was another annexation of a small out-lying 
 district by petition; in February, 1892, the ques- 
 tion of the annexation of South Evanston was 
 submitted to the voters of both corporations and 
 adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of 
 organization under a city government was sub- 
 mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- 
 ration and decided in the affirmative, the first 
 city election taking place April 19, following. 
 The population of the original corporation of 
 Evanston, according to the census of 1890, was 
 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the 
 total population of the new city 15,967. Judged 
 by the census returns of 1900, the consolidated 
 city has had a healthy growth in the past 
 ten years, giving it, at the end of the 
 century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is 
 one of the most attractive residence cities in 
 Northern Illinois and famed for its educational 
 advantages. Besides having an admirable system 
 of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the 
 academic and theological departments of the 
 Northwestern University, the latter being known 
 as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has 
 well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and 
 electricity, and maintains its own system of 
 water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced 
 within the corporate limits under stringent 
 municipal ordinances, and the charter of the 
 Northwestern University forbidding the sale of 
 intoxicants within four miles of that institution. 
 As a consequence, it is certain to attract the 
 most desirable class of people, whether consisting 
 of those seeking permanent homes or simply 
 contemplating temporary residence for the sake 
 of educational advantages. 
 
 EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer 
 and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and 
 came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at 
 Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from 
 a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- 
 roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- 
 ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public 
 Moneys in the Land Office at Vaudalia, as con- 
 temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a 
 deposit of 81,000 by the robbery of the bank there. 
 He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia 
 at an early day, Colonel of the "Spy Battalion*' 
 during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian 
 Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs 
 and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- 
 tions held by him included Clerk of the House of 
 Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; 
 Representative from the counties composing the 
 Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- 
 bly (1830-31), when he also became Speakerof the 
 House; Senator from the same District in the 
 Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of whicl> 
 he was chosen President pro tempore. While 
 serving in this capacity he became ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- 
 nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a 
 seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- 
 ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor 
 to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to 
 Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen 
 days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. 
 Joseph Duncan, who had been elected in due 
 course at the previous election. A year later 
 (December, 1835) he was chosen United States 
 Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had 
 died in office. Failing of a re-election to the 
 Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House 
 of Representatives from his old district in 1838, 
 as he was again in 1840, at each session being 
 chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was 
 the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- 
 lature at the close of his term, we find him at the 
 beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in 
 his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before 
 the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed 
 Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James 
 Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the 
 office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. 
 His public career was as unique as it was remark- 
 able, in the number and character of the official 
 positions held by him within a period of twenty- 
 five years. 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers 
 under heads of "Governor,'" "Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor," etc.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 161 
 
 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS 
 CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth 
 of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, 
 by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- 
 cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- 
 tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, 
 the title was changed by the substitution of the 
 word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary 
 became a State institution. The fire of 1871 
 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State 
 erected another of brick, four stories in height, 
 at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, 
 Chicago. The institution receives patients from 
 all the counties of the State, the same receiving 
 board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- 
 sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The 
 number of patients on Dec. 1, 1897, was 160. In 
 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened 
 under legislative authority, which is under charge 
 of some eminent Chicago specialists. 
 
 FAIRBURY, an incorporated city of Livings- 
 ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- 
 tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, 
 sandstone, limestone, fire-clay and a micaceous 
 quartz are found in the neighborhood. The 
 town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills 
 and two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 
 2,140; (1890), 2,324; (1900), 2.187. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 
 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has 
 an extensive woolen factory and large flouring 
 and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers 
 and is an important fruit and grain-shipping 
 point. Population (1880), 1,391; (1890), 1,881; 
 (1900), 2,338. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest 
 from Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- 
 cultural; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, 
 stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one 
 weekly paper. Population (1890), 619; (1900), 928. 
 
 FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at 
 Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 
 1835; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 
 1848, and graduated from the State University 
 there in 1859, during a part of his university 
 course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal 
 church at Madison; was next Vice-President of 
 Gainesville University till 1861, when he was 
 ordained to the Methodist ministry and became 
 pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following 
 year iie was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- 
 
 second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted 
 in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which 
 he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- 
 dier-General. On his return to civil life he 
 became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice 
 re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of 
 the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the 
 Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became 
 Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was 
 elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the 
 editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the 
 church. He served as Regent of the University 
 of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has 
 been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State 
 Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of 
 two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- 
 plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. 
 Bishop Fallows has had supervision of Reformed 
 Episcopal Church work in the West and North- 
 west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic for the 
 Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, 
 and was Chairman of the General Committee of 
 the Educational Congress during the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 FARINA, a town of Fayette County, on the 
 Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
 29 miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and 
 fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the 
 section; the town has one newspaper. Popula- 
 tion (1890). 618; (1900), 693; (1903, est.), 800. 
 
 FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 
 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction 
 of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central 
 and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a 
 trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- 
 raising district, especially noted for rearing finely 
 bred horses. The city has banks, two news- 
 papers, churches of four denominations and good 
 schools, including a high school. Population 
 (1880), 1,289; (1890), 1,367; (1900), 1,664- 
 
 FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization 
 created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- 
 signed to encourage practical education among 
 farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- 
 tural resources of the State. Its membership 
 consists of three delegates from each county in 
 the State, elected annually by the Farmers' 
 Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed 
 by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 
 
162 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- 
 nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of 
 Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- 
 cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from 
 each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- 
 gates from the district at the annual meeting of 
 the organization. Annual meetings (between 
 Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, 
 which shall continue in session for not less than 
 three days. The topics for discussion are the 
 cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of 
 domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, 
 farm drainage, improvement of highways and 
 general farm management. The reports of the 
 annual meetings are printed by the State to the 
 number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being 
 placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable 
 quarters for the officers of the organization are 
 provided in the State capitol. 
 
 FARMINCJTON, a city and railroad center in 
 Fulton County, 12 miles north of Canton and 22 
 miles west of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined 
 here; there are also brick and tile factories, a 
 foundry, one steam flour-mill, and two cigar 
 manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for 
 grain and live-stock. The town has two banks 
 and two newspapers, five churches and a graded 
 school. Population (1S90), 1.375; (1903, est.), 2,103. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, Elon John, soldier, was born 
 at Green Oak, Livingston Count}', Mich., in 1837. 
 After completing a course in the public schools, 
 he entered the University of Michigan, but left 
 college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to 
 serve in the Quartermaster's department of the 
 army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration 
 of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter 
 and a carrier of mails between the haunts of 
 civilization and the then newly-discovered mines 
 at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was 
 commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of 
 the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle 
 was Colonel. (See Farnsworth, John Franklin.) 
 He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- 
 self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 
 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General 
 Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a 
 Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, 
 while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and 
 former Congressman, was born at Eaton, Canada 
 East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 
 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane 
 County, where he practiced law for many years, 
 making his home at St. Charles. He was elected 
 to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In 
 
 September of 1861, he was commissioned Colonel 
 of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and 
 was brevetted Brigadier-General in November, 
 1S62, but resigned, March 4, 1863, to take his seat 
 in Congress to which he had been elected the 
 November previous, by successive re-elections 
 serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of 
 his life were spent in Washington, where he died, 
 July 14, 1897. 
 
 FARWELL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and 
 United States Senator, was born at Painted Post, 
 N. Y., July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 1838, 
 and, for six years, was employed in surveying 
 and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real 
 estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He 
 was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected 
 in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- 
 ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers, in 
 the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; 
 Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook 
 County in 1868 ; and National Bank Examiner in 
 1869. In 1870 he was elected to Congress as a 
 Republican, was re-elected in 1872, but was 
 defeated in 1874, after a contest for the seat which 
 was carried into the House at Washington. 
 Again, in 1880, he was .returned to Congress, 
 making three full terms in that body. He also 
 served for several years as Chairman of the 
 Republican State Central Committee. After the 
 death of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887) 
 elected United States Senator, his term expiring 
 March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted 
 his attention to the immense mercantile busi- 
 ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. 
 
 FARWELL, John Villiers, merchant, was born 
 at Campbelltown, Steuben County, N. Y. , July 
 29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a common- 
 school education and, in 1838, removed with his 
 father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he 
 attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, 
 in 1845, came to Chicago without capital and 
 secured employment in the City Clerk's office, 
 then became a book-keeper in the dry- goods 
 establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still 
 later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus 
 received his bent towards a mercantile career, he 
 soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & 
 Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of S600 a year, but 
 was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of 
 the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co. , in 1860. 
 About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter 
 became associated with the concern and received 
 their mercantile training under the supervision 
 of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the firm 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 163 
 
 became J. V. Farwell & Co. , but, in 1891, the firm 
 was incorporated under the name of The J. V. 
 Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- 
 well, being a member. The subject of this sketch 
 has long been a prominent factor in religious 
 circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, and served as President of 
 the Chicago Branch of the United States 
 Christian Commission during the Civil War. 
 Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- 
 dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's 
 second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- 
 ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of 
 Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the 
 syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, 
 at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number 
 of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the 
 J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the 
 Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. 
 He was also prominent in the organization of the 
 Chicago Public Library, and a member of the 
 Union League, the Chicago Historical Society 
 and the Art Institute. 
 
 FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was 
 born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y., Jan. 
 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from 
 Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to 
 the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he 
 removed to Chicago, but the following year went 
 to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. 
 In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon 
 secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 
 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook 
 County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six 
 years. During this period he sat chiefly upon 
 the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, 
 presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his 
 second term he was a candidate for re-election as 
 a Republican, but was defeated with the re- 
 mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen 
 Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union 
 College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Law School), serving until June, 1893, when 
 he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles 
 south of the geographical center of the State ; 
 was organized in 1821, and named for the French 
 General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square 
 miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- 
 tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies 
 the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and 
 mining are the chief industries. The old, historic 
 "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound 
 emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. 
 Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town 
 
 is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of 
 county government (population, 2,144), stands 
 upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of 
 the Kaskaskia. From 1820 to 1839 it was the 
 State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns 
 are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- 
 ber, and St. Elmo. 
 
 FEEBLE-MIKDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM 
 FOR. This institution, originally established as 
 a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for 
 the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, 
 in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the 
 instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children." 
 Its success having been assured, the school was 
 placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and, 
 in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering 
 forty acres, was donated, and the erection of 
 buildings begun. The original plan provided for 
 a center building, with wings and a rear exten- 
 sion, to cost 8124,775. Besides a main or adminis- 
 tration building, the institution embraces a 
 school building and custodial hall, a hospital and 
 industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a 
 chapel has been added. It has control of 890 
 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- 
 poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- 
 tution. The remainder is used for the purposes 
 of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- 
 ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the 
 institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- 
 tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- 
 tions constantly on file for the admission of 
 others for whom there is no room. 
 
 FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of 
 the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and 
 Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, 
 Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Maynooth 
 College. He emigrated to the United States in 
 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once 
 appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- 
 let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of 
 the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where 
 he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was 
 consecrated. Bishop of Nashville, managing the 
 affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 
 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with 
 Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and 
 Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- 
 bishop. His administration has been conserva- 
 tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly 
 prospered under his rule. 
 
 FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- 
 tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; 
 started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending 
 some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 
 
164 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ran, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at 
 Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new 
 town. Later he became agent for school lands 
 and the State Bank, but failed financially in 
 1837, and returned to practice; resided several 
 years at Payson, Adams County, but returning 
 to Bloomington in 1855, was instrumental in 
 securing the location of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroad through that town, and was one of the 
 founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- 
 ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal 
 and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it 
 was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
 personal biography; in the campaign of 1860 he 
 served as Secretary of the Republican State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by 
 Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, 
 serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- 
 ous friend of the cause of industrial education, 
 and bore an important part in securing the 
 location of the State Normal University at Nor- 
 mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at 
 Bloomington, Jan. 25, 1887. 
 
 FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in 
 Glasgow, Scotland, August 4, 1815; learned the 
 printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his 
 youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's 
 productions and other works which now rank 
 among English classics. In 1834 he came to 
 America, finally locating in Chicago, where, 
 with various partners, he pursued the business of 
 a job printer continuously some fifty years — 
 being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was 
 killed by being run over by a railroad train at 
 Evanston, July 23, 1897. The establishment of 
 which he was so long the head is continued by 
 his sons. 
 
 FERIVWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- 
 cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- 
 minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. 
 
 FERRY, Elisha Peyre, politician, born in 
 Monroe, Mich., August 9, 1825; was educated in 
 his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort 
 Wayne, Ind., in 1845; removed to Waukegan, 
 111., the following year, served as Postmaster and, 
 in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket 
 for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of 
 Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- 
 missioner in 1861-63, Assistant Adjutant-General 
 on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, 
 and a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention of 1864. After the war he served as 
 direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 
 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington 
 
 Territory and, in 1872 and '76, Territorial Got- 
 ernor. On the admission of Washington as a 
 State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. 
 Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14, 1895. 
 
 FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in 
 Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in 
 Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, which 
 stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- 
 boats between Galena and its mouth. The name 
 originally given to it by early French explorers 
 was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), 
 which has since been corrupted into its present 
 form. 
 
 FICKLIX, Orlando B., lawyer and politician, 
 was born in Kentucky, Dec. 16, 1808, and 
 admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash 
 County, III, in March, 1830. In 1834 he was 
 elected to the lower house of the Ninth General 
 Assembly. After serving a term as State's 
 Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed 
 to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and 
 again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as 
 lie was for the last time in 1878. He was four 
 times elected to Congress, serving from 1813 to 
 '49, and from 1851 to '53 ; was Presidential Elector 
 in 1856, and candidate for the same position on 
 the Democratic ticket for the State-at- large in 
 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic 
 National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1862. Died, at Charleston, May 5, 1886. 
 
 FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and 
 Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the 
 time of its admission into the Union, locating in 
 Union County, which he represented in the Third, 
 Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the 
 first of these he was a prominent factor in the 
 ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County 
 and the seating of Shaw in his place, which 
 enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the 
 passage of a resolution submitting to the people 
 the question of calling a State Constitutional 
 Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary 
 of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in 
 office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- 
 can and through half the term of Governor 
 Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure 
 his removal in 1838 by the appointment of 
 John A. McC'lernand — the courts, however, 
 declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, 
 the Governor's act was made effective by the 
 confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- 
 las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas 
 held the office only to the following February, 
 when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 165 
 
 bench and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to 
 succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) 
 was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, 
 Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed 
 to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he 
 was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- 
 ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of 
 the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but 
 was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- 
 quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in 
 New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew 
 of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on 
 the bench of the United States District Court. 
 
 FIELD, Eugene, journalist, humorist and poet, 
 was born in St. Louis. Mo., Sept. 2, 1850. Left an 
 orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- 
 tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of 
 his literary training at Monson and Williamstown 
 in that State, completing his course at the State 
 University of Missouri. After an extended tour 
 through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- 
 istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on 
 "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city 
 editor. During the next ten years he was succes- 
 sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, 
 Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., 
 at the last named city being managing editor of 
 "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, 
 becoming a special writer for "The Chicago 
 News," his particular department for several 
 years being a pungent, witty column with the 
 caption, "Sharps and Flats." He wrote con- 
 siderable prose fiction and much poetry, among 
 the latter being successful translations of several 
 of Horace's Odes. As a poet, however, he was 
 best known through his short poems relating to 
 childhood and home, which strongly appealed to 
 the popular heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply 
 mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 
 1895. 
 
 FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was 
 born in Conway, Mass., in 183.5, and grew up on 
 a farm, receiving a common school and academic 
 education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a 
 mercantile career as clerk in a dry -goods store at 
 Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago 
 and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, 
 Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into 
 partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell 
 & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The 
 last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, 
 Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer 
 having retired in 1867, the firm was continued 
 under the name of Field, Leiter & Co., until 1881, 
 wnen Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since 
 
 known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of 
 the business of this great establishment is shown 
 by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted 
 before the fire to some 812.000,000 annually, in 
 1895 they aggregated 840.0(10,000. Mr. Field's 
 business career has been remarkable for its suc- 
 cess in a city famous for its successful business 
 men and the vastness of their commercial oper- 
 ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- 
 nating patron of important public enterprises, 
 some of his more conspicuous donations being the 
 gift of a tract of land valued at §300,000 and 
 $100,000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and 
 81,000,000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- 
 bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the 
 munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one 
 of the leading institutions of its kind in the 
 United States. Besides his mercantile interests, 
 Mr. Field has extensive interests in various finan- 
 cial and manufacturing enterprises, including 
 the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is 
 a Director. 
 
 FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 
 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who 
 was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and 
 worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a 
 private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and 
 was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- 
 son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, 
 disregarding the advice of family and friends, he 
 rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, 
 when about 25 years of age, he entered the Wes- 
 leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint 
 of hard work and frugality, while supporting 
 himself in part by manual labor, he secured a 
 diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of 
 law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a 
 practice which subsequently proved both success- 
 ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation 
 Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- 
 ney for McLean County in 1872, holding the latter 
 office, through re-election, until 1880, when he 
 was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- 
 second and Thirty-third General Assemblies. In 
 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on 
 the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated 
 by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, 
 though running in advance of the national and 
 the rest of the State ticket. 
 
 FINERTY, John F., ex-Congressman and 
 journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 
 10, 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 
 
166 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 under private tutors. At the age of 16 lie entered 
 the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming 
 to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 
 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth 
 New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having 
 removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The 
 Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 
 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- 
 zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- 
 American interest, which he continues to pub- 
 lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- 
 ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois 
 District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- 
 ning as an Independent Republican for re-election 
 in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. 
 In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- 
 cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, 
 giving his attention to editorial work on his 
 paper. 
 
 FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and 
 legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, 
 from which State he appears to have come to 
 Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very 
 prominent during the Territorial period; was 
 appointed by William Henry Harrison, then 
 Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of 
 Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; 
 was elected from that county to the Indiana 
 Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and 
 afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; 
 was also Representative in the First and Third 
 Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), 
 serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- 
 gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but 
 died on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. 
 Fisher participated in the organization of the 
 first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- 
 nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one 
 of its officers. 
 
 FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center 
 chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from 
 Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, 
 white fish (the latter species including a lake 
 herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, 
 three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The 
 "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so 
 called, (according to the census of 1890) con- 
 sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, 
 of which only one — a steamer of twenty-six tons 
 burthen — was credited to Illinois. The same 
 report showed a capital of 836,105 invested in 
 land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and 
 apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet"' 
 mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- 
 eties of craft are employed in the industry, 
 
 sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki 
 nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or 
 about nine per cent. All sorts of apparatus are 
 used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound 
 nets, and seines. The total value of these minor 
 Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was 
 nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 722.830 
 pounds, valued at between 824,000 and 825,000 
 Of this draught, the entire quantity was either 
 sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets, or 
 shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi 
 and its tributaries yield wall-eyed pike, pike 
 perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and 
 other species available for food. 
 
 FITHIAN, George W., ex-Congressman, was 
 born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. 
 His early education was obtained in the common 
 schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at 
 Mount Carmel. While employed at the case he 
 found time to study law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's 
 Attorney for Jasper County, and re elected in 
 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, 
 and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that 
 party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District 
 in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and 
 again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent. 
 
 FITHIAN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, 
 was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the 
 first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that 
 State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at 
 Urbana; later practiced two years at Mechanics- 
 burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of 
 his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at 
 Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a 
 large landowner; in 1832 served with the Ver- 
 milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, 
 and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the 
 Ninth General Assembly, the first of which 
 Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards 
 served two terms in the State Senate from the 
 Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was 
 active in promoting the railroad interests of 
 Danville, giving the right of way for railroad 
 purposes through a large body of land belonging 
 to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a 
 member of various medical associations, and, 
 during his later years, was the oldest practicing 
 physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., 
 April 5, 1890. 
 
 FLAGG, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- 
 mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in 
 Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was 
 known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 167 
 
 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he 
 became a zealous Republican on the organization 
 of that party, dying in 1857.— TVillard Cutting 
 (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- 
 son County, 111., Sept 10, 1829, spent his early life 
 on his father's farm and in the common schools; 
 from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated 
 high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, 
 finally graduating with honors at Yale College, 
 in 1854. During his college course he took a 
 number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, 
 served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary 
 Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- 
 ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged 
 extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, 
 being the first to introduce the Devon breed of 
 cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a 
 member of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1860 ; in 1862, by appointment of Gov. 
 Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison 
 County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue 
 for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and, in 1868, 
 was elected to the State Senate for a term of four 
 years, and, during the last session of Iris term 
 (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of 
 the school law ; was appointed a member of the 
 first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- 
 sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- 
 paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was 
 also prominent in agricultural and horticultural 
 organizations, serving as Secretary of the State 
 Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he 
 became its President. He was one of the origi- 
 nators of the "farmers' movement," served for 
 some time as President of "The State Farmers' 
 Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered 
 addresses in various States on agricultural and 
 horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected 
 President of the National Agricultural Congress. 
 In his later years" he was a recognized leader in 
 the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison 
 County. 111., April 5, 1878. 
 
 FLEMING, Robert K., pioneer printer, was 
 born in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' 
 trade in Pittsburg, and, coming west while quite 
 young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally 
 removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in 
 control of the office of "The Republican Advo- 
 cate," which had been established in 1823, by 
 Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The 
 Advocate" having been suspended, he revived it 
 in May, 1825. under the name of "The Kaskaskia 
 Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then 
 the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- 
 cation of "The Illinois Corrector," at Edwards- 
 
 ville. Two years later he returned to Kaskaskia 
 and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," 
 but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to 
 Belleville, where he commenced the publication 
 of '.'The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. 
 Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- 
 ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper 
 business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- 
 cate," whicli he continued for a number of years. 
 He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons 
 who have been prominently identified witli the 
 history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at 
 Belleville and elsewhere. 
 
 FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, 
 was born in Yirginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- 
 mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- 
 ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, 
 serving in the latter body six years. He was one 
 of the famous "Long Nine" which represented 
 Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the 
 House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, 
 in 1872. 
 
 FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay 
 County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles 
 south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, 
 flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three 
 fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 
 1,695; (1900), 2 311 ; (1903, est.), 3,000. 
 
 FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was 
 born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; 
 came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- 
 ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the 
 "English Settlement" at Albion, Edwards 
 County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he 
 built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- 
 sive farm with blooded animals from England 
 and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses 
 which dissipated his wealth. In common with 
 Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined 
 opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in 
 Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat that 
 measure. He and his wife died on the same day 
 (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at 
 Grayville, 111. A book written by him — "History 
 of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 
 111." — and published in 1882, is a valuable contri- 
 bution to the early history of that portion of the 
 State.— Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of tin- 
 preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, 
 but came with his father to Illinois in early life; 
 later he returned to England and spent nearly 
 half a century at Stratford-on-Avon, where he 
 
168 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was four times chosen Mayor of that borough 
 and entertained many visitors from the United 
 States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 
 26, 1883. 
 
 FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga 
 County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at 
 Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, 
 N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello 
 Female Seminary, then newly established at 
 Godfrey. 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- 
 cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, 
 Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, 
 remaining until 1866, when she retired. For 
 some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and 
 New Haven, Conn., but, in 1886, she removed to 
 Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her 
 home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- 
 taining a lively interest in educational and 
 benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New 
 Haven, Conn. 
 
 FOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
 in Baltimore, Md. , in 1823; was ordained a priest 
 in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- 
 cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General 
 in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of 
 the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- 
 ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated 
 Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was 
 prudent and eminently successful. As a man 
 and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and 
 classes alike, the State Legislature adopting 
 resolutions of respect and regret upon learning 
 of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 
 1879. 
 
 FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer 
 teacher, was born at Windham, Vt., July 26, 1797; 
 in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, 
 and, having removed to Newburg (now South 
 Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he 
 came west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- 
 veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in 
 the following year to Chicago, which then con- 
 tained only three white families outside of Fort 
 Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he 
 took up his abode in what was called the "sut- 
 ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was 
 appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, 
 and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- 
 cago, all but three of his pupils being either 
 half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as 
 a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County; later 
 preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside 
 now stands, subsequently becoming owner of 
 some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 
 
 1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at §20 per acre. In 
 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," 
 Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to 
 California, but, not being successful, returned 
 two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, hav- 
 ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up 
 his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his 
 occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again 
 returned to Chicago, but survived only a short 
 time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. 
 
 FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa. , and, in boy- 
 hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to 
 Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located 
 in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the 
 efforts and aid of his half-brother, George 
 Forquer, he obtained a professional education, 
 became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, 
 entered the field of politics. He served as a 
 Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part 
 of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again 
 commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena 
 circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench 
 of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the 
 following year to accept the nomination of his 
 party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was 
 regarded as upright in his general policy, but he 
 had a number of embarrassing questions to deal 
 with during his administration, one of these 
 being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to 
 receive the support of his own party. He was 
 author of a valuable 'History of Illinois," (pub- 
 lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria, in 
 greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The 
 State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a 
 monument over his grave. 
 
 FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, 
 was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- 
 ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has 
 an area of 490 square miles; population (1900), 
 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- 
 ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United 
 States Supreme Court) presided over the first 
 Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level 
 and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one 
 to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor 
 is there any out-cropping of stone. The county 
 is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- 
 seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890, of 
 2, 187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a 
 population of 1,800 
 
 FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, 
 was born in Tioga County, N. Y. , August 25, 
 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832. studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in New York in 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 169 
 
 1835, and in the Unit6d States Supreme Court in 
 1836; the latter year came west and settled at 
 Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 
 was elected to the State Senate for the district 
 composed of Fayette, Effingham, Clay and Rich- 
 land Counties, serving two years; before the 
 expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the 
 Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of 
 the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, 
 after participating in a number of the most 
 important engagements of the campaign, was 
 mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- 
 turning from the Mexican War, lie brought with 
 him and presented to the State of Illinois a 
 six-pound cannon, which had been captured by 
 Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, 
 and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. 
 In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential 
 Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic 
 ticket ; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- 
 ticed his profession until 1853, meanwhile serving 
 as Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment 
 of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of 
 State during the administration of Gov. John B. 
 Weller (1858-60); in 1861 officiated, by appoint- 
 ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- 
 sioner on the part of the State in fixing the 
 boundary between California and the Territory 
 of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he 
 was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California 
 Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving 
 about twenty months, when he resigned. In 
 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and 
 served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham 
 Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the 
 office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. 
 Later he returned to California, and, at the 
 latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that 
 State. 
 
 FORMAN, William S., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he 
 was four years old, his father's family removed to 
 Illinois, settling in Washington County, where 
 he has lived ever since. By profession he is a 
 lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, 
 local, State and National. He represented his 
 Senatorial District in the State Senate in the 
 Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
 blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to 
 represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the 
 Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and 
 again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- 
 nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at 
 the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- 
 
 phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the 
 "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, 
 receiving 8, 100 votes. 
 
 FOR0.UER, Georgre, early State officer, was 
 born near Brownsville, Pa., in 1794 — was the son 
 of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother 
 of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his 
 mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 
 1804. After learning, and, for several years, 
 following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he 
 returned to Illinois and purchased the tract 
 whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he 
 projected the town of Bridge water, on the Mis- 
 sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of 
 Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, 
 he took up the study of law, in which lie attained 
 marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre- 
 sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- 
 atives, but resigned in January of the following 
 year to accept the position of Secretary of State, 
 to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, 
 as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the 
 Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for 
 the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, 
 was the fact that they had been united in their 
 opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave 
 State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, 
 but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards 
 Governor. At the close of the year he resigned 
 the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks 
 later (January, 1829), he was elected by the 
 Legislature Attorney-General. This position he 
 held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- 
 ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been 
 chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, 
 serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- 
 blies. Before the close of his term as Senator 
 (1835), he received the appointment of Register 
 of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears 
 to have been the last office held by him, as he 
 died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a 
 man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- 
 quent orator and capable writer, but, in common 
 with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, 
 seems to have been much embarrassed by the 
 smallness of his income, in spite of his ability 
 and the fact that he was almost continually in 
 office. 
 
 FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at 
 the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria 
 and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable 
 grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago 
 market. The village has several churches and a 
 gradedschool. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952. 
 
170 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 FORREST, Joseph K. C, journalist, was born 
 in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820; came to Chicago 
 in 1840, soon after securing employment as a 
 writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, 
 "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of 
 "The Tribune," being associated with the latter 
 at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. 
 During the early years of his residence in Chi- 
 cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. 
 On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the 
 associate of John Wentworth in the management 
 of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which 
 was broken up by the consolidation of the latter 
 with "The Tribune," in 1801. He then became 
 the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune," 
 also holding a position on the staff of Governor 
 Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis 
 Democrat" and "Chicago Times, " as Washington 
 correspondent ; assisted in founding "The Chicago 
 Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, 
 some years later, became a leading writer upon 
 the same. He served one term as Clerk of the 
 city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to 
 the period of his death, was a leading contributor 
 to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" 
 over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now 
 or Never." Died, in Chicago, June 23, 1896. 
 
 FORRESTOJf, a village in Ogle County, the 
 terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and 
 point of intersection of the Illinois Central and 
 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 
 miles west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles 
 south of Freeport; founded in 1854, incorporated 
 by special charter in 1868, and, under the general 
 law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the 
 principal industries. The village has a bank, 
 water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- 
 lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. 
 
 FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex Congressman, was 
 born at New Richmond, Ohio, May 24, 1830; 
 received his early education in the common 
 schools, and at Asbury University. He was 
 reared upon a farm and followed farming as his 
 life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he 
 served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In 
 politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, 
 and was chosen President of the Illinois State 
 Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 
 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was 
 elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, 
 though receiving the nominations of the com- 
 bined Republican and Greenback parties, was 
 defeated by Samuel W Moulton, Democrat. 
 
 FORT, (ireenbury L., soldier and Congress- 
 man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, 
 removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 lie 
 was elected Sheriff of Putnam County; in 1852. 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- 
 while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became 
 County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In 
 April of the latter year he enlisted under the first 
 call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till 
 March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of 
 his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of 
 the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the 
 Sea," and was mustered out with the rank ol 
 Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his 
 return from the field, he was elected to the State 
 Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
 sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, 
 as Representative in Congress. He died, at 
 Lacon, June 13, 1883. 
 
 FORT CHARTRES, a strong fortification 
 erected by the French in 1718, on the American 
 Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. 
 The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the 
 limestone of which its walls were built was 
 quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was 
 an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three 
 sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on 
 the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- 
 time, was full of water. During the period of 
 French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was 
 the seat of government. About four miles east 
 soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher 
 (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher.) At 
 the outbreak of the French and Indian War 
 (1756), the original fortification was repaired and 
 virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti 
 mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French 
 crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the 
 British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of 
 government until 1772, when one side of the 
 fortification was washed away by a freshet, and 
 headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia 
 The first common law court ever held in the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by 
 the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English 
 army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the 
 northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- 
 stituted an object of no little interest to anti- 
 quarians, but the site has disappeared during the 
 past generation by the encroachments of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United 
 States military post, established at the mouth of 
 the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of 
 land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in 
 
fit 13 
 
 =■■3 -f — 
 
 ■ira^SK 
 
 EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. 
 
EARLY HISTORIC SCENES. CHICAGO. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 171 
 
 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General 
 Wayne in 1795. It originally consisted of two 
 block houses located at opposite angles (north- 
 west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade, 
 with the Commandant's quarters on the east side 
 of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, 
 officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, 
 contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- 
 house on the north — all the buildings being con- 
 structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, 
 being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- 
 ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. 
 Its builder and first commander was Capt. John 
 Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered 
 with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who 
 subsequently became an American citizen, and 
 served with distinction throughout the War of 
 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. 
 Nathan Heald. As early as 1800 the Indians 
 around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, 
 Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open 
 armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- 
 mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. 
 Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to 
 join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. 
 In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack 
 upon the United States troops under Gen. 
 William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In 
 April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared 
 in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the 
 settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites 
 sought refuge within the stockade. Within two 
 months after the declaration of war against 
 England, in 1812, orders were issued for the 
 evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of 
 the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that 
 tune numbered about 70, including officers, a 
 large number of the troops being ill. Almost 
 simultaneously with the order for evacuation 
 appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- 
 tribution of the goods, to which they claimed 
 they were entitled under treaty stipulations. 
 Knowing that he had but about forty men able 
 to fight and that his march would be sadly 
 hindered by the care of about a dozen women and 
 twenty children, the commandant hesitated. 
 The Pottawatomies, through whose country he 
 would have to pass, had always been friendly, and 
 he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 
 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. 
 Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, 
 Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of 
 these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who 
 had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, 
 and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous, 
 
 he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous 
 departure before the Indians had time to agree 
 upon a line of action. But Captain Heald 
 decided to distribute the stores among the sav- 
 ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly 
 escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines 
 readily assented, believing that thereby all the 
 whisky and ammunition which they knew to be 
 within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. 
 Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at 
 Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with 
 a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. 
 He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the 
 height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- 
 powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied 
 the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. 
 This was the signal for war. Black Partridge 
 claimed he could no longer restrain his young 
 braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was 
 resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. 
 On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort 
 were opened and the evacuation began. A band 
 of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under 
 the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted 
 and, within a mile and a half from the fort, 
 began the sickening scene of carnage known as 
 the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 
 Indians participated, their loss being less than 
 twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first 
 exchange of shots. With but four exceptions 
 the wounded white prisoners were dispatched 
 with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those 
 not wounded were scattered among various tribes. 
 The next day the fort with its stockade was 
 burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) 
 the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. 
 The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- 
 racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and 
 provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- 
 ade, and protected by bastions at two of its 
 angles. It was again evacuated in 1828 and 
 re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once 
 more withdrawn in 1831, to return the following 
 year during the Black Hawk War. The final 
 evacuation occurred in 1836. 
 
 FORT (JAGE, situated on the eastern bluffs of 
 the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- 
 kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the 
 British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square 
 timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 
 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was 
 captured by a detachment of American troops 
 commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who 
 held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, 
 with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretlv 
 
172 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvania!} who 
 happened to be within, and the commandant, 
 Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping 
 with his wife by his side. 
 
 FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. 
 George Rogers Clark, under instructions from 
 the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on 
 the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth 
 of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all 
 adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- 
 grate thither and settle, either with or without 
 their families. Many accepted the offer, and 
 a considerable colony was established there. 
 Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- 
 ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, 
 the colony was scattered, many families going to 
 Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, 
 erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, 
 in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the 
 post St. Clair's army, which had been badly 
 weakened through desertious, was cut to pieces 
 by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- 
 doned. 
 
 FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, 
 erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles 
 from its mouth, in what is now Massac. County. 
 It was the first fortification (except Fort St. 
 Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating 
 Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of 
 the name is uncertain. The best authorities are 
 of the opinion that it was so called in honor of 
 the engineer who superintended its construction ; 
 by others it has been traced to the name of the 
 French Minister of Marine; others assert that it 
 is a corruption of the word "Massacre," a name 
 given to the locality because of the massacre 
 there of a large number of French soldiers by the 
 Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it 
 as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by 
 the French until after the evacuation of the 
 country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. 
 It later became a sort of depot for American 
 settlers, a few families constantly residing within 
 and around the fortification. At a very early 
 day a military road was laid out from the fort to 
 Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as 
 milestones, the number of miles being cut with 
 irons and painted red. After, the close of the 
 Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- 
 ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by 
 way of defense against inroads by the Spaniards. 
 With the cession of Louisiana to the United 
 States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never 
 re-garrisoned. According to the "American 
 State Papers," during the period of the French 
 
 occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary 
 station and a trading post. 
 
 FORT SACKVILLE, a British fortification, 
 erected in 1769, on the Wabash River a short 
 distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, 
 with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 
 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and 
 was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, 
 with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois 
 French. In December, 1778, Helm and one 
 private alone occupied the fort and surrendered 
 to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who 
 led a force into the country around Vincennes. 
 
 FORT SHERIDAN, United States Military 
 Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division 
 of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 24 miles 
 north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent 
 on the south. ) Population (1890), 451 ; (1900), 1,575. 
 
 FORT ST. LOUIS, a French fortification on a 
 rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which 
 consists of an isolated cliff on the soutli side of 
 the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La 
 Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 
 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an 
 area of about three-fourths of an acre. The side 
 facing the river is nearly perpendicular and, in 
 natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. 
 Here, in the fall of 1682, La Salle and Tonty 
 began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- 
 works, palisades, store-houses and a block house, 
 which also served as a dwelling and trading past. 
 A windlass drew water from the river, and two 
 small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- 
 prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated 
 by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering 
 place for the surrounding tribes, especially the 
 Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded 
 as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who 
 was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- 
 placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while 
 plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting 
 off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack 
 him. La Salle left the fort in 1683, to return to 
 France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a 
 military post, though it continued to be a trad- 
 ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the 
 Indians and burned. (See La Salic.) 
 
 FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 
 (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway.) 
 
 FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
 New York, Chicago & St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely 
 related in interest to the works of the mound- 
 builders in Illinois — though, probably, owingtheir 
 origin to another era and an entirely different 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 173 
 
 race — are those works which bear evidence of 
 having been constructed for purposes of defense 
 at some period anterior to the arrival of white 
 men in the country. While there are no works 
 in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those'to 
 which have been given the names of "Fort 
 Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" 
 on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" 
 on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are 
 a number whose form of construction shows that 
 they must have been intended for warlike pur- 
 poses, and that they were formidable of their 
 kind and for the period in which they were con- 
 structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, 
 while La Salle County is the seat of the first 
 fortification constructed by the French in Illinois 
 that can be said to have had a sort of permanent 
 character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starved Rock), 
 it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric 
 fortifications, whose remains are in such a state 
 of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than 
 any other section of the State of equal area. One 
 of the most formidable of these fortifications is 
 on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth 
 of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of 
 Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided 
 natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines 
 of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- 
 able engineering skill. From the size of the trees 
 within this work and other evidences, its age has 
 been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On 
 the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the 
 rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, 
 another work of considerable strength existed. 
 It is also said that the American Fur Company 
 had an earthwork here for the protection of its 
 trading station, erected about 1816 or '18, and 
 consequently belonging to the present century. 
 Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- 
 line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has 
 not been positively determined, about half a mile 
 south of the former, has been traced in recent 
 times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of 
 Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said 
 to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the 
 opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, 
 which belonged practically to the same era as the 
 latter. — There are two points in Southern Illinois 
 where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- 
 tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been 
 given. One of these is a hill overlooking the 
 Saline River in the southern part of Saline 
 County, where there is a wall or breastwork five 
 feet in height enclosing an area of less than an 
 acre in extent. The other is on the west side of 
 
 Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast- 
 work has been constructed by loosely piling up 
 the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with 
 vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the 
 creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek 
 below the fortified ridge. — The remains of an old 
 Indian fortification were found by early settlers 
 of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town 
 Timber," about 1822 to 1825. It was believed 
 then that it had been occupied by the Indians 
 during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians 
 was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 
 1812; though this is improbable in view of the 
 absence of any historical mention of the fact. 
 Judge H. W. Beckwith, w T ho examined its site in 
 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back 
 as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the 
 Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- 
 kaskia. There was also a tradition that there 
 had been a French mission at this point. — One of 
 the most interesting stories of early fortifications 
 in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old 
 citizen of Chicago, in a paper contributed to the 
 Chicago Historical Society. Although the work 
 alluded to by him was evidently constructed after 
 the arrival of the French in the country, the 
 exact period to which it belongs is in doubt. 
 According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated 
 ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the 
 western part of Cook County. He says: "I first 
 saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in 
 company with other persons, some of whom are 
 still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- 
 ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It 
 seems probable that it was the work of French 
 traders or explorers, as there were trees a century 
 old growing in its environs. It was evidently 
 the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the 
 science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it 
 most completely commanded the surrounding 
 country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'. " 
 Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied 
 by Colonel Durantye in 1095? The remains of a 
 small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- 
 ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of 
 Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan 
 stands, giving to that place its first name of 
 "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 
 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander 
 Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who 
 had served in the session of the General Assembly 
 of that year as a Representative from Sangamon 
 County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, 
 and the remains of the pickets or palisades were 
 visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 
 
174 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century. There is 
 also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected 
 by a Frenchman named Garay (or Guarie; stood 
 on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior 
 to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. 
 
 FOSS, (ieorge Edmund, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2, 
 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 
 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and 
 School of Political Science in New York City, 
 finally graduating from the Union College of Law 
 in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the 
 bar and began, practice. He never held any 
 political office until elected as a Republican to 
 the Fifty-fourth Congress (1894), from the 
 Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of 
 more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and 
 Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the 
 candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a 
 majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, 
 in 1898, by more than 12.000 majority. In the 
 Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the 
 Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in 
 the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and 
 educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- 
 borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years 
 were spent on his father's farm, but at the age 
 of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., 
 and, three years later, began teaching with an 
 older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent 
 some sixteen years teaching and practicing 
 medicine at various places in his native State, in 
 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan 
 County, 111. While there he took part in the 
 Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before 
 the close of the year he was compelled to come to 
 Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who 
 was an officer in the army and had been killed by 
 an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having 
 thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real 
 estate, which, in subsequent years, largely 
 appreciated in value, he became identified with 
 early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest 
 real-estate owners of his time in the city. He 
 was an active promoter of education during this 
 period, serving on both City and State Boards. 
 His death occurred, May 18, 1874, in consequence 
 of injuries sustained by being thrown from a 
 vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. 
 
 FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist, 
 was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- 
 cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but 
 
 soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, 
 being employed for several years in the geological 
 survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the 
 coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally 
 devoted considerable attention to the study of 
 metallurgy, he was employed, about 1844 by 
 mining capitalists to make the first systematic 
 survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon 
 which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he 
 made a report which was published in two vol- 
 umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, lie 
 participated in the organization of the "American 
 Party" there, though we find him soon after 
 breaking with it on the slavery question. In 
 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the 
 Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a 
 small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago 
 and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of 
 the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of 
 his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological 
 researches and writings, also serving for some 
 years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) 
 University of Chicago. His works include "The 
 Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- 
 eral Resources," etc. (Chicago, 1869); "Mineral 
 Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 
 1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," 
 (Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- 
 ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of 
 several scientific associations and, in 1869, Presi- 
 dent of the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, 
 now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873. 
 
 FOUKE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was 
 chiefly self-educated and began his career as a 
 clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 
 1841-42 was associated with the publication of 
 "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, 
 and, after being admitted to the bar, served as 
 Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that 
 office in 1856. Previous to this, however, he had 
 been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- 
 teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, 
 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth 
 Congress and re-elected two years later. While 
 still in Congress he assisted in organizing the 
 Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which 
 he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on 
 account of ill health soon after the battle of Shiloh. 
 After leaving the army he removed to New 
 Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis 
 trator and practiced law for some time. He then 
 took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims 
 against the Mexican Government, in which he 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 175 
 
 was engaged some seven years, finally removing 
 to Washington City and making several trips to 
 Europe in the interest of these suits. He won 
 his cases, but died soon after a decision in his 
 favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his 
 brain in their prosecution. His death occurred 
 in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried 
 in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant 
 and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting 
 as pall-bearers at his funeral. 
 
 FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837; 
 was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, 
 Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee 
 College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study 
 of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, 
 entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 
 graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to 
 the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference 
 he was appointed successively to Chicago churches 
 till 1872; then became President of the North- 
 western University, holding this office four years, 
 when he was elected to the editorship of "The 
 Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1881 he 
 was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence 
 is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being 
 devoted largely to the Pacific States. 
 
 FOX RIVER (of Illinois)— called Pishtaka by 
 the Indians — rises in Waukesha County, Wis., 
 and, after running southward through Kenosha 
 and Racine Counties in that State, passes into 
 Illinois. It intersects McHenry and Kane Coun- 
 ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, 
 below which point it flows southwestward, until 
 it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its 
 length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief 
 towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. 
 It affords abundant water power. 
 
 FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Saes and 
 Foxes. ) 
 
 FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was 
 born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, 
 learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in 
 connection with a partner, published a paper at 
 Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence of the excitement 
 growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, 
 (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, 
 and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- 
 menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now 
 "The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, 
 continuing his connection therewith until 1855, 
 when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. 
 Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often 
 wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was 
 active in the organization of the State Agricul- 
 
 tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording 
 Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to 
 Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon 
 Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon 
 State Agricultural Society ; in 1861 was ap- 
 pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the 
 regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired 
 on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 
 1872. — Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, 
 was born at Wethersfield, Conn., April 14, 1815; 
 in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and 
 became a partner in the publication of "The 
 Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was 
 appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C. , 
 serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur 
 trade. Later he w T as United States Consul at 
 Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. — 
 Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born 
 at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early 
 connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 
 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard 
 County ; returning to Springfield, was elected to 
 the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as 
 Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on 
 the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles 
 southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- 
 paper and two banks ; the surrounding country 
 is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 
 578; (1900), 687. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- 
 central part of the State; was organized in 1818, 
 and has an area of 430 square miles. Population 
 (1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and 
 is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is 
 fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, 
 sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county -seat 
 is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The 
 county contains no large towns, although large, 
 well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- 
 est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, 
 southwestern hospitality are preserved among 
 the residents of to-day. 
 
 FRANKLIN GROVE, a town of Lee County, on 
 Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. 
 Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from 
 here. It has banks, water-works, high school, 
 and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; 
 (1900), 681. 
 
 FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who 
 came to Southern Illinois at an early day and 
 served as State Senator from Edwards County, in 
 the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 
 
176 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 latter being an opponent of the scheme to make 
 Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- 
 pation and, at the time he was a member of the 
 Legislature, resided in what afterwards became 
 Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to 
 Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. 
 "Frazier's Prairie," in Edwards County, was 
 named for him. 
 
 FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on 
 the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 
 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880), 
 1,038; (1890), 8-18; (1900), 1,214. 
 
 FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme 
 Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- 
 ston County. N. Y, May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- 
 panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor, Mich., 
 removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- 
 cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught 
 school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to 
 Shawneetown, 111., in 1851, was admitted to the 
 Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He 
 then began farming in Marion County, Mo. , but, 
 in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, 
 was appointed Reporter of Decisions by the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his 
 death, which occurred at Springfield near the 
 beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 
 1894 
 
 FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in 
 the State — known as the "Ancient Order of Free 
 and Accepted Masons" — the first Lodge being 
 instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3. 1806, with Gen. 
 John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones, 
 Senior Warden; James Galbraith, Junior War- 
 den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- 
 son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons 
 who were, without exception, prominent in the 
 early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was 
 organized at Vandalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- 
 rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- 
 zation of the Grand Lodge, as it now exists, took 
 place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of 
 Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois 
 in 1840 was six, with 157 members; the number 
 of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 
 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 
 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 
 were §37,834.50; the contributions to members, 
 their widows and orphans, §25,038.41; to non- 
 members, 86,306.38, and to the Illinois Masonic 
 Orphans' Home, 81,315.80. — Apollo Commandery 
 No. 1 of Knights Templar — the pioneer organi- 
 zation of its kind in this or any neighboring 
 State— was organized in Chicago, May 20, 184.5, 
 
 and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- 
 nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand 
 Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty- 
 five subordinate commanderies, with a total 
 membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to 
 87,754.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were 
 Henry Hunter Montgomery, Grand Commander; 
 John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- 
 bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. — The Spring- 
 field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized 
 in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841, and the Royal Arch 
 Chapter of the State at Jacksonville, April 9, 
 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally 
 chartered Oct. 14, of the same year. The number 
 of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a 
 total membership of 16,414. — The Grand Council 
 of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894, embraced 32 
 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 
 2,318. 
 
 FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the 
 county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west 
 of Chicago; has good water-power from the Peca- 
 tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, the output including carriages, 
 wagon-wheels, wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, 
 piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- 
 ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city 
 has a Government postoffice building. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258. 
 
 FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free- 
 port, 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational; 
 had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 
 pupils. 
 
 FREER, Lemuel Covell Paine, early lawyer, 
 was born in Dutchess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 
 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous 
 anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the 
 Government during the War of the Rebellion; 
 for many years was President of the Board of 
 Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in 
 Chicago, April 14. 1892. 
 
 FRENCH, Augustus C, ninth Governor of 
 Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hampshire, 
 August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he 
 became a resident of Crawford County, and a 
 lawyer by profession. He was a member of the 
 Tentli and Eleventh General Assemblies, and 
 Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- 
 tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, 
 was elected to the office of Governor as a Demo- 
 crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over 
 two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of 
 his party for a second term in 1S4S His adminis- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 177 
 
 tration was free from scandals. He was appointed 
 Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and 
 later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree 
 College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee 
 of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of 
 the Buchanan branch of the part} 7 . Both were 
 defeated. His last public service was as a mem- 
 ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4, 
 1864. 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first 
 premonition of this struggle in the West was 
 given in 1698, when two English vessels entered 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession 
 of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then 
 included what afterward became the State of 
 Illinois. This expedition, however, returned 
 without result. Great Britain was anxious to 
 have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict 
 the French, and began negotiation of treaties 
 with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting 
 thereby to fortify her original claim, which was 
 based on the right of prior discovery. The 
 numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in 
 Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- 
 tion on the part of England until 1748-49, when 
 the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant 
 of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- 
 sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded 
 to explore and survey and, about 1752, established 
 a trading post on Loramie Creek, 47 miles north 
 of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities 
 were probable, and advanced their posts as far 
 east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the 
 Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- 
 strance on the part of Virginia. Among the 
 ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor 
 of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, 
 in early manhood, became identified with Illinois 
 history. His report was of such a nature as to 
 induce the erection of counter fortifications by 
 the British, one of which (at the junction of the 
 Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized 
 and occupied by the French before its completion. 
 Then ensued a series of engagements which, 
 while not involving large forces of men, were 
 fraught with grave consequences, and in which 
 the French were generally successful. In 1755 
 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to 
 recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now 
 stands), which had been captured by the French 
 the previous year, and the Government of Great 
 Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The 
 
 final result was the termination of French domi- 
 nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- 
 fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result 
 of the battle of Quebec ; but the vanquished yet 
 hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois. 
 But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the 
 loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all 
 of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- 
 ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually 
 ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military 
 post in North America to be garrisoned by French 
 troops was Fort Chartres, in Illinois Territory, 
 where St. Ange remained in command until its 
 evacuation was demanded by the English. 
 
 FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French 
 Governors began to be appointed by the Company 
 of the Indies (which see) in 1722, the •'Illinois 
 Country" having previously been treated as a 
 dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or 
 "commandant") was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant, 
 who was commandant for only three years, when 
 he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- 
 ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. 
 du Tisne was in command for a short time after 
 his departure, but was succeeded by another 
 Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- 
 ously spelled de Liette, de Lielte, De Siette and 
 Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange 
 (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 
 1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren- 
 dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors 
 of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed 
 directly by royal authority. Under the earlier 
 Governors justice had been administered under 
 the civil law; with the change in the method of 
 appointment the code known as the "Common 
 Law of Paris" came into effect, although not 
 rigidly enforced because found in many particu- 
 lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. 
 The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre 
 d' Artaguiette, who was appointed in 1734, but was 
 captured while engaged in an expedition against 
 the Chickasaws, in 1736, and burned at the stake. 
 (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by 
 Alphonse de la Buissoniere, who was succeeded, 
 in 1740, by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 
 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet. 
 but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the 
 French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was 
 Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. who retired to St. 
 Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- 
 tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede 
 him, in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Dec. 
 27, 1774.) The administration of the French 
 commandants, while firm, was usually conserva- 
 
178 
 
 HISTORICAL EXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tive and benevolent. Local self-government was 
 encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the 
 Governors' power over commerce was virtually 
 unrestricted, they interfered but little with the 
 ordinary life of the people. 
 
 FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- 
 tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at 
 Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa. ) Academy 
 and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 
 1862 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, 
 Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he 
 continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain 
 & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting 
 as Principal of a high school at Young America; 
 in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which 
 has since been his home, and the same year was 
 admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- 
 nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- 
 ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty -sixth 
 General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again 
 in '78. While practicing law he has been con- 
 nected with some of the most important cases 
 before the courts in that section of the State, and 
 his fidelity and skill in their management are 
 testified by members of the bar, as well as 
 Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has 
 devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, 
 with a view to the improvement of his health 
 but not with the intention of permanently 
 abandoning his profession. 
 
 FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in 
 Fayette County, Ky. , Sept. 20, 1799; learned the 
 trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, 
 working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his 
 residence near the present town of Carrollton, in 
 which he built the first house. Greene County 
 was not organized until two years later, and this 
 border settlement was, at that time, the extreme 
 northern white settlement in Illinois. He served 
 as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) 
 for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being 
 five times re-elected. He served through the 
 Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment 
 Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood 
 (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of 
 Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed 
 Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
 ami re appointed in 1839 and "41, later becoming 
 Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up 
 the business of the former commission, which 
 was that year legislated out of office. He was 
 afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor 
 Ford and, in 1847, retired from connection with 
 
 canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- 
 fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade 
 for three years, meanwhile serving one term in 
 the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- 
 lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- 
 anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his 
 friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he 
 returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his 
 advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the 
 Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- 
 pated in numerous engagements (among them the 
 battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and 
 ultimately compelled to resign because of im- 
 paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- 
 ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and 
 was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- 
 field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- 
 tinction during the Civil War. — James Barnet 
 (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- 
 rollton, 111., Feb. 22. 1827; graduated at West 
 Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was 
 assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- 
 ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, 
 the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, 
 remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was 
 employed on frontier and garrison duty, and 
 again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of 
 the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant 
 Adjutant-General, March 16. 1861, then served as 
 Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General 
 Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull 
 Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in 
 Kentucky ; was made Provost-Marshal-General 
 of the United States, in March, 1863, and con- 
 ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank 
 of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- 
 tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during 
 which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, 
 arrested 76,562 deserters, collected §26,366,316.78 
 and made an exact enrollment of the National 
 forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- 
 General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1. 
 1881, when he was retired at his own request. 
 Besides his various official reports, he published a 
 "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, 
 United States Army, from 1775 to 1875," and "His- 
 tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of 
 Great Britain and the United States, from their 
 origin in 1092 to the Present Time," (1877). Died, 
 in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894.— William M. 
 (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the 
 North Illinois District during the Civil War, and 
 rendered valuable service to the Government. 
 
 FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and 
 Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 179 
 
 Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw, 
 N. Y., was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to 
 Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- 
 ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge 
 in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced 
 to accept the office of Adjutant-General by 
 appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon 
 the duties of the office in November, 1861. At 
 first it was understood that his acceptance was 
 only temporary, so that he did not formally 
 resign his place upon the bench until July, 1862. 
 He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- 
 General until January, 1865, when, having been 
 elected Representative in the General Assembly, 
 he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office 
 by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as 
 Speaker of the House during the following ses- 
 sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 — 
 in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty -sixth and Twenty- 
 seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected 
 a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and 
 again in 1876. Since retiring from office, General 
 Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of 
 his profession and looking after a large private 
 business at Belvidere. 
 
 FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 
 1849; attended the district school until 12 years 
 of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk 
 in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He 
 then spent a couple of years in the book business 
 in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law 
 with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then 
 Mr. Fuller has practiced his profession at Belvi- 
 dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 
 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's 
 Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 
 he served continuously in the Legislature, first 
 as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty- 
 second General Assemblies, then as a member of 
 the House for three sessions, in 1888 being 
 returned to the Senate, where he served the 
 next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a high 
 reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and 
 was the candidate of his party (the Republican) 
 for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a 
 delegate to the Republican National Convention 
 of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the 
 Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the 
 judicial election of June, 1897. 
 
 FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- 
 tice of the United States Supreme Court, was 
 born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated 
 from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to 
 
 the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his 
 native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago 
 the following year. Through his mother's 
 family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims 
 of the Mayflower. His literary and legar attain- 
 ments are of a high order. In politics he has 
 always been a strong Democrat. He served as a 
 Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 
 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, 
 after that time devoting his attention to the 
 practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 
 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice 
 of the Supreme Court, since which time he has 
 resided at Washington, although still claiming a 
 residence in Chicago, where he has considerable 
 property interests. 
 
 FULLERTON, Alexander N., pioneer settler 
 and lawyer, born in Chester, Vt., in 1804, was 
 educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield 
 Law School, and, coming to Chicago in 1833, 
 finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile 
 business, in which he was very successful. His 
 name has been given to one of the avenues of 
 Chicago, as well as associated with one of the 
 prominent business blocks. He was one of the 
 original members of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church of that city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. 
 
 Fl'LTO>', a city and railway center in White- 
 side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located 
 on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a 
 line of steamers which annually brought millions 
 of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from 
 Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning 
 with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., 
 but this river trade gradually died out, having 
 been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton 
 has extensive factories for the making of stoves, 
 besides some important lumber industries. The 
 Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 2,099; (1900), 2,685. 
 
 FULTOX COUXTY, situated west of and bor- 
 dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part 
 of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 
 — named for Robert Fulton. It has an area of 870 
 square miles with a population (1900) of 46,201. 
 The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- 
 age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers 
 (the former constituting its eastern boundary) 
 and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the 
 county-seat immediately after county organi- 
 zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). 
 The surface of the county at a distance from the 
 
180 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 river is generally flat, although along the Illinois 
 there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. 
 The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- 
 able seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal 
 has been mined near Avon, with a contiguous 
 vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were 
 Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a 
 saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and 
 Stephen Dewey, who laid off Lewistown on his 
 own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire 
 military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- 
 man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the 
 Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The 
 principal towns are Canton(pop.6,564), Lewistown 
 (2,166), Farmington (1,375), and Vermont (1,158). 
 
 FULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAIL- 
 WAY, a line extending from the west bank of the 
 Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg, 
 CI miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge 
 (3-foot) road, although the excavations and 
 embankments are being widened to accommodate 
 a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, 
 and. as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, 
 the gradient is eighty-four feet to the mile. 
 There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- 
 mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of 
 iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not 
 ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), 
 $636,794; bonded debt, §484,000; miscellaneous 
 obligations. 8462,362; total capitalization, $1,583.- 
 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) 
 was chartered in 1878 and opened in 1880 and the 
 extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered 
 in 1881 and opened in 1882. 
 
 FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark 
 County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager 
 educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- 
 nois, finally settling at what afterwards became 
 known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. 
 Here, with no other capital than industry, per- 
 severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying 
 the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes 
 ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of 
 trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing 
 in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large 
 area of the finest farming lands in the State, 
 which he brought to a high state of cultivation, 
 leaving an estate valued at his death at not less 
 than $2,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions 
 in the General Assembly, first as Representative 
 in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the 
 Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth (1862-66), dying 
 before the close of his last term, Jan. 29, 1865. 
 Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- 
 lican on the organization of that party, and gave 
 
 a liberal and patriotic support to the Government 
 during the war for the preservation of the Union. 
 During the session of the Twenty-third General 
 Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a 
 speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation 
 of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, 
 although couched in homely language, aroused 
 the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government 
 throughout the State and won for its author a 
 prominent place in State history. — Benjamin F. 
 (Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's 
 Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 
 1838. After leaving the district schools, he 
 entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
 ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army 
 in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty eighth 
 Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service 
 he was honorably discharged, and re-entered the 
 University, completing a three-years' course. 
 For three years after graduation he followed 
 farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up 
 his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was 
 chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive 
 terms. He was a delegate to the National 
 Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- 
 cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- 
 sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois 
 District. — Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac 
 Funk, was a Representative from McLean County 
 in the Thirty third General Assembly and Sena- 
 tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other 
 sons who have occupied seats in the same body 
 include George W., Representative in the Twenty- 
 seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the 
 Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk 
 family have been conspicuous in the affairs of 
 McLean County for a generation, and its mem- 
 bers have occupied many other positions of im- 
 portance and influence, besides those named, under 
 the State, County and municipal governments. 
 
 GAGE, Lyman J., Secretary of the Treasury, 
 was born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., 
 June 28, 1836 ; received a common school educa- 
 tion in his native county, and, on the removal of 
 his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y. , enjoy r ed the 
 advantages of instruction in an academy. At 
 the age of 17 he entered the employment of the 
 Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general 
 utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to 
 Chicago, first securing employment in a planing 
 mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- 
 keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- 
 pany, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had 
 been advanced to the position of cashier of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 181 
 
 concern, but, in 1868, he accepted the cashiership 
 of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which 
 he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 
 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the 
 prominent factors in securing the location of the 
 World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the 
 guarantors of the 810,000,000 promised to be raised 
 by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen 
 the first President of the Exposition Company. 
 He also presided over the bankers' section of the 
 World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a 
 number of years,, was President of the Civic Feder- 
 ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the 
 Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 
 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of 
 Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- 
 tinued to occupy up to the present time ( 1899). 
 
 UALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of 
 Duquoin ; has a bank; leading industry is coal- 
 mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642. 
 
 GALE, George Washington, D.D., LL.D., 
 clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess 
 County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at 
 eight years of age, he fell to the care of older 
 sisters who inherited the vigorous character of 
 their father, which they instilled into the son. 
 He graduated at Union College in 181-1, and, hav- 
 ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary 
 at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson 
 Presbytery and assumed the charge of building 
 up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., 
 serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- 
 terian church at Adams. Here his labors were 
 attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- 
 ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent 
 men were converts. Having resigned his charge 
 at Adams on account of illness, he spent the 
 winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views 
 were enlarged by contact with a new class of 
 people. Later, removing to Oneida County, 
 N. Y., by his marriage with Harriet Selden he 
 acquired a considerable property, insuring an 
 income which enabled him to extend the field of 
 his labors. The result was the establishment of 
 the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at 
 Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 
 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary 
 and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- 
 ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an 
 institution of learning in the West, and a com- 
 mittee representing a party of proposed colonists 
 was appointed to make a selection of a site, which 
 resulted, in the following year, in the choice of 
 a location in Knox County, 111., including the 
 
 site of the present city of Galesburg, which was 
 named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the 
 enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first 
 practical steps in carrying out plans which had 
 been previously matured in New York, for the 
 establishment of an institution which first 
 received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- 
 lege. The manual labor feature having been 
 finally discarded, the institution took the name 
 of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- 
 ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- 
 tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, 
 and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being 
 intimately identified with its history. From 
 1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting 
 Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen 
 years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy 
 and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. 
 —William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 
 15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., 
 in 1836, and was educated there. Having read 
 law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, 
 as he began to turn his attention to measures for 
 the development of the country. One of these 
 was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was 
 the most active promoter and a Director. He 
 was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of 
 Knox County, from the adoption of township 
 organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception 
 of four years, and, during the long controversy 
 which resulted in the location of the county -seat 
 at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg 
 part)', and subsequently took a prominent part 
 in the erection of public buildings there. Other 
 positions held by him include the office of Post- 
 master of the city of Galesburg, 1849-53; member 
 of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, 
 and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General 
 Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1872; 
 Delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; 
 member of the Commission appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue 
 Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, 
 Superintendent of the Galesburg Government 
 Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois 
 Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by 
 appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also 
 been a frequent representative of his party 
 (the Republican) in State and District Conven- 
 tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and 
 leading member of the Board of Trustees of 
 
1 82 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 
 1845, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of 
 the financial representative of the Galesburg 
 Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of 
 whom four are living. Died Sep. 1, 1900. 
 
 GALEN A/the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, 
 a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line 
 west by northwest of Chicago; is located on 
 Galena River, about 4 1 ., miles above its junction 
 with the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point 
 for the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney, the North- 
 western, and the Illinois Central Railroads, with 
 connections by stub with the Chicago Great 
 Western. It is built partially in a valley and 
 partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, 
 the Galena River being made navigable for ves- 
 sels of deep draught by a system of lockage. The 
 vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead 
 ''galena), from which the city takes its name. 
 Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- 
 ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which 
 stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and 
 a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- 
 diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost 
 their lives during the Civil War. Its industries 
 include a furniture factory, a table factory, two 
 foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. 
 Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the 
 city in large quantities, and its mining interests 
 will become vast at no distant day. It owns an 
 electric light plant, and water is furnished from 
 an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one 
 of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be 
 settled, its mines having been worked in the lat- 
 ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men 
 of distinction in State and National affairs came 
 from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. 
 Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. 
 Smith, Gen. John C. Smith, Gen. A. L. Chetlain, 
 Gen. John O. Duer, Gen. W. R. Rowley, Gen. E. 
 D. Baker, Hon. E. B. Wasbburne, Secretary of 
 State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, 
 Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- 
 mond. Population (1890), 5,635; (1900), 5,005. 
 
 GALENA & CHICAGO UNION RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago <fr Northwestern Railway.) 
 
 GALESBURG) the county-seat of Knox County 
 and an important education;]! center. The first 
 settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- 
 portion of them being members of a colony organ- 
 ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, 
 N. Y., in whose honor the original village was 
 named. It is situated in the heart of a rich 
 agricultural district 53 miles northwest of Peoria, 
 99 miles northeast of Quiney and 163 miles south- 
 
 west of Chicago; is an important railway center, 
 being at the junction of the main line with two 
 branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quiney, 
 and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. 
 It was incorporated as a village in 1841. and as a 
 city by special charter in 1857. There'are beauti- 
 ful parks and the residence streets are well 
 shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with 
 vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- 
 works receiving its supply from artesian wells 
 and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- 
 equipped paid fire-department, an electric street 
 car system with three suburban lines, gas and 
 electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, 
 etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- 
 ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- 
 cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage 
 and wagon works and a broom factory, besides 
 other industrial enterprises of minor importance. 
 The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite 
 extensively carried on at plants near the city 
 limits, the city itself being the shipping-point 
 as well as the point of administrative control. 
 The Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad 
 Company has shops and stockyards here, while 
 considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The 
 public buildings include a courthouse. Govern- 
 ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine- 
 teen churches, ten public schools with a high 
 school and free kindergarten, and a handsome 
 public library building erected at a cost of 8100,- 
 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. 
 Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its chief distinction 
 as the seat of a large number of high class liter- 
 ary institutions, including Knox College (non- 
 sectarian), Lombard University (Universalis!), 
 and Corpus Christi Lyceum and University, and 
 St. Joseph"s Academy (both Roman Catholic). 
 Three interurban electric railroad lines connect 
 Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1890), 
 15.264; (1900), 18,607. 
 
 GALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties 
 organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 — the others 
 being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that 
 date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- 
 ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county 
 was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then 
 Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the 
 Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- 
 eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349 
 square miles; population (1900) '♦5,836. The first 
 cabin erected by an American settler was the 
 home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- 
 neetown in 1800. The place early became an 
 important trading post and distributing point. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 183 
 
 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 
 1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants 
 conducted it for more than seventy-five years. 
 Although Stephen Rector made a Government 
 survey as earl}- as 1807, the public lands were not 
 placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, 
 the county-seat, is the most important town, 
 having a population of some 2, '200. Bituminous 
 coal is found in large quantities, and mining is 
 an important industry. The prosperity of the 
 county has been much retarded by floods, particu- 
 larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the 
 former point the difference between high and 
 low water mark in the Ohio River has been as 
 much as fifty-two feet. 
 
 GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, 
 was born of Scotcli ancestry in Butler Count}', 
 Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- 
 don, Ind. , in 1820, took a course in Hanover Col- 
 lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then 
 came to Mount Carmel, White County, 111., with 
 a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- 
 roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, having 
 among his pupils a number who have since been 
 prominent in State affairs. Later, he obtained 
 employment as an assistant engineer, serving for 
 a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant 
 Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State 
 Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in 
 the House in 1846-47, and again in 1848-49, in the 
 meantime having located a farm in La Salle 
 County, where the present city of Streator stands. 
 In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal 
 Trustees, and, in 1851, became assistant engineer 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, later superin- 
 tending its construction, and finally being trans- 
 ferred to the land department, but retiring in 
 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, 
 dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway 
 was elected a County Commissioner for Cook 
 County, and has since been connected with many 
 measures of local importance. 
 
 GALYA, a town in Henry County, 45 miles 
 southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- 
 northwest of Peoria; the point of intersection of 
 the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the 
 summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- 
 turing and coal-mining town. It has eight 
 churches, three banks, good schools, and two 
 weekly newspapers. The surrounding country 
 is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. 
 Population (1890), 2,409; (1900), 2,682. 
 
 GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township, 
 Grundy County, on the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 
 miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kanka- 
 kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," ami 
 the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining 
 is the principal industry. Gardner has two 
 banks, four churches, a high school, and a weekly 
 paper. Population (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,036. 
 
 GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN 
 RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail 
 way. ) 
 
 GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- 
 rence County, N. Y., July 9, 1821 His early 
 educational advantages were such as were fur- 
 nished by district schools and a village academy, 
 and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the 
 carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. 
 Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- 
 sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in 
 Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, 
 N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal. , in 
 1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he 
 has since resided. After seven years of active 
 practice he was elected to the bench of the 
 Superior Court of Cook County, where he lias sat 
 for thirty years, being four times nominated by 
 both political parties, and his last re-election — for 
 a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- 
 sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 
 1886 — one of the causes celebres of Illinois. Some 
 of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but 
 he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- 
 tion, and his connection with the case has given 
 him world-wide fame. In November, 1888, the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the 
 bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal 
 he has been three times Chief Justice. 
 
 GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate 
 operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April 21, 1839, 
 came to Chicago at ten years of age, and, after 
 spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prepar- 
 atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, 
 Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as 
 a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank 
 of First Lieutenant, and, at the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as 
 an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation 
 for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war 
 over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit 
 Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- 
 estate and loan business as the head of the exten- 
 sive firm of Norman T. Gassette & Co. He was t. 
 
184 
 
 HLSTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Republican in politics, active in Grand Army 
 circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the 
 position of Eminent Grand Commander of 
 Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the 
 Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He 
 also had charge, as President of the Masonic 
 Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for 
 some time prior to his decease, of the erection of 
 the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 26, 1891. 
 
 GATE WOOD, William Jefferson, early lawyer, 
 was born in Warren County, Ky., came to 
 Franklin County, 111., in boyhood,, removed to 
 Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school 
 two or three years while studying law; was 
 admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five 
 General Assemblies — as Representative in 1830-32, 
 and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man 
 of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, 
 Jan. 8, 1842. 
 
 GAULT, John C, railway manager, was born 
 at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered 
 the local freight office of the Manchester & Law- 
 rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight 
 Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- 
 cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions 
 of Superintendent of Transportation on the 
 Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- 
 dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- 
 western), that of Division Superintendent, 
 General Freight Agent and Assistant General 
 Manager; Assistant General Manager of the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- 
 ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the 
 trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of 
 the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific 
 (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago, 
 August 29, 1891. 
 
 GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a 
 list of the General Assemblies which have met 
 since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 
 1898 — from the First to the Fortieth inclusive — 
 with the more important acts passed by each and 
 the duration of their respective sessions: 
 
 First General Assembly held two sessions, 
 the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- 
 tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The 
 second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. 
 Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen- 
 ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John 
 Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, 
 containing twenty-seven members. The most 
 important business transacted at the first session 
 was the election of two United States Senators — 
 Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr.— and 
 
 the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At 
 the second session a code of laws was enacted, 
 copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky 
 statutes, including the law concerning "negroes 
 and mulattoes," which long remained on the 
 statute book. An act was also passed appointing 
 Commissioners to select a site for a new State 
 Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- 
 dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building 
 with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, 
 tho Senate occupying the lower floor and the 
 House the upper. The length of the first session 
 was nine days, and of the second eighty -seven — 
 total, ninety -six days. 
 
 Second General Assembly convened at Van- 
 dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen 
 Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John 
 McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker 
 of the House. A leading topic of discussion was 
 the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was 
 scarce and there was a strong popular demand 
 for an increase of circulating medium. To 
 appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders 
 and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- 
 lished a State Bank (see State Batik), despite 
 the earnest protest of McLean and the executive 
 veto. A stay-law was also enacted at this session 
 for the benefit of the debtor class. The number 
 of members of the next Legislature was fixed at 
 eighteen Senators and thirty -six Representatives 
 — this provision remaining in force until 1831. 
 The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- 
 four days. 
 
 Third General Assembly convened, Dec. 2, 
 
 1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in 
 the Senate, while in the organization of the 
 lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen 
 Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, 
 called attention to the existence of slavery in 
 Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged 
 the adoption of repressive measures. Both 
 brandies of the Legislature being pro-slavery in 
 sympathy, the Governor's address provoked 
 bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 
 
 1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United 
 States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard 
 White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing 
 Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the 
 General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- 
 ity and minority reports of the committee to 
 which had been referred the Governor's address. 
 The minority report recommended the abolition 
 of slavery, while that of the majority favored 
 the adoption of a resolution calling a convention 
 to amend the Constitution, the avowed object 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 185 
 
 being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter 
 report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in 
 the House lacked one vote of the number neces- 
 sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional 
 two-thirds majority. What followed has always 
 been regarded as a blot upon the record of the 
 Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who 
 had been awarded the seat from Pike County 
 at the beginning of the session after a contest 
 brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- 
 seated after the adoption of a resolution to 
 reconsider the vote by which he had been several 
 weeks before declared elected. Shaw having 
 thus been seated, the resolution was carried by 
 the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, 
 although previously regarded as a pro-slavery 
 man, had voted with the minority when the 
 resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence 
 followed his deprivation of his seat. The triumph 
 of the friends of the convention was celebrated 
 by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- 
 tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous 
 procession by torchlight and liquor." (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laws.) The session adjourned 
 Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. 
 
 Fourth General Assembly. This body held 
 two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 
 1834, by proclamation of the Executive, some 
 three weeks before the date for the regular 
 session, in order to correct a defect in the law 
 relative to counting the returns for Presidential 
 Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker 
 of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- 
 bard presided in the Senate. Having amended 
 the law concerning the election returns for Presi- 
 dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the 
 election of two United States Senators — one to 
 fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards 
 (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- 
 ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen 
 for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. 
 Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was 
 provided that the bench of the Supreme Court 
 should consist of four Judges, and that semi- 
 annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at 
 the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) 
 The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, 
 but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor 
 and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the 
 body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a 
 new apportionment law under the census of 1825. 
 A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. 
 One of the important acts of the regular session 
 of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school 
 law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- 
 
 duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of 
 the State. This Legislature was in session a total 
 of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were 
 during the first session and twenty-seven during 
 the second. 
 
 Fifth General Assembly convened, Dec. 4, 
 1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in 
 the Senate and John McLean in the House. At 
 the request of the Governor an investigation into 
 the management of the bank at Edwardsville was 
 had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its 
 officers. The circuit judgeships created by the 
 preceding Legislature were abrogated and their 
 incumbents legislated out of office. The State 
 was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the 
 Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See 
 Judicial Department.) This General Assembly 
 also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner 
 Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth 
 ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed 
 by the preceding Legislature, presented a well 
 digested report on the revision of the laws, which 
 was adopted without material alteration. One of 
 the important measures enacted at this session 
 was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the 
 funds for its erection being obtained by the 
 sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See 
 Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) 
 The session ended Feb. 19 — having continued 
 seventy-eight days. 
 
 Sixth General Assembly convened, Dec. 1, 
 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- 
 ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the 
 third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, 
 later in the session, was elected United States 
 Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of 
 State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also 
 appointed or elected. The most important legis- 
 lation of the session was as follows: Authorizing 
 the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the 
 proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary 
 governmental expenses; providing for a return 
 to the viva voce method of voting; creating a 
 fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge 
 therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- 
 missioners to determine upon the route of the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com- 
 mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned. 
 Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. 
 
 Seventh General Assembly met, Dec. 6, 1830. 
 The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc 
 Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided 
 over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- 
 nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the 
 Senate being made up of his political adversaries, 
 
186 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 experienced no little difficulty in securing the 
 confirmation of his nominees. Two United 
 States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane 
 being chosen to succeed himself and John M. 
 Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John 
 McLean, deceased. The United States census of 
 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- 
 gress instead of one. and this General Assembly 
 passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The 
 number of State Senators was increased to 
 twenty-six, and of members of the lower house 
 to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by 
 the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- 
 tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and 
 public flogging. This Legislature also authorized 
 the borrowing of 8100,000 to redeem the notes of 
 tiie State Bank which were to mature the follow- 
 ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, 
 the session having lasted seventy -three days. 
 
 Eighth General Assembly. The session 
 began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. 
 William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro 
 tempore of the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc 
 Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having 
 been elected a Representative in Congress. 
 Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as 
 Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- 
 eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions 
 being applicable to towns and public libraries. 
 It also incorporated several railroad companies, 
 — one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois 
 River (projected as a substitute for the canal), 
 one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the 
 State, running through Springfield. Other char- 
 ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- 
 porators generally failed to organize under them. 
 A notable inci dent in connection with this session 
 was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, 
 a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first 
 and last trial of this character in the State's his- 
 tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a 
 conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood 
 twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with 
 four Senators excused from voting), the House 
 attempted to remove him by address, but in this 
 the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- 
 ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, 
 as also a law relating to the "right of way" for 
 "public roads, canals, or other public works.' 
 The length of the session was ninety days. 
 
 Ninth General Assembly. This Legislature 
 held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834, 
 and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor 
 Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple 
 was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- 
 
 sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- 
 elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln 
 was among the new members, but took no con- 
 spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The 
 principal public laws passed at this session were: 
 Providing for the borrowing of §500,000 to be 
 used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- 
 gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of 
 Commissioners to supervise its expenditure: 
 incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; 
 and authorizing a loan of 812,000 by Cook County, 
 at 10 per cent interest per annum from the 
 county school fund, for the erection of a court 
 house in that county. The second session of this 
 Assembly convened, Dec. 7, 18)5, adjourning, Jan. 
 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging 
 the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith 
 of the State for the repayment of money bor- 
 rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- 
 tionment law was also passed providing for the 
 election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one 
 Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected 
 United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, 
 deceased. The length of the first session was 
 seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three 
 days — total, 118. 
 
 Tenth General Assembly, like its predeces- 
 sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 
 1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs 
 controlled the Senate by a large majority, and 
 elected William H. Davidson, of White County, 
 President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who 
 had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See 
 Jenkins, Alexander M. ) James Semple was 
 re-elected Speaker of the House, which was 
 fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature 
 was remarkable for the number of its members 
 who afterwards attained National prominence. 
 Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both 
 voting for the same candidate for Speaker — New- 
 ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides 
 these, the rolls of this Assembly included the 
 names of a future Governor, six future United 
 States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois 
 Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and 
 a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for 
 legislative discussion and action were the system 
 of internal improvements and the removal of the 
 State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy 
 and State Capitals.) The friends of Springfield 
 finally effected such a combination that that city 
 was selected as the seat of the State government, 
 while the Internal Improvement Act was passed 
 over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second 
 session of this Legislature met on the call of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 187 
 
 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 23. 
 An act legalizing the suspension of State banks 
 was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- 
 ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement 
 legislation was ignored. The length of the first 
 session was ninety-two days and of the second 
 thirteen — total 105. 
 
 Eleventh General Assembly. This body 
 held both a regular and a special session. The 
 former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4, 
 1839. The Whigs were in a majority in both 
 houses, and controlled the organization of the 
 Senate. In the House, however, their candidate 
 for Speaker— Abraham Lincoln— failing to secure 
 his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. 
 Euing. At this session §800,000 more was appro- 
 priated for the "improvement of water-ways and 
 the construction of railroads. ' ' all efforts to put an 
 end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on 
 account of internal improvements meeting with 
 defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made 
 for a library for the Supreme Court; the Illinois 
 Institution for the Education of the Deaf and 
 Dumb was established, and the further issuance 
 of bank notes of a' smaller denomination than 85 
 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had 
 increased to over §13,000,000, and both the people 
 and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as 
 to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A 
 crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on 
 Dee. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special 
 session to consider the situation. (This was the 
 first session ever held at Springfield ; and. the new 
 State House not being completed, the Senate, the 
 House arid the Supreme Court found accommo- 
 dation in three of the principal church edifices.) 
 The struggle for a change of State policy at this 
 session was long and hard fought, no heed being 
 given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- 
 tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- 
 ment system. Provision was made for the calling 
 in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the 
 speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of 
 the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- 
 lated out of office. The special session adjourned 
 Feb. 3, 1810. Length of regular session ninety- 
 two days, of the special, fifty-seven — total, 149. 
 
 Twelfth General Assembly. This Legisla- 
 ture was strongly Democratic in both branches. 
 It first convened, by executive proclamation, 
 Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- 
 ment of interest on the public debt. In reference 
 to this matter the following enactments were 
 made: Authorizing the hypothecation of 8300,000 
 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest 
 
 due Jan. 1, 1841; directing the issue of bonds to 
 be sold in the open market and the proceeds 
 applied toward discharging all amounts due on 
 interest account for which no other provision was 
 made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the 
 $100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned 
 class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- 
 tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- 
 field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of 
 §100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, 
 sine die, on Dec. 5, and the regular session began 
 two days later. The Senate was presided over by 
 the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), 
 and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of 
 the House. The most vital issue was the propri- 
 ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of 
 the State Bank, with its branches, and here 
 party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally 
 succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- 
 tions which had suspended specie payments, and 
 in securing for those institutions the privilege of 
 issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- 
 ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- 
 tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of 
 its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit 
 Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- 
 tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. 
 The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- 
 journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in 
 session ninety-eight days — thirteen during the 
 special session and eighty-five during the regular. 
 Thirteenth General Assembly consisted of 
 forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- 
 vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were 
 Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. 
 Lieut. -Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of 
 the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the 
 House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been 
 acting Governor and United States Senator, as 
 Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. 
 Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner, 
 were among the new members. The existing 
 situation seemed fraught with peril. The State 
 debt was nearly $14,000,000; immigration had 
 been checked ; the State and Shawneetown banks 
 had gone down and their currency was not worth 
 fifty cents on the dollar ; Auditor's warrants were 
 worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were 
 quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge 
 Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, 
 having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the 
 Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth 
 ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State 
 Bank (in which the State had been a large share- 
 holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 
 
188 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a 
 like amount of bank stock owned by the State. 
 The same conditional release was granted to the 
 bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a 
 reduction of the State debt by about §3,000,000. 
 The Governor was authorized to negotiate a 
 loan of §1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for 
 the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal 
 and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. 
 The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- 
 missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered 
 (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the 
 railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public 
 auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- 
 tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister 
 and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins 
 Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the 
 moneys arising from the sale of public lands was 
 acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of 
 the State were pledged to the redemption "of 
 every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a 
 good and valuable consideration." To establish 
 a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of 
 twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was 
 levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- 
 tionment of the State into Seven Congressional 
 Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 
 1843, after a session of ninety-two days. 
 
 Fourteenth General Assembly convened 
 Dec. 2, 1844, and adjourned March 3, 1845, the ses- 
 sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was 
 composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen 
 Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and 
 thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the 
 new members. William A. Richardson defeated 
 Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James 
 Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- 
 ceed Samuel McRoberts, deceased. The canal 
 law was amended by the passage of a supple- 
 mental act, transferring the property to Trustees 
 and empowering the Governor to complete the 
 negotiations for the borrowing of §1.600,000 for 
 its construction. The State revenue being in- 
 sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the 
 government, to say nothing of the arrears of 
 interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on 
 each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 
 l^t.'i and of three and one-half mills thereafter. 
 < >f the revenue thus raised in 1845. one mill was 
 set apart to pay the interest on the State debt 
 and one and one-half mills for the same purpose 
 from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever 
 thereafter." 
 
 Fifteenth General Assembly convened Dec. 
 7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Fend 
 
 and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- 
 ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds 
 majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. 
 Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud 
 was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- 
 mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen 
 T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected 
 United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus 
 Edwards. State officers were elected as follows : 
 Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, 
 Milton Carpenter — both by acclamation; and 
 Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed 
 Secretary of State. A new school law was 
 enacted ; the sale of the Gallatin County salines 
 was authorized ; the University of Chicago was 
 incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at 
 Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- 
 ern Cross Railroad was authorized ; District 
 Courts were established ; and provision was made 
 for refunding the State debt. The Assembly 
 adjourned, March 1, 1847. after a session of 
 eighty-five days. 
 
 Sixteenth General Assembly - . This was the 
 first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- 
 tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members 
 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. 
 The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- 
 ing in session until Feb. 12 — the session being 
 limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc 
 Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard 
 Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After 
 endorsing the policy of the administration in 
 reference to the Mexican War and thanking the 
 soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election 
 of United States Senator to succeed Sidney 
 Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, 
 the other caucus candidates being Breese and 
 McClernand. while Gen. William F. Thornton led 
 the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of 
 the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor 
 convened the Legislature in special session on 
 Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. 
 Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity 
 and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- 
 ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was 
 re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside 
 of the passage of a general law authorizing the 
 incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- 
 tion was enacted. The special session adjourned 
 Nov 7. Length of regular session forty -three 
 days ; special, seventeen — total sixty. 
 
 Seventeenth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 — length of 
 session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- 
 Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 189 
 
 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not 
 all of which was well considered. By joint reso- 
 lution of both houses the endorsement of the 
 Wilmot proviso at the previous session was 
 rescinded. The first homestead exemption act 
 was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, 
 the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart 
 being prohibited. Township organization was 
 authorized and what was virtually free-banking 
 was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by 
 popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- 
 rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also 
 passed at this session, the measure being drafted 
 by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of 
 this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by 
 the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d — 
 seventeen days. The most important general 
 legislation of the special session was the reappor- 
 tionment of the State into nine Congressional 
 Districts. This Legislature was in session a total 
 of sixty days. 
 
 Eighteenth General Assembly. The first 
 (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and 
 adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of 
 twenty Democrats and five Whigs; the House, of 
 fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one 
 "Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner 
 presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds 
 in the lower house. Governor Matteson was 
 inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was 
 re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the 
 Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph 
 Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the 
 majority being "private acts. " The prohibitory 
 temperance legislation of the preceding General 
 Assembly was repealed and the license system 
 re-enacted. This body also passed the famous 
 "black laws" designed to prevent the immigration 
 of free negroes into the State. The sum of 
 §18,000 was appropriated for the erection and 
 furnishing of an executive mansion; the State 
 Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- 
 mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and 
 any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated 
 toward reducing the State debt. A special session 
 was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned 
 March 4. The most important measures adopted 
 were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- 
 viding for the election of a Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- 
 sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session 
 lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four 
 — total, sixty-seven. 
 
 Nineteenth General Assembly met Jan. 1, 
 1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 — the session lasting 
 
 forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected 
 Speaker of the House. The political complexion 
 of the Legislature was much mixed, among the 
 members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists, 
 Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- 
 crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The 
 Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in 
 reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen 
 Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the 
 House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while 
 the entire strength of the opposition was forty- 
 one. A United States Senator was to be chosen 
 to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of 
 free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint 
 ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- 
 nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- 
 crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. 
 The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- 
 five; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen; 
 present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's 
 strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on 
 the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. 
 Shields' forty -one votes rising on the fifth ballot 
 to forty-two, but having dropped on the next 
 ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and 
 that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- 
 teson gained until he received forty-seven votes, 
 which was the limit of his strength. On the 
 ninth ballot, Loncoln's vote having dropped to 
 fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own 
 request, his support going, on the next ballot, to 
 Lyman Trumbull, an anti-Nebraska Democrat, 
 who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for 
 Matteson and one for Archibald Williams — one 
 member not voting. Trumbull, having received 
 a majority, was elected. Five members had 
 voted for him from the start. These were Sena- 
 tors John M. Palmer, Norman B. Judd and Burton 
 C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and 
 George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they 
 would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, but they explained that they had been 
 instructed by their constituents to vote only for 
 an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub 
 sequently prominent leaders in the Republican 
 party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- 
 plishing a political revolution, this Legislature 
 proceeded to adopt several measures more or less 
 radical in their tendency. One of these was the 
 Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be 
 submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- 
 tion by vote of the people at an election held in 
 the following June. A new common school law 
 was enacted, and railroads were required to fence 
 their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 
 
190 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- 
 stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. 
 
 Twentieth General Assembly convened Jan. 
 5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die, Feb. 19. A 
 Republican State administration, with Governor 
 Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the 
 Legislature was Democratic in both branches. 
 Lieut. -Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, 
 and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated 
 Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of 
 the House. Among the prominent members were 
 Norman B. Judd, of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of 
 Johnson ; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon ; John 
 A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of 
 Monroe ; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook ; Joseph Gilles- 
 pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. 
 Among the important measures enacted by this 
 General Assembly were the following: Acts 
 establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- 
 lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending 
 the banking law , providing for the general incor- 
 poration of railroads; providing for the building 
 of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued 
 arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of 
 session, forty-six days. 
 
 Twenty-first General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 3, 1859, and was in session for fifty-three 
 days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted 
 of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five 
 members. The presiding officers were; — of the 
 Senate, Lieut. -Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. 
 Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his 
 Republican opponent, Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, 
 on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message 
 showed a reduction of §1,1(56,87? in the State debt 
 during two years preceding, leaving a balance of 
 principal and arrears of interest amounting to 
 $11,138,454. On Jan. 0, 1859, the Assembly, in 
 joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- 
 ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote 
 of fifty four to forty-six for Abraham Lincoln. 
 The Legislature was thrown into great disorder 
 in consequence of an attempt to prevent the 
 receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- 
 tive apportionment bill which had been passed by 
 the Democratic majority in the face of bitter 
 opposition on the part of the Republicans, who 
 denounced it as partisan and unjust. 
 
 Twenty-second General Assembly convened 
 in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of 
 twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- 
 atives. For the first time in the State's history, 
 the Democrats failed to control the organization 
 of either house. Lieut. -Gov. Francis A. Hoffman 
 presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of 
 
 Sangamon, was chosen Speaker of the House, the 
 Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. 
 Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected 
 President pro tern, of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- 
 kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring 
 Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of 
 the State debt, during four years of Republican 
 administration, of 82,860,402, and showed the 
 number of banks to be 110, whose aggregate cir- 
 culation was 812,320,964. Lyman Trumbull was 
 re-elected United States Senator on January 10, 
 receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for 
 Samuel S. Marshall. Governor Yates was inau- 
 gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation 
 of this session related to the following subjects • 
 the separate property rights of married women, 
 the encouragement of mining and the support of 
 public schools ; the payment of certain evidences 
 of State indebtedness; protection of the purity of 
 the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the 
 people the question of the calling of a Convention 
 to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were 
 passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell ; 
 to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a 
 Peace Conference in Washington, and referring 
 to federal relations. The latter deprecated 
 amendments to the United States Constitution, but 
 expressed a willingness to unite with any States 
 which might consider themselves aggrieved, 
 in petitioning Congress to call a convention 
 for the consideration of such amendments, at the 
 same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- 
 nois to the National Government for the preser- 
 vation of the Union and the enforcement of the 
 laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having 
 lasted forty-seven days. — Immediately following 
 President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to 
 suppress the rebellion, Governor Yates recon- 
 vened the General Assembly in special session to 
 consider and adopt methods to aid and support 
 the Federal authority in preserving the Union and 
 protecting the rights and property of the people. 
 The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 
 25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the 
 issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- 
 veyed in a joint resolution. The special session 
 closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislators 
 promptly volunteered in the Union army. 
 Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; 
 of the special, eleven — total'fifty-eight. 
 
 Twenty-third General Assembly was com- 
 posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight 
 Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and 
 was Democratic in both branches. The presiding 
 officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 101 
 
 Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected 
 Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to 
 twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson 
 was elected United States Senator to succeed 
 S. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee 
 being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight 
 votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time 
 of the session was devoted to angry discussion of 
 the policy of the National Government in the 
 prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- 
 ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- 
 ity reports from the Committee on Federal 
 Relations — the former condemning and the latter 
 upholding the Federal administration. The 
 majority report was adopted in the House on 
 Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, 
 and the resolutions which it embodied were at 
 once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before 
 they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- 
 cratic Senator — J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton County 
 — died. This left the Senate politically tied, a 
 Republican presiding officer having the deciding 
 vote. Consequently no action was taken at the 
 time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned 
 till June 2. Immediately upon re.-assembling, 
 joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- 
 ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- 
 ment regarding the date of such adjournment 
 ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the 
 power conferred upon him by the Constitution in 
 such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) 
 proroguing the General Assembly until "the 
 Saturday next preceding the first Monday in 
 January, 1865." The members of the Republican 
 minority at once left the hall. The members of 
 the majority convened and adjourned from day 
 to day until June 24, when, having adopted an 
 address to the people setting forth their grievance 
 and denouncing the State executive, they took a 
 recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
 January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- 
 ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was 
 sustained, and no further session of this General 
 Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence 
 of political issues, no important legislation was 
 effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- 
 priations for the State institutions failing. This 
 caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- 
 ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and 
 capitalists came to its aid, and no important 
 interest was permitted to suffer. The total 
 length of the session was fifty days — forty-one 
 days before the recess and nine days after. 
 
 Twenty-fourth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six 
 
 days. It consisted of twenty-rive Senators and 
 eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans 
 had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen 
 C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Speaker 
 of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller, Democrat, 
 the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates, in 
 his valedictory message, reported that, notwith- 
 standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon 
 the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., 
 the State debt had been reduced §987,786 in four 
 years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was 
 elected to the United States Senate, receiving 
 sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. 
 Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
 10. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United 
 States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- 
 ture, and sundry special appropriations made. 
 Among the latter was one of §3,000 toward the 
 State's proportion for the establishment of a 
 National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $25,000 for 
 the purchase of the land on which is the tomb 
 of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums 
 for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and 
 an experimental school for the training of idiots 
 and feeble-minded children. The first act for 
 the registry of legal voters was passed at this 
 session. 
 
 Twenty-fifth General Assembly. This 
 body held one regular and two special sessions. 
 It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. 
 Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the 
 upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, 
 over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby), 
 in his message, reported a reduction of §2,607,908 
 in the State debt during the two years preceding, 
 and recommended various appropriations for pub- 
 lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- 
 vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, 
 Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena- 
 tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being 
 given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- 
 three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted 
 fifty-three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- 
 teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- 
 tion was ratified and important legislation enacted 
 relative to State taxation and the regulation of 
 public warehouses ; a State Board of Equalization 
 of Assessments was established, and the office of 
 Attorney-General created. (Under this law 
 Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee.) 
 Provision was made for the erection of a new 
 State House, to establish a Reform School for 
 Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other 
 State institutions. The first special session con- 
 
192 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned 
 to consider questions relating to internal revenue. 
 The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered 
 his lease without notice, the Governor found it 
 necessary to make immediate provision for the 
 management of that institution. Not having 
 included this matter in his original call, no ne- 
 cessity then existing, he at once summoned a 
 second special session, before the adjournment 
 of the first. This convened on June 14, remained 
 in session until June 28, and adopted what is 
 substantially the present penitentiary law of the 
 State. This General Assembly was in session 
 seventy-one days— fifty-three at the regular, 
 three at the first special session and fifteen at the 
 second. 
 
 Twenty-sixth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 4, 1809. The Republicans had a majority in 
 each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, 
 and Franklin Corvvin. of Peru, was again chosen 
 Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- 
 mitted his final message at the opening of the 
 session, showing a total reduction in the State 
 debt during his term of §4,743,821. Governor 
 John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The 
 most important acts passed by this Legislature 
 were the following: Calling the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1809; ratifying the Fifteenth 
 Amendment to the United States Constitution ; 
 granting well behaved convicts a reduction in 
 their terms of imprisonment ; for the prevention 
 of cruelty to animals; providing for the regula- 
 tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- 
 lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- 
 viding for the erection of the Northern Insane 
 Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- 
 missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated 
 "Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the 
 interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a 
 great deal of time during this session, and 
 though finally passed over the Governor's veto, 
 was repealed in 1873. This session was inter- 
 rupted by a recess which extended from March 
 12 to April 13. The Legislature re-assem- 
 bled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, 
 having been in actual session seventy-four days. 
 
 Twenty-seventh General Assembly' had 
 four sessions, one regular, two special and one 
 adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and 
 adjourned on April 17, having lasted 104 days, 
 when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. 
 The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 
 Representatives. The Republicans again con- 
 trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, 
 
 Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), 
 while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in 
 the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- 
 resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the 
 House held its sessions in a new church edifice 
 erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. 
 John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- 
 tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a 
 vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the 
 first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption 
 of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was 
 mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- 
 ing laws required by the changes in the organic 
 law of the State. The first special session opened 
 on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- 
 ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor 
 Palmer to make additional appropriations for the 
 necessary expenses of the State Government and 
 for the continuance of work on the new State 
 House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- 
 moning the second special session was to provide 
 financial relief for the city of Chicago after the 
 great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum- 
 moned by special telegrams and were in their 
 seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 
 — twelve days. Governor Palmer had already 
 suggested a plan by which the State might 
 aid the stricken city without doing violence 
 to either the spirit or letter of the new Con- 
 stitution, which expressly prohibited special 
 legislation. Chicago had advanced §2,500,000 
 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, under the pledge of the State that this 
 outlay should be made good. The Legislature 
 voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both 
 principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in 
 round numbers, to about §3,000,000. The ad- 
 journed session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came 
 to an end on April 9, 1872 — having continued 147 
 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and 
 adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- 
 tution. The total length of all sessions of this 
 General Assembly was 293 days. 
 
 Twenty'-eighth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty-one Sena- 
 tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house 
 standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
 Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans 
 to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose 
 John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, 
 and Shelby M. Cullom was elected Speaker of the 
 House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United 
 States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- 
 ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 193 
 
 appropriation of §1,000,000 was made for carrying 
 on the work on the new capitol and various other 
 acts of a public character passed, the most impor- 
 tant being an amendment of the railroad law of 
 the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature 
 adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the 
 recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision 
 of the Laws to complete a report. The work was 
 duly completed and nearly all the titles reported 
 by the Commissioners were adopted at the 
 adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, 
 was taken March 31, 1874 — the two sessions 
 having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days — 
 total 202. 
 
 Twenty-ninth General, Assembly convened 
 Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- 
 rality in both houses, they were defeated in an 
 effort to secure their organization through a 
 fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. 
 Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tem- 
 pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- 
 Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen 
 presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders 
 on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, 
 and the session, as a whole, was one of the most 
 turbulent and disorderly in the history of the 
 State. Little legislation of vital importance 
 (outside of regular appropriation bills) was 
 enacted. This Legislature adjourned, April 10, 
 having been in session 100 days. 
 
 Thirtieth General Assembly convened Jan. 
 3; 1877, and adjourned, sine die, on May 24. The 
 Democrats and Independents in the Senate united 
 in securing control of that body, although the 
 House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La 
 Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore 
 of the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the 
 lower, house. The inauguration of State officers 
 took place Jan. 8, Shelby M. Cullom becoming 
 Governor and Andrew Shuman, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor. This was one of the most exciting years 
 in American political history Both of the domi- 
 nant parties claimed to have elected the President, 
 and the respective votes in the Electoral College 
 were so close as to excite grave apprehension in 
 many minds. It was also the year for the choice 
 of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the 
 attention of the entire country was directed 
 toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was 
 the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John 
 A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- 
 fourth ballot the name of General Logan was 
 withdrawal, most of the Republican vote going 
 to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going 
 over to David Davis, who, although an original 
 
 Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of 
 the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On 
 the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25), Judge Davis 
 received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx 
 (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing 
 Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- 
 tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate 
 Courts were established and new judicial districts 
 created; the original jurisdiction of county 
 courts was enlarged; better safeguards were 
 thrown about miners; measures looking at once 
 to the supervision and protection of railroads were 
 passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to 
 the police administration of the State and of 
 municipalities. The length of the session was 
 142 days. 
 
 Thirty-first General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each 
 house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and 
 William A. James of Lake County was chosen 
 Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of 
 McLean County (afterwards Governor), was 
 chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. 
 John A. Logan was elected United States Senator 
 on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote 
 being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various 
 laws of public importance were enacted by this 
 Legislature, among them being one creating the 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics; the first oleomargar- 
 ine law ; a drainage and levee act ; a law for the 
 reorganization of the militia; an act for the 
 regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the 
 pardoning power, and various laws looking 
 toward the supervision and control of railways. 
 The session lasted 144 days, and the Assembly 
 adjourned, sine die, May 31, 1879. 
 
 Thirty second General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority 
 in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
 ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell 
 of Cook County being elected President pro tem- 
 pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was 
 chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- 
 tine legislation, the most important measures 
 enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent 
 the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: 
 regulating the sale of firearms; providing more 
 stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, 
 drink or medicine; regulating the practice of 
 pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue 
 and school laws; and requiring annual statements 
 from official custodians of public moneys. The 
 Legislature adjourned May 30, after having been 
 
194 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in session 146 days, but was called together again 
 in special session by the Governor on March 23, 
 1S82, to pass new Legislative and Congressional 
 Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration 
 of other subjects. The special session lasted 
 forty-four days, adjourning May 5 — both sessions 
 occupying a total of 190 days. 
 
 Thirty-third General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the 
 majority in both houses. William J. Campbell 
 was re-elected President pro tempore of the 
 Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six 
 Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- 
 tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at 
 Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was 
 elected Speaker of the House. The compliment- 
 ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw 
 in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the 
 House. Governor Cullom, the Republican caucus 
 nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 
 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the 
 General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper 
 H"gh-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory 
 School Law" were passed at this session, the 
 other acts being of ordinary character. The 
 Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in 
 session 168 days. 
 
 Thirty-fourth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a 
 majority of one, there being twenty-six members 
 of that party, twenty-four Demociats and one 
 greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of 
 Cook County, was for the third time chosen 
 President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- 
 six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with 
 one member — Elijah M. Haines of Lake County — 
 calling himself an "Independent. " The contest 
 for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, 
 when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- 
 nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate 
 and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- 
 ance, filling the minor offices with their own 
 men. After the inauguration of Governor 
 Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first bushiess was the elec- 
 tion of a United States Senator. The balloting 
 proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- 
 ceived 103 votes to ninety-six for Lambert Tree and 
 five scattering. Three members — one Republican 
 and two Democrats — had died since the opening 
 of the session ; and it was through the election of 
 a Republican in place of one of the deceased 
 Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in 
 electing their candidate. The session was a 
 stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much 
 hi the time, at odds with the House, and an 
 
 unsuccessful effort was made to depose him 
 Charges of bribery against certain members were 
 preferred and investigated, but no definite result 
 was reached. Among the important measures 
 passed by this Legislature were the following: A 
 joint resolution providing for submission of an 
 amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- 
 tract labor in penal institutions; providing by 
 resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan 
 Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue 
 code ; the Crawford primary election law ; an act 
 amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- 
 lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- 
 quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock 
 Commission and appropriating S531.712 for the 
 completion of the State House. The Assembly 
 adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session 
 of 171 days. 
 
 Thirty-fifth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of 
 twelve in the Senate and three in the House. 
 For President pro tempore of the Senate, August 
 W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the 
 House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt 
 County. The death of General Logan, which 
 had occurred Dec. 26, 1886, was officially an- 
 nounced by Governor Oglesby ? and, on Jan. 18, 
 Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as 
 United States Senator. William R. Morrison and 
 Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of 
 the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. 
 Some of the most important laws passed by this 
 General Assembly were the following: Amend 
 ing the law relating to the spread of contagious 
 diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to 
 prohibit book-making and pool-selling; regulat 
 ing trust companies; making the Trustees of 
 the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting 
 aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding 
 the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually 
 creating a new State banking system was also 
 passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. 
 Other acts, having more particular reference to 
 Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making 
 cities and counties responsible for three-fourths 
 of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the 
 Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- 
 sion law. and an act for the suppression of 
 bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 
 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. 
 
 Thirty-sixth General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 7. 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the 
 Republicans being largely in the majority. The 
 Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey 
 County President pro tempore, and the House 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 195 
 
 Asa C Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. 
 Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the 
 Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see 
 Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership 
 on the following day. He was succeeded by 
 James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. 
 Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate 
 on January 22. the Democrats again voting for 
 ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- 
 age District Law," designed for the benefit of the 
 city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an 
 asylum for insane criminals was established at 
 Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, 
 etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; 
 more stringent legislation was enacted relative to 
 the circulation of obscene literature ; a new com- 
 pulsory education law was passed, and the em- 
 ployment on public works of aliens who had not 
 declared their intention of becoming citizens was 
 prohibited. This session ended, May 28. A 
 special session was convened by Governor Fifer 
 on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation 
 rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- 
 ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
 Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. 
 Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker 
 of the House. The special session concluded 
 Aug. 1, 1890. having enacted the following meas- 
 ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, 
 (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to 
 the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to 
 extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- 
 tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park 
 Commissioners to grant the use of the public 
 parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects 
 of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing 
 for the submission to the people of a Constitu- 
 tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago 
 the power (provided a majority of the qualified 
 voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not 
 exceeding $5,000,000, the same to bear interest 
 and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over 
 to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the 
 use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See 
 also Worlds Columbian Exposition.) The total 
 length of the two sessions was 150 days. 
 
 Thirty-seventh General Assembly convened 
 Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. 
 Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton 
 W. Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being 
 elected President pro tern. The Democrats had 
 control in the House and elected Clayton E. 
 Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most 
 exciting feature of the session was the election of 
 a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. 
 
 Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had 
 a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power 
 being held by three "Independent" members of 
 the House, who had been elected as represent- 
 atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- 
 ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus 
 nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer 
 of the Democrats. For a time the Independents 
 stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of 
 the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, 
 on March 11, securing his election on the 154th 
 ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- 
 licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. 
 Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- 
 ing the Independents to their support, but without 
 effective result. The final ballot stood — Palmer, 
 103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,290 bills intro- 
 duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 
 became laws, the most important being: The 
 Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build- 
 ing and loan associations ; prohibiting the employ- 
 ment of children under thirteen at manual labor ; 
 fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ; 
 prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em- 
 ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to 
 women in the election of school officers. An 
 amendment of the State Constitution permitting 
 the submission of two Constitutional Amend- 
 ments to the people at the same time, was sub- 
 mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the 
 election of 1892. The session covered a period of 
 157 days. 
 
 Thirty'-eighth General Assembly. This 
 body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were 
 in the ascendency in both houses, having a 
 majority of seven in the Senate and of three in 
 the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, 
 and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen 
 President pro tern. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook 
 County was again chosen Speaker of the House. 
 The inauguration of the new State officers took 
 place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This 
 Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning 
 June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a 
 general character was enacted. New Congres- 
 sional and Legislative apportionments were 
 passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- 
 two districts; an Insurance Department was 
 created ; a naval militia was established ; the 
 scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged 
 and the compulsory education law was amended. 
 
 Thirty'-ninth General Assembly. This 
 Legislature held two sessions — a regular and a 
 special. The former opened Jan. 9, 1895, and 
 
196 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 closed June 14, following. The political com- 
 plexion of the Senate was— Republicans, thirty- 
 three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, 
 ninety -two Republicans and sixty -one Democrats. 
 John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker 
 of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt 
 County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts 
 were passed making appropriations for improve- 
 ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; 
 authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- 
 pital for the Insane (S100.000); appropriating 
 $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; 
 §65,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane; $50,- 
 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools — one 
 in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; 
 §25,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home— all being 
 new institutions — besides §15,000 for a State 
 exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition; §65,000 to 
 mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois 
 troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- 
 out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts 
 passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly at §1,000 each for each regular 
 session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln 
 monument at Springfield, authorized provision 
 for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in 
 public schools, and authorized the adoption of 
 civil service rules for cities. The special session 
 convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on 
 June 25, 1895, took a recess, June 28 to July 9, 
 re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, 
 sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- 
 tion, no laws were passed except one providing 
 additional necessary revenue for State purposes 
 and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. 
 The regular session continued 157 days and the 
 special twenty-nine — total 1S6. 
 
 Fortieth General Assembly met in regular 
 session at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1897, and adjourned, 
 sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- 
 ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- 
 eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and 
 two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- 
 licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, 
 giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot 
 of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- 
 ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward 
 C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen 
 Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, 
 of Henry County, President pro tern, of the Sen- 
 ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican 
 State officers were formally inaugurated on 
 Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason 
 (Republican) was chosen United States Senator 
 to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint 
 
 session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. 
 Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws 
 enacted at this session were the following : An 
 act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to 
 hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and 
 conditions for the conveyance of the same, 
 empowering the Commissioners who were ap- 
 pointed at the previous session to ascertain and 
 mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers 
 in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- 
 tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- 
 ing appropriations in their hands for the erection 
 of monuments on the battle-grounds: authorizing 
 the appointment of a similar Commission to 
 ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois 
 troops in the battle of Shiloh; to reimburse the 
 University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- 
 ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming 
 the liability of the State for "the endowment 
 fund of the University, amounting to §456,712.91, 
 and for so much in addition as may be received 
 in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing 
 the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in 
 the conveyance and registration of land titles by 
 vote of the people in any county ; the consolida- 
 tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the 
 State into one and locating the Court at Spring- 
 field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and 
 prescribing the manner of applying for pardons 
 and commutations. An act of this session, which 
 produced much agitation and led to a great deal 
 of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the 
 street railroad law empowering the City Council, 
 or other corporate authority of any city, to grant 
 franchises to street railway companies extending 
 to fifty years. This act was repealed by the 
 General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- 
 way corporation had secured a franchise under it. 
 A special session was called by Governor Tanner 
 to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming 
 five topics for legislative action. The session 
 continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- 
 ures named by the Governor in his call being 
 affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an 
 elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- 
 ing primary elections of delegates to nominating 
 conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- 
 ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. 
 One provision of the latter law limits the valuation 
 of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth 
 its cash value. The length of the regular session 
 was 150 days, and that of the special session 
 eighty days — total, 230 days. 
 
 GENESEO, a city in Henry County, about two 
 miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 197 
 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles 
 east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. 
 It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and 
 has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is 
 also carried on to a considerable extent here, 
 furniture, wagons and farming implements con- 
 stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven 
 churches, a graded and a high school, a col- 
 legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, 
 one issuing a daily edition. Population (1.S90), 
 3,182; (1900), 3,356. 
 
 GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox 
 River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35 
 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, 
 completed in 1892 at a cost of $250,000, and 
 numerous handsome churches and school build- 
 ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female 
 offenders has been located here. There is an ex- 
 cellent water-power, operating six manufac- 
 tories, including extensive glucose works. The 
 town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas 
 and electric light plant, and two weekly news- 
 papers. The surrounding country is devoted to 
 agriculture and dairy farming. Population 
 (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,092; (1900), 2,446. 
 
 GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 
 III. Cent, and Chi. & N.W. Railroads, 59 miles west 
 of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry; has 
 two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two 
 newspapers. Population (1890), 634; (1900), 1,140. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological 
 structure of Illinois embraces a representation, 
 more or less complete, of the whole paleonic 
 series of formations, from the calciferous group 
 of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- 
 ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a 
 limited area in the extreme southern end of the 
 State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- 
 spreading these formations are beds of more 
 recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, 
 varying in thickness from ten to more than two 
 hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be 
 divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- 
 stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- 
 gists. 
 
 Lower Silurian System.— Under this heading 
 may be noted three distinct groups: the Calcifer- 
 ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first 
 mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- 
 stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The 
 former outcrops only at a single locality, in La 
 Salle County, extending about two miles along 
 the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of 
 Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing 
 
 above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of 
 Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of 
 Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- 
 tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the 
 manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of 
 the rock below the surface has not been ascer- 
 tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The 
 St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of 
 the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the 
 bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and 
 forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern 
 townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops 
 on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, 
 and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi 
 in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in 
 the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It 
 is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as 
 a building stone, though some of the upper strata 
 in Lee County have been utilized for caps and 
 sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand 
 for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton 
 group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's 
 Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- 
 est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, 
 usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying 
 from four inches to two feet in thickness. The 
 aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in 
 the northern portion of the State, to sixty or 
 seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At 
 the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in 
 fossils, including a large Lituites and several 
 specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The 
 middle division of the Trenton group consists of 
 light gray, compact limestones in the southern 
 and western parts of the State, and of light blue, 
 thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- 
 tions. The upper division is the well-known 
 Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the 
 Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, 
 sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, 
 giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when 
 decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevices, 
 caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were 
 probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from 
 crystallization or by some disturbing force from 
 beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- 
 tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to 
 a lower order of marine animal than the coral are 
 found in this rock, as are also marine shells, 
 corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone 
 crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- 
 tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, 
 the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to 
 Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the 
 divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 
 
198 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing material, some of the rock being susceptible 
 of a high polish and making a handsome, durable 
 marble. About seventy feet are exposed near 
 Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the 
 Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau 
 marble, from its being extensively quarried at 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo. The Cincinnati group 
 immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- 
 ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of 
 the Lower Silurian system. It visually consists of 
 argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the 
 northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- 
 stone is found with the shales. The prevailing 
 colors of the beds are light blue and drab, 
 weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is 
 found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, 
 Alexander County, furnishing a durable building 
 stone extensively used for foundation walls. 
 Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, 
 many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- 
 vation, having been exhumed. 
 
 Upper Silurian System.— The Niagara group 
 in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and 
 buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly 
 bedded, as at Joliet and Athens, and sometimes 
 concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and 
 Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets 
 of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has 
 been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet 
 of the rock contain bituminous matter. The 
 quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine 
 building and flagging stone. The rock is of a 
 light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. 
 In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out- 
 croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. 
 It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in 
 thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- 
 ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western 
 and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 
 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the 
 southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian 
 series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or 
 buff -colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty 
 material largely preponderating over the lime- 
 stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, 
 although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook 
 < "unty, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species 
 of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav- 
 ing been washed away 
 
 Devonian System. — This system is represented 
 in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- 
 responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- 
 daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferous 
 beds of New York. To these the late Professor 
 Worthen, for many years State Geologist, added, 
 
 although with some hesitancy, the black shale 
 formation of Illinois. Although these comprise 
 an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their 
 exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings 
 along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and 
 Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear 
 Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is 
 only found in the extreme southern end of the 
 State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and 
 thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather 
 compact in texture, and of bull or light gray 
 to nearly white colors. When decomposed by 
 atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, 
 resembling common chalk in appearance. Some 
 of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- 
 ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in 
 Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, 
 or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving 
 a high polish, and making an elegant and durable 
 building stone. The Onondaga group comprises 
 some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and 
 striped silicious shales. The structure of the 
 rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's 
 Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in 
 Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, 
 also variegated in color. The rock strata are 
 about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a 
 coarse, granular structure, which renders the 
 stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group 
 has not been found north of Jackson County. 
 Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. 
 The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the 
 most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian 
 system, and the outcrops can be identified only by 
 their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is 
 found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two 
 beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- 
 rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. 
 The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey 
 and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to 
 ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious 
 limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose 
 sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, 
 as at Grafton. The most northern outcrop is in 
 Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- 
 ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- 
 poses and in the manufacture of quicklime 
 Fossils are numerous, among them being a few 
 fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains 
 of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. 
 The black shale probably attains its maximum 
 development in Union County, where it ranges 
 from fifty to seventy -five feet in thickness. Its 
 lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, 
 sometimes closely resembling the bituminous 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 199 
 
 shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- 
 cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of 
 much time and money. The bituminous portion 
 of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely 
 resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites 
 are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the 
 group, which does not extend north of the coun- 
 ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. 
 
 Lower Carboniferous System. — This is di- 
 visible into five groups, as follows: The Kinder- 
 hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the 
 Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its 
 greatest development is in the southern portion 
 of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 
 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly 
 that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the 
 Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it 
 wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- 
 hook group is variable in its lithological charac- 
 ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, 
 with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, 
 passing locally into calcareous shales or impure 
 limestone. The entire formation is mainly a 
 mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- 
 tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- 
 stone, on the other hand, is composed almost 
 entirely of the fossilized remains of organic 
 beings, with barely enough sedimentary material 
 to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness 
 scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- 
 crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, 
 Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. 
 The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown 
 limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline 
 in structure. The Keokuk group immediately 
 succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, 
 with no well defined line of demarcation, the 
 chief points of difference between the two being 
 in color and in the character of fossils found. At 
 the upper part of this group is found a bed of 
 calcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great 
 variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet 
 specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, 
 dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe 
 Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to 
 the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of 
 this formation. The St. Louis group is partly 
 a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray 
 limestone, and partly concretionary, as around 
 Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State 
 the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of 
 receiving a high polish, being used as a black 
 marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found 
 here and there, which furnish a good stone for 
 foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock 
 
 is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying 
 galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is 
 only found in the southern part of the State, 
 thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred 
 feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about 
 twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, 
 crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating 
 with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, 
 which locally replace each other. A few species 
 of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- 
 naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the 
 earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in 
 the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt 
 from the southern part of Hardin County to the 
 southern line of St. Clair County, passing around 
 the southwest border of the coal field. 
 
 Upper Carboniferous System.— This includes 
 the Conglomerate, or "Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- 
 pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the 
 southern portion of the State its greatest thick- 
 ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner 
 toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 
 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- 
 glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone 
 that lies at the base of the coal measures, and 
 appears to have resulted from the culmination of 
 the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It 
 consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- 
 times nearly white, but more frequently stained 
 red or brown by the ferruginous matter which 
 it contains, and is frequently composed in 
 part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size 
 of a pea to several inches in diameter. When 
 highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements 
 the sand into a hard crust on the surface 
 of the rock, which successfully resists the de- 
 nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the 
 rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the 
 stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness 
 varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the 
 State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It has 
 afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no 
 animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois 
 are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly 
 three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are 
 horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten 
 feet to the mile. The formation is made up of 
 sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, 
 and its associated fire clays. The thickness of 
 the workable beds is from six to twenty-four 
 inches in the upper measures, and from two to 
 five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, 
 on which the coal seams usually rest, probably 
 represent the ancient soil on which grew the 
 trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 
 
200 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 When pure, these clays are valuable for the 
 manufacture of fire brick, tile anil common 
 pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- 
 nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which 
 resulted in the production of anthracite coal in 
 Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. 
 Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in 
 the coal measures. 
 
 Tertiary System. — This system is represented 
 only in the southern end of the State, where cer- 
 tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- 
 glomerate are found, which appear to mark the 
 northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- 
 tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and 
 silicious woods are found in the formation. 
 
 Quaternary System. — This system embraces 
 all the superficial material, including sands, cla}-, 
 gravel and soil which overspreads the older for- 
 mations in all portions of the State. It gives 
 origin to the soil from which the agricultural 
 wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly 
 separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary 
 sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- 
 named occupies the lowest position in the series, 
 and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and 
 blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a 
 black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are 
 found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a 
 good state of preservation. Next above lie the 
 drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and 
 brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of 
 various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- 
 ments of rocks, many of which have been washed 
 down from the northern shores of the great 
 lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness 
 from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations 
 are probably due to the combined influence of 
 water currents and moving ice. The subsoil 
 over a large part of the northern and central 
 portions of the State is composed of fine brown 
 clay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- 
 vey, Vol. I. ) accounts for the origin of this clay 
 and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- 
 ing it to the growth and decomposition of a 
 peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- 
 ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in 
 some body of fresh water. It consists of marly 
 sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to 
 sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the 
 bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found 
 in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and 
 teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- 
 moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of 
 primeval man are also discovered. The term 
 alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits 
 
 forming the bottom lands of the rivers and 
 smaller streams. They consist of irregularly 
 stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- 
 quently found in alternate layers, and contain 
 more or less organic matter from decomposed 
 animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- 
 ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and 
 most productive farming lands in the State. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a 
 bank, telegraph and express office and a news- 
 paper. Population (1890), 662; (1900), 988. 
 
 GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at 
 Addison, Du Page County; incorporated in 1852; 
 has a faculty of three instructors and reports 187 
 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of 
 S9.600. 
 
 GERMANTOWN, a village of Vermilion County, 
 and suburb of Danville; is the center of a coal- 
 mining district. Population (1880), 540; (1890), 
 1,178; (1900), 1,782. 
 
 GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. 
 When but four years old his parents removed to 
 Rock Island, where he has since resided. He 
 graduated from Williams College in I860, was 
 admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been 
 actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was 
 elected to Congress by the Republicans of the 
 Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 
 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. 
 Cable, Democrat. 
 
 GIBALLT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to 
 have been born at New Madrid in %vhat is now 
 Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth 
 century ; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at 
 Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at 
 the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. 
 George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark 
 important aid in conciliating the French citizens 
 of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and 
 induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- 
 ance to the new government. He even advanced 
 means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond 
 a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- 
 ture, he does not appear to have received any 
 recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to 
 Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt 
 impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's 
 services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of 
 him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the 
 United States are indebted more to Father 
 Gibault for the accession of the States comprised 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 201 
 
 in what was the original Northwest Territory 
 than to any other man." The date and place of 
 his death are unknown. 
 
 GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- 
 ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 34 
 miles east of Bloomington, and at the intersec- 
 tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield 
 Division of the Illinois Central. The principal 
 mechanical industries are iron works, canning 
 works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has 
 two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and 
 an academy. A college is projected. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,054; (1903, est), 3,165. 
 
 GILL, Joseph B., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 
 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson 
 County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father 
 settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still 
 makes his home. His academic education was 
 received at the school of the Christian Brothers, 
 in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal 
 University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated 
 from the Law Department of the Michigan State 
 University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he 
 purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- 
 pendent," which paper he conducted and edited 
 up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected 
 in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a 
 champion of the labor interest. In 1893 he was 
 nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
 the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 
 1893, to '97. 
 
 GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This 
 is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising 
 region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. 
 
 GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in New York City, August 22, 1809, of Irish 
 parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling 
 on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to 
 Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over 
 two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines 
 at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the 
 invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study 
 of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, 
 having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He 
 also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) 
 in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in 
 politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham 
 Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the Legislature, serving one term, and 
 was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 
 1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the 
 
 Whig members of the Legislature for United States 
 Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, 
 and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican 
 State Convention at Decatur, at which elements 
 were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- 
 nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency 
 for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was 
 elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial 
 Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, 
 serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- 
 ville, Jan. 7, 1885. 
 
 GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- 
 man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819; 
 spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, 
 in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis, 
 finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, 
 where an uncle of the same name resided. Here 
 he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious 
 investments, finally acquired a large body of 
 choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations 
 the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago 
 and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably 
 successful. In his later years he was President 
 of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of 
 his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner of 
 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of 
 Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of 
 fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large 
 family, one of his daughters being the wife of 
 the late Senator Richard J. Oglesbj . 
 
 GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- 
 cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was 
 educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind., 
 graduating in 1852, and the same year became an 
 instructor in the Institution for the Education of 
 the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 he 
 became Principal of the Illinois Institution for 
 the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
 ville, remaining there until 1893, when he 
 resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was 
 President of the Association for the Promotion of 
 Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, but later returned to Jacksonville, 
 where he has since been living in retirement. 
 
 GILLHAM, Daniel B., agriculturist and legis- 
 lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in 
 Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826— his father 
 being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, 
 who belonged to one of the pioneer families in 
 the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch was educated in the common 
 schools and at McKendree College, but did not 
 graduate from the latter. In his early life he 
 followed the vocation of a farmer and stock- 
 grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 
 
202 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 cultivated portions of the American Bottom, a 
 few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to 
 Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. 
 He became a member of the State Board of Agri- 
 culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin- 
 tendent and later as its President; was also a 
 Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five 
 years, and for a time President of the Board. In 
 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the 
 State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years 
 in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he 
 was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving 
 a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of 
 which he died, April 6, following. The identity 
 of his assailant was never disco\-ered, and the 
 crime consequently went unpunished. 
 
 GILMAN, a city in Iroquois County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- 
 ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south 
 by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast 
 of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the 
 richest corn districts of the State and has large 
 stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has 
 an opera house, a public library, an extensive 
 nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, 
 two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- 
 sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 
 200 feet. Population (1890), 1,112; (1900), 1,441. 
 
 GILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June 
 22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Oilman, of the 
 firm of Gilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse 
 the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was 
 stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 
 1837 ; was educated in St. Louis and New York, 
 began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, 
 removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected 
 himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman 
 was one of the prime movers in what is known as 
 "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal 
 collegiate advantages for women, and has written 
 much for the periodical press, besides publishing 
 a number of volumes in the line of history and 
 English literature. 
 
 GILMAN, CLINTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Hlmois Central Railroad. ) 
 
 GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west 
 from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of 
 Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively 
 here. The city also has a bank, five churches 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
 1.024; (1890), 1,524; (1900), 1,661. 
 
 GLENCOE, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 
 
 ern Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 387; (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020. 
 
 GLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Governor, 
 was born in Nicholas County, Ky., Jan. 30, 1819. 
 In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, 
 settling first ill Vermilion, and later in Schuyler 
 County. At the age of 13, being forced to 
 abandon school, for six years he worked upon the 
 farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19. entered 
 a printing office at Rushville, where he learned 
 the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a 
 Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued 
 after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven 
 years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, 
 during which period he was admitted to the bar ; 
 was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 o r ' 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization 
 from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected 
 to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, 
 chosen its President, thus becoming ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal 
 practice to engage in banking and in mercan- 
 tile investment. After the expiration of his term 
 in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at 
 latest advices, he still resided. 
 
 GLENN, John J., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831; gradu- 
 ated from Miami University in 1856 and, in 1858. 
 was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer 
 County, a year later removing to Monmouth in 
 Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 
 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- 
 cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, "91, and '97. 
 After his last election he served for some time, 
 by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- 
 ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield 
 District, but ultimately resigned and returned to 
 Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool- 
 headed, impartial Judge stands very high, and his 
 name has been favorably regarded for a place on 
 the Supreme Bench. 
 
 GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in 
 Cayuga County, N. Y., April 13, 1810, and edu- 
 cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. 
 In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at 
 Galena for his father, and, although not then a 
 lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that 
 he was asked to take charge of two others. This 
 determined the bent of his mind towards the law, 
 to the study of which he turned his attention 
 under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- 
 ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after 
 being admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a 
 partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, whioh 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 203 
 
 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected 
 as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- 
 teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the 
 founders of the Republican party and a close 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, 
 at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator 
 Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served 
 as Presidential Elector at the time of General 
 Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the 
 following year was appointed United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving 
 until 1875. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Cullom a member of the Board of Railway 
 and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards 
 became President, serving six years. Died, in 
 Chicago, Dec. 10, 1892. 
 
 GODFREY, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. 
 It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and 
 named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early 
 settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding 
 that institution. Population (1890), 228. 
 
 GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and 
 philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass., Dec. 
 4, 1794 ; at nine years of age he ran away from 
 home and went to sea, his first voyage being to 
 Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 
 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a 
 part of the next three years in the naval service, 
 also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- 
 gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- 
 vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West 
 Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck 
 in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. 
 In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at 
 Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- 
 some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting 
 to some $200,000 in silver) across the country on 
 pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by 
 brigands, with which that country was then 
 infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he 
 was again successful, and, in 1832, came north, 
 locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging 
 in the warehouse and commission business as the 
 partner of Winthrop S. Gilman, under the name 
 of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse 
 of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of 
 Elijah P. Lovejoy was stored when it was seized 
 and destroyed by a mob, and Lovejoy was killed, 
 in October, 1837. (See Lovejoy, Elijah P. ) Soon 
 after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- 
 frey made a donation of land and money for the 
 erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village 
 of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- 
 
 cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the 
 erection of buildings, borne by him, was $53,000. 
 The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and 
 Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees 
 as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- 
 ing spirits in the construction of the Alton & 
 Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago 
 & Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- 
 profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. 
 
 GOLCONDA, a village and county-seat of Pope 
 County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast 
 of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis- 
 trict; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity; 
 has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one 
 bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw 
 mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- 
 nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 Population (1890), 1,174: (1900), 1,140. 
 
 GOLDZIER, Julias, ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and 
 emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he 
 settled in Chicago, where he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced 
 law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a 
 member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 
 1892, was the successful Democratic candidate 
 in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was 
 defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the 
 Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- 
 turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- 
 second Ward. 
 
 GOODING, James, pioneer, was born about 
 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario 
 County, N. Y\, when he removed to Cook County, 
 111 , settling in what was later called "Gooding's 
 Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove 
 was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from 
 the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. 
 Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by 
 three sons — James, Jr., William and Jasper — and 
 a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became 
 prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 
 1849, at the age of 82 years. — William (Gooding), 
 civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at 
 Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1S03; 
 educated in the common schools and by private 
 tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly 
 between teaching and working on the farm of 
 his father, James Gooding. Having devoted 
 considerable attention to surveying and civil 
 engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on 
 the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. 
 He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- 
 port, N. Y., but sold out at the end of the first 
 year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 
 
204 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- 
 ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a 
 position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. 
 After a brief visit to his father's in 1832, he 
 returned to Ohio and engaged in business there 
 for a short time, but the following year joined 
 his father, who had previously settled in a portion 
 of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- 
 ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the 
 lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" 
 and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- 
 pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, but, in 1842, became Chief Engi- 
 neer, continuing in that position until the com- 
 pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became 
 Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Lockport, 
 Will County, in May, 1878. 
 
 GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y., August 
 7, 1811; grew up in Western New York, studied 
 law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one 
 of the most prominent and reputable members of 
 his profession, as well as a leader in many of the 
 movements for the educational, moral and reli- 
 gious advancement of the community. He was 
 one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church of Chicago, an active member of 
 the Union Defense Committee during the war, an 
 incorporator and life- long Trustee of the North- 
 western University, and President of the Board 
 of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides 
 being identified with many organizations of a 
 strictly benevolent character. In 1859 Judge 
 Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- 
 ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, 
 resumed the practice of his profession. Died, 
 March 15, 1889. 
 
 GORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in 
 Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his 
 parents to Madison County, 111. , in 1834, and served 
 in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards 
 locating in Macoupin County, where he has been 
 extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was 
 an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for 
 State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State 
 Senate from the Macoupin-Morgan District, and, 
 in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. 
 For some sixteen years he was a member of the 
 State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of 
 that period being its President. His home is at 
 Carlinville. 
 
 GOUDT, Calvin, early printer and physician, 
 was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with 
 his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and 
 
 in 1832 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the 
 State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 
 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the 
 following year he entered Illinois College, being 
 for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- 
 wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation 
 as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's 
 Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac," 
 of which his father was publisher. In association 
 with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began 
 the publication of "The Common School Advo- 
 cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the 
 Northwest, which was continued for about a 
 year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry 
 and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating 
 at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844. 
 began practice at Taylorville; in 1847 was elected 
 Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of 
 four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856 
 he was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and, in the session of the following 
 year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- 
 lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still 
 later serving for some sixteen years on the State 
 Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 
 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late 
 William C. Goudy of Chicago. 
 
 GOUDT, William C, lawyer, was born in 
 Indiana, May 15, 1824; came to Illinois, with his 
 father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- 
 sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began 
 the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" — a 
 well-known publication of that time. At Jack- 
 sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, 
 graduating in 1845, when he began the study of 
 law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year 
 began practice at Lewistown, Fulton Count}' ; 
 served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State 
 Senator (1856-60) ; at the close of his term re- 
 moved to Chicago, where he became prominent 
 as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- 
 coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad. During President Cleveland's 
 first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a 
 large influence with the administration, and was 
 credited with having been largely instrumental 
 in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel- 
 ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court. Died, April 27, 1893. 
 
 GRAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after 
 graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, 
 spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 205 
 
 ville, but did not graduate ; studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in 
 1892 was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- 
 tion of President of the Board of Education, 
 never held any public office until elected to Con- 
 gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a 
 Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a 
 successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and 
 again in '98. 
 
 GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated 
 on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the 
 mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high 
 and fine river views are obtainable. A fine 
 quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here 
 and exported by the river. The town has a 
 bank, three churches and a graded school Pop- 
 ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988. 
 
 GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating 
 the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and 
 under the general supervision of the Railroad and 
 Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- 
 utive officer of the department is the Chief 
 Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- 
 tration are borne by fees. The chief business of 
 the inspection department is transacted in Chi- 
 cago, where the principal offices are located. (See 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commission.) 
 
 GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, 
 came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and 
 served as a member of the Third Territorial 
 Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a 
 citizen of Union County when it was organized 
 in 1818, and served as State Senator from that 
 county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- 
 blies (1822-26), and again in the Seventh and 
 Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- 
 trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander 
 Counties. He is described as having been very 
 illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and 
 considerable influence. 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- 
 ternal, charitable and patriotic association, 
 limited to men who served in the Union army or 
 navy during the Civil "War, and received hon- 
 orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. 
 Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had 
 the cooperation of Rev. William J Rutledge, 
 Chaplain of the same regiment, Col. John M. 
 Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. 
 Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, 
 Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. 
 John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. 
 B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. 
 
 Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes, all Illinois veter- 
 ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- 
 field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the 
 first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April 6. 
 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugh, 
 George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior, 
 J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. 
 Sibley, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, 
 and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had 
 served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work 
 of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers 
 generally being somewhat doubtful of the result 
 of the project; but, before July 12, 1866, the date 
 fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to 
 form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts 
 had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 
 reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- 
 ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established 
 in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- 
 chusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the 
 District of Columbia, and the first National 
 Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 
 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, 
 located in every State and Territory of the Union, 
 with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of 
 organization provides for precinct, State and 
 National bodies. The first' are known as posts, 
 each having a number, to which the name of 
 some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier 
 may be prefixed ; the second (State organizations) 
 are known as Departments; and the supreme 
 power of the Order is vested in the National En- 
 campment, which meets annually. As has been 
 said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. 
 The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his 
 associates was to create a grand organization of 
 veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than 
 its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- 
 tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- 
 ism as well as mutual support. While he died 
 sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of 
 his hopes, the present has witnessed the fullest 
 realization of his dream. (See Stephenson, B. F. ) 
 The constitution of the order expressly prohibits 
 any attempt to use the organization for partisan 
 purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, 
 of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and 
 strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to 
 assist comrades needing help or protection and 
 aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- 
 cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief 
 Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating 
 at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list 
 of Illinois Department Commanders, chionolog- 
 
20(3 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ically arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 
 1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. 
 Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), 
 Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram 
 Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), 
 T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), 
 J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), 
 S. A. Harper (1883), L. T. Diekason (1884), 
 William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post 
 (1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton 
 (1888), James S. Martin (1889), William L. Distin 
 (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan 
 (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. 
 McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William 
 G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John 
 C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1S99). The fol- 
 lowing Illinoisans have held the position of Com- 
 mander-in-Chief: S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms) 
 1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; 
 Thomas G. Lawler, 1894 ; James A. Sexton, 1898. 
 
 GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa- 
 tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- 
 corporated in 1863 ; had a faculty of eleven teach- 
 ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils— 145 male and 140 
 female. It reports an endowment of §10,000 and 
 property valued at S55.000. Besides the usual 
 classical and scientific departments, instruction 
 is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- 
 tory studies. 
 
 GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, 
 situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south- 
 west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the 
 Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received 
 its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the 
 river opposite the village. It has four churches, 
 a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for 
 iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881. 
 
 GRAND TOWER & CAPE GIRARDEAU 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) 
 
 GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Texas Railroad.) 
 
 GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and 
 legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., 
 May 16, 1832, educated in public schools at Sodus 
 in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111. , 
 in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McIIenry 
 County the same year, and soon after engaging in 
 the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was 
 elected as a Republican Representative in the 
 Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- 
 sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth 
 and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary 
 Speaker of the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth. He 
 is now a member of the State Senate for trie 
 
 Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His 
 home is at West McHenry. 
 
 GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and 
 jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804; 
 came to Illinois at an early day and located at 
 Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry 
 Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. 
 Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked abilit}', 
 as were many of the early settlers of that region. 
 In February, 1835, he was elected by the General 
 Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- 
 sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a 
 few months, dying at Vandalia the same year. 
 
 GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram 
 Ulysses), Lieutenant - General and President, 
 was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
 Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West 
 Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served 
 through the Mexican War. After a short resi- 
 dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena 
 in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the 
 Nation's history. Entering the service of the 
 State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- 
 General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out 
 of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a 
 drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he 
 was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of 
 the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he 
 immediately led into the field in the State of 
 Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- 
 Generalship and became a full Major-General of 
 Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and 
 Henry, in February following. His successes at 
 Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big 
 Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- 
 burg, were the leading victories of the Union 
 armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- 
 tanooga was also one of his victories in the West 
 in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General 
 of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, 
 he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in 
 Marcli of that year, assumed command of all the 
 Northern armies. Taking personal command of 
 the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- 
 paign against Richmond, which resulted in the 
 final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate 
 capital and the surrender of General Lee at 
 Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he 
 was made General — the office being created for 
 him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad 
 interim, under President Johnson, from Au- 
 gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was 
 elected President of the United States and re- 
 elected in 1872. His administration may not 
 have been free from mistakes, but it was charae- 
 

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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 207 
 
 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. 
 During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being 
 received everywhere with the highest honors. In 
 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to 
 secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- 
 date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount 
 McGregor, N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary 
 work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), 
 which was very extensively sold. 
 
 GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in 
 Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River 
 and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six 
 miles south of Danville. The chief industry is 
 coal mining, which is extensively carried on. 
 Population (1890), 778; (1900), G10 
 
 GRATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, 
 born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After 
 receiving a mercantile training in the counting 
 house of an uncle in London, lie emigrated to 
 Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at 
 Montreal. He first came to the "Illinois Coun- 
 try" in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one 
 year. In 1777 he returned ana formed a partner- 
 ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young 
 Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots 
 at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of 
 Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered 
 that commander material financial assistance, 
 becoming personally responsible for the supplies 
 needed by the penniless American army. When 
 the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. 
 Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory 
 became a part of the United States, it was from 
 the balcony of his house that the first American 
 flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- 
 pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 
 30,000 acres of land near the present site of 
 Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at 
 St. Louis, April 21, 1817. 
 
 GRAVIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- 
 ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be 
 stated with certainty. After some years spent in 
 Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors 
 to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding Allouez 
 as Superior two years later, and being made 
 Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the 
 Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias— his most numer- 
 ous conversions being among the latter tribe — as 
 also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and 
 Missouris. It is said to have been largely through 
 his influence that the Illinois were induced to 
 settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 
 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack 
 by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually 
 led, by one of their medicine men. It is said 
 
 that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed 
 to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as 
 to time and plane, but all agree that it resulted 
 from the wound above mentioned. Some of his 
 biographers assert that he died at sea; others 
 that he returned from France, yet suffering from 
 the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 
 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. 
 
 GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was 
 born at Barnesville, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after 
 serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a 
 course at Oberlin College, devoting especial 
 attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile 
 supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he 
 began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, 
 received his first patent ; devised a method of 
 transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- 
 ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- 
 ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a 
 year later accomplishing the same with eight, 
 messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- 
 fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a 
 repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. 
 From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- 
 facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and 
 Chicago, but has since been electrician of the 
 Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest 
 invention, the "telautograph" — for reproducing 
 by telegraph the handwriting of the sender 
 of a telegram — attracted great interest at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is 
 author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and 
 "Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic 
 Telegraphy and Telephony." 
 
 GRAY, William C, Ph.D., editor, was born in 
 Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from 
 the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850, 
 read law and began secular editorial work in 
 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, 
 with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" 
 and "Newark American." Then, after several 
 years spent in general publishing business in 
 Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to 
 Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the 
 organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has 
 since conducted. The success of the paper under 
 his management affords the best evidence of his 
 practical good sense. He holds the degree of 
 Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. 
 
 GRAYYILLE, a city situated on the border of 
 White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in 
 the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- 
 west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of 
 Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vincennes. 
 It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 
 
208 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 region and is an important hard-wood market. 
 Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- 
 clude floui-, saw and planing mills, stave factories 
 and creamery. The city has an electric light 
 and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and 
 two weekly papers. Population ^1900), 1,948. 
 
 GRAYYILLE & MATTOON RAILROAD. (See 
 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway.) 
 
 GREATHOUSE, Lucien, soldier, was born at 
 Carlinville, 111., in 1843; graduated at Illinois 
 Wesleyan University, Bloomington. and studied 
 law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the 
 War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of 
 Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; 
 bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the 
 Army of the Tennessee ; was killed in battle near 
 Atlanta, Ga., June 21, 1864. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and 
 '49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See 
 Wabash Railway.) 
 
 GREEN RIVER, rises in Lee County, and, 
 after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- 
 ward through Henry County, and enters Rock 
 River about 10 miles east by south from. Rock 
 Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. 
 
 GREEN, William H., State Senator and Judge, 
 was born at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 
 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, 
 and, for three years following, taught school, at 
 the same time reading law. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1852 and began practice at Mount 
 Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, 
 and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the General Assembly, was 
 re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was 
 elected to the State Senate for four years. In 
 December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the 
 Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term 
 of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of 
 nis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Conventions of 1860, '64, 
 68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years 
 a member of the State Central Committee of that 
 party, and also, for four terms, a member of the 
 State Board of Education, of which he has been 
 for several years the President. He is at present 
 (1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at 
 Cairo. 
 
 GREENE, Henry Sacheveral, attorney, was 
 born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought 
 to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- 
 pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk 
 and at others setting type in a printing office. 
 After spending some time in Western New York, 
 
 in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- 
 ville, Ind.. with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, 111. ; 
 four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt 
 County, where he taught and studied law with 
 Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, 
 Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar 
 at Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- 
 coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, 
 with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later 
 served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term 
 (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature 
 he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- 
 ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under 
 the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later 
 becoming the head of the firm of Greene & 
 Humphrey. From the date of his removal to 
 Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- 
 ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most 
 part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and 
 the Wabash Railways. His death occurred at his 
 home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, 
 Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly 
 devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- 
 able in all his dealings, he commanded respect 
 wherever he was known. 
 
 GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in 
 Tennessee in 1812 ; came to Illinois in 1822 with 
 his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the 
 vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. 
 The younger Greene was an intimate friend and 
 fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard 
 Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early 
 friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under 
 whom he held an appointment in Utah for some 
 years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 
 1894. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of 
 Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis 
 Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles 
 north of St. Louis; is an agricultural, coal-mining 
 and stock-raising region. The city has several 
 churches, public schools, a seminary, electric 
 light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly 
 paper. It is an important shipping point for 
 cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. 
 Population (1890), 1,131; (1900), 1,085. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and 
 separately organized in 1821 ; has an area of 544 
 square miles; population (1900), 23,402; named 
 for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- 
 dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted 
 to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being 
 among the principal. Building stone and clay 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 209 
 
 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- 
 ing settlers were David Stockton and James 
 Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek 
 in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others 
 (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon 
 afterward. The Indians were numerous and 
 aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the 
 monuments of the Government surveys, erected 
 some years before. Immigration of the whites, 
 however, was rapid, and it was not long before 
 the nucleus of a village was established at Car- 
 rollton, where General Fry erected the first house 
 and made the first coffin needed in the settle- 
 ment. This town, the county-seat aud most 
 important place in the county, was laid off by 
 Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns 
 are Whitehall (population, 1,961). and Roodhouse 
 (an important railroad center) with a population 
 of 2,360. 
 
 GREENUP, villasre of Cumberland County, at 
 intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville 
 branch III. Cent. Ry. ; in farming and fruit- 
 growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom 
 factory, five churches, public library and good 
 schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900), 1,085. 
 
 GREENVIEW, a village in Menard County, on 
 the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield 
 and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a 
 coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven 
 churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,106; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1,245. 
 
 GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the 
 county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of 
 Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & 
 Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of 
 St. Louis ; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- 
 ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- 
 sively in the surrounding country, and there are 
 extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The 
 leading manufacturing product is in the line of 
 wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a 
 coeducational institution); has several banks and 
 three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 
 1,868; (1900), 2,504. 
 
 GREENVILLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- 
 ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of 
 Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- 
 ville, after his victory over the savages at the 
 battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This 
 was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in 
 which a number of tribes united The lands con- 
 veyed within the present limits of the State 
 of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles 
 square at the mouth of the Chicago River; 
 
 another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of 
 the Illinois River; another, six miles square, 
 around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort 
 Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty 
 lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, 
 and "the lands at all other places in the posses- 
 sion of the French people and other white set- 
 tlers among them, the Indian title to which has 
 been thus extinguished. " On the other hand, the 
 United States relinquished all claim to all other 
 Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of tne Mis- 
 sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash 
 consideration paid by the Government was 
 $210,000. 
 
 GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of 
 State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y., and began 
 the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, 
 he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first 
 paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 
 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois 
 Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- 
 eral Assemblies ; later removed to Chicago, after 
 which he served for a time as United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the 
 Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- 
 tutional Convention of that year, and served as 
 Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853, as successor 
 to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former 
 year. In the Democratic State Convention of 
 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the 
 nomination for Governor, though finally defeated 
 by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential 
 Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed 
 by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich 
 Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- 
 ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died 
 in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- 
 pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec. 
 23, 1868. 
 
 GREGORY, Jnhi. iff > it. mi, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., 
 N. Y., July 6, 1822; graduated from Union Col- 
 lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the 
 study of law, studied theology and entered the 
 Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the 
 East he came West, becoming Principal of a 
 classical school at Detroit. His ability as an 
 educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he 
 was elected State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- 
 tion in 1863. In 1854, he assisted in founding 
 "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which 
 he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the 
 Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 
 
210 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later was called to that of the newly founded 
 University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he 
 remained until 1880. He was United States 
 Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, 
 Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- 
 tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in 
 the educational department of the Philadelphia 
 Centennial of 1876. From 1883 to '85 he was a 
 member of the United States Civil Service Com- 
 mission. The degree of LL. D. was conferred 
 upon him by Madison University (Hamilton, 
 N. Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he 
 published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- 
 gan, besides numerous addresses on educational 
 subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of 
 History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A 
 New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and 
 "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). 
 While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of 
 Political Economy in the University of Illinois 
 during the latter years of his life, he resided in 
 Washington, D. C, where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. 
 By his special request he was buried on the 
 grounds of the University at Champaign. 
 
 GRESHAM, Walter Quinton, soldier, jurist 
 and statesman, was born near Lanesville. Harri- 
 son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at 
 a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at 
 Bloomington University, completed his early 
 education, which was commenced at the common 
 schools. He read law at Corydon, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned 
 to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
 eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost 
 immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- 
 third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he 
 was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was 
 brevetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At 
 Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled 
 from service for a year. After the war he re- 
 sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- 
 ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his 
 county for Fremont. From that time until 1892 
 he was always prominently identified with the 
 Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 
 1867-68, was the financial agent of his State 
 (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant 
 appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this 
 position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 
 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was 
 made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, 
 
 he was appointed United States Judge of the 
 Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made 
 his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- 
 cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, 
 but subsequently took no active personal part in 
 politics. In 1888 he was the substantially unani- 
 mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- 
 dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 
 he was tendered the Populist nomination for 
 President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- 
 land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of 
 State, which he accepted, dying in office at 
 Washington, D. C, May 28, 1895. 
 
 (JREUSEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- 
 many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat ; 
 came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., 
 in 1835 ; served as a Captain of the First Michigan 
 Volunteers in the Mexican War ; in 1857, came to 
 Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing on 
 Fort Sumter, when he promptly enrolled himself 
 as a private in a company organized at Aurora, 
 of which he was elected Captain and attached to 
 the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later 
 being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting 
 for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Illinois; took 
 part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville 
 and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to 
 resign on account of failing health, in February, 
 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 
 whence lie returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at 
 Aurora, April 25, 1896. 
 
 GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was 
 born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was 
 educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 
 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and 
 engaging in the mercantile business, which he 
 carried on quite extensively some eight years. 
 He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- 
 pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and 
 soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of 
 militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." 
 In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began 
 to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- 
 quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. 
 Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. 
 Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, 
 he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding 
 sessions of the General Assembly in securing the 
 location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois 
 Central Railroads by way of Bloomington ; was 
 also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINgOIS. 
 
 211 
 
 Indiana, Bloomington & Western and other lines. 
 In 1858 he joined J. Y. Scarnruon and J. H. Burch 
 of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean 
 County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became 
 President and ultimately sole proprietor; also be- 
 came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- 
 Light & Coke Company, which he managed some 
 twenty-five years. Originally a Whig, he identi- 
 fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, 
 serving upon the State Central Committee during 
 the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took 
 part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- 
 ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, 
 where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis 
 for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 
 20, 1881. 
 
 (. 1! 1 F.U . (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- 
 chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa. , in 1837 ; 
 received a common school education and, in 
 1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in 
 the grain business, subsequently, in partnership 
 with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator 
 in Peoria, with three or four at other points. 
 Early in the war he recruited a company of which 
 he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota 
 was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, 
 but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the 
 Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- 
 zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry 
 and Donelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege 
 and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was 
 ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- 
 field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a 
 commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained 
 command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During 
 that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- 
 sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command 
 of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the 
 Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command 
 of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a 
 conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan 
 and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- 
 bama. He subsequently had command of a 
 division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with 
 the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
 war, General Grier resumed his business as a 
 grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to 
 East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection 
 and management of the Union Elevator there — 
 was also Vice-President and Director of the St. 
 Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 
 1891. 
 
 GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; rjemoved in boyhood 
 
 to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to 
 Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a 
 time in teaching music, later embarking in the 
 grain and produce business at Meredosia. He 
 enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil 
 War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss 
 at Cairo during the three-months' service, later 
 being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois 
 Cavalry. From this time his promotion was 
 rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same 
 regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a 
 brigade in December following. He was promi- 
 nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between 
 Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April 
 and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La 
 Grange, Tenn., through the States of Mississippi 
 and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter— for 
 the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- 
 federacy and causing consternation among the 
 rebel leaders, while materially aiding General 
 Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem- 
 onstration was generally regarded as one of the 
 most brilliant events of the war, and attracted 
 the attention of the whole country. In recog- 
 nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863, 
 made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a 
 full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the 
 close of the war he entered the regular army as 
 Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and 
 was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major - 
 General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas 
 during December, 1861. His subsequent service 
 was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- 
 paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile 
 being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and 
 elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles 
 to a Major-Generalship following the death of 
 Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 
 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior 
 Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- 
 General and retired with that rank in July fol- 
 lowing. His home is at Jacksonville. 
 
 GRIGGS, Samuel Chapman, publisher, was 
 born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began 
 business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N Y., but 
 removed to Chicago, where he established the 
 largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. 
 Griggs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and 
 the following year, having sold out to his part- 
 ners, established himself in the publishing busi- 
 ness, which he conducted until 1890. when he 
 retired. The class of books published by him 
 include many educational and classical, with 
 others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi 
 cago, April 5, 1897. 
 
212 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 GRIGGSVILLE, a city in Pike County, on the 
 Wabash Railroad, 4 miles west of the Illinois 
 River, and 50 miles east of Quinoy. Flour, camp 
 stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The 
 city has churches, graded schools, a public 
 library, fair grounds, opera house, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900), 
 1,404. 
 
 GRIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, 
 was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1820, of Anglo- 
 Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- 
 tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began 
 the study of law with his father, who was a lawyer 
 and an author of repute. His professional studies 
 were interrupted for a few years, during which he 
 was employed at surveying and civil engineering, 
 but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in 
 1843. The same year he settled at Pittsfield, 111., 
 where he formed a partnership with his brother, 
 "William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to 
 Quincy, where he resided for the remainder of his 
 life. He was a member of the first Republican 
 Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was 
 twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
 (1856 and '58) in a strongly Democratic District. 
 He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- 
 sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served 
 as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. 
 Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- 
 nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 
 On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- 
 roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he 
 walked from that city to the capital, and was 
 summoned into the presence of the President and 
 General Scott with his feet protruding from his 
 boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- 
 lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- 
 trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at 
 Quincy, Dec. 13. 1875. 
 
 GRIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was 
 born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar 
 in his native city at the age of 19 ; in 1833 came 
 to Pike County, 111., where he continued to prac- 
 tice until his death. He served in the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit 
 of preparing the article in the second Constitution 
 prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second 
 time ; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. 
 He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson 
 viHe, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State 
 Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- 
 dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. 
 
 6RINNELL, Julius S., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
 was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y., in 1842, 
 of New England parents, who were of French 
 descent. He graduated from Middlebury College 
 in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the 
 bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to 
 Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent 
 position at the bar ; was elected City Attorney in 
 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 ho 
 was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in 
 which capacity he successfully conducted some 
 of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in 
 the history of Illinois. Among these may be 
 mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin 
 and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an 
 election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the 
 conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- 
 sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- 
 viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with 
 complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre 
 in Chicago, in May, 1886 — the latter trial being 
 held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was 
 elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but 
 resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for 
 the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, 
 June 8, 1898. 
 
 GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, 
 was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost 
 his father by death at 13, came to the United 
 States two years later, spent a year in Chicago 
 schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and 
 clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he 
 enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers 
 (the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- 
 ticipated in some of the most important battles 
 of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
 burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At 
 Dallas, Ga., he had his right leg badly shattered 
 by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive 
 amputations being found necessary in order to 
 save his life. Having been discharged from the 
 service in February, 1865, he took a course in a 
 commercial college, became deputy clerk of the 
 Police Court, served three terms as Collector of 
 the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number 
 of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court 
 of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State 
 Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, 
 Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- 
 ness, being President, for several years, of the 
 Commercial Bank of Chicago. 
 
 GROSS, William L., lawyer, was born in Her- 
 kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with 
 his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the 
 bar at Springfield iq 1862, but almost immediately 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 213 
 
 entered the service of the Government, and, a 
 year later, was appointed by President Lincoln 
 Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under 
 command of General Stager, assigned to the 
 Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- 
 ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he 
 was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, 
 taking control of military telegraphs in that 
 Department with headquarters at New Orleans, 
 remaining until August, 1806, meanwhile being 
 brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For 
 the next two years he occupied various positions 
 in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed 
 the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction 
 with his brother (Eugene L. ) issuing the first 
 volume of "Gross' Statutes of Illinois," followed 
 in subsequent years by two additional volumes, 
 besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 
 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General 
 Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, 
 was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit 
 Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been 
 appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- 
 zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge 
 Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 
 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- 
 ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. 
 
 GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in 
 Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1852; was educated in the 
 local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating 
 from the latter in 1872; read law in Boston, Mass., 
 and settled down to practice in his native town, 
 in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a 
 Democratic District before he was 25 years old, 
 but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two 
 years later, being thrown by a reapportionment 
 into the same district with William McKinley, 
 he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat 
 in Congress to which he was elected. He re- 
 moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, 
 was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in 
 December, 1892, was appointed by President 
 Harrison Judge of the United States District 
 Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- 
 cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the 
 death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, 
 Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as 
 Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the 
 Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the 
 youngest incumbents upon the bench of the 
 United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given 
 ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides 
 proving himself in harmony with the progressive 
 spirit of the time on questions of national and 
 international interest. 
 
 GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- 
 ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 
 square miles and a population (1900) of 24, 136. 
 The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath 
 which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. 
 Building stone is abundant (particularly near 
 Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- 
 ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois 
 River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the 
 Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. 
 The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, 
 although there are several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments. The first white settler of whom any 
 record has been preserved, was William Marquis, 
 who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a 
 "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers 
 were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- 
 ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney 
 and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale 
 was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was 
 organized out of a part of La Salle, and named 
 after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. 
 The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris 
 was chosen the county-seat and has so re- 
 mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another 
 prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 GULLIVER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.D., 
 clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, 
 Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, 
 in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal 
 of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he 
 was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 
 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, 
 and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- 
 burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of 
 the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, 
 N. Y. , remaining until 1878, when lie was elected 
 Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and 
 Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- 
 tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor- 
 Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was 
 a member of the Corporation of Yale College 
 and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. 
 and LL.D. 
 
 GURLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was 
 born at Oswego, N. Y., June 5, 1854; brought by 
 his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated 
 in the public schools of that city and Cornell 
 University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of 
 Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In 
 July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. 
 Joshua Lindahl. 
 
214 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the 
 Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., 
 November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- 
 souri, where he was employed in the stock and 
 produce trade with New Orleans. Having married 
 in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 
 111, where he kept a tavern for a number of 
 years, and was also engaged some thirty years in 
 mercantile business. It is said that he was 
 unable to read until taught after marriage by his 
 wife, who appears to have been a woman of 
 intelligence and many graces. In 1824 he was 
 elected Representative in the Fourth General 
 Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- 
 ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a 
 supporter of the internal improvement scheme. 
 In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State 
 capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though 
 differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was 
 one of his warm personal friends. He served in 
 the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri 
 militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a 
 company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- 
 teers—Col. W. H. Bissell's. By service on the 
 staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained 
 the title of Colonel. He received the nomination 
 for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal 
 State Convention of the Democratic party in 
 December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. 
 J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account 
 of charges connected with his administration of 
 the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also 
 declined, and a new ticket was put in the field 
 headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was 
 elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made 
 the overland journey to California, but returning 
 with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, 
 where he held the position of Surveyor of the 
 Port for three years, when he was removed by 
 President Buchanan on account of his friendship 
 for Senator Douglas. Ho also served, from 1854 
 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on 
 Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator 
 Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of 
 the House of Representatives in Washington. In 
 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the 
 remainder of his life in practical retirement, 
 dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 
 18, 1878. 
 
 HADLEY, William F. L., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 
 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- 
 tion in the common schools and at McKendree 
 College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he 
 graduated from the Law Department of the 
 
 University of Michigan, and established him 
 self in the practice of his profession at 
 Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- 
 ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four 
 years, and was nominated for a second term, but 
 declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- 
 lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895, 
 was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth 
 District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con- 
 gress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected 
 in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. 
 Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, 
 but was prevented by protracted illness from 
 making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He 
 is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, 
 long a prominent business man of Edwards- 
 ville, and since his retirement from Congress, has 
 devoted his attention to his profession and the 
 banking business. 
 
 HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic hos- 
 pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with 
 twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of 
 wooden buildings, the use of which was given 
 rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was 
 known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire 
 of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- 
 erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical 
 College, and the hospital was placed on the list 
 of public charities. It also received a donation 
 of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, 
 besides numerous private benefactions. In 
 April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon, 
 the name of the institution was changed to the 
 Hahnemann Hospital, by which designation it 
 has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone 
 of a new hospital was laid and the building com- 
 pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with 
 a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all 
 the improved appliances and facilities for the 
 care and protection of the sick. It has also about 
 sixty private rooms for paying patients. 
 
 HAHNEMANN MEDICAL COLLEGE, located 
 in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- 
 ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were 
 secured over a drug-store, and the first college 
 term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering 
 nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- 
 strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution moved 
 into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone 
 of a new college building was laid. The six suc- 
 ceeding years were marked by internal dissen- 
 sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to 
 establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- 
 tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 215 
 
 1892, the corner-stone of a second building was 
 laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the 
 new structure occupying the site of the old, but 
 being larger, better arranged and better equipped. 
 Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and 
 co-education of the sexes has ever since continued 
 an established feature of the institution. For 
 more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has 
 been in operation in connection with the college. 
 HAINES, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and 
 legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
 May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for 
 the next eleven years, was employed in various 
 pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City 
 Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner 
 (1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, 
 serving two terms. He also served as Delegate 
 from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the 
 State Senate from the First District, serving in 
 the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- 
 blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- 
 nine votes for the seat in the United States 
 Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- 
 wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the 
 old Chicago West Division Railway and President 
 of the Savings Institute. During his later years 
 he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there, 
 July 4, 1896. —Elijah Middlebrook (Haines), 
 brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician 
 and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y., 
 April 21, 1822 ; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- 
 ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to 
 Lake County, where he resided until his death. 
 His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- 
 sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy 
 and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining 
 his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was 
 admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- 
 kegan; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still, 
 however, making his home at Waukegan. In 
 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois 
 township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the 
 Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace." He 
 made similar compilations of the township laws 
 of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. 
 By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his 
 career as a politician both checkered and unique. 
 Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- 
 ganization upon the formation of the Republican 
 party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- 
 lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 
 1807 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- 
 list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- 
 
 tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was 
 again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- 
 ent," and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and 
 '88, receiving the support, however, of tho Demo- 
 crats in a District normally Republican. Ho 
 served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and 
 '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies 
 being so equally divided that he either held, or 
 was able to control, the balance of power. He 
 was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions 
 were the cause of much severe criticism, being 
 regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as 
 often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions 
 over which he presided were among the stormiest 
 in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan, April 
 25, 1889. 
 
 HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born 
 at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some 
 years spent as a clerk in a country store at 
 Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog- 
 ical department of Yale College, later serving as a 
 home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in 
 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond 
 County, and, in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where 
 his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct 
 enabled him to exert a powerful influence over 
 the drunken aborigines who constituted a large 
 and menacing class of the population of what 
 was then a frontier town. In 1S39 he assumed 
 the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church 
 in Springfield, continuing that connection until 
 1865. From that time until his death, his life 
 was largely devoted to missionary work among 
 the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. 
 Among these he wielded a large influence and 
 always commanded genuine respect from all 
 denominations. His forte was love rather than 
 argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- 
 cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30, 1891. 
 
 HALE, (Dr.) Edwin M., physician, was born 
 in Newport, N. H, in 1829, commenced the study 
 of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the 
 Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the 
 session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 
 he labored in the interest of a representation of 
 homeopathy in the University of Michigan. 
 When this was finally accomplished, he was 
 offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse- 
 quence of having been elected to the same position 
 in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. 
 In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on his 
 return, severed his connection with the Hahne- 
 mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- 
 cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 
 
216 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 five years when he retired with the rank of Pro- 
 fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of 
 several volumes held in high esteem by members 
 of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- 
 tion for professional skill and benevolence of 
 character. He was a member of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of 
 various home and foreign associations. Died, in 
 Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. 
 
 HALL, (Col.) Cyrus, soldier, was born in Fay- 
 ette County, 111, August 29, 1822 — the son of a 
 pioneer who came to Illinois about the time of 
 its admission as a State. He served as Second 
 Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. 
 Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, 
 and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in 
 hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he 
 raised the first company for the war in Shelby 
 County, which was attached to the Fourteenth 
 Illinois (Col. John M. Palmer's regiment) ; was 
 promptly promoted from Captain to Major and 
 finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion 
 of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to 
 command of the regiment. The Fourteenth 
 Regiment having been finally consolidated with 
 the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was 
 transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the 
 command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth 
 Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1864, was 
 brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, 
 and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to 
 Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, 
 later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten 
 years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. 
 
 HALL, James, legislator, jurist. State Treasurer 
 and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 
 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and 
 spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur 
 in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, 
 beginning practice at Shawneetown, in 1820. 
 He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was 
 appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated 
 to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He 
 was legislated out of office two years later and 
 resumed private practice, making his home at 
 Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert 
 Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was 
 elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- 
 tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to 
 Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- 
 ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the 
 first periodical published in Illinois. Among his 
 published volumes ma}' be mentioned "Tales of 
 
 the Border," "Notes on the Western States," 
 "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western 
 History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." 
 
 HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was 
 born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came 
 to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- 
 chant at Vermont, Fulton County ; in 1862 
 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant -Colonel; 
 was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- 
 turned to duty after partial recovery, but was 
 finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- 
 ity. Returning home he resumed business, but 
 retired in 1878; was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 
 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making 
 ten years of continuous service. 
 
 HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the 
 Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- 
 tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk 
 branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at 
 the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant 
 water power for manufacturing purposes. An 
 iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- 
 nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- 
 tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high 
 school, and an apiary. The surrounding country 
 is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium 
 is located here. Population (1890), 1,301; (1900), 
 1,344. 
 
 HAMILTON, John B., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, 
 was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 
 111, Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather, Thomas M. 
 Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to 
 Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder 
 Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a 
 Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, 
 from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- 
 ceived his literary education at home and with a 
 classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 
 began the study of medicine, and the following 
 year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was 
 rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he 
 graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
 and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen- 
 eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- 
 tion before an Army Examining Board, he was 
 appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army 
 with the rank of First Lieutenant, serving suc- 
 cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort 
 Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital 
 at Boston; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- 
 General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ■m 
 
 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the 
 South, a few years later, rendered efficient service 
 in checking the spread of the disease by taking 
 charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville 
 and other stricken points. Resigning the position 
 of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the 
 Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides 
 holding other allied positions; was also editor of 
 "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- 
 ation " In 1896 he resigned his position in the 
 Medical Department of the United States Army, 
 in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but 
 died, Dec. 24, 1898. 
 
 HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, 
 was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- 
 grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he 
 began life working on a farm. Later, he followed 
 the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- 
 pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois 
 County, which has since been his home. After 
 filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected 
 County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- 
 lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and '79), also, in 
 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County 
 Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to 
 the House of Representatives, being one of the 
 "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- 
 orable Senatorial contest of 1885 ; was re-elected 
 in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 
 1890 and '98. 
 
 HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- 
 Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 
 28, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to 
 Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in 
 Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17) he 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- 
 nois Volunteers — a 100-day regiment. After 
 being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- 
 leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at 
 Henry, and later became Professor of Languages 
 at the Wesleyan (111. ) University at Blooming- 
 ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has 
 been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 
 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean 
 County, and, in 1880. Lieutenant-Governor on the 
 ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 6, 
 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed 
 Governor Cullom, who had been chosen United 
 States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for 
 the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- 
 lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body 
 selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. 
 
 Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then 
 Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- 
 tioner at the Chicago bar. 
 
 HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, 
 was born near Danville, Ky., August 21, 1799; 
 studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, 
 Union County, 111., in company with Abner Field, 
 afterwards State Treasurer; in 1821 was appointed 
 cashier of the newly established Branch State 
 Bank at Brownsville. Jackson County, but, in 
 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds 
 having appointed hirn the first Probate Judge of 
 Cook County. At the same time he also held the 
 offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and 
 Commissioner of School lands — the sale of the 
 Chicago school section being made under his 
 administration. He was a Colonel of State militia 
 and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun- 
 ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; 
 also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the 
 Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), 
 but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, 
 Dec. 26, 1860. 
 
 HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer — son 
 of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury — was born in New York 
 City, August 4, 1797; spent three years (1814-17), 
 at West Point ; came west and located at an early 
 day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of 
 public lands, elected Representative from Sanga- 
 mon County, in the Fourth General Assembly 
 (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine 
 region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's 
 Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, 
 and occasionally practiced law at Galena ; was a 
 member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature 
 of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and 
 died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some 
 twenty years later, a monument was erected to 
 his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- 
 camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward 
 to meet General La Fayette on his way from New 
 Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- 
 nois in 1825. 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 
 square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 — 
 named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- 
 ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- 
 seat. The surface of the county is rolling and 
 the fertile soil well watered and drained by 
 numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the 
 Wabash, which constitutes its southeastern 
 
218 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF. ILLINOIS. 
 
 boundary. Coal crops out at various points in 
 the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton 
 County was a dense forest, and timber is still 
 abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the 
 hard woods found are black and white oak, black 
 walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are 
 in unusual variety. Corn and tobacco are the 
 principal crops, although considerable fruit is 
 cultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- 
 toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. 
 Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for 
 whom a water course was named), in 1815; Adam 
 Crouch, the Biggerstaffs and T Stelle, in 1818, 
 and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. 
 The most important town is McLeansboro, whose 
 population in 1890 was 1,355. 
 
 HAMMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- 
 ger, was born at Bolton, Conn., June 4, 1804, 
 spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y., 
 where he became Principal of the Whitesboro 
 Seminary (in which he was partially educated), 
 and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua; 
 in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held 
 various offices, including member of the Legisla- 
 ture and Auditor; in 1852 completed the con- 
 struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the 
 first line from the East) to Chicago, and took up 
 his residence in that city. In 1855 he became 
 Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a 
 trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. 
 Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the 
 Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 but was compelled to resign by failing health, later 
 becoming Vice-President of the Pullman Palace 
 Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago 
 Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and 
 one of the founders of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary (Congregational); also President, for 
 several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend- 
 less. Died, April 15, 1884. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on 
 the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from 
 Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large 
 canning factory, pickle factory, and machine 
 shop; dairy and stock interests are large. The 
 place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, 
 and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 760. 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of 
 the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
 River ; was organized in 1825 and named for John 
 Hancock ; has an area of 769 square miles ; popu- 
 lation (1900). 32,215. Its early settlers were 
 chiefly from the Middle and Southern States, 
 
 among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty 
 years a resident of Montebello Township. Black 
 Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to 
 have been born within the limits of Camp Creek 
 Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was 
 erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after 
 the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac- 
 uated. Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- 
 dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. 
 Among the earliest were John Day, Abraham 
 Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, 
 Mendenhalls, Logans, and Luther Whitney. 
 James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- 
 ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the 
 Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being 
 expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of 
 Nauvoo in this county. (See 3Iormons, Nauvoo.) 
 Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid 
 out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- 
 sippi was established at Montebello (near the 
 present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, 
 two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. 
 The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has 
 a fine public school system, numerous thriving 
 towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the 
 State. 
 
 HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born 
 at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was 
 one year old was taken back to Maryland, his 
 parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- 
 mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia 
 Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the 
 Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army 
 at the age of seventeen. When the war ended 
 Handy found himself penniless. He was school- 
 teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime 
 writing some for a New York paper. Later he 
 became a clerk in the office of "The Christian 
 Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever 
 reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was 
 able to secure a regular position on the local staff 
 of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a 
 successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city 
 editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion 
 was rapid, being employed at different times upon 
 many of the most prominent and influential 
 papers in the East, including "The New York 
 Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- 
 delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and 
 "Daily News. " In 1893, at the request of Director- 
 General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of 
 the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre 
 ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, 
 tendered him about the same time by President 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 219 
 
 Harrison. Later, as a member of the National 
 Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the 
 interest of foreign countries in the Exposition, 
 For some time after the World's Fair, he was 
 associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." 
 In 1897, having been appointed by President 
 McKinley United States Commissioner to the 
 Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon 
 his return to this country he found himself in 
 very poor health, and went South in a vain 
 attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but 
 died, at Augusta, Ga., Jan. 8, 1898. 
 
 HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin 
 County, Ky., May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the 
 mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten 
 years the senior of the latter, was his intimate 
 friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- 
 tion, he often led the future President in boyish 
 pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- 
 hold in Spencer Count}-, Ind. , and finally married 
 Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, 
 the families removing to Macon County, 111., 
 together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks 
 removed to Coles County, where he remained 
 until some three years before his death, when he 
 went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar 
 County. It has been claimed that he first taught 
 the youthful Abraham to read and write, and 
 this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's 
 teacher. He has also been credited with having 
 once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while 
 crossing a swollen stream. Austin Gollaher, a 
 school- and play-mate of Lincoln's, has also made 
 the same claim for himself — the two stories pre- 
 sumably referring to the same event After the 
 riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1803, in which 
 several persons were killed, Hanks made a visit 
 to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- 
 est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although 
 they were not immediately released, the fact that 
 they were ordered returned to Charleston for 
 trial and finally escaped punishment, has been 
 attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. 
 He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1892, in 
 the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries 
 received from being run over by a buggy while 
 returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- 
 tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September 
 previous. 
 
 HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother 
 of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, 
 Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer 
 County, Ind., in 1822, and made his home with 
 them two years ; engaged in flat-boating, making 
 numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them 
 
 being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then 
 about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings 
 aroused against slavery by his first sight of a 
 slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to 
 Macon County, 111., locating about four miles 
 west of Decatur, and it was partly through his 
 influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- 
 grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had 
 cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house 
 when they arrived, and these were hauled by 
 Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which 
 was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon 
 River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- 
 ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- 
 coln worked together splitting rails to fence a 
 portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln 
 — some of these rails being the ones displayed 
 during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and 
 Lincoln worked together in the construction of a 
 flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- 
 field, for a man named Offutt, which Lincoln took 
 to New Orleans — Hanks only going as far as 
 St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832, 
 Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in 
 the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh. 
 afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He 
 followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, 
 when he went to California, where he spent three 
 years, returning in 1853. In 1801 he enlisted as 
 a soldier in the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry (afterwards commanded by General 
 Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was 
 placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, 
 in which capacity he remained two years, serving 
 in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, 
 Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with 
 the regiment, Hanks had charge of the staff team. 
 Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally 
 discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made 
 three trips to California after the war. Died, 
 July 1, 1891. 
 
 HANNIHAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 HANOJ), Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with His father to 
 Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, 
 in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian 
 County, being the first white settler in that 
 region. Died, near Sharpsburg. Christian County, 
 April 5, 1879. 
 
 HANOVER, a villnge in Jo Daviess County, on 
 Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. 
 It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and 
 a graded school. The Township (also called Han- 
 
220 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- 
 lation of about 1.700. Population of the village 
 (1890). 743; (1900), 785. 
 
 HARDIN, the county -seat of Calhoun County, 
 situated in Hardin Township, on the west bank 
 of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of 
 Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and 
 two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500; 
 (1890), 311; (1900). 494. 
 
 HARDIN, John J., lawyer, Congressman and 
 soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. 
 After graduating from Transylvania University 
 and being admitted to the bar, he began practice 
 at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he 
 was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, 
 later being elected to the lower house of the 
 Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. 
 The latter year he was elected to Congress, his 
 term expiring in 1845. During the later period 
 of his professional career at Jacksonville he was 
 the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- 
 yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a 
 pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
 was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois 
 Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the 
 second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, . 
 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains 
 were brought to Jacksonville and buried with 
 distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his 
 former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- 
 neral oration. — Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, 
 son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111. , 
 June 26, 1837 ; graduated at West Point Military 
 Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as 
 brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, 
 a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- 
 tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. 
 Being assigned to the command of volunteer 
 troops, he passed through various grades until 
 May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of 
 Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North 
 River, Va., became Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- 
 General of the regular army in March, 1865, 
 for service during the war, and was finally mus- 
 tered out of the volunteer service in January, 
 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- 
 ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was 
 retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other 
 wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. 
 — Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of 
 Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 
 111., Oct. 20, 1832, and educated at the Female 
 Seminary in that place ; was married about 1854 
 
 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor 
 R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband 
 became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in 
 the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by 
 a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder 
 on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a 
 leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and 
 has given much attention, of late years, to literary 
 pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the 
 Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena 
 Vista — the latter contributed to "The Magazine 
 of American History"; a "Life of Col. John J. 
 Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," 
 besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous 
 poems and essays. She served for several years 
 as a member of the Board of Education, and was 
 for six years principal of a young ladies' school 
 at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 
 HARDIN COUNTY, situated on the southeast 
 border of the State, and bounded on the east and 
 south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194 
 square miles, and was named for a county in 
 Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and 
 deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with 
 oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- 
 wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple 
 agricultural products. The minerals found are 
 iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime- 
 stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is 
 the county-seat. Population (1880), 6,024; (1890), 
 7,234; (1900). 7,448. 
 
 HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member 
 of Congress, born in East Hampton, Middlesex 
 County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly 
 at Hamilton Academy, N. Y., and, after practic- 
 ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to 
 Illinois, resuming practice and managing several 
 farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower 
 branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly 
 (1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged 
 in railroad enterprises. In 1862 he enlisted as a 
 private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less 
 than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. 
 In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected 
 in 1866. He did much for the development of the 
 western part of the State in the construction of 
 railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of 
 the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy) being one of 
 the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune 
 of about 82,000,000, and, before his death, en- 
 dowed a professorship in Monmouth College 
 Died, July 19, 1874. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 221 
 
 HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- 
 tucky to Illinois in 1816. settling near Carmi in 
 White County; served in the Third Territorial 
 Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General 
 Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business- 
 life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- 
 manufacture. 
 
 HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark 
 Count)', 111. , August 25, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury 
 University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction in Iowa (1847), President of 
 Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States 
 Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior 
 ( 1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter 
 year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- 
 versity. He was also a member of the Peace 
 Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- 
 delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873, 
 after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The 
 Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, 
 presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of 
 the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator 
 Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of 
 President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States 
 Minister to England. Mr. Harlan's home is at 
 Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. 
 
 HARLAX, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio 
 about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark 
 County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of 
 1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the 
 Circuit Court ; was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847 and the following year 
 was elected to the Circuit bench under the new 
 Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862 
 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian 
 Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 
 was elected County Judge of Clark County. 
 Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 
 1879. 
 
 HARLOW, George H., ex-Secretary of State, 
 born at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y., in 1830, removed 
 to Tazewell County, 111., in 1854, and engaged in 
 business as a commission merchant ; also served 
 a term as Mayor of Pekin. For many years he 
 took a prominent part in the history of the State. 
 Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, 
 at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a 
 patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve 
 the Union, working in harmony with the war 
 party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 
 1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, 
 when Governor Yates requested him to remain at 
 home and continue his effective work in the 
 Union League, saying that he could accomplish 
 more for the cause in this way than in the field. 
 
 Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an 
 organizer, and the League became a powerful 
 factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made 
 First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, 
 but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private 
 secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- 
 General on the Governor's staff, and had charge 
 of the troops as they were mustered out. During 
 a portion of Mr. Rummel's term (13(39-73) as Secre- 
 tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, 
 and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary 
 Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- 
 field he acted as correspondent for several news- 
 papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The 
 Illinois State Journal." In 1S81 he took up his 
 residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at 
 different periods in the commission and real 
 estate business, but has been retired of late years 
 on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900. 
 
 HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- 
 sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., 
 May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- 
 hood to Woodford County, 111., and served in the 
 One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers; 
 took a course in a commercial college and engaged 
 in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- 
 ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the 
 commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to 
 '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, 
 as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of 
 the city of Chicago; in 1882 was elected to the 
 Thirty -third General Assembly and re-elected in 
 1884. During his first term in the Legislature, 
 Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage 
 of the "High License Law," which has received 
 his name. Of late years he has been engaged in 
 the grain commission business in Chicago. 
 
 HARPER, William Rainey, clergyman and 
 educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July 
 26, 1856 ; graduated at Muskingum College at the 
 age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this 
 being one of the principal commencement honors 
 in that institution. After three years' private 
 study he took a post-graduate course in philology 
 at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph. D. , at the age 
 of 19. For several years he was engaged in 
 teaching, at Macon, Tenn., and Denison Uni- 
 versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- 
 logical studies and devoting special attention to 
 Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of 
 Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- 
 nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here 
 he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" 
 of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. 
 The school by correspondence was known as the 
 
222 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 "American Institute of Hebrew," and increased 
 so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- 
 dents, from all parts of the world, many leading 
 professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the 
 professorship of Semitic Language and Literature 
 at Yale University, having in the previous year 
 become Principal of the Chautauqua College of 
 Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the 
 entire Chautauqua system. During the winters 
 of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- 
 tures on the Bible in various cities and before 
 several universities and colleges, having been, 
 in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical 
 Literature at Yale, although still filling his 
 former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation 
 to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- 
 cago University, which has rapidly increased in 
 wealth, extent and influence. (See University 
 of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem- 
 ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. 
 Harper is the author of numerous philological 
 text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap- 
 plying the "inductive method" to the study of 
 Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve 
 the study of English along these same lines. In 
 addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals, 
 and published numerous monographs. 
 
 HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- 
 ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Oct. 29, 18I6; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- 
 ford, in 1841, studied law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, 
 and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842, 
 the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard 
 County, 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School 
 Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the 
 Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. 
 E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was 
 present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of 
 General Shields at the latter, taking command of 
 the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had 
 assumed command of the brigade. During his 
 absence in the army (1846) he was chosen 
 to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to 
 the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by 
 Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, 
 '56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after 
 his fourth election and before completing his 
 preceding term. 
 
 HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; 
 was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to 
 preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the 
 Michigan Conference, being transferred to the 
 Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a 
 
 tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, 
 after two years' pastoral work and some three 
 years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 
 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position 
 first of Principal of the Academic Department 
 and then a professorship; was Secretary of the 
 General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, 
 Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 
 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist 
 Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; 
 joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining 
 until his death, which occurred in New York, 
 Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- 
 thority on Methodist Church law, and published 
 a small work entitled "Powers of the General 
 Conference" (1859), and, in connection with 
 Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise 
 on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- 
 ence to the Methodist Church. 
 
 HARRISBURG, county -seat of Saline County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The 
 region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- 
 ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron 
 are found. The town has flour and saw mills, 
 coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage 
 and other wood-working establishments, two 
 banks and three weekly newspapers. Population 
 (1890), 1,723; (1900), 2,202. 
 
 HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, Con- 
 gressman and Mayor of Chicago, was born in 
 Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of 
 20 years graduated from Yale College and began 
 reading law, but later engaged in farming. After 
 spending two years in foreign travel, he entered 
 the Law Department of Transylvania University, 
 at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled 
 at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in 
 real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- 
 sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 
 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, 
 was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being 
 re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor 
 of Chicago, filling that office for four successive 
 biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election 
 in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. 
 Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He 
 thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on 
 his return, published an entertaining account of 
 his journey under the title, "A Race with the 
 Sun." In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- 
 cratic candidate for the Chicago- mayoralty, but 
 was defeated by Hempstead Washbmne. Repub- 
 lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 2 23 
 
 tion of his party for the office, and was elected. 
 In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he 
 purchased the plant of "The Chicago Times, " plac- 
 ing his sons in charge. He was a man of strong 
 character and intense personality, making warm 
 friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and 
 kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at 
 either his office or his home. Taking advantage 
 of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night 
 of Oct. 28, 1893 — immediately following the clos- 
 ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition 
 — gained admission to his residence, and, without 
 the slightest provocation, shot him down in his 
 library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin 
 was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. 
 
 HARRISON, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the 
 preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, 
 being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, 
 an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- 
 erally related to the signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence of that name, and to President 
 William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was 
 educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the 
 Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- 
 tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter 
 in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law 
 School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, 
 remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- 
 tion to real estate. His father having purchased 
 the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became 
 associated with the editorship of that paper and, 
 for a time, had charge of its publication until its 
 consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In 
 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for 
 Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by 
 receiving a majority of the total vote. Again 
 in 1399, he was re-elected to the same office, 
 receiving a plurality over his Republican com- 
 petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of 
 the youngest men who ever held the office. 
 
 HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of 
 Indiana Territory (including the present State of 
 Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va., Feb 9, 1773, 
 being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence; was educated 
 at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study 
 of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he 
 was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. 
 Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of 
 Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year 
 later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the 
 Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- 
 viously served as Aid-deCamp to Gen. Wayne, 
 by whom he was complimented for gallantry at 
 the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by 
 
 President Adams Secretary of the Northwest 
 Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- 
 gate in Congress; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- 
 ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, 
 serving by reappointment some 12 years. During 
 his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years 
 later, he negotiated many important treaties 
 with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive 
 victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers 
 at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- 
 General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to 
 Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the 
 Army of the Northwest, he won the important 
 battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission 
 in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative 
 in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential 
 Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator 
 (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of 
 Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United 
 States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve 
 years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig 
 candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, 
 dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one 
 month after his inauguration. 
 
 HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born 
 in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1837. When he 
 was three years old his parents removed to Illi 
 nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 
 1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph 
 County, which became his permanent home. He 
 was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mc- 
 Kendree College, Lebanon, in June, 1859. Five 
 years later he was admitted to the bar, and began 
 practice. He was Representative in Congress for 
 two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874, 
 and again in 1876. 
 
 HARVARD, an incorporated city in McHenry 
 County, 63 miles northwest of Chicago on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- 
 tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware 
 and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage 
 and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- 
 wheel factory and two weekly papers. The 
 region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967; 
 (1900), 2,602. 
 
 HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third 
 Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was 
 born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14, 
 1835; educated at Castleton Seminar, Vt , and 
 Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass.. graduating 
 from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as 
 Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston 
 until 1862, when she was called to the principal- 
 ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this 
 
224 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- 
 cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where 
 she has since remained. The main building of 
 this institution having been burned in Novem- 
 ber, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and 
 improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts 
 of Miss Haskell. (See Monticello Female Semi- 
 nary.) 
 
 HATCH, Ozias Mather, Secretary of the State 
 of Illinois (1857-'65), was born at Hillsborough 
 Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to 
 Griggsville, 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as 
 a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- 
 ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- 
 keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was 
 appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, 
 holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again 
 embarked in business at Meredosia, III. In 1850 
 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one 
 term. An earnest anti -slavery man, he was, in 
 1856, nominated by the newly organized Repub- 
 lican party for Secretary of State and elected, 
 being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with 
 Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal 
 friend and admirer. During the war he gave a 
 zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' 
 administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- 
 nation and retired from political life. He was an 
 original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- 
 ment Association from its organization in 1865 to 
 his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. 
 Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- 
 lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- 
 ment. After retiring from office he was interested 
 lo some extent in the banking business at Griggs- 
 ville, and was influential in securing the con- 
 struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway 
 from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over 
 thirty-five years, a resident of Springfield, dying 
 there, March 12, 1893. 
 
 HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy 
 man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester 
 County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed 
 only such educational advantages as could be 
 obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em 
 ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New 
 York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the 
 Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- 
 ing the next eleven years supplying churches in 
 Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he 
 went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that 
 vicinity until 1865, when he assumed the pastor- 
 ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in Chicago, two years later going to the 
 Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- 
 
 quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and 
 Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877. 
 he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in 
 Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- 
 merfield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, 
 which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, he 
 became Financial Agent of the Northwestern 
 University at Evanston, of which he had been a 
 Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for 
 pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his 
 services were in constant demand during this 
 period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the 
 General Conferences of 1860, '64, '76, '80 and '84, 
 and was a leader in some of the most important 
 debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, 
 March 31, 1891. 
 
 HATTOJf, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- 
 General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 
 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at 
 Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be 
 coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862, at the 
 age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio 
 Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One 
 Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant — his service being 
 chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- 
 ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After 
 the war he went to Iowa, whither his father had 
 preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount 
 Pleasant Journal" (1869-74); then removed to Bur- 
 lington, where he secured a controlling interest 
 in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point 
 of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city 
 under President Grant, and, in 1881, became 
 First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the 
 retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 
 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, 
 serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- 
 tration, being the youngest man who ever held 
 a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. 
 From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The 
 National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 
 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the 
 proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening 
 Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- 
 chasing the plant of "The National Republican" 
 in Washington, commenced the publication of 
 "The Washington Post," with which he was con- 
 nected until his death, April 30, 1894. 
 
 HATANA, the county-seat of Mason County, an 
 incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois 
 River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a 
 point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- 
 ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge 
 plants. A number of manufactories are located 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 225 
 
 here. The city has several churches, three pub- 
 lic schools and three newspapers. Population 
 (1890). 2,525; (1900), 3,268. 
 
 HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) 
 
 HAVEN, Erastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., Nov. 1, 1820; 
 graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, 
 and taught in various institutions in Massachu- 
 setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- 
 ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry 
 as a member of the New York Conference; five 
 years later accepted a professorship in Michigan 
 University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor 
 of "Zion's Herald," Boston, for seven years — in 
 that time serving two terms in the State Senate 
 and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- 
 vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- 
 dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 
 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist 
 Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to 
 become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. 
 In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in 
 August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great 
 versatility and power as an orator, wrote much 
 for the periodical press and published several 
 volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on 
 rhetoric. 
 
 HAVEN, Luther, educator, was born near 
 Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a 
 meager country-school education, at the age of 
 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- 
 tion six or seven years, after which he spent 
 three years in a more liberal course of study in a 
 private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was 
 next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a 
 teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He 
 then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849, 
 when he removed to Chicago. After several 
 years spent in manufacturing and real-estate 
 business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The 
 Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- 
 trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest 
 in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for 
 the promotion of popular education. For ten 
 years following 1853, he was officially connected 
 with the Chicago Board of Education, being for 
 four years its President. The comptrollership of 
 the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. 
 During the war he was a zealous supporter of the 
 Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed 
 by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of 
 Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States 
 for the Department of the Northwest, serving in 
 
 this capacity during a part of President Johnson's 
 administration. In 1866 he was attacked with 
 congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of 
 that year. 
 
 HAWK, Robert M. A., Congressman, was born 
 in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to 
 Carroll County, 111. , in boyhood, where he attended 
 the common schools and later graduated from Eu- 
 reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union 
 army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next 
 promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted 
 Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 
 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, 
 and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 
 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been 
 elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 
 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before 
 the expiration of his term, his successor being 
 Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen 
 at a special election to fill the vacancy. 
 
 HAWLEV, John B., Congressman and First 
 Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in 
 Fairfield County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- 
 nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing 
 in his early manhood at Carthage, Hancock 
 County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. 
 From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of 
 Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the 
 Union army as Captain, but was so severely 
 wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was 
 obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President 
 Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, 
 but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- 
 dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress 
 as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 
 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- 
 Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was 
 appointed by President Hayes First Assistant 
 Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, 
 when he resigned. During the last six years of 
 his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha, 
 Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, Mav 
 24, 1895. 
 
 HAY, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary 
 of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of 
 Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- 
 sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his 
 father, in the meantime, having become a resi- 
 dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice 
 in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as 
 assistant private secretary of President Lincoln. 
 acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- 
 camp, also serving for some time under General 
 
226 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Hunter and Gilmore, with the rank of Major and 
 Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's 
 assassination he served as Secretary of Legation 
 at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d' Affaires at 
 Vienna ; was also editor for a time of ' 'The Illi- 
 nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading 
 editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." 
 Colonel Hay's more important literary works 
 include "Castilian Days," "Pike County Ballads," 
 and the ten-volume "History of the Life and 
 Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- 
 ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled 
 at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The 
 New York Tribune," made Washington his home. 
 In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- 
 bassador to England, where, by his tact, good 
 judgment and sound discretion manifested as a 
 diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he 
 won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- 
 complished foreign representatives America has 
 produced. His promotion to the position of 
 Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary 
 William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- 
 American War, in September, 1898, followed 
 naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he 
 had won as a diplomatist, and was universally 
 approved throughout the np.tion. 
 
 HAY, John B., ex-Congressman, was born at 
 Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- 
 mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 
 16 years of age, when he learned the printer's 
 trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won 
 considerable local prominence in his profession, 
 being for eight years State's Attorney for the 
 Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in 
 the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, 
 and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the 
 Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. 
 
 HAY, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born 
 in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed 
 with his father's family to Springfield, III, in 
 1832; in 1838 became a student in the law office 
 of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, 
 Pike County. In 1S5S he returned to Springfield 
 and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen 
 T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which 
 ended by the retirement of the latter from prac- 
 tice in 1861. Others who were associated with 
 him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby 
 M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. 
 Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected 
 a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue 
 and member of the Judiciary Committee, was 
 
 prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. 
 Agaiu, as a member of the lower brancli of the 
 Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he 
 assisted in revising and adapting the laws to the 
 new order of things under the new Constitution. 
 The estimate in which he was held by his associ- 
 ates is shown in the fact that he was a member 
 of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the 
 Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the 
 State, which was especially complimented for 
 the manner in which it performed its work by 
 concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- 
 servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- 
 trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate 
 judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man 
 was more frequently consulted by State execu- 
 tives on questions of great delicacy and public 
 importance, during the last thirty years of his 
 life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the 
 active prosecution of his profession, devoting his 
 time to the care of a handsome estate. Died, 
 Sept. Li, 1893. 
 
 HAYES, Philip C, ex-Congressman, was born 
 at Granby, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was a 
 year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 
 111., where the first twenty years of his life were 
 spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from 
 Oberlin College, Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- 
 listed in the Union army, being commissioned 
 successively, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. 
 After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- 
 ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris 
 Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morris, 
 Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the 
 National Republican Convention at Philadelphia 
 which renominated Grant, and represented his 
 district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he 
 became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- 
 lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since. 
 
 HAYES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- 
 cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; 
 settled at Sliawneetown in 1838, and engaged in 
 the drug business for two years; then began the 
 study of law and was admitted to practice in 
 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at 
 Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, 
 stumping the southern counties for the Demo- 
 cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a 
 delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention 
 and. in 1846, was elected to the lower House of 
 the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 
 1847 lie raised a company for service in the 
 Mexican War, but. owing to its distance from 
 the seat of government, its muster rolls were not 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 227 
 
 received until the quota of the State had been 
 filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate 
 to the State Constitutional Convention for White 
 County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- 
 dential Elector. About 1852 he removed to Chi- 
 cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and 
 (1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate 
 to the National Democratic Conventions at 
 Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest 
 worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- 
 lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was 
 strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- 
 tion, particularly in its attitude on the question 
 of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- 
 gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an 
 orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- 
 lar assemblies, were of a very high order. 
 
 HATMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic 
 outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the 
 evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, 
 meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been 
 addressed by orators who sought to inflame the 
 worst passions of their hearers. The excitement 
 (previously more or less under restraint) culmi- 
 nated on the date mentioned. Hayrnarket 
 Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed 
 by the widening of West Randolph Street for an 
 open-air produce-market. An immense concourse 
 assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- 
 matory speeches were made from a cart, which 
 was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- 
 ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor 
 (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his 
 withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned 
 and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one 
 whose identity lias never been thoroughly proved, 
 threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the 
 police, who, under command of Inspector John 
 Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd 
 and were endeavoring to enforce the command. 
 Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- 
 ing in the street. The majority of the crowd 
 fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests 
 followed during the night and the succeeding 
 morning, and search was made in the office of 
 the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted 
 in the discovery of considerable evidence of an 
 incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook 
 County found indictments for murder against 
 eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were 
 convicted after a trial extending over several 
 months, both the State and the defense being 
 represented by some of the ablest counsel at the 
 Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- 
 
 demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was 
 given twenty years' imprisonment. The death 
 sentence of two — Samuel Fielden and Justus 
 Schwab — was subsequently commuted by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive 
 clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor 
 Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the 
 penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, 
 one (Louis Linng) committed suicide in the 
 county-jail by exploding, between his teeth, a 
 small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti- 
 tiously obtained; the remaining four (August 
 Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph 
 Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at 
 Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair 
 attracted wide attention, not only throughout the 
 United States but in other countries also. 
 
 HAYNIE, Isliam Nicolas, soldier and Adju- 
 tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 
 1824; came to Illinois in boyhood and received 
 but little education at school, but worked on a 
 farm to obtain means to study law, and was 
 licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the 
 Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the 
 Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, 
 resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was 
 elected to the Legislature from Marion County. 
 He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 
 1852 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a 
 candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- 
 las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as 
 Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
 which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- 
 pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloli, 
 and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as 
 a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, 
 and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at 
 Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by 
 Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor 
 to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at 
 Springfield, November, 1868. 
 
 HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL 
 SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County; incorpo- 
 rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in 
 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. 
 
 HEACOCK, Russell E., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his 
 father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's 
 trade and came west early in life; in 1806 was 
 studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, 
 was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of 
 which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 
 
228 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in 
 Union County; in 1833 went to Buffalo, N. Y., 
 but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- 
 cago now stands on July 4; in 1828 was living 
 inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located 
 several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, where he opened a small farm at a place 
 which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." 
 In 1831 lie obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 
 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, 
 had a law office in the village of Chicago. He 
 took a prominent part in the organization of Cook 
 County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost 
 it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- 
 alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. 
 — Reuben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, 
 was member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1847, from Cook County. 
 
 HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State 
 Government, created by act of May 25, 1877. It 
 consists of seven members, named by the Gov- 
 ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is 
 charged with "general supervision of the inter- 
 ests connected with the health and life of the 
 citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to 
 quarantine fall within its purview, and in this 
 respect it is invested with a power which, while 
 discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same 
 standard holds good, although to a far less ex- 
 tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- 
 gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also 
 has a modified control over medical practitioners, 
 under the terms of the statute popularly known 
 as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its 
 powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled 
 from the State an army of irregular practition- 
 ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- 
 ard of professional qualification. 
 
 HEALY, George P. A., artist, was born in 
 Boston, July 15, 1808, and early manifested a 
 predilection for art, in which he was encouraged 
 by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face 
 of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned 
 some money by his art, he went to Europe to 
 study, spending two years in Paris and a like 
 period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, 
 contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- 
 mained until 1867. During this time he is said 
 to have painted 575 portraits, many of them 
 being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago 
 and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited 
 in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society 
 for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 
 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly 
 in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he 
 
 painted the portraits of a large number of royal 
 personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, 
 as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents 
 and other distinguished persons. One of his his- 
 torical pictures was "Webster Replying to 
 Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A 
 few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a 
 large number of his pictures to the Newberry 
 Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 
 24, 1894. 
 
 HEATON, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., 
 April 18, 1814. After completing his academic 
 studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, 
 but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, 
 was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 
 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided 
 until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of 
 the Circuit Court for the Twenty -second Circuit, 
 and occupied a seat upon the bench, through 
 repeated re-elections, until his death, which 
 occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- 
 ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. 
 
 HECKER, Friedrich Karl Franz, German pa- 
 triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, 
 Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his 
 native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a 
 member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a 
 leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was 
 forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a 
 refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled 
 as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 
 111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being 
 earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined 
 the Republican party, and took an active part in 
 the campaigns of 1856 and "60. In 1861 he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the 
 command of the Eighty-second. He was a brave 
 soldier, and actively participated in the battles 
 of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 
 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to 
 his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis, 
 Mo., March 24, 1881. 
 
 HEDDIXG COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- 
 rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, 
 Knox Count}', 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen 
 instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, 
 of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The 
 branches taught include the sciences, the classics, 
 music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses. 
 The institution has funds and endowment 
 amounting to §55,000, and property valued nt 
 $158,000. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 229 
 
 HEMPSTEAD, Charles S., pioneer lawyer and 
 first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- 
 land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 — the son of 
 Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. 
 In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, 
 descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- 
 etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across 
 the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and 
 finally to St. Louis, where he joined another 
 brother (Edward), with whom he soon began the 
 study of law. Having been admitted to the bar 
 in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- 
 moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office 
 of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the 
 Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 
 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- 
 lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 
 111., which continued to be his home for the re- 
 mainder of his life, and where he was one of the 
 earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- 
 ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. 
 Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a 
 partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- 
 moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- 
 road (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern), 
 serving upon the first Board of Directors; was 
 elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in 
 the early days of the Civil "War, was appointed 
 by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. 
 Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874.— Edward (Hemp- 
 stead), an older brother of the preceding, already 
 mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding 
 various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
 under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at 
 St Louis and became the first Territorial 
 Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory 
 (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an 
 accident, August 10, 1817. — Stephen (Hemp- 
 stead), another member of this historic family, 
 was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, 
 Feb. 16, 1883. 
 
 HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, 
 was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; 
 came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a 
 farm, but received an academic education. In 
 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- 
 missioners' Court of Stark County, and, in 1849, 
 Clerk of the County Court of the same county, 
 serving in that capacity for four years. Mean- 
 while he had studied law and had been admitted 
 to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a 
 member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
 and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered 
 the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One 
 Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and 
 
 served until the close of the war, being brevetted 
 Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector for the State at- 
 large in 1868, and, in 1S74, was elected to Congress 
 from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- 
 tinuously until March, 1895. His home is at 
 Princeton. 
 
 HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- 
 lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky. , Nov. 16, 
 1793. After serving in the AVar of 1812, he settled 
 in Tennessee, where he held many positions of 
 public trust, including that of State Senator. In 
 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, 
 was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- 
 sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, 
 being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the 
 unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant- 
 Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 
 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. 
 
 HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 
 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- 
 ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi River. The first settlements were made 
 about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. 
 Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk 
 War, but revived after the removal of the Indians 
 across the Mississippi. The county was set off 
 from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the 
 county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890), 
 9,876. The soil is. fertile, and underlaid by lime- 
 stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- 
 bered. Population (1900), 10,836. 
 
 HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam 
 County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois 
 River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of 
 Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, 
 two grain elevators, three churches, a graded 
 school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping 
 point for produce by the river. The Hennepin 
 Canal, now in process of construction from the 
 Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of 
 Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles 
 above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623; (1890), 
 574; (1900), 523. 
 
 HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) 
 friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 
 1640. After several years of clerical service in 
 Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by 
 his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. 
 In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- 
 rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- 
 sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of 
 Lake Michigan, early in the following year (1680) , 
 La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 
 
230 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 side of the Illinois River, a little below the 
 present site of Peoria, which afterwards received 
 the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February, 
 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La 
 Salle, with two companions, by way of the 
 mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- 
 sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party 
 was captured by the Sioux and carried to the 
 villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, 
 but finally rescued. During his captivity he 
 discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he 
 named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to 
 Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he 
 published a work describing La Salle's first 
 expedition and his own explorations. Although 
 egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work 
 was a valuable contribution to history. Because 
 of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France 
 for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- 
 nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a 
 discoverer which have been wholly discredited. 
 His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 
 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country 
 Larger than Europe." It was a compilation 
 describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the 
 Mississippi. His three works have been trans- 
 lated into twenty-four different languages. He 
 died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. 
 
 HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- 
 sippi Canal.) 
 
 HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on 
 the west bank of the Illinois River and on the 
 Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of 
 Peoria. There is a combination railroad and 
 wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at 
 this point. The city is a thriving commercial 
 center, among its industries being grain eleva- 
 tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has 
 two national banks, eight churches and two 
 newspapers. Population (1880), 1.728; (1890) 
 1.512; (1900). 1,637. 
 
 HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born 
 in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating 
 at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- 
 tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day 
 and attended school at night; engaged in mer- 
 chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and 
 was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win- 
 nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the 
 Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel 
 and Colonel, finally being placed in command of 
 a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad 
 Axe, his success in both winning for him great 
 popularity. His exposures brought on disease of 
 
 the lungs, and, going South, he died at New 
 Orleans, March 4, 1834. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
 counties of Northern Illinois, near the western 
 border of the State, having an area of 830 square 
 miles, — named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- 
 can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who 
 located in 1835 on what afterwards became the 
 town of Colona. During the two years following 
 several colonies from the eastern States settled at 
 different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. 
 The act creating it was passed in 1825, though 
 organization was not completed until 1837. The 
 first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- 
 quent county-seats have been Richmond (1837) ; 
 Geneseo (1840) ; Morristown (1842) ; and Cam- 
 bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890), 
 33,338; (1900), 40.049. 
 
 HERNDON, Archer G., one of the celebrated 
 "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly 
 of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va., 
 Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County, 
 Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to 
 Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- 
 field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile 
 business; served eight years in the State Senate 
 (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 
 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was 
 the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- 
 ner of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 HERNDON, William H., lawyer, was born at 
 Greensburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- 
 nois by his father, Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, 
 and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois 
 College in 1836, but remained only one year on 
 account of his father's hostility to the supposed 
 abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; 
 spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- 
 field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- 
 coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar 
 and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- 
 tinuing until the election of the latter to the 
 Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- 
 nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote 
 the advancement of his distinguished partner. 
 The offices he held were those of City Attorney, 
 Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- 
 ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, 
 and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published 
 a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes — 
 afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume 
 edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. 
 Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. 
 
 HERRINGTON, Augustus M., lawyer and poli- 
 tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1823; 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 231 
 
 when ten years of age was brought by his father 
 to Chicago, the family removing two years later 
 (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder 
 Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was 
 admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- 
 nence as a Democratic politician, serving as 
 Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National 
 Conventions in 1860, "64, '68, '76 and '80, and was 
 almost invariably a member of the State Conven- 
 tions of his party during the same period. He 
 also served for many years as Solicitor of the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- 
 neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. — James 
 (Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born 
 in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to 
 Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken 
 by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 
 he was apprenticed to the printing business on 
 the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, 
 publisher), remaining until 1848, when he returned 
 to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being 
 also connected for a year or two with a local 
 paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- 
 maining in office eight years ; also served three 
 terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving 
 continuously in the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- 
 quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. 
 Died, July 7, 1890. — James Herrington, Sr., 
 father of the two preceding, was a Representative 
 in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for 
 the District embracing the counties of Kane, 
 McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. 
 
 HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was 
 born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- 
 ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, 
 and after pursuing the study of medicine for two 
 years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After 
 various experiences in selling sewing-machines, 
 as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. 
 Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of 
 Cook County ; in 1878 was record-writer in the 
 Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected 
 Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. 
 In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- 
 urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a 
 candidate for the same office, was elected by a 
 majority of 115,000. serving until 1899. He is 
 now a resident of Chicago. 
 
 HESING, Antone Caspar, journalist and politi- 
 cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at 
 the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, 
 landing at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- 
 
 cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- 
 cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small 
 hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 was for a time engaged in the manufacture of 
 brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook 
 County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased 
 an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung, " 
 and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he 
 admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- 
 nership, installing him as general manager. 
 Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895.— Washington 
 (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago 
 and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 
 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he 
 returned to Chicago and began work upon "The 
 Staats Zeitung, " later becoming managing editor, 
 and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young 
 man he was made a member of the Chicago 
 Board of Education, but declined to serve a 
 second term. In 1872 he entered actively into 
 politics, making speeches in both English and 
 German in support of General Grant's Presi- 
 dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the 
 Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic 
 nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being 
 defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 
 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four 
 years. His administration was characterized by 
 a high degree of efficiency and many improve- 
 ments in the service were adopted, one of the 
 most important being the introduction of postal 
 cars on the street-railroads for the collection of 
 mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- 
 pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated 
 by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic 
 nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. 
 
 HEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of 
 Bloomington ; has a bank, churches, gas wells, 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 566; (1900), 683. 
 
 HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at 
 Bethel, Windsor County, Vt., Nov. 7, 1824, his 
 early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- 
 ance upon the common schools. After a short 
 term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age 
 of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland — also 
 fitting himself for college with a private tutor. 
 Later, having obtained means by teaching, he 
 took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- 
 mont University, graduating from the latter in 
 1850. Then, having spent some years in teach- 
 ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 
 
232 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later continuing his studies at Burlington and 
 finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. 
 Here he opened a law office in connection with 
 his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- 
 son, but early in the following year removed to 
 Freeport, where he subsequently served as City 
 Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of 
 the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 
 1860, he became a member of the law firm of 
 Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the 
 head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 
 1870 he was appointed by Judge Drummond 
 Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, 
 serving during the life of the law. He was also, 
 for some time, a Director of the National Bank 
 of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American 
 Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. 
 
 HICKS, Stephen G., lawyer and soldier of 
 three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., 
 Feb. 22, 1807— the son of John Hicks, one of the 
 seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, 
 Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father 
 at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, 
 working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, 
 and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; 
 served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, 
 finally locating in Jefferson County, where he 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here 
 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth 
 General Assembly (18-10) and re-elected succes- 
 sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early 
 in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- 
 pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was 
 chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of 
 the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his 
 profession at Salem, Marion County. He 
 promptly raised a company which became a part 
 of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- 
 ment saw active service in the campaign in West- 
 ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, 
 where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded 
 through the lungs, only recovering after some 
 months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined 
 his regiment in July following, but found him- 
 self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, 
 a few months later, on account of disability. 
 Having finally recovered, he was restored to his 
 old command, and served to the close of the war. 
 In October, 1863, he was placed in command at 
 Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen 
 months, after which he was transferred to Colum- 
 bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the 
 place was desperately assaulted by the rebel 
 
 Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the 
 rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 
 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel 
 Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 
 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his 
 request, in the folds of the American flag. Born 
 on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat 
 curious coincidence that the death of this brave 
 soldier should have occurred on the anniversary 
 of that of the "Father of His Country." 
 
 HIGBEE, Chauncey L., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, 
 and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He 
 early took an interest in politics, being elected to 
 the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and 
 two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he 
 was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and 
 was re-elected in 1867, '73, and '79. In 1877, and 
 again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the 
 Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. 
 
 HIGGINS, Van Hnllis, lawyer, was born in 
 Genessee County, N. Y., and received his early 
 education at Auburn and Seneca Falls; came to 
 Chicago in 1837 and, after spending some time as 
 clerk in his brother's store, taught some months 
 in Vermilion County ; then went to St. Louis, 
 where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The 
 Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial 
 pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County, 
 111., where he read law and was admitted to the 
 bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in 
 Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, 
 but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- 
 ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 
 he was elected as a Republican Representative in 
 the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- 
 eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, 
 and was a zealous supporter of the Government 
 during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins 
 was successful as a lawyer and business man, and 
 was connected with a number of important busi- 
 ness enterprises, especially in connection with 
 real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- 
 eral local societies of a professional, social and 
 patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 
 17, 1893. 
 
 HIGGINS03V, Charles M., civil engineer and 
 Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- 
 go, July 11, 1846 — the son of George M.Higginson, 
 who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged 
 in the real-estate business; was educated at the 
 Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass., 
 and entered the engineering department of the 
 Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867, 
 remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 333 
 
 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw 
 Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, 
 and soon after assumed the same position in con- 
 nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
 being transferred to the Auditorship of the 
 latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant 
 to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his 
 death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 
 1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, 
 President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
 and a member of the Board of Managers of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. 
 
 HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born 
 at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came 
 to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State 
 University, at Madison, in 1804, also serving for 
 a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment 
 Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- 
 gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to 
 Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the 
 winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the 
 absence of the United States District Attorney, 
 conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for 
 connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow 
 Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The 
 New York Times," his letters being widely 
 copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high 
 rank in his profession. He was the author of 
 several volumes, including treatises on "The Law 
 of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of 
 England and America, " and "Extraordinary Legal 
 Remedies, Mandamus, Quo Warranto and Prohibi- 
 tions," which are accepted as high authority with 
 the profession. In 1870 he published a revised 
 edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all 
 his legal arguments, together with a memoir of 
 his life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of 
 Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on 
 the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its 
 manufacturing industries include a milk-con- 
 densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, 
 breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains 
 several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic 
 Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers — 
 one German. The early settlers were Germans 
 of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. 
 The surrounding country is agricultural. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial 
 census), 1,970. 
 
 HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of 
 Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. 
 It has a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above 
 
 Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and 
 health resort. It has a large hotel, several 
 churches, a military academy, and a weekly 
 paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions 
 here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. 
 
 HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator. 
 wasborninMiddletown, Conn., March 14, 1833; at 
 15 removed to the State of New York and after- 
 wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- 
 dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, 
 also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township 
 Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the 
 war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- 
 portant elective office was that of Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he 
 was elected Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly the same year, and again in 1872. While in 
 the House he took a prominent part in the legis- 
 lation which resulted in the organization of the 
 Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup 
 was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 
 1808, and United States Marshal for the Northern 
 District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During 
 the last few years much of his time has been 
 spent in California for the benefit of the health 
 of some members of his family. 
 
 HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, 
 was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y., 
 August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education 
 by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 
 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will 
 County, where, for several years, he taught 
 school, as he had done while in New York. 
 Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being 
 Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he 
 was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will 
 County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the 
 Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the 
 battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned 
 First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- 
 ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained 
 until the close of the war, rising to the rank of 
 Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the 
 practice of his profession. In 1868 lie was elected 
 State's Attorney for the district comprising Will 
 and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- 
 tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican 
 candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois 
 District, but was defeated for re-election in 1890 
 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. 
 
 HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 
 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures 
 are Hour, brick and tile, carriages and harness, 
 
234 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 furniture and woolen goods. It has a high 
 school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The 
 surrounding region is agricultural, though con- 
 siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 2,858; (1890), 2,500; (1900), 1,937. 
 
 HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington 
 & Quincy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in 
 rich agricultural and dairying region; has grain 
 elevators, brick and tile works, water system and 
 electric light plant. Pep. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. 
 
 HINRICHSEN, William H., ex-Secretary of 
 State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, 
 Morgan County, 111., May 27, 1850; educated at 
 the University of Illinois, spent four years in the 
 office of his father, who was stock-agent of the 
 Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as 
 Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County ; then went 
 into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- 
 ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after which 
 he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 
 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- 
 sinned his place on "The Courier." He was Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives in 1891, and 
 elected Secretary of State in 1892, serving until 
 January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- 
 ber of the Democratic State Central Committee 
 since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- 
 ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the 
 nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- 
 teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 
 majority, but failed to secure a renomination in 
 1898. 
 
 HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and 
 popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- 
 liugton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- 
 west of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded 
 school, an academy, electric light plant, water- 
 works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at 
 Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; 
 studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard 
 Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, 
 soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- 
 tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. 
 Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional 
 Convention, which was the only important pub- 
 lic office that he held, though his capacity was 
 recognized by his election to the Presidency of 
 that body. Died, May 6, 1881. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born 
 April 13, 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y. ( entered the 
 ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 1834, and, after supplying various charges in 
 
 that State during the next five years, in 1839 
 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most 
 influential factors in the Methodist denomination 
 in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 
 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- 
 siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, 
 Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles 
 and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with 
 two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock 
 River Seminary at Mount Morris — his itinerant 
 labors being interrupted at two or three periods 
 by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- 
 annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, 
 he was a delegate every four years to the General 
 Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of 
 the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior 
 representative, was placed in charge of the 
 depository at Chicago — in 1868 becoming the 
 Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His 
 subsequent service included two terms as Presid- 
 ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; 
 the position of Superintendent of the Chicago 
 Home Missionary and Church Extension Society ; 
 Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he 
 assisted to organize), his last position being that 
 of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- 
 ates' Relief Association. He was also influential 
 in securing the establishment of a church paper 
 in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern 
 University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, 
 while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, 
 N. J., Nov. 12, 1898. 
 
 HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, 
 was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 
 — the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his 
 slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 
 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, 
 removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- 
 pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- 
 ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at 
 Prairie du Chien at the time of the Black Hawk 
 War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson 
 Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period 
 resumed surveying and, having settled in La 
 Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that 
 county. In 1861 he joined Colonel Cushman, of 
 Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service 
 in March, 1S62, and commissioned its Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. The regiment took part in various 
 battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and 
 La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt 
 received an injury by being thrown from his 
 horse which compelled his resignation and from 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 235 
 
 which he never fully recovered. Returning to 
 Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his 
 death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of 
 Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and 
 uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount 
 Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself 
 with the Republican party on the breaking out 
 of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree 
 Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. 
 
 HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born 
 at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered 
 the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., 
 graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 
 111., he was engaged for a time in farming, but, 
 in 1852, entered into the forwarding and com- 
 mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile 
 devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 
 he began buying and selling real estate while 
 continuing his farming operations, adding thereto 
 coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate 
 from La Salle County to the State Convention at 
 Bloomington which resulted in the organization 
 of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing 
 to Chicago in I860, he engaged in the real-estate 
 business there ; in 1862 was appointed on a com- 
 mittee of citizens to look after the interests of 
 wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort 
 Donelson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at 
 Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- 
 ing the war he engaged to some extent in the 
 business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. 
 Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and 
 the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 1869, 
 was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- 
 mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. 
 Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he 
 aided in the erection of the Woman's College in 
 connection with the Northwestern University. 
 In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent 
 to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp 
 lands within its limits, and has given much of 
 his attention to that business since. 
 
 HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born 
 at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When he was 
 three years old his parents removed to Illinois, 
 settling in Ogle County. His education was 
 acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount 
 Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. 
 In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who 
 reported the celebrated debate of that year 
 between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 
 1874, until March, '81, he was connected with the 
 United States embassy at Paris, serving as First 
 Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad 
 
 interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 
 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been 
 elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- 
 trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
 of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- 
 tions he has represented the District continuously 
 since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- 
 ice. In that time he has taken an important 
 part in the deliberations of the House, serving as 
 Chairman of many important committees, not- 
 ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has 
 been Chairman for several terms, and for which 
 his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 
 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a 
 member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and 
 report upon a form of government for that por- 
 tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. 
 Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for 
 the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably 
 considered for the position of Minister to Eng- 
 land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 
 1898. 
 
 HOBART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin 
 in 1839 ; graduated at Beloit College and, after a 
 brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 
 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was 
 assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. 
 Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- 
 pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy 
 Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- 
 trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as 
 reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later 
 was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago 
 Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was 
 editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and 
 "The Chicago Morning Courier," also being, for 
 some years from 1869, Western Manager of the 
 American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart 
 became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" 
 (Chicago), with which he remained until the 
 close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his 
 attention to real-estate matters. 
 
 HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant-Governor 
 (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1822, 
 and emigrated to America in 1839, reaching Chica- 
 go the same year. There he became a boot-black in 
 a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching 
 a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now 
 Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating 
 as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented 
 that county in the River and Harbor Convention 
 at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, 
 the following year, entered the City Council. 
 Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, 
 and, in 1854, opened a banking house, but was 
 
236 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 foroed to assign in 1861. He early became a 
 recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor 
 to the German press, and, in 1856, was nominated 
 for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican 
 State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was 
 found ineligible by reason of his short residence 
 in the United States, and withdrew, giving place 
 to John Wood of Quiucy. In 1800 he was again 
 nominated, and having in the meantime become 
 eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- 
 lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and 
 assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He 
 was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul 
 at Chicago for several German States. For a 
 number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been 
 editor of an agricultural paper in Southern 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 HOG.4.N, John, clergyman and early politician, 
 was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, 
 Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to 
 Baltimore, Md., and having been left an orphan at 
 eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- 
 maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- 
 dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, 
 preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois 
 and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss 
 Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon 
 after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged 
 in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. 
 In 1836 he was elected Representative in the 
 Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, 
 two years later was appointed a Commissioner of 
 Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was 
 made President of the Board ; in 1841 was ap- 
 pointed by President Harrison Register of the 
 Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 
 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which 
 attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy 
 in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- 
 garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the 
 pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the 
 Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, 
 where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- 
 ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, 
 but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; 
 in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan 
 Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until 
 the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was 
 elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- 
 gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate 
 to the National Union (Democratic) Convention 
 at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement 
 from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to 
 officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed 
 
 a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. His 
 death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- 
 eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- 
 souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. 
 Louis," and a "History of Methodism." 
 
 HOGE, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in 
 Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 
 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a 
 lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative 
 in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of 
 the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. 
 In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- 
 came a Judge in that State, dying a few years 
 since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- 
 sented to have been a man of much ability and a 
 graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a 
 son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- 
 tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who 
 held office until 1848. 
 
 HOLLISTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- 
 cian, was born at Riga, N. Y., in 1824; was 
 brought to Romeo', Mich., by his parents in in- 
 fancy, but his father having died, at the age of 17 
 went to Rochester, N. Y., to be educated, finally 
 graduating in medicine at Berkshire College, 
 Mass., in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco, 
 Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand 
 Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, 
 for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- 
 omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- 
 came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical 
 College, in which he has held various chairs. He 
 also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and 
 was, for twenty years, Clinical Professor in the 
 same institution; was President of the State 
 Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- 
 urer. Other positions held by him have been 
 those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- 
 ation and editor of its journal, President of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association and of the 
 Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been 
 prominent in Sunday School and church work in 
 connection with the Armour Mission, with which 
 he has been associated for many years. 
 
 HOME FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- 
 MALE). The establishment of this institution 
 was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which 
 appropriated 875,000 towards its erection and 
 maintenance, not more than 815,000 to be ex- 
 pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for 
 Girls. ) It is designed to receive girls between the 
 ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court 
 of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the 
 term of commitment not to be less than one 
 year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 237 
 
 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not 
 less than three months. The act of incorporation 
 provides for a commutation of sentence to be 
 earned by good conduct and a prolongation of 
 the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are 
 empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- 
 tice the girls or to adopt them out during their 
 minority. Temporary quarters were furnished 
 for the Home during the first two years of its 
 existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings 
 for the institution have been erected on the 
 banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. 
 
 HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on 
 the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest 
 from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast 
 from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory; 
 also has two banks several churches, a seminary, 
 an opera house, and one weekly paper. The 
 region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 
 924; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. 
 
 HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws 
 have been defined to be "legislation enacted to 
 secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home 
 and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- 
 ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- 
 pied by the family or individual, from liability to 
 be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, 
 and by restricting his rights of free alienation." 
 In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm 
 and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- 
 ing a family, and occupied as a residence, 
 whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the 
 value of §1,000. The exemption continues after 
 death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- 
 band occupying the homestead, and also of the 
 children, if any, until the youngest attain the 
 age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in 
 releasing the exemption, but the property is 
 always liable for improvements thereon. — In 1802 
 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead 
 Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers 
 on public lands under certain restrictions as to 
 active occupancy, under which most of that 
 class of lands since taken for settlement have 
 been purchased. 
 
 HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- 
 cago. Population, (1900), 352. 
 
 HOOLEY, Richard M., theatrical manager, 
 was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822 ; at the age of 
 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four 
 years later, came to America, soon after forming 
 an association with E. P. Christy, the originator 
 of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went 
 under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted 
 
 a company of minstrels through the principal 
 towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and to 
 some of the chief cities on the continent; re- 
 turned to America five years later, and subse- 
 quently managed houses in San Francisco, 
 Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New York, finally 
 locating in Chicago in 1869, where he remained 
 the rest of his life, — his theater becoming one of 
 the most widely known and popular in the city. 
 Died, Sept. 8, 1893. 
 
 HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion 
 County at the intersection of the Chicago & East- 
 ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- 
 roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain 
 elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, 
 carriage and machine shops, and two large can- 
 ning factories, besides two banks and one daily 
 and three weekly newspapers, several churches, 
 a high school and a business college. Population 
 (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. 
 
 HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was born 
 in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After 
 graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich. , in 18T0, 
 he studied law and began practice at Aurora. 
 He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and, 
 in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane 
 County, serving in that capacity for four years. 
 He is an ardent Republican and high in the 
 party's councils, having been Chairman of the 
 State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880, and a 
 Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan 
 ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to 
 the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District 
 (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- 
 elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 
 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- 
 tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the 
 Select House Committee on Census and a member 
 of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- 
 chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was 
 strongly supported for the Republican nomina- 
 tion for Governor. 
 
 HOUGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer 
 and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 
 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- 
 een began learning the printer's trade in the office 
 of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his 
 majority became a journeyman printer and, in 
 1828, went to New York, spending some time in 
 the employment of the Harper Brothers. After 
 a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of 
 "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, 
 again went to New York, taking with hiin a 
 device for throwing the printed sheet off the 
 press, which was afterwards adopted on the 
 
233 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next 
 move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by 
 way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, 
 working for a time in the office of the old "St. 
 Louis Republican." He soon after went to 
 Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later 
 became assdciated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in 
 the management of "The Northwestern Gazette 
 and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole 
 proprietor. In 1843 he sold out the paper, but 
 resumed his connection with it the following 
 year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold 
 out. He afterwards spent some time on the 
 Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to 
 the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to 
 Galena and, during the later years of his life, 
 was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. 
 
 HOVEY, Charles Edward, educator, soldier 
 and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., 
 April 26, 1827 ; graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 1852, and became successively Principal of high 
 schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. 
 Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Normal, of which he was 
 President from 1857 to 1861 — being also President 
 of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some 
 years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- 
 gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- 
 missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois 
 Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- 
 Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was 
 composed largely of teachers and young men 
 from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted 
 to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few 
 months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military 
 service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice 
 of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- 
 ton, Nov. 17, 1897. 
 
 HOWLAND, George, educator and author, was 
 born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., 
 July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst 
 College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching 
 in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- 
 ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in 
 Latin, Greek and French. He began the study 
 of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned 
 it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- 
 ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 
 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 
 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City 
 Schools. This position he filled until August, 
 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- 
 tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a 
 
 member of the Illinois State Board of Education, 
 being President of that body in 1883. As an 
 author he was of some note; his work being 
 chiefly on educational lines. He published a 
 translation of the .^Eneid adapted to the use of 
 schools, besides translations of some of Horace's 
 Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He 
 was also the author of an English grammar. 
 Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. 
 
 HOYXE, Philip A., lawyer and United States 
 Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 
 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after 
 spending eleven years alternately in Galena and 
 Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, 
 in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- 
 er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five 
 years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, 
 and appointed United States Commissioner the 
 same year, remaining in office until his death, 
 Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the 
 Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the 
 Union League Club. 
 
 HUBBARD, Gurdon Saltonstall, pioneer and 
 Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 
 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, 
 chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- 
 pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and 
 for nine }'ears traveled back and forth in the 
 interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- 
 barked in business on his own account, he estab- 
 lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming 
 a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time 
 forward he became identified with the history 
 and development of the State. He served with 
 distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- 
 bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, 
 and did much to promote the early development 
 of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature 
 from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, 
 was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time 
 he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, 
 no man was more active or public-spirited 
 in promoting its commercial development and 
 general prosperity. He was identified with 
 almost every branch of business upon which its 
 growth as a commercial city depended, from that 
 of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate 
 operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- 
 ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of 
 early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, 
 he was one of the most earnest supporters of 
 Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was 
 prominently identified with every local measure 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 239 
 
 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for 
 a year, held a commission as Captain in the 
 Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 known as the "Second Board of Trade Regiment." 
 
 HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was 
 born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail- 
 road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway 
 as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- 
 spatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the 
 Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, 
 still later occupying the positions of Assistant 
 Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- 
 maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he 
 resigned to become Assistant General Manager 
 of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. In 1872 
 he became associated with the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, in connection with which he 
 has held the positions of Superintendent, General 
 Manager, Second Vice-President and President — 
 the last of which (1899) he still occupies. 
 
 HULETT, Alta M"., lawyer, was born near 
 Rockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- 
 raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- 
 sequently engaged in teaching and the study of 
 law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- 
 nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but 
 was rejected on account of sex. She then, in 
 conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, 
 interested herself in securing the passage of an 
 act by the Legislature giving women the right 
 that had been denied her, which having been 
 accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- 
 fornia, March 27, 1877. 
 
 HUM, Daniel D., legislator, was born in 
 Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to 
 De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been 
 engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- 
 ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- 
 ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 
 1886, and re-elected in 1888. Two years later he 
 was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 
 1894, and again in 1898 — giving him a continuous 
 Bervice in one or the other branch of the General 
 Assembly of sixteen years. During the session 
 of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in 
 the legislation which resulted in the location of 
 the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De 
 Kalb. 
 
 HUNT, George, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841 ; 
 having lost both parents in childhood, came, 
 with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In 
 July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the 
 Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enblsting as a veteran 
 
 in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. 
 After the close of the war, he studied law, was 
 admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar 
 County, soon acquired a large practice. He was 
 elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 
 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he 
 received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both 
 times, serving eight years. Among the im- 
 portant questions with which General Hunt had 
 to deal during his two terms were the celebrated 
 "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the 
 former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied 
 through their counsel to the Supreme Court of 
 the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- 
 preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to 
 grant them a new trial, which was refused. The 
 case, on the part of the State, was conducted by 
 General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- 
 chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia, 
 Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. 
 Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the 
 plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, 
 who had been condemned to life imprisonment, 
 attempted to secure their release — the former by 
 an application similar to that of 1887, and the 
 latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham 
 of the United States Circuit Court refusing a 
 writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of 
 these cases was had before the Supreme Court of 
 the United States in January, 1892, General 
 Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the 
 plaintiffs— but with the same result as in 1887. 
 General Hunt's management of these cases won 
 for him much deserved commendation both at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 HUNTER, Andrew J., was born in Greencastle, 
 Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by 
 his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His 
 early education was received in the common 
 schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced 
 his business life as a civil engineer, but, after 
 three years spent in that profession, began the 
 study of law and was admitted to the bar. He 
 has since been actively engaged in practice at 
 Paris, Edgar County. From 1864 to 1868 he repre- 
 sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 
 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- 
 teenth Congressional District against General 
 Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his 
 party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his 
 Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected 
 Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, 
 was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, 
 having been elected Congressman for the State- 
 
240 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 at-large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- 
 didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District 
 again in 1896, and was again elected, receiving a 
 majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his 
 Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. 
 HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in 
 Washington, D. C, July 21, 1802; graduated at 
 the United States Military Academy in 1822, 
 and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank 
 of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant 
 in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During 
 this period he twice crossed the plains to the 
 Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- 
 mission and engaged in business in Chicago, 
 Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he 
 was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command 
 in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed 
 at New Orleans, Washington, Detroit, St. Louis 
 and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of 
 President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when 
 the latter set out for Washington in February, 
 1861, but was disabled at Buffalo, having his 
 collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was 
 appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States 
 Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- 
 sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made 
 Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he 
 commanded the main column of McDowell's 
 army and was severely wounded at Bull Run ; 
 served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded 
 him in command in November, 1861, remaining 
 until March, 1862. Being transferred to the 
 Department of the South in May following, he 
 issued an order declaring the persons held as 
 slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina 
 free, which order was revoked by President Lin- 
 coln ten days later. On account of the steps 
 taken by him for the organization of colored 
 troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring 
 him, in case of capture, subject to execution as 
 a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- 
 mand of the Department of the West, and, in 
 
 1865, served on various courts-martial, being 
 President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- 
 coln's assassins; was bre vetted Major-General in 
 March, 1865, retired from active service July, 
 
 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- 
 eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, 
 the first permanent citizen of Chicago. 
 
 HURD, Harvey B., lawyer, was born in Fair- 
 field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 
 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life 
 as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a 
 journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 
 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, 
 
 but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 
 1846. There he found temporary employment 
 as a compositor, later commencing the study of 
 law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A 
 portion of the present city of Evanston is built 
 upon a 248-acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr. 
 Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy 
 with the old school and most radical type of 
 Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- 
 sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- 
 ber of the "National Kansas Committee" 
 appointed by the Buffalo (N. Y. ) Convention, of 
 which body he was a member. He was chosen 
 Secretary of the executive committee, and it is 
 not too much to say that, largely through his 
 earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was 
 finally admitted into the Union as a free State. 
 It was mainly through his efforts that seed for 
 planting was gratuitously distributed among the 
 free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a 
 member of the Commission to revise the statutes 
 of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving 
 upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of 
 his colleagues. The revision was completed in 
 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of 
 Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- 
 lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has 
 been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. 
 Hurd has carried on the same character of work 
 on independent lines, issuing new editions of the 
 statutes from time to time, which are regarded as 
 standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was 
 nominated by the Republican party for a seat on 
 the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late 
 Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he 
 filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College 
 of Law. His home is in Evanston. 
 
 HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier, Congressman 
 and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, 
 S. C, Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal 
 education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. 
 Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making 
 his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector 
 on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of 
 the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified 
 himself with that party and was elected to the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly as a 
 Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During 
 the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- 
 tion from May, 1861, to July, 1865. He entered 
 the service as Brigadier-General, commanding 
 the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg 
 Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem- 
 
CO 
 
 E 
 
 Q 
 
 •a 
 
 CO 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 241 
 
 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of 
 the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- 
 sequently to the command of the Department of 
 the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he 
 served another term in the General Assembly 
 (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the 
 State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed 
 by President Grant Minister Resident to the 
 United States of Colombia, serving until 1873. 
 The latter year he was elected Representative to 
 Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 
 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an 
 independent Republican, but was defeated by 
 William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 
 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and 
 died at Lima, March 27, 1882. 
 
 HUTCHINS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, 
 N. J., in 1730, died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28, 
 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- 
 quently called the "Geographer"; was also an 
 
 officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, 
 and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the 
 outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at 
 Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- 
 cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three 
 years later he was charged with being in treason- 
 able correspondence with Franklin, and im- 
 prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to 
 have devised the present system of Government 
 surveys in this country, and his services in carry- 
 ing it into effect were certainly of great value. 
 He was the author of several valuable works, the 
 best known being a "Topographical Description 
 of Virginia." 
 
 HUTSONVILLE, a village of Crawford County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles 
 south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The 
 town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population 
 (1890), 582; (1900), 743. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 (general history.) 
 
 Illinois is the twenty-first State of the Federal 
 Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth 
 in present area and the third in point of popula- 
 tion. A concise history of the region, of which it 
 constituted the central portion at an early period, 
 will be found in the following pages: 
 
 The greater part of the territory now comprised 
 within the State of Illinois was known and at- 
 tracted eager attention from the nations of the 
 old world — especially in France, Germany and 
 England — before the close of the third quarter of 
 the seventeenth century. More than one hun-. 
 dred years before the struggle for American Inde- 
 pendence began, or the geographical division 
 known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had 
 an existence; before the names of Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, 
 and while the early settlers of New England and 
 Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
 among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, 
 the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the 
 maps of North America as distinct and definite 
 as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that 
 time forward, until it assumed its position in the 
 Union with the rank of a State, no other section 
 has been the theater of more momentous and 
 stirring events or has contributed more material, 
 affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- 
 ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than 
 
 that portion of the American Continent now 
 known as the "State of Illinois." 
 
 The "Illinois Country. "—What was known 
 to the early French explorers and their followers 
 and descendants, for the ninety years which 
 intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and 
 La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to 
 the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- 
 scribed with great clearness and definiteness by 
 Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who 
 made the first survey of the Mississippi River 
 soon after the transfer of the French possessions 
 east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
 published the result of his observations in London 
 in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a 
 work of the highest authenticity, and is the more 
 valuable because written at a transition period 
 when it was of the first importance to preserve 
 and hand down the facts of early French history 
 to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries 
 of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 
 "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the 
 Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on 
 the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the 
 east and the Ohio on the south." 
 
 From this it would appear that the country lying 
 between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to 
 the west and northwest of the former, was not 
 considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 
 
242 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 this agrees generally with the records of the 
 early French explorers, except that they regarded 
 the region which comprehends the site of the 
 present city of Chicago — the importance of which 
 appears to have been appreciated from the first 
 as a connecting link between the Lakes and the 
 upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the 
 Gulf of Mexico — as belonging thereto 
 
 Origin of the Name. — The "Country" appears 
 to have derived its name from Inini, a word of 
 Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- 
 phemized by the French into Illini with the 
 suffix ois, signifying "tribe." The root of the 
 term, applied both to the country and the Indians 
 occupying it, has been still further defined as "a 
 perfect man" (Haines on "Indian Names"), and 
 the derivative has been used by the French 
 chroniclers in various forms though always with 
 the same signification — a signification of which 
 the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well 
 as their successors of a different race, have not 
 failed to be duly proud. 
 
 Boundaries and Area. — It is this region 
 which gave the name to the State of which it 
 constituted so large and important a part. Its 
 boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio 
 Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth 
 of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
 cerned, are identical with those given to the 
 "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is 
 bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east 
 by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the 
 Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing 
 between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west 
 and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- 
 rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
 peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the 
 boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while 
 the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle 
 of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
 Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north 
 bank of the Ohio River; this seems to have been 
 a sort of concession on the part of the framers of 
 the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Dark and 
 Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies 
 between the parallels of 36° 59' and 42° 30' north 
 latitude, and the meridian of 10° 30' and 14° of 
 longitude west from the city of Washington. 
 From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
 the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, 
 its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme 
 breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- 
 sissippi River at a point between Quincy and 
 Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous 
 course of its river and lake boundaries, which 
 
 comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its 
 physical outline is extremely irregular. Between 
 the limits described, it has an estimated area of 
 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is 
 water — the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. 
 This area is more than one and one-half times 
 that of all New England (Maine being excepted), 
 and is greater than that of any other State east 
 of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and 
 Florida — Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred 
 square miles of the same. 
 
 When these figures are taken into account 
 some idea may be formed of the magnificence of 
 the domain comprised within the limits of the 
 State of Illinois — a domain larger in extent than 
 that of England, more than one-fourth of that of 
 all France and nearly half that of the British 
 Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The 
 possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil 
 unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, 
 by any other State of the Union and with re- 
 sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- 
 merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of 
 the globe, transcend all human conception. 
 
 Streams and Navigation. — Lying between 
 the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the 
 Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- 
 sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois 
 and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- 
 tainous region within its limits. Illinois is at once 
 one of the best watered, as well as one of the most 
 level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- 
 mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, 
 chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia 
 draining the region between the Illinois and the 
 Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion 
 of the State, is most important on account of its 
 valuable water-power. All of these streams were 
 regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- 
 ing at least a portion of the year, in the early 
 history of the country, and with the magnificent 
 Mississippi along the whole western border, gave 
 to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters 
 than that of any other single State. Although 
 practical navigation, apart from the lake and by 
 natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- 
 sissippi, Illinois and Ohio — making an aggregate 
 of about 1,000 miles — the importance of tne 
 smaller streams, when the people were dependent 
 almost wholly upon some means of water com- 
 munication for the transportation of heavy com- 
 modities as well as for travel, could not be 
 over-estimated, and it is not without its effect 
 upon the productiveness of the soil, now that 
 water transportation has given place to railroads. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 243 
 
 The whole number of streams shown upon the 
 best maps exceeds 280. 
 
 Topography. — In physical conformation the 
 surface of the State presents the aspect of an 
 inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
 general direction of the streams toward the south 
 and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern 
 end of the State and the point of lowest depres- 
 sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 
 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at 
 Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is 
 reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern 
 part of the State — 1,257 feet — while a spur from 
 the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across 
 the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson 
 and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. 
 The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast 
 corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 
 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of 
 the country between the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. 
 These included some of the most valuable species 
 of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the 
 different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, 
 sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, 
 hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- 
 wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. 
 The native fruits included the persimmon, wild 
 plum, grape and paw-paw, with various kinds of 
 berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- 
 berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
 Most of the native growths of woods common to 
 the south were found along the streams farther 
 north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few 
 others. 
 
 Prairies. — A peculiar feature of the country, 
 in the middle and northern portion of the State, 
 which excited the amazement of early explorers, 
 was the vast extent of the prairies or natural 
 meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- 
 uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of 
 the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent 
 upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other 
 bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many 
 sections there appears little to distinguish the 
 soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
 woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the 
 character of their vegetation and other causes, 
 for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and 
 other productions has demonstrated that they do 
 not lack in fertility, and the readiness with 
 which trees take root when artificially propa- 
 gated and protected, has shown that there is 
 nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their 
 growth. Whatever may have been the original 
 
 cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt 
 that annually recurring fires have had much to 
 do in perpetuating their existence, and even 
 extending their limits, as the absence of the same 
 agent has tended to favor the encroachments of 
 the forests. While originally regarded as an 
 obstacle to the occupation of the country by a 
 dense population, there is no doubt that their 
 existence has contributed to its rapid develop- 
 ment when it was discovered with what ease 
 these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how 
 productive they were capable of becoming when 
 once brought under cultivation. 
 
 In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the 
 State as a whole, many sections present a variety 
 of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland 
 of the most pleasing character. This is espe- 
 cially the case in some of the prairie districts 
 where the undulating landscape covered with 
 rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have 
 presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- 
 ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than 
 diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- 
 vation. Along some of the streams also, espe- 
 cially on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and 
 at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of 
 a most picturesque variety. 
 
 Animals, etc.— From this description of the 
 country it will be easy to infer what must have 
 been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
 here found a home. These included the buffalo, 
 various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, 
 wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks 
 covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable 
 paradise for game, both large and small, as well 
 as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely 
 travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- 
 ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of 
 turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
 number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and 
 mink were found along the streams. Most of 
 these, especially the larger species of game, have 
 disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
 smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and 
 the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- 
 tected by law during certain seasons of the year, 
 continue to exist in considerable numbers. 
 
 Soil and Climate —The capabilities of the 
 soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- 
 stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
 Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than 
 any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- 
 rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural 
 fertility. This is especially true of the "American 
 Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 
 
244 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from 
 a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and 
 of an average width of five to eight miles. This 
 was the seat of the first permanent white settle- 
 ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it 
 have been under cultivation from one hundred to 
 one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. 
 Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are 
 found both upon the bottom-lands and in the 
 prairies in the central portions of the State. 
 
 Extending through five and one-half degrees of 
 latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. 
 Though subject at times to sudden alternations 
 of temperature, these occasions have been rare 
 since the country has been thoroughly settled. 
 Its mean average for a series of years has been 48° 
 in the northern part of the State and 56° in the 
 southern, differing little from other States upon 
 the same latitude. The mean winter temper- 
 ature has ranged from 25" in the north to 34° in 
 the south, and the summer mean from 67' in the 
 north to 78° in the south. The extreme winter 
 temperature has seldom fallen below 20° below 
 zero in the northern portion, while the highest 
 summer temperature ranges from 95° to 102°. 
 The average difference in temperature between 
 the northern and southern portions of the State 
 is about 10°, and the difference in the progress of 
 the seasons for the same sections, from four to six 
 weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- 
 able to the production of nearly all the grains 
 and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. 
 
 Contest for Occupation. — Three powers 
 early became contestants for the supremacy on 
 the North American Continent. The first of 
 these was Spain, claiming possession on the 
 ground of the discovery by Columbus ; England, 
 basing her claim upon the discoveries of the 
 Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a 
 considerable part of the continent by virtue of 
 the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier 
 of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, 
 and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain 
 seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain 
 was general, extending to both North and South 
 America; and, while she early established her 
 colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, 
 the country was too vast and her agents too busy 
 seeking for gold to interfere materially with her 
 competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans 
 established small, though flourishing colonies, but 
 they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- 
 ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- 
 ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. 
 Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous 
 
 in proselyting the aborigines, but while the 
 former did not hesitate to torture their victims 
 in order to extort their gold while claiming to 
 save their souls, the latter were more gentle and 
 beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, 
 succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- 
 ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They 
 were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact 
 and the readiness with which they adapted them- 
 selves to the habits of those whom they found in 
 possession of the soil, enabled them to make the 
 most extensive explorations in small numbers 
 and at little cost, and even to remain for un- 
 limited periods among their aboriginal friends. 
 On the other hand, the English were artisans and 
 tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged 
 in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they 
 were later in planting their colonies in Virginia 
 and New England, and less aggressive in the 
 work of exploration, they maintained a surer 
 foothold on the soil when they had once estab- 
 lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- 
 manence and steady growth of the English 
 colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- 
 nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than 
 five-sevenths of the North American Continent — 
 a result which has been illustrated in the history 
 of every people that has made agriculture, manu- 
 factures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
 their prosperity. 
 
 Early Explorations. — The French explorers 
 were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of 
 the Illinois." and, for nearly a century, they and 
 their successors and descendants held undisputed 
 possession of the country, as well as the greater 
 part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that 
 Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
 whole region, but she was kept too busy else- 
 where to make her claim good, and, in 17G3, she 
 relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi 
 Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
 strengthen herself elsewhere. 
 
 There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, 
 while the English colonists who settled about 
 Massachusetts Bay named that region "New 
 England," the French gave to their possessions, 
 from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi, the name of "New France," and the 
 Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, 
 extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New 
 Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi- 
 nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the 
 treaty of 1763. 
 
 As early as 1G34, Jean Nicolet, coming by way 
 of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan — then 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 245 
 
 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" — entered 
 Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
 Indians in that region. In 1041 zealous mission- 
 aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by 
 the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two 
 French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated 
 as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, 
 where they opened up a trade with the Sioux 
 Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the 
 Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland 
 and Bayfield, Wis., now stand. A few years later 
 (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- 
 sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern 
 shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- 
 lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. 
 About the same time the mission of St. Ignace 
 was established on the north shore of the Straits 
 of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- 
 macinac"). It is also claimed that the French 
 traveler, Radisson, during the year of 1658-59, 
 reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the 
 claims of Joliet and Marquette as its discoverers 
 by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an iutelli- 
 gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
 his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- 
 ations about the head of the great lakes as far 
 south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 
 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important 
 conference with representatives of numerous 
 tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in Jane, 
 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first 
 discovery of lead mines in the West. 
 
 Up to this time, however, no white man appears 
 to have reached the "Illinois Country," though 
 much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth 
 in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- 
 prising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
 Superior region in search of copper mines, under 
 a commission from the Governor of Canada, in 
 company with Father Jacques Marquette and 
 five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions 
 and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, 
 set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace 
 on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting 
 along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green 
 Bay and through Lake Winnebago, they reached 
 the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, 
 ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- 
 consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- 
 sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. 
 Descending the Mississippi, which they named 
 "Rio de la Conception," they passed the mouth of 
 the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have 
 encountered the first Indians of the Illinois 
 tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- 
 
 tained. Later they discovered a rude painting 
 upon the rocks on the east side of the river, 
 which, from the description, is supposed to have 
 been the famous "PiasaBird," which was still to 
 be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
 present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The 
 Legend of. ) Passing the mouth of the Missouri 
 River and the present site of the city of St. 
 Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the 
 Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called 
 the village of the Akanseas, which has been 
 assumed to be identical with the mouth of the 
 Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
 they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the 
 Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf 
 of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, 
 they started on their return. Reaching the 
 mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream 
 and ascended past the village of the Peorias and 
 the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" — the 
 latter being about where the town of Utica, La 
 Salle County, now stands — at each of which they 
 made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the 
 Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake 
 Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- 
 turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the 
 latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- 
 quette. ) 
 
 The next and most important expedition to Illi- 
 nois — important because it led to the first per- 
 manent settlements — was undertaken by Robert 
 Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
 and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- 
 erer had spent several years in exploration in 
 the lake region and among the streams south of 
 the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has 
 been claimed that, during this tour, he descended 
 the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi ; 
 also that he reached the Illinois by way of the 
 head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, 
 and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th 
 parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to 
 that stream by two years. The chief authority 
 for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre 
 Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- 
 versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. 
 The absence of any allusion to these discoveries 
 in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed 
 to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. 
 However this may have been, there is conclusive 
 evidence that, during this period, he met with 
 Joliet while the latter was returning '-om one of 
 his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an 
 imagination fired by what he then lea.ned, he 
 made a visit to his native country, receiving a 
 
246 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 liberal grant from the French Government which 
 enabled him to carry out his plans. With the 
 aid of Henry de Tonty. an Italian who afterward 
 accompanied him in his most important expedi- 
 tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
 cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, 
 then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small 
 vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a 
 company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on 
 the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This 
 vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have 
 been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated 
 the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, 
 and he carried with him material for a boat 
 which he intended to put together on that 
 stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
 ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of 
 Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- 
 ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return 
 with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
 the starting point, to join him at the head of 
 Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men 
 and three missionaries in four canoes, he started 
 southward, following the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, 
 on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of 
 the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of 
 the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- 
 vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks 
 later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who 
 had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon 
 never was heard from again, and is supposed to 
 have been lost on the return voyage. While 
 waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward 
 called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
 and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with 
 the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his 
 journey on the third of December. Ascending 
 the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., 
 now stands, he made a portage with his canoes 
 and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- 
 kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On 
 the first of January he arrived at the great Indian 
 town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had 
 left for the last time nearly five years before, but 
 found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a 
 hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- 
 nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria 
 Lake and the next morning reached the Indian 
 village of that name at the foot of the lake, and 
 established friendly relations with its people 
 Having determined to set up his vessel here, he 
 constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of 
 the river about four miles south of the village. 
 With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- 
 
 quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River 
 in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the 
 first structure erected by white men in Illinois. 
 This received the name "Creve-Cceur — "Broken 
 Heart" — which, from its subsequent history, 
 proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- 
 patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com 
 panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the 
 mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which 
 resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, La Salle started on his return to 
 Canada for additional assistance and the stores 
 which he had failed to receive in consequence of 
 the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
 ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at 
 Fort Creve-Coeur mutinied, and, having plundered 
 the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled 
 Tonty and five companions who had remained 
 true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- 
 nois near "Starved Rock," between where the 
 cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where 
 he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
 Salle. In September, Tonty 's Indian allies hav- 
 ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, 
 he and his companions were again compelled to 
 flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after 
 having spent the winter among the Pottawato- 
 mies in the present State of Wisconsin. 
 
 During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle 
 made two other visits to Illinois, encountering 
 and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at 
 each end of the journey. At the last visit, in 
 company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had 
 met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a 
 separation of more than a year, he extended his 
 exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of 
 which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, 
 in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France 
 and Navarre." This was the first expedition of 
 white men to pass down the river and determine 
 the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, 
 in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into 
 effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock, " 
 to which reference has been made under the 
 name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said 
 to have included store-houses (it was intended as 
 a trading post), dwellings and a block-house 
 erected on the summit of the rock, and to which 
 the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a 
 village of confederated Indian tribes gathered 
 about its base on the south which bore the name 
 of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
 Parkman, the population of this colony, in the 
 
LA SALLE. 
 
 HENRY DE TOXTY. 
 
 FORT DEARBORN FROM THE WEST. 1S0S. 
 
 WAR EAGLE. 
 
 CHIEF CHICAGOU. 
 
FORT DEARBORN 2D. IN 1S.j3, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 247 
 
 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 
 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort 
 St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he 
 made extensive excursions throughout the West. 
 The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
 him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the 
 Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the 
 plea that the charter had been violated. It con- 
 tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as 
 late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians 
 and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, 
 and Starved Rock. ) 
 
 Other explorers who were the contemporaries 
 or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 
 Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the 
 Northwest, and many of whom are known to have 
 visited the 'Illinois Country," and probably all 
 of whom did so, were Daniel Greysolon du Lhut 
 (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, 
 who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly 
 from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of 
 Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- 
 man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of 
 the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony ; Pierre Le 
 Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, 
 and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through 
 Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an 
 account in 1703. 
 
 Chicago River early became a prominent point 
 in the estimation of the French explorers and 
 was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- 
 nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably 
 sometimes confounded with other streams about 
 the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand 
 Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, 
 were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which 
 portage was had into the Kankakee, seems to 
 have been a part of the route first used by La 
 Salle. 
 
 Aborigines and Early Missions.— When the 
 early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois 
 Country" they found it occupied by a number of 
 tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the 
 "Illinois," which consisted of several families or 
 bands that spread themselves over the country on 
 both sides of the Illinois River, extending even 
 west of the Mississippi ; the Piankeshaws on the 
 east, extending beyond the present western 
 boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
 northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the 
 Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation 
 included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, 
 Tamaroas and Mitchigamies — the last being the 
 tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. 
 (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been 
 
 a general drift of some of the stronger tribes 
 toward the south and east about this time, as 
 Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and 
 their neighbors, the Mascoutins. about Green Bay 
 when he arrived there in 1670 At the same 
 time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies 
 were located along the southern shore of Lake 
 Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now 
 known as "The Soo"), though within the next 
 fifty years they had advanced southward along 
 the western shore of Lake Michigan until they 
 reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes 
 from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and 
 Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees 
 were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- 
 east Charlevoix, who wrote an account of his 
 visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: 
 "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the 
 southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place 
 called Chicago from the name of a small river 
 which runs into the lake, the source of which is 
 not far distant from that of the River Illinois. " 
 It does not follow necessarily that this was the 
 Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to 
 have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
 early explorers, both to a region of country 
 between the head of the lake and the Illinois 
 River, and to more than one stream emptying 
 into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- 
 jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix 
 was the Calumet, as his description would apply 
 as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is 
 other evidence that the Miamis, who were found 
 about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during 
 the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of 
 Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- 
 tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 
 
 From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- 
 ceived a strong liking for the French, and being 
 pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and 
 Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
 north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- 
 ning of the eighteenth century we find them, 
 much reduced in numbers, gathered about the 
 French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- 
 kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of 
 the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St. 
 Clair. In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- 
 sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the 
 whites was attended with the usual results — 
 demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- 
 nation. The latter result was hastened by the 
 frequent attacks to which they were exposed 
 from their more warlike enemies, so that by the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 
 
248 
 
 HISTOMCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved 
 survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 
 
 During the early part of the French occupation, 
 there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom 
 the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- 
 pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to 
 have been a man of unusual intelligence and 
 vigor of character, and to have exercised great 
 influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to 
 Paris, where he received the attentions due to a 
 foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a 
 command in an expedition against the Chicka- 
 saws, who had been making incursions from the 
 south. 
 
 Such was the general distribution of the Indians 
 in the northern and central portions of the State, 
 within the first fifty years after the arrival of the 
 French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- 
 vanced farther south and occupied a considerable 
 share of the central portion of the State, and even 
 extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The 
 southern part was roamed over by bands from 
 beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
 the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas 
 tribes, some of whom were very powerful and 
 ranged over a vast extent of country. 
 
 The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after 
 the forts erected for purposes of defense, were 
 undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the 
 missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- 
 tary post, established by La Salle in the winter 
 of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph 
 River within the boundaries of what is now the 
 State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially 
 erected a few months later on the east side of the 
 Illinois a few miles below where the city of 
 Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. 
 Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates 
 this fort at the present village of Wesley, in 
 Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. 
 Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of 
 "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, 
 was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," 
 but the first occupied. It has been claimed that 
 Marquette established a mission among the Kas- 
 kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his 
 first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- 
 newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited 
 it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
 was more than a season of preaching to the 
 natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, 
 etc. ; at least the story of an established mission 
 has been denied. That this devoted and zealous 
 propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, 
 is evident from his own journal. He gave to it 
 
 the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate 
 Conception," and, although he was compelled by 
 failing health to abandon it almost immediately, 
 it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by 
 Father Allouez, who had been active in founding 
 missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it 
 was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 
 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led 
 to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently 
 returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father 
 Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw 
 to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 There is evidence that a mission had been 
 established among the Miamis as early as 1698, 
 under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by 
 St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
 This, for the reasons already given showing the 
 indefinite use made of the name Chicago as 
 applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- 
 gan, probably referred to some other locality in 
 the vicinity, and not to the site of the present 
 city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there 
 appears, from a statement in Tonty 's Memoirs, to 
 have been a fort at Chicago — probably about the 
 same locality as the mission. Speaking of his 
 return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 
 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois 
 Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I 
 was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by 
 land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort 
 Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- 
 manded." 
 
 According to the best authorities it was during 
 the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- 
 ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet 
 among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia 
 (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles 
 south of the present site of the city of East St. 
 Louis. This was the first permanent settlement 
 by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on 
 the Illinois was broken up the same year. 
 
 A few months after the establishment of the 
 mission at Cahokia (which received the name of 
 "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the 
 Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on 
 the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the 
 mouth of the river which bears their name, and 
 the mission and village — the latter afterward 
 becoming the first capital of the Territory and 
 State of Illinois — came into being. This identity 
 of names has led to some confusion in determin- 
 ing the date and place of the first permanent 
 settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's 
 first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being 
 given by some authors as that of the settlement 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 249 
 
 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven 
 years later. 
 
 Period of French Occupation.— As may be 
 readily inferred from the methods of French 
 colonization, the first permanent settlements 
 gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- 
 kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later 
 periods, but during the French occupation of the 
 country, other villages were established, the 
 most important being St. Philip and Prairie du 
 Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile 
 valley now known as the "American Bottom," 
 between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- 
 kia. There were several Indian villages in the 
 vicinity of the French settlements, and this 
 became, for a time, the most populous locality in 
 the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active 
 trade carried on with the settlements near the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of 
 the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, 
 pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even 
 wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
 to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, 
 cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple 
 wants of the people required, being brought back 
 in return. These boats went in convoys of seven 
 to twelve in number for mutual protection, three 
 months being required to make a trip, of which 
 two were made annually — one in the spring and 
 the other in the autumn. 
 
 The French possessions in North America went 
 under the general name of "New France, " but their 
 boundaries were never clearly defined, though an 
 attempt was made to do so through Commission- 
 ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- 
 stood by the French to include the valley of the 
 St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to 
 the northern boundaries of the British colonies; 
 the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of 
 the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio 
 westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- 
 tested by England on the east and Spain on the 
 southwest, they comprehended the very heart of 
 the North American continent, a region unsur- 
 passed in fertility and natural resources and 
 now the home of more than half of the entire 
 population of the American Republic. That 
 the French should have reluctantly yielded 
 up so magnificent a domain is natural. And 
 yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- 
 rendering the region east of the Mississippi 
 (except a comparatively small district near 
 the mouth of that stream) to England, and the 
 remainder to Spain — an evidence of the straits to 
 
 which they had been reduced by a long series of 
 devastating wars. (See French and Indian 
 Wars. ) 
 
 In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- 
 patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a 
 monopoly of the commerce, with control of the 
 country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of 
 Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- 
 ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- 
 newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of 
 which the celebrated John Law was the head, 
 and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the 
 trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same 
 year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had 
 been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated 
 with Louisiana and became part of that province. 
 Law's company received enlarged powers under 
 the name of the "East Indies Company," and 
 although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
 the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," 
 leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private 
 fortunes in France and England, it did much to 
 stimulate the population and development of the 
 Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) 
 New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres 
 erected, being named after the Due de Chartres, 
 son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois- 
 briant was the first commandant of Illinois and 
 superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort 
 Chartres. ) 
 
 One of the privileges granted to Law's com- 
 pany was the importation of slaves ; and under 
 it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the 
 country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred 
 artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years 
 later he received a large grant of land, and 
 founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles 
 north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became 
 slave territory before a white settlement of any 
 sort existed in what afterward became the slave 
 State of Missouri. 
 
 During 1721 the country under control of the 
 East Indies Company was divided into nine civil 
 and military districts, each presided over by a 
 commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- 
 cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest 
 and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, 
 was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the 
 present State, with the country west of the Mis- 
 ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree 
 of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included 
 the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
 Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 
 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
 and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 
 
250 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was afterwards governed by officers appointed 
 directly by the crown. (See French Governors. ) 
 
 As early as September, 1699, an attempt was 
 made by an expedition fitted out by the English 
 Government, under command of Captains Barr 
 and Clements, to take possession of the country 
 about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground 
 of prior discovery; but they found the French 
 under Bienville already in possession at Biloxi, 
 and they sailed away without making any further 
 effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
 while, in the early part of the next century, the 
 English were successful in attaching to their 
 interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes 
 of the French, and held possession of Western 
 New York and the region around the headwaters 
 of the Ohio River, extending their incursions 
 against the Indian allies of the French as far west 
 as Illinois. The real struggle for territory be- 
 tween the English and French began with the 
 formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, 
 and the grant to it by the English Government 
 of half a million acres of land along the Ohio 
 River, with the exclusive right of trading with 
 the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this 
 grew the establishment, in the next two years, of 
 trading posts and forts on the Miami and Maumee 
 in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted 
 French and Indian War, which was prosecuted 
 with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the 
 French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- 
 ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- 
 can continent Among those who took part in 
 this struggle, was a contingent from the French 
 garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, 
 commandant of the fort, was one of these, being 
 the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- 
 pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of 
 saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with 
 a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty 
 of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by 
 its terms Canada, and all other territory east of 
 the Mississippi as far south as the northern 
 boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great 
 Britain, while the remainder, including the vast 
 territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
 Mountains, was given up to Spain. 
 
 Thus the "Illinois Country'" fell into the hands 
 of the British, although the actual transfer of 
 Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it 
 did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its 
 veteran commandant, St. Ange — who had come 
 from Vincennes to assume command on the 
 retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully 
 for the conqueror — surrendered it to Capt. 
 
 Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- 
 lish Government. It is worthy of note that this 
 was the last place on the North American con- 
 tinent to lower the French flag. 
 
 British Occupation. — The delay of the British 
 in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," 
 after the defeat of the French at Quebec and the 
 surrender of their possessions in America by the 
 treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position 
 and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient 
 force to establish the British authority. The 
 first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, 
 when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- 
 cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a 
 force of four hundred regulars, but, being met 
 by a superior Indian force, was compelled to 
 retreat. In August of the same year, Capt 
 Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
 Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- 
 sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition 
 got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its 
 progress was arrested, and its commander nar- 
 rowly escaped death. The next attempt was 
 made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- 
 uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name 
 has been made historical by the celebrated speech 
 of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from 
 Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, 
 Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany 
 him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- 
 kia, but met with so rough a reception from 
 both the French and Indians, that he thought it 
 advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by 
 descending' the Mississippi to New Orleans. 
 Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
 of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied 
 by a party of friendly Indians, but having been 
 captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he 
 finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
 destination. The first British official to reach 
 Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- 
 scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred 
 men, he reached Fort Chartres. Oct. 10, 1765, and 
 received the surrender of the fort from the faith- 
 ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that 
 at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- 
 ing the more wealthy, left rather than become 
 British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left 
 almost in a body. Some joined the French 
 colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, 
 crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then 
 in Spanish territory. Much the larger number 
 followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been 
 established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, 
 during the previous year, and which now received 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 251 
 
 what, in these later days, would be called a great 
 "boom." 
 
 Captain Stirling was relieved of his command 
 at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. 
 Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres 
 were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel 
 Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- 
 tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been 
 an officer in the French army, and, having resided 
 at Kaskaskia, transferred his allegiance on occu- 
 pation of the country by the British. He was the 
 last official representative of the British Govern- 
 ment in Illinois. 
 
 The total population of the French villages in 
 Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, 
 has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 
 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of 
 Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- 
 lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on 
 the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at 
 about 2,000. Of St. Louis — or "Paincourt," as it 
 was called — Captain Pittman said: "There are 
 about forty private houses and as many families." 
 Most of these, if not all, had emigrated from the 
 French villages. In fact, although nominally in 
 Spanish territory, it was essentially a French 
 town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French 
 garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, 
 two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant 
 one Corporal and twenty men." 
 
 Action of Continental Congress.— The first 
 official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by 
 the Continental Congress, was the adoption by 
 that body, July 13, 1775, of an act creating three 
 Indian Departments — a Northern, Middle and 
 Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
 with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of 
 Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 
 as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George 
 Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was 
 appointed agent and successor to these Commis- 
 sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The 
 promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, 
 on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- 
 mediately preceding and following that event, 
 directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic 
 coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were 
 watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the 
 Government of King George in a quarter where 
 it was least expected, and where it was destined 
 to have an immense influence upon the future of 
 the new nation, as well as that of the American 
 continent. 
 
 Col. George Rogers Clark's Expedition. 
 — During the year 1777, Col. George Rogers Clark, 
 
 a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five 
 years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing 
 the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent 
 trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people 
 and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia. The 
 report brought to him gave him encouragement, 
 and, in December of the same year, he laid before 
 Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for 
 the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
 approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received 
 authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men 
 each for three months' service, and Governor 
 Henry gave him 86,000 for expenses. Proceeding 
 to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three 
 companies, who were directed to rendezvous at 
 Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- 
 ville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
 deceive the British as to his real destination, 
 Clark authorized the announcement that the 
 object of the expedition was to protect the settle- 
 ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
 Island another company was organized, making 
 four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- 
 man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having 
 embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of 
 the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the 
 mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met 
 by a party of eight American hunters, who had 
 left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- 
 ing his command, rendered good service as 
 guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth 
 of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac. 
 June 29, and, directing his course across the 
 country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 
 1778) arrived within three miles of Kaskaskia. 
 The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- 
 kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His 
 force having, under cover of darkness, been 
 ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile 
 above the town, one detachment surrounded the 
 town, while the other seized the fort, capturing 
 Rocheblave and his little command without fir- 
 ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and 
 hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. 
 This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- 
 man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
 sold by the French Government after the country 
 was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having 
 been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1736, 
 and known afterward by the British as Fort 
 Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, 
 but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, 
 and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. 
 Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- 
 cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 
 
252 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to 
 Williamsburg, while his slaves were confiscated, 
 the proceeds of their sale being divided among 
 Clark's troops. The inhabitants were easily 
 conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured 
 without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to 
 Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre 
 Gibault — the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- 
 kia — the people of Vincennes were induced to 
 swear allegiance to the United States, and, 
 although the place was afterward captured by a 
 British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 
 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together 
 with a body of prisoners but little smaller than 
 the attacking force, and 550,000 worth of prop- 
 erty. (See Clark, Col. Ceorge Rogers.) 
 
 Under Government of Virginia. — Seldom 
 in the history of the world have such important 
 results been achieved by such insignificant instru- 
 mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as 
 in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful 
 conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely 
 through Virginia enterprise and valor and by 
 material aid furnished through Governor Henry, 
 the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 
 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that 
 commonwealth over the settlements of the North- 
 west, by organizing all the country west and 
 north of the Ohio River into a county to be called 
 "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering 
 the Governor to appoint a "County-Lieutenant or 
 Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- 
 ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. 
 Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States 
 of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- 
 quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio 
 its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of 
 Kentucky, was appointed "County-Lieutenant," 
 Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in 
 May following. The militia was organized, 
 Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskia and Cahokia 
 appointed, and the first election of civil officers 
 ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel 
 Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- 
 sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows 
 that he was accustomed to exercise powers 
 scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. 
 (See Todd, Col. John.) 
 
 In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- 
 scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." 
 ■ — but the origin of his authority is not clearly 
 understood. He assumed to act as Commandant 
 until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first 
 Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, 
 in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts 
 
 ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great 
 disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
 order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven 
 years from 1783 to 1790." 
 
 During the progress of the Revolution, there 
 were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois 
 Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war 
 The country, however, was singularly exempt 
 from any serious calamity such as a general 
 massacre. One reason for this was the friendly 
 relations which had existed between the French 
 and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- 
 quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- 
 ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. 
 Several movements were projected by the British 
 and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- 
 ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that 
 they had little time to put their plans into execu- 
 tion. One of these was a proposed movement 
 from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the 
 lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having 
 engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness 
 with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans 
 proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge 
 and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
 vinced the latter that this was a "game at which 
 two could play." In ignorance of these results, 
 an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of 
 Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 
 of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early 
 part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition 
 on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a 
 destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the' 
 Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on 
 the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 
 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived 
 at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours 
 earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards 
 on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the 
 invading force confined their depredations to kill- 
 ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a 
 hasty retreat in the direction they had come. 
 These were the last expeditions organized to 
 regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture 
 Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 
 
 Expeditions Against Fort St. Joseph. — An 
 expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention 
 in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. 
 This consisted of a company of seventeen men, 
 led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia, 
 who, marching across the country, in the month 
 of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, 
 from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- 
 turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had 
 erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 253 
 
 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady 
 and his party captured a few British prisoners, 
 and a large quantity of goods. On their return, 
 while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
 attacked by a band of Pottawatomies, and all 
 were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except 
 Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in 
 January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty-five 
 whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, 
 with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don 
 Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second 
 expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
 the Indians, whom they met on their way, with 
 promises of plunder, they were able to reach the 
 fort without discovery, captured it and, raising 
 the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the 
 name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- 
 session for a few days, the party returned to St. 
 Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at 
 Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis 
 of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of 
 the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." 
 
 The Territorial Period. — At the very outset 
 of its existence, the new Government of the 
 United States was confronted with an embarrass- 
 ing question which deeply affected the interests 
 of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
 This was the claim of certain States to lands 
 lying between their western boundaries and the 
 Mississippi River, then the western boundary of 
 the Republic. These claims were based either 
 upon the terms of their original charters or upon 
 the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was 
 under a claim of the former character, as well as 
 by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- 
 ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after 
 its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- 
 struction was opposed by the States which, from 
 their geographical position or other cause, had 
 no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, 
 and the controversy was waged with considerable 
 bitterness for several years, proving a formidable 
 obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
 federation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
 the attention of Congress in the adoption of a 
 resolution requesting the States having such 
 claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants 
 for unappropriated lands or granting the same 
 during the continuance of the present (Revolu- 
 tionary) War. " In the following year, New York 
 authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its 
 boundaries in such manner as they might think 
 expedient, and to cede to the Government its 
 claim to western lands. The case was further com- 
 plicated by the claims of certain land companies 
 
 which had been previously organized. New York 
 filed her cession to the General Government of 
 lands claimed by her in October, 1782, followed 
 by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other 
 States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being 
 the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- 
 ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- 
 ginia covering the southern part of the State, and 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the 
 northern portion. It was from the splendid 
 domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired 
 from Virginia and other States, that the North- 
 west Territory was finally organized. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787. — The first step was taken in 
 the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution 
 providing for the temporary government of the 
 Western Territory, and this was followed three 
 years later by the enactment of the celebrated 
 Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document 
 contained numerous provisions which marked a 
 new departure in the science of free government 
 — as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, 
 morality and knowledge being necessary to good 
 government and the happiness of mankind, 
 schools and the means of education shall forever 
 be encouraged" — its crowning feature was the 
 sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither 
 slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said 
 Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
 convicted." 
 
 Although there has been considerable contro- 
 versy as to the authorship of the above and other 
 provisions of this immortal document, it is 
 worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
 guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784, 
 by a Delegate from a slave State — Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, of Virginia —though not, at that time, 
 adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the 
 Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), 
 and could have had nothing directly to do with 
 the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the 
 principle which he had advocated finally received 
 the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, — 
 all that were represented in that Congress — includ- 
 ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See 
 Ordinance of 17S7.) 
 
 Northwest Territory Organized. — Under 
 the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
 Territory, Gen. Arthur St Clair, who had been a 
 soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the 
 first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop 
 Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons, 
 
254 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 James Mitchell Varnum and John Cleves 
 Symmes, Judges. All these were reappointed by- 
 President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- 
 torial Government was organized at Marietta, a 
 settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
 nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair 
 visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 
 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) 
 was organized at this time, embracing all the 
 settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- 
 sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the 
 inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, 
 neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- 
 tice practically abolished and many of the citizens 
 sadly in need of the obligations due them from 
 the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel 
 Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three 
 months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, 
 Judge Turner held the first court in St. Clair 
 County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although 
 both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as 
 county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the 
 disposition of the local authorities to retain the 
 official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- 
 agreement over the county-seat question, at least 
 in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the 
 second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became 
 its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid 
 a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge 
 Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. 
 On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- 
 ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present 
 State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- 
 mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- 
 tained a heavy loss of both men and property — 
 an event which had an unfavorable effect upon 
 conditions throughout the Northwest Territory 
 generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- 
 mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. 
 Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, 
 overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This 
 resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at 
 Greenville, August 3, 1795, which was the begin- 
 ning of a period of comparative peace with the 
 Indians all over the Western Country. (See 
 Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony.) 
 
 Fiest Territorial Legislation.— In 1798, the 
 Territory having gained the requisite population, 
 an election of members of a Legislative Council 
 and House of Representatives was held in accord- 
 ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. 
 This was the first Territorial Legislature organized 
 in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
 nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the 
 Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar 
 
 from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, 
 who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the 
 Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to 
 Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over 
 Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor. 
 
 Ohio and Indiana Territories. — By act of 
 Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory 
 was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories ; 
 the latter embracing the region west of the pres- 
 ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint 
 Vincent" (Vincennes). May 13, William Henry 
 Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- 
 gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- 
 pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at 
 first consisted of three counties : Knox, St. Clair 
 and Randolph — the two latter being within the 
 boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their 
 aggregate population at this time was estimated 
 at less than 5,000. During his administration 
 Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties 
 with the Indians, of which six related to the ces- 
 sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating 
 to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- 
 cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the 
 Government acquired six miles square at the 
 mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square 
 at the mouth of the Illinois; six miles square at 
 the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 
 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his 
 soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of 
 the French people and all other white settlers 
 among them, the Indian title to which had been 
 thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also, 
 Greenville, Treaty of .) 
 
 During the year 1803, the treaty with France 
 for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida 
 was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was 
 passed by Congress attaching all that portion of 
 Louisiana lying north of the thirty -third parallel 
 of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana 
 Territory for governmental purposes. This in- 
 cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri. 
 Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
 Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- 
 tana. This arrangement continued only until 
 the following March, when Louisiana was placed 
 under a separate Territorial organization. 
 
 P'or four years Indiana Territory was governed 
 under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, 
 but, the population having increased to the re- 
 quired number, an election was held, Sept. 
 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- 
 ernment to the "second grade" by the election of 
 a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the 
 vote indicated the indifference of the people on 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 255 
 
 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition 
 received a majority of 138. The two Illinois 
 counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. 
 Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former 
 gave a majority of 37 against the measure and 
 the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative 
 majorit3 T of 18. The adoption of the proposition 
 was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the 
 other counties. There were in the Territory at 
 this time six counties; one of these (Wayne) was 
 in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- 
 arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to 
 a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- 
 rach Bond, Sr., and William Biggs were elected 
 for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- 
 dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- 
 ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, 
 Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature 
 convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only 
 to recommend a list of persons from whom 
 it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative 
 Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard, 
 was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. 
 Clair. 
 
 Illinois Territory Organized. — The Illinois 
 counties were represented in two regular and one 
 special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- 
 ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- 
 tory. By act of Congress, which became a law 
 Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- 
 ern part being named Illinois. 
 
 At*this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- 
 rate political division, begins. While its bounda- 
 ries in all other directions were as now, on the 
 north it extended to the Canada line. From 
 what has already been said, it appears that the 
 earliest white settlements were established by 
 French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia 
 and the other villages in the southern part of the 
 American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- 
 vasion, there were not known to have been more 
 than two Americans among these people, except 
 such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional 
 visits. One of the earliest American settlers in" 
 Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who 
 came from Massachusetts and settled at an early 
 day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now 
 stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of 
 Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a 
 company of immigrants, consisting (with one or 
 two exceptions) of members of Clark's command 
 in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
 land and Virginia and established themselves on 
 the American Bottom The "New Design" set- 
 tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair 
 
 and Monroe Counties, and the first distinctively 
 American colony in the "Illinois Country," was 
 established by this party. Some of its members 
 afterward became prominent in the history of the 
 Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
 ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with 
 others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, 
 and William Arundel, the first American mer- 
 chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
 the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years 
 a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, 
 arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- 
 rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from 
 Philadelphia as early as 1790, followed some years 
 afterward by several brothers. James Lemen 
 came before the beginning of the present cen- 
 tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- 
 ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair 
 County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony 
 of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
 Among other prominent arrivals of this period 
 were John Rice Jones, Pierre Menard (first 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach 
 Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John 
 Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle ; 
 and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward 
 Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress, 
 Justice of the United States Court and father of 
 the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane 
 (first Secretary of State and afterward United 
 States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- 
 General and second Representative in Congress), 
 George Forquer (at one time Secretary of State) , 
 and Dr. George Fisher — all prominent in Terri- 
 torial or State history. (See biographical 
 sketches of these early settlers under their re- 
 spective names. ) 
 
 The government of the new Territory was 
 organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- 
 wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, 
 and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse 
 B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwards, 
 Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to 
 Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in 
 his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- 
 kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that 
 time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph 
 comprised the settled portion of the Territory, 
 with a white population estimated at about 9,000. 
 The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded 
 to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
 ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded 
 the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were 
 confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first 
 Attornev-General, but he resigned in a few 
 
•be 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 months, when the place was offered to John J. 
 Crittenden — the well-known United States Sen- 
 ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the 
 Civil War — but by him declined. Thomas T. 
 Crittenden was then appointed. 
 
 An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of 
 Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, 
 the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
 rangers were raised in Illinois this year under 
 direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, 
 who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the 
 following year. They were commanded by Cap- 
 tains Samuel Whiteside. William B. Whiteside, 
 James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- 
 rable earthquake which had its center about New 
 Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this 
 year, and was quite violent in some portions of 
 Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of 1811. ) 
 
 War of 1812. — During the following year the 
 second war with England began, but no serious 
 outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, 
 when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where 
 Chicago now stands, took place. This had long 
 been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at 
 first under French occupation and afterward 
 under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, 
 a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago 
 River on the south side, on land acquired from the 
 Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See 
 Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some 
 alarm had been caused by outrages committed by 
 Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of 
 August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the 
 garrison of less than seventy-five men, received 
 instructions from General Hull, in command at 
 Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the 
 public property as he might see fit. Friendly 
 Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- 
 tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. 
 Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- 
 tention to retire and divide the stores among 
 them, with the conditions subsequently agreed 
 upon in council, that his garrison should be 
 afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort 
 Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to 
 distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but 
 the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- 
 stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a 
 bad use would be made of them, while the 
 Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- 
 ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- 
 scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" 
 
 "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who 
 had been on terms of friendship with the whites. 
 
 appeared before Captain Heald and informed 
 him plainly that his young men intended to 
 imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; 
 that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, 
 surrendering a medal he had worn in token of 
 amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a 
 token of peace while I am compelled to act as an 
 enemy.' In the meantime the Indians were riot- 
 ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- 
 sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march 
 out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. 
 To each soldier was distributed twenty-five 
 rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage 
 and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- 
 rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- 
 ing walls of the fort — the Indian escort of 500 
 following in the rear. What next occurred in 
 this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain 
 Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of 
 the country rendered it necessary for us to take 
 the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high 
 sand bank on our right at about three hundred 
 yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile 
 and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain 
 Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack 
 us from behind the bank. I immediately marched 
 up with the company to the top of the bank, 
 when the action commenced; after firing one 
 round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in 
 front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- 
 teen minutes they got possession of all our horses, 
 provisions and baggage of every description, and 
 finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort 
 Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) 
 did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had 
 left and took possession of a small elevation in 
 the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any 
 other cover. The Indians did not follow me but 
 assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after 
 some consultation among themselves, made'signs 
 for me to approach them. I advanced toward 
 them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- 
 watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- 
 preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to 
 surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the 
 prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I 
 concluded it would be most prudent to comply 
 with this request, although I did not put entire 
 confidence in his promise. The troops had made 
 a brave defense, but what could so small a force 
 do against such overwhelming numbers? It was 
 evident with over half their number dead upon 
 the field, or wounded, further resistance would 
 be hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve 
 militia, with two women and twelve children, 
 were killed. Among the slain were Captain 
 Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George 
 Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been 
 captured by Indians and had married among 
 them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the 
 wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness 
 of the Indian character, and when the conflict 
 began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by 
 whose side he was standing, 'We have not the 
 slightest chance for life; we must part to meet 
 no more in this world. God bless you." With 
 these words he dashed forward into the thickest 
 of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, 
 knowing what his fate would be, when a young 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 257 
 
 red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, 
 jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and ate 
 a portion of it with savage delight. 
 
 "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and 
 wife, both wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also 
 wounded, and wife, with twenty-five non-com- 
 missioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
 and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen 
 killed. Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted 
 to the care of some friendly Indians and were not 
 with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged 
 in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, 
 with a few Chippewas, Ottawas, Winnebagoes, 
 and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered 
 and burned on the next morning." (See Fort 
 Dearborn: also War of ISIS. ) 
 
 Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever 
 occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as 
 victims. The place where this affair occurred, 
 as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake 
 shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in 
 the present city of Chicago. After the destruction 
 of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago 
 remained unoccupied until 1816, when the fort 
 was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- 
 tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching 
 upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
 were gathered up a few years later and buried. 
 The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat 
 irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- 
 doned, there being no longer any reason for 
 maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. 
 
 Other Events op the War.— The part played 
 by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly 
 in looking after the large Indian population 
 within and near its borders. Two expeditions 
 were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 
 1812; the first of these, under the direction of 
 Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- 
 lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- 
 ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort 
 Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. 
 Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a 
 descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, 
 on the pretext that the inhabitants had har- 
 bored hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He 
 burned a part of the town and, taking the people 
 as prisoners down the river, put them ashore 
 below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both 
 these affairs were severely censured. 
 
 There were expeditions against the Indians on 
 the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 
 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part 
 with credit in two engagements at Rock Island — 
 the last of these being in co-operation with regu- 
 lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, 
 afterwards Presideiit. against a force of Indians 
 supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria 
 
 was erected in 1813, and Fort Edwards at War- 
 saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at 
 the close of the campaign of 1814. A council 
 with the Indians, conducted by Governors 
 Edwards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
 Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as 
 Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi 
 just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a 
 treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
 tribes, thus ending the war. 
 
 First Territorial Legislature.— By act of 
 Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
 Illinois was raised to the second grade— i. e., em- 
 powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In 
 September, three additional counties— Madison, 
 Gallatin and Johnson — were organized, making 
 five in all, and, in October, an election for the 
 choice of five members of the Council and seven 
 Representatives was held, resulting as follows: 
 Councilmen— Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; 
 William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of 
 Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and 
 Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives- 
 George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and 
 Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- 
 son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of 
 Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The 
 Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- 
 cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President 
 and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, 
 with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. 
 Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the 
 first Delegate to Congress. 
 
 A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- 
 vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- 
 tinued President of the Council during the whole 
 Territorial period; while George Fisher was 
 Speaker of each House, except the Second. The 
 county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and 
 White in 1815. Other counties organized under 
 the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- 
 roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, 
 and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, 
 making fifteen in all. Of these all but the 
 three last-named were organized previous to the 
 passage by Congress of the enabling act author- 
 izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State 
 government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was 
 established at Shawneetown, with branches at 
 Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 
 
 Early Towns.— Besides the French villages in 
 the American Bottom, there is said to have been 
 a French and Indian village on the west bank of 
 Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears 
 to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 
 
258 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 village established on the present site of Peoria 
 soon after, which was maintained until 1812, 
 w hen it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
 early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ; 
 Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. 
 Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 
 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. 
 Carmi, Fairfield, "Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- 
 ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to 
 this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and 
 Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago 
 is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a 
 village of Pike County." 
 
 Admission as a State.— The preliminary steps 
 for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken 
 in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, 
 April 13, 1818. An important incident in this 
 connection was the amendment of the act, mak- 
 ing the parallel of 42° 30' from Lake Michigan to 
 the Mississippi River the northern boundary, 
 instead of a line extending from the southern 
 extremity of the Lake. This was obtained 
 through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, 
 then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State 
 secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in 
 width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- 
 ing what have since become fourteen of the most 
 populous counties of the State, including the city 
 of Chicago. The political, material and moral 
 results which have followed this important act, 
 have been the subject of much interesting dis- 
 cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. 
 (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, 
 Nathaniel.) 
 
 Another measure of great importance, which Mr. 
 Pope secured, was a modification of the provision 
 of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of 
 five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- 
 lic lands within the State, to the construction of 
 roads and canals. The amendment which he 
 secured authorizes the application of two-fifths 
 of this fund to the making of roads leading to the 
 State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- 
 ated by the Legislature of the State for the 
 encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth 
 part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or 
 university." This was the beginning of that 
 system of liberal encouragement of education by 
 the General Government, which has been at- 
 tended with such beneficent results in the younger 
 States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
 Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal. ) 
 
 The Enabling Act required as a precedent con- 
 dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken 
 
 that year, should show a population of 40,000. 
 Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed 
 that the number was greatly exaggerated, the 
 true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. 
 According to the decennial census of 1820, the 
 population of the State at that time was 55,102. 
 If there was any short-coming in this respect in 
 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by 
 its unexampled growth in later years. 
 
 An election of Delegates to a Convention to 
 frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 
 1818 (extending through three days), thirty-three 
 Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties 
 of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia, 
 August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse 
 B. Thomas, President, and "William C. Greenup, 
 Secretary, closing its labors, August 2G. The 
 Constitution, which was modeled largely upon 
 the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 
 was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See 
 Constitutional Conventions, especially Conven- 
 tion of ISIS.) Objection was made to its accept- 
 ance by Congress on the ground that the 
 population of the Territory was insufficient and 
 that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- 
 plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787; but 
 these arguments were overcome and the docu- 
 ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. 
 The only officers whose election was provided for 
 by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- 
 sioners. The Secretary, of State, State Treasurer, 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and 
 Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive 
 either by the Governor or General Assembly. 
 The elective franchise was granted to all white 
 male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who 
 had resided in the State six months. 
 
 The first State election was held Sept. 17, 
 1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond 
 for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- 
 Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same 
 time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- 
 seven Representatives. It commenced its session 
 at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after a 
 session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- 
 sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A 
 second session of the same Legislature was held, 
 extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1S19. 
 Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first House. 
 The other State officers elected at the first ses- 
 sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas, 
 Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney -General. 
 Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- 
 tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 259 
 
 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. 
 Thomas were elected United States Senators, the 
 former drawing the short term and serving one 
 year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served 
 two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme 
 Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, 
 with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and 
 John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
 was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- 
 edge, left the State in a few months and was 
 succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers, 
 United States Senators, and Judiciary.) 
 
 Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor 
 four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of 
 Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- 
 kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- 
 pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- 
 lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- 
 ant feature of his character: "At one time there 
 was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard 
 held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A 
 number of his neighbors called upon him for 
 what they wanted ; he declined to let them know 
 whether he could supply them or not, but told 
 them to come to his store on a certain day, when 
 he would inform them. They came at the time 
 appointed, and were seated. Menard passed 
 around among them and inquired of each, 'You 
 got money?' Some said they had and some that 
 they had not, but would pay as soon as they 
 killed their hogs. Those who had money he 
 directed to range themselves on one side of the 
 room and those who had none, on the other. Of 
 course, those who had the means expected to get 
 the salt and the others looked very much dis- 
 tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up 
 in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got 
 de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. 
 Dese poor men who got no money shall have my 
 salt, by gar.' Such was the man — noble-hearted 
 and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 
 (See Menard, Pierre. ) 
 
 Removal of the Capital to Vandalia. — 
 At the second session of the General Assembly, 
 five Commissioners were appointed to select a 
 new site for the State Capital. What is now the 
 city of Vandalia was selected, and, in December, 
 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- 
 moved to the new capital, being transported in 
 one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the 
 supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- 
 wards became United States Senator and Justice 
 of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals. ) 
 
 During the session of the Second General 
 
 Assembly, which met at Vandalia, Dec. 4, 
 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank 
 at Vandalia, with branches at Shawneetown, 
 Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, 
 who had been the first Representative in Con- 
 gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. 
 He was twice elected to the United States Senate, 
 though he served only about two years, dying in 
 1830. (See State Bank. ) 
 
 Introduction of the Slavery Question. — 
 The second State election, which occurred in 
 August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- 
 lent period through the introduction of some 
 exciting questions into State politics. There 
 were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in 
 the field: Chief- Justice Phillips, of the Supreme 
 Court, supported by the friends of Governor 
 Bond; Associate- Justice Browne, of the same 
 court, supported by the friends of Governor 
 Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian 
 fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers," 
 and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of 
 Virginia, who had served as private secretary of 
 President Monroe, and had been employed as a 
 special messenger to Russia. He had made two 
 visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
 in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- 
 tion being in session at the date of the latter 
 visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of 
 the slavery question and exerted his influence in 
 securing the adoption of the prohibitory article 
 in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started 
 from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- 
 ville, 111., taking with him his ten slaves. The 
 journey from Brownsville, Pa. , was made in 
 two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where 
 he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- 
 ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- 
 prised his slaves by announcing that they were 
 free. The scene, as described by himself, was 
 most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- 
 selves of the privilege of leaving him, he took 
 them with him to his destination, where he 
 eventually gave each head of a family 100 acres 
 of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed 
 the position of Register of the Land Office, to 
 which he had been appointed by President Mon- 
 roe, before leaving Virginia. 
 
 The act of Coles with reference to his slaves 
 established his reputation as an opponent of 
 slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood 
 as a candidate for Governor — both Phillips and 
 Browne being friendly to "the institution," 
 which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois 
 Country" from the time Renault brought 500 
 
260 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- 
 dred years before. Although the Constitution 
 declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the 
 State," this had not been effectual in eliminating 
 it. In fact, while this language was construed, 
 so long as it remained in the Constitution, as 
 prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission 
 of slaves from without, it was not regarded as 
 inimical to the institution as it already existed ; 
 and, as the population came largely from the 
 slave States, there had been a rapidly growing 
 sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
 clause. Although the pro-slavery party was 
 divided between two candidates for Governor, 
 it had hardly contemplated the possibility of 
 defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when 
 the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- 
 ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for 
 Browne and 622 for Moore — Coles' plurality 
 being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became 
 Governor on less than one-third of the popular 
 vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race 
 for Congress at the same election against 
 McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was 
 successful by a majority of 876. (See Coles, 
 Edward; also Cook, Daniel Pope.) 
 
 The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- 
 lature, which met Dec. 2, 1822. The House 
 organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, 
 while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott 
 (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister 
 and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- 
 cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers 
 appointed by the Governor, or elected by the 
 Legislature, were Samuel D. Lockwood, Secretary 
 of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, 
 Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney-General. 
 Lockwood had served nearly two years previously 
 as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
 of Secretary of State only three months, when he 
 resigned to accept the position of Receiver for 
 the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake. ) 
 
 The slavery question came up in the Legisla- 
 ture on the reference to a special committee of a 
 portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- 
 tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite 
 of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that 
 steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and 
 minority reports were submitted, the former 
 claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- 
 stitution and thereby make such disposition of 
 the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a 
 resolution submitting to the electors at the next 
 
 election a proposition for a convention to revise 
 the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the 
 necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up 
 in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single 
 vote — Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from 
 Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully 
 contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the 
 session, being one of those voting in the negative. 
 The next day, without further investigation, the 
 majority proceeded to reconsider its action in 
 seating Hansen two and a half months previ- 
 ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, 
 in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- 
 essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, 
 the submission resolution was then passed. No 
 more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. 
 Of five papers then published in the State, "The 
 Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper 
 Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- 
 forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had 
 been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- 
 ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on 
 both sides of the question, though rather favoring 
 the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican 
 Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator 
 Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at 
 Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- 
 lus W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge 
 Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States 
 Senator), favored the Convention. The latter 
 paper was established for the especial purpose of 
 supporting the Convention scheme and was 
 promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- 
 ure. (See Newsjjapers, Early.) Among other 
 supporters of the Convention proposition were 
 Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard 
 M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds. 
 of the Supreme Court, and many more; while 
 among the leading champions of the opposition, 
 were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- 
 ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George 
 Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- 
 pincott. Daniel P. Cook, then Representative in 
 Congress, was the leading champion of freedom 
 on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed 
 the salary of his entire term (84,000), as well as 
 his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- 
 ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner 
 of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. 
 The election was held August 2, 1824, resulting in 
 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, 
 defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. 
 Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
 (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it 
 Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 261 
 
 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. 
 (See Slavery and Slave Lairs.) 
 
 At the same election Cook was re-elected to 
 Congress by 3,010 majority over Shadrach Bond. 
 The vote for President was divided between John 
 Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay 
 and William H. Crawford — Adams receiving a 
 plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- 
 oral College failing to elect a President, the 
 decision of the question passed into the hands of 
 the Congressional House of Representatives, 
 when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of 
 Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. 
 During the remainder of his term, Governor 
 Coles was made the victim of much vexatious 
 litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict 
 being rendered against him in the sum of §2,000 
 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the 
 State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis- 
 lature having passed an act releasing him from 
 the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by 
 a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision 
 was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. 
 Having lived a few years on his farm near 
 Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, 
 where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
 death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face 
 of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in 
 danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- 
 formed a service to the State which has scarcely 
 yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward. ) 
 A ridiculous incident of the closing year of 
 Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut. - 
 Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having 
 tasted the sweets of executive power during the 
 Governor's temporary absence from the State, to 
 usurp the position after the Governor's return. 
 The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper 
 were suppressed by the Supreme Court. 
 
 An interesting event of the year 1825, was the 
 visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He 
 was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, 
 and the event was made the occasion of much 
 festivity by the French citizens of the ancient 
 capital. (See La Fayette, Visit of. ) 
 
 The first State House at Vandalia having been 
 destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was 
 erected during the following year at a cost of 
 §12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia 
 contributed §5,000. 
 
 Edwards' Administration.— The State elec- 
 tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian 
 Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he 
 had filled during nearly the whole of the exist- 
 ence of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the 
 
 first United States Senators, and re-elected for a 
 second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 
 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, 
 by appointment of President Monroe. Having 
 become involved in a controversy with William 
 H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he 
 resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period 
 of retirement to private life for the first time 
 after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the 
 people of the State for endorsement, with the 
 result stated. His administration was unevent- 
 ful except for the "Winnebago War," which 
 caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
 without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor 
 Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school 
 gentleman" of that period — dignified and polished 
 in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, 
 proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the 
 despotic in his bearing in consequence of having 
 been reared in a slave State and his long connec- 
 tion with the executive office. His early educa- 
 tion had been under the direction of the 
 celebrated William Wirt, between whom and 
 himself a close friendship existed. He was 
 wealthy for the time, being an extensive land- 
 owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of 
 stores and mills, which were managed by agents, 
 but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for 
 many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the 
 pioneer printer, furnishing the material with 
 which the latter published his papers at Spring- 
 field and Galena. At the expiration of his term 
 of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his 
 home at Belleville, where, after making an un- 
 successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in 
 which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he 
 died of cholera, July 20, 1833. (See Edwards, 
 Ninian.) 
 
 William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- 
 didate for Lieutenant-Governor on the ticket 
 opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M. 
 Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate 
 for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, 
 known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- 
 ments used against Kinney in this campaign was 
 that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of 
 three members who voted against the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the 
 canal) would make an opening for the Yankees 
 to come to the country." 
 
 During Edwards' administration the first steps 
 were taken towards the erection of a State peni- 
 tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured 
 by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- 
 latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 
 
262 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Commissioners having charge of its construction 
 were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and 
 Dr. Gershom Jayne — the last-named the father of 
 Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- 
 law of the late Senator Lyman Trumbull. 
 
 Governor Reynolds — Black Hawk War. — 
 The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John 
 Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by 
 a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, 
 while Zadoc Casey, the candidate on the Kinney 
 ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See 
 Reynolds, John.) 
 
 The most important event of Reynolds' admin- 
 istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight 
 thousand militia were called out during this war 
 to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result 
 being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- 
 ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, 
 was the central point at the beginning of this 
 war. It is impossible to give the details of this 
 complicated struggle, which was protracted 
 through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though 
 there was no fighting worth speaking of except 
 in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in 
 that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's 
 command. Beardstown was the base of opera- 
 tions in each of these campaigns, and that city 
 has probably never witnessed such scenes of 
 bustle and excitement since. The Indian village 
 at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, 
 after being pursued through Northern Illinois 
 and Southwestern Wisconsin without being 
 allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the 
 Mississippi in a famishing condition and with 
 spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time 
 the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and 
 the largest town in the State north of Springfield, 
 was the center of great excitement, as the war 
 was waged in the region surrounding it. (See 
 Black Hawk War.) Although cool judges have 
 not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor 
 upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
 the whites, it was remarkable for the number of 
 those connected with it whose names afterwards 
 became famous in the history of the State and 
 the Nation. Among them were two who after- 
 wards became Presidents of the United States — 
 Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and 
 Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia 
 — besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in 
 the regular army and afterwards head of the 
 Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- 
 ernors — Duncan, Carlin and Ford — besides Gov- 
 ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the 
 
 gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards 
 United States Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's 
 law preceptor and partner, and later a Member 
 of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in 
 after years, occupied prominent positions as mem- 
 bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. 
 Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin; 
 the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville ; Col. 
 John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- 
 ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and 
 others. 
 
 Under the census of 1830, Illinois became 
 entitled to three Representatives in Congress 
 instead of one, by whom it had been represented 
 from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to 
 the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- 
 trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 
 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- 
 Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. 
 D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. 
 (See Apportionment, Congressional; Casey, Zadoc, 
 and Representatives in Congress.) Within two 
 weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), 
 Governor Reynolds followed the example of his 
 associate in office by resigning the Governorship 
 to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or 
 Southern) District, which had been rendered 
 vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade. the 
 incumbent in office, in Jul}- previous. This 
 opened the way for a new promotion of acting 
 Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the 
 distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office 
 for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, 
 John, and Slade, Charles. ) 
 
 Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
 offices under the State, than any other man who 
 ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each 
 branch of the General Assembly, he more than 
 once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
 President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- 
 tenant Governor and Governor by virtue of the 
 resignation of his superiors; was United States 
 Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became 
 Clerk of the House where he had presided as 
 Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of 
 Public Accounts, and dying in that office three 
 years later. In less than twenty years, he held 
 eight or ten different offices, including the high- 
 est in the State. (See Ewing, William Lee David- 
 son.) 
 
 Duncan's Administration. — Joseph Duncan, 
 who had served the State as its only Represent- 
 ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, 
 August, 1834, over four competitors — William 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 263 
 
 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans 
 and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. ) 
 
 His administration was made memorable by 
 the large number of distinguished men who 
 either entered public life at this period or gained 
 additional prominence by their connection with 
 public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
 coln and Stephen A. Douglas ; Col. E. D. Baker, 
 who afterward and at different times represented 
 Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, 
 and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862; Orville H. 
 Browning, a prospective United States Senator 
 and future cabinet officer; Lieut.-Gov. John 
 Dougherty; Gen. James Shields, Col. John J. 
 Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian 
 W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. 
 John A. Logan ; Stephen T. Logan, and many 
 more. 
 
 During this administration was begun that 
 gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," 
 which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- 
 ests of the State. The estimated cost of the 
 various works undertaken, was over §11,000,000, 
 and though little of substantial value was real- 
 ized, yet, in 1852, the debt (principal and inter- 
 est) thereby incurred (including that of the 
 canal), aggregated nearly 817,000,000. The col- 
 lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by 
 the unexpected suspension of specie payments 
 by the banks all over the country, which followed 
 soon after its adoption. (See Internal Inqirove- 
 ment Policy; also State Debt.) 
 
 Capital Removed to Springfield. — At the 
 session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act 
 was passed removing the State capital to Spring- 
 field, and an appropriation of S50.000 was made to 
 erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- 
 field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In 
 securing the passage of these acts, the famous 
 "Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and 
 Job Fletcher, in the Senate; and Abraham Lin- 
 coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew 
 McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and 
 Robert L. Wilson, in the House — all Representa- 
 tives from Sangamon County — played a leading 
 part. 
 
 The Murder of Lovejoy.— An event occurred 
 near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which 
 left a stain upon the locality, but for which his 
 administration had no direct responsibility; to- 
 wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a 
 pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native 
 of Maine, who, coming to St. Louis in 1827, had 
 been employed upon various papers, the last 
 being "The St. Louis Observer." The outspoken 
 
 hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter 
 local opposition which led to its removal to 
 Alton, where the first number of "The Alton 
 Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not 
 until one press and a considerable portion of the 
 material had been destroyed by a mob. On the 
 night of August 21, 1837, there was a second 
 destruction of the material, when a third press 
 having been procured, it was taken from the 
 warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A 
 fourth press was ordered, and, pending its 
 arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- 
 ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned 
 address, maintained his right to freedom of 
 speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil 
 authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to 
 God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my 
 grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. 
 The new press was stored in the warehouse of 
 Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 
 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained 
 about the building the next day, but when night 
 came all but nineteen retired to their homes 
 During the night a mob attacked the building, 
 when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. 
 An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire 
 the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To 
 dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two 
 others, emerged from the building, when two or 
 three men in concealment fired upon him, the 
 shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, 
 causing his death almost instantly. He was 
 buried the following day without an inquest. 
 Several of the attacking party and the defenders 
 of the building were tried for riot and acquitted 
 — the former probably on account of popular 
 sympathy with the crime, and the latter because 
 they were guiltless of any crime except that of 
 defending private property and attempting to 
 preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal 
 shots has been charged upon two men — a Dr. 
 Jennings and his" comrade, Dr. Beall. The 
 former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in 
 a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the 
 latter, having been captured by Comanche 
 Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the 
 other hand, Lovejoy has been honored as a 
 martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
 have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; 
 also Alton Riots. ) 
 
 Carlin Succeeds to the Governorship. — 
 Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin. 
 who was chosen at the election of 1838 over 
 Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. 
 Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 
 
264 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor 
 was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. 
 (See Carlin,(Gov.) Thomas; Anderson, Stinson II > 
 
 Among the members of the Legislature chosen 
 at this time we find the names of Orville H. 
 Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, 
 William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
 County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, 
 Jesse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, 
 John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald 
 Williams — all men of prominence in the subse- 
 quent history of the State. This was the last 
 Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- 
 field becoming the capital. July 4, 1839. The 
 corner-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- 
 field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 
 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent 
 address. Its estimated cost was $130,000, but 
 $340,000 was expended upon it before its com- 
 pletion. 
 
 An incident of this campaign was the election 
 to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. 
 Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third 
 District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart 
 was reelected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- 
 ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John 
 J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the 
 Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- 
 cils for the first time. 
 
 Field-McClernand Contest. — An exciting 
 event connected with Carlin's administration was 
 the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from 
 the office of Secretary of State, which he had 
 held since 1828. Under the Constitution of 1818, 
 this office was filled by nomination by the Gov- 
 ernor "with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate."' Carlin nominated John A. McCler- 
 nand to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to 
 confirm the nomination. After adjournment of 
 the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain 
 possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. 
 The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in 
 his favor, but this decision was overruled by the 
 Supreme Court. A special session having been 
 called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, 
 then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- 
 firmed Secretary of State, but held the position 
 only a few months, when he resigned to accept a 
 place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as 
 Secretary by Lyman Trumbull. 
 
 Supreme Court Revolutionized. — Certain 
 decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
 time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited 
 the apprehension of the Democrats, who had 
 heretofore been in political control of the State, 
 
 and a movement was started in the Legislature 
 to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of 
 whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not 
 unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a 
 bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare 
 majority of one in the House. Under this act 
 five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas 
 Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scates, Samuel 
 H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas — all Demo- 
 crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and 
 afterwards Governor, has characterized this step 
 as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- 
 tionary measure, which could never have suc- 
 ceeded except in times of great party excite- 
 ment." 
 
 The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 
 in June, 1810, was an incident of the political 
 campaign of that year. No such popular assem- 
 blage had ever been seen in the State before. It 
 is estimated that 20,000 people — nearly five per 
 cent of the entire population of the State — were 
 present, including a large delegation from Chi- 
 cago who marched overland, under command of 
 the late Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, bearing with 
 them many devices so popular in that memorable 
 campaign. 
 
 Ford Elected Governor. — Judge Thomas 
 Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- 
 ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of 
 Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi- 
 nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 
 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
 candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who 
 had been a member of the Legislature for several 
 terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), 
 was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Ford, 
 Thomas; Snyder, Adam TI*.. and Moore, John.) 
 
 Embarrassing Questions. — The failure of the 
 State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close 
 of Carlin*s administration, had produced a condi- 
 tion of business depression that was felt all over 
 the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- 
 tration, the State debt was estimated at $15,657,- 
 950 — within about one million of the highest 
 point it ever reached — while the total population 
 was a little over half a million. In addition to 
 these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a 
 source of embarrassment. This people, after 
 having been driven from Missouri, settled at 
 Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased 
 rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course 
 of their leaders and their odious doctrines — 
 especially with reference to "celestial marriage," 
 and their assumptions of authority — aroused the 
 bitter hostility of neighboring communities not 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 265 
 
 of their faith. The popular indignation became 
 greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous 
 politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by 
 the Legislature, of certain charters and special 
 privileges. Various charges were made against 
 the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- 
 ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- 
 ernor called out the militia of the neighboring 
 counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith — 
 the founder of the sect — with his brother Hyrum 
 and three others, were induced to surrender to 
 the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 
 1844, under promise of protection of their per- 
 sons. Then the charge was changed to treason 
 and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight 
 men being placed about the building. A con- 
 siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and 
 returned home, while others were openly hostile 
 to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 
 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little 
 opposition among those set to guard it. In 
 the assault which followed both of the Smiths 
 were killed, while John Taylor, another of 
 the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the 
 murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. 
 A state of virtual war continued for a year, 
 in which Governor Ford's authority was openly 
 defied or treated with contempt by those whom 
 he had called upon to preserve the peace. In 
 the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave 
 the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- 
 age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin, 
 who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
 called on by Governor Ford to head parties of 
 militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- 
 man conducted the negotiations which resulted 
 in the promise of removal. The great body of 
 the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- 
 cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June . 
 following. Another considerable body entered 
 the service of the Government to obtain safe con- 
 duct and sustenance across the plains. While 
 the conduct of the Mormons during their stay 
 at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and 
 often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- 
 ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage 
 of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest 
 purposes, and this episode has left a stigma 
 upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- 
 Mormon hero. (See Mormons; Smith, Joseph.) 
 
 Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability 
 in certain directions have not been questioned, 
 his administration was not a successful one, 
 largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
 vailed at the time and the embarrassments which 
 
 he met from his own party. (See Ford, Thomas.) 
 Mexican War.— A still more tragic chapter 
 opened during the last year of Ford's administra- 
 tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico. 
 Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, 
 called for by the General Government from the 
 State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, 
 and many more men offered their services than 
 could be accepted. The names of their respective 
 commanders — Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. 
 Bissell and Ferris Forman — have been accorded 
 a high place in the annals of the State and the 
 Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky 
 family; he had achieved distinction at the bar 
 and served in the State Legislature and in Con- 
 gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena 
 Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin, 
 John J. ) Bissell afterward served with distinc- 
 tion in Congress and was the first Republican 
 Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D. 
 Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re- 
 ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, 
 and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad 
 as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised 
 in the State "for the war" during the next year, 
 led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and 
 James Collins, beside four independent companies 
 of mounted volunteers. The whole number of 
 volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict 
 was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 
 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss 
 in killed was greater than that of any other 
 State, and the number of wounded only exceeded 
 by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania. 
 Among other Illinoisans who participated in this 
 struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A. 
 Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley 
 and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, 
 either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
 received the "baptism of fire" which prepared 
 them to win distinction as commanders of corps, 
 divisions, brigades and regiments during the War 
 of the Rebellion, including such names as John 
 A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. 
 Prentiss. James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace 
 (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. 
 Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross, 
 Isham N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey, 
 Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. 
 Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- 
 son, and others. (See Mexican War.) 
 
 French's Adhinistration-Massac Rebellion. 
 — Except for the Mexican War, which was still 
 in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain 
 portions of the State — especially by a band of self- 
 
266 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties 
 — the administration of Augustus C. French, 
 which began with the close of the year 1846, was 
 a quiet one. French was elected at the previous 
 August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for 
 Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 
 5,112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- 
 tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State 
 Convention this year for the nomination of a 
 State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same 
 election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- 
 gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous 
 pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- 
 cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- 
 ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was 
 elected to the United States Senate as successor 
 to James Semple. 
 
 New Convention Movement. — Governor 
 French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
 August 2, 1808; lie had practiced his profession 
 as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a 
 member of the Tenth and Eleventh General 
 Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at 
 Palestine. The State had now begun to recover 
 from the depression caused by the reverses of 
 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its 
 growth in population had been satisfactory. The 
 old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a 
 hampering influence, especially in dealing with 
 the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question 
 of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- 
 tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was 
 defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. 
 The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution 
 for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it 
 was approved by the people by a majority of 
 35,326 in a total vote of 81,352. The State then 
 contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate 
 population of 662,150. The assessed valuation of 
 property one year later was $92,206,493, while 
 the State debt was §16,661,795 — or more than 
 eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of 
 the property of the State. 
 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847. —The 
 election of members of a State Convention to 
 form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- 
 nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
 and sixty-two members chosen, ninety-two were 
 Democrats, leaving seventy members to all 
 shades of the opposition. The Convention 
 assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was 
 organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- 
 manent President, and concluded its labors after 
 a session of nearly three months, adjourning 
 August 31. The Constitution was submitted to 
 
 a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati 
 tied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. 
 A special article prohibiting free persons of color 
 from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 
 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- 
 viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 
 against. The Constitution went into effect April 
 1, 1848. (See Constitutions; also Constitutional 
 Convention of IS 47.) 
 
 The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, 
 to be applied to the payment of the State in- 
 debtedness, was the means of restoring the State 
 credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
 of free persons of color, though in accordance 
 with the spirit of the times, brought upon the 
 State much opprobrium and was repudiated 
 with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. 
 The demand for retrenchment, caused by the 
 financial depression following the wild legislation 
 of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- 
 visions in the new Constitution, some of which 
 were afterward found to be serious errors open- 
 ing the way for grave abuses. Among these 
 was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- 
 sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, 
 while the per diem of members was fixed at two 
 dollars. The salaries of State officers were also 
 fixed at what would now be recognized as an 
 absurdly low figure, that of Governor being 
 $1,500; Supreme Court Judges, 81,200 each; Cir- 
 cuit Judges, .81,000; State Auditor, §1,000; Secre- 
 tary of State, and State Treasurer, §800 each. 
 Among less objectionable provisions were those 
 restricting the right of suffrage to white male 
 citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded 
 (except as to residents of the State at the time of 
 the adoption of the Constitution) a class of 
 unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the 
 privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- 
 tion of 1818; providing for the election of all 
 State, judicial and county officers by popular 
 vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- 
 debtedness in excess of §50,000 without a special 
 vote of the people, or granting the credit of the 
 State in aid of any individual association or cor- 
 poration; fixing the date of the State election 
 on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber in every fourth year, instead of the first 
 Monday in August, as had been the rule under 
 the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all 
 State officers was fixed at four years, except that 
 of State Treasurer, which was made two years, 
 and the Governor alone was made ineligible to 
 immediate re-election. The number of members 
 of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 26T 
 
 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, 
 subject to a certain specified ratio of in- 
 crease when the population should exceed 
 1,000,000. 
 
 As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled 
 upon the form then most popular in the Southern 
 States — especially with reference to the large 
 number of officers made appointive by the Gov- 
 ernor, or elective by the Legislature — so the new 
 Constitution was, in some of its features, more in 
 harmony with those of other Northern States, 
 and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- 
 land sentiment. This was especially the case 
 with reference to the section providing for a sys- 
 tem of township organization in the several 
 counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority 
 of the voters of each county. 
 
 Elections of 1848. — Besides the election for 
 the ratification of the State Constitution, three 
 other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) 
 for the election of State officers in August ; (2) 
 an election of Judges in September, and (3) the 
 Presidential election in November. At the first 
 of these, Governor French, whose first term had 
 been cut short two years by the adoption of the 
 new Constitution, was re-elected for a second 
 term, practically without opposition, the vote 
 against him being divided between Pierre Menard 
 and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his 
 own successor, being the first Illinois Governor 
 to be re-elected, and, though two years of his 
 first term had been cut off by the adoption of the 
 Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial 
 office six years. The other State officers elected, 
 were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- 
 Governor ; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary 
 of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
 Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, 
 State Treasurer — all Democrats, and all but 
 McMurtry being their own successors. At the 
 Presidential election in November, the electoral 
 vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic 
 candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 53,047 
 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for 
 Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free 
 Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first 
 time in the history of the State after 1824, the 
 Democratic candidate for President failed to 
 receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, 
 being in a minority of 12,521, while having a 
 plurality over the Whig candidate of 3,253. The 
 only noteworthy results in the election of Con- 
 gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. 
 Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and 
 that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from 
 
 the Springfield District. Both Baker and Harris 
 had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which 
 probably accounted for their election in Districts 
 usually opposed to them politically. The other 
 five Congressmen elected from the State at the 
 same time — including John Wentworth, then 
 chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- 
 trict — were Democrats. The Judges elected to 
 the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from 
 the Southern Division ; Samuel H. Treat, from 
 the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the 
 Northern — all Democrats. 
 
 A leading event of this session was the election 
 of a United States Senator in place of Sidney 
 Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been 
 severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
 Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United 
 States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- 
 Clernand, then a member of Congress, were 
 arrayed against each other before the Democratic 
 caucus. After a bitter contest, Shields was 
 declared the choice of his party and was finally 
 elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, 
 however. On presentation of his credentials, 
 after a heated controversy in Congress and out of 
 it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- 
 cessor in very intemperate language, he was 
 declared ineligible on the ground that, being of 
 foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship 
 required by the Constitution after naturalization 
 had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
 October, following, the Legislature was called 
 together in special session, and, Shields' disabil- 
 ity having now been removed by the expiration 
 of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, 
 though not without a renewal of the bitter con- 
 test of the regular session. Another noteworthy 
 event of this special session was the adoption of 
 a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
 "Wihnot Proviso." Although this was rescinded 
 at the next regular session, on the ground that the 
 points at issue had been settled in the Compro- 
 mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of 
 sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the 
 spread of the institution of slavery, and this was 
 still more strongly emphasized by the election of 
 Abraham Lincoln in 1860. 
 
 Illinois Central Railroad.— Two important 
 measures which passed the General Assembly at 
 the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, 
 and the act incorporating the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- 
 ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for 
 William Smith Waite, a citizen of Bond County. 
 111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 
 
268 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 for a road over a part of this line had been passed 
 by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackernian. in 
 his "Historical Sketch"' of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, awards the credit of originating this 
 enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, 
 in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a 
 member, and Speaker of the House at the time. 
 He afterwards became President of the first Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad Company, organized under 
 an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- 
 vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to 
 Peru, 111., but resigned the next year on the sur- 
 render by the road of its charter. The first step 
 toward legislation in Congress on this subject 
 was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, 
 of a bill in March, 1843; but it was not until 1850 
 that the measure took the form of a direct grant 
 of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate 
 in May, and the House in September, following. 
 The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- 
 pose of aiding in the construction of a line of 
 railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, 
 Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on 
 each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 
 acres, the length of the main line and branches 
 exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- 
 rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company 
 passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. 
 The company was thereupon promptly organized 
 with a number of New York capitalists at its 
 head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- 
 wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was 
 placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the 
 purpose designated, under the pledge of the 
 Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and 
 to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into 
 the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- 
 tion of the line was constructed through sections 
 of country either sparsely settled or wholly 
 unpopulated, but which have since become 
 among the richest and most populous portions of 
 the State. The fund already received by the State 
 from the road exceeds the amount of the State 
 debt incurred under the internal improvement 
 scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 Election of 1852.— Joel A. Matteson (Demo- 
 crat) was elected Governor at the November 
 election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 
 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter 
 A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State officers 
 elected, were Gustavus Koerner, Lieutenant- 
 Governor; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State; 
 Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore, 
 Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these 
 
 offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison, 
 Bucknei S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis 
 Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new 
 members of the House chosen at this election as 
 a Representative from Jackson County; while 
 Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District 
 Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and 
 late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the 
 Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil 
 member, being the Representative from Lake 
 Countj r . John Reynolds, who had been Gov- 
 ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem- 
 ber of Congress, was a member of the House and 
 was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; 
 Knowlton, Dexter A. ; Koerner, Gustavus: Starne, 
 Alexander; Moore, John: Morrison, James L. D.; 
 Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A. ; Blodgett 
 Henry IF.) 
 
 Reduction of State Debt Begins.— The 
 State debt reached its maximum at the beginning 
 of Matteson's administration, amounting to 
 $16,724,177, of which 87,259,822 was canal debt. 
 The State had now entered upon a new and pros- 
 perous period, and, in the next four years, the 
 debt was reduced by the sum of §4,564,840, 
 leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857, 
 $12,834,144. The three State institutions at 
 Jacksonville — the Asylums for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, the Blind and Insane — had been in suc- 
 cessful operation several years, but now internal 
 dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- 
 agement seriously interfered with their prosperity 
 and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, 
 impaired their usefulness. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska Excitement. — During Mat- 
 teson's administration a period of political ex- 
 citement began, caused by the introduction in 
 the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by 
 Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise — otherwise 
 known as the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Although 
 this belongs rather to National history, the 
 prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- 
 man who had won applause three or four years 
 before, by the service he had performed in secur- 
 ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 grant, and the effect which his course had in 
 revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
 reference to it here. After a debate, almost 
 unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law, 
 May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was 
 intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practicalh' 
 denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where 
 the State Fair was in progress, during the first 
 week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 269 
 
 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
 by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to 
 whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were 
 also made in criticism of Douglas' position by 
 Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom had 
 been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- 
 cratic leaders were understood to be ready to 
 assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
 though they afterwards reversed their position 
 under partisan pressure and became supporters of 
 the measure. The first State Convention of the 
 opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
 same time, but the attendance was small and the 
 attempt to effect a permanent organization was 
 not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth 
 General Assembly, which met in January, fol- 
 lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first 
 Republican United States Senator from Illinois, 
 in place of General Shields, whose term was about 
 to expire. Trumbull was elected on tne tenth 
 ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven 
 for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led 
 on the Republican side at every previous ballot, 
 and on the first had come within six votes of an 
 election. Although he was then the choice of a 
 large majority of the opposition to the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the 
 original supporters of Trumbull would not cast 
 their votes for himself, he generously insisted 
 that his friends should support his rival, thus 
 determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A.; 
 Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) 
 
 Decatur Editorial Convention. — On Feb. 
 22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- 
 raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which 
 proved the first effective step in consolidating 
 the opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Bill into a 
 compact political organization. The main busi- 
 ness of this convention consisted in the adoption 
 of a series of resolutions defining the position of 
 their authors on National questions — especially 
 with reference to the institution of slavery — and 
 appointing a State Convention to be held at 
 Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- 
 tral Committee to represent the new party was 
 also appointed at this convention. With two or 
 three exceptions the Committeemen accepted and 
 joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
 was held at the time designated, when the first 
 Republican State ticket was put in the field. 
 Among the distinguished men who participated 
 in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. 
 Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John 
 M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went 
 worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin 
 
 coin, who was one of the chief speakers, was one 
 of the delegates appointed to the National Con- 
 vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. 
 The candidates put in nomination for State offices 
 were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis 
 A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterward 
 replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman's 
 ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of 
 State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H. 
 Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell 
 for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The 
 Democratic ticket was composed of William A. 
 Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor; W H. Snyder, Secretary of 
 State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas- 
 urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction. The American organization 
 also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S. 
 Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats 
 carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate 
 for President, by a plurality of 9,159, the entire 
 Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
 ranging from 3,031 to 20,213— the latter being the 
 majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas- 
 urer, whose name was on both the Republican and 
 American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial 
 Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 
 1856. ) 
 
 Administration of Governor Bissell. — 
 With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the 
 Republican party entered upon the control of the 
 State Government, which was maintained with- 
 out interruption until the close of the administra- 
 tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893— a period 
 of thirty -six years. On account of physical disa- 
 bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the 
 executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was 
 immediately made the object of virulent personal 
 abuse in the House, being charged with perjury 
 in taking the oath of office in face of the fact 
 that, while a member of Congress, he had accepted 
 a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis. 
 To this, the reply was made that the offense 
 charged took place outside of the State and be- 
 yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of 
 Illinois. (See Bissell, William H. ) 
 
 While the State continued to prosper under 
 Bissell's administration, the most important 
 events of this period related rather to general 
 than to State policy. One of these was the deliv- 
 ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- 
 sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the 
 celebrated speech in which he announced the 
 doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- 
 not stand." This was followed during the next 
 
270 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 few months by the series of memorable debates 
 between those two great champions • of their 
 respective parties — Lincoln and Douglas — which 
 attracted the attention of the whole land. The 
 result was the re-election of Douglas to the 
 United States Senate for a third term, but it 
 also made Abraham Lincoln President of the 
 United States. (See Lincoln and Douglas 
 Debates.) 
 
 About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 
 1859), came the discovery of what has since been 
 known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." 
 This consisted in the fraudulent funding in State 
 bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had 
 been issued for temporary purposes during the 
 construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 but which had been subsequently redeemed. A 
 legislative investigation proved the amount, ille- 
 gally funded to have been 8223,182, and that the 
 bulk of the bonds issued therefor — so far as they 
 could be traced — had been delivered to ex-Gov. 
 Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- 
 crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity 
 bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from 
 which the State eventually realized §238,000 out 
 of §255,000 then due. Further investigation 
 proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- 
 gating 8165,340, which the State never recovered. 
 An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson 
 criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit 
 Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, 
 to find an indictment against him. (See Canal 
 Scrip Fraud.) 
 
 An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- 
 tration to secure the refunding (at par and in 
 violation of an existing law) of one hundred and 
 fourteen 81,000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- 
 ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for 
 which the State had received an insignificant 
 consideration. The error was discovered when 
 new bonds for the principal had been issued, but 
 the process was immediately stopped and the 
 new bonds surrendered— the claimants being 
 limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This 
 subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol-' 
 ume. (See Macalister & Stebbins Bonds.) Governor 
 Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- 
 ful, although the State continued to prosper 
 under it as it had not done since the "internal 
 improvement craze" of 1837 had resulted in im- 
 posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the 
 time of his election Governor Bissell was an 
 invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, 
 from which he never recovered. He died in 
 office, March 18, 1860, a. little over two months 
 
 after having entered upon the last year of his 
 term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. 
 John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. 
 (See Bissell, William H.; also Wood, John.) 
 
 Political Campaign of I860.— The political 
 campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- 
 ment throughout the nation, but especially in 
 Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the 
 chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful 
 candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
 State in which the convention which nominated 
 him met. The Republican State Convention, 
 held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination 
 Richard Yates of Morgan County, for Governor; 
 Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, 
 O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. 
 Dubois for Auditor. "William Butler for Treasurer, 
 and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable 
 for its excitement, it was also memorable for the 
 large number of National and State tickets in the 
 field. The National Republican Convention 
 assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third 
 ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for 
 President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- 
 passed in the history of National Conventions, of 
 which so many have been held in the "conven- 
 tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was 
 what might have been expected from such a 
 beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider- 
 ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a 
 plurality over his highest competitor of nearly 
 half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- 
 oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he 
 received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his 
 leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood : 
 Yates (Republican). 172,196; Allen (Douglas- 
 Democrat). 159,253; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- 
 crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1,626. 
 
 Among the prominent men of different parties 
 who appeared for the first time in the General 
 Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. 
 Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, 
 and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- 
 liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones, Robert H. 
 McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. 
 Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and 
 John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul- 
 lom, who had entered the Legislature at the 
 previous session, was re-elected to this and was 
 chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- 
 ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the 
 United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- 
 licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic 
 candidate. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 271 
 
 Beginning of the Rebellion. — Almost simul- 
 taneously with the accession of the new State 
 Government, and before the inauguration of the 
 President at Washington, began that series of 
 startling events which ultimately culminated in 
 the attempted secession of eleven States of the 
 Union — the first acts in the great drama of war 
 which occupied the attention of the world for the 
 next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new 
 State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, 
 Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
 tion held at Washington, were appointed from 
 Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. 
 Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. 
 Turner; and on Feb. 11, Abraham Lincoln 
 took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- 
 field on his departure for Washington, in that 
 simple, touching speech which has taken a place 
 beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg 
 speech, as an American classic. The events 
 which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the 
 twelfth of April and its surrender; the call for 
 75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed 
 all over the country, are matters of National his- 
 tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and 
 enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State 
 militia for three months' service, and one week 
 later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at 
 the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, 
 was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the 
 Secretar}' of War for the occupation of that 
 place. The offer of military organizations pro- 
 ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, 
 fifty companies had been tendered, while the 
 public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- 
 cipal cities were offering to supply the State with 
 money to arm and equip the hastily organized 
 troops. Following in order the six regiments 
 which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, 
 those called out for the three months' service in 
 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to 
 twelve, and were commanded by the following 
 officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard 
 J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, 
 W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with 
 Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- 
 mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, 
 of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- 
 ice, re-enlisted for three 3'ears. (See War of the 
 Rebellion. ) 
 
 Among the many who visited the State Capitol 
 in the early months of war to offer their services 
 to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, 
 one of the most modest and unassuming was a 
 gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of 
 
 introduction to Governor Yates from Congivs^ 
 man E. B. Washburne. Though he had been a 
 Captain in the regular army and had seen service 
 in the war with Mexico, he set up no pretension 
 on that account, but after days of patient wait- 
 ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk 
 in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. 
 Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen 
 requiring the services of an officer of military 
 experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a 
 camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring- 
 field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an 
 experiment and from necessity than from convic- 
 tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. 
 Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was 
 assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
 regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) 
 which, from previous bad management, had 
 manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus 
 Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of 
 the war, the organizer of final victory over the 
 Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies 
 of the Union and twice elected President of the 
 United States, started upon that career which 
 won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the 
 title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See 
 Grant, Ulysses S.) 
 
 The responses of Illinois, under the leadership 
 of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, 
 to the repeated calls for volunteers through the 
 four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- 
 nois troops took part in nearly every important 
 battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of 
 those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- 
 man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- 
 nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at 
 Wilson's Creek, Lexington, Forts Donelson and 
 Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River 
 and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege 
 of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in 
 the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, 
 Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the 
 battles of "the Wilderness" in Virginia. Of all 
 the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to 
 Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud record of hav- 
 ing answered every call upon her for troops 
 without a draft. The whole number of enlist- 
 ments from the State under the various calls from 
 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War 
 Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre- 
 gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to 
 population was 15.1 per cent, which was only 
 exceeded by the District of Columbia (which 
 had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 
 
•j n 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Nevada, each of which had a much larger 
 proportion of adult male population. The whole 
 number of regimental organizations, according 
 to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, 
 was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con- 
 secutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred 
 and Fifty -seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 
 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- 
 teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially 
 reported by the War Department, were 34,834 
 (13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in 
 battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, 
 and 2,154 from other causes. Besides the great 
 Commander-in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and 
 Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 
 1 1 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. : 
 Generals John Pope, John A. McClernand, S. A. 
 Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R. J. 
 Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
 A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. 
 Grierson; 20 Brevet Major-Generals; 24 Brigadier- 
 Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. 
 (See sketches of these officers under their respec- 
 tive names.) Among the long list of regimental 
 nfficers who fell upon the field or died from 
 wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of 
 the Nineteenth; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the 
 Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the 
 Twenty-seventh— all killed at Stone River; Col. 
 John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. 
 Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col. 
 Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty -ninth ; Col. Timothy 
 O'Meara of the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- 
 nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; 
 ( !ol. John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at 
 Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross, 
 of the Thirty-second, at Shiloh; Col. John A. 
 Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- 
 liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and 
 Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kene- 
 saw; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides 
 Col. Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col. 
 Meiancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. 
 John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm. 
 II Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more 
 i >n other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of 
 many of these officers will be found under the 
 proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It 
 v, i mid be a grateful task to record here the names 
 i f a host of others, who, after acquitting them- 
 ! -Ives bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the 
 j.laudits of a grateful people, were this within 
 the design and scope of the present work. One 
 of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the 
 raid from La Grange, Tenn., to Baton Rouge, 
 
 La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of 
 the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with 
 the Seventh under command of Col. Edward 
 Prince. 
 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862. — An 
 incident of a different character was the calling 
 of a convention to revise the State Constitu- 
 tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A 
 majority of this body was composed of those 
 opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
 and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of 
 the State administration and the General Gov- 
 ernment was soon manifested, which was resented 
 by the executive and many of the soldiers in the 
 field. The convention adjourned March 24, and 
 its work was submitted to vote of the people, 
 June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority 
 of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in 
 the field, who were permitted, as a matter of 
 policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically 
 unanimous in opposition to it. 
 
 Death of Douglas.— A few days before this 
 election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House 
 in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of 
 the State of its most sagacious and patriotic 
 adviser. (See Douglas, Stephen A. ) 
 
 Legislature of 1863.— Another political inci- 
 dent of this period grew out of the session of the 
 General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
 been elected on the tide of the political revulsion 
 which followed the issuance of President Lin- 
 coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, 
 was Democratic in both branches. One of its 
 first acts was the election of William A. Richard- 
 son United States Senator, in place of O. H. 
 Browning, who had been appointed by Governor 
 Yates to the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- 
 ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to 
 cripple the State and General Governments in 
 the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the 
 subject of the war, which the friends of the 
 Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac- 
 ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but 
 owing to the death of a member on the majority 
 side, they failed to pass the Senate. These 
 denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
 corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement 
 of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- 
 tation of negroes into the State;" accused the 
 General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- 
 verting the Constitution" and attempting to 
 establish a "consolidated military despotism;" 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 273 
 
 charged that the war had been "diverted from its 
 first avowed object to that of subjugation and 
 the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of 
 the authors that its "further prosecution .... 
 cannot result in the restoration of the Union 
 .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- 
 lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress 
 to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and 
 closed by appointing six Commissioners (who 
 were named) to confer with Congress, with a 
 view to the holding of a National Convention to 
 adjust the differences between the States. These 
 measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- 
 ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, 
 so that little legislation was accomplished — not 
 even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 
 
 Legislature Prorogued.— At this juncture, 
 the two Houses having disagreed as to the date 
 of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the 
 constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, 
 which he did in a message on June 10, declaring 
 them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- 
 tional term. The Republicans accepted the result 
 and withdrew, but the Democratic majority in 
 the House and a minority in the Senate continued 
 in session for some days, without being able to 
 transact any business except the filing of an 
 empty protest, when they adjourned to the first 
 Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- 
 duced b}' this affair, in the Legislature and 
 throughout the State, was intense ; but the action 
 of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme 
 Court and the adjourned session was never held. 
 The failure of the Legislature to make provision 
 for the expenses of the State Government and the 
 relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- 
 sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from 
 the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the 
 State which was never wanting when needed 
 during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third 
 General Assembly.) 
 
 Peace Conventions. — Largely attended "peace 
 conventions" were held during this year, at 
 Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- 
 ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further 
 offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. 
 An immense Union mass-meeting was also held 
 at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed 
 by distinguished speakers, including both Re- 
 publicans and War-Democrats. An important 
 incident of this meeting was the reading of the 
 letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. 
 Conkling, in which he defended his war policy, 
 and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, 
 in a characteristically logical manner. 
 
 Political Campaign of 1864.— The year 1864 
 was full of exciting political and military events. 
 Among the former was the nomination of George 
 B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- 
 vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform 
 declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" 
 for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- 
 tion of hostilities' ' with a view to a convention for 
 the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been 
 renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, 
 in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the 
 candidate for Vice-President. The leaders of the 
 respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. 
 Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- 
 ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic 
 candidate for Governor. 
 
 Camp Douglas Conspiracy. — For months 
 rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of 
 rebels from the South and thei£ sympathizers in 
 the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined 
 in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, 
 Springfield and Alton — aggregating over 25,000 
 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
 put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- 
 ber election, but the activity of the military 
 authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing 
 their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a 
 military court before whom a number of the 
 arrested parties were tried, proved the existence 
 of an extensive organization, calling itself 
 "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of 
 which a number of well-known politicians in 
 Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas 
 Conspiracy.) 
 
 At the November election Illinois gave a major- 
 ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for 
 Governor, of 33,675, with a proportionate major 
 ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote 
 in the electoral college was 212, to 21 for McClellan. 
 
 Legislature of 1865. — The Republicans had a 
 decided majority in both branches of the Legis- 
 lature of 1805, and one of its earliest acts was the 
 election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- 
 tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had 
 been elected two years before to the seat formerly 
 held by Douglas. This was the last public posi- 
 tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- 
 ernor." During his official term no more popular 
 public servant ever occupied the executive chair 
 — a fact demonstrated by the promptness with 
 which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the 
 United States Senate. His personal and political 
 integrity was never questioned by his most bitter 
 political opponents, while those who had known 
 
274 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 him longest and most intimately, trusted him 
 most implicitly. The service which he performed 
 in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of 
 the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers 
 for the defense of the Union can never be over- 
 estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) 
 
 Oglesby's Administration.— Governor Ogles- 
 by and the other State officers were inaugu- 
 rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties 
 with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the 
 new administration was confronted by no such 
 difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
 had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- 
 fied with the war from its beginning, was one of 
 the first Illinoisans promoted to the rank of 
 Major-General, was personally popular and 
 enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people 
 of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired 
 from a position on the Circuit bench to accept 
 that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
 the last three years of the war, was Speaker of 
 the House. This Legislature was the first among 
 those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth 
 Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- 
 ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the 
 evening of Feb. 1, 18G5— the same day the resolu- 
 tion had been finally acted on by Congress and 
 received the sanction of the President. The 
 odious "black laws," which had disgraced the 
 State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
 statute-book at this session. The Legislature 
 adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- 
 ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- 
 ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- 
 able. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) 
 
 Assassination of Lincoln. — The war was now 
 rapidly approaching a successful termination. 
 Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, 
 April 9, 1863, and the people were celebrating 
 this event with joyful festivities through all the 
 loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm 
 than in Illinois, the home of the two great 
 leaders — Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of 
 these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the 
 evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater, 
 Washington. The appalling news was borne on 
 the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the 
 land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
 changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of 
 gloom hung over every part of the land. Public 
 buildings, business houses and dwellings in every 
 city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
 States were draped with the insignia of a univer- 
 sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, 
 
 patriotic women who had given their husbands, 
 sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, 
 wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- 
 ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- 
 nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the 
 grandest character of the age, who had served 
 both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- 
 ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame 
 and in the hour of his country's triumph. 
 
 The Funeral. — Then came the sorrowful 
 march of the funeral cortege from Washington 
 to Springfield — the most impressive spectacle 
 witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In 
 all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the 
 fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn 
 ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing 
 thousands, she received to her bosom, near his 
 old home at the State Capital, the remains of the 
 Great Liberator. 
 
 The part which Illinois played in the great 
 struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as 
 the scope of this work will permit. It only 
 remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
 the men of the State was grandly supplemented 
 by the equally patriotic service of its women in 
 "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good 
 Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary 
 organizations for the purpose of contributing to 
 the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp 
 and in hospital, and in giving them generous 
 receptions on their return to their homes. The 
 work done by these organizations, and by indi- 
 vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the 
 brightest pages in the history of the war. 
 
 Election of 1866. — The administration of Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- 
 ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the 
 election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. 
 Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as 
 Representative from the State-at-large, re-entered 
 Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to 
 enter the Union army. His majority was un- 
 precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature 
 of 1867 reelected Judge Trumbull to the United 
 States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- 
 tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. 
 Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 National Constitution, conferring citizenship 
 upon persons of color, was ratified by this Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 Election of 1868. — The Republican State Con- 
 vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated 
 the following ticket: For Governor, John M. 
 Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 275 
 
 Secretary of State, Edward Rummell; Auditor, 
 Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, ErastusN. 
 Bates; Attorney General, Washington Bushnell. 
 John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress 
 for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as 
 candidate for Governor, with William H. Van 
 Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention was held 
 at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant 
 for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- 
 President. They were opposed by Horatio 
 Seymour for President, and F P. Blair for Vice- 
 President. The result in November was the 
 election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 
 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral 
 votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States — three 
 States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois 
 was 51,150. Of course the Republican State 
 ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
 the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans 
 to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight 
 Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the 
 House. 
 
 Palmer's Administration. — Governor Palm- 
 er's administration began auspiciously, at a time 
 when the passions aroused by the war were sub- 
 siding and the State was recovering its normal 
 prosperity. (See Palmer, John M.) Leading 
 events of the next four years were the adoption 
 of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. 
 The first steps in legislation looking to the con- 
 trol of railroads were taken at the session of 
 
 1869, and although a stringent law on the subject 
 passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- 
 ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, 
 and, although superseded by the Constitution of 
 
 1870, it furnished the key-note for much of the 
 legislation since had on the subject. The cele- 
 brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city 
 of Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the 
 title of the State to certain lands included in 
 what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was 
 passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, 
 was re-enacted over his veto. This act was 
 finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and 
 after many years of litigation, the rights claimed 
 under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany have been recently declared void by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- 
 teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
 prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to 
 "citizens of the United States .... on account 
 of race, color or previous condition of servitude," 
 was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
 House, on March 5. 
 
 The first step toward the erection of a new 
 State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an 
 appropriation of $450,000, at the session of 1867, 
 the total cost being limited to §3,000,000. A 
 second appropriation of §650,000 was made at the 
 session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited 
 the cost to §3,500,000, but an act passed by the 
 Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation 
 of §531,712 for completing and furnishing the 
 building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The 
 original cost of the building and its furniture 
 exceeded §4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) 
 
 The State Convention for framing a new Con- 
 stitution met at Springfield, Dec. 13, 1869. 
 It consisted of eighty-five members — forty-four 
 Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- 
 ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected 
 as "Independents" and co-operated with the 
 Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- 
 cock was elected President. The Convention 
 terminated its labors, May 13, 1870; the Constitu- 
 tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, 
 and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special 
 provision establishing the principle of "minority 
 representation" in the election of Representatives 
 in the General Assembly, was adopted by a 
 smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- 
 ing feature of the latter was the general restric- 
 tion upon special legislation and the enumeration 
 of a large variety of subjects to be provided for 
 under general laws. It laid the basis of our 
 present railroad and warehouse laws; declared 
 the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people ; 
 prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- 
 scribers to the stock of any railroad or private 
 corporation; limited the rate of taxation and 
 amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required 
 the enactment of laws for the protection of 
 miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- 
 tion against the re-election of a Governor as his 
 own immediate successor was removed, but placed 
 upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- 
 ture consists of 204 members— 51 Senators and 153 
 Representatives — one Senator and three Repre- 
 sentatives being chosen from each district. (Sea 
 Constitutional Convention of 1SG9-7U; also Con- 
 stitution of 1S70. ) 
 
 At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- 
 elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority; 
 Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- 
 man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 Legislature of 1871. — The Twenty-seventh 
 General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 
 
276 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 spent more time in legislation than any other in 
 the history of the State — a fact to be accounted 
 for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- 
 sive revision of the laws required in consequence 
 of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
 the regular session, there were two special, or 
 called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- 
 ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature 
 adopted the system of "State control" in the 
 management of the labor and discipline of the 
 convicts of the State penitentiary, which was 
 strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special 
 message. General Logan having been elected 
 United States Senator at this session, Gen. John 
 L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position 
 of Congressman-at-large at a special election held 
 Oct 4. 
 
 Chicago Fire of 1871. — The calamitous fire 
 at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging 
 rather to local than to general State history, 
 excited the profound sympathy, not only of the 
 people of the State and the Nation, but of the 
 civilized world. The area burned over, including 
 streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings 
 out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. 
 The loss of !"fe is estimated at 250, and of prop- 
 erty at §187, 927, 000. Governor Palmer called the 
 Legislature together in special session to act upon 
 the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- 
 cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was 
 adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount 
 it had expended in the enlargement of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal, amounting to $2,955,340. 
 The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet 
 in a regiment of United States troops organized 
 for guard duty, led to some controversy between 
 Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of 
 Chicago and the military authorities, including 
 President Grant, on the other; but the general 
 verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between 
 civil and military authority may not have been 
 observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
 a great emergency, was of the highest value and 
 was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire 
 of 1S71 under title Chicago.) 
 
 Political Campaign of 1872.— The political 
 campaign of 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con- 
 fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. 
 Dissatisfied with the administration of President 
 Grant, a number of the State officers (including 
 Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- 
 licans of the State, joined in what was called the 
 "Liberal Republican" movement, and supported 
 Horace Greeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer 
 
 of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John 
 L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the 
 November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- 
 lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, 
 to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. 
 The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 
 40,090. 
 
 Governor Oglesby's second administration was 
 of brief duration. Within a week after his in- 
 auguration he was nominated by a legislative 
 caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
 succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- 
 ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses 
 against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by 
 the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
 three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J.) 
 Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became 
 Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his 
 chief. His administration was high-minded, 
 clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) 
 
 Republican Reverse of 1874. — The election 
 of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse the 
 Republican party had experienced in Illinois 
 since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the 
 Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was 
 elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- 
 bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) 
 was at the same time elected State Superintend- 
 ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in 
 each House of the General Assembly. After a 
 protracted contest, E. M. Haines — who had been 
 a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected 
 to this Legislature as an "Independent" — was 
 elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cul- 
 lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen 
 President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- 
 lowed — especially in the House — was one of the 
 most turbulent and disorderly in the history of 
 the State, coming to a termination, April 15, 
 after having enacted very few laws of any im- 
 portance. (See Twenty-ninth General Assembly. ) 
 
 Campaign of 1876. — Shelby M. Cullom was the 
 candidate of the Republican party for Governor 
 in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the 
 National ticket. The excitement which attended 
 the campaign, the closeness of the vote between 
 the two Presidential candidates — Hayes and 
 Tilden — and the determination of the result 
 through the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
 are fresh in the memory of the present gener- 
 ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for 
 President was 19,631, but owing to the combina- 
 tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on 
 Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for 
 
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 BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING, CHICAGO. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 277 
 
 Oullom was reduced to 0,798. The other State 
 officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- 
 tenant Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary 
 of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward 
 Rutz, Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorne}'- 
 General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 
 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- 
 petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. 
 The new State House was occupied for the first 
 time by the State officers and the Legislature 
 chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
 had a majority in the House, the Independents 
 held the "balance of power" in joint sessitm of 
 the General Assembly. After a stubborn and 
 protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
 United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. 
 Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was 
 elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a 
 Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
 whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States in 1802. His 
 election to the United States Senate by the Demo- 
 crats and Independents led to his retirement from 
 the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- 
 ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 — a cir- 
 cumstance which, in "the opinion of many, may 
 have had an important bearing upon the decision 
 of that tribunal. In the latter part of bis term 
 he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, 
 and more frequently acted with the Republicans 
 than with their opponents. He supported Blaine 
 and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 
 1884. (See Davis, Da rid.) 
 
 Strike op 1877. — The extensive railroad strike, 
 in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization 
 of business, especially in the railroad centers of 
 the State and throughout the country generally. 
 The newly -organized National Guard was called 
 out and rendered efficient service in restoring 
 order. Governor Cullom's action in the premises 
 was prompt, and has been generally commended 
 as eminently wise and discreet. 
 
 Election of 1878.— Four sets of candidates 
 were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer 
 and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 
 — Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- 
 hibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. 
 John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and 
 James P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
 averaging about 35,000. The same party also 
 elected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- 
 gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured 
 a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
 bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- 
 ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the 
 
 United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. 
 Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. 
 Col. William A. James, of Lake County, served 
 as Speaker of the House at this session. (See 
 Smith, John. Corson; Slade, JamesP.; also Thirty- 
 first General Assembly. ) 
 
 Campaign op 1880. — The political campaign 
 of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle 
 made by the friends of General Grant to secure 
 his nomination for the Presidency for a third 
 term. The Republican State Convention, begin- 
 ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, 
 ending in instructions in favor of General Grant 
 by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nullified, 
 however, by the action of the' National Conven- 
 tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was 
 nominated for re-election ; John M. Hamilton for 
 Lieutenant-Governor; Henry D. Dement for Sec- 
 retary of State ; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor ; 
 Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, 
 and James McCartney for Attorney-General. 
 (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, Charles P.; 
 Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James.) Ex-Sena- 
 tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its 
 candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- 
 sons for Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention met in 
 Chicago, June 2. After thirty -six ballots, in 
 which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- 
 eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
 nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New 
 York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott 
 Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. 
 James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
 Illinois. 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- 
 ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican 
 State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- 
 ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive 
 majorities in both branches of the Legislature. 
 
 No startling events occurred during Governor 
 Cullom's second term. The State continued to 
 increase in wealth, population and prosperity, 
 and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- 
 dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped 
 out." 
 
 Election of 1882.— At the election of 1882, 
 Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State 
 Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second 
 term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. 
 Strattan, the Republican candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- 
 feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again 
 had a majority in each House of the General 
 Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. 
 Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 
 
278 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 House. In the election of United States Senator, 
 which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom 
 was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. 
 John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. 
 Lieut. -Gov. John M. Hamilton thus hecame Gov- 
 ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See 
 Cullom, Shelby M.; Hamilton, John M.; Collins, 
 Loren C, and Raab, Henri/. ) 
 
 The "Harper High License Law," enacted by 
 the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has 
 become one of the permanent features of the Illi- 
 nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, 
 and has been more or less closely copied in other 
 States. 
 
 Political Campaign of 1884. — In 1884, Gen. 
 R. J. Oglesby again became the choice of the 
 Republican party for Governor, receiving at 
 Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- 
 tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter H. 
 Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 
 The Republican National Convention was again 
 held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John 
 A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- 
 licans for President, and was put in nomination 
 in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The 
 choice of the Convention, however, fell upon 
 James G. Blaine, on the fourth ballot, his leading 
 competitor being President Arthur. Logan was 
 then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- 
 tion. 
 
 At the election in November the Republican 
 party met its first reverse on the National battle- 
 field since 1856, Grover Cleveland and Thomas A. 
 Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being 
 elected President and Vice-President by the nar- 
 row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State 
 of New York. The result was in doubt for sev- 
 eral days, and the excitement throughout the 
 country was scarcely less intense than it had 
 been in the close election of 1876. The Green- 
 back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in 
 Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. 
 The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. 
 The Republican State officers elected were Richard 
 J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of 
 State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, 
 State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- 
 General — receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 
 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were 
 elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt 
 were chosen for first terms. (See Gross, Jacob, 
 and Hunt, George. ) 
 
 Chicago Election Frauds— An incident of 
 this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat 
 
 Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of 
 Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- 
 trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed 
 and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged perpe- 
 trators, was sentenced to the penitentiary for four 
 years for perjury growing out of the investiga- 
 tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was 
 found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
 United States Senator — Senator Logan being a 
 candidate for re-election, while the Legislature 
 stood 102 Republicans to 100 Democrats and two 
 Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest 
 on tile election of Speaker of the House finally 
 resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending 
 the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in 
 the House and one in the Senate were rendered 
 vacant by death — the deceased Senator and one of 
 the Representatives being Democrats, and the 
 other Representative a Republican. The special 
 election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy 
 with a new member of the same political faith as 
 his predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House 
 were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- 
 lican member in place of a Democrat in the 
 House was brought about by the election of 
 Captain William H. Weaver Representative from 
 the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason, 
 Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the 
 Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of Representative J. Hemy Shaw, 
 Democrat. This was accomplished by what is 
 called a "still hunt" on the part of the Repub- 
 licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by 
 surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- 
 sation not only of the session, but of special elec- 
 tions generally, especially as every county in the 
 District was strongly Democratic. This gave the 
 Republicans a majority in each House, and the 
 re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
 two months had been consumed in the contest. 
 (See Logan, John A.) 
 
 Oglesby's Third Term. — The only disturbing 
 events during Governor Oglesby's third term were 
 strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and 
 Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen 
 at East St. Louis, in April, 1886, and among the 
 employes at the Union Stock- Yards, in November 
 of the same year. In each case troops were called 
 out and order finally restored, but not until sev- 
 eral persons had been killed in the two former, 
 and both strikers and employers had lost heavily 
 in the interruption of business. 
 
 At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and 
 Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- 
 tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 279 
 
 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality 
 for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See 
 Tanner, John R.; Edwards, Richard.) 
 
 In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which 
 met January, 1887, the Republicans had a major- 
 ity in each House, and Charles B. Farwell was 
 elected to the United States Senate in place of 
 Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farwell, 
 Charles B.) 
 
 Fifer Elected Governor. — The political 
 campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less 
 bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- 
 Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and 
 Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each 
 other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See 
 Fifer, Joseph ~\V. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets 
 were also in the field The Republican National 
 Convention was again held in Chicago, June 
 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
 Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The 
 delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- 
 tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. 
 Gresham. (See Gresham, Walter Q.) Grover 
 Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a 
 candidate for re-election. At the November elec- 
 tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving 
 the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. 
 Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that 
 of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
 still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, 
 Lieutenant-Governor; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre- 
 tary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor; 
 Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt, 
 Attorney-General. (See Ray, Lyman B.; Pear- 
 son, Isaac N.; Pavey, Charles W; and Becker, 
 Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six 
 majority on joint ballot in the Legislature — the 
 largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- 
 lature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator 
 Cullom to the United States Senate, practically 
 w'thout a contest ; the revision of the compulsory 
 education law, and the enactment of the Chicago 
 drainage law. At a special session held in July, 
 • 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation 
 looking to the holding of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were 
 taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) 
 
 Republican Defeat of 1890. — The campaign 
 of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on 
 both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward 
 S. Wilson was elected Treasurer by a plurality of 
 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 
 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
 Though lacking two of an absolute majority on 
 
 joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats 
 were able, with the aid of two members belonging 
 to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and 
 exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. 
 Palmer United States Senator, as successor to 
 C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March 
 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for 
 Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) 
 and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, Job n M. ) 
 Elections of 1892. — At the elections of 1892 
 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first 
 defeat on both State and National issues since 
 1856. The Democratic State Convention was 
 held at Springfield, April 27, and that of the 
 Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in 
 nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; 
 Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor ; William 
 H. Hinrichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. 
 Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for 
 Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter 
 for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for 
 Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- 
 didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov- 
 ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, 
 Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State, Isaac N. Pear- 
 son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry 
 L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits 
 and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- 
 tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- 
 nated to succeed themselves. The Republican 
 National Convention held its session at Minneapo- 
 lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for 
 re-election, while that of the Democrats met 
 in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session 
 until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its 
 standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. 
 Stevenson, of Bloomington, III, as his running- 
 mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and 
 People's Party also had complete National and 
 State tickets in the field. The State campaign 
 was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the 
 Democrats, under the leadership of Altgeld, mak- 
 ing an especially bitter contest upon some features 
 of the compulsory school law, and gaining many 
 votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. 
 The result in the State showed a plurality for 
 Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 873,646— 
 the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote 
 amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- 
 tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld 
 (Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link 
 (Pro.), 25,628 ;Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108— plurality for 
 Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 
 
280 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 est given to any Republican candidate on either 
 the National or the State ticket, leading that of 
 President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the 
 vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of 
 Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the 
 Democratic State ticket with the single exception 
 of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- 
 urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in 
 Congress from the State chosen at this time, 
 eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, 
 including among the latter the two Congressmen 
 from the State-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to 
 twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and 
 seventy-eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- 
 ans in the House. 
 
 The administration of Governor Fifer — the last 
 in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- 
 ernors — closed with the financial and industrial 
 interests of the State in a prosperous condition, 
 the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its 
 treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of 
 the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, 
 though the result of the next two elections have 
 shown that he was not to be the last — both of his 
 successors belonging to the same class. Governor 
 Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the 
 State to be elected Governor, though the State 
 has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign 
 birth, viz.: Pierre Menard, a French Canadian; 
 John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus 
 Koerner and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans. 
 
 Altgeld's Administration. — The Thirty- 
 eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 
 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each 
 House. (See Thirty-eighth General Assembly.) 
 The inauguration of the State officers occurred on 
 January 10. The most important events con- 
 nected with Governor Altgeld's administration 
 were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, 
 and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both 
 of these have been treated in detail under their 
 proper heads. (See Worlds Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster 
 befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the 
 night of Jan. 3, 1895, of a portion of the buildings 
 connected with the Southern Hospital for the 
 Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of 
 nearly 8200,000, and subjecting the inmates and 
 officers of the institution to great risk and no 
 small amount of suffering, although no lives were 
 lost. The Thirty ninth General Assembly, which 
 met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- 
 ation of §171,970 for the restoration of the build- 
 ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. 
 
 The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- 
 urer of the University of Illinois, which came to 
 light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, 
 involved the State in heavy loss (the exact 
 amount of which is not even yet fully known), 
 and operated unfortunately for the credit of the 
 retiring administration, in view of the adoption of 
 a policy which made the Governor more directly 
 responsible for the management of the State in- 
 stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- 
 cessors. The Governor's course in connection 
 with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised 
 in some quarters, especially as it brought him in 
 opposition to the policy of the National adminis- 
 tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- 
 thizing with the strikers at a time when they 
 were regarded as acting in open violation of law. 
 
 Election of 1894. — The election of 1894 showed 
 as surprising a reaction against the Democratic 
 party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite 
 direction. The two State offices to be vacated 
 this year — State Treasurer and State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction — were filled by the elec- 
 tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. 
 The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- 
 urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. 
 Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty-two Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as 
 elected were Republicans, and these two were 
 unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- 
 ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
 Democrats in the Senate, and eighty -eight Repub- 
 licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. 
 
 One of the most important acts of the Thirty- 
 ninth General Assembly, at the following session, 
 was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa 
 tion of members of the General Assembly at §1,000 
 for each regular session, with five dollars per day 
 and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This 
 Legislature also passed acts making appropriations 
 for the erection of buildings for the use of the 
 State Fair, which had been permanently located 
 at Springfield ; for the establishment of t« T o ad- 
 ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock 
 Island and the other ( for incurables) near Peoria ; 
 for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal 
 Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at 
 Wilmington. 
 
 Permanent Location of the State Fair. — 
 In consequence of the absorption of public atten- 
 tion — especially among the industrial and manu- 
 facturing classes — by the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the 
 Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was 
 

HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 381 
 
 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. 
 The initial steps were taken by the Board at its 
 annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that 
 year, looking to the permanent location of the 
 Fair ; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- 
 cago, in October following, formal specifications 
 were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met 
 in securing the prize. These were sent to cities 
 intending to compete for the location as the basis 
 of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses 
 were received from the cities of Bloomington, 
 Decatur, Peoria and Springfield, at the annual 
 meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, 
 on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was 
 accepted and the Fair permanently located at 
 that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to 
 ten divided between five other points. The 
 Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to 
 the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of 
 land — embracing the old Sangamon County Fair 
 Grounds immediately north of the city — besides 
 a cash contribution of §50,000 voted by the San- 
 gamon County Board of Supervisors for the 
 erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- 
 butions increased the estimated value of the 
 donations from Sangamon County (including the 
 land) to §139,800, not including the pledge of the 
 city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates 
 of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- 
 sides an agreement on the part of the electric 
 light company to furnish light for two years free 
 of charge. The construction of buildings was 
 begun the same year, and the first Fair held on 
 the site in September following. Additional 
 buildings have been erected and other improve- 
 ments introduced each year, until the grounds 
 are now regarded as among the best equipped for 
 exhibition purposes in the United States. In the 
 meantime, the increasing success of the Fair 
 from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom 
 of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture 
 in the matter of location. 
 
 Campaign of 1896. — The political campaign 
 of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity 
 in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety 
 and character of the issues involved and the 
 number of party candidates in the field. As 
 usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties 
 were the chief factors in the contest, although 
 there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, 
 which tended to the introduction of new issues 
 and the organization of parties on new lines. 
 The Republicans took the lead in organizing for 
 the canvass, holding their State Convention at 
 Springfield on April 29 and 30, while the Demo- 
 
 crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former 
 put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; 
 William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor; 
 James A. Rose for Secretary of State; James S. 
 McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for 
 Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- 
 General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J. 
 Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University 
 Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the 
 Democracy for State officers embraced John P. 
 Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship ; for 
 Lieutenant-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- 
 retary of State, Finis E. Downing; Auditor, 
 Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-General, George 
 A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. 
 
 The National Republican Convention met at St. 
 Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session, 
 put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, 
 for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New 
 Jersey, for Vice-President ; while their Demo- 
 cratic opponents, following a policy which had 
 been maintained almost continuously by one or 
 the other party since 1860, set in motion its party 
 machinery in Chicago — holding its National Con- 
 vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first 
 time in the history of the nation, a native of 
 Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the 
 person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with 
 Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the 
 second place on the ticket. The main issues, as 
 enunciated in the platforms of the respective 
 parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by 
 the prominence given to the tariff and monetary 
 questions in each. This was the natural result of 
 the business depression which had prevailed since 
 1893. While the Republican platform adhered to 
 the traditional position of the party on the tariff 
 issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the 
 gold standard as the basis of the monetary system 
 of the country, that of the Democracy took a new 
 departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free 
 and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at 
 the present legal ratio of 16 to 1;" and this be- 
 came the leading issue of the campaign. The 
 fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who 
 had been favored by the Populists as a candidate 
 for Vice President, and was afterwards formally 
 nominated by a convention of that party, with 
 Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- 
 cago Convention, led to much friction between 
 the Populist and Democratic wings of the party. 
 At the same time a very considerable bod} - — in 
 influence and political prestige, if not in numbers 
 — in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, 
 refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 
 
282 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 section on the monetary question, and, adopting 
 the name of "Gold Democrats,'" put in nomination 
 a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, 
 for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- 
 tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro- 
 hibitionists, Nationalists, Socialist-Labor Party 
 and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out'") 
 Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the 
 field, making a total of seven sets of candidates 
 appealing for the votes of the people on issues 
 assumed to be of National importance. 
 
 The fact that the two great parties — Democratic 
 and Republican — established their principal head- 
 quarters for the prosecution of the campaign in 
 Chicago, had the effect to make that city and 
 the State of Illinois the center of political activ- 
 ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- 
 ing character were held by both parties. At the 
 November election the Republicans carried the 
 day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their 
 national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, 
 while the leading candidates on the State ticket 
 received the following pluralities: John R. Tan- 
 ner (for Governor), 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor), 137,354; Rose (for Secretary of 
 State), 136,611; McCullough (for Auditor), 138,- 
 013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for 
 Attorney -General), 132,650. The Republicans also 
 elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to 
 three Democrats and two People's Party men. 
 The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold 
 Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100. 
 
 Gov. Tanner's Administration — The Fortieth 
 General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of 
 eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Demo- 
 crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty- 
 nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one 
 Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally 
 gained one member in each house by contests. 
 Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was 
 chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. 
 F'sher, of Henry County, President pro tem. of 
 the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers 
 in the subordinate positions. The inauguration 
 of the newly elected State officers took place on 
 the 11th, the inaugural address of Governor 
 Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- 
 taining the issues indorsed by the people at the 
 late election. On Jan. 20, William E. Mason, 
 of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as 
 the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was 
 about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full 
 Republican strength (125 votes) in the two 
 Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John 
 P. Altgeld. (See Fortieth General Assembly.) 
 
 Among the principal measures enacted by the 
 Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session 
 were; The "Torrens Land Title System,'" regu- 
 lating the conveyance and registration of land 
 titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the three 
 Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the 
 Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen 
 Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils 
 and other corporate authorities of cities to grant 
 street railway franchises for a period of fifty 
 years. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in 
 special session under a call of the Governor, nam- 
 ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- 
 gested. Of these only two were acted upon 
 affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner 
 of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- 
 nating political conventions, and a new revenue 
 law regulating the assessment and collection of 
 taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the 
 requirement that property shall be entered upon 
 the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject 
 to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of 
 valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth 
 of this amount. 
 
 The Spanish-American War.— The most not- 
 able event in the history of Illinois during the 
 year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and 
 the part Illinois played in it. In this contest 
 Illinoisans manifested the same eagerness to 
 serve their country as did their fathers and fel- 
 low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third 
 of a century ago. The first call for volunteers 
 was responded to with alacrity by the men com- 
 posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- 
 ments of infantry, from the First to Seventh 
 inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and 
 one Battery of Artillery — in all about 9,000 men 
 — being mustered in between May 7 and May 21. 
 Although only one of these — the First, under the 
 command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago — 
 saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender 
 at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the 
 South stood ready to respond to the demand for 
 their service in the field. Under the second call 
 for troops two other regiments — the Eighth and 
 the Ninth — were organized and the former (com- 
 posed of Afro-Americans officered by men of 
 their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard 
 duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of 
 engineers from Company E of the Second United 
 States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were 
 among the first to see service in Cuba, while 
 many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve 
 were assigned to duty on United States war 
 vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 283 
 
 naval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third 
 Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in 
 the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. 
 The several regiments on their return for muster- 
 out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with 
 Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from 
 their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- 
 ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments 
 were organized and stood ready to respond to the 
 call of the Government for their services had the 
 emergency required. (See War, The Sjxinish 
 American.) 
 
 Labor Disturbances. — The principal labor 
 disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- 
 ner's administration, occurred during the coal- 
 miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the 
 Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to 
 introduce colored laborers from the South to 
 operate these mines led to violence between the 
 adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine- 
 owners and operators, and their employes, at 
 these points, during which it was necessary to 
 call out the National Guard, and a number of 
 lives were sacrificed on both sides. 
 
 A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, 
 caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 
 111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of 
 which a large proportion of the city was flooded, 
 many homes and business houses wrecked or 
 greatly injured, and much other property de- 
 stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was 
 the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most 
 part of women and children who, being surprised 
 in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was 
 promptly furnished by the State Government in 
 the form of tents to shelter the survivors and 
 rations to feed them ; and contributions of money 
 and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- 
 lected by relief organizations during the next two 
 or three months, were needed to moderate the 
 suffering. (See Inundations, Remarkable.) 
 
 Campaign of 1898. — The political campaign of 
 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted 
 on the same general issues as that of 1896, al- 
 though the gradual return of business prosperity 
 had greatly modified the intensity of interest 
 with which some of the economic questions of 
 the preceding campaign had been regarded. The 
 only State officers to be elected were a State- 
 Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 and three State University Trustees — the total 
 vote cast for the former being 878,622 against 
 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former. 
 Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for 
 State Treasurer) received 448,940 to 405,490 for 
 
 M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 24,192 divided 
 between three other candidates; while Alfred 
 Bayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 
 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,- 
 190 votes cast for three others. The Republican 
 candidates for University Trustees were, of course, 
 elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their 
 representation in Congress, though electing thir- 
 teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- 
 sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic 
 opponents, who were practically consolidated in 
 this campaign with the Populists. 
 
 Forty-first General Assembly.— The Forty- 
 first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and 
 adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, 
 with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest 
 regular session in the history of the State Gov- 
 ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 
 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of 
 eighty-one Republicans to seventy-one Democrats 
 and one Prohibitionist; and the Senate, of thirty- 
 four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one 
 Populist — giving a Republican majority on joint 
 ballot of twenty-six. Of 176 bills which passed 
 both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- 
 ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- 
 tant were the following: Amending the State 
 Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the 
 general powers of the Board ; creating the office 
 of State Architect at a salary of S5, 000 per annum, 
 to furnish plans and specifications for public 
 buildings and supervise the construction and 
 care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation 
 of the territory of cities under township organi- 
 zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- 
 sional townships, into one township; empowering 
 each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a 
 private secretary at a salary of 82,000 per annum, 
 to be paid by the State; amending the State 
 Revenue Law of 1898; authorizing the establish- 
 ment and maintenance of parental or truant 
 schools; and empowering the State to establish 
 Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one 
 to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in 
 cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also 
 passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an 
 amendment of the State Constitution is to be 
 voted upon by the electors at any general elec- 
 tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- 
 visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to 
 each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said 
 copies published and posted at the places of voting 
 for the information of voters. One of the most 
 important acts of this Legislature was the repeal, 
 by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 
 
284 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 railway Franchise Law of the previous session - , 
 the provisions of which, empowering City Coun- 
 cils to grant street-railway franchises extending 
 over a period of fifty years, had been severely 
 criticised by a portion of the press and excited 
 intense hostility, especially in some of the larger 
 cities of the State. Although in force nearly two 
 years, not a single corporation had succeeded in 
 obtaining a, franchise under it. 
 
 A Retrospect and a Look into The Future. — 
 The history of Illinois has been traced concisely 
 and in outline from the earliest period to the 
 present time. Previous to the visit of Joliet and 
 Marquette, in 1073, as unknown as Central Africa, 
 for a century it continued the hunting ground of 
 savages and the home of wild animals common to 
 the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. 
 The region brought under the influence of civili- 
 zation, such as then existed, comprised a small 
 area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized 
 counties of the present day. Thirteen years of 
 nominal British control (1765-78) saw little change, 
 except the exodus of a part of the old French 
 population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. 
 The period of development began with the 
 occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That 
 saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- 
 ernment of the settlements northwest of the 
 Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 
 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 
 13.500,000. In 1880 the population of the State 
 equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the 
 close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in 
 the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had 
 advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed 
 fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel 
 for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail- 
 roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, 
 there is little risk in predicting that the next 
 forty years will see it advanced to second, if not 
 first rank, in both wealth and population. 
 
 But if the development of Illinois on material 
 lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the 
 Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers 
 and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A 
 long list of these might be mentioned, but two 
 names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by 
 common consent, assigned a higher place than all 
 others, and have left a deeper impress upon the 
 history of the Nation than any others since the 
 days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, 
 the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms 
 and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham 
 Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of 
 the Republic, and its Martyred President. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 
 
 Important Events in Illinois History. 
 
 1073.— Joliet and Marquette reach Illinois from Green Bay by 
 
 way of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. 
 1674-5.— Marquette makes a second visit to Illinois and spends 
 
 the winter on the present site of Chicago. 
 1680. I, a Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois to Peoria Lake. 
 1681.— Tonty begins the erection of Fort St. Louis on " Starved 
 
 Rock " in La Salle County. 
 1682.— La Salle and Tonty descend the Illinois and Mississippi 
 Rivers to the mouth of the latter, and take possession 
 (April 9, 1682) in the name of the King of France 
 1700.— First permanent French settlement in Illinois and Mis- 
 sion of St. Sulpice established at Cahokia 
 1700.— Kaskaskia Indians remove from the Upper Illinois and 
 locate near the mouth of the Kaskaskia River. French 
 settlement established here the same year becomes the 
 town of Kaskaskia and future capital of Illinois. 
 1718.— The first Fort Chartres. erected near Kaskaskia. 
 
 1718.— Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burned by Indians. 
 1754.— Fort Chartres rebuilt and strengthened. 
 
 1765.— The Illinois country surrendered by the French to the 
 British under the treaty of 1763. 
 
 1778.— (July 4) Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe- 
 dition organized under authority of Gov. Patrick IlHiiry of 
 Virginia, arrives at Kaskaskia. The occupation of Illinois 
 by the American troops follows. 
 
 1778.— Illinois County created by Act of the Virginia House of 
 Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- 
 west of the Ohio River. 
 
 Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the 
 Northwest Territory, embracing the present States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 
 1788.— General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- 
 west Territory. 
 
 1790.— St Clair County organized. 
 
 1795.— Randolph County organized. 
 
 1800.— Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- 
 ritories, Illinois being embraced in the latter. 
 
 1809.— Illinois Territory set off from Indiana, and Ninian 
 Edwards appointed Governor. 
 
 1818.— ( Dec. 3) Illinois admitted as a State. 
 
 1820. -State capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 
 
 1822-24.— Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave State. 
 
 1825.— ( April 30) General La Fayette visits Kaskaskia. 
 
 1832.— Black Hawk War. 
 
 1839.— (July 4 i Springfield becomes the third capital of the State 
 under an Act of the Legislature passed in 1837. 
 
 1848.— The second Constitution adopted. 
 
 1860.— Abraham Lincoln is elected President. 
 
 1861.— War of the Rebellion begins. 
 
 1863.— i Jan. 1) Lincoln issues his tinal Proclamation of Eman- 
 cipation. 
 
 1864— Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. 
 
 1865.— < April 14) Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Washington. 
 
 1865. — ( May 4) President Lincoln's funeral in Springfield. 
 
 1865— The War of the Rebellion ends. 
 
 1868.— Gen. U. S. Grant elected to the Presidency. 
 
 1870.— The third State Constitution adopted. 
 
 1787. 
 
 POPULATION OF ILLINOIS 
 
 At Each Decennial Census from 1810 to 1900. 
 
 1810 (23) 12,282 
 
 1820 (24) 55,162 
 
 1830 (20) 157.445 
 
 1840 (14) 476,183 
 
 1850 (111 851,470 
 
 1860 (4) 1,711,951 
 
 1870 (4) 2,539,891 
 
 1880 (4) 3.077,871 
 
 1890 (3) 3,826,351 
 
 1900 (3) 4,821,550 
 
 Note.— Figures in parenthesis indicate the rank of the State 
 in order of population. 
 
 ILLINOIS CITIES 
 
 Having a Population of 10,000 and Over (1900). 
 
 Name. Population. 
 
 Chicago 1,698,755 
 
 Peoria 56,100 
 
 Quincy 36,252 
 
 Springfield ^4 159 
 
 Rock ford 31,051 
 
 Joliet 29,353 
 
 East St Louis. 29,655 
 
 Aurora 'J4 , 1-17 
 
 Bloomington J^'Jsg 
 
 Elgin -J2.433 
 
 Decatur 20.754 
 
 Rock Island 19.498 
 
 Evauston 19,259 
 
 Name. 
 
 Population. 
 
 Galesburg 
 
 18,607 
 
 
 17.4S1 
 
 
 
 
 16,354 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 286 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 This index relates exclusively to matter embraced in the article under the title "Illinois." Subjects of general State history 
 will be found treated at length, under topical heads, in the body of the Encyclopedia. 
 
 Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. 
 Altgeld, John P., administration as Gov- 
 ernor. 279-80 : defeated for re-election, 281. 
 Anderson, Stinaon H..264. 
 Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. 256. 
 Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a 
 
 convention scheme. 260. 
 Baker, Col. E. I)., 263; orator at laying 
 
 the corner-stone of State capitol, 264. 
 Bateman, Newton, State Superintendent 
 
 of Public Instruction. 270,274,275. 
 
 Beveridge, John L., Congressman and 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor 
 
 by resignation of Governor Oglesby,276. 
 
 Birkbeck, Morris, 260. 
 
 Bissell, William H., Colonel in Mexican 
 
 War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 270. 
 Black Hawk War. 262. 
 Blodgett, Henry W., Free Soil member of 
 
 the Legislature. 268. 
 Bloomington Convention (18561,269. 
 Boisbriant, first French Commandant, 249. 
 Bond, Snadrach, 255; Delegate in Congress, 
 
 257; first Governor, 258. 
 Breese, Sidney, 259 
 Browne, Thomas C, 260. 
 Browning. Orville H., in Bloomington 
 
 Convention, 269; U. S. Senator, 273. 
 Cahokia, first French settlement at, 252. 
 Camp Douglas conspiracy, 273. 
 Canal Scrip Fraud, 270. 
 Carlin, Thomas, elected Governor, 263. 
 Casey, Zadoc, elected to Congress; re- 
 signs the Lieutenant-Governorship, 262. 
 Charlevoix visits Illinois. 247 
 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, importance 
 
 of in estimation of early explorers, 247 
 Chicago election frauds, 278. 
 Chicago, fire of 1871, 276. 
 Chicagou, Indian Chief for whom Chicago 
 
 was named, 248. 
 Clark, Col. George Rogers, expedition to 
 
 Illinois; capture of Kaskaskia, 251, 
 Coles, Edward, emancipates his slaves; 
 candidate for Governor, 25y; his election, 
 260; persecuted by his enemies, 261. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1818, 258. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847,266. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862,272. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1870, 275. 
 Cook, Daniel P.. 255; Attorney-General, 
 
 258; elected to Congress, 260-61. 
 Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against 
 
 Indians at Peoria. 257. 
 Cull om, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- 
 sembly, 27o; elected Governor, 276; fea- 
 tures of his administration; re-elected, 
 277; elected to U. S. Senate. 278. 
 Davis, David, United States Senator, 277. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme 
 Court, 264, U.S.Senator, 266; debates 
 with Lincoln, 268-70; re-elected U.S. Sen- 
 ator, 270; death, 272. 
 Duncan, Joseph, Governor; character of 
 
 his administration, 262-63. 
 Early towns, 258. 
 Earthquake of 1811.256. 
 Edwards. Ninlan, Governor Illinois Terri- 
 tory, 255, elected U. S. Senator, 259; 
 elected Governor; administration and 
 death, 261. 
 Ewing, William L. D., becomes acting 
 Governor; occupant of many offices, 262. 
 Explorers, earlv French, 244-5. 
 Farwell, Charles B.,279 
 Field-McClernand contest, 264. 
 Fifer, Joseph W., elected Governor. 279. 
 Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial 
 
 House of Representatives, 257. 
 Ford, Thomas, Governor: embarrassing 
 
 quesrions of his administration, 264. 
 F<>rt Chartres, surrendered to British, 250. 
 Fort 1 >earborn massacre, 256-57. 
 Fort Gage burned, 251. 
 Fort Massac, starting point on the Ohio of 
 
 Clark's expedition, 251. 
 Fort St. Louis, 246; raided and burned by 
 
 Indians, 247 
 Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner 
 
 for Illinois in 1775,251. 
 French, Augustus C, Governor. 265-7. 
 French and ludiau War, 250. 
 
 French occupation; settlement about Kas- 
 kaskia and Cahokia, 249. 
 
 French villages, population of in 1765,251. 
 
 Gibault. Pierre, 252. 
 
 Grant, Ulysses S., arrival at Springfield; 
 Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Volun- 
 teers, 271; elected President, 275. 
 
 Gresham, Walter Q., supported by Illinois 
 Republicans for the Presidency. 279, 
 
 Hamilton, John M.. Lieutenant-Governor, 
 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278. 
 
 Hansen-Shaw contest, 260. 
 
 Hardin, John J.. 263; elected to Congress, 
 264; killed at Buena Vista, 265. 
 
 Harrison, William Heury. first Governor 
 of Indiana Territory, 254. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, Indian Commisaioner for 
 Illinois Country; assists in planning 
 Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcio Gov- 
 ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio 
 River 
 
 Illinois, its rank in order of admission into 
 the Union, area and population. 241; In- 
 dian origin of the name; boundaries and 
 area; geographical location; navigable 
 streams, 242; topography, fauna and 
 flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con- 
 test for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- 
 ana in 1721, 249; surrendered to the 
 British in 1765, 251 ; under government of 
 Virginia, 252: part of Indiana Territory, 
 254; Territorial Government organized; 
 Ninian Edwards appointed Governor, 
 255; admitted as a State. 258 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, 261. 
 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68. 
 
 "Illinois Country," boundaries defined by 
 Captain Pittman, 241; Patrick Henry, 
 first American Governor, 252. 
 
 Illinois County organized by Virginia 
 House of Delegates, 252. 
 
 Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- 
 rial officers, 255. 
 
 Indiana Territory organized. 254; first 
 Territorial Legislature elected, 255. 
 
 Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. 
 
 Internal improvement scheme, 263. 
 
 Joliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, 
 visits Illinois in 1673, 245. 
 
 Kane, Elias Kent, 258. 
 
 Kansas-Nebraska contest, 268. 
 
 Kaskaskia Indians remove from Upper 
 Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248. 
 
 Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- 
 tion against Kaskaskia. 251. 
 
 Labor disturbances, 270, 280, 283. 
 
 La Fayette, visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. 
 
 La Salle, expedition to Illinois in 1679-80, 
 245; buildB Fort Miami, near mouth of 
 St. Joseph; disaster of Fort Creve-Creur; 
 erection of Fort St. Louis, 246. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, Representative in the 
 General Assembly, 263; elected to Con- 
 gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for 
 the United States Senate; member of 
 Bloomington Con v en tion of 1856; 
 " House-divided-against-itself " speech, 
 269; elected President. 270: departure for 
 Washington, 271; elected for a second 
 term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. 
 
 Lincoln- Douglas debates, 270. 
 
 Lockwood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; 
 Secretary of State; opponent of pro- 
 slavery convention scheme, 260. 
 
 Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union 
 soldier, 272; Congressman-at-large.274-7o; 
 elected United States Senator, 276: Re- 
 publican nominee for Vice-President; 
 third election as Senator, 278. 
 " Long Nine,"263. 
 
 Louisiana united with Illinois. 254. 
 
 Lovejoy, Elijah P., murdered at Alton, 263. 
 
 Macalister and Stebbins bonds. 270. 
 
 Marquette, Father Jacques (see Joliet t; 
 his mission among the Kaskaskias, 248. 
 
 Mason, William K . U. S. Senator, 282. 
 
 McLean. John, Speaker; first Representa- 
 tiveiuCongress; U.S Senator; death, 265. 
 
 Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri- 
 torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor, 258; anecdote of, 259. 
 
 Mexicau War, 265. 
 
 Morgan, Col. George, Indian Agent at Kas- 
 kaskia in 1776. 251. 
 Mormon War, 264-65. 
 New Design Settlement, 255. 
 New France, 244, 249. 
 Nicolet. Jean, French explorei, 244-5- 
 Northwest Territory organized; Gen. Ar- 
 thur St. Clair appointed Governor, 253; 
 first Territorial Legislature; separated 
 into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. 
 
 Oglesby, Richard J., soldier in Civil War, 
 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- 
 tion; chosen U. S. Senator, 276; third 
 election to governorship, 278. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787,253. 
 
 •■ Paincourt " (early name for St Louis) 
 settled by French from Illinois, 251. 
 
 Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con- 
 ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; 
 prominent events of his administration, 
 ^75; unsuccessful Democratic candidate 
 for Governor; elected U. S. Senator, 279; 
 candidate for President. 282. 
 
 Peace Conference of 1861,271. 
 
 Peace conventions of 1863,273. 
 
 Perrot. Nicholas, explorer, 245. 
 
 Pit iman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- 
 ries of the "Illinois Country." 241. 
 
 Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of IUinoisTer- 
 ritory. 255; Delegate in Congress; serv- 
 ice infixing northern boundary, 258. 
 
 Prairies, origin of, 243. 
 
 Randolph County organized, 254. 
 
 Renault, Philip F., first importer of Afri- 
 can slaves to Illinois. 249. 
 
 RepublicanState Convention of 1856, 269. 
 
 Reynolds, John, elected Governor; resigns 
 to take seat in Congress, 262; Speaker of 
 Illinois Houseof Representatives. 268. 
 
 Richardson, William A., candidate for 
 Governor, 270; U.S.Senator, 272. 
 
 Rocheblave, Chevalier de, last British 
 Commandant in Illinois, 251; sent as a 
 prisoner of war to Williamsburg, 252. 
 
 Shawneetown Bank, 257. 
 
 Shawneetown flood, 283. 
 
 Shields, Gen. James, 263; elected U. S. Sen- 
 ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. 
 
 Southern Hospitalfor Insane burned, 280. 
 
 Spanish-American War, 281. 
 
 Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- 
 tion of new state capitol at, authorizeu, 
 275: State Bank, 259. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North- 
 west Territory, 253; visits Illinois, 254. 
 
 St. Clair County organized, 254. 
 
 State debt reaches its maximum, 268. 
 
 State Fair permanently located, 281. 
 
 Streams and navigation, 242. 
 
 Supreme Court revolutionized, 264. 
 
 Tanner, John R., State Treasurer, 278; 
 elected Governor, 281-2. 
 
 Thomas, Jesse B., 255; President of Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1818, 258; 
 elected United States Senator, 259. 
 
 Todd, Col. John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- 
 nois County, 252. 
 
 Tonty, Henry de( see La Salle). 
 
 Treaty with Indians near Alton, 257. 
 
 Trumbull, Lyman, Secretary of State. 264; 
 elected United States Senator, 269-70; 
 Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. 
 
 Vandalia.the second State capital, 259. 
 
 War of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria 
 Lake, 257. 
 
 War of the Rebellion; some prominent 
 Illinois actors; number of troops fur- 
 nished by Illinois; important battles par- 
 ticipated in, 271 72; some officers who 
 fell;, Grierson raid. 272, 
 
 Warren, Hooper, editor Ed wards ville 
 Spectator, 26o. 
 
 Wayne, Gen Anthony. 254. 
 
 Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 264. 
 
 Wilmot Proviso, action of Illinois Legisla- 
 ture upon, 267. 
 
 Wood. John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills 
 Bissell's unexpired term 270. 
 
 Y:ites, Richard, at Bloomington Conven- 
 tion of 1856. 269; Governor, 270; prorogues 
 Legislature of 1863; elected United States 
 Senator, 27:>. 
 
286 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ILES, Elijah, pioneer merchant, was born in 
 Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments 
 of an education in two winters' schooling, and 
 began his business career by purchasing 100 head 
 of yearling cattle upon which, after herding 
 them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- 
 tucky, he realized a profit of nearly 83,000. In 
 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village 
 of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three 
 years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- 
 lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the 
 present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- 
 back tour through Central Illinois, finally locating 
 at Springfield, which had just been selected by 
 a board of Commissioners as the temporary 
 county seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon 
 brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. 
 Louis and opened the first store in the new town. 
 Two years later (1823), in conjunction with 
 Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, 
 he entered a section of land comprised within the 
 present area of the city of Springfield, whicli 
 later became the permanent county-seat and 
 finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the 
 first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was 
 elected State Senator, served as Major in the 
 Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in 
 the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon 
 advanced to the rank of Captain In 1830 he 
 sold his store to John Williams, who had been 
 his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American 
 House," which afterwards became the temporary 
 stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous 
 statesmen. He invested largely in valuable 
 farming lands, and, at his death, left a large 
 estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. 
 
 ILLINOIS ASYLUM FOR INCURABLE IN- 
 SANE, an institution founded under an act of the 
 General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, 
 making an appropriation of 865,000 for the pur- 
 chase of a site and the erection of buildings with 
 capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. 
 The institution was located by the Trustees at 
 Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and 
 the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later 
 these were found to be located on ground which 
 had been undermined in excavating for coal, and 
 their removal to a different location was under- 
 taken in 1898. The institution is intended to 
 relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the 
 reception of patients deemed incurable. 
 
 ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- 
 way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
 River, and forming a connecting link in the 
 water-route between the St. Lawrence and the 
 
 Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level is about 580 
 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is 
 at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about 
 five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some 
 eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- 
 lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee 
 (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern 
 terminus at La Salle, the head of navigation on 
 the Illinois. Between these points the canal has 
 four feeders — the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page 
 and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport, 
 Joliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions 
 from the waters of the Fox River at the latter 
 point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it 
 has five feeders whose aggregate length is 
 twenty-five miles, forty feet wide and four feet 
 deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The 
 difference in level between Lake Michigan and 
 the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and 
 forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, 
 there are seventeen locks, ranging from three 
 and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, 
 their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting 
 the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- 
 port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are 
 large basins, three of which supply power to fac- 
 tories. To increase the water supply, rendered 
 necessary by the high summit level, pumping 
 works were erected at Bridgeport, having two 
 thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa- 
 ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet 
 length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per 
 minute. These pumping works were erected in 
 1848, at a cost of S15.000, and were in almost con- 
 tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that 
 these machines might be utilized for the benefit 
 of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago 
 River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- 
 ing its place to be filled by pure water from the 
 lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, 
 and to obviate this expense 82,955,340 was ex- 
 pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- 
 tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the 
 south division of the city might be carried through 
 the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was 
 returned to the City by the State after the great 
 fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- 
 ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage 
 Canal.) 
 
 In connection with the canal three locks and 
 dams have been built on the Illinois River, — one 
 at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La 
 Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about 
 sixty miles below Henry; and another at La 
 Grange. The object of these works (the first 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 287 
 
 two being practically an extension of the canal) 
 is to furnish slack-water navigation through- 
 out the year. The cost of that at Henry (§400,000) 
 was defrayed by direct appropriation from the 
 State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost §410,831, 
 of which amount the United States Government 
 paid $62,300. The General Government also con- 
 structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated 
 funds for the building of another at Kampsville 
 Landing, with a view to making the river thor- 
 oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial 
 results expected from these works have not been 
 realized and their demolition is advocated. 
 
 History. ■ — The early missionaries and fur- 
 traders first directed attention to the nearness of 
 the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. 
 The project of the construction of a canal was 
 made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, 
 Secretary of the Treasury in 1808, and, in 1811, a 
 bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in 
 connection with the Erie and other canal enter- 
 prises. In 1822 Congress granted the right of 
 way across the public lands "for the route of a 
 canal connecting the Illinois River with the 
 south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- 
 lowed five years later by a grant of 300,000 acres 
 of land to aid in its construction, which was to 
 be undertaken by the State of Illinois. The 
 earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles 
 long, and the original estimates of cost varied 
 between §639,000 and §716,000. Later surveys 
 and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal 
 forty feet wide and four feet deep at §4,040,000. 
 In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was 
 created and surveys were made looking to the 
 construction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the 
 surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in 
 depth. Work was begun in June of that year; 
 was suspended in 1841 ; and renewed in 1846, 
 when a canal loan of §1,000,000 was negotiated. 
 The channel was opened for navigation in April, 
 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached 
 §6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its 
 entire indebtedness on account of the canal and 
 the latter reverted to the State. The total cost 
 up to 1879 — including amount refunded to Chi- 
 cago — was §9,513,831, while the sum returned to 
 the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., 
 amounted to §8,819,731. In 1882 an offer was 
 made to cede the canal to the United States upon 
 condition that it should be enlarged and ex- 
 tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, 
 but has been declined. 
 
 ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- 
 ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected 
 
 navigable water-way in course of construction 
 (1899) by the General Government, designed to 
 connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi 
 River. Its object is to furnish a continuous 
 navigable water-channel from Lake Michigan, at 
 or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- 
 gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and 
 the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth 
 of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 The Route. — The canal, at its eastern end, 
 leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths 
 miles above the city of Hennepin, where the 
 river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- 
 ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes 
 over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River 
 and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth 
 of Green River; thence by slack- water down 
 Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that 
 stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- 
 mated length of the main channel between its 
 eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles 
 — the distance having been reduced by changes 
 in the route after the first survey. To this is to 
 be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity 
 of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight 
 miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), 
 north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the 
 city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the 
 purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water 
 for the main canal on its highest level. The 
 length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as 
 its dimensions are the same as those of the main 
 channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the 
 same class as the latter. A dam to be constructed 
 at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will 
 furnish slack-water navigation on Rock River to 
 Dixon, practically lengthening the entire route 
 to that extent. 
 
 History. — The subject of such a work began to 
 be actively agitated as early as 1871, and, under 
 authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary 
 surveys began to be made by Government engi- 
 neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- 
 mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, 
 were submitted to Congress in accordance with 
 the river and harbor act of August, 1888. This 
 report became the basis of an appropriation in 
 the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for 
 carrying the work into practical execution. 
 Actual work was begun on the western end of the 
 canal in July, 1892, and at the eastern end in the 
 spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted 
 as continuously as the appropriations made by 
 Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- 
 cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 
 
288 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the 
 canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four 
 and one-half miles), with three locks, three 
 swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- 
 ings, was completed and that portion of the canal 
 opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the 
 early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation 
 and masonry on the eastern section was practi- 
 cally completed, the feeder line under contract, 
 and five out of the eighteen bridges required to 
 be constructed in place; and it was estimated 
 that the whole line, with locks, bridges, culverts 
 and aqueducts, will be completed within two 
 years, at the farthest, by 1902. 
 
 Dimensions, Methods of Construction, Cost. 
 etc. — As already stated, the length of the main 
 line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty-eight 
 miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction 
 of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western 
 section) west of that point — making, with the 
 twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- 
 dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the 
 Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the 
 eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one 
 locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to 
 reach an altitude of 196 feet ; while the descent 
 of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the 
 Mississippi on the western end is accomplished 
 through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen 
 feet each. The width of the canal, at the water 
 surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the 
 surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- 
 rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. 
 The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, 
 between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, 
 admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred 
 and forty feet in length and thirty-two feet beam 
 and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of 
 freight. 
 
 The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- 
 struction of locks, as well as abutments for 
 bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- 
 tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- 
 ducts proper are of steel— the use of these 
 materials resulting in a large saving in the first 
 cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- 
 ity and permanence in all. The concrete work, 
 already completed, is found to have withstood 
 the effects of ice even more successfully than 
 natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron 
 piping and the framework of all the bridges of 
 steel. 
 The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of 
 
 construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- 
 ings, etc., at §5,068,000 for the main channel and 
 $1,858,000 for the Rock River feeder — a total of 
 §6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by 
 changes in the route and unexpected saving in 
 the material employed for masonry work. The 
 total expenditure, as shown by official reports, 
 up to June 30, 1898, was §1,748,905 13. The 
 amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- 
 mated §2,500,000, while the amount necessary to 
 complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended 
 balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at 
 §3,500,000. 
 
 The completion of this work, it is estimated, 
 will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water 
 transportation between Chicago and the western 
 terminus of the canal. In order to make the 
 canal available to its full capacity between lake 
 points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width 
 and depth of channel, will be an indispensable 
 necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will 
 be made to secure action in this direction by the 
 Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another 
 expedient likely to receive strong support will be, 
 to induce the General Government to accept the 
 tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by 
 the enlargement of the latter through its whole 
 length — or, from Lockport to the Illinois River 
 at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago 
 Drainage Canal — furnish a national water- way 
 between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of 
 sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and 
 other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. 
 
 ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- 
 ing of seven young men, then students in Yale 
 College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered 
 into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the 
 promotion of Christian education in the West, 
 especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron 
 Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, 
 Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- 
 vant and Asa Turner All of these came to Illi- 
 nois at an early day, and one of the first results 
 of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- 
 lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all 
 became associated as members of the first Board 
 of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the 
 close of their lives, while most of them were con- 
 nected with the institution for a considerable 
 period, either as members of the faculty or finan- 
 cial agents — Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- 
 dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or 
 professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin, Theron; 
 Brooks, John F.; and Sturtevant, Julian M.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 289 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo- 
 ration controlling the principal line of railroad 
 extending through the entire length of the State 
 from north to south, besides numerous side 
 branches acquired by lease during the past few 
 years. The main lines are made up of three gen- 
 eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 
 111. (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, 
 Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New 
 Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) — making a total of 
 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles 
 are in Illinois. Besides this the company con- 
 trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large 
 number of lateral branches which are operated 
 by the company, making the total mileage 
 officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 
 miles. — (History.) The Illinois Central Railroad 
 is not only one of the lines earliest projected in 
 the history of the State, but has been most inti- 
 mately connected with its development. The 
 project of a road starting from the mouth of the 
 Ohio and extending northward through the State 
 is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. 
 Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was 
 advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and 
 others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & 
 Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a 
 charter granted by the Legislature in January, 
 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point 
 near the southern terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this 
 act, although an organization was effected, with 
 Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. 
 The Company surrendered its charter the next 
 year and the work was undertaken by the State, 
 under the internal improvement act of 1837, and 
 considerable money expended without complet- 
 ing any portion of the line. The State having 
 abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 
 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway 
 Company" under what came to be known as tho 
 "Holbrook charter," to be organized under the 
 auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, 
 the line to connect the termini named in the 
 charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, 
 Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money 
 was expended under this charter, but the scheme 
 again failed of completion, and the act was 
 repealed in 1845. A charter under the same 
 name, with some modification as to organization, 
 was renewed in 1849. — In January, 1850, Senator 
 Douglas introduced a bill in the United States 
 Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of 
 alternate sections of land along the line of a 
 
 proposed road extending from Cairo to Dunleith in 
 the northwest corner of the State, with a branch 
 to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May 
 of the same year and the House in September, 
 and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Company as it exists to-day. Previous to 
 the passage of this act, however, the Cairo City 
 & Canal Company had been induced to execute a 
 full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- 
 leges under the "Holbrook charter." This was 
 followed in February, 1851, by the act of the 
 Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under 
 specified conditions) the grant of lands received 
 from the General Government. This grant 
 covered alternate sections within six miles of the 
 line, or the equivalent thereof (when such lands 
 were not vacant), to be placed on lands within 
 fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres 
 thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, 
 (about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con- 
 veyed to Trustees as security for the performance 
 of the work. An engineering party, organized 
 at Chicago, May 21, 1851, began the prelim- 
 inary survey of the Chicago branch, and 
 before the end of the year the whole line was 
 surveyed and staked out The first contract for 
 grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that 
 portion between Chicago and Kensington (then 
 known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened 
 for traffic, May 24, 1852, and over it the Michigan 
 Central, which had been in course of construction 
 from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter 
 Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other 
 sections, some of them in June, and the last on 
 Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from 
 La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- 
 pleted and opened for business, a temporary 
 bridge being constructed over the Illinois near 
 La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff 
 with chains and cable by means of a stationary 
 engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was 
 put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main 
 line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed 
 Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Dunleith 
 (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 
 1855— the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- 
 pleted, Sept. 27, 1856.— (Financial Statement.) 
 The share capital of the road was originally 
 fixed at §17,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had 
 been increased to §25,500,000, and during 1873-74 
 to 529. 000, 000. The present . capitalization (1898) 
 is S163,352,593, of which 852,500,000 is in stock, 
 §52,680,925 in bonds, and §51,367,000 in miscel 
 laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 
 
290 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was 
 535,110,609. By the terms of its charter the 
 corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu 
 thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, 
 semi annually, seven per cent upon the gross 
 earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus 
 paid into the State treasury from Oct. 81, 1855, 
 when the first payment of §29,751.59 was made, 
 up to and including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated 
 §17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), 
 amounted to $334,527.01. The largest payment 
 in the history of the road was that of October, 
 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to 
 8450,176 34. The net income of the main line in 
 Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was 
 812,299.021, and the total expenditures within the 
 State $12,831,161.— (Leased Lines) The first 
 addition to the Illinois Central System was made 
 in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque 
 & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque 
 to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended 
 its Iowa connections, by the construction of new 
 lines and the acquisition or extension of others. 
 The most important addition to the line outside 
 of the State of Illinois was an arrangement 
 effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & 
 Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- 
 roads — with which it previously had traffic con- 
 nections — giving it control of a line from Jackson, 
 Tenn., to New Orleans, La. At first, connection 
 was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and 
 the Southern Divisions of the system, by means 
 of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap 
 was filled in and the through line opened to traffic 
 in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, 
 Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi 
 Central roads were consolidated under the title 
 of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 
 but the new corporation defaulted on its interest 
 in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the 
 owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- 
 ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, 
 St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired 
 ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- 
 ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 
 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis 
 & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of 
 one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central 
 Company. — (Illinois Branches.) The more im- 
 portant branches of the Illinois Central within the 
 State include: (1) The Springfield Division from 
 Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered 
 in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Gilman, Clinton 
 & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of 
 n. receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1876, 
 
 and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois 
 Central Railroad: (2) The Rantoul Division from 
 Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in 
 Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- 
 toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge 
 line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards changed to 
 standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, 
 St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed 
 into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the 
 same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in 
 1885 again placed in the hands of a receiver, and, 
 in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central : (3) 
 The Chicago, Havana & Western Railroad, from 
 Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- 
 heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed 
 as the western extension of the Indianapolis, 
 Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873 ; sold 
 under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the 
 Champaign, Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- 
 chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 
 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees 
 and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to 
 the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport 
 Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to 
 Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed 
 under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison 
 & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for 
 traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company in January, 1889 : (5) 
 The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), 
 constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington 
 under the charters of the Kankakee & Western 
 and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; 
 acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 
 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 ; and 
 (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which 
 see under its old name). Other Illinois branch 
 lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island; 
 the Chicago & Texas; the Mound City ; the South 
 Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, 
 and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes 
 an entrance to the City of Chicago over an ele- 
 vated track. The total length of these Illinois 
 branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main 
 lines making the total mileage of the company 
 within the State 1,624.22 miles. For several years 
 up to 1895 the Illinois Central had a connection 
 with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & 
 Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now 
 secured by way of the Springfield Division and 
 the main line to Pana, -whence its trains pass over 
 the old Indianapolis & St. Louis — now the Cleve- 
 land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 
 Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch 
 lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 291 
 
 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were 
 added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo 
 Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near 
 its mouth, at a cost of 83,000,000, for the purpose of 
 connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions 
 of the Illinois Central System, and one of the 
 most stupendous structures of its kind in the 
 world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) 
 
 ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- 
 ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to 
 graduate a collegiate class in the history of the 
 State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- 
 rated about 1827 or 1828 to secure the location, at 
 some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college 
 which would give the youth of the State the 
 opportunity of acquiring a higher education. 
 Some of the most influential factors in this move- 
 ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or 
 contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, 
 the outline of a plan for such an institution was 
 drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary 
 of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions 
 for the organization of a stock-company to carry 
 the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then 
 proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- 
 ment of female education, at least until a separate 
 institution could be furnished — which, if not .a 
 forerunner of the co-educational system now so 
 much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- 
 lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
 which soon followed the founding of the college. 
 A few months after these preliminary steps were 
 taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication 
 with a group of young men at Yale College (see 
 "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- 
 pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- 
 tional and missionary work in the West, and out 
 of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards 
 effected, grew Illinois College. The organization 
 of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally 
 consummated in February, 1829, and before the 
 close of the year a fund of §10,000 for the purpose 
 of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- 
 tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of 
 education in the East, a beginning had been made 
 in the erection of buildings on the present site of 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- 
 ber of the same year, the work of instruction of 
 a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian 
 M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- 
 courier" of the movement. A year later (1831) 
 Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- 
 
 fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry 
 Ward — already then well known as a leader in 
 the ranks of those opposed to slavery — had be- 
 come identified with the new enterprise and 
 assumed the position of its first President. Such 
 was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois 
 at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- 
 ence in education, that it was not until 1835 that 
 the friends of the institution were able to secure 
 a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual 
 attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was 
 finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- 
 bus bill" including three other institutions, but 
 with restrictions as to the amount of real estate 
 that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- 
 tion of theological departments, both of which 
 were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- 
 leges. ) The same year the college graduated its 
 first class, consisting of two members — Richard 
 Yates, afterwards War Governor and United 
 States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the 
 composer of "Sweet Afton." Limited as was this 
 first output of alumni, it was politically and 
 morally strong. In 1843 a medical department 
 was established, but it was abandoned five years 
 later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher 
 retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was 
 succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in 
 that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when 
 he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 
 1885 — his connection with the institution cover- 
 ing a period of fifty -six years. Others who have 
 occupied the position of President include Rufus 
 C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. 
 Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the 
 incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- 
 est and influential friends of the institution, 
 besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may 
 be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- 
 can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Gilman, 
 Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of 
 Chicago), all of whom were members of the early 
 Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to 
 maintain a preparatory department, for many 
 years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, 
 and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established 
 and provided with a separate building for this 
 purpose. The standard of admission to the col- 
 lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping 
 abreast, in this respect, of other American col- 
 leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 
 15 members and an endowment of some §150,000, 
 with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- 
 umes and property valued at §360,000. Degrees 
 are conferred in both classical and scientific 
 
292 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 courses in the college proper. The list of alumni 
 embraces some 750 names, including many who 
 have been prominent in State and National 
 affairs. 
 
 ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the 
 first civil organization of the territory northwest 
 of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George 
 Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of 
 the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in 
 October of the same year, which, among other 
 things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the 
 commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- 
 tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of 
 the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county 
 which shall be called Illinois County ; and the 
 Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice 
 of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant 
 or Coinmandant-in-chief of the county during 
 pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to 
 this commonwealth and the oath of office accord- 
 ing to the form of their own religion. And all 
 civil offices to which the inhabitants have been 
 accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the 
 peace and the administration of justice, shall be 
 chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- 
 spective districts, to be convened for that purpose 
 by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his 
 deputy, and shall be commissioned by said 
 County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of 
 Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, 
 then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region 
 west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, 
 Illinois County nominally embraced the territory 
 comprised within the limits of the present States 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin, though the settlements were limited to the 
 vicinity of Kaskaskia, Vincennes (in the present 
 State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, 
 of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
 Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under 
 this act, holding office two years. Out of Illinois 
 County were subsequently organized the follow- 
 ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, 
 after his assumption of the duties of Governor, 
 following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory. 
 viz. : 
 Name County-Seat Date of Organization 
 
 Washington 
 
 Marietta 
 
 July 27, 1788 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Cincinnati 
 ( Cahokia 
 
 Jan. 4, 1790 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 J Prairie du Rocher 
 f Kaskaskia 
 
 April 27, 1790 
 
 Knox 
 
 Post £t. Vincennes 
 
 June 20, 1790 
 
 Bandolpb 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Oct. 5, 1795 
 
 Washington, originally comprising the State of 
 Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- 
 ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton 
 
 County embracing the west, with Cincinnati 
 (originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort 
 Washington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the 
 third county organized out of this territory, at 
 first had virtually three county-seats, but divi- 
 sions and jealousies among the people and officials 
 in reference to^the place of deposit for the records, 
 resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order 
 creating the new county of Randolph, the second 
 in the "Illinois Country" — these (St. Clair and 
 Randolph) constituting the two counties into 
 which it was divided at the date of organization 
 of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew 
 the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois 
 County as the original of all the counties in the 
 five States northwest of the Ohio, while St. Clair 
 County inherited the title as to the State of 
 Illinois. (See Illinois: also St. Clair, Arthur, 
 and Todd, (Col.) John.) 
 
 ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See 
 Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing 
 institution for the education of women, located 
 at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While 
 essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- 
 trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. 
 Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- 
 ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years 
 later the charter was amended and the name 
 changed to the present cognomen. The cost of 
 building and meager support in early years 
 brought on bankruptcj'. The friends of the insti- 
 tution rallied to its support, however, and the 
 purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom 
 were friends of Methodist education) donated the 
 property to what was technically a new institu- 
 tion. A second charter was obtained from the 
 State in 1803, and the restrictions imposed upon 
 the grant were such as to prevent alienation of 
 title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While 
 the college has only a small endowment fund 
 (82,000) it owns 560,000 worth of real property, 
 besides S9.000 invested in apparatus and library. 
 Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- 
 tained, both classical and scientific courses being 
 established in the latter. Instruction is also 
 given in fine arts, elocution and music. The 
 faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 
 students. 
 
 ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See 
 Home for Female Offenders.) 
 
 ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- 
 ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five 
 tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha- 
 gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early occu 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 203 
 
 pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, 
 Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived 
 from Illini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being 
 changed by the French to "ois. " They were 
 intensely warlike, being almost constantly in 
 conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, 
 Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory 
 and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- 
 mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely 
 constructed cabins, each accommodating about 
 eight families. They were always faithful allies 
 of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 
 1673. French missionaries labored earnestly 
 among them — notably Fathers Marquette, Allouez 
 and Gravier — who reduced their language to 
 grammatical rules. Their most distinguished 
 Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, 
 where he was welcomed with the honors accorded 
 to a foreign prince. In their wars with the 
 Foxes, from 1712 to 1719, they suffered severely, 
 their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The 
 assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, 
 was avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- 
 termination. After taking part with the Miamis 
 in a war against the United States, they partici- 
 pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, 
 and were gradually removed farther and farther 
 toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 
 being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation 
 in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes; 
 Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitchaganiies; Peorias; 
 Tamaroas: and Winnebagoes.) 
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOR THE EDU- 
 CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- 
 ville. The institution had its inception in a school 
 for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by 
 Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The 
 State Institution was created by act of the Legis- 
 lature, passed Jan. 13, 1849, which was introduced 
 by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and 
 was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, 
 under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. 
 Soon afterward twenty-two acres of ground were 
 purchased in the eastern part of the city and the 
 erection of permanent buildings commenced. By 
 January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif- 
 teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on 
 a new building was begun without unnecessary 
 delay and the same was completed by 1874. 
 Numerous additions of wings and shops have 
 since been made, and the institution, in its build- 
 ings and appointments, is now one of the most 
 complete in the country. Instruction (as far as 
 practicable) is given in rudimentary English 
 branches, and in such mechanical trades and 
 
 avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- 
 come self-supporting upon their return to active 
 life. 
 
 ILLINOIS MASONIC ORPHANS' HOME, an 
 institution established in the city of Chicago 
 under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of 
 Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for 
 the destitute children of deceased members of the 
 Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- 
 ing the year 1895, were $29,20498, and the 
 expenditures, $27,358.70. The number of bene- 
 ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The 
 Institution owns real estate valued at $75,000. 
 
 ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Terre 
 Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream 
 within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, 
 of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed 
 by the junction of the Kankakee and Des Plaines 
 Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 
 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, 
 then southwest, and finally south, until it 
 empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north 
 of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake 
 Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the 
 stream in 1673 and were probably its first white 
 visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by 
 La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others. 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVER RAILROAD. (See Chicago, 
 Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) 
 
 ILLINOIS SANITARY COMMISSION, a vol 
 untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- 
 gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the 
 battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was 
 the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on 
 the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents 
 were appointed for the distribution of relief, for 
 which purpose large sums were collected and dis- 
 tributed. The work of the Commission was later 
 formally recognized by the Legislature in the 
 enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to 
 appoint "Military State Agents," who should 
 receive compensation from the State treasury. 
 Many of these "agents" were selected from the 
 ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, 
 and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its 
 voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were 
 formed all over the State, and funds were readily 
 obtained, a considerable proportion of which was 
 derived from "Sanitary Fairs." 
 
 ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE AND 
 MANUAL TRAINING FOR BOYS, an institution 
 for the training of dependent boys, organized 
 under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 
 
294 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 
 1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined 
 object is to provide a home and proper training 
 for such boys as may be committed to its charge. 
 Commitments are made by the County Courts of 
 Cook and contiguous counties. The school is 
 located at Glenvvood, in the county of Cook, and 
 was first opened for the reception of inmates in 
 1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from 
 voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- 
 ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- 
 tion, which payments are fixed by law at ten 
 dollars per month for each boy, during the time 
 he is actually an inmate. In 1898 nearly one-half 
 of the entire income came from the former 
 source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury 
 at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The 
 school is under the inspectional control of the 
 State Commissioners of Public Charities, as 
 though it were an institution founded and main- 
 tained by the State. The educational curriculum 
 closely follows that of the ordinary grammar 
 schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- 
 stantially along the lines established in the public 
 schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, 
 with a view to developing physical strength, 
 command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- 
 riage. Since the Home was organized there have 
 been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The 
 industrial training given the inmates is both 
 agricultural and mechanical, — the institution 
 owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating 
 well equipped industrial shops for the education 
 of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote 
 themselves to learning trades, and not a 
 few develop into excellent workmen. One of the 
 purposes of the school is to secxire homes for those 
 thought likely to prove creditable members of 
 respectable households. During the eleven years 
 of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed 
 in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory 
 results. The legal safeguards thrown around 
 the ward are of a comprehensive and binding 
 sort, so far as regards the parties who take the 
 children for either adoption or apprenticeship— 
 the welfare of the ward always being the object 
 primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to 
 institutional life by the administration, and the 
 result usually justifies their judgment. Many of 
 the pupils are returned to their families or 
 friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- 
 ment. The system of government adopted is 
 analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed 
 in many reformatory institutions throughout the 
 country. An "administration building" stands 
 
 in the center of a group of structures, each of 
 which has its own individual name: — Clancy 
 Hall, "Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor, 
 Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never 
 a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always 
 attracted the attention of philanthropists who 
 are interested in the care of society's waifs. The 
 average annual number of inmates is about 275. 
 
 ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, the 
 leading educational institution of the Methodist 
 Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- 
 rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is 
 co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, 
 and reports 1,106 students in 1896 — 458 male and 
 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- 
 tific departments, instruction is given in theology, 
 music and oratory. It also has preparatory and 
 business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- 
 umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- 
 gating §187,999, and property to the value of 
 1380,999. 
 
 ILLINOIS & INDIANA RAILROAD. (See 
 Indiana, Decatur d- Western Railway.) 
 
 ILLINOIS & SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS & SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. 
 (See Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD & COAL 
 COMPANY. (See Louisi-ille, Evansrille & St. 
 Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS k WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) 
 
 ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- 
 field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo- 
 graphical center of the State and is in the heart 
 of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- 
 tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a 
 graded school and three newspapers. Population 
 (1880), 686; (1890), 689; (1900), 744. 
 
 INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, 
 Works of The.) 
 
 INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties 
 made by the General Government with the 
 Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- 
 rized as follows: Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 
 1795— ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum 
 of §210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
 with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, 
 Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- 
 kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River 
 Indians. First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 
 1803— ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of 
 $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with 
 the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 295 
 
 mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Vincennes, 
 August 13, 1803— ceded 8,911,850 acres for $12,000; 
 negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- 
 kias, Kaskaskias and Mitchagamies . First Treaty 
 of St. Louis, Nov. 3, 1804— ceded 14,803,520 acres 
 in consideration of $22,234; negotiated by Gov- 
 ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second 
 Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 30, 1805— ceded 2,676, 150 
 acres for §4, 100; negotiated by Governor Harrison 
 with the Piankeshaws : Second Treaty of Fort 
 Wayne, Sept. 30, 1809 — ceded 2,900,000 acres; 
 negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- 
 wares, Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and 
 Weas: Third Treaty of Vincennes, Dec. 9, 1809 
 —ceded 138,240 acres for $27,000; negotiated by 
 Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos: Second 
 Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, 1816— ceded 1,418,400 
 acres in consideration of $12,000; negotiated by 
 Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- 
 teau with the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawato- 
 mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818— 
 ceded 6,865,280 acres for $6,400; negotiated by 
 Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the 
 Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 
 2, 1818— ceded 11,000,000 acres for $33,000; nego- 
 tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the 
 Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819— 
 negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- 
 poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for 
 $23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828— 
 ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795; 
 negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with 
 the Pottawatomies : Treaty of Prairie du Chien, 
 Jan. 2, 1830— ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601; 
 negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with 
 the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: 
 First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832— ceded 
 1,536,000 acres for $460,348; negotiated with 
 the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of 
 Tippecanoe, Oct. 27, 1832— by it the Pottawato- 
 mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- 
 ation of $406,121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 
 26, 1833 — by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- 
 tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,624,289: 
 Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, 
 negotiated 1829 and '32— by which the Winne- 
 bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for 
 $5,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 
 1832 — the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 
 acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also 
 Greenville, Treaty of.) 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins: Illinois 
 Indians; Kaskaskias; Kickapoos; Miamis; Outa- 
 gamies; Piankeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and 
 Foxes; Weas: IVinnebagoes.) 
 
 INDIANA, BLOOMINUTON & WESTERN 
 RAILWAY. (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad. ) 
 
 INDIANA, DECATUR & WESTERN RAIL- 
 WAY. The entire length of line is 152.5 miles, of 
 which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings 
 amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It 
 extends from Decatur almost due east to the 
 Indiana State line, and has a single track of 
 standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet 
 The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, 
 and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. 
 The bridges (chiefly of %vood) are of standard 
 design and well maintained. The amount of 
 capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or 
 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including 
 stock and all indebtedness) 3,733,983. The total 
 earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. (His- 
 tory.) The first organization of this road em- 
 braced two companies — the Indiana <fe Illinois and 
 the Illinois & Indiana — which were consolidated, 
 in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter 
 was sold under foreclosure and organized as the 
 Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway 
 Company, at which time the section from Decatur 
 to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- 
 pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was 
 leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western 
 Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when 
 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
 under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under 
 the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- 
 ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the 
 property, after being operated by trustees, was 
 sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, 
 Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- 
 ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- 
 pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in 
 July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, 
 Decatur & Western Railway Company). In 
 December, 1895, the entire capital stock was 
 purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton 
 Railway Company, and the line is now operated 
 as a part of that system. 
 
 INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. 
 This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 
 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator 
 Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the 
 Indiana State Line. The total length of the line 
 is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- 
 nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, 
 the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but 
 this company pays rental for trackage facilities. 
 About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, 
 the remainder being of cedar ; the rails are 56-lb. 
 
290 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 steel, an J the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, 
 sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent 
 improvements has been adopted, and is being 
 carried forward. The principal traffic is the 
 transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- 
 tal stock (June 30, 1898) was $3,597,800; bonded 
 debt, §1,800,000; total capitalization, 85,517,739; 
 total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, 
 $413,967; total expenditures in the State, $303,- 
 344 — (History.) This road was chartered Dec. 
 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of 
 three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & 
 Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 
 1882, and through its entire length, Sept. 15, 1883. 
 INDIANA & ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur &• Western Bail- 
 way. ) 
 
 INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
 Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) 
 
 INDIANA & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern 
 Railroad.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINGTON & WEST- 
 ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- 
 road; also Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & SPRING- 
 FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & 
 Western Railway.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR & WESTERN 
 RAILWAY. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western 
 Railway.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad.) 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a 
 State Institution designed to furnish the means 
 of employment to dependent blind persons of 
 both sexes, established under authority of an act 
 of the Legislature passed at the session of 1893. 
 The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- 
 vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of 
 Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with 
 steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- 
 ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 
 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 62 inmates, of 
 whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General 
 Assembly appropriated $13,900 for repairs, appli- 
 ances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for 
 ordinary expenses 
 
 INGERSOLL, Ebon C, Congressman, was born 
 in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first 
 remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- 
 pleted his education. He studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar ; removing this time to Illi- 
 nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 
 1856 he was elected to represent Gallatin County 
 
 in the lower house of the General Assembly ; in 
 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress 
 for the State -at-large, but defeated by J. C. 
 Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the unex- 
 pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- 
 sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was 
 re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and 
 Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 
 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. 
 Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with 
 him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. 
 Died, in Washington, May 31, 1879. 
 
 INGERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- 
 dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y., 
 August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational 
 clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, 
 removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- 
 hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After 
 being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at 
 Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother 
 Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois. 
 In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860, 
 Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- 
 didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, 
 which had been mustered in in December, 1861, 
 and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- 
 lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed 
 by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General 
 of the State under the new law enacted that year. 
 As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. 
 He nominated James G. Blaine for the Presidency 
 in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- 
 nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by 
 its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which 
 added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of 
 the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers' 
 Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother 
 Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- 
 sion of the death of Roscoe Conkling. For some 
 twenty years he was the most popular stump 
 orator in the West, and his services in political 
 campaigns were in constant request throughout 
 the Union. To the country at large, in his later 
 years, he was known as an uncompromising 
 assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and 
 pen. Among his best-known publications are 
 "The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts" 
 (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose 
 Poems and Selections" (1884); "The Brain and 
 the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's 
 home for some twenty years, in the later part of 
 his life, was in the city of New York. Died, 
 suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer 
 home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 297 
 
 INCJLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 
 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, 
 in 1850, came to Illinois, graduating with first 
 honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 
 1861. The following year he enlisted in the One 
 Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- 
 ing been discharged for disability, his place was 
 filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, 
 Tenn. In 1863 he took charge of an Academy at 
 Hillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late 
 Judge E. Y. Rice; in 1868 he assumed the super- 
 intendency of the public schools at Greenville, 
 Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he 
 became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern 
 Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- 
 ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, 
 Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- 
 nated as the Republican candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving 
 a plurality at the November election of 123,593 
 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- 
 denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a 
 name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- 
 provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of 
 the people voiced at many public gatherings. It 
 contemplated the construction of an extensive 
 system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- 
 road which were not demanded by the commerce 
 or business of the State at the time, but which, it 
 was believed, would induce immigration and 
 materially aid in the development of the State's 
 latent resources. The plan adopted provided for 
 the construction of such works by the State, and 
 contemplated State ownership and management 
 of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The 
 bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, 
 but was disapproved by the Executive and the 
 Council of Revision, on the ground that such 
 enterprises might be more successfully under- 
 taken and conducted by individuals or private 
 corporations. It was, however, subsequently 
 passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- 
 astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for 
 many years. The total amount appropriated by 
 the act was $10,200,000, of which $400,000 was 
 devoted to the improvement of waterways; $250,- 
 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western 
 Mail Route"; $9,350,000 to the construction of 
 railroads, and $200,000 was given outright to 
 counties not favored by the location of railroads 
 or other improvements within their borders In 
 addition, the sale of $1,000,000 worth of canal 
 
 lands and the issuance of $500,000 in canal bonds 
 were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the 
 construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
 $500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. 
 Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and 
 contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- 
 less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly 
 expended and nearly $6,500,000 quickly added to 
 the State debt. The system was soon demon- 
 strated to be a failure and was abandoned for 
 lack of funds, some of the "improvements" 
 already made being sold to private parties at a 
 heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of 
 the State debt under which Illinois labored for 
 many years, and which, at its maximum, reached 
 nearly $17,000,000. (See Macallister & Stebbi7is 
 Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Assembly; 
 Eleventh General Assembly.) 
 
 INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most 
 remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history 
 have been those occurring in the Mississippi 
 River ; though, of course, the smaller tributaries 
 of that stream have been subject to similar con- 
 ditions. Probably the best account of early 
 floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds 
 in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," — he having 
 been a witness of a number of them. The first 
 of which any historical record has been pre- 
 served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only 
 white settlements within the present limits of 
 the State were in the American Bottom in the 
 vicinity of Kaskaskia, and there the most serious 
 results were produced. Governor Reynolds says 
 the flood of that year (1770) made considerable 
 encroachments on the east bank of the river 
 adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally 
 been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance 
 of three-quarters of a mile from the main 
 channel. The stream continued to advance in 
 this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom 
 was again inundated, and the west wall of the 
 fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. 
 The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when 
 the American Bottom was again submerged and 
 the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring 
 villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs 
 — some of the people of Cahokia being driven to 
 St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish 
 soil. The most remarkable flood of the present 
 century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the 
 result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy 
 winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid 
 spring tha%vs. At this time the American Bot- 
 tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff 
 to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 
 
298 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 merged lands, gathering up cattle and other kinds 
 of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. 
 Some of the villages affected by this flood — as 
 Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskaskia — have 
 never fully recovered from the disaster. Another 
 considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was 
 inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable 
 flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, 
 though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, 
 is said to have been several feet higher at Quincy 
 than in the previous year — the difference being 
 due to the fact that the larger portion of the 
 flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its 
 effects being most noticeable below the mouth of 
 that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- 
 siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- 
 ing the highest point since 1851. Floods of a more 
 or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 
 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as 
 some of those previously named, the loss was pro- 
 portionately greater owing to the larger area of 
 improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great 
 deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and 
 railroads, and in the destruction of other classes 
 of property.— Floods in the Ohio River have been 
 frequent and very disastrous, especially in the 
 upper portions of that stream — usually resulting 
 from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early 
 spring. With one exception, the highest flood in 
 the Ohio, during the present century, was that of 
 February, 1832, when the water at Cincinnati 
 reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three 
 inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more 
 recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 
 17, 1847 — sixty -three feet seven inches; 
 1862— fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882— fifty- 
 eight feet seven inches. The highest point 
 reached at New Albany, Ind., in 1883, was 
 seventy-three feet — or four feet higher than the 
 flood of 1832. The greatest altitude reached in 
 historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 — the re- 
 corded height being three-quarters of an inch in 
 excess of seventy -one feet. Owing to the smaller 
 area of cultivated lands and other improvements 
 in the Ohio River bottoms within the State of 
 Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller 
 than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- 
 fered from both streams. The most serious dis- 
 asters in Illinois territory from overflow of the 
 Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 
 1883, at Shawneetown, when, out of six hundred 
 houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the 
 second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen 
 feet in the main street. A levee, which had been 
 constructed for the protection of the city at great 
 
 expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an 
 appropriation of 860,000 was made by the Legis- 
 lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 
 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee 
 at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and 
 causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much 
 suffering was caused among the people driven 
 from their homes and deprived of the means of 
 subsistence, and it was found necessary to send 
 them tents from Springfield and supplies of food 
 by the State Government and by private contri- 
 butions from the various cities of the State. The 
 inundation continued for some two or three 
 weeks. — Some destructive floods have occurred 
 in the Chicago River — the most remarkable, since 
 the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that 
 of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- 
 gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the 
 waters of that stream across "the divide" into 
 Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South 
 Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- 
 tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, 
 which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged 
 the region between the two rivers. "When the 
 superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- 
 cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore 
 before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but 
 the vessels which had been tied up at the -wharves 
 and other points along the banks for the winter. 
 A contemporaneous history of the event says that 
 there were scattered along the stream at the time, 
 four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty- 
 four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in 
 the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in 
 by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the 
 moving mass; chains and hawsers were snapped 
 as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole 
 borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The 
 bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets 
 gave way in succession before the immense 
 mass, adding, as it moved along, to the general 
 wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing 
 bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," says 
 the record, "the river was choked with sailing- 
 craft of every description, piled together in inex- 
 tricable confusion." While those vessels near 
 the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with 
 comparatively little damage, a large number of 
 those higher up the stream were caught in the 
 gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. 
 The loss to the city, from the destruction of 
 bridges, was estimated at 820,000, and to vessels at 
 $88,000 — a large sum for that time. The wreck 
 of bridges compelled a return to the primitive 
 system of ferries or extemporized bridges made 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 299 
 
 of boats, to furnish means of communication 
 between the several divisions of the city — a con- 
 dition of affairs which lasted for several months. 
 — Floods about the same time did considerable 
 damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, 
 -their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, 
 which were memorable flood years on these in- 
 terior streams. On the former, the village of 
 Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges 
 on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in 
 the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in 
 serious damage to bridges and other property in 
 the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive 
 inundations of the bottom lands along that 
 stream in 1859 and subsequent years. — In Febru- 
 ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, 
 similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- 
 age, but was less destructive than that of the 
 earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- 
 tially constructed. — One of the most extensive 
 floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi 
 River during the latter part of the month of 
 April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- 
 erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was 
 estimated at many millions of dollars, and many 
 lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water 
 reached a height of nineteen feet four inches 
 above low- water mark on April 24, and, atQuincy, 
 nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, 
 at points between these two cities, was from ten 
 to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- 
 ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were 
 flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At 
 Alton the height reached by the water was 
 twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the 
 strength of the levees protecting the American 
 Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less 
 than on some previous years. 
 
 IPATA,a town in Fulton County, on one of the 
 branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, 
 and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The 
 county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well 
 as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- 
 rounding country. Other industries are the 
 manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two 
 banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly 
 newspaper are also located here. Population 
 (1880) 075; (1890), 667; (1900), 749. 
 
 IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture 
 of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the 
 furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 
 1880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States 
 producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it 
 had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which 
 
 produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product 
 of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and 
 Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen 
 complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), 
 turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the 
 entire output. Since then four additional fur- 
 naces have been completed, but no figures are at 
 hand to show the increase in production. During 
 the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage 
 of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used 
 is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is 
 abundant and cheap. Of this, 674,506 tons were 
 used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of 
 the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 
 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal 
 pig is not made in Illinois. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Wabash, Chester & Western 
 Railroad.) 
 
 IROQUOIS COUNTY, a large county on the 
 eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square 
 miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two 
 pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- 
 ously, — one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the 
 other at Milford. Among those taking up homes 
 at the former were Gurdon S. Hubbard, Benja- 
 min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- 
 comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert 
 Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and 
 Parker, besides the Cox, Moore and Stanley 
 families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- 
 milion and organized in 1833, — named from the 
 Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows 
 through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies 
 did not remove west of the Mississippi until 
 1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of 
 government was first located at Montgomery, 
 whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally 
 to Watseka. The county is well timbered and 
 the soil underlaid by both coal and building 
 stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the 
 manufacture of crockery is also found. The 
 Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver 
 Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- 
 dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere 
 by boring to the depth of from thirty to eighty 
 feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the 
 manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, 
 and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Gilman (population 1,112), Wat- 
 seka (2,017), and Milford (957). 
 
 IROQUOIS RIVER, (sometimes called Picka- 
 mink), rises in Western Indiana and runs 
 westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it Hows north- 
 ward throusrh Iroouois and part of Kankakee 
 
300 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Counties, entering the Kankakee River some five 
 miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 
 miles long. 
 
 IRVING, a village in Montgomery County, on 
 the iine of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 
 54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and 17 miles 
 east by north of Litchfield; has five churches, 
 flouring and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 675. 
 
 ISHAM, Edward S., lawyer, was born at 
 Bennington, Vt., Jan. 15, 1836; educated at 
 Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., 
 taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was 
 admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt. , in 1858, 
 coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham 
 was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his 
 name was prominently considered for a position 
 on the Supreme bench of the United States. He 
 is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- 
 coln & Beale, which has had the management of 
 some of the most important cases coming before 
 the Chicago courts. 
 
 JACKSON, Huntington Wolcott, lawyer, born 
 in Newark, N. J., Jan. 28, 1841, being descended 
 on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; 
 received his education at Phillips Academy, 
 Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- 
 ing the latter at the close of his junior year to 
 enter the army, and taking part in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
 a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. 
 John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from 
 Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the 
 rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and 
 meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 
 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one 
 term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return 
 resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; 
 came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year 
 was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor 
 of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago 
 Bar Association, and (by appointment of the 
 Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and 
 attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. 
 Under the will of the late John Crerar he became 
 an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the 
 Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and 
 named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 
 square miles; population (1900), 33,871. It lies 
 in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- 
 sissippi River forming its principal western 
 
 boundary. The bottom lands along the river are 
 wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is 
 crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch 
 of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is 
 warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One 
 of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State 
 crops out at various points, varying in depth from 
 a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the 
 surface. Valuable timber and good building 
 stone are found and there are numerous saline 
 springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal 
 crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their 
 arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, 
 Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor) ; 1817, 
 Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis, E. 
 Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, 
 the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and 
 John Barron. Brownsville was the first county- 
 seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- 
 astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed 
 to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. 
 John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for 
 county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. 
 The principal towns (with their respective popu- 
 lation, as shown by the United States Census of 
 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale, 
 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan 
 County, and an important railroad center; popu- 
 lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid 
 out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew 
 Jackson. The first court house was erected in 
 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- 
 born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and 
 later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- 
 ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- 
 portant State institutions, notably the Central 
 Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the 
 Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind — 
 besides private educational institutions, including 
 Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- 
 lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 a Business College and others. The city has 
 several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- 
 tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- 
 paper establishments, each publishing daily and 
 weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the 
 most attractive and interesting cities of the State, 
 noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its 
 citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky 
 and other Southern States predominated in its 
 early settlement, the location there of Illinois 
 College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New 
 England birth, so that it early came to be 
 
INSTITUTION FOR DEAF AND DUMB. JACKSONVILL1 
 

 \ 
 
 A h A A A A A AAA A A A A A A 
 
 Main Building and Girls' Cottage. 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 301 
 
 regarded as more distinctively New England in 
 the character of its population than any other 
 town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1000), 15,078. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an 
 institution for the education of young ladies, at 
 Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. 
 The initial steps for its organization were taken 
 in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois 
 College. It may be said to have been an offshoot 
 of the latter, these two constituting the originals 
 of that remarkable group of educational and 
 State Institutions which now exist in that city. 
 Instruction began to be given in the Academy in 
 May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah 
 C. Crocker, and, in 1835, it was formally incorpo- 
 rated by act of the Legislature, being the first 
 educational institution to receive a charter from 
 that body; though Illinois, McKendree and 
 Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later 
 period of the same session. Among its founders 
 appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant 
 (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- 
 nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. 
 Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all 
 of whom, except the last, were prominently 
 identified with the early history of Illinois Col- 
 lege. The list of the alumna? embraces over five 
 hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of 
 Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts 
 are attached to the Academy, all being under the 
 management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.M. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
 RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Lotus Rail- 
 way. ) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & 
 SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- 
 ville & St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE A ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- 
 road, and constructed from Jacksonville to 
 Waverly in 1870; later changed to the Jacksonville, 
 Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended 
 to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the 
 hands of a new company under the title of the 
 Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as 
 follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- 
 boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles 
 — total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between 
 Centralia and Driver's (16V4 miles) was con- 
 structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and 
 operated under lease by the successor to that 
 line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under 
 the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. 
 By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- 
 
 ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was 
 obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon. 
 The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- 
 ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton 
 & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi- 
 ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoria 
 & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. 
 Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The 
 Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 
 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville 
 & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed in 
 the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated 
 from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge 
 of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings 
 began in 1894 and. during 1896, the road was sold 
 under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- 
 ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
 road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the 
 Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897) 
 was $1,500,000; funded debt, §2, 300, 000— total, 
 $3,800,000. 
 
 JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- 
 dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 15, 
 1808; died at Bonita, Kan., Jan. 30, 1888. He was 
 the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer 
 preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to 
 Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in 
 that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- 
 quently the family took up its residence at Helt's 
 Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. 
 Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and, 
 in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, remaining in active ministerial 
 work until 1871, after which he accepted a super- 
 annuated relation. During his connection with 
 the church in Illinois he served as station preacher 
 or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock 
 Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River 
 (1837) ; Paris (1838, '42 and '43) ; Eugene (1839) ; 
 Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton 
 (1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon 
 District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850) ; Bloom- 
 ington District (1851-52) ; and later at Jackson- 
 ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, 
 Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean 
 and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent 
 for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, 
 and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- 
 dist church at Normal. He was twice married. 
 His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- 
 ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- 
 ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony 
 W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evans- 
 ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 
 
302 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, 
 Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University 
 of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- 
 netic laboratory in the National Observatory 
 at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor 
 in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn., 
 and George F. is instructor in the Cambridge 
 Preparatory School of Chicago. 
 
 JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 
 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the 
 fourtli son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- 
 nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side 
 of Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- 
 grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches 
 appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated 
 in the Model Department of the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from 
 which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered 
 the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., 
 in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, 
 he was appointed Recorder on the United States 
 Lake Survey, where he continued during one 
 season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake 
 Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered 
 Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to 
 Europe in August, 1875, entering the University 
 of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, 
 August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and 
 Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was 
 elected Principal of the Public High School in 
 Evanston, 111., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 
 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of 
 Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High 
 School Department in connection with the Model 
 School. Resigning this position at Christmas 
 time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted 
 a position in the University of Pennsylvania as 
 Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- 
 ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen 
 years. While here he was, for a time, Secretary 
 of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- 
 struction in this Department. He was also 
 Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy, the first attempt to organize a college 
 course in the field of commerce and industry. 
 During this time he officiated as editor of "The 
 Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued 
 by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning 
 his position in the University of Pennsylvania on 
 Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- 
 lic Administration and Director of the University 
 Extension Division in the University of Chicago, 
 where he has since continued. Professor James 
 has been identified with the progress of economic 
 
 studies in the United States since the early 
 eighties. He was one of the organizers and one 
 of the first Vice-Presidents of the American 
 Economic Association. On Dec. 14, 1889, he 
 founded the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, 
 became its first President, and has continued such 
 to the present time. He was also, for some years, 
 editor of its publications. The Academy has 
 now become the largest Association in the world 
 devoted to the cultivation of economic and social 
 subjects. He was one of the originators of, and 
 one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's 
 Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the 
 pioneer in the movement to introduce into the 
 United States the scheme of public instruction 
 known as University Extension; was the first 
 President of the American Society for the Exten- 
 sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices 
 the first effective extension work was done in this 
 country, and has been Director of the Extension 
 Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- 
 ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with 
 the development of higher commercial education 
 in the United States. From his position as 
 Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy he has affected the course of instruc- 
 tion in this Department in a most marked way. 
 He was invited by the American Bankers" 
 Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful 
 study of the subject of Commercial Education in 
 Europe, and his report to this association on the 
 Education of Business Men in Europe, republished 
 by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, 
 has become a standard authority on this subject. 
 Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar 
 to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy 
 have been established under the title of College 
 of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, 
 and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- 
 versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia 
 University. He has been identified with the 
 progress of college education in general, espe- 
 cially in its relation to secondary and elementary 
 education, and was one of the early advocates of 
 the establishment of departments of education in 
 our colleges and universities, the policy of which 
 is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- 
 tions. He was, for a time, State Examiner of 
 High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The 
 Illinois School Journal," long one of the most 
 influential educational periodicals in the State, 
 now changed in name to "School and Home." 
 He has been especially active in the establish- 
 ment of public kindergartens in different cities, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 303 
 
 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of 
 important institutions, among them being the 
 University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, 
 and the University of Cincinnati. He has served 
 as Vice-President of the National Municipal 
 League; of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, and the American 
 Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the 
 National Council of Education, and of the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science. He 
 was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of 
 the National Teachers' Association on college 
 entrance requirements; is a member of various 
 patriotic and historical societies, including the 
 Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of 
 the Colonial "Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot 
 Society. He is the author of more than one hun- 
 dred papers and monographs on various economic, 
 educational, legal and administrative subjects. 
 Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to 
 Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, 
 daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, 
 and granddaughter of the famous Professor Ger- 
 lach of the University of Halle. 
 
 JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- 
 ist, was born at Irasburgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1824; 
 graduated from the University of Vermont in 
 1846. After several years spent in teaching, he 
 began the study of law, and graduated from the 
 Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. 
 Coming west the same year he located at Free- 
 port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 185G. In 
 1865 he was elected to the bench of the Superior 
 Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. 
 During a portion of this period he acted as lec- 
 turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, 
 and as editor of "The American Law Register." 
 His literary labors were unceasing, his most 
 notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- 
 ventions; their History, Power and Modes of 
 Proceeding." He was also a fine classical 
 scholar, speaking and reading German, French, 
 Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested 
 in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- 
 denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. 
 
 JARROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. 
 Clair County, was born in France, received a 
 liberal education and, on account of the disturbed 
 condition there in the latter part of the last cen- 
 tury, left his native country about 1790. After 
 spending some time at Baltimore and New 
 Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and 
 
 became a permanent settler there He early be- 
 came a Major of militia and engaged in trade 
 with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du 
 Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and 
 the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, 
 on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of 
 life from hostile savages. He acquired a large 
 property, especially in lands, built mills and 
 erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses 
 in that part of the country. He also served as 
 Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County 
 Court of St. Clair County. Died, in 1823 —Vital 
 (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large 
 landed fortune from his father, and was an 
 enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. 
 Clair County during the last generation. He 
 served as Representative from St. Clair County 
 in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and 
 Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first 
 being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and 
 always his firm friend and admirer. At the 
 organization of the Twenty-second General 
 Assembly (1857), he received the support of the 
 Republican members for Speaker of the House in 
 opposition to Col. W. R. Morrison, who was 
 elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- 
 erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a 
 rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced 
 thereby from affluence to poverty. President 
 Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which 
 took him to the Black Hills region, where he 
 died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at 
 the age of 73 years. 
 
 JASPER COUNTY, in the eastern part of 
 Southern Illinois, having an area of 506 square 
 miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was 
 organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper 
 of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- 
 der township organization in 1860. The first Board 
 of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- 
 nolds, W. Richards and George Mattingley. The 
 Embarras River crosses the county. The general 
 surface is level, although gently undulating in 
 some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a 
 small way; but the people are principally inter- 
 ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting 
 of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. 
 Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton 
 is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 
 1,428. 
 
 JAYXE, (Dr.) Gershom, early physician, was 
 born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served 
 as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois 
 in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one 
 of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 
 
304 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the 
 wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at 
 Springfield, in 1867.— Dr. William (Jayne), son of 
 the preceding, was born in Springfield, 111., Oct. 8, 
 1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
 College, being a member of the class of 18-17, later 
 receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the 
 founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that 
 institution ; graduated from the Medical Depart- 
 ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was 
 elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, 
 the following year, was appointed by President 
 Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, 
 later serving as Delegate in Congress from that 
 Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension 
 Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as 
 Mayor of his native city, and is now "Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, 
 t?ut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 
 .IS19, when it was separately organized, being 
 named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 
 580 square miles, and its population (lyOO), 28,133. 
 The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- 
 ries, flows; tnrough the county in a southerly direc- 
 tion. Aioug the banks of streams a variety of 
 hardwood timber is found. The lailroad facilities 
 are advantageous. Tne surface is level and the 
 soil rich. Cereals and truit are easily produced. 
 A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet 
 thick) crosses the middle ot tne county. It has 
 been quarried and round well adapted to building 
 purposes. The county possesses an abundance of 
 running water, much of which is slightly im- 
 pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure 
 underlies the entire county, but the seam is 
 scarcely more than two reet thick at any point. 
 The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber 
 is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, 
 the county -seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. 
 Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several 
 manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate 
 Court for the Southern Judicial District of the 
 State. 
 
 JEFFERY, Edward Turner, Railway President 
 and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 
 1843, his father being an engineer in the British 
 navy ; about 1850 came with his widowed mother 
 to Wheeling, Va , and, in 1856, to Chicago, where 
 he secured employment as oflfice-boy in the 
 machinery department of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice 
 and, passing through various grades of the me- 
 
 chanical department, in May, 1877, became General 
 Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General 
 Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew 
 from the Illinois Central and, for several years 
 past, has been President and General Manager of 
 the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- 
 quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as 
 a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- 
 ous and successful in the history of American 
 railroads. 
 
 JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor 
 (1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located 
 in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of 
 Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson 
 County, where he was engaged in trade. Later 
 he studied law and became eminent in his pro- 
 fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins 
 was elected Representative in the Seventh General 
 Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during 
 his second term as Speaker of the House, and took 
 part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as 
 Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time 
 with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing 
 ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President 
 of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, 
 which was chartered that year. The charter of 
 the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State 
 had in contemplation the policy of building a 
 system of roads at its own cost For a time he 
 was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office 
 at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of that year. 
 Other positions held by him included that of Jus- 
 tice of the Circuit Court for the Third Judicial 
 Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and 
 re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 
 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. 
 Logan, who read law with him after his return 
 from the Mexican War. 
 
 JENNEY, William Le Baron, engineer and 
 architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 
 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- 
 dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip 
 around the world, and, after a year spent in the 
 Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a 
 course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- 
 factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then 
 served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepee 
 Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the 
 staff of General Grant, being transferred the next 
 year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom 
 he remained three years, participating in many 
 of the most important battles of the war in tin- 
 West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 305 
 
 of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which 
 were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. 
 In 1808 he located in Chicago, and has since given 
 his attention almost solely to architecture, the 
 result being seen in some of Chicago's most 
 noteworthy buildings. 
 
 JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western 
 portion of the middle division of the State, 
 bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. 
 Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- 
 rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square 
 miles. There were a few settlers in the county 
 as early as 1816-17 Jerseyville, the county-seat, 
 was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- 
 dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from, 
 New Jersey The mild climate, added to the 
 character of the soil, is especially adapted to 
 fruit growing and stock-raising The census of 
 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 
 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the 
 junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had 
 a population of 927. The last mentioned town is 
 noted for its stone quarries, which employ a 
 number of men. 
 
 JERSEIYILLE, a city and county -seat of Jer- 
 sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago 
 & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles 
 north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri 
 cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, 
 plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and 
 watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- 
 some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine 
 churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- 
 arate school for colored children, a convent, 
 library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian 
 wells, and three papers. Population (1890), 3,207; 
 (1900), 3,517; (1903, est), 4,117. 
 
 JO DAYIESS COUNTY, situated in the north- 
 west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square 
 miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first 
 explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery 
 of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- 
 lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- 
 ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 
 1820. About the same time came several Ameri- 
 can families; a trading post was established, and 
 the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so 
 called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the 
 Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 
 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of 
 controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining 
 privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- 
 sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected 
 the same year. Immigration increased rapidly 
 
 and, inside of three years, the ''Point" had a popu- 
 lation of 150, and a post-office was established 
 with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, 
 then the State capital. In 1827 county organiza- 
 tion was effected, the county being named in 
 honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was 
 killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe The original 
 tract, however, has been subdivided until it now 
 constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an 
 active part in both the Winnebago and Black 
 Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were 
 placed on the market by the Government, and 
 quickly taken by corporations and individuals 
 The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly 
 in the east) well suited to the cultivation of 
 grain. The county is well wooded and well 
 watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever 
 and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given 
 to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, 
 Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- 
 ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was 
 platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. 
 Its early growth was extraordinary, but later 
 (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it 
 received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 
 population and was incorporated , in 1870 it had 
 about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The 
 names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne 
 are associated with its history. Other important 
 towns in the county are Warren (population 
 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659) 
 
 JOHNSON, Caleb C, lawyer and legislator, 
 was born in Whiteside County, 111., May 23, 1844, 
 educated in the common schools and at the 
 Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during 
 the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- 
 dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers ; 
 in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two years 
 later, began practice. He has served upon the 
 Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside 
 County; in 1884 was elected to the House of 
 Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General 
 Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 
 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- 
 lector of Internal Revenue for his District during 
 the first Cleveland administration, and was a 
 delegate to the Democratic National Convention 
 of 1888. 
 
 JOHNSON, (Rev.) Herrick, clergyman and 
 educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 
 1832; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and 
 at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860 ; held Pres- 
 byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- 
 delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics 
 and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 
 
306 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in 
 Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- 
 oric in McCormick Theological Seminary. In 
 1883 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- 
 tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. 
 He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General 
 Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served 
 as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian 
 Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the 
 Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. 
 Besides many periodical articles, he has published 
 several volumes on religious subjects. 
 
 JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- 
 cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. 6, 1822; 
 at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, 
 Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at 
 eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, 
 by teaching in the winter and attending an 
 academy in the summer, prepared for college, 
 entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and 
 graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student 
 of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
 graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming 
 Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, 
 and, the year following, associate editor of "The 
 Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For 
 three years he was a member of the faculty of 
 Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the 
 founders of a new medical school, which has now 
 become a part of Northwestern University. 
 During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- 
 man of the State Board of Medical Examiners ; 
 later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- 
 cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He 
 was also attending physician of Cook County 
 Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago 
 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time 
 of the great fire of 1871, lie was one of the Direct- 
 ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His 
 connections with local, State and National Soci- 
 eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social 
 and otherwise) were very numerous. He trav- 
 eled extensively, both in this country and in 
 Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting 
 much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- 
 ditions, and making further attainments in medi- 
 cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. 
 was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was 
 engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, 
 Feb. 2G, 1891. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- 
 tion of the State, and is one of the smallest 
 counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, 
 and a population (1900) of 15,067— named for Col. 
 
 Richard M Johnson. Its organization dates back 
 to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of 
 water shed) extends from east to west, the 
 waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running 
 south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline 
 toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable 
 thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- 
 measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone 
 and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs 
 along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in 
 small quantities. Weak copperas springs are 
 numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops 
 being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised 
 for home consumption and fruit-culture receives 
 some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with 
 a population, in 1890, of 828. 
 
 JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was 
 born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, 
 at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father 
 to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed 
 to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson 
 County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- 
 sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving 
 unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, 
 serving first as County Commissioner and then as 
 County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the 
 State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and 
 Jefferson, serving four years ; was Enrolling and 
 Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session 
 of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in 
 the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following 
 year he was made Paymaster in the United States 
 Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 
 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge 
 Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission 
 appointed to investigate claims against the State 
 for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the 
 Supreme Court for the Third Division, being 
 elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- 
 tions held by him included those of Deputy United 
 States Marshal under the administration of Presi- 
 dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- 
 struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount 
 Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was 
 also elected Representative again in 1866. The 
 later years of his life were spent as President of 
 the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- 
 vember, 1891, in his 92d year. 
 
 JOLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- 
 ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of 
 railway. A good quality of calcareous building 
 stone underlies the entire region, and is exten- 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 30 f . 
 
 sively quarried. Gravel, sand, and clay are also 
 easily obtained in considerable quantities. 
 Within twenty miles are productive coal mines. 
 The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female 
 penal institute stand just outside the city limits 
 on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- 
 turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the 
 city with 455 establishments, having 615,452,196 
 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paying §3,957,529 
 wages and 817,891,836 for raw material, turning 
 out an annual product valued at 827, 765, 104 The 
 leading industries are the manufacture of foundry 
 and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural 
 implements, pig-iron. Bessemer steel, steel 
 bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, 
 saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, 
 besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- 
 cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- 
 power. The city has many handsome public 
 buildings and private residences, among the 
 former being four high schools, Government 
 postoffice building, two public libraries, and two 
 public hospitals. It also has two public and two 
 school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 
 23,254, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,353. 
 
 JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) • 
 
 JOLIET, Louis, a French explorer, born at 
 Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the 
 Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- 
 trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the 
 copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most 
 important service began in 1073, when Frontenac 
 commissioned him to explore. Starting from the 
 missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father 
 Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the 
 present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- 
 consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as 
 far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the 
 first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the 
 Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to 
 Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) 
 the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. 
 Although later appointed royal hydrographer 
 and given the island of Anticosti, he never 
 revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert 
 that this was largely due to the influential jeal- 
 ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. 
 
 JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con 
 stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet 
 & Blue Island— a belt line, 21 miles in length, of 
 standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. 
 The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, 
 although originally projected to merely run from 
 that city to a connection with the Calumet & 
 
 Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- 
 ized and paid in is $100,000. The company's 
 general offices are in Chicago. 
 
 JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- 
 ROAD, a road running from Lake, Ind., to Joliet, 
 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), 
 and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the 
 date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- 
 road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. 
 Its capital stock is 8300,000, and its funded debt, 
 $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the 
 total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 
 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 
 1894, S89.017; total expenditures, §62,370. (See 
 Michigan Central Railroad.) 
 
 JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, 
 was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought 
 to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, 
 at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in 
 rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two 
 winters in school at Rockford, and a short season 
 in teaching, he spent a year in the book and 
 jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. 
 The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's 
 Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- 
 tations in regard to mining, returned almost 
 immediately. The next few years were spent in 
 various occupations, including law and real 
 estate business, until 1872, when he was elected 
 to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, n-nd 
 re-elected two years later. Other positions 
 successively held by him were those of Commis- 
 sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and 
 United States Marshal for the Northern District 
 of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- 
 ing twelve years of that period being its chair- 
 man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager 
 of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, 
 Wis., but has found time to make his mark in 
 Wisconsin politics also. 
 
 JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- 
 nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated 
 at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- 
 ticing the latter in London for a short time, came 
 to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- 
 delphia, where he made the acquaintance of 
 Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 
 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he 
 joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition 
 against the Indians on the Wabash. This having 
 partially failed through the discontent and 
 desertion of the troops, he remained at Vincennes 
 four years, part of the time as Commissary 
 
308 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to 
 Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- 
 cennes, being commissioned the same year by 
 Gov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General 
 of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a 
 member of the first Legislative Council. He was 
 Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in 
 December, 1802, which memorialized Congress to 
 suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest 
 Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to 
 Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located 
 within the present limits of the State of Missouri 
 (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- 
 cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, 
 at the latter place acquiring large interests in 
 mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- 
 souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- 
 tion which framed the first State Constitution, 
 was a prominent candidate for United States 
 Senator before the first Legislature, and finally 
 elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. 
 He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice 
 among the early residents, as showrj by the fact 
 that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid 
 taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe 
 County, to say nothing of his possessions about 
 Vincennes and his subsequent acquisitions in 
 Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of 
 laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- 
 posed a part of it. — Rice (Jones), son of the pre- 
 ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, 
 Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- 
 ents, and was educated at Transylvania University 
 and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a 
 medical degree at the latter, but later studying 
 law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- 
 kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant 
 talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, 
 at a special election held in September, 1808, was 
 elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by 
 the party known as "Divisionists'"— i. e., in favor 
 of the division of the Territory — which proved 
 successful in the organization of Illinois Territory 
 the following year. Bitterness engendered in 
 this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach 
 Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) 
 which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- 
 cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of 
 shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been 
 Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the 
 settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- 
 tained between the friends of the respective 
 parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who 
 
 was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, 
 Dec. 7, 1808 — Jones dying in a few minutes, 
 while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. — 
 Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was 
 born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under 
 Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 
 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous 
 part in securing the independence of that State 
 from Mexico, dying there in 1845 — the year of its 
 annexation to the United States. — George 
 Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones 
 (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
 April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United 
 States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as 
 Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War ; in 
 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from 
 Michigan Territory (then including the present 
 States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later 
 serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- 
 tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected 
 one of the first United States Senators and re- 
 elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia, 
 but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to 
 Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the 
 cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two 
 months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- 
 ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves 
 duel near Washington, which resulted in the 
 death of the former. After his retirement from 
 office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, 
 Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d 
 year of his age. 
 
 JONES, Michae'j early politician, was a Penn- 
 sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- 
 torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of 
 the Land Office at Kaskaskia; afterwards 
 removed to Shawneetown and represented 
 Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the 
 first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- 
 sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for 
 United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated 
 by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential 
 Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a 
 man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, 
 a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- 
 stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor 
 Edwards. 
 
 JONES, J. Russell, capitalist, was born at 
 Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823 ; 
 after spending two years as clerk in a store in his 
 native town, came to Chicago in 1838 ; spent the 
 next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 309 
 
 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment 
 at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- 
 ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he 
 was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
 the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in 
 March following, was appointed by President 
 Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern 
 District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of 
 President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium, 
 remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned 
 and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he 
 declined the position of Secretary of the Interior, 
 but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- 
 cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones 
 served as member of the National Republican 
 Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- 
 ized the West Division Street Railway, laying 
 the foundation of an ample fortune. 
 
 JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born 
 at Charlemont, Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but-spent his 
 boyhood and early manhood in New York State, 
 ultimately -locating at Buffalo, where he engaged 
 in business as a grocer, and also held various 
 public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of 
 observation westward by way of Detroit, finally 
 reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited 
 in 1832 and in "33, making small investments each 
 time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated 
 immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership 
 with Byram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged 
 in the stove and hardware business, founding in 
 Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next 
 year brought his family. While he never held 
 any important public office, he was one of the 
 most prominent of those early residents of Chicago 
 through whose enterprise and public spirit the 
 city was made to prosper. He held the office of 
 Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, 
 was one of the founders of the city fire depart- 
 ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the 
 Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable 
 time as its President), and contributed liberally 
 to the cause of education, including gifts of 
 $50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which 
 he was a Trustee and, for some time, President of 
 its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. — 
 Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born 
 at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 
 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, 
 Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his 
 teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- 
 ton (afterwards Governor and a United States 
 Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, 
 in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk 
 in Government offices and by the Trustees of the 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal; spent a season at 
 Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical 
 at Jackson, Mich., for a year or two, but finally 
 coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title 
 office, in which he was engaged at the time of the 
 fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two 
 other firms, became the foundation of the Title 
 Guarantee and Trust Company, which still plays 
 an important part in the real-estate business of 
 Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- 
 tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital 
 for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years 
 been a Trustee of the University of Chicago.-Kiler 
 Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- 
 ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out 
 of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for 
 many years a citizen of Quincy, 111. , and promi- 
 nent member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee, and, for a time, one of the publishers 
 of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, 
 August 20, 1886. 
 
 JOJiESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, 
 situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north 
 of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile 
 & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile 
 territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and is 
 an important shipping-point for fruit and early 
 vegetables ; has a silica mill, pickle factory a.nd a 
 bank. There are also four churches, and one 
 weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. 
 Population (1900), 1.130. 
 
 JOSLTN, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in 
 Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- 
 nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry 
 County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, 
 engaged in the practice of the law. The latter 
 became prominent in political circles and, in 
 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On 
 the breaking out of the war he allied himself 
 with the Republican party ; served as a Captain 
 in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly from McHenry County, later 
 serving as Senator during the sessions of the 
 Thirtieth and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). 
 After the death of President Garfield, he was 
 appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the 
 administration. Returning to his home at Wood- 
 stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of 
 Master in Chancery for McHenry County 
 
 JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was 
 born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 
 
310 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ville in that State; in 1802 was appointed by 
 President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, 
 in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a 
 treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other 
 Indians of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at 
 Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year 
 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, 
 serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- 
 born Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, 
 Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, 
 but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- 
 son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining 
 until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. 
 In 1819 he was appointed to a United States 
 Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of 
 Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when 
 he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying 
 there, May 28, 1834. 
 JOURNALISM. (See Neicspapers, Early.) 
 JUDD, JJornian Duel, lawyer, legislator, For- 
 eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 
 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- 
 menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- 
 ment. He early rose to a position of prominence 
 and influence in public affairs, holding various 
 municipal offices and being a member of the 
 State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 
 1860 he was a Delegate-at -large to the Republican 
 National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- 
 coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to 
 Prussia, where he represented this country for 
 four years. He was a warm personal friend of 
 Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable 
 journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. 
 In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. 
 Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. 
 
 JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born 
 in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was 
 educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in 
 Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York 
 in 1848; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, 
 and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior 
 Department in Washington. Later, he resumed 
 his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed 
 to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began 
 practice with his brother-in-law, the late W C. 
 Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering 
 into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- 
 house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became 
 prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical 
 trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and, 
 during the war, was a determined opponent of 
 the war policy of the Government, as such mak- 
 
 ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant- 
 Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 
 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. 
 
 JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution 
 of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in 
 one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as 
 the Legislature might establish. The former 
 consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- 
 ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature ; 
 but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, 
 they were required to perform circuit duties in 
 the several counties, while exercising appellate 
 jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the 
 Legislature divided the State into five circuits, 
 appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two 
 years later, these were legislated out of office, and 
 circuit court duty again devolved upon the 
 Supreme Judges, the State being divided into 
 four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the 
 appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was 
 assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the 
 Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing 
 to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. 
 This arrangement continued until 1835, when the 
 State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, 
 five additional Circuit Judges having been 
 elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved 
 from circuit court service. After this no mate- 
 rial changes occurred except in the increase of the 
 number of circuits until 1841, the whole number 
 then being nine. At this time political reasons 
 led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An 
 act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- 
 izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided 
 for the appointment of five additional Associate 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in 
 all ; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved 
 upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being 
 divided at the same time into nine circuits. 
 
 By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the 
 judiciary system underwent an entire change, all 
 judicial officers being made elective by the 
 people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme 
 Court, consisting of three judges, Circuit Courts, 
 County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices 
 of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- 
 ture had the power to create inferior civil and 
 criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform 
 plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the 
 State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- 
 sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw 
 fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on 
 a general ticket, to be voted throughout the 
 State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 311 
 
 cised. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the 
 Supreme Court for the particular division in 
 which the county might be located, although, by 
 unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an 
 appeal might be transferred to another district. 
 Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the 
 number might be increased at the discretion of 
 the General Assembly. Availing itself of its 
 constitutional power and providing for the needs 
 of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature 
 gradually increased the number of circuits to 
 thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court 
 Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six 
 years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular 
 election, unless the unexpired term of the 
 deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one 
 year, in which case the Governor was authorized 
 to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with 
 appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and 
 each was required to hold at least two terms 
 annually in each county, as might be fixed by 
 statute. 
 
 The Constitution of 1870, without changing the 
 mode of election or term of office, made several 
 changes adapted to altered conditions. As 
 regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand 
 Divisions were retained, but the number of 
 Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like 
 number of districts, but sitting together to con- 
 stitute a full court, of which four members con- 
 stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by 
 the Court, and is usually one of the Judges 
 nearing the expiration of his term. The minor 
 officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one 
 Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, 
 the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- 
 dated in one, the Court beiug required to hold its 
 sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one 
 Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- 
 fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme 
 Court are fixed by law at $5, 000 each. 
 
 The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven 
 circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), 
 and one or more terms of the circuit court are 
 required to be held each year in each county in 
 the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts 
 is both original and appellate, and includes mat- 
 ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. 
 The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office 
 for six years In 1877 the State was divided into 
 thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook 
 County), but without reducing the number of 
 Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the 
 election of one additional Judge (to serve two 
 years) was ordered in each district, thus increas- 
 
 ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again 
 in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing 
 the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook 
 County, to seventeen, while the number of 
 Judges in each circuit remained the same, so 
 that the whole number of Judges elected that 
 year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The 
 salaries of Circuit Judges are §3,500 per year, 
 except in Cook County, where they are §7,000. 
 The Constitution also provided for the organiza- 
 tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- 
 ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for 
 that purpose. These courts are a connecting 
 link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, 
 and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the 
 latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four 
 of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; 
 one to include all the Northern Grand Division 
 except Cook County; the third to embrace the 
 Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- 
 ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- 
 cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the 
 Supreme Court, each assignment covering three 
 years, and no Judge either allowed to receive 
 extra compensation or sit in review of his own 
 rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each 
 District every year, and these courts have no 
 original jurisdiction. 
 
 Cook County. — The judicial system of Cook 
 County is different from that of the rest of the 
 State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county 
 an independent district, and exempted it from 
 being subject to any subsequent redistricting. 
 The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, 
 at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased 
 under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive 
 additional compensation from the county treas- 
 ury. The Legislature has the constitutional 
 right to increase the number of Judges according 
 to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- 
 lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. 
 Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook 
 County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen 
 Judges. For this court there exists the same 
 constitutional provision relative to an increase of 
 Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook 
 Count} - . 
 
 JUDY, Jacob, picneer, a nativ3 of Switzer- 
 land, who, having come to the United States at 
 an early day, remained some years m Maryland, 
 when, in 1786, he started west, spending two 
 years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at 
 Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1793 he removed to 
 New Design, in Monroe Count}', and, in 1800, 
 located within the present limits of JIadisoD 
 
312 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County, where he died in 1807. — Samuel (Judy), 
 son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was 
 brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- 
 wards became prominent in political affairs and 
 famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization 
 of Madison County he became one of the first 
 County Commissioners, serving many years. He 
 also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the 
 Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- 
 ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member 
 from Madison County in the Second Territorial 
 Council (181415). Previous to 1811 he built the 
 first brick house within the limits of Madison 
 County, which still stood, not many years since, 
 a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy 
 died in 1838. — Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, 
 was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 
 1845-49. — Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, 
 was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison 
 County in the Eighteenth General Assembly 
 (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. 
 
 JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in 
 Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822— his ancestors 
 on his father's side being from Switzerland, and 
 those on his mother's from Scotland ; grew up on 
 a farm and, in 1S52, removed to Menard County, 
 111., where he has since resided. In August, 1862, 
 he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- 
 tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as 
 part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- 
 ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was 
 chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- 
 dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth 
 Army Corps under command of that brilliant 
 soldier, Gen. Wm. T. Sherman, was attached to 
 the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the 
 entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the 
 surrender on the 3d of July following. It also 
 participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
 numerous other engagements. After one year's 
 service, Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by 
 domestic affliction, having lost two children by 
 death within eight days of each other, while 
 others of his family were dangerously ill. On 
 his retirement from the arm} - , lie became deeply 
 interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the 
 most noted stock auctioneer in the United States 
 — having, in the past thirty years, sold more 
 thorough -bred cattle than an}' other man living 
 — his operations extending from Canada to Cali- 
 fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel 
 Judy was elected a member of the State Board of 
 Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- 
 ously until 1S90 — except two years — also serving 
 as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He 
 
 bore a conspicuous part in securing the location 
 of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the 
 improvements there made under his administra- 
 tion have not been paralleled in any other State. 
 Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, 
 Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- 
 lican ; and though active in political campaigns, 
 has never held a political office nor desired one, 
 being content with the discharge of his duty as a 
 patriotic private citizen. 
 
 KANAN, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was 
 born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, 
 at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 
 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil 
 War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- 
 teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly 
 four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. 
 After the war he served six years as Mayor of the 
 city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State 
 Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth 
 General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of 
 the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 and a member of the first Post of the order ever 
 established — that at Decatur. 
 
 KANE, a village of Greene County, on the 
 Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has 
 a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588. 
 
 KANE, Elias Kent, early United States Sena- 
 tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress" 
 to have been born in New York, June 7, 1796. 
 The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- 
 tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper 
 read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior 
 (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the 
 date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various 
 years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, 
 based on family letters, that he was really born 
 in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- 
 ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- 
 grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, 
 before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- 
 nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were 
 recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as 
 Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial 
 Government. Before the close of the same year 
 he served as a member of the first State Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the 
 new State Government, but resigned on the 
 accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years 
 later he was elected to the General Assembly as 
 Representative from Randolph County, but 
 
HISTOBICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 313 
 
 resigned before the close of the year to accept a 
 seat in the United States Senate, to which he was 
 elected in 1824, and re-elected in 1830. Before 
 the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), 
 having reached the age of a little more than 40 
 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned 
 by his fellow-members of Congress and by his 
 constituents. Senator Kane was a cousin of the 
 distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, 
 through his mother's family, while, on his 
 father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated 
 Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. 
 
 KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and 
 most progressive counties in the State, situated in 
 the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 
 square miles, and population (1900) of 78,792; 
 was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- 
 ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing 
 through the county from north to south. Immi- 
 gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus 
 in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed 
 west of the Mississippi. A school was established 
 in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County 
 organization was effected in June, 1836, and the 
 public lands came on the market in 1842. The 
 Civil War record of the county is more than 
 creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding 
 the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- 
 turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the 
 attention of the people. The county has many 
 flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- 
 seat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva 
 and St. Charles.) 
 
 KANGLEY, a village of La Salle County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three 
 miles northwest of Streator. There are several 
 coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. 
 
 KANKAKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- 
 kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. 
 Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" with 
 the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of 
 Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising 
 region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron 
 ore; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- 
 cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- 
 tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two 
 quarries of valuable building stone. The East- 
 ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. 
 There are four papers, four banks, five schools, 
 water-works, gas and electric light, electric car 
 lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 9,025; (1900), 13,595. 
 
 KANKAKEE COUNTY, a wealthy and popu- 
 lous county in the northeast section of the State, 
 having an area of 680 square miles — receiving its 
 
 name from its principal river. It was set apart 
 from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act 
 passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the 
 present city of Kankakee contributing $5,000 
 toward the erection of count}' buildings. Agri- 
 culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the 
 principal pursuits. The first white settler was 
 one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first 
 American, Thomas Durham. Population (1880), 
 25,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,154. 
 
 KANKAKEE RIYER, a sluggish stream, rising 
 in St. Joseph Count)', Ind. , and flowing west- 
 southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy 
 region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it 
 unites with the Iroquois from the south and the 
 Des Plaines from the north, after the junction 
 with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. 
 
 KANKAKEE & SEtfECA RAILROAD, a line 
 lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It 
 has a capital stock of §10,000, bonded debt of 
 $050,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) 
 reaching $557,629; total capitalization, $1,217,629. 
 This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 
 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, 
 Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by 
 these two lines, but operated by the former (See 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
 the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- 
 apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles 
 west -southwest of Paris. The surrounding region 
 is agricultural and stock-raising. Kansas has tile 
 works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, 
 and railway machine shops, beside four churches, 
 a collegiate institute, a National bank and a 
 weekly newspaper. Population (1880) , 723 ; (1890) , 
 1,037; (1900), 1,049. 
 
 KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians, 
 and later a French trading post, first occupied in 
 1700. It passed into the hands of the British 
 after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was 
 captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head 
 of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, 
 George Rogers.) At that time the white inhab- 
 itants were almost entirely of French descent. 
 The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- 
 nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 
 1*04, the United States Government opened a 
 land office there. For many years the most 
 important commercial town in the Territory, it 
 remained the Territorial and State capital down 
 
314 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 to 1819. when the seat of government was re- 
 moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the 
 west side of the Kaskaskia River, some six miles 
 from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had 
 been swept away by the encroachments of the 
 latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi- 
 pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply 
 its name. 
 
 KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tribes 
 constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon 
 cmin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed 
 from what is now La Salle County, to Southern 
 Illinois, where the}- established themselves along 
 the banks of the river which bears their name. 
 They were finally removed, with their brethren 
 of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a 
 distinct tribe, have become extinct. 
 
 KASKASKIA RIVER,' rises in Champaign 
 County, and flows southwest through the coun- 
 ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, 
 Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through 
 Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River 
 near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and 
 flows through a fertile, undulating country, which 
 forms part of the great coal field of the State. 
 
 KEITH, Edson, Sr., merchant and manufac- 
 turer, born at Barre, Vt., Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- 
 cated at home and in the district schools; spent 
 1830-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the 
 latter year and obtaining employment in a retail 
 dry-goods store. In 1800 he assisted in establish- 
 ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co., now Edson 
 Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation 
 of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- 
 politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric 
 Light Company. — Elbridge Gr. (Keith), banker, 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., 
 July 10, 1840; attended local schools and Barre 
 Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year 
 taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, 
 Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 
 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan 
 National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. 
 Keith was a member of the Republican National 
 Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local 
 literary, political and social clubs ; was also one 
 of the Directors of the "World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition of 1892-93. 
 
 KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on 
 the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quiucy and the Iowa Cen- 
 tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of 
 Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- 
 ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers ; has 
 one paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1903, est.), 2,000. 
 
 KELLOGG, Hiram Huntington, clergyman 
 and educator, was born at Clinton (then Whites- 
 town), N. Y, in February, 1803. graduated at 
 Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after 
 which he served for some years as pastor at 
 various places in Central New York. Later, he 
 established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary 
 at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- 
 nary in the State, and the first experiment in the 
 country uniting manual training of girls with 
 scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi 
 yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted 
 this system. Color was no bar to admission to 
 the institution, though the daughters of some of 
 the wealthiest families of the State were among 
 its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co laborer with 
 Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- 
 son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- 
 ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united 
 with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the 
 movement for the establishment of a colony and 
 the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery 
 institution in the West, which resulted in the 
 location of the town of Galesburg and the found, 
 ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was 
 chosen the first President of the institution and, 
 in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to 
 identify himself with the new enterprise, which, 
 in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the 
 W T est he soon became the ally and co- laborer of 
 such men as Owen Lovejoy, Ichabod Codding, 
 Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- 
 ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a 
 member of the World's Peace Convention, re- 
 maining abroad about a year, during which time 
 he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and 
 others of the most prominent men of that day in 
 England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency 
 of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton 
 Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- 
 ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- 
 moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching 
 and teaching at various points during the 
 remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his 
 home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. 
 
 KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, 
 Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, 
 studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 
 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He 
 was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected 
 the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of 
 Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the 
 colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry Fail- 
 ing health caused his retirement from the army 
 
1. — Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill | 1893). 2. Kaskaskia Hotel, where LaFayette \\ :i- feted in 1825. 
 '■i. — First Illinois State House, 1818. I. Interior of Room I 1893), where LaFayette Banquet was held. 
 5. — Picnv Menard Mansion. 6. House of Chief Ducoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias) . 
 
1.— Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (1898). 2.- -View on Principal Street (1891). 3.— Gen. John Edgar's House 
 (1891). 4.— House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5.— "Chenu Mansion," where LaFayette was entertained, as it 
 appeared in 1898. 6.— Old State House (1900). 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 315 
 
 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was 
 appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. 
 Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in 
 both Louisiana and National politics, serving as 
 United States Senator from Louisiana from 1808 
 to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1870, during 
 the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- 
 ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies 
 as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt 
 was made to impeach him in 1870. In 1877 he was 
 elected a second time to the United States Senate 
 by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded 
 his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his 
 term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to 
 which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. 
 While retaining his residence iu Louisiana, Mr. 
 Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years 
 in Washington City. 
 
 KENDALL COUNTY, a northeastern county, 
 with an area of 330 square miles and a population 
 (1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the 
 soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy 
 loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of 
 parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in 
 honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. 
 The Fox River (running southwestwardly 
 through the county), with its tributaries, affords 
 ample drainage and considerable water power; 
 the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is 
 abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been 
 rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally 
 resting with the former. Among the pioneers 
 may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- 
 ward Anient, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, 
 the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. 
 Morgan. 
 
 KENDRICK, Adin A., educator, was born at 
 Ticonderoga, N. Y. , Jan. 7, 1836; educated at 
 Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- 
 lege; removed to Janesville, Wis., in 1857, studied 
 law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, 
 a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- 
 tinued practice for a short time. Then, having 
 abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- 
 ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y. . in 1861 he 
 became pastor of the North Baptist Church in 
 Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, 
 where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, 
 when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff 
 College at Upper Alton, 111. 
 
 KENNEY, a village and railway station in 
 Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- 
 field Division of the Illinois Central and the 
 Peoria. Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 30 miles 
 northeast of Springfield. The town lias two banks 
 
 and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural. 
 Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584. 
 
 KENT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega- 
 tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 
 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, 
 as a Congregational missionary, came to the 
 Galena lead mines — then esteemed "a place so 
 hard no one else would take it." In less than two 
 years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers 
 and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- 
 lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. 
 In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Galena-, of which he remained pastor 
 until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home 
 Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying 
 the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford 
 Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely 
 from his meager salary to charitable purposes. 
 Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. 
 
 KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful 
 Fox"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on 
 Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of 
 shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him 
 finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He 
 always professed ardent friendship for the whites, 
 although this was not infrequently attributed to 
 a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded 
 Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- 
 acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender 
 himself to the United States authorities, he was 
 formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By 
 the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- 
 kuk was formally recognized as the principal 
 Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- 
 vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here 
 he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, 
 where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, 
 supposedly administered by some partisan of 
 Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk 
 War.) 
 
 KERFOOT, Samuel H., real-estate operator, 
 was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and 
 educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- 
 lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long 
 Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was 
 then associated with a brother in founding St. 
 James College, in Washington County, Md., but, 
 in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the 
 real-estate business, in which he was one of the 
 oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 
 1896. He was one of the founders and a life 
 member of the Chicago Historical Society and of 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated 
 with other learned and social organizations. He 
 was also a member of the original Real Estate 
 
316 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 
 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and 
 coal-mining are chief industries of the surround- 
 ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, 
 six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 
 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and 
 two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories 
 employing four to five thousand hands, the out- 
 put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps 
 and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, 
 etc. Population (1890), 4,569 ; (1900), 8,382 ; (1903, 
 est.), 10,000. 
 
 KEYES, Willard, pioneer, was born at New- 
 fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent 
 his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- 
 cational advantages as could be secured by a few 
 months' attendance on school in winter ; in 1817 
 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing 
 Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally 
 reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a 
 year in the "pineries. " In 1819 he descended the 
 Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route 
 being attracted by the present site of the city of 
 Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- 
 sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the 
 interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he 
 again returned, finding it still unoccupied. 
 Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike 
 County, in 182-1 he joined his friend, the late 
 Gov. John Wood, who had built the first house in 
 Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus 
 became one of the three earliest settlers of 
 Quincy, the other two being John Wood and a 
 Major Rose. On the organization of Adams 
 County, in January, 1825, he was appointed a 
 member of the first Board of County Commission- 
 ers, which held its first meeting in his house. 
 Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property 
 about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to 
 the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur- 
 nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" 
 in connection with that institution. His death 
 occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. 
 
 KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- 
 nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- 
 tins. The French orthography of the word was 
 various, the early explorers designating them as 
 "Kic-a-pous, " "Kick-a-poux," "Kick-a-bou," and 
 "Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is 
 uncertain, different authorities construing it to 
 mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost," 
 according to dialect. From 1602, when the tribe 
 
 was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- 
 poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They 
 fought against Christianization, and were, for 
 some time, hostile to the French, although they 
 proved efficient allies of the latter during the 
 French and Indian War. Their first formal 
 recognition of the authority of the United States 
 was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which 
 reference was made to the treaties executed at 
 Vincennes (1805 and 1809). Nearly a century 
 before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and 
 established villages along the Rock River and 
 near Chicago (171215). At the time of the 
 Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the 
 valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia, 
 Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they 
 fought bravel} - at the battle of Tippecanoe, their 
 chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As 
 compared with other tribes, they were industri- 
 ous, intelligent and cleanly. In 1832-33 they 
 were removed to a reservation in Kansas. Thence 
 many of them drifted to the southwest, join- 
 ing roving, plundering bands. In language, 
 manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely 
 resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom some 
 ethnologists believe them to have been more or 
 less closely connected. 
 
 KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and 
 soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 
 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at 
 the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He 
 was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student 
 of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He 
 was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and 
 '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for 
 Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. 
 French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to 
 California, but, after a few years, returned to 
 Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns 
 of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil 
 War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- 
 eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he 
 had recruited a company. He was killed at the 
 battle of Shiloh. April 6, 1862, while leading a 
 charge. 
 
 KO'DERHOOK, a village and railway station 
 in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the 
 Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. 
 Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370. 
 
 KIX(x, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison, 
 Ind., in 1825 — the son of a pioneer settler who 
 was one of the founders of Hanover College 
 and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary 
 there, which afterwards became the "Presby- 
 terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest,' 5 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 O 1 *■ 
 
 now the McCormick Theological Seminary of 
 Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr, King 
 began the study of law with an uncle at Madison, 
 and the following year was admitted to the bar. 
 In 1852 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature 
 and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- 
 man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, 
 the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- 
 ture; also took a prominent part, during the next 
 few years, in the organization of the Republican 
 party. Removing to Chicago in 1850, he soon 
 became prominent in his profession there, and, in 
 1800, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. 
 Mulligan, who became eminent a year ortwo later, 
 in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- 
 ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much 
 for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of 
 sporting experiences with a party of professional 
 friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- 
 consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting 
 on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the 
 Northern Wilderness." Died in Chicago, April 17, 
 1892. 
 
 KING, William H., lawyer, was born at Clifton 
 Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 2:?, 1817; gradu- 
 ated from Union College in 1840, studied law at 
 Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar 
 the following year, began practice at the same 
 place. In 1S53 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 held a number of important positions, including 
 the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the 
 Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of 
 Education, and the Union College Alumni 
 Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- 
 seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- 
 sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act 
 for the protection of titles to real estate, made 
 necessary by the destruction of the records in the 
 Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree 
 of LL.D from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in 
 Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892. 
 
 KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, 
 Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended 
 school at Washington, 111., then taught two or 
 three years, and, in June, 1802, enlisted in the 
 Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
 ing three years without the loss of a day — a part 
 of the time on detached service in charge of an 
 ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- 
 master. Returning from the war with the rank 
 of First Lieutenant, in August, 1805, he went to 
 Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- 
 mained ever since. He is now connected with the 
 following business concerns: Kingman & Co., 
 
 manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery 
 buggies, wagons, etc. , The Kingman Plow Com- 
 pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Companj 
 Peoria General Electric Company, and National 
 Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- 
 prises — all large concerns in each of which he is a 
 large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman 
 was Canal Commissioner for six years — this being 
 his only connection with politics. During 1898 he 
 was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria 
 Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- 
 American War. His career in connection with 
 the industrial development of Peoria has been 
 especially conspicuous and successful. 
 
 KINKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of 
 Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence 
 County, in 1817, and was elected to the State 
 Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only 
 one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth 
 General Assembly by James Bird. Although a 
 Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most 
 aggressive opponents of the scheme for making 
 Illinois a slave State, being the only man who 
 made a speech against the pro-slavery convention 
 resolution, though this was cut short by the 
 determination of the pro-conventionists to permit 
 no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- 
 master at Lawrenceville by President John 
 Quincy Adams, and held the position for many 
 years. He died in 1840. 
 
 KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of 
 Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia. 
 Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
 coal-mining are the principal industries of the 
 surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring 
 mills and brick-making plants, with other 
 manufacturing establishments of minor impor- 
 tance. There are five churches, a bank and a 
 weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,090; 
 (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,221. 
 
 KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Illinois from 1820 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 
 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally 
 settling in St. Clair Count}'. Of limited educa- 
 tional advantages, he was taught to read by his 
 wife after marriage. He became a Baptist 
 preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two 
 sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), 
 was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was 
 defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected 
 by the Legislature a member of the Board of 
 Public Works, becoming its President. Died 
 in 1843.— William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in Illinois, served as a member of 
 
318 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as 
 Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- 
 bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, 
 dying in office the following year. 
 
 KINZIE, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- 
 zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 
 1763. His father was a Scotchman named 
 McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Mc," 
 and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" 
 — an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- 
 ing his early childhood his father died, and his 
 mother gave him a stepfather by the name of 
 William Forsythe. When ten years old he left 
 home and, for three years, devoted himself to 
 learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- 
 nated by stories of adventure in the West, he 
 removed thither and became an Indian-trader. 
 In 1804 he established a trading post at what is 
 now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary 
 white settler. Later he established other posts 
 on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He 
 was twice married, and the father of a numerous 
 family. His daughter Maria married Gen. 
 David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. 
 John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as 
 the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1850.) 
 Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828.— John Harris 
 (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- 
 wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- 
 ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the 
 massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 
 1816. Two years later his father placed him at 
 Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- 
 pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie 
 du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent 
 of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he 
 witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 
 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was 
 married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- 
 dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with 
 Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the 
 forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed 
 Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, 
 but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was 
 appointed Canal Collector, and. in 1849, President 
 Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public 
 Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- 
 master in the army by President Lincoln, which 
 office he held until his death, which occurred on 
 a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1865. 
 KIRBY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834— 
 the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- 
 ers and early professors of Illinois College at 
 
 Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 
 1Sj4, then taught several years at St. Louis and 
 Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, 
 and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan 
 County as a Republican; was Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Morgan County 
 (lsDl-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee 
 of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, for a 
 long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois 
 College. 
 
 KIRK, (Gen.) Edward >*., soldier, was born of 
 Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 
 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at 
 Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after 
 teaching for a time, began the study of law, 
 completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he 
 removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in 
 his profession until after the battle of the first 
 Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota 
 of the State being already full, this was not im- 
 mediately accepted ; but, after some delay, was 
 mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- 
 fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the 
 subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he 
 soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; 
 at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through 
 the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After 
 remaining with the army several days, inflam- 
 matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to 
 the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between 
 life and death for some time. Having partially 
 recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin 
 his regiment, but was stopped en route by an 
 order assigning him to command at Louisville. 
 In November following he was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry 
 and ability" displayed on the field. In the last 
 days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- 
 covered to take part in the series of engagements 
 at Stone River, where he was again wounded, 
 this time fatally. He was taken to his home in 
 Illinois, and, although he survived several 
 months, the career of one of the most brilliant 
 and promising soldiers of the war was cut short 
 by his death, July 21, 1863. 
 
 KIRKLAND, Joseph, journalist and author, 
 was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 — the son 
 of Prof. William Kirkland of Hamilton College; 
 was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1835, 
 where he remained until 1856, when he came to 
 the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a 
 private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- 
 months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, 
 but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 319 
 
 General McClellan, serving there and on the staff 
 of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement 
 of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- 
 insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. 
 Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some 
 coal-mining property near Danville, but later 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. 
 A few years later he produced his first novel, 
 and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to 
 literary pursuits, for several years being liter- 
 ary editor of "The Chicago Tr ; _bune. " His works 
 — several of which first appeared as serials in the 
 magazines — include "Zury, the Meanest Man in 
 Spring County" (1885); "The MoVeys" (1887); 
 "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- 
 tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The 
 Story of Chicago" — the latter in two volumes. At 
 the time of his death he had just concluded, in 
 collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of 
 editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- 
 lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in 
 Chicago, April 29, 1894— Elizabeth Stansbury 
 (Kirkland), sister of the preceding — teacher and 
 author — was born at Geneva, N. Y..came to Chicago 
 in 1867 and, five years later, established a select 
 school for young ladies, out of which grew what 
 is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," 
 which was continued until her death, July 30, 
 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- 
 umes of decided merit, written with the especial 
 object of giving entertainment and instruction to 
 the young — including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's 
 Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's 
 "History of France," a "History of England," 
 "History of English Literature." etc. At her 
 death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the 
 hands of the publishers. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist 
 preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- 
 grated in 1802; located at Springfield, 111., at an 
 early day, where he built the first horse-mill in 
 that vicinity; in 1829 removed to Adams County, 
 and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 
 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the 
 first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. 
 Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two 
 boys) while in Adams County, he brought them 
 to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The 
 boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a 
 trade, but mysteriously disappeared — presumably 
 having been kidnaped with the connivance of 
 the man in whose charge they had been placed. 
 
 KIRKWOOI), a city in Warren County, once 
 known as "Young America," situated about six 
 miles southwest of Monmouth, on the Chicago, 
 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- 
 ping point and in an agricultural region. The 
 town has two banks, five churches, and two 
 weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949; (1900), 1,008. 
 
 KISHWAUKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry 
 County, runs west through Boone, and enters 
 Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles 
 below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- 
 ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs 
 north -northeast and northwest through De Kalb 
 County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- 
 bago County, about eight miles southeast of 
 Rockford. 
 
 KITCHELL, Wickliff, lawyer and Attorney- 
 General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, 
 May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, 
 at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Ross, 
 and the same year emigrated west, passing 
 down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittsburg, 
 Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 
 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, 
 where he was elected sheriff, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- 
 ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed 
 to Palestine. Crawford County, 111., where, in 
 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second 
 General Assembly, and was also a member of the 
 State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 183S he re- 
 moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was 
 appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until 
 near the close of the following year, when he 
 resigned to take his seat as Representative in 
 the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 184G 
 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, 
 but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During 
 his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a 
 Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas- Neb- 
 raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- 
 lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of 
 his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 
 2, 1869. — Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, 
 lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111. , March 
 29, 1820; was educated at Indiana State Univer- 
 sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar 
 in 1841, and, the following year, commenced 
 practice at Olney; was elected State's Attorney 
 in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the 
 office ten years ; was a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was 
 elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted 
 in establishing the first newspaper published in 
 Olney, and in organizing the Republican party 
 there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term. 
 He was also influential in procuring a charter for 
 
320 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- 
 struction of the line, being an original corporator 
 and subsequently a Director of the Company. 
 Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, 
 Nov. 11, 1876. —Edward (Kitchell), another son, 
 was born at Palestine, 111 , Dec. 21, 1829; was 
 educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when 
 he removed with his father"s family to Fort 
 Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to 
 continue his studies; in 1852 made the trip across 
 the plains to California to engage in gold mining, 
 but the following year went to Walla Walla, 
 Washington Territory, where he opened a law 
 office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at 
 Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership 
 with Horace Hay ward, a relative, in the practice 
 of law. Here, having taken position against the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, 
 in 1856, the editor of the first Republican news- 
 paper published in that part of Illinois known as 
 "Egypt," with his brother, Judge Alfred Kitchell, 
 being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans 
 in Richland County. In 1862 he assisted in 
 organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following 
 year having been mounted, became a part of the 
 famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to 
 the command of the regiment after the wounding 
 of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- 
 tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- 
 nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the 
 rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming 
 the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, 
 in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in 
 a district strongly Democratic ; also served as 
 Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time 
 and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the 
 same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869.— 
 John Wickliff (Kitchell), youngest son of Wick- 
 liff Kitchell, was born at Palestine, Crawford 
 County, 111. , May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, 
 read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to 
 the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he 
 served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk 
 of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous 
 to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery 
 County Herald." and later, "The Charleston 
 Courier." Resigning his position as Reading 
 Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of 
 President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- 
 teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and 
 afterwards as Captain of his company. At the 
 expiration of his term of enlistment he established 
 
 "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- 
 ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, 
 serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he 
 removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- 
 ing practice there; was a candidate for the State 
 Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the 
 Republican nominee for Congress in that District. 
 
 KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua C, lawyer, was 
 born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 
 26, 1*27; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry 
 County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- 
 mon schools of that place ; removed to Chicago in 
 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 
 1862 ; served on the Board of Supervisors and in 
 the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- 
 sentative in the General Assembly, serving one 
 term. He was also a member of the State Board 
 of Education from 1875 to "77, and the latter 
 year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, 
 serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi -mili- 
 tary and benevolent association founded in the 
 City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus 
 H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its 
 recognized founder. The order was established 
 in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of 
 "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. 
 On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- 
 bers. At the close of the year four additional 
 Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate 
 membership of 245. Early in the following year, 
 on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the 
 Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order 
 for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, 
 witli a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- 
 lors as representatives of the five subordinate 
 Lodges — the total membership of these Lodges at 
 that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the 
 total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. 
 June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the 
 State was 525, and the membership 38.441. The 
 assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on 
 Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to §418,151.77. 
 
 KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, 
 was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y. , 
 March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in 
 infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a 
 farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- 
 reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying 
 his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour 
 for the West, and, in the following year, settled 
 at Freeport, 111., where he opened a general store; 
 in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally 
 laying off sundry additions to the city of Free 
 port, from which he realized large profits. He 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 321 
 
 was also prominently connected with the Galena 
 & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became 
 a Director of the Company, remaining in office 
 some twelve years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil 
 candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years 
 later became extensively interested in the Con- 
 gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, 
 N. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in 
 Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he 
 engaged in banking business, dying in that city, 
 March 10, 1876. 
 
 KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, 
 Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his 
 brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently 
 removing to Worcester, in the same State, where 
 he began the practice of his profession. In 1837 
 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now 
 Rock Island, 111. , where he continued in practice 
 for twenty-three years. During the greater part 
 of that time he was associated with Hon. John 
 "W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Druiy, 
 gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout 
 Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in 
 which he took part during his residence in Rock 
 Island was the prosecution of the murderers of 
 Colonel Daveuport in 1845. In 1852 he served as a 
 Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next 
 campaign identified himself with the Republican 
 party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the 
 Presidency. In 18G0 he removed to Chicago and, 
 two years later, was appointed State's Attorney 
 by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- 
 ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After 
 coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- 
 ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 
 6, 1881. 
 
 KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution 
 for the higher education of the youth of both 
 sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It 
 was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and 
 graduated its first class in 1846. The number of 
 graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 
 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, 
 and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- 
 tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment 
 amounts to §300,000 and its buildings are valued 
 at §150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its 
 head for more than twenty years, and, on his res- 
 ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became 
 its President, but resigned in 1899. 
 
 KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county 
 west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 
 square miles and a population (1900) of 43,612. It 
 was named in honor of Gen. Henrv Knox. Its 
 
 territorial limits were defined by legislative 
 enactment in 1825, but the actual organization 
 dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip 
 Hash.and Charles Hansford were named the first 
 Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- 
 seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) 
 was erected the first court house, constructed 
 of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of 
 $192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- 
 ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- 
 burg, well known for its educational institutions, 
 the best known of which are Knox College, 
 founded in 1837 r and Lombard University, 
 founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- 
 nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- 
 lege at Abingdon. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the 
 Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of 
 Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was 
 formerly the county-seat, and still contains the 
 fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- 
 ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, 
 with seven heads of departments. It has electric 
 lighting and street-car service, good water-works, 
 banks, numerous churches, three public schools, 
 and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and 
 St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728 ; 
 (1900), 1,857. 
 
 KOERNER, Oustavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was born in Germany in 1809, and 
 received a university education. He was a law- 
 yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 
 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once 
 affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon 
 became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was 
 elected to the General Assembly, and three years 
 later was appointed to the bench of the State 
 Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. 
 Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became 
 identified with the Republican party and was a 
 staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving 
 for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and 
 General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- 
 coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which he 
 resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of 
 the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated 
 Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican 
 Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the 
 Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace 
 Greeley for the Presidency. In 1807 he served as 
 President of the first Board of Trustees of the 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was 
 elected to the Legislature a second time. The 
 
322 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 following year he was appointed a member of the 
 first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
 sioners, and served as its President. He is the 
 author of "Collection of the Important General 
 Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, 
 St. Louis, 1838); "From Spain" (Frankfort on- 
 the-Main, I860); "Das Deutsche Element in den 
 Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second 
 edition, New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- 
 graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. 
 
 KOHLSAAT, Christian C, Judge of United 
 States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., 
 Jan. 8, 1844 — his father being a native of Germany 
 who settled in Edwards County in 1825, while his 
 mother was born in England. The family 
 removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kohlsaat 
 attended the public schools, later taking a course 
 in Chicago University, after which he began the 
 study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on 
 "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted 
 to the bar in the same year, and, in 1S68, accepted 
 a position in the office of the County Clerk, where 
 he kept the records of the County Court under 
 Judge Bradwell's administration. During the 
 sessions of the Twenty-seventh General Assembly 
 (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which 
 he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican 
 nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by 
 Judge Prendergast; served as member of the 
 Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90 ; 
 in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook 
 County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, 
 who died in January of that year), and was 
 elected to the office in November following, and 
 re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early 
 in 1899 he was appointed, by President MeKinley, 
 Judge of the United States District Court for the 
 Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge 
 Grosscup, who had been appointed United States 
 Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, 
 deceased. 
 
 KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- 
 paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 
 111. , March 22, 1853, and taken the following year 
 to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of 
 age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, 
 after attending the public schools some three 
 years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- 
 son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position 
 of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after 
 having been connected with various business 
 concerns, he became the junior member of the 
 firm of Blake, Shaw & Co. , for whom he had been 
 a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he 
 
 became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- 
 nection with which lie laid the foundation of an 
 extensive business by establishing a system of 
 restaurants and lunch counters in the business 
 portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- 
 tracted visit to Europe, Mr Kohlsaat bought a con- 
 trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean," 
 but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- 
 came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- 
 Herald," as the successor of the late James W. 
 Scott, wbo died suddenly in New York, soon after 
 effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- 
 cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one 
 concern. Although changing the political status 
 of the paper from Democratic to Independent, 
 Mr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it 
 an assured success. He is also owner and pub- 
 lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His 
 whole business career has been one of almost 
 phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- 
 prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. 
 Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of 
 the University of Chicago, of which he continues 
 to be one of the Trustees. 
 
 KROME, William Henry, lawyer, born of Ger- 
 man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; 
 in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison 
 County, 111., where he lived and worked for some 
 years on a farm. He acquired his education in 
 the common schools and at McKendree College, 
 graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- 
 ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- 
 ing school during the winter, for a year or two, 
 he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of 
 Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law 
 department of Michigan University, gradu- 
 ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous 
 to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. 
 Krome has been successively the partner of 
 Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late 
 Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and 
 C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of 
 Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, 
 in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the 
 Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- 
 tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed 
 Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President 
 of the Madison County State Bank. 
 
 KUEFFNER, William C, lawyer and soldier, 
 was born in Germany and came to St. Clair 
 County, 111., in 1861 Early in 1865 he was com- 
 missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- 
 ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the 
 latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and 
 was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet 
 
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 323 
 
 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. 
 Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, 
 and having graduated in 1871, established himself 
 in practice at Belleville, where he has since 
 resided. He was a successful contestant for a 
 seat in the Republican National Convention of 
 1880 from the Seventeenth District. 
 
 KUYKENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- 
 lator, was born pf pioneer parents in Gallatin 
 (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was 
 self-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood 
 adopted the law as a profession, locating at 
 Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued 
 to reside to the end of his life. In 1843 he was 
 elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 
 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously 
 in the same body for twelve years; in 1861 en- 
 listed, and was commissioned Major, in the 
 Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. 
 Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, 
 in May following, on acount of impaired health. 
 Two years later ( 1864) he was elected Represent- 
 ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one 
 term; and, after several years in private life, was 
 again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving 
 in the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
 Assemblies. In all. Major Kuykendall saw 
 twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of 
 which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four 
 in the House, besides two years in Congress. A 
 zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an 
 ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- 
 ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" 
 (Republican) State Convention of that year. He 
 was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- 
 mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty 
 of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud. " 
 Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. 
 
 LABOR TROUBLES. 1. The Railroad 
 Strike of 1877. — By this name is generally char- 
 acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, 
 beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the 
 entire country, interrupting transportation, and, 
 for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- 
 nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the 
 troubles was the general prostration of business 
 resulting from the depression of values, which 
 affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A 
 reduction of expenses became necessary, and the 
 wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction 
 and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, 
 which found expression in the ordering of a strike 
 among railroad operatives on a larger scale than 
 
 had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- 
 nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis, 
 Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- 
 cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, 
 excited men formed themselves into mobs, which 
 tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, 
 in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the 
 torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- 
 merce by the throat, not only defying the law, 
 but even contending in arms against the military 
 sent to disperse them. The entire force of the 
 State militia was called into service, Major- 
 General Arthur C. Ducat being in command. 
 The State troops were divided into three brigades, 
 commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals 
 Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat 
 assumed personal command at Braidwood, where 
 were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth 
 Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point 
 with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and 
 Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective 
 regimental commanders. Generals Bates and 
 Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, 
 where the excitement was at fever heat, the 
 mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy- 
 ing much property. Governor Cullom went to 
 this point in person. Chicago, however, was the 
 chief railroad center of the State, and only 
 prompt and severely repressive measures held in 
 check one of the most dangerous mobs which 
 ever threatened property and life in that city. 
 The local police force was inadequate to control 
 the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced 
 to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph 
 T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade, 
 I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under 
 instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly 
 and effectively co-operated with the municipal 
 authorities in quelling the uprising. He received 
 valuable support from volunteer companies, some 
 of which were largely composed of Union veter- 
 ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- 
 perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds, 
 Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen 
 Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of 
 veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shaff- 
 ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized a 
 cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered 
 efficient service. The disturbance was promptly 
 subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once 
 more began to move in its accustomed channels 
 2. The Strike of 1894. — This was an uprising 
 which originated in Chicago and was incited by a 
 comparatively young labor organization called 
 the American Railway Union. In its inception it 
 
324 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the 
 outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to 
 have been suffered by employes of the Pullman 
 Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on 
 May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway 
 Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- 
 road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 
 26. The. General Managers of the lines entering 
 Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking 
 toward mutual protection, protesting against the 
 proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution 
 to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the 
 part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- 
 ing. Trouble began on the 20th. The hauling of 
 freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- 
 urban traffic was interrupted ; switching bad to 
 be done by inexperienced bands under police or 
 military protection (officials and clerks some- 
 times throwing the levers), and in the presence of 
 large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered 
 along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy 
 with the strikers, but actually in the hope of 
 plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, 
 in not a few instances, valuable freight was 
 burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the 
 inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in 
 crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, 
 sometimes almost within sight of their destina- 
 tion, and sometimes threatened with death should 
 they attempt to leave their prison houses. The 
 mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- 
 tured to interfere with the passage of trains 
 carrying the United States mails, and, at this 
 juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. 
 President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- 
 tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be 
 appointed by the United States Marshal. An 
 additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn 
 in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city 
 police force was augmented. The United States 
 District Court also issued a restraining order, 
 directed against the officers and members of the 
 American Railway Union, as well as against all 
 other persons interfering with the business of 
 railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily 
 accepted by the officers of the Union, but the 
 copies distributed among the insurgent mob were 
 torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- 
 dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to 
 protect Government property (notably the Sub- 
 treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- 
 ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without 
 avail. A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago 
 requested the State Executive to place a force of 
 State militia at his control for the protection of 
 
 property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- 
 eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of 
 the I. N. G., at once received orders to report to 
 the municipal authorities. The presence of the 
 militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, 
 yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed 
 exemplary firmness under most try r ing circum- 
 stances, dispersing jeering and threatening 
 crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the 
 rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually 
 order was restored. The disreputable element 
 subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- 
 sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. 
 Impediments to traffic were removed and trains 
 were soon running as though no interruption had 
 occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the 
 Federal and afterwards those of the State), and 
 the courts were left to deal with the subject in 
 accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- 
 tive board of the American Railway Union were 
 indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were 
 never pressed. The officers, however, were all 
 found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- 
 obeyed the restraining order of the Federal 
 court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail. 
 Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was 
 convicted on two charges and given a sentence 
 of six months on each, but the two sentences were 
 afterward made concurrent. The other members 
 of the Board received a similar sentence for three 
 months each. All but the Vice-President, George 
 W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, 
 McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will 
 County jail at Joliet. 
 
 LACEY, Lyman, lawyer and jurist, was born in 
 Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1832. In 1837 
 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He 
 graduated from Illinois College in 1835 and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice 
 at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 
 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
 the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower 
 house of the Legislature; was elected to the Cir- 
 cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, 
 '85 and '91 ; also served for several years upon 
 the bench of the Appellate Court. 
 
 LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall 
 County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the 
 Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago & 
 Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on 
 the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- 
 ing country raises large quantities of grain, for 
 which Lacon is a shipping point. The river is 
 navigable by steamboats to this point. The city 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 325 
 
 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, 
 a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has 
 water works, an excellent telephone system, good 
 drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There 
 are seven churches, a graded school and two 
 weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1814; 
 (1890), 1,649, (1900), 1,601. 
 
 LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An 
 event of profound interest in the history of Illi- 
 nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the 
 State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had 
 been the ally of the American people during 
 their struggle for independence. The distin- 
 guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- 
 try during the latter part of 1824, the General 
 Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of 
 that year, adopted an address inviting him to 
 visit Illinois. This was communicated to La 
 Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the 
 General in Europe seven years before. Governor 
 Coles' letter and the address of the General 
 Assembly were answered with an acceptance by 
 La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 
 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by 
 way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by 
 which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- 
 sissippi) arriving at the old French village of 
 Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April. 
 Col. William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander 
 Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Sangamon County, 
 as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- 
 ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the 
 latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished 
 visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, 
 April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, 
 with a large delegation of prominent citizens of 
 Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, 
 where a reception awaited him at the elegant 
 residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles 
 delivering an address of welcome. The presence 
 of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under 
 La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti- 
 tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This 
 was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by 
 Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house 
 of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- 
 brated family of that name, and one of the lead- 
 ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those 
 participating in the reception ceremonies, who 
 were then, or afterwards became, prominent 
 factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. 
 John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor 
 Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, 
 
 a future United States Senator and Justice of the 
 Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at 
 midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles 
 accompanying the party and returning with it to 
 Shawneetown, where an imposing reception was 
 given and an address of welcome delivered by 
 Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few 
 hours later General La Fayette left on his way up 
 the Ohio. 
 
 LAFAYETTE, BLOOMINUTON & MISSIS- 
 SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie & Western 
 Railroail. ) 
 
 LAFLIN, Matthew, manufacturer, was born 
 at Southwick, Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 
 1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the 
 store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, 
 at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the 
 Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in 
 the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y., 
 which proving a failure, he again engaged in 
 powder manufacture, and, in 1S0T, came to Chi- 
 cago, where he finally established a factory— his 
 firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and. 
 later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely 
 interested in real estate, he devoted his atten- 
 tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with 
 great success, not only in Chicago but else- 
 where, having done much for the develop- 
 ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one 
 of the principal hotels — the "Fountain Spring 
 House" — also being one of the original stock- 
 holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. 
 Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government 
 during the war for the preservation of the Union, 
 and, before his death, made a donation of §75,- 
 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences, which was erected in the western part 
 of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. 
 
 LA GRAJfOE, a village in Cook County, and 
 one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from 
 which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
 streets are broad and shaded and there are many 
 handsome residences. The village is lighted by 
 electricity, and has public water-works, seven 
 churches, a high school and a weekly paper. 
 Population (1880), 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. 
 
 LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the 
 Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, 70 miles west 
 by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- 
 east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars 
 constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe 
 has two banks, five churches, a graded and a 
 high school, a seminary, and two newspapers. 
 Population (1880). 958; (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,591. 
 
326 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast 
 corner of the State, having an area of 490 square 
 miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was 
 cut off from McHenry County and separately 
 organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to 
 arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des 
 Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region 
 the following year. The first County Commission- 
 ers (E. E. Hunter, "William Brown and E. C. 
 Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, 
 but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now 
 Waukegan. The county derives its name from 
 the fact that some forty small lakes are found 
 within its limits. The surface is undulating and 
 about equally divided between sand, prairie and 
 second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are 
 several maufacturing establishments, and the 
 Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- 
 valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- 
 dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake 
 bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago 
 business men. 
 
 LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
 (See Lake Erie & Western Railroad.) 
 
 LAKE ERIE & WESTERN RAILROAD. Of 
 the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire 
 length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. 
 This portion extends from the junction of the 
 Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side 
 of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- 
 ana State line. It is a single-track road of 
 standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in 
 Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 
 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound 
 steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total 
 capital of the road (1898)— including §23,680,000 
 capital stock, $10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- 
 ing debt of SI, 479,809— was §36,034,809, or §50,- 
 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in 
 Illinois for 1898 were §559,743, and the total 
 expenditures for the same period, §457,713. — 
 (History.) The main line of the Illinois Division 
 of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired 
 by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- 
 ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), 
 which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio 
 and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus 
 formed was consolidated, without change of name, 
 with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- 
 ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & 
 Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). 
 The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and 
 the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. 
 
 LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on 
 Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 
 way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is 
 the seat of Lake Forest University; has four 
 schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric 
 light system, electric car line, water system, fire 
 department and hospital. Population (1890), 
 1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904, est.), 2,800. 
 
 LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, an institution 
 of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. : 
 Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, 
 Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- ■ 
 cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago 
 College of Law. The three first named are 
 located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- 
 sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The 
 college charter was granted in 1857, but the 
 institution was not opened until nineteen years 
 later, and the professional schools, which were 
 originally independent, were not associated until 
 1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at 
 Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- 
 ing the same year there were in attendance at the 
 professional schools, 1,557 students, making a 
 total enrollment in the University of 1,873. 
 While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- 
 byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is 
 self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary 
 are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- 
 spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational 
 and organized upon the elective plan, having 
 seventeen departments, a certain number of 
 studies being required for graduation, and work 
 upon a major subject being required for three 
 years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen 
 buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five 
 acres. 
 
 LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five 
 great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying 
 wholly within the United States. It lies between 
 the parallels of 41° 35' and 46° North latitude, its 
 length being about 335 miles. Its width varies 
 from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being 
 opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 
 feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth 
 is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 
 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- 
 ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the 
 lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the 
 northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its 
 waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through 
 the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- 
 ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the 
 Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, 
 and these mainly in its northern part, the largest 
 being some fifteen miles long. The principal 
 rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 327 
 
 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, 
 Grand and St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee, 
 Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its 
 banks. 
 
 LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN 
 RA I LWAY. The main line extends from Buffalo, 
 N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, 
 with various branches of leased and proprietary- 
 lines located in the States of Michigan, New 
 York and Ohio, making the mileage of lines 
 operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 862. 15 are owned 
 by the company — only 14 miles being in Illinois. 
 The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, 
 were $453,946, and the expenditures for the same 
 period, §360,971. — (History.) The company was 
 formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the 
 Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the 
 Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the 
 Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- 
 etary roads have been acquired since the consoli- 
 dation. 
 
 LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born 
 in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 12 years of 
 age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the 
 store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., 
 in 1820, and soon after engaged in mercantile 
 business with Thomas Mather, who had come to 
 Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- 
 lished a store at Chester and shipped the first 
 barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans 
 market. In 1831 Mr. Lamb located in Springfield, 
 afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- 
 packing extensively ; also established an iron 
 foundry, which continued in operation until a few 
 years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. 
 
 LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and 
 historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at 
 Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a 
 thorough education and, after her marriage in 
 1852 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years 
 in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- 
 cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and 
 Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the 
 Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to 
 New York and gave her after life to literary work, 
 from 1883 until her death being editor of "The 
 Magazine of American History," besides furnish- 
 ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- 
 jects ; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one 
 of her most important works being a "History o f . 
 New York City," in two volumes. She was a 
 member of nearly thirty historical and other 
 learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. 
 
 LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- 
 ney-General; born in Washington County, Ky., 
 
 and educated at Transylvania University; was 
 Attorney-General of the State by appointment of 
 Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a 
 resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his 
 contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but 
 of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a 
 degree that his name was mixed up with a num- 
 ber of official scandals. Separated from his 
 family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- 
 hall, Greene County. 
 
 LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the 
 Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- 
 dota; in rich farming and stock-raising region; 
 has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576. 
 
 LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at 
 Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 
 1828; received a common school education and 
 was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began 
 the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the 
 law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111., 
 subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver 
 L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville 
 Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan 
 for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he 
 became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln 
 — the partnership being in existence as early as 
 1852. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, 
 in the Presidential campaign of 1860, was a zeal- 
 ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, 
 he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him 
 to Washington, making the perilous night jour- 
 ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. 
 Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as 
 almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- 
 pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia, 
 and, in the first weeks of the new administration, 
 made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, 
 then in command at Fort Sumter, to secure 
 accurate information as to the situation there. 
 In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a 
 regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
 remaining in the field to December, when he 
 returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal 
 at Washington, but was absent from Washington 
 on the night of the assassination — April 14, 1865. 
 Resigning his office after this event, he entered 
 into partnership for the practice of law with the 
 late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some 
 years later he published the first volume of a pro- 
 posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he 
 obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. 
 William H. Herndon, but the second volume was 
 never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 
 
328 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 burg, W. Va., not far from his birthplace. May 
 7, 1893. Colonel Lamon married a daughter of 
 Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. 
 
 LANARK, a city in Carroll Count)-, 19 miles by 
 rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of 
 Mount Carroll The surrounding country is 
 largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark 
 has two elevators and is an important shipping- 
 point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is 
 carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- 
 tional an'd one State), eight churches, a graded 
 and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 1,198; (1890), 1,295; (1900), 1,306. 
 
 LANDES, Silas Z., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1842. In early 
 youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted 
 to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has 
 been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 
 1864. In 1872 he was elected State's Attorney 
 for Wabash County, was re-elected in 1876, and 
 again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- 
 nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being 
 elected on the Democratic ticket. 
 
 LANDRIGAN, John, farmer and legislator, was 
 born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and 
 brought to America at one year of age, his 
 parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His 
 early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After 
 completing his education in the seminary there, 
 he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. 
 Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm 
 near Albion, Edwards County, where he has 
 since resided. He has been twice elected as a 
 Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 
 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 
 and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, 
 a member of the State Agricultural Society — 
 for four years of that time being President 
 of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 LANE, Albert Grannls, educator, was born in 
 Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated 
 in the public schools, graduating with the first 
 class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He 
 immediately entered upon the business of teach- 
 ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- 
 intendent of Schools for Cook County. After 
 three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was 
 elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 
 1*77. and regularly every four years thereafter 
 until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- 
 ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the 
 vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- 
 tendent Howland — a position which he continued 
 to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, 
 
 Superintendent, when he became First Assistant 
 Superintendent. 
 
 LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in 
 Cleveland, Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a 
 resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- 
 ing an academic education he studied law and 
 was admitted to the Illinois bar in February, 
 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac- 
 titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served 
 as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful 
 Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
 Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for 
 three successive terms, but was defeated by 
 Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and 
 again by V. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 
 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Mr. Remann. 
 
 LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born 
 at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years 
 of age lived in Washington City ; in 1836 entered 
 the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis- 
 ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- 
 in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was 
 removed to Springfield, and Walters, having 
 enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. 
 Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having 
 thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, 
 to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected 
 public printer at the next session of the Legisla- 
 ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George 
 Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- 
 phier continued the publication of the paper until 
 1863, and then sold out. During the war he 
 was one of the State Board of Army Auditors 
 appointed b)- Governor Yates ; was elected 
 Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, 
 and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for 
 County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of 
 his party. 
 
 LARCOM, Lucy, author and teacher, born at 
 Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar 
 school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, 
 becoming one of the most popular contributors to 
 "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by 
 the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- 
 ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 
 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was 
 a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near 
 Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the 
 v : cinity. Returning to Massachusetts she caught 
 for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young 
 Folks," of which she was editor until 1S74. Her 
 books, both poetical and prose, have taken a 
 high rank for their elevated literary and moral 
 tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 329 
 
 LARXED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born 
 in Providence, R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at 
 Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- 
 matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then 
 studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He 
 was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained 
 considerable deserved celebrity by a speech 
 which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the 
 fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of 
 Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in 
 his support ; was an active member of the Union 
 Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, 
 and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
 United States District Attorney of the Northern 
 District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by- 
 failing health. Being absent in Europe at the 
 time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately 
 and devoted his attention to the work of the 
 Relief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to 
 Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the 
 press, also doing much other literary work in 
 spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 
 111., September, 1884. 
 
 LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois 
 River at southern terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three 
 trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal 
 abounds and is extensively mined ; zinc smelting 
 and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and 
 Portland cement are leading industries; also has 
 a large ice trade with the South annually. It is 
 connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- 
 ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. 
 Population (1890). 9,855; (1900), 10,446. 
 
 LA SALLE, Reni Robert Cavelier, Sieur de, 
 a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 
 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving 
 that he had mistaken his vocation, came to 
 America in 1066. He obtained a grant of land 
 about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
 above Montreal. It was probably his intention 
 to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming 
 interested in stories told him by some Seneca 
 Indians, he started two years later in quest of a 
 great waterway, which he believed led to the 
 South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short 
 route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, 
 and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The 
 claim that he reached the Illinois River at this 
 time has been questioned. Having re-visited 
 France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility 
 and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he 
 visited the Northwest and explored the great 
 lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- 
 
 gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. 
 Joseph River. From there he made a portage to 
 the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to 
 Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a 
 fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes 
 attending the expedition, was given the name of 
 Creve-Cceur. Returning from here to Canada for 
 supplies, in the following fall he again appeared 
 in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a 
 ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, 
 gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, in 
 the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third 
 expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by 
 way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers, 
 reached "Starved Rock,'' near the present city of 
 Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already 
 begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- 
 panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and 
 Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on 
 April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- 
 ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and 
 was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth 
 of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully 
 attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally 
 landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After 
 other fruitless attempts (death and desertious 
 having seriously reduced the number of his colo- 
 nists) , while attempting to reach Canada, he was 
 murdered by his companions near Trinity River 
 in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. 
 Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred 
 Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish 
 a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to 
 contesting with the Spaniards for the possession 
 of that region, but that the French government 
 failed to give him the support which had been 
 promised, leaving him to his fate. 
 
 LA SALLE COUXTr, one of the wealthiest 
 counties in the northeastern section, being second 
 in size and in population in the State It was 
 organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square 
 miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of 
 this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette 
 established a mission at an Indian village on the 
 Illinois River about where Utica now stands, 
 eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom 
 the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682, 
 which was, for many years, the headquarters for 
 French missionaries and traders. Later, the 
 Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated 
 by starvation, at the same point, which has be- 
 come famous in Western history as "Starved 
 Rock."' The surface of the county is undulat- 
 ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The 
 soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 
 
330 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 along the streams. Water is easily procured. 
 Four beds of coal underlie the entire count}', and 
 good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 
 to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made 
 from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- 
 cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- 
 can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's 
 survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of 
 State and National engineers in 1830. (See Illi- 
 nois & Michigan Canal.) During the Black 
 Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent 
 base of military operations. 
 
 LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 
 17, 1825. His early education was acquired in 
 the common schools. Later he read law and was 
 admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 
 1851, making his home in Central New York until 
 his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented 
 the Rockford District in the lower house of the 
 General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a 
 Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- 
 nois District in Congress. 
 
 LA YANTUM, the name given, in the latter 
 part of the seventeenth century, to the principal 
 village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the 
 Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in 
 La Salle County. (See Starved Rock.) 
 
 LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, 
 N. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation 
 was as a news-agent on railroads, which business 
 he followed for three years. He learned the 
 trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the 
 Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- 
 Calkers' Association. While yet a young man he 
 settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to 
 a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; 
 later, served as a letter carrier, and as a member 
 of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was 
 elected to Congress from the Second District, 
 which he represented in that body for three suc- 
 cessive terms. While serving his last year in 
 Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate 
 on the Democratic ticket for Sheriff of Cook 
 County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant 
 for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as 
 an Independent- Democrat for Congress in 1894, 
 but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- 
 teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 
 17, 1896. 
 
 LAWLER, (Gen.) Michael K., soldier, was 
 born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, 
 brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, 
 to Gallatin County, 111. , where his father began 
 
 farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a 
 military taste by organizing a military company 
 in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or 
 four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the 
 Mexican War, which was attached to the Third 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), 
 and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised 
 a company of cavalry, .with which he served 
 to the end of the war — in all, seeing two and 
 a half years' service. He then resumed the 
 peaceful life of a farmer; but, on the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- 
 otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teer Infantry — the first regiment organized in 
 the Eighteenth Congressional District — of which 
 he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the 
 three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment 
 took part in most of the early engagements in 
 Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, 
 Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. 
 Later, he was in command, for some time, at 
 Jackson, Tenn., and, in November, 1862, was com- 
 missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and 
 meritorious service." He was also an active 
 participant in the operations against Vicksburg, 
 and was thanked on the field by General Grant 
 for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- 
 nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant 
 Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid 
 exploits of the war. ' ' After the fall of Vicksburg 
 he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
 in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and 
 in Texas, also being in command, for six months, 
 at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was 
 brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, 
 January, 1866, after a service of four years and 
 seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin 
 County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. 
 
 LAWLER, Thomas G., soldier and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng., April 
 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents 
 in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted 
 in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
 ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later 
 being elected First Lieutenant, and (although 
 not mustered in, for two months) during the 
 Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- 
 pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of 
 General Rosecrans. He participated in every 
 battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, 
 at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first 
 man of his command over the enemy's works. 
 After the war he became prominent as an officer 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 331 
 
 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the 
 Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of 
 the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- 
 pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President 
 Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- 
 appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the 
 accession of Cleveland. He was one of the 
 organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of 
 which he served as Commander twenty -six years; 
 in 1882 was elected Department Commander for 
 the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- 
 Chief, serving one year. 
 
 LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at 
 Vergennes, Vt. , Dec. 17, 1820. After two years 
 spent at Middlebury College, he entered the 
 junior class at Union College, graduating from 
 the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to 
 teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at 
 Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. 
 Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and 
 began practice in 1844. The following year he 
 removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi- 
 nent practitioner for ten years. The years 
 1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- 
 mary object of restoring his impaired health. On 
 his return home he began farming in Warren 
 County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he 
 accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench 
 and was elected without opposition. Before the 
 expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a 
 Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the 
 Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became 
 Chief Justice. At this time his home was at 
 Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he 
 removed to Chicago, and at once became one of 
 the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although 
 persistently urged by personal and political 
 friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- 
 tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United 
 States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. 
 In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans 
 in the State Legislature for United States Senator 
 against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at 
 Decatur, Ala., April 9, 1883. 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern 
 counties in the "southern tier," originally a part 
 of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 
 1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 
 1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- 
 lation, 16,523. The first English speaking settlers 
 seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- 
 cennes, Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- 
 ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, 
 were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- 
 ment was more or less desultory until after the 
 
 War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil 
 productive. About a dozen negro families found 
 homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker 
 colony was established about Charlottesville the 
 same year. Among the best remembered pio- 
 neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, 
 Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus — the latter having 
 come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, 
 a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State 
 Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at 
 an early day, and his house was first utilized as a 
 court house. The county is richer in historic 
 associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- 
 ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865 
 inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- 
 ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. 
 
 LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- 
 rence County, is situated on the Embarras River, 
 at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of 
 Vincennes, Ind., and 139 miles east of St. Louis. 
 It has a courthouse, four churches, a graded 
 school and two weekly newspapers. Population 
 (1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1903, est.), 1,600. 
 
 LAWSON, Victor F., journalist and newspaper 
 proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian 
 parentage, Sept 9, 1850. After graduating at the 
 Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies 
 at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at 
 Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur- 
 chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," 
 being for some time a partner of Melville E. 
 Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- 
 lishing morning and evening editions. He 
 reduced the price of the morning edition to one 
 cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago 
 Record." He has always taken a deep interest 
 in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, 
 established a fund to provide for the distribution 
 of medals among public school children of Chi- 
 cago, the award to be made upon the basis of 
 comparative excellence in the preparation of 
 essays upon topics connected with American 
 history. 
 
 LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated 
 on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of 
 Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- 
 cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- 
 ing mill being the chief industry of this charac- 
 ter. The city has electric lights and electric 
 trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. 
 Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, two 
 
332 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 newspapers and is an important educational cen- 
 ter, being the seat of McKendree College, founded 
 in 1828. Population (1890), 1.C36; (1900), 1,812. 
 
 LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties 
 south of the Wisconsin State line, named for 
 Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame : area, 
 740 square miles; population (1900), 29,894. It 
 was cut off from Ogle County, and separately 
 organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was 
 but little over 2,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan 
 R. Whitney and James P. Dixon were the first 
 Count} r -Cornrnissioners. Agriculture is the prin- 
 cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found 
 here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- 
 seat is Dixon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- 
 breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across 
 the Rock River. In 1830, John Dixon, of New 
 York, purchased Ogee's interest for §1,800. Set- 
 tlement and progress were greatly retarded by 
 the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set 
 in in 1838. The first court house was built in 
 1840, and the same year the United States Land 
 Office was removed from Galena to Dixon, Colo., 
 John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed 
 Receiver. Dixon was incorporated as a city in 
 1859, and, in 1900, had a population of 7,917. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. (See 
 Apportionment, Legislative. ) 
 
 LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) 
 
 LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles 
 southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. 
 
 LELAND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and 
 admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. 
 In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, 
 to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for 
 four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he 
 rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1852, he 
 was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the 
 unexpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who 
 had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap- 
 pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
 term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by 
 popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 1873, being 
 assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second 
 District in 1877. He was prominently identified 
 with the genesis of the Republican party, whose 
 tenets he zealously championed. He was also 
 prominent in local affairs, having been elected 
 the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), 
 President of the Board of Education and County 
 Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889. 
 
 LEMEN, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- 
 eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier 
 
 in the War of the Revolution, being present at 
 the surrender of Cornwallis at Y'orktown in 1781 ; 
 in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of 
 New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in 
 Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise 
 and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the 
 head of one of the most prominent and influential 
 families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have 
 been the first person admitted to the Baptist 
 Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming 
 a minister of that denomination. Of a family of 
 eight children, four of his sons became ministers. 
 Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the 
 fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with 
 offers of large rewards for his influence in found- 
 ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- 
 western Empire, but the proposals were 
 indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. 
 Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822.— Robert (Lemen), 
 oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley 
 Count}', Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father 
 to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. 
 Clair County. He held a commission as magis- 
 trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal 
 for Illinois under the administration of John 
 Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair 
 County, August 24, I860.— Rev. Joseph (Lemen), 
 the second son, was born in Berkeley County, 
 Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and, 
 on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a 
 daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after- 
 wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 
 Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the 
 northern part of St. Clair County, and for many 
 years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist 
 church, which had been founded in 1809 on the 
 principle of opposition to human slavery. His 
 death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. — Rev. 
 James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in 
 Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united 
 with the Baptist Church and became a minister 
 — assisting in the ordination of his father, whose 
 sketch stands at the head of this article. He 
 served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the 
 first State Constitutional Convention (1818), and as 
 Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General 
 Assemblies. He also preached extensively in 
 Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in 
 the organization of many churches, although his 
 labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen 
 was the second child of American parents born in 
 Illinois — Enoch Moore being the first. Died, 
 Feb. 8, 1870.— William (Lemen), the fourth son, 
 born in Monroe County, 111., in 1791; served as a 
 soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 333 
 
 County, in 1837. — Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the 
 fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 
 1794, was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- 
 quoin, July 11, 1867. — Rev. Moses (Lemen), the 
 sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; 
 became a Baptist minister early in life, served as 
 Representative in the Sixth General Assembly 
 (1928-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- 
 ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. 
 
 LEMONT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River 
 and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick 
 vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is 
 extensively quarried here, constituting the chief 
 industry. Owing to the number of industrial 
 enterprises, Lemont is at times the temporary 
 home of a large number of workmen. The city 
 has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two 
 papers, five public and four private schools, one 
 business college, aluminum and concrete works. 
 Population of the township (1890), 5,539; (1900), 
 4,441. 
 
 LE MOYNE, John V., ex-Congressman, was 
 born in Washington County, Pa., in 1828, and 
 graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 
 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed 
 to Chicago, where he continued a permanent 
 resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was 
 a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Repub- 
 lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- 
 well, Republican. In 1874 he was again a 
 candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed 
 the election, and a contest ensued which was 
 decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne. 
 
 LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of 
 Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a 
 farming and dairying district, but has some 
 manufactures, the making of caskets being the 
 principal industry in this line. There are six 
 churches, two Ranks, and two newspapers. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1,252, 
 
 LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, 
 was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from 
 Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar 
 and came to Springfield, 111., in 1858; served for 
 several years as clerk in the office of the State 
 Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- 
 struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a 
 part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was 
 private secretary of Governor Cullom during his 
 first term. For several years he has been Presi- 
 dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, 
 with headquarters at Peoria. 
 
 LEROT, a city in McLean County, 15 miles 
 southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev- 
 eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. 
 Two weekly papers are published there. Popu 
 lation (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1,258; (1900), 1,629. 
 
 LEVER F.TT, Washington and Warren, edu- 
 cators and twin-brothers, whose careers were 
 strikingly similar; born at Brookline, Mass., Dec. 
 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm; in 
 1827 began a preparatory course of study under 
 an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered 
 Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and 
 graduated in 1832. Warren, being in bad health, 
 spent the following winter in South Carolina, 
 afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and 
 in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while 
 Washington served as tutor two years in his 
 Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- 
 ington, D. C, then took a course at Newton, 
 graduating there in 1836. The same year he 
 accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff 
 College at Upper Alton, remaining, witli slight 
 interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering 
 from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the 
 fall of 1837, and, after teaching for a few months 
 at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his 
 brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the 
 preparatory department, subsequently being 
 advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, 
 which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, 
 when he retired in the same year with his brother. 
 After resigning he established himself in the book 
 business, which was continued until his death, 
 Nov. 8, 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, 
 continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the 
 duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- 
 tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. 
 
 LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- 
 tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in 
 the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- 
 tains departments in law, the classics, prepara- 
 tory studies and manual training, and owns 
 property valued at $1,600,000, with funds and 
 endowment amounting to §1,100,000. No report 
 is made of the number of pupils. 
 
 LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. 
 When six years old he accompanied his parents 
 to Knox County, 111., where lie attended the 
 public schools, read law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk 
 of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he 
 was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 
 
334 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth 
 District. In 1882, he was a candidate for re- 
 election from the same district (then the Tenth), 
 but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 LEWISTOWN, the county-seat of Fulton 
 County, located on two lines of railway, fifty 
 miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- 
 west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- 
 mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, 
 duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches 
 and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition ; 
 also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 
 1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504, 
 
 LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of 
 Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. 
 The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- 
 raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in 
 horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- 
 tured here, and the town has two banks, five 
 churches, a high school and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415. 
 
 LIBERTYVILLE, a village of Lake County, on 
 the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division 
 of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 
 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region 
 is agricultural. The town has some manufac- 
 tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 550; (1900), 864. 
 
 LIBRARIES. (Statistical.)— A report of the 
 Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the 
 subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries 
 in the United States," presents some approximate 
 statistics of libraries in the several States, based 
 upon the reports of librarians, so far as they 
 could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out 
 from the Bureau of Education in Washington. 
 As shown by the statistical tables embodied in 
 this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois 
 reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 
 belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con- 
 taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 
 214 were divided into the following classes: 
 
 Containing 300, 000 and less than 500, 000 volumes 1 
 
 100,000 " " 300,000 " 2 
 
 50,000 " " 100,000 " 1 
 
 25,000 " " 50,000 " 5 
 
 10,000 " " 25,000 " 27 
 
 5,000 " " 10,000 " 34 
 
 1,000 " " 5,000 " 144 
 
 A general classification of libraries of 1,000 
 volumes and over, as to character, divides them 
 into, General, 91; School, 36; College, 42; College 
 Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State. 2; Asy- 
 
 lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian 
 Association, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 3; Soci- 
 ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. 
 The total number of volumes belonging to the 
 class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 
 447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 
 and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 — makinga grand total of 
 1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the 
 largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University 
 of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 
 180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public 
 Library and the Newberry Library belong to the 
 second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- 
 umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes 
 and 35.654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for 
 that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- 
 phlets. ) 
 
 As to sources of support or method of adminis- 
 tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes 
 and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- 
 priations by State, County or City; 20, from 
 endowment funds; 54, from membership fees and 
 dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, 
 leaving 53 to be supported from sources not 
 stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this 
 subject is §787,262; the aggregate endowment 
 of 17 of this class is §2,283.197, and the value of 
 buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at 82,981,- 
 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes 
 and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 
 are both circulating and reference. 
 
 The free public libraries in the State containing 
 3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. 
 The following list includes those of this class con- 
 taining 10,000 volumes and over: 
 
 Chicago, Public Librarv . . (1896) 217,065 
 
 Peoria, " " 57.r,o4 
 
 Springfield, " " 28,639 
 
 Rockford, " " 28,000 
 
 Quincy, " " and Reading Room 19.4(10 
 
 Galesburg " " 18.4t9 
 
 Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library . . 17,000 
 
 Bloomington, Withers " " "... 16.068 
 
 Evanston, Free " " ... 15,515 
 
 Decatur, " " " ... 14,766 
 
 Belleville, " " . . . 14,511 
 
 Aurora, " " ... 14,350 
 
 Rock Island, " " ... 12,634 
 
 Joliet, " " ... 22,325 
 
 The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference 
 library) — established in the City of Chicago in 
 1894, on the basis of a bequest of the late John 
 Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully 83,000,- 
 000 — is rapidly adding to its resources, having, 
 in the four years of its history, acquired over 
 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment, 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 335 
 
 it is destined, in the course of a few years, to be 
 reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class 
 in the United States, as it is one of the most 
 modern and carefully selected. 
 
 The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society 
 Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- 
 poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy 
 beginning has been made in building up a State 
 Historical Library in Springfield; but, owing to 
 the indifference of the Legislature and the meager 
 support it has received- the State which was, for 
 nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most 
 important events in the development of the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished 
 anything worthy of its name in collecting and 
 preserving the records of its own history. 
 
 In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois 
 State Library, which dates from the admission 
 of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest 
 library in the State is that of the McCormick 
 Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- 
 ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred 
 in another State. The early State College Li- 
 braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt- 
 leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, 
 at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at 
 Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard 
 University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, 
 however, these are simply the dates of the estab- 
 lishment of the institution, or the period at which 
 instruction began to be given in the school which 
 finally developed into the college. 
 
 The school library is constantly becoming a 
 more important factor in the liberal education of 
 the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- 
 nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the 
 State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, 
 but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- 
 tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later 
 period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge 
 the range of popular reading and bring the public 
 library, in some of its various forms, within the 
 reach of a larger class. 
 
 The Free Public Library Law of Illinois. 
 — The following history and analysis of the Free 
 Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for 
 the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, 
 Librarian of the Peoria Public Library : 
 
 The Library Law passed by the Legislature 
 of Illinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, 
 comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- 
 brary Law placed on the statute book of any 
 State in the Union. It is true. New Hamp- 
 shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, 
 had taken steps in this direction, with three or 
 four brief sections of laws, permissive in their 
 
 character rather than directive, but lacking the 
 vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law, in that 
 they provided no sufficiently specific working 
 method — no sailing directions — for starting and 
 administering such free public libraries. They 
 seem to have had no influence on subsequent 
 library legislation, while, to quote the language 
 of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in 
 America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this 
 regard, is probably the reason why it has been so 
 widely copied in other States." 
 
 By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the 
 head of her sister States in encouraging the 
 spread of general intelligence among the people; 
 but it is also a record to be equally proud of, that, 
 within less than five years after her admission to 
 the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 — that is, at the first ses- 
 sion of her Third General Assembly — a general 
 Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, 
 entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as 
 may associate for the purpose of procuring and 
 erecting public libraries in this State," with the 
 following preamble- 
 
 "Whereas, a disposition for improvement In useful 
 knowledge lias manifested itself in various parts of this 
 State, by associating for procuring and erecting public 
 libraries; and, whereas, it is of the utmost importance to 
 the public that the sources of information should be multi- 
 plied, and institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- 
 moted: Seel. Be it enacted," etc. 
 
 Then follow ten sections, covering five and a 
 half pages of the published laws of that session, 
 giving explicit directions as to the organizing 
 and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- 
 visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask 
 for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act 
 are, of course, subscription libraries, the only 
 kind known at that time, free public libraries 
 supported by taxation not having come into 
 vogue in that early day. 
 
 It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois 
 law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free 
 public library, how to manage it when started 
 and how to provide it with the necessary funds. 
 It furnished a full and minute set of sailing 
 directions for the ship it launched, and, moreover, 
 was not loaded down with useless limitations. 
 
 With a few exceptions — notably the Boston 
 Public Library, working under a special charter, 
 and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor 
 Library — all public libraries in those days were 
 subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile 
 Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
 with dues of from 83 to 810 from each member 
 per year. With dues at S4 a year, our Peoria 
 Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 
 286 members in any one year. Compare this with 
 our present public membership of 6,500, and it 
 will be seen that some kind of a free public 
 library law was needed. That was the conclu- 
 sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- 
 cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried 
 every expedient for years, in the way of lecture 
 courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer 
 Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our 
 membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, 
 seemed to be the rule with all subscription 
 libraries. They did not reach the masses who 
 needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 
 
33b 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 son : the necessary cost of annual dues stood in 
 the way; the women and young people who 
 wanted something to read, who thirsted for 
 knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of 
 the free public library to-day, did not hold the 
 family purse-strings, while the men. who did 
 hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care 
 for books. 
 
 It was my experience, derived as a Director in 
 the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a 
 small, struggling subscription library, that sug- 
 gested the need of a State law authorizing cities 
 and towns to tax themselves for the support of 
 public libraries, as they already did for the sup- 
 port of public schools. When, in 1870, I 
 submitted the plan to some of my friends, they 
 pronounced it Quixotic — the people would never 
 consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I 
 replied, that, until sometime in the '50's, we 
 had no free public schools in this State. 
 
 I then drew up the form of a law, substantially 
 as it now stands; and, after submitting it to 
 Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- 
 brary ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and 
 William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it 
 in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, 
 in December, 1870, who took it with him to 
 Springfield, promising to do what he could to get 
 it through the Legislature, of which he was a 
 member from Peoria. The bill was introduced 
 by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill 
 No. 563, and as House bill No. 563 it finally 
 received the Governor's signature and became a 
 law, March 7, 1872. 
 
 The essential features of our Illinois law are: 
 
 /. Tlie power of initiative in starting a free 
 public library lies in the City Council, and not in 
 an appeal to the voters of the city at a general 
 election. 
 
 It is a weak point in the English public libra- 
 ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or 
 voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- 
 vincial districts, the proposed law has been 
 repeatedly voted down by the very people it was 
 most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little 
 extra taxation. 
 
 II. The amount of tax to be levied is permissive, 
 not mandatory. 
 
 We can trust to the public spirit of our city 
 authorities, supported by an intelligent public 
 sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A 
 mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain 
 fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, 
 might invite extravagance, as it has in several 
 instances where a mandatory law is in force. 
 
 III. Tlie Library Board has exclusive control of 
 library appropriation*. 
 
 This is to be interpreted that Public Library 
 Boards are separate and distinct departments of 
 the city administration; and experience has 
 shown that they are as capable and honest in 
 handling money as School Boards or City 
 Councils. 
 
 IV. Library Boards consist of nine members to 
 serve for ili in years. 
 
 V. Tlir members of the Board are appointed by 
 tin- Mayor, subject to the approval of the City 
 ' 'united, from the citizens at large with reference 
 to their fitness for such office. 
 
 VI. An annual report is to be made by the 
 Board to the City Council, stating tin condition 
 of their trust on the first day of June of each 
 year. 
 
 This, with slight modifications adapting it to 
 villages, towns and townships, is, in substance, 
 the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under 
 its beneficent operation flourishing free public 
 libraries have been established in the principal 
 cities and towns of our State — slowly, at first, 
 but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness 
 has become apparent. 
 
 No argument is now needed to show the im- 
 portance — the imperative necessity — of the widest 
 possible diffusion of intelligence among the people 
 of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance — the 
 one means civilization, the other, barbarism. 
 Give a man the taste for good books and the 
 means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of 
 making him a better, happier man and a wiser 
 citizen. You place him in contact with the best 
 society in every period of history ; you set before 
 him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths 
 to follow. 
 
 We have no way of foretelling how many and 
 how great benefits will accrue to society and the 
 State, in the future, from the comparatively 
 modern introduction of the free public library 
 into our educational system; but when some 
 youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over ^3&op's 
 Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United 
 States History, by the flickering light of a pine- 
 knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope 
 and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the 
 world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- 
 eral spread of intelligence through our free 
 schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies 
 our only hope that our free American institutions 
 shall not decay and perish from the earth. 
 
 "Knowledge is the only good, ignorance the only evil." 
 " Let knowledge grow from more to more." 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the 
 Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of 
 the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by 
 the people at the same time with that of Gov- 
 ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant- 
 Governors of the State, from the date of its 
 admission into the Union to the present time 
 (1899), with the date and length of each incum- 
 bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus 
 Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 
 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. 
 Ewing (succeeded to the office as President of the 
 Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; 
 William H. Davidson (as President of the 
 Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; 
 John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; 
 William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 
 1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar- 
 shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ; 
 Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross, 
 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 337 
 
 Beveridge, Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as 
 President of the Senate). 1873-75; Archibald A. 
 Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77; 
 Andrew Shuman, 1877-81 ; John M. Hamilton. 
 J881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of 
 the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; 
 Lyman B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97; 
 William A. Northcott, 1897 — . 
 
 LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- 
 vania in its output of limestone, the United 
 States Census Report for 1890 giving the number 
 of quarries as 104, and the total value of the 
 product as $2,190,604. In the value of stone used 
 for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any 
 other State, the greater proportion of the output 
 in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. 
 Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois 
 limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small 
 percentage being used for flux, and still less for 
 bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. 
 The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and 
 represent a capital of $3,316,016, in the latter par- 
 ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The 
 quarries are found in various parts of the State, 
 but the most productive and most valuable are in 
 the northern section. 
 
 LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county- 
 seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the 
 Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana 
 and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- 
 sions of the Illinois Central Railroad; is 28 miles 
 northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest 
 of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted 
 to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. 
 Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among 
 the products being flour, brick and drain tile. 
 The city has water-works, fire department, gas 
 and electric lighting plant, telephone system, 
 machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, 
 three national banks, a public library, electric 
 street railways, and several newspapers. Besides 
 possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln 
 University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- 
 tion, founded in 1865) The Odd Fellows' 
 Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum 
 for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. 
 Population (1890), 6,725; (1900), 8,962; (1903, est.), 
 12,000. 
 
 LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 
 United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky., 
 Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his 
 grandfather having emigrated from Virginia to 
 Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the 
 Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of 
 Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816, and removed 
 
 to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the 
 issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's 
 maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early 
 occupations of the future President were varied. 
 He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat- 
 hoatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor 
 lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and Presi- 
 dent. In 1832 be enlisted for the Black Hawk 
 War, and was chosen Captain of his company 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature 
 the same year, but elected two years later 
 About this time he turned his attention to the 
 study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, 
 and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. 
 By successive re-elections he served in the House 
 until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 
 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- 
 date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions 
 being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 
 he was an applicant to President William Henry 
 Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the 
 General Land Office, the appointment going to 
 Justin Butterfield. His next official position was 
 that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress 
 (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention 
 to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- 
 ing candidate for the United States Senate in 
 opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, 
 but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being 
 chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the 
 i organization of the Republican party at Bloom- 
 ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by 
 the Republican State Convention for the United 
 States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate 
 with Senator Douglas on party issues, during 
 which they delivered speeches at seven different 
 cities of the State. Although he again failed to 
 secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- 
 acter of the legislative apportionment then in 
 force, which gave a majority of the Senators and 
 Representatives to a Democratic minority of the 
 voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the 
 subject of slavery attracted the attention of the 
 whole country, and prepared the way for the 
 future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- 
 ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, 
 and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate 
 fi>r Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the 
 nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- 
 dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in 
 the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- 
 ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion- 
 ably his candidacy was aided by internal 
 dissensions in the Democratic party. His election 
 and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 
 
338 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 made a pretext for secession, and he met the 
 issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered 
 with kindness and moderation towards the se- 
 cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency 
 in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 
 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. 
 George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- 
 coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history 
 of the whole country during its most dramatic 
 period. Next to his success in restoring the 
 authority of the Government over the whole 
 Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance 
 of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 
 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act 
 of his administration. And yet to this act, which 
 has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the 
 lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages 
 and in all lands, the world over, is due his death 
 at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in 
 Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of 
 an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the 
 evening previous — his death occurring one week 
 after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of 
 Lee's army — just as peace, with the restoration of 
 the Union, was assured. A period of National 
 mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor 
 of a National funeral, his remains being finally 
 laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His 
 profound sympathy with every class of sufferers 
 during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance 
 in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in 
 giving direction to public sentiment at home and 
 in dealing with international questions abroad; 
 his courage in preparing the ray for the removal 
 of slavery — the bone of contention between the 
 warring sections — have given him a place in the 
 affections of the people beside that of Washington 
 himself, and won for him the respect and admi- 
 ration of all civilized nations. 
 
 LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of 
 the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of 
 Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., 
 August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools 
 and at Harvard University, graduating from the 
 latter in 1864. During the last few months of 
 the Civil War, he served on the staff of General 
 Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war 
 he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, 
 settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of 
 the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- 
 tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the 
 close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to 
 England by appointment of President Harrison, 
 
 gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This 
 was the last public office held by him. After tbe 
 death of George M. Pullman he became Acting 
 President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
 later being formally elected to that office, which 
 (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has 
 been frequently mentioned in connection with 
 the Republican nomination for the Presidency, 
 but its use has not been encouraged by him. 
 
 LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name 
 popularly given to a series of joint discussions 
 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- 
 las, held at different points in the State during the 
 summer and autumn of 1858, while both were 
 candidates for the position of United States Sena- 
 tor. The places and dates of holding these 
 discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 
 21 ; at Freeport, August 27 ; at Jonesboro, Sept. 
 15 ; at Charleston, Sept. 18 ; at Galesburg, Oct. 7 ; 
 at Quincy, Oct. 13 ; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense 
 audiences gathered to hear these debates, which 
 have become famous in the political history of 
 the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted 
 in tli" history of any State. It resulted in the 
 securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate; 
 but his answers to the shrewdly-couched interrog- 
 atories of Lincoln lad to the alienation of his 
 Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- 
 cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- 
 dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr. 
 Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a 
 sagacious political leader, and his final election 
 to the Presidency. 
 
 LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located 
 at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 
 1865. It is co-educational., has a faculty of eleven 
 instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils — 
 ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction 
 is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine 
 arts and preparatory studies. The institution 
 has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds 
 and endowment amounting to 860,000, with 
 property valued at 855,000. 
 
 LIN'DER, Usher F., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Elizabethtown. Hardin County, Ky. (ten 
 miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), 
 March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally 
 locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- 
 ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- 
 sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), 
 but resigned before the close of the session to 
 accept the office of Attorney-General, which he 
 held less than a year and a half, when he resigned 
 that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the 
 Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 339 
 
 Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his 
 attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. 
 Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with 
 some elements of eloquence which gave him a 
 wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally 
 a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he 
 became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate 
 to the Democratic National Convention at 
 Charleston, S. C, and at Baltimore. During the 
 last four years of his life he wrote a series of 
 articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the 
 Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- 
 lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, 
 June 5, 1876. 
 
 LINEGAR, Pavid T., legislator, was born in 
 Ohio, Feb. 13, 1830; came to Spencer County, 
 Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, 
 afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as 
 Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- 
 lican Presidential Elector in 1873, but afterwards 
 became a Democrat, and served as such in the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). 
 Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. 
 
 LIPPI1VCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was 
 born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 36, 1835; attended 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
 graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis 
 Medical College, and began the practice of medi- 
 cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he 
 went to California, remaining there five years, 
 taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, 
 and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, 
 having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice 
 at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of 
 Governor Yates, recruited a company which was 
 attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as 
 Company K, and of which he was commissioned 
 Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- 
 nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, 
 and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet 
 Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- 
 sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a 
 candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- 
 gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- 
 cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary 
 of the State Senate, and the same year chosen 
 Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at 
 Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- 
 tor, and re-elected in 1873 ; also served as Perma- 
 nent President of the Republican State Conven- 
 tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became 
 its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in 
 March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a 
 result of injuries received from a runaway team 
 
 while driving through the grounds of the institu- 
 tion a few days previous. — Emily Webster 
 Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, 
 was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville, Cass 
 County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- 
 ler, a prominent physician widely known in that 
 section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville 
 Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to 
 Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. 
 Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- 
 ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already 
 endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the 
 veterans in the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, was 
 appointed Matron of the institution, serving until 
 her death, May 21, 1895. The respect in which 
 she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com- 
 fort and necessities she had ministered in hos- 
 pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching 
 manner at the time of her death, and on the 
 removal of her remains to be laid by the side of 
 her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- 
 field. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy- 
 man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 
 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February, 
 1818 ; the same year established himself in mer- 
 cantile business at Milton, then a place of some 
 importance near Alton. This place proving 
 unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards- 
 ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk 
 in the Land Office. He afterwards served as 
 Secretary of the Senate (1832-23). That he was a 
 man of education and high intelligence, as well 
 as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his 
 writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- 
 sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of 
 a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1824. In 
 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The 
 Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a 
 year or more, but soon after entered the ministry 
 of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- 
 ential factor in building up that denomination in 
 Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in 
 securing the location of Illinois College at Jack- 
 sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1869. 
 Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor 
 (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch. 
 
 LIQUOR LAWS. In the early history of the 
 State, the question of the regulation of the sale of 
 intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control 
 of the local authorities, who granted license, col- 
 lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As 
 early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, 
 with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 
 
340 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly 
 known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, 
 would do away with the indiscriminate sale of 
 liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the 
 expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 
 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- 
 ors, which was rejected at the polls. Since that 
 date a general license system has prevailed, except 
 in certain towns and cities where prohibitory 
 ordinances were adopted. The regulations gov- 
 erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely 
 variant in different localities. The Legislature, 
 however, has always possessed the same constitu- 
 tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, 
 as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. 
 In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union began the agitation of the license question 
 from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a 
 delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss 
 Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature 
 a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 
 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of 
 the State Constitution, so as to give females above 
 the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting 
 < f licenses in the localities of their residences. 
 Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, 
 addressed the House in its favor, and Miss 
 Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. 
 The measure was defeated in the House by a vote 
 of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no 
 action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced 
 anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, 
 persistent agitation was not without its results. 
 In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally 
 termed the "High License Law," by the provi- 
 sions of which a minimum license of 8300 per 
 annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic 
 drinks, and $150 for malt liquors, with the 
 authority on the part of municipalities to impose 
 a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure 
 was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- 
 licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- 
 crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was 
 promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The 
 liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present 
 time are based upon local option, high license and 
 local supervision. The criminal code of the State 
 contains the customary provisions respecting the 
 sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited 
 parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger 
 cities, many of the provisions of the State law 
 are rendered practically inoperative by the 
 municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by 
 the indifference or studied neglect of the local 
 officials. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- 
 ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois 
 Central, with three other short-line railways, 48 
 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast 
 of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- 
 tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, 
 oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated 
 within the corporate limits. Grain is extensively 
 raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- 
 ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. 
 The output of the manufacturing establishments 
 also includes foundry and machine shop prod- 
 ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. 
 The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, 
 and has a Holly water-works system, a public 
 library and public parks, two banks, twelve 
 churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu- 
 line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two 
 monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. 
 Population (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903, 
 est ), 7,000. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN 
 RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- 
 biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 
 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid 
 with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened 
 for business, in three different sections, from 1883 
 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- 
 nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern 
 Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under 
 foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- 
 field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the 
 former owners. Six months later it passed into 
 the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it 
 has since been operated. The general offices 
 are at Carlinville 
 
 LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was 
 bom in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- 
 ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile 
 business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 
 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of 
 which he was President, in these two branches of 
 business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 
 5, 1896. 
 
 LITTLE VERMILION RIVER rises in Ver- 
 milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into 
 Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion 
 County, Ind. 
 
 LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham 
 and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south 
 through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the 
 Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of 
 the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 
 miles. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 341 
 
 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, 
 was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 
 7, 1836; was educated in the common schools in 
 his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to 
 Lincoln, 111., where he worked at the carpenter"s 
 trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He 
 was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was 
 elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed 
 Master in Chancer}'. In 1866 he was appointed 
 by President Johnson Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 
 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, 
 where he entered into partnership witli the late 
 Henry S. Greene, Milton Hay being admitted to 
 the firm soon after, the partnership continuing 
 until 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected 
 Representative in the Thirty-fourth General 
 Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected 
 in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- 
 ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses 
 Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in 
 legislation on the revenue question. 
 
 LIVERMORE, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- 
 lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in 
 Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821; taught for a time in 
 a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two 
 years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later 
 married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist 
 minister, who held pastorates at various places in 
 Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming 
 editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 
 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote 
 much for denominational papers and in assisting 
 her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, 
 and traveled extensively in the interest of the 
 United States Sanitary Commission, visiting 
 hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; 
 also took a prominent part in the great North- 
 western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of 
 late years she has labored and lectured exten- 
 sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- 
 perance, besides being the author of several 
 volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of 
 Chicago" (1865). Her home is in Boston. 
 
 LIVINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- 
 way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- 
 face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the 
 west; area, 1,026 square miles; population (1900), 
 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was 
 organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being 
 Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel 
 Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- 
 seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and 
 $3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. 
 Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- 
 
 cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, 
 and shafts are in successful operation at various 
 points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- 
 ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being 
 large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried 
 on. The development of the county really dates 
 from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed 
 by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- 
 seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad 
 center and the site of the State Reform School. 
 Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has 
 attained a wide reputation as the seat of the 
 parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the 
 liquor habit. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid out 
 in 1837 and incorporated in 1853- situated 33 
 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines 
 River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- 
 tural; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- 
 factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper 
 and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public 
 and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas 
 plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. 
 The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage 
 Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 are located here. Population (1890), 2.449; 
 (1900), 2,659. 
 
 LOCKWOOD, Samuel Drake, jurist, was born 
 at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., 
 August 2, 1789, left fatherless at the age of ten, 
 after a few months at a private school in New 
 Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis 
 Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he 
 studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, 
 N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, 
 and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 
 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in 
 company with William H. Brown, afterwards of 
 Chicago, and walking across the country from 
 Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- 
 ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he 
 remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- 
 ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- 
 lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of 
 State, to which he was appointed by Governor 
 Coles, and which he filled only three months, 
 when President Monroe made him Receiver of 
 Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same 
 time he was also appointed agent of the First 
 Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature 
 of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme 
 Court, his service extending until the adoption 
 
342 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in 
 framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 
 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which office he held until his 
 death. He was always an uncompromising 
 antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of 
 Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure 
 a pro-slavery Constitution in 1824. His personal 
 and political integrity was recognized by all 
 parties. From 1828 to 1853 Judge Lockwood was 
 a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- 
 self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- 
 lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as 
 one of its Trustees, and was also influential in 
 securing several of the State charitable institu- 
 tions there. His later years were spent at 
 Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th 
 year of his age. 
 
 LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the 
 Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 
 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- 
 tural, and the town has considerable local trade. 
 It also has a bank and one weekly paper. 
 Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900). 668. 
 
 LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and 
 diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 
 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name ; 
 was educated at Auburn Academy and served as 
 Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, 
 Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- 
 pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was 
 appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- 
 wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again 
 (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. 
 He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical 
 Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the 
 works of his relative, Gen. John A. Logan (1886), 
 besides contributing to foreign medical publi- 
 cations and publishing two or three volumes on 
 medical and sanitary questions. Resides in 
 Chicago. 
 
 LOGAN, John, physician and soldier, was born 
 in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six 
 years of age was taken to Missouri, his family 
 settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- 
 nee and Delaware Indians. He began business 
 as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but 
 returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the 
 blacksmith trade for two years; in 1831 enlisted 
 in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took 
 part in the Indian troubles of that year and the 
 Black Hawk War of 1832, later being Colonel of 
 the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the 
 close of the Black Hawk War he settled in 
 Carlinville, and having graduated in medicine, 
 
 engaged in practice in that place until 1801. At 
 the beginning of the war he raised a company 
 for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota 
 being already full, it was not accepted. He was 
 finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- 
 second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- 
 eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1862, a few weeks 
 later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry 
 and Donelson. Subsequently he had command 
 of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- 
 nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment 
 lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself 
 being severely wounded and compelled to leave 
 the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged 
 with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 
 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President 
 Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern 
 District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he 
 resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
 ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
 Republican on the organization of that party, 
 serving as a delegate to the first Republican State 
 Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a 
 man of strong personal characteristics and an 
 earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville, 
 August 24, 1885. 
 
 LOGAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- 
 man, was born at old Brownsville, the original 
 county -seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, 
 the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland 
 and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he 
 attained prominence as a public man. Young 
 Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican 
 War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, 
 and afterwards became Quartermaster of his 
 regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson 
 County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- 
 cute his law studies. Having graduated from 
 Louisville University in 1851, he entered into 
 partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk- 
 ins ; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat 
 in 1852, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- 
 ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a 
 Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 
 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again 
 in 1800, as a Douglas Democrat. During the 
 special session of Congress in 1801, he left his 
 seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In 
 September, 1801, he organized the Thirty-first 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
 sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel. His mili- 
 tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to 
 lie Major-General. President Johnson tendered 
 him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. 
 In 1806 he was elected as a Republican to Con- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 343 
 
 gress for the State-at-large, and acted as one of 
 the managers in the impeachment trial of the 
 President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was 
 chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 
 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the Presidential nomination at the Republican 
 Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on 
 the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. 
 Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November 
 following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, 
 but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 
 1886. General Logan was the author of "The 
 Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier 
 of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was 
 erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in 
 Chicago. 
 
 LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, 
 was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; 
 studied law at Glasgow, Ky., and was admitted 
 to the bar before attaining Lis majority. After 
 practicing in his native State some ten years, in 
 1832 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- 
 mon County, one year later opening an office at 
 Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the 
 bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two 
 years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but 
 again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 
 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- 
 bly ; also served as a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 
 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin- 
 coln. In 1854 he was again chosen a member 
 of the lower house of the Legislature, was 
 a delegate to the Republican National Conven- 
 tion in I860, and, in 1861, was commissioned 
 by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the 
 Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- 
 ington. Soon afterward he retired to private 
 life. As an advocate his ability was widely 
 recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. 
 
 LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part 
 of the State, and having an area of about 620 
 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or 
 moderately undulating prairie, with some high 
 ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile 
 and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- 
 mining is successfully carried on. The other 
 staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle 
 and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, 
 and the county was organized in 1839, being 
 originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a 
 portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a 
 part of De Witt County. It was named in honor 
 of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. 
 Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but, 
 
 in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski, 
 and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- 
 tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680. 
 
 LOMBARD, a village of Dupage Count}', on the 
 Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & 
 Nortli western Railways. Population (1880), 378; 
 (1890), 515; (1900), 590. 
 
 LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at 
 Galesburg under control of the Universalist 
 denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- 
 tory, collegiate and theological departments. 
 The collegiate department includes both classical 
 and scientific courses, with a specially arranged 
 course of three years for young women, who con- 
 stitute nearly half the number of students. The 
 University has an endowment of §200,000, and 
 owns additional property, real and personal, of 
 the value of $100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- 
 ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 
 191 students. 
 
 LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station 
 of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge 
 and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast 
 of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the 
 town has two banks and a weekly newspaper; 
 fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528. 
 
 LONG, Stephen Harriinan, civil engineer, was 
 born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after 
 teaching some years, entered the United States 
 Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the 
 Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor 
 of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans- 
 ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the 
 brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had 
 charge of explorations between the Mississippi 
 River and the Rocky Mountains, and, in 1823-24, 
 to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the 
 highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named 
 in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was 
 employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer- 
 in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in 
 Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves 
 and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- 
 ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo- 
 graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838, 
 he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, 
 with the rank of Colonel. An account of his 
 first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) 
 by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and 
 the following year appeared "Long's Expedition 
 to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the 
 Woods. Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society and the author of the 
 
344 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tirst original treatise on railroad building ever 
 published in this country, under the title of 
 "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter 
 days of his life his home was at Alton, 111. , where 
 he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from 
 active service in June, 1863, he continued in the 
 discharge of important duties up to his death. 
 
 LONGENECKER, Joel M., lawyer, was born in 
 Crawford County. 111., June 12, 1847; before 
 reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, servinguntil the close of the 
 war. After attending the high school at Robinson 
 and teaching for some time, he began the study 
 of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 
 1870 ; served two years as City Attorney and four 
 (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter 
 year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- 
 came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the 
 office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, 
 retaining that position with Mr. Mills' successor, 
 Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter 
 to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded 
 to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing 
 in that position until 1892. While in this office 
 he conducted a large number of important crimi- 
 nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the 
 trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he 
 gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as 
 a prosecutor in criminal cases. 
 
 LOOMIS, (Rev.) Hubbell, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31, 
 1775; prepared for college in the common schools 
 and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, 
 finally graduating at Union College, N. Y. , in 
 1799 — having supported himself during a con- 
 siderable part of his educational course by 
 manual labor and teaching. He subsequently 
 studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, 
 served as pastor of a Congregational church at 
 Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number 
 of young men for college, including among them 
 Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- 
 vard College and author of numerous historical 
 works. About 1829 his views on the subject of 
 baptism underwent a change, resulting in his 
 uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- 
 ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at 
 Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located 
 at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent 
 factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- 
 lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist 
 Seminary, of which he was the Principal for 
 several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to 
 secure the charter of the college in which the 
 seminary was merged. His name stood first on 
 
 the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, 
 in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- 
 tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. 
 The latter years of his life were spent among his 
 books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at 
 Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age 
 of nearly 98 years. — A son of his — Prof. Elias 
 Loomls — an eminent mathematician and natural- 
 ist, was the author of "Loomis' Algebra" and 
 other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the 
 colleges of the country. He held professorships 
 in various institutions at different times, the last 
 being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy 
 in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. 
 
 LORIMER, William, Member of Congress, was 
 born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- 
 age, April 27, 1861; came with his parents to 
 America at five years of age, and, after spending 
 some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- 
 cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. 
 Having lost his father by death at twelve years 
 of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- 
 ing business; was afterwards an employe on a 
 street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate 
 business and serving as an appointee of Mayor 
 Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water 
 department. In 1892 he was the Republican 
 nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was 
 defeated. Two years later he was elected to the 
 Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois 
 District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again 
 in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 
 votes. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, the county-seat of Clay County ; 
 situated on the Little Wabash River and on the 
 Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- 
 southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of 
 Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high 
 school, a savings bank and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890). 637; (1900) 646. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, EVAXSVILLE & NEW AL- 
 BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansville 
 & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
 (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this 
 entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 
 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State 
 from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the 
 Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses 
 a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel 
 rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually 
 light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi 
 bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 
 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 345 
 
 (1898) was §18,236,246, of which §4,247.909 was in 
 stock and §10,568,350 in bonds.— (History.) The 
 original corporation was organized in both Indi- 
 ana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of 
 i.he line opened from Mount Carmel to Albion (18 
 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division 
 was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- 
 ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- 
 pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized 
 in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount 
 Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months 
 later the two divisions were consolidated under 
 the name of the former. In 1881 this line was 
 again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport 
 & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name 
 of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. 
 In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it 
 absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- 
 nois — those in the latter State being the Illinois 
 & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the 
 Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from 
 Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & 
 Carondelet — the new organization assuming the 
 present name — Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis 
 (Consolidated) Railroad. 
 
 LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a 
 corporation operating an extensive system of 
 railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and 
 extending through Kentucky and Tennessee 
 into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois 
 (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville 
 line) extends from East St. Louis to the Wabash 
 River, in White County (133.64 miles), with 
 branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), 
 and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 
 miles) — total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- 
 sion, though virtually owned by the operating 
 line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. 
 Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- 
 ence is merely nominal. The latter cornpany 
 acquired title to the property after foreclosure 
 in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to 
 the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total 
 earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, 
 for 1898, were $1,052,789, and the total expendi- 
 tures (including §47,198 taxes) were §657,125. 
 
 LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
 Jacksonville it' St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 LOVEJOY, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- 
 slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine, 
 Nov. 9, 1802 — the son of a Congregational minis- 
 ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, 
 came west and taught school in St. Louis in 
 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 
 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton 
 
 and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 
 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The 
 Observer"— a religious weekly, which condemned 
 slave-holding. Threats of violence from the 
 pro-slavery party induced him to remove his 
 paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1836. Three 
 times within twelve months his plant was de- 
 stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been 
 procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro- 
 tect it from destruction in the warehouse where 
 it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 1837, a 
 mob, having assembled about the building, sent 
 one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. 
 Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside 
 to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties 
 in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes 
 later. His death did much to strengthen the 
 anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and 
 Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a 
 martyr, and his death was made the text for 
 many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- 
 sition to an institution which employed moboc- 
 racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free 
 discussion. (See Alton Riots.) 
 
 LOVEJOY, Owen, clergyman and Congressman, 
 was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being 
 the son of a clergyman of small means, he was 
 thrown upon his own resources, but secured a 
 collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin 
 College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, 111., join 
 ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was 
 conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal 
 there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery 
 mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton 
 Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy 
 induced him to devote his life to a crusade 
 against slavery. Having previously begun the 
 study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- 
 try and officiated for several years as pastor of a 
 Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- 
 tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 
 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that 
 issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln 
 for United States Senator. Upon his election to 
 the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at 
 Princeton, his congregation presenting him with 
 a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 
 1856 he was elected a Representative in Congress 
 by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for 
 three successive terms. As an orator he had few 
 equals in the State, while his courage in the 
 support of his principles was indomitable. In 
 the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered 
 valuable service to the Republican party, as he 
 
346 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 did later in upholding the cause of the Union in 
 Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 
 1864. 
 
 LOVIXUTOX, a village of Moultrie County, on 
 the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia 
 Line and the Beaient & Altamont Division of the 
 Wabash Railway, 23 miles southeast of Decatur. 
 The town has two banks, a newspaper, water- 
 works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer 
 fire department. Pop. (1890), 767; (1900), 815. 
 
 LUDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, 
 was born at Camden. N. J., Oct. 11, 1831, the son 
 of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- 
 sician who, in his later years, became a resident 
 of Evanston, 111. The younger Ludlam, having 
 taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, 
 N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the 
 study of medicine with his father, followed by a 
 course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having 
 removed to Chicago the following year, he soon 
 after began an investigation of the homoeopathic 
 system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- 
 tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such 
 prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly 
 established Hahnemann Medical College in the 
 city of Chicago, with which he continued to be 
 connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving 
 as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he 
 had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the 
 editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'' later 
 being editorially associated with "The North 
 American Journal of Homoeopathy," published in 
 New York City, and "The United States Medical 
 and Surgical Journal' of Chicago. He also 
 served as President of numerous medical associ- 
 ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor 
 Cullom a member of the State Board of Health, 
 serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a 
 period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors 
 as a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was 
 one of the most prolific authors on professional 
 lines in the city of Chicago, besides numerous 
 monographs on special topics, having produced a 
 "Course of Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" 
 (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the 
 Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation 
 from the Frencli of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- 
 cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is 
 recognized as a valuable textbook, and has 
 passed through seven or eight editions. A few 
 years after his first connection with the Hahne 
 mann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the 
 
 death of President C. S. Smith, was chosen 
 President of the institution. Died suddenly from 
 heart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- 
 cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann 
 Medical College, April 29, 1899. 
 
 LUXDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- 
 ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- 
 entage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, 
 Va., where he first gained a practical knowledge 
 of the institution of slavery; later carried on 
 business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O., 
 where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery 
 association under the name of the "Union 
 Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery 
 articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- 
 lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. 
 Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- 
 test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. 
 Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the 
 issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation, " 
 a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- 
 ough, Tenn., and finally to Baltimore in 1824, 
 when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend 
 towards colonization is shown in the fact that he 
 made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a 
 view to promoting the colonization of emanci- 
 pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 
 1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd 
 Garrison, who became a convert to his views and 
 a firm ally. The following winter he was as- 
 saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly 
 killed ; soon after removed his paper to Washing- 
 ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the 
 name of "The National Enquirer," being finally 
 merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 
 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery 
 mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the 
 following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle 
 Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, 
 but the design was frustrated by his early death, 
 which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper 
 however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under 
 the name of "The Genius of Liberty," but was re- 
 moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the 
 name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, 
 Zebina.) 
 
 LTJJfT, Orrinsrton, capitalist and philanthro- 
 pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 
 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in 
 the grain commission business, becoming a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. 
 Later, he became interested in real estate oper- 
 ations, fire and life insurance and in railway 
 enterprises, being one of the early promoters of 
 the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 347 
 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took 
 an active part in municipal affairs, and, during 
 the War, was an efficient member of the "War 
 Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all 
 moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by 
 his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- 
 ety" after the fire of 1871, and his generous bene- 
 factions to the Young Men's Christian Association 
 and feeble churches, his most efficient service 
 was rendered to the cause of education as repre- 
 sented in the Northwestern University, of which 
 he was a Trustee from its organization, and much 
 of the time an executive officer. To his noble 
 benefaction the institution owes its splendid 
 library building, erected some years ago at a 
 cost of $100,000. In the future history of Chi- 
 cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of 
 J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John 
 Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. 
 Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897. 
 
 LUSK, John T., pioneer, was born in South 
 Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 
 1791 by his father (James Lusk), who established 
 a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town 
 of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, 
 which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, 
 took its name from this family. In 1805 the sub- 
 ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., 
 and settled near Edwardsville. During the War 
 of 1812-14 he was engaged in the service as a 
 "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its 
 growth, he moved into the town and erected a 
 house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and 
 containing three rooms, which became the first 
 hotel in the town and a place of considerable 
 historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different 
 periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, 
 County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, 
 Dec. 22, 1857. 
 
 LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi- 
 nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, 
 it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- 
 fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small 
 Catechism in instruction of the young, in the 
 practice of infant baptism and confirmation at 
 an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg 
 Confession. Services are conducted, in various 
 sections of the country, in not less than twelve 
 different languages. The number of Lutheran 
 ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach 
 in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- 
 nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches 
 over which they preside recognize allegiance 
 to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- 
 nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- 
 
 ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the 
 General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of 
 the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the 
 Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- 
 Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General 
 Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the 
 foreign element in this denomination, reference 
 may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three 
 Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the 
 English language. Of the remainder, thirty- 
 seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine 
 Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- 
 ber of communicants in the State, in 1892, was 
 estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains 
 a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. 
 (See also Religious Denominations. 
 
 LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles 
 southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 486; 
 (1890), 732; (1900), 951 
 
 MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the 
 
 name given to a class of State indebtedness 
 incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- 
 cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- 
 missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs. 
 Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York 
 City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of 81,000 each, 
 payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister 
 & Stebbins advanced to the State 8261,560.83. 
 This was done with the understanding that the 
 firm would make further advances sufficient to 
 increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the 
 face value of the bonds, but upon which no 
 further advances were actually made. In addi- 
 tion to these, there were deposited with the same 
 firm, within the next few months, with a like 
 understanding, internal improvement bonds and 
 State scrip amounting to §109,215.44 — making the 
 aggregate of State securities in their hands S913,- 
 215.44, upon which the State had received only 
 the amount already named — being 28.64 per cent 
 of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts 
 having been made by the holders of these bonds 
 (with whom they had been hypothecated by 
 Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on 
 their par face value, the matter became the sub- 
 ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- 
 tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 — both 
 reciting, in their respective preambles, the history 
 of the transaction. The last of these provided 
 for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new 
 bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- 
 pal and interest of the sum actually advanced 
 and found to be due. conditioned upon the sur- 
 render, by them, of the original bonds and other 
 
348 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 evidences of indebtedness received by them in 
 1841. This the actual holders refused to accept, 
 and brought the case before the Supreme Court 
 in an effort to compel the Governor (who was 
 then ex-offlcio Fund Commissioner) to recognize 
 the full face of their claim. This the Supreme 
 Court refused to do, on the ground that, the 
 executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- 
 ernment, they had no authority over his official 
 acts. In 1839 a partial refunding of these bonds, 
 to the amount of $114,000, was obtained from 
 Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was 
 probably but imperfectly acquainted with their 
 history and previous legislation on the subject. 
 Representations made to him led to a suspension 
 of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not 
 transferable except on the books of the Funding 
 Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they 
 were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- 
 mately surrendered by the holders on the basis 
 originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 
 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the 
 presentation, for payment, of the portion of the 
 original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- 
 feiture, and this was finally done. 
 
 MACK, Alonzo TV., legislator, was born at More- 
 town, Vt., in 1822; at 16 years of age settled at 
 Kalamazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- 
 cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. 
 Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he 
 adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected 
 Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the 
 Senate, serving through five continuous sessions 
 (1858-68). In 1862 he assisted in organizing the 
 Seventy-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, 
 in January following, to take his seat in the 
 Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend 
 of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits 
 in the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- 
 lican, " in May, 18G5, and was its business mana- 
 ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing 
 with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally 
 retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice 
 of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. 
 
 MACKINAW, the first county-seat of Tazewell 
 County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 
 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- 
 ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, 
 wagons and carriages, also a State bank and a 
 weekly paper. Population (1890), 545; (1900), 859. 
 
 MAC MILLAN, Thomas C, Clerk of United 
 States District Court, was born at Stranraer, 
 Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 
 
 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the 
 High School and spent some time in the Chicago 
 University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The 
 Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- 
 panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills 
 and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with 
 General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux 
 After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed 
 charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of 
 "The Inter Ocean, " served on the Cook County 
 Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi 
 cago Public Library, besides eight years in the 
 General Assembly— 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 
 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan 
 was appointed Clerk of the United States District 
 Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- 
 nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the 
 honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. 
 
 MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough 
 County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy, 
 39 miles southwest of Galesburg. The principal 
 manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- 
 tery, and school-desk castings. The city has 
 interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, 
 high school and four newspapers; is the seat of 
 Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- 
 ern Preparatory School and Business College. 
 Population (1890), 4,052; (1900), 5,375. 
 
 MACON, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, 10 miles soutli by west of 
 Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- 
 tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important 
 shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar 
 factories, four churches, a graded school, and a 
 weekly paper. Population (1890), 819, (1900), 705. 
 
 MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- 
 ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave 
 its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 
 44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for 
 Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and 
 statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, 
 although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. 
 The county is well drained by the Sangamon 
 River and its tributaries. The soil is that high 
 grade of fertility which one might expect in the 
 corn belt of the central portion of the State. 
 Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively 
 cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are 
 among the products. Decatur is the county-seat 
 and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- 
 tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the 
 county, enjoys considerable local trade. 
 
 MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county, 
 with an area of 864 square miles and a population 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 349 
 
 of 42,250 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of 
 Indian derivation, signifying '"white potato. " 
 The county, originally a part of Madison, and 
 later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, 
 under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William 
 Wilcox and Theodorus Davis. The first court 
 house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained 
 but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries 
 were wont to retire to a convenient grove to 
 deliberate upon their findings. The surface of 
 the county is level, with narrow belts of timber 
 following the course of the streams. The soil is 
 fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively 
 raised While agriculture is the chief industry 
 in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried 
 on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat 
 and Bunker. Hill, Stanton, Virden and Girard the 
 other principal towns. 
 
 MAC VEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer 
 and politician, was born on a farm in Chester 
 County, Pa., graduated from Yale University in 
 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law 
 School, New York. He was soon compelled to 
 abandon practice on account of ill-health, and 
 removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he 
 embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 
 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer 
 Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many 
 important municipal reforms. He was thereafter 
 repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among 
 them the mayorality, but persistently refused 
 until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for 
 United States Senator by a State Convention of 
 the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- 
 vass of the State, but the Republicans having 
 gained control of the Legislature, he was 
 defeated. He is the head of one of the most 
 extensive wholesale grocery establishments in 
 the city of Chicago. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
 division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. 
 The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- 
 sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only 
 slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- 
 can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along 
 the western border, four to six miles wide, as far 
 north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The 
 county was organized in 1812, being the first 
 county set off from St. Clair County after the 
 organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and the 
 third within the Territory. It was named in 
 honor of James Madison, then President of the 
 United States. At that time it embraced sub- 
 stantially the whole of the northern part of the 
 
 State, but its limits were steadily reduced by 
 excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and 
 exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- 
 lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out 
 in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers 
 began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill- 
 hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- 
 erally locating in the American Bottom, and 
 laying the foundation for the present county. 
 In the early history of the State, Madison County 
 was the home of a large number of prominent 
 men who exerted a large influence in shaping its 
 destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, 
 Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, and 
 many more whose names are intimately inter- 
 woven with State history. The county-seat is at 
 Edwardsville, and Alton is the principal city. 
 Population (1890), 51,535; (1900), 64,694. 
 
 MAGRUDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, was born near Natchez, Miss., 
 Sept. 27, 1838; graduated from Yale College in 
 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in 
 teaching in his father's private academy at 
 Baton Rouge, La., and in reading law. In 1859 
 he graduated from the law department of the 
 University of Louisiana, and the same year 
 opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- 
 break of the Civil War, his sympathies being 
 strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, 
 and, after visiting relatives at New Haven, 
 Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While 
 ever radically loyal, he refrained from enlisting 
 or taking part in political discussions during the 
 war, many members of his immediate family 
 being in the Confederate service. He soon 
 achieved and easily maintained a high standing 
 at the Chicago bar ; in 1868 was appointed Master 
 in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook 
 County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed 
 Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term 
 of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was 
 Chief Justice in 1891-92. 
 
 MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of 
 Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains. 
 It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, 
 large amounts of this product being shipped there 
 and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a 
 weekly paper. Population (1900), 528. 
 
 MALTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- 
 tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a 
 private in the Mexican War and was severely 
 wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 
 
350 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 established himself in the mercantile business at 
 Galena, 111. ; in 1861 entered the volunteer service 
 as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois 
 Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- 
 moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded 
 a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned 
 Brigadier-General in August, 1863; served 
 through the subsequent campaigns of the Army 
 of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 
 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander 
 of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that 
 office, Dec. 12, 1867. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on 
 the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has 
 some manufactures of pottery. Population 
 (1890), 408; (1900), 430. 
 
 MANIERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and 
 jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- 
 don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, 
 his mother removed to New York City, where he 
 began the study of law, occasionally contributing 
 to "The New York Mirror," then one of the 
 leading literary periodicals of the country. In 
 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed 
 his professional studies and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in 
 the Circuit Clerk"s office ; later, he was appointed 
 Master in Chancer}-, and served one term as 
 Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. 
 While filling the latter office he codified the 
 municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected 
 Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 
 without opposition. Before the expiration of his 
 second terra he died, May 21, 1863. He held the 
 office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852, 
 during which time, largely through his efforts, 
 the school system was remodeled and the im- 
 paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- 
 dition. He was one of the organizers of the 
 Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of 
 the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago 
 University, and prominently connected with 
 several societies of a semi-public character. He 
 was a polished writer and Was, for a time, in edi- 
 torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." 
 
 MANN, James 12 ., lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20, 
 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County 
 in 1867 ; graduated at the University of Illinois 
 in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- 
 cago, in 1881, after which he established himself 
 in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head 
 of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 
 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park 
 
 and, after the annexation of that municipality to 
 the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman 
 of the Thirty-second Ward, and re-elected in 
 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of 
 its most prominent members; in 1894, served as 
 Temporary Chairman of the Republican State 
 Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman 
 of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 
 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- 
 fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 
 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 
 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- 
 didate for re-election, and was again successful, by 
 over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. 
 Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his 
 election to Congress, include those of Master in 
 Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County 
 and General Attorney of the South Park Com- 
 missioners of the city of Chicago. 
 
 MANN, Orrin L., lawyer and soldier, was born 
 in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, 
 removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
 where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, 
 being compelled to abandon it on account of an 
 injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. 
 Hinman, then in charge of the Wesleyan Female 
 College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, 
 two years later, become President of the North- 
 western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann 
 accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing 
 his studies for a time, but later engaging in 
 teaching; in 1856 entered the University of 
 Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he 
 took part in the campaign which resulted in the 
 election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring 
 had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- 
 trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at 
 the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in 
 organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"). which having 
 been accepted after considerable delay, he 
 was chosen Major. The regiment was first 
 assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the 
 first battle of Winchester and in operations in 
 North and South Carolina. Having previously 
 been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major 
 Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at 
 Newbern and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- 
 pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, 
 winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for 
 meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having 
 "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and 
 being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. 
 Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 351 
 
 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously 
 wounded, necessitating a stay of several months 
 in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned 
 to the staff of General Ord, and later served as 
 Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with 
 headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered 
 out in December, 1865. After the war he 
 engaged in the real estate and loan business, 
 but, in I860, was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 
 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. 
 Other positions held by him have been : Represent- 
 ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly 
 (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and 
 Sheriff (1880 82). General Mann was injured by 
 a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- 
 sis. 
 
 MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 
 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, 
 and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, 
 residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson 
 County, where he held the office of County- 
 Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he 
 was appointed Secretary of the first Board of 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
 remaining in office until 1845. He continued to 
 reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the 
 close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying 
 there, Jan. 8, 1869. 
 
 MANNING, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- 
 ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his 
 earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, 
 completing his education at Middlebury College, 
 Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knoxville, 111. , where he 
 served one term as County Judge and two terms 
 (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential 
 Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, 
 where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of the following 
 year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at 
 the intersection of the Peoria Division of the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
 the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 
 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the 
 heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- 
 paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. 
 
 MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south 
 of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- 
 stock, small fruits and dairy products; has 
 one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 
 627; (1900), 932. 
 
 MA0.U0N, a village of Knox County, on the 
 Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- 
 burg. The region is agricultural. The town has 
 banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 548; (1890), 501, (1900), 475. 
 
 MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in 
 Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early 
 education in the grammar schools of his native 
 town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan 
 University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- 
 fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and 
 became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, 
 Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile 
 making numerous trips for geologic investigation 
 One of these was made in 1849, overland, to 
 Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data 
 for maps of the Pacific. Coast, and settling dis- 
 puted questions as to the geologic formation of 
 the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited 
 San Francisco, making maps of the mountain 
 regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 
 he was called to the professorship of Natural 
 History in the Northwestern University, at 
 Evanston, remaining there until his death. The 
 institution was then in its infancy, and he taught 
 mathematics in connection with his other duties. 
 From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He 
 received the degee of LL.D. from the University 
 of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 
 19, 1899. 
 
 MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar 
 depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of 
 Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi 
 and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of 
 freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part 
 of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, 
 when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- 
 times discharges through the same channel into 
 the Mississippi. Its general course is north and 
 south. — Cat-Tail Slougrh, a similar depression, 
 runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- 
 tance of five or six miles from the latter. The 
 highest point in the Maredosia above low water 
 in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the 
 Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is 
 believed, at some time, to have served as a 
 channel for the Mississippi. 
 
 MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled 
 in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a 
 city, in 1893; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, 
 on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is 
 in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- 
 trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed 
 milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 trie lights, has six churches, good schools and 
 two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; 
 (1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005. 
 
 MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of 
 St. Louis. Several of its earliest settlers were 
 sua captains from the East, from whom the 
 "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- 
 lation (1880) 774; (1890.), 637; (1900), 666. 
 
 MARION, the county-seat of Williamson 
 County, 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the 
 Illinois Central and Chicago A: Eastern Illinois 
 Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has 
 cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- 
 works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed 
 hrick factory, six churches, a graded school, and 
 three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338; (1900), 2,510. 
 
 MARION COUNTY, located near the center of 
 the southern half of the State, with an area of 
 580 square miles ; was organized in 1823, and, by 
 the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. 
 About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- 
 ucts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The 
 remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the 
 tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash 
 Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth 
 of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large 
 portion of the county is underlaid with a thin 
 vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper 
 coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are 
 also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are 
 afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & 
 Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, 
 but Centralia is the largest and most important 
 town, being a railroad junction and center of an 
 extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving 
 town at the junction of the Illinois Central and 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. 
 
 MARISSA, a village of St. Clair County, on the 
 St Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles 
 southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and 
 mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and 
 a magazine. Population (1890), 876; (1900), 1,086. 
 
 MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur 
 and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has 
 three elevators, an agricultural implement fao- 
 tory, water-works system, electric light plant, 
 telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, 
 three churches and a graded school. Population 
 (1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213. 
 
 MARQUETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French 
 missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, 
 in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, 
 twelve years later (1666), was ordained a priest. 
 
 The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at 
 Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- 
 self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, 
 in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to 
 Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of 
 Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- 
 tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, 
 founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a 
 rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Joliet on 
 his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the 
 two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and 
 reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting 
 translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the 
 expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- 
 ration of the Mississippi,'' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- 
 tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- 
 ping for some time among the Indians near 
 "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much 
 broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders 
 from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- 
 sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In 
 December he reached the present site of Chicago, 
 where he was compelled to halt because of 
 exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his 
 journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much 
 suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- 
 gably and making many converts, failing health 
 compelled him to start on his return to Macki- 
 nac. Before the voyage was completed he died, 
 May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which 
 long bore his name — but is not the present Mar 
 quette River — on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan. His remains were subsequently removed to 
 Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to 
 explain the lake tides, and modern science has 
 not improved his theory. 
 
 MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in 
 La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 
 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- 
 cellent water power is furnished by a dam across 
 the river. The city has several factories, among 
 the leading products being flour, paper and 
 agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the 
 vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to 
 support three elevators. There are three papers 
 (one daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900), 
 2,559; (1903, est.), 3,100. 
 
 MARSH, Benjamin F., Congressman, born in 
 Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111. , was edu- 
 cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, 
 leaving the latter institution one year before 
 graduation. He read law under the tutelage of his 
 brother, Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 353 
 
 admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. 
 Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861, 
 he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to 
 Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No 
 cavalry having been called for, the Governor felt 
 constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. 
 Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private 
 in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi- 
 ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov- 
 ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his 
 readiness to accept his cavalry company. 
 Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- 
 pany within a few days, of which he was com- 
 missioned Captain, and which was attached to 
 the Second Illinois Cavalry. He served in the 
 army until January, 1866, being four times 
 wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On 
 his return home he interested himself in politics. 
 In 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the 
 State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, 
 was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
 trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. 
 In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail- 
 road and Warehouse Commission, serving until 
 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress 
 from his old district, which, under the new 
 apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was 
 re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the 
 Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the 
 House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Militia. 
 
 MARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, 
 N. Y., May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton 
 Academy and Union College, graduating from 
 the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in 
 the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca 
 until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, 111. Here 
 he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- 
 ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, 
 until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- 
 ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. 
 
 MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County, 
 and an incorporated city, 16 \i miles southwest of 
 Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding 
 country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. 
 The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, 
 and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, 
 eight churches and a good public school system, 
 which includes city and township high schools, 
 and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; 
 (1900), 2,077. 
 
 MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 
 1824; studied law and soon after located at 
 McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member 
 of the lower house of the Fifteenth General 
 Assembly, but resigned, early in the following 
 year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 
 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 
 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865; was delegate 
 from the State-at-large to the Charleston and 
 Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the 
 National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary 
 vote of his party in the Legislature for United 
 States Senator, and was similarly honored in the 
 Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- 
 cratic support for Speaker of the House. He 
 was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 
 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 
 1875, when he returned to the practice of his 
 profession. Died, July 26, 1890. 
 
 MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- 
 central part of the State, with an area of 400 
 square miles — named for Chief Justice John Mar- 
 shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and 
 county organization was effected in 1839. The 
 Illinois River bisects the county, which is also 
 drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- 
 ally level prairie, except along the river, although 
 occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, 
 corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple 
 agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great 
 number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon 
 is the county -seat. Population (1880), 15,053; 
 (1890), 13,653; (1900), 16,370. 
 
 MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman 
 and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., 
 August 19, 1826, educated in the common 
 schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied his 
 parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion 
 County. He served as a non-commissioned 
 officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was 
 elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which 
 office he filled for twelve years. By profession he 
 is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when 
 not in public or military life. For a number of 
 years he was a member of the Republican State 
 Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh 
 Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war, 
 brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home 
 he was elected County Judge of Marion County, 
 and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension 
 Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, hav- 
 ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 
 
354 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- 
 gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army 
 for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90. 
 
 MARTINSVILLE, a village of Clark County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
 Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has 
 two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 
 663; (1890), 779; (1900). 1,000. 
 
 MASCOTJTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 
 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- 
 ville, on the line of the Louisville & Nashville 
 Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the 
 principal industries of the surrounding country. 
 The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, 
 school, churches, and electric line. Population 
 (1880), 2,558; (1890), 2,032; (1900), 2,171. 
 
 MASON, Roswell B., civil engineer, was born 
 in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his 
 boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie 
 Canal, a year later (1822) accepting a position as 
 rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer 
 in charge of construction. Subsequently he was 
 employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, 
 on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, 
 finally, chief and superintendent. Other works 
 with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar 
 capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the 
 Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the 
 Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came 
 west and took charge of the construction of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required 
 five years for its completion. The next four 
 years were spent as contractor in the construction 
 of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1S60, when 
 he became Superintendent of the Chicago & 
 Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 
 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the 
 land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
 which he retained until 18G7. The next two 
 years were occupied in the service of the State in 
 lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city 
 of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of 
 his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, 
 testing his executive ability to the utmost. From 
 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of 
 the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of 
 the incorporators, and a life-long Director, of the 
 Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- 
 west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892.— Edward Gay (Mason), 
 son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, 
 Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his father's 
 family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he attended 
 school for several years, after which he entered 
 Yale College, graduating there in I860. He then 
 
 studied law, and, later, became a member of the 
 law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, 
 in conjunction with two brothers, organized the 
 firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a 
 real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason 
 was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical 
 Festival, which was instrumental in bringing 
 Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became 
 President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the 
 successor of Elihu B. Washburne, retaining the 
 position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During 
 his incumbency, the commodious building, now 
 occupied by the Historical Society Library, was 
 erected, and he added largely to the resources of 
 the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts 
 and other historical records. He was the author 
 of several historical works, including "Illinois in 
 the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its 
 Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and 
 the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of 
 James Willing — An Episode of the American 
 Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled 
 "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub- 
 lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- 
 ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a 
 Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of 
 his death, was prominently talked of for President 
 of that institution, as successor to President 
 Timothy Dwight. 
 
 MASON, William E., United States Senator, 
 was born at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County, 
 N. Y., July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents 
 to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated 
 at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham 
 College. From 1SG6 to 1870 he taught school, the 
 last two j-ears at Des Moines. In that city he 
 studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who 
 afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 
 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- 
 ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- 
 tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower house 
 of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the 
 State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- 
 lican candidate for Congress in the Third Illinois 
 District (then strongly Republican), but, owing 
 to party dissensions, was defeated by James H. 
 Ward, a Democrat. In 1886, and again in 1888, 
 he was elected to Congress, but, in 1890, was 
 defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. 
 He is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. 
 In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, 
 receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for 
 John P. Altgeld. the Democratic candidate. 
 
 MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason 
 County, at the intersection of the Chicago & 
 
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 355 
 
 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of 
 Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. 
 Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, 
 it is an important shipping point for that com- 
 modity. It has four churches, two banks, two 
 newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- 
 vators and a carriage factory. Population (1880), 
 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890. 
 
 MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a 
 population of about 2,000; population (1900), 
 17,491, and area of 560 square miles, — named for a 
 county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest 
 of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- 
 mon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- 
 aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The 
 chief staple is corn, and the comity offers excel- 
 lent opportunities for viticulture. The American 
 pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. 
 Ossian B Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832. 
 Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said 
 to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen 
 as the county seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor 
 for a few years, the county offices being per- 
 manently removed to the former point in 1851. 
 Mason City is an important shipping point on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad 
 
 MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND 
 ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons.) 
 
 MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern 
 county of the State and one of the smallest, its 
 area, being but little more than 240 square miles, 
 with a population (1900) of 13,110— named for 
 Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is 
 hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands 
 along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to 
 frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the 
 natural resources consists of timber — oak, wal- 
 nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and Cottonwood 
 abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every 
 town, and considerable grain and tobacco are 
 raised. The original settlers were largely from 
 Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- 
 tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio 
 River, is the county -seat. It was laid off in 1839, 
 although Massac County was not separately 
 organized until 1843. At Massac City may be 
 seen the ruins of the early French fort of that 
 name. 
 
 MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name 
 commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence 
 which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An 
 arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- 
 ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and 
 having given the names of a large number of the 
 
 alleged members, popular excitement rose to 
 fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- 
 lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary 
 that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and 
 County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue 
 of opposition to these irregular tactics. This 
 served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed 
 activity. Many persons were forced to leave the 
 county on suspicion, and others tortured into 
 making confession. In consequence, some leading 
 "regulators" were thrown into jail, only to be soon 
 released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff 
 and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud 
 rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- 
 sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to 
 restore order through mediation, and the ordinary 
 processes of law were also found unavailing. 
 Judge Scates was threatened with lynching 
 Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, 
 and these surrendered upon promise of personal 
 immunity from violence. This pledge was not 
 regarded, several members of the posse being led 
 away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, 
 were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- 
 ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff 
 and his supporters were once more ordered to 
 leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed 
 each other in quick succession. To remedy this 
 condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted 
 a law creating district courts, under the provi- 
 sions of which a Judge might hold court in any 
 county in his circuit. This virtually conferred 
 upon the Judge the right to change the venue at 
 his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased 
 by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this 
 legislation was highly beneficial in restoring 
 quiet, although the embers of the feud still 
 smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame 
 for several years thereafter. 
 
 MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in 
 Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a 
 Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, 
 came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- 
 tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar; served in the Third 
 Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- 
 tures (1820-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly 
 organized county of Sangamon, where he was 
 appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in 
 office eighteen years, also for some years holding, 
 at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, 
 Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while 
 County Clerk, in 1839.— Noah W. (Matheny), son 
 of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., 
 July 31, 1815; was assistant of his father in the 
 
350 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and, 
 on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was 
 elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- 
 secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 
 30, 1877— James H. (Matheny), another son, 
 born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County ; served in 
 his youth as Clerk in various local offices; was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 elected Circuit Clerk in 1852, at the close of his 
 term beginning the practice of law; was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred 
 and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 
 1802, and, after the siege of Vicksburg, served as 
 Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he 
 resigned. He then returned to his profession, 
 but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- 
 mon County, holding the office by repeated re- 
 elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, — having 
 resided in Springfield 68 years. 
 
 MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was 
 born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford 
 County, Conn. ; in early manhood was engaged 
 for a time in business in New York City, but, in 
 the spring of 1818, came to Kaskaskia, 111., where 
 he soon after became associated in business with 
 James L. Lamb and others. This firm was 
 afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade 
 with New Orleans. Later he became one of the 
 founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. 
 Mather was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Second General Assembly from Randolph 
 County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for 
 a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the 
 Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, 
 resigned to accept an appointment from Presi- 
 dent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to 
 locate the military road from Independence to 
 Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the 
 Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 
 1822 he was one of the most determined oppo- 
 nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery 
 Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to 
 the House and, in 1832, to the Senate for a term 
 oi four years. He also served as Colonel on the 
 staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the 
 United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having 
 removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- 
 nent in business affairs there in connection with 
 his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb; in 1837 
 was appointed a member of the first Board of 
 Fund Commissioners for the State under the 
 internal improvement system; also served seven 
 years as President of the Springfield branch of 
 the State Bank ; was connected, as a stock- 
 
 holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & 
 Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from 
 Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and 
 was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- 
 cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until 
 his death, Colonel Mather served as one of the 
 Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and 
 was a liberal contributor to the endowment of 
 that institution. His death occurred during a 
 visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853. 
 
 MATTESON, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly 
 elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born 
 in Watertown, N. Y., August 8, 1808; after some 
 experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 
 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman 
 in the construction of the first railroad in that 
 State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he 
 became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at 
 Juliet. After serving three terms in the State 
 Senate, he was elected Governor in 1852, and, in 
 1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the 
 United States Senatorship. At the close of his 
 gubernatorial term he was complimented by the 
 Legislature, and retired to private life a popular 
 man. Later, there were developed grave scandals 
 in connection with the refunding of certain 
 canal scrip, with which his name — unfortunately 
 — was connected. He turned over property to 
 the State of the value of nearly 8250,000, for its 
 indemnification." He finally took up his resi- 
 dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable 
 time in travel in Europe. He was for many 
 years the lessee and President of the Chicago & 
 Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. 
 
 MATTHEWS, Asa C, ex-Comptroller of the 
 United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 
 111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- 
 lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three 
 years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- 
 field to enlist in the army, and was elected and 
 commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, 
 being mustered out of the service in August, 
 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District 
 composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 
 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General 
 Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was 
 re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the 
 death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton 
 appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus 
 created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his 
 term expiring it 1885. In 1888 he was elected to 
 
HISTOKK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 :357 
 
 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was 
 chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, 
 President Harrison named him First Comp- 
 troller of the United States Treasury, and the 
 House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- 
 fication at his selection. Since retiring from 
 office, Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention 
 to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield. 
 
 MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- 
 ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 184G, 
 educated in the common schools, and, near the 
 close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment; 
 began teaching in Champaign County in 18(i"i. 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; 
 in 1873 was appointed Master in Chancery, served 
 two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, 
 was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 
 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The 
 Champaign County Herald," of which he was 
 also proprietor. During his last session in the 
 State Senate (1891-92) he served as President pro 
 tem. of that body; was also President of the 
 State Press Association and served on the staff of 
 Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the 
 Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 
 10, 1892. 
 
 MATTOON, an important city in Coles County, 
 172 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles 
 west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for 
 three lines of railway, and an important shipping 
 point for corn and broom corn, which are botli 
 extensively grown in the surrounding region. It 
 has several banks, foundries, machine shops, 
 brick and tile works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, 
 with two daily and four weekly newspapers; also 
 has good graded schools and a high school. The 
 repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. 
 Population (1890), 6,833; (1900), 9,622. 
 
 MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, 
 was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated 
 in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's 
 Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- 
 ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort 
 Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- 
 ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he 
 was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. 
 Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- 
 noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in 
 Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent- 
 ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 
 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., 
 where he died, Nov. 5, 1859. 
 
 MAY, William L., early lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day 
 
 to Edwardsville, 111., and afterwards to Jackson- 
 ville; was elected from Morgan County to the 
 Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year 
 removed to Springfield, having been appointed by 
 President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for 
 the Land Office there He was twice elected to 
 Congress (1834 and '36), the first year defeating 
 Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. 
 Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but 
 finally removed to California, where lie died. 
 
 MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- 
 marle County Va., March 7, 1810; came to 
 Edwards County, 111., in 1828, and began teach- 
 ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War 
 (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds 
 Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that 
 section of the State. He had previously been 
 appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill 
 a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- 
 tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven 
 years — also acting, for a portion of the time, as 
 Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- 
 urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the 
 Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 
 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having 
 been last seen at the Union Depot at East St. 
 Louis, when about to take the train for his home 
 at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly 
 murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime 
 was ever discovered, and the affair has remained 
 one of the mysteries of the criminal history of 
 Illinois. 
 
 MAYWOOl), a village of Cook County, and 
 suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on 
 the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago 
 Great Western Railways; has churches, two 
 weekly newspapers, public schools and some 
 manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. 
 
 McALLISTER, William K., jurist, was born in 
 Washington County, N. Y., in 1818. After 
 admission to the bar he commenced practice at 
 Albion, N. Y., and, in 1854, removed to Chicago. 
 In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the 
 Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by 
 Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen 
 Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was 
 elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which 
 position he resigned in 1875, having been elected 
 a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to 
 fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term 
 and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1879. 
 He was elected for a third time in 1885, but, 
 before the expiration of his term, he died, Oct. 
 29. 1888. 
 
358 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 McARTHDR, John, soldier, was born in Ers- 
 kme. Scotland, Nov. IT, 1820; worked at his 
 father's trade of blacksmith until 23 j-ears old, 
 when, coming to the United States, he settled in 
 Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- 
 making establishment, later acquiring an estab- 
 lishment of his own. Having joined the Twelfth 
 Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, 
 with a company of which he was Captain, he 
 was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, 
 and, in March, 18C2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral for gallantly in the assault on Fort Donelson, 
 where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh lie 
 was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, 
 returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- 
 mand of the Second Division when Gen. \V. H. L. 
 Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded 
 a division of McPherson's corps in the operations 
 against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in 
 the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a 
 division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet 
 Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General 
 McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 
 to 1877. 
 
 McCAGG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at 
 Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at 
 Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered 
 the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- 
 wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- 
 mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg 
 was an active member of the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission, and (for some years after the 
 fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society; is also 
 a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori- 
 cal Society, besides being identified with several 
 State and municipal boards. His standing in his 
 profession is shown by the fact that he has been 
 more than once offered a non-partisan nomina- 
 tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de- 
 clined. He occupies a high rank in literary circles, 
 as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a 
 large private library collected since the destruction 
 of one of the best in the West by the fire of 1871. 
 
 McCARTNEY, James, lawyer and ex-Attorney 
 General, was born of Scotch parentage in the 
 north of Ireland, Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of 
 age was brought to the United States and, until 
 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents 
 removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he 
 spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile 
 attending a high school and finally engaging in 
 teaching. In 1856 he began the study of law at 
 Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in 
 the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; 
 was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and 
 
 began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- 
 lowing year toGalva. In April, 1861, he enlisted 
 in what afterwards became the Seventeenth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned 
 a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- 
 pelled to resign on account of ill-health. A few 
 months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to a 
 captaincy, although serving much of the time as 
 Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one 
 year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the 
 Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term 
 of service in the army, he resumed the practice 
 of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was 
 nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- 
 General of the State, and, during his last year in 
 office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" 
 which finally terminated successfully for the 
 city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen- 
 eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice 
 of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi- 
 cago, having been a resident of the latter city 
 since 1890. 
 
 McCARTNEY, Robert Wilson, lawyer and 
 jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio, 
 March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in 
 Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- 
 town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the 
 Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded 
 at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and 
 nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. 
 As soon as able to take the field he was commis- 
 sioned, by Governor Curtin, a Captain in the 
 Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in 
 the army of the Potomac to the close of the war, 
 and taking part in the grand review at Washing- 
 ton in May, 1865. After the war he took a course 
 in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to 
 Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon 
 came to Illinois, and, having completed his law 
 studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at 
 Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868 ; also 
 edited a Republican paper there, became inter- 
 ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the 
 founders of the First National Bank of that city. 
 In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac 
 County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was 
 elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- 
 eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the 
 Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 
 1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney 
 was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city 
 of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library 
 bearing his name. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 359 
 
 McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist, 
 was born at Fountain Green, Hancock County, 
 111., July 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch- 
 Irish ancestry —his grandfather, who was a native 
 of the North of Ireland, having come to America 
 in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- 
 tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a 
 farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, 
 then spent the next two winters at an academy, 
 and, in 1850, began a course in Monmouth Col- 
 lege, where he graduated in 18(10. The following 
 year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same 
 institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The 
 Carthage Republican,'' a Democratic paper, 
 which he made a strong advocate of the cause of 
 the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on 
 the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. 
 About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of 
 his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company 
 of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, 
 and which, with four other companies organized 
 in the same section, became the nucleus of the 
 One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. 
 The regiment having been completed at Camp 
 Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the 
 field in the following fall, took part in General 
 Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by 
 way of Chickasavv T Bayou, in December, 1862. 
 Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- 
 eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his 
 regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in 
 the operations against Vicksburg which resulted 
 in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. 
 He then joined the Department of the Gulf under 
 command of General Banks, but was compelled 
 by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently 
 recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- 
 ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was 
 transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the 
 Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with 
 the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty 
 at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- 
 nois regiments as mustered out of the service, 
 until Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- 
 charged. A few weeks later he was elected 
 County Clerk of Hancock Count}-, serving four 
 years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone 
 business, as head of the firm of R. W. McClaughry 
 & Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the 
 State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across 
 the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk — later 
 being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- 
 vieve, Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Com- 
 pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his 
 residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was 
 
 called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- 
 tiary at Joliet. Here lie remained until December, 
 1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- 
 tendency of the Industrial Reformatory at 
 Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted 
 from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of 
 Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under 
 Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he 
 became Superintendent of the Illinois State 
 Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was 
 again offered and accepted the position of Warden 
 of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- 
 mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- 
 dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the 
 Military Prison at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., 
 which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- 
 Claughry's administration of penal and reforma- 
 tory institutions lias been eminently satisfactoiy, 
 and he has taken rank as one of the most success- 
 ful penologists in the country. 
 
 McCLELLAX, Robert H., lawyer and banker, 
 was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 
 1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
 in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. 
 Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the liar in 
 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ; 
 during his first winter there, edited "The Galena 
 Gazette," and the following spring formed a 
 partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards 
 General Solicitor and President of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which ended with the removal 
 of the latter to Chicago, when Mr McClellan 
 succeeded him as local attorney of the road at 
 Galena. In 1834 Mr. McClellan became President 
 of the Bank of Galena — later the "National Bank 
 of Galena" — remaining for over twenty years. 
 He is also largely interested in local manufac- 
 tories and financial institutions elewhere. He 
 served as a Republican Representative in the 
 Twenty -second General Assembly (1861-62), and 
 as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank 
 as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, 
 public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been 
 prominently connected with all movements for 
 the improvement of his locality and the advance- 
 ment of the interests of the State. 
 
 McCLERXAXD, John Alexander, a volunteer 
 officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- 
 cratic politician, was born in Breekemidge 
 County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- 
 town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832. 
 and engaged in journalism for a time. He served 
 in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the 
 Legislature in 1836, and again in 1840 and '42. 
 The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 
 
360 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF. ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing four consecutive terms, but declining a 
 renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- 
 ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice 
 (1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on 
 the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to 
 Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as 
 Representative of the Springfield District; was 
 re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept 
 a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers 
 from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- 
 General early in 1862. He participated in the 
 1 Kit ties of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and 
 before Vicksburg. and was in command at the 
 capture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- 
 cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg 
 campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- 
 eral Grant. Having finally been restored by 
 order of President Lincoln, he participated in the 
 campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned 
 his commission in 1864. General McClernand 
 presided over the Democratic National Conven- 
 tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah 
 Commission, serving through President Harri- 
 son's administration. He was also elected 
 Circuit Judge in 1S70, as successor to Hon. B. S. 
 Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. 
 MiCLURl*, Alexander C, soldier and pub- 
 lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in 
 Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- 
 facturer. He graduated at Miami University, 
 Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time 
 with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came 
 to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of 
 S. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 
 1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the 
 Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men 
 being already full, his services were not accepted. 
 In August, 1862, he became a member of the 
 "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the 
 Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of 
 Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected 
 Captain of Company H. After the battle of 
 Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at 
 Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the 
 position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the 
 staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a 
 similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas, 
 Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense 
 i if Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary 
 Ridge, had two horses shot under him; was also- 
 with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta 
 campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. 
 Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and 
 brevetted Brigadier-General — later, being pre- 
 
 sented with a sword bearing the names of the 
 principal battles in which he was engaged, 
 besides being especially complimented in letters 
 by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird. Mitchell, 
 Davis and others. He was invited to enter the 
 regular army at the close of the war, but pre- 
 ferred to return to private life, and resumed his 
 former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon 
 after becoming a junior partner in the concern, 
 of which he has since become the chief. In the 
 various mutations through which this extensive 
 firm has gone, General MeClurg has been a lead- 
 ing factor until now (and since 1887) he stands 
 at the head of the most extensive publishing firm 
 west of New York. 
 
 McCONJiEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was 
 born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, and 
 educated in the common schools; left home at 
 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, 
 spent several years flat-boating, trading and 
 hunting in the West, during this period visiting 
 Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a 
 farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located 
 in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111., but 
 when the town of Jacksonville was laid out, 
 became a citizen of that place. During the Black 
 Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on 
 the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank of 
 Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- 
 can a member of the Board of Public Works for 
 the First Judicial District, in this capacity having 
 charge of the construction of the railroad between 
 Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the 
 Northern Cross Railroad) — the first public rail- 
 road built in the State, and the only one con- . 
 structed during the "internal improvement" era 
 following 1837. He also held a commission from 
 Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- 
 litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce 
 Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but 
 retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from 
 the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre- 
 sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan 
 County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State 
 Senate for the District composed of Morgan, 
 Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, 
 serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- 
 crat and a delegate to the Democratic National 
 Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter 
 of the war policy of the Government, and was 
 one of four Democratic Senators, in the General 
 Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification 
 of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National 
 Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United 
 States. His death occurred by assassination, by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 361 
 
 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson- 
 ville, Feb. 9, 1869.— John Ludlum (McConnel), 
 son of the preceding, was bom in Jacksonville, 
 111., Nov. 11, 1826, studied law and graduated at 
 Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a 
 private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- 
 tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle 
 of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. 
 After the war he returned to Jacksonville and 
 wrote several books illustrative of Western life 
 and character, which were published between 
 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death — Jan. 
 17, 1862 — he was engaged in the preparation of a 
 "History of Early Explorations in America," hav- 
 ing special reference to the labors of the early 
 Roman Catholic missionaries. 
 
 McCONNELL, (Gen). Jolin, soldier, was born 
 in Madison Count}-, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1824, and came 
 with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen 
 years of age. His father (James McConnell) was 
 a native of Ireland, who came to the United 
 States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after 
 remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- 
 gamon County, 111., locating a few miles south of 
 Springfield, where he engaged extensively in 
 sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- 
 gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders 
 of the State Agricultural Society, being President 
 of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its 
 organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. 
 The subject of this sketch was engaged with his 
 father and brothers in the farming and stock 
 business until 1861, when he raised a company 
 for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was 
 elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- 
 ing until March, 1863, during that time taking 
 part in some of the important battles of the war 
 in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and 
 was highly complimented by his commander, 
 Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three 
 months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was 
 commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was 
 commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- 
 mission being signed by President Lincoln on 
 April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night 
 of his assassination. During the latter part of 
 his service, General McConnell was on duty in 
 Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 
 1865. After the death of his father, and until 
 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising 
 and farming, being for a time the owner of 
 several extensive farms in Sangamon County, 
 but. in 1879, engaged in the insurance business 
 in Springfield, where he died. March 14, 1898. 
 
 McCONNELL, Samuel P., son of the preceding, 
 was born at Springfield, 111., on July 5, 1849. 
 After completing his literary studies he read law 
 at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & 
 Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon 
 after establishing himself in practice in Chicago. 
 After various partnerships, in which he was asso- 
 ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was 
 elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
 in 1889. to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when 
 he resigned to give his attention to private prac- 
 tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon 
 the bench. Judge McConnell was called upon, 
 soon after Iris election, to preside at the trial of 
 the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder 
 case, in which he displayed great ability. He has 
 also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number 
 of civil suits of great importance affecting cor- 
 porations. 
 
 McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- 
 facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15, 
 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- 
 cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the 
 manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his 
 first finished machine being produced in 1831. 
 Though he had been manufacturing for years 
 in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his 
 first machine was shipped to the West, and, 
 in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view to 
 establishing its manufacture in the heart of the 
 region where its use would be most in demand. 
 One of his early partners in the business was 
 William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known 
 in connection with Chicago's railroad history. 
 The business grew on his hands until it became 
 one of the largest manufacturing interests in the 
 United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, 
 and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." 
 and having united it with "The Herald," which 
 he already owned, a few months later sold the 
 consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The 
 Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the 
 Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint 
 stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 
 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January, 
 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the 
 beginning of the following year, it became the 
 property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with 
 Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager 
 ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work 
 was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- 
 terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which 
 goes by his name. His death occurred. May 13, 
 1884, after a business life of almost unprece- 
 
362 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 dented success, and after conferring upon the 
 agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable 
 value. 
 
 Mccormick theolocjical seminary, a 
 
 Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- 
 ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- 
 nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 
 1859 the late Cyrus H. McCormick donated §100,- 
 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, 
 where it was opened in September, with a class 
 of fifteen students. Since then nearly S300.000 
 have been contributed toward a building fund by 
 Mr. McCormick and his heirs, besides numerous 
 donations to the same end made by others. The 
 number of buildings is nine, four being for the 
 general purposes of the institution (including 
 dormitories), and five being houre3 for the pro- 
 fessors. The course of instruction covers three 
 annual terms of seven months each, and includes 
 didactic and polemic theology, biblical and 
 ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral 
 theology, church government and the sacra- 
 ments, New Testament literature and exegesis, 
 apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The 
 faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct 
 professor, and one instructor in elocution and 
 vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are 
 enrolled, including post-graduates. 
 
 McCULLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; 
 received his academic education at Marshall Col- 
 lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 
 1852. Then, after spending some six months as 
 a teacher in his native village, he came west, 
 arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- 
 ducted a private school for two years, when, in 
 1855, he began the study of law in the office of 
 Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar 
 in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies 
 he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria 
 County, serving, by successive re-elections, three 
 terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he 
 was taken into partnership with his old precep- 
 tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 
 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth 
 Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of 
 Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- 
 elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of 
 this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate 
 Court for the Third Appellate District. On 
 retiring from the bench, Judge McCulloch entered 
 into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, 
 which is still maintained. Politically, Judge 
 McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during 
 the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 
 
 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, 
 although, as the result of questions arising during 
 the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial 
 support to the policy of President McKinley. In 
 religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick 
 Theological Seminary at Chicago. 
 
 McCTFLLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of 
 Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, 
 Franklin County, Pa. , May 4, 1843 ; in 1854 came 
 with his father to Urbana, 111., and grew up on a 
 farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as 
 could be obtained in the public schools. In 1862, 
 at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in 
 Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and served during the next three years 
 in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, 
 meanwhile participating in the campaign against 
 Vicksburg, and, near the close of the war, in the 
 operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 
 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort 
 Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to 
 pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation 
 near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred 
 in July, 1865. Returning home he spent a year in 
 school at Urbana, after which he was a student in 
 the Soldiers' College at Fulton, 111., for two years. 
 He then (1868) entered the office of the County 
 Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- 
 ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, 
 serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The 
 latter year he received the nomination of the 
 Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 and, at the November election, was elected by a 
 plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic 
 opponent. He was serving his sixth term as 
 County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having 
 received the nomination of his party on each 
 occasion without opposition. 
 
 McDANXOLI), John J., lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Brown County, 111., August 
 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- 
 mon schools of his native county and in a private 
 school ; graduated from the Law Department of 
 the Iowa State University in 1874, and was 
 admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, 
 commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 
 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected 
 County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning 
 his seat in October, 1892, to accept an election by 
 the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as 
 Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. 
 After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. 
 McDannold removed to Chicago, where he 
 engaged in the practice of his profession. 
 
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HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 363 
 
 MeDOXOUGH COUNTY, organized under an 
 act passed, Jan. 25, 1836, and attached, for judicial 
 purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its 
 present area is 580 square miles — named in honor 
 of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement 
 in the county was at Industry, on the site of 
 which William Carter (the pioneer of the 
 county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John 
 Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in 
 the following year. Out of this settlement grew 
 Blandinsville. William Pennington located on 
 Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. 
 Campbell erected the first frame house on the 
 site of the present city of Macomb. The first 
 sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the 
 county, was delivered in the Job settlement by 
 Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early 
 officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; 
 William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- 
 ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first 
 term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and 
 presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The 
 first railway to cross the count}- was the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other 
 lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous 
 railroad centers and shipping points of consider- 
 able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; 
 (1890), 27,167; (1900), 28,412. 
 
 SlcPOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and 
 United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem, 
 Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated 
 at the Albany grammar school, studied law and 
 settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- 
 ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47); then 
 engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized 
 and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del 
 Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling 
 at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of 
 law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of 
 California, served several terms in the State 
 Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- 
 crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 
 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- 
 fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. 
 At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired 
 to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. 
 Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at 
 times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- 
 ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable 
 aid to the Union cause. 
 
 McFARLAXD, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was 
 born in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated 
 at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice 
 for a few years, was invited to assume the man- 
 
 agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the 
 Insane at Concord. Here he remained some 
 eight years, during which he acquired consider- 
 able reputation in the treatment of nervous and 
 mental disorders. In 1854 lie was offered and 
 accepted the position of Medical Superintendent 
 of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital f<* 
 the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his 
 duties in June of that year, and continuing his 
 connection with that institution for a period of 
 more than sixteen years. Having resigned his 
 position in the State Hospital in June, 1870, he 
 soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at 
 Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- 
 ment of insane patients, which he conducted 
 with a great degree of success, and with which 
 he was associated during the remainder of his 
 life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's serv- 
 ices were in frequent request as a medical expert 
 in cases before the courts, invariably, however, 
 on the side of the defense. The last case in which 
 he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles 
 F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Garfield, 
 whom he believed to be insane. 
 
 McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 
 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from 
 that County in the Third and Fourth General 
 Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the 
 Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native 
 of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent 
 of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of 
 those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- 
 tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- 
 rence County until his death in 1851. — James D. 
 (McGahey), a sou of the preceding, was elected 
 to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford 
 County, in 1834, but died during his term of 
 service. 
 
 McGAXX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, 
 was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father 
 having died in 1884, the following year his 
 mother emigrated to the United States, settling 
 at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public 
 schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for 
 fourteen years, found emploj'ment as a shoe- 
 maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service 
 as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed 
 City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 
 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to 
 represent the Second Illinois District in the 
 Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- 
 third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election 
 and received a certificate of election by a small 
 majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). 
 An investigation having shown his defeat, he 
 
364 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- 
 petitor without a contest. He lias large business 
 interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad 
 property, being President of an important elec- 
 tric line. 
 
 McHENRY, a village in McHenry County, situ- 
 ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway. The river is here navigable for 
 steamboats of light draft, which ply between the 
 town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- 
 men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, 
 marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour 
 mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one 
 weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. 
 
 McHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of 
 the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to 
 Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and 
 afterwards became prominent as a legislator and 
 soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832, serving in the latter as Major of 
 the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the 
 battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- 
 ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- 
 eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and 
 Seventh. While serving his last term in the 
 House (1835), he died and was buried at Vandalia, 
 then the State capital. McHenry County— organ- 
 ized by act of the Legislature, passod at a second 
 session during the winter of 1835-36 — was named 
 in his honor 
 
 McHENRY COUNTY, lies in the northern por- 
 tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- 
 consin—named for Gen. William McHenry. Its 
 area is 624 square miles. With what is now the 
 County of Lake, it was erected into a county in 
 1836. the county-seat being at McHenry. Three 
 years later the eastern part was set off as the 
 County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry 
 County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- 
 ical center. The soil is well watered by living 
 springs and is highly productive. Hardwood 
 groves are numerous Fruits and berries are 
 extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- 
 cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass 
 being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are 
 daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- 
 duction of butter and cheese reaches into the 
 millions of pounds. The geological formations 
 comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara 
 groups of rocks Near Fox River are found 
 gravel ridges Vegetable remains and logs of 
 wood have been found at various depths in the 
 drift deposits; in one instance a cedar log. seven 
 inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- 
 two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- 
 
 where, although the most extensive deposits are 
 in the northern half of the county, where they 
 exist in sloughs covering several thousands of 
 acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, 
 and every important village is a railway station. 
 Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- 
 cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 
 26,114; (1900), 29,759. 
 
 McINTOSH, (Capt.) Alexander, was born in 
 Fulton County, N. Y , in 1822; at 19 years of 
 age entered an academy at Gahvay Center, 
 remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 
 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet 
 True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, 
 in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he 
 bought back "The True Democrat," which he 
 edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder 
 of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by 
 President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter- 
 master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 
 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the 
 war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at 
 Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in 
 mercantile business at Wilmington, Will County ; 
 but, in I860, bought "The Wilmington Independ- 
 ent," which he published until 1873. The next 
 year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months 
 after, became political editor of "The Joliet 
 Republican," and was subsequently connected, in 
 a similar capacity, with other papers, including 
 "The Phoenix'" and "The Sun" of the same city. 
 Died, in Joliet, Feb. 2, 1899. 
 
 McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as 
 a private in the War of the Revolution, but later 
 served as Adjutant and in the commissar}- depart- 
 ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and 
 the next year began preaching in his native 
 State, being advanced to the position of Presiding 
 Elder; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- 
 nois falling within his District. Here he remained 
 until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. 
 McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its 
 name from him, together with a donation of 480 
 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn. , March 
 5, 1835. 
 
 McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of 
 Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- 
 rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by 
 Rev. Peter Cartwright. and it may be said to 
 have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal 
 Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September, 
 1827. The first funds for its establishment were 
 subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 365 
 
 uted from their scanty means, SI, 385. Instruc- 
 tion began, Nov. 24, 1838, under Rev. Edward 
 Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made 
 a donation of land to the infant institution, and 
 the school was named in his honor. It cannot be 
 said to have become really a college until 1836, 
 and its first class graduated in 1841. University 
 powers were granted it by an amendment to its 
 charter in 1839. At present the departments are 
 as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, 
 scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- 
 tion owns property to the value of $90,000, includ- 
 ing an endowment of 825,000, and has about 200 
 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten 
 instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) 
 
 McLAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, 
 was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831; gradu- 
 ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- 
 ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in 
 teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- 
 gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and 
 entering the Presbyterian ministrj' in 1860. For 
 three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South 
 America, and later in charge of churches at 
 Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a 
 deacon in July, 18T2, and ordained priest the fol- 
 lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming 
 the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then 
 included the whole State. Subsequently, the 
 dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected 
 therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the 
 head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, 
 church work has been active and effective, and 
 the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago 
 has been founded. His published works include 
 numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides 
 a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote 
 to Doubt" (New York, 1884). 
 
 McLAUGHLIX, Robert K., early lawyer and 
 State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 
 1779; before attaining his majority went to Ken- 
 tucky, and. about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- 
 tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon 
 the practice of law. The first public position 
 held by him seems to-have been that of Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third 
 (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In 
 August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State 
 Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had 
 been Treasurer during the whole Territorial 
 period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a 
 
 citizen of Vandalia, by the removal thither of the 
 State capital a few months later, he continued to 
 reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- 
 quently represented the Fayette District as 
 Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, 
 and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, 
 and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office 
 at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an 
 uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- 
 didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, 
 standing third on the list. He married a Miss 
 Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under 
 whose administration he served as State Treasurer. 
 Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. 
 
 McLE AN, a village pi McLean County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of 
 Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- 
 growing district; has one weekly paper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 500; (1900), 532. 
 
 McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, 
 was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought by 
 his father to Kentucky when four years old, and. 
 at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to 
 Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos- 
 sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and an 
 almost magnetic power .over men, coupled with 
 strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, 
 great command of language, he soon attained 
 prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker. 
 In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in 
 Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel P. 
 Cook, but served only a few months, being de- 
 feated by Cook at the next election. He was 
 three times elected to the Legislature, serving 
 once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen United 
 States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who 
 had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was 
 elected for a second time by a unanimous vote, 
 but lived to serve only one session, dying at 
 Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the 
 public appreciation of the loss which the State 
 had sustained by his death, McLean County was 
 named in his honor. 
 
 McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the 
 State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is 
 central as to the region north of the latitude of 
 St. Louis and about midway between that city 
 and Chicago — was named for John McLean, an 
 early United States Senator. The early immi- 
 grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- 
 tucky and New York were well represented. The 
 county was organized in 1830, the population at 
 that time being about 1,200. The greater portion 
 of the surface is high, undulating prairie, with, 
 occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 
 
366 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 creek bottoms are found black walnut, sycamore, 
 buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy 
 ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. 
 The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, 
 brown loam) , and the entire county is underlaid 
 with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- 
 ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. 
 Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- 
 taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and 
 gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in 
 depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring 
 for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five 
 feet of the clay common to this formation. The 
 upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is 
 No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4 ; 
 the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The 
 principal towns are Bloomington (the county- 
 seat). Normal, Lexington, LeRoy and Chenoa. 
 Population (1800), 03,036; (1900), 67,843. 
 
 MeLEAN'SBORO, a city and the county-seat of 
 Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- 
 ville & Nashville Railroad, 102 miles east south- 
 east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of 
 Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- 
 gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, 
 supporting three banks and six churches. Two 
 weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- 
 tion (1880). 1,341; (1890), 1,355; (1900), 1,758. 
 
 McMULLIN, James C, Railway Manager, was 
 born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 183(1; began 
 work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great 
 Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., 
 May, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he 
 accepted the position of Freight Agent of the 
 Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- 
 mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- 
 ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in 
 September, 1864, became Superintendent of the 
 Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- 
 wards successively filling the positions of Assist- 
 ant General Superintendent (1867), General 
 Superintendent (1868-78) and General Manager 
 (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- 
 President, remaining in office some ten years, 
 when ill-health compelled his retirement. Died, 
 in Chicago, Dec. 30, 1896. 
 
 McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, 
 was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb 20, 1801 ; 
 removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, 
 Ind., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., 
 settling in Henderson Township. He was elected 
 Representative in the Tenth General Assembly 
 (1836), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. 
 In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
 
 the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being 
 the first to hold the office under the Constitution 
 adopted that year. In 1862 he assisted in raising 
 the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, 
 was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was 
 compelled to accept a discharge on account of 
 failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. 
 
 McNEELEY, Thompson \V., lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 
 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, 
 Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year 
 he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- 
 sue his professional studies, attending the Law 
 University at Louisville, Ky., from which insti- 
 tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member 
 of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
 chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented 
 his District in Congress, resuming his practice 
 at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- 
 ment. 
 
 Mc>'ULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
 was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received 
 an academic education, was admitted to the bar, 
 and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while 
 yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as 
 a private in the Union army, and served until 
 August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank 
 of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and 
 Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he 
 was a member of the lower house of the General 
 Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was 
 elected to the Forty -third Congress, as a Repub- 
 lican. General McNulta has been prominent in 
 the councils of the Republican party, standing 
 second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, 
 in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as 
 Permanent President of the State Convention of 
 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest 
 advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for 
 President. Some of his most important work, 
 within the past few years, has been performed in 
 connection with receiverships of certain railway 
 und other corporations, especially that of the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 
 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National 
 Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22, 1900. 
 
 McPHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- 
 scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, 
 was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 
 19, 1850; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, 
 and graduated at Princeton, N. J. , in 1874. Then, 
 after a year*s service as teacher of mathematics 
 at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 367 
 
 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- 
 ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled 
 through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was 
 licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery 
 in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- 
 toral labor at East Orange, N. J ; when he ac- 
 cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church 
 of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, 
 when he tendered his resignation to accept the 
 position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- 
 atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. 
 
 McROBERTS, .Install, jurist, was born in 
 Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated 
 from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied 
 law at Danville, 111., with bis brother Samuel, 
 and, in 1842, entered the law department of 
 Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, 
 after which he at once began practice. In 184G 
 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- 
 paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of 
 his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was 
 appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held 
 for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit 
 Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- 
 cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, 
 but died a few months after his last election. 
 
 McROBERTS, Samuel, United States Sena- 
 tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 
 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 
 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk 
 of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed 
 Circuit Judge, which office he held for three 
 years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, 
 representing the district comprising Monroe, 
 Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was 
 appointed United States District Attorney by 
 President Jackson, but soon resigned to become 
 Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by 
 appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 
 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at 
 "Washington. Resigning the latter office in the 
 fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois 
 Legislature he was elected United States Senator 
 to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843, being suc- 
 ceeded by James Semple. 
 
 McYICKER, James Hubert, actor and theat- 
 rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 
 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the 
 death of his father in infancy and the necessity 
 of assisting to support his widowed mother, he 
 early engaged in various occupations, until, at 
 the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the 
 office of "The St. Louis Republican," three years 
 
 later becoming a journeyman printer. He first 
 appeared on the stage in the St. Charles Theater, 
 New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was prin- 
 cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- 
 maining until 1852, when he made a tour of the 
 country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 
 1855 he made a tour of England and, on his 
 return, commenced building his first Chicago 
 theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was 
 conducted with varied fortune until burned down 
 in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled 
 from time to time, it burned down a second time 
 in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires 
 having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy 
 burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. 
 McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882, 
 from that date giving his attention entirely to 
 management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree 
 the respect and confidence, not only of the 
 profession, but of the general public. Died -in 
 Chicago, March 7, 1896. 
 
 McWILLIAMS, David, banker, Dwight, 111., 
 was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834 ; 
 was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on 
 a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the 
 office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" 
 as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the 
 lumber trade with his father, the management of 
 which devolved upon him a few years later. In 
 the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
 graduate ; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston 
 County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- 
 cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed 
 to that point a few months previous. Here he 
 erected the first store building in the town, and 
 put in a $2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- 
 tal, remaining in the mercantile business for 
 eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the 
 establishment seven years longer. In the mean- 
 time, while engaged in merchandising, he began 
 a banking business, which was enlarged on his 
 retirement from the former, receiving his entire 
 attention. The profits derived from his banking 
 business were invested in farm lands until he 
 became one of the largest land-owners in Living- 
 ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the 
 original members of the first Methodist Episcopal 
 Church organized at Dwight, and has served as a 
 lay delegate to several General Conferences of 
 that denomination, as well as a delegate to the 
 Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also 
 been a liberal contributor to the support of vari- 
 ous literary and theological institutions of the 
 church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 
 
m 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. 
 In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has 
 repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- 
 ventions of that party, including the Bloomington 
 Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for 
 Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the 
 Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- 
 tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- 
 tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the 
 Holy Land, during 1898-99. 
 
 MECHANICSBURU, a village of Sangamon 
 County, near the Wabash Railway, 13 miles east 
 of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 
 426; (1900), 470. 
 
 MEDILL, Joseph, editor and newspaper pub- 
 lisher, was born, April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now 
 a part of the city) of St. John, N. B. , of Scotch- 
 Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot 
 descent. At nine years of age he accompanied 
 his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he 
 enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged 
 to that region and period. He entered an acad- 
 emy with a view to preparing for college, but his 
 family having suffered from a fire, he was com- 
 pelled to turn his attention to business; studied 
 law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began 
 practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas 
 County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism 
 by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, 
 learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 
 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he 
 assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers 
 as assistants in various capacities. The name of 
 this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which 
 he soon changed to "The Republican," in which 
 he dealt vigorous blows at political and other 
 abuses, which several times brought upon him 
 assaults from his political opponents — that being 
 the style of political argument in those days. 
 Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- 
 lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at 
 Cleveland — a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- 
 ties. The following year "The Forest City" was 
 consolidated with "The Free- Democrat," a Free- 
 Soil paper under the editorship of John C. 
 Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new 
 paper taking the name of "The Cleveland 
 Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of 
 Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the 
 consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery 
 in one compact organization. In this he was 
 aided by the introduction of the Kansas- Nebraska 
 Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and, before 
 its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had 
 begun to agitate the question of a union of all 
 
 opposed to that measure in a new party under the 
 name "Republican." During the winter of 
 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- 
 ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago 
 Tribune," which resulted in his visiting Chicago 
 a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- 
 est in the paper, his connection with the concern 
 dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost 
 immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who 
 had been editor of "The Galena Jefferson ian," 
 and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred 
 Cowles. who had been associated with him on 
 "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed 
 the position of managing editor, and, on the 
 retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- 
 chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace 
 White, now of "The New York Evening Post." 
 During the Civil War period he was a zealous 
 supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation 
 policy, and served, for a time, as President of the 
 "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- 
 ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- 
 ernment during the darkest period of the 
 rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the 
 State Constitutional Convention, and, in that 
 body, was the leading advocate of the principle 
 of "minority representation" in the election of 
 Representatives, as it was finally incorporated 
 in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed 
 by President Grant a member of the first Civil 
 Service Commission, representing a principle to 
 which he ever remained thoroughly committed. 
 A few weeks after the great fire of the same 
 year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. 
 The financial condition of the city at the time, 
 and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- 
 culties and responsibilities, which he met in a 
 way to command general approval. During his 
 administration the Chicago Public Library was 
 established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at 
 its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his 
 term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent 
 the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- 
 ously with his return from his European trip, he 
 secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," 
 resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, 
 which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the 
 remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. 
 The growth of the paper in business and influence, 
 from the beginning of his connection with it, was 
 one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily 
 one of the most successful newspaper ventures 
 in the United States, if not in the world. Early 
 in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San 
 Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 369 
 
 mild climate from a chronic disease which had 
 been troubling him for years, but died in that 
 city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- 
 ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous 
 features of his character were a strong individu- 
 ality and indomitable perseverance, which led 
 him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- 
 ous to his death, facts were developed going to 
 show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President 
 Garfield, the position of Postmaster-General, 
 which was declined, when he was tendered the 
 choice of any position in the Cabinet except two 
 which had been previously promised; also, that 
 he was offered a position in President Harrison's 
 Cabinet, in 1889. 
 
 MEDILL, (Maj.) William H., soldier, was 
 born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855, 
 came to Chicago and was associated with "The 
 Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of 
 "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but 
 again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of 
 the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of 
 which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was 
 editor. After a few months' service in Barker's 
 Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- 
 ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry 
 (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election 
 as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- 
 ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By 
 the promotion of his superior officers Captain 
 Medill was finally advanced to the command, 
 and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led 
 his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles 
 of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he 
 had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- 
 ting himself with great credit. A few days after, 
 while attacking a party of rebels who were 
 attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac 
 at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound 
 through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 
 16, 1863. 
 
 MEEKER, Moses, pioneer, was born in New- 
 ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of 
 white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer 
 expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena, 
 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- 
 ore. He served as Captain of a company in the 
 Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa 
 County, Wis., where he built the first smelting 
 works in that Territory, served in the Territorial 
 Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- 
 tional Convention (1846). A "History of the 
 Early Lead Regions," by him, appears in the 
 sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- 
 
 ety Collections." Died, at Shullsburg, Wis., 
 July 7, 1865. 
 
 MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west 
 of the initial station of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, upon which it is located. It 
 has two or three churches, some manufacturing 
 establishments and one weekly paper. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 2,592. 
 
 MEMBRE, Zenobius, French missionary, was 
 born in France in 1645; accompanied La Salle on 
 his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at 
 Fort Creve-Ceeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended 
 the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682; returned to 
 France and wrote a history of the expedition, 
 and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final 
 expedition; is supposed to have landed with La 
 Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred 
 by the natives in 1687. (See La Salle and Tonty.) 
 
 MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first 
 Lieutenant-Governor, was born at St. Antoine, 
 Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, 
 and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in 
 politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council 
 of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of 
 Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the 
 latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. 
 He was, for several years, Government Agent, 
 and in this capacity negotiated several important 
 treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- 
 tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He 
 was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and 
 generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of 
 office having expired, he retired to private life 
 and the care of his extensive business. He died 
 at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was 
 then considered a large estate. Among his assets, 
 however, were found a large number of promis- 
 sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal 
 friends, besides many uncollectable accounts 
 from poor people, to whom he had sold goods 
 through pure generosity. Menard County was 
 named for him, and a statue in his honor stands 
 in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by 
 the son of his old partner — Charles Pierre Chou- 
 teau, of St. Louis. 
 
 MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical 
 center of the State, and originally a part of 
 Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the 
 Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- 
 kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. 
 Thp count}' was named in honor of Pierre Menard, 
 who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial 
 organization of Illinois. (See Menard, Pierre.) 
 Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 
 
370 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising 
 is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins 
 of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among 
 early American settlers may be mentioned the 
 Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton, Solo- 
 mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of 
 Meadows, Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant 
 are also familiar to early settlers. The county 
 furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for 
 the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- 
 burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, 
 and its population, under the last census, 14,336. 
 In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now 
 extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham 
 Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who 
 marched thence to the Black Hawk War as 
 Captain of a company. 
 
 MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the 
 Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast 
 of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- 
 rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. 
 Population (1880), 652; (1890) 640; (1900), G27. 
 
 MEXDOTA, a city in La Salle County founded 
 in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago, Burlington 
 & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches 
 and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- 
 west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three 
 graded and two high schools, and a public li 
 brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened 
 in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial 
 plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, 
 plow works and a brewery. The city has three 
 banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- 
 rounding country is agricultural and the city has 
 considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
 3,542; (1900), 3,736. 
 
 MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an 
 area of 555 square miles and a population (1900) 
 of 20,945— named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The 
 Mississippi forms the western boundary, and 
 along this river the earliest American settlements 
 were made. William Dennison, a Pennsylvanian, 
 settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, 
 before the expiration of a half dozen years, the 
 Vannattas, Keith, Jackson, Wilson, Fallow, 
 Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- 
 cer County was separated from Warren, and 
 specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, 
 black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation 
 of cereals. A good quality of building stone is 
 found at various points. Aledo is the county- 
 seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the 
 Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced 
 in 1845. 
 
 MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and 
 the first permanent hospital in the State — char- 
 tered in 1847 or 1848 as the "Illinois General 
 Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken 
 toward organization until 1850, when, with a 
 scanty fund scarcely exceeding §150, twelve beds 
 were secured and placed on one floor of a board- 
 ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as 
 nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis and 
 Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first 
 physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the 
 hospital was given in charge of the Sisters "of 
 Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the 
 accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name 
 to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a 
 removal was made to a building previously occu- 
 pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- 
 lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly 
 overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and 
 better arranged building was erected. This 
 edifice it has continued to occupy, although many 
 additions and improvements have been, and are 
 still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the 
 grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing 
 and all the domestic and financial affairs of the 
 institution. The present medical staff (1896) 
 consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, 
 besides three internes, or resident practitioners. 
 
 MEREDOSIl, a town in Morgan County, on 
 the east bank of the Illinois River and on the 
 Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- 
 field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and 
 hunting resort It was the first Illinois River 
 point to be connected with the State capital by 
 railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 621 ; (1900), 700. 
 
 MERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- 
 tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 
 1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two 
 years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents 
 finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, 
 where he now resides — when not officially em- 
 ployed — pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He 
 was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- 
 ton, and at McKendree College; entered the 
 Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close 
 of the war. During the Civil War period lie was 
 one of the founders of the "Union League of 
 America," which proved so influential a factoi 
 in sustaining the war policy of the Government. 
 He was also a member of the State Constitutional 
 Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- 
 lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as 
 Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 371 
 
 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in 
 the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- 
 blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President 
 McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, 
 with headquarters in Chicago.- Thoroughly pa- 
 triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won 
 the respect and confidence of all in every public 
 position he has been called to fill. 
 
 MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- 
 pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, 
 Sept. 16, 1835, entered the Ohio Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, in 18G4, as a travel- 
 ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor 
 of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- 
 cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 
 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, 
 removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The 
 degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio 
 Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. 
 by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has 
 published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 
 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); 
 "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of 
 Christian Experience" (1882); "Digest of Metho- 
 dist Law" (1885) ; and "Outlines of Thought on 
 Probation" (1886). 
 
 MERRITT, John W., journalist, was born in 
 New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and 
 practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James 
 T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to 
 St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 
 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; 
 later, removed to Salem, 111., where he established 
 "The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec- 
 retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third 
 General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The 
 State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor 
 for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. — Thomas 
 E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and 
 politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 
 1834; at six years of age was brought by his 
 father to Illinois, where he attended the common 
 schools and later learned the trade of carriage- 
 painting. Subsequently he read law, and was 
 admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 
 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly from the Salem 
 District, and was re-elected to the same body in 
 1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two 
 terms in the Senate (1878- '86), making an almost 
 continuous service in the General Assembly of 
 eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- 
 ber of State conventions of his party, and stands 
 as one of its trusted representatives. — Maj.-Gen. 
 
 Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New 
 York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- 
 nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at 
 West Point Military Academy from this State, 
 graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant 
 in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- 
 moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year 
 later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he 
 was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of 
 Brigadier-General of Volunteers in 1862, and 
 being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank 
 of Major-General. He re-entered the regular 
 army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a 
 colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- 
 mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming 
 Major-General. He was in command, for a time, 
 of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his 
 last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- 
 ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- 
 ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning 
 of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the 
 command of the land forces destined for the 
 Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of 
 the Islands. Towards the close of the year he 
 returned to the United States and resumed his old 
 command at New York. 
 
 MESSINGER, John, pioneer surveyor and car- 
 tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass., 
 in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good 
 education, especially in mathematics. Going to 
 Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- 
 penter and mill- wright ; removed to Kentucky in 
 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- 
 ana Territory), locating first in the American 
 Bottom and, later, at New Design within the 
 present limits of Monroe County. Two years 
 later he became the proprietor of a mill, and, 
 between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest 
 schools in St. Clair County. The latter year he 
 took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- 
 lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under 
 William Rector, surveying much of the land in 
 St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, 
 assisting in determining the northern boundary 
 of the State. He also served for a time as a 
 teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; 
 in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, 
 intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- 
 ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and 
 county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the 
 Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, 
 and took part in the steps which resulted in set- 
 ting up a separate Territorial Government for 
 Illinois, the following year. He also received an 
 appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 
 
372 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County under the new Territorial Government; 
 was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to 
 the Convention of 1818, which framed the first 
 State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
 elected a Representative in the First General 
 Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. 
 After leaving New Design, the later years of his 
 life were spent on a farm two and a half miles 
 north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. 
 
 METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on 
 a branch of t lie Chicago & Alton Railroad, 19 
 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty 
 miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a 
 fine farming district. The town has a creamery, 
 soda factory, one bank, three churches, two 
 newspapers, schools and a park. Population 
 (1880) 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the 
 county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when 
 the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. 
 
 METCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in 
 Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828; educated 
 at Madison College in his native State, graduating 
 in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, 
 Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 
 1850. The following year he went to.Appleton, 
 Wis. , but remained only a year, when he removed 
 to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly 
 after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- 
 ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The 
 Alton Courier. " In 1853 he returned to Edwards- 
 ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was 
 appointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney 
 for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 
 he was elected State Senator for a term of four 
 years ; was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate 
 from the Southern Illinois Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- 
 ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of 
 McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more 
 than twenty-five years. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of 
 the most numerous Protestant church organiza- 
 tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. 
 Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect 
 to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. 
 Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It 
 is stated that the first American preacher in the 
 American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). 
 Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first 
 Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- 
 sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) 
 circuit. Revs. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. 
 Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 
 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 
 
 1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership 
 exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in 
 Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. 
 The first Methodist society in that city was 
 organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 
 
 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- 
 creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- 
 bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the 
 early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- 
 nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 
 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, 
 and 151,000 members — the total number of Metho- 
 dists in the United States, by the same census, 
 being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 
 1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,- 
 000, and the total contributions were estimated 
 at 82,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- 
 ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett 
 Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- 
 western Christian Advocate." with a circulation 
 of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. 
 (See also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 METROPOLIS CITY, the county-seat of Massac 
 County, 156' miles southeast of St. Louis, situated 
 on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and 
 Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site 
 of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the 
 French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its 
 industries consist largely of various forms of 
 wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a 
 commercial factor; other establishments turn 
 out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel 
 staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. 
 There are also flouring mills and potteries The 
 city has a public library, two banks, water- 
 works, electric lights, numerous churches, high 
 school and graded schools, ami three papers. 
 Population (1880), 2,668; (1890), 3,573; (1900), 4,069. 
 
 MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war 
 originated in the annexation of Texas to the 
 United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- 
 agreement as to the western boundary of Texas. 
 Mexico complained of encroachment upon her 
 territory, and hostilities began with the battle of 
 Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of 
 peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the 
 City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most 
 prominent figures were President Polk, under 
 whose administration annexation was effected, 
 and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- 
 mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and 
 was elected Polk's successor. Illinois furnished 
 more than her full quota of troops for the strug- 
 gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 373 
 
 25, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling 
 for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, 
 the assessed quota of the State. The response 
 was prompt and general. Alton was named as 
 the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) 
 Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. 
 The regiments mustered in were commanded, 
 respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. 
 Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris 
 Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment 
 (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of 
 Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States 
 Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of 
 Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was 
 made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent 
 two more regiments, for the war, towards the 
 Mexican frontier. These were commanded by 
 Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James 
 Collins. Independent companies were also 
 tendered and accepted. Besides, there were 
 some 150 volunteers who joined the regiments 
 already in the field. Commanders of the inde- 
 pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, 
 of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- 
 ren ; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetovvn, and 
 Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, 
 was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- 
 tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best 
 and bravest sons. After participating in the 
 battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared 
 in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, 
 on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those 
 from Kentucky) were especially complimented in 
 General Taylor's official report. The Third and 
 Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, 
 Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the 
 second of these battles, General Shields fell 
 severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) 
 wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led 
 a gallant charge, and really turned the day at 
 Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably 
 named by General Scott, in his official report, were 
 Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, 
 Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and 
 Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out 
 between May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- 
 pendent companies being the last to quit the 
 service. The total number of volunteers was 
 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 
 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant 
 service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- 
 port to political preferment, and some of the 
 brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved 
 merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- 
 came distinguished soldiers in the War of the 
 
 Rebellion, including such names as John A. 
 Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James 
 D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, 
 W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The 
 cost of the war, with §15,000,000 paid for territory 
 annexed, is estimated at §166,500,000 and the 
 extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 
 square miles — considerably more than the 
 whole of the present territory of the Republic of 
 Mexico. 
 
 MEYER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born 
 in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852; came to Chicago at the 
 age of 12 years; entered the North western Uni- 
 versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- 
 tions and by teaching in a night school, until his 
 third year in the university, when he became a 
 student in the Union College of Law, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from 
 Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly 
 (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- 
 eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of 
 the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- 
 port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of 
 the General Assembly. 
 
 .11 1 AM IS, The. The preponderance of author- 
 ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was 
 originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the 
 date of their separation from the parent stock 
 cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it 
 occurred before the French pushed their explo- 
 rations from Canada westward and southward, 
 into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father 
 Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom 
 he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, 
 near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 
 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. 
 The Iroquois and the British generally knew 
 them as the '"Twightwees," and so they were 
 commonly called by the American colonists. 
 The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same 
 tribe When La Salle founded his colony at 
 Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which 
 could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the 
 Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- 
 maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 
 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix 
 in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages- 
 — one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- 
 mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). 
 They were friendly toward the French until 
 1694, when a large number of them were 
 massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried 
 firearms which had been furnished them by 
 the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was 
 never closed. Having become possessed of guns 
 
374 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to 
 hold their own, but also to extend their hunting 
 grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately 
 warring with the French, British and Americans. 
 General Harrison says of them that, ten years 
 before the treaty of Greenville, they could have 
 brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the 
 finest light troops in the world," but lacking in 
 discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and 
 smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), 
 greatly reduced their numerical strength. The 
 main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, 
 whose residents, because of their superior num- 
 bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands 
 except the Piankeshaws. The physical and 
 moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- 
 ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by 
 little, they ceded their lands to the United States, 
 the money received therefor being chiefly squan- 
 dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and 
 disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- 
 riginal nation gradually drifted westward across 
 the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had 
 emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- 
 nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- 
 tory, but they -have made comparatively little 
 progress toward civilization. (See also Pianke- 
 shaws; Weas.) 
 
 MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in 
 Chicago, under care of the association known as 
 the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 
 this association maintained a small hospital for 
 the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was 
 destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no 
 immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, 
 however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman 
 who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- 
 fornia, bequeathed §97,000 to the organization. 
 With this sum, considerably increased by addi- 
 tions from other sources, an imposing building 
 was erected, well arranged and thoroughly 
 equipped for hospital purposes. The institution 
 thus founded was named after its principal bene- 
 factor. Patients are received without discrimi- 
 nation as to race or religion, and more than half 
 those admitted are charity patients. The present 
 medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and 
 physicians, several of whom are eminent 
 specialists. 
 
 MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The 
 main line of this road extends from Chicago 
 to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities 
 from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the 
 Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. 
 Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in 
 
 Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the 
 total mileage to 1,643.56 miles.— (History.) The 
 company was chartered in 1846, and purchased 
 from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit 
 to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had 
 been begun in 1836. The road was completed to 
 Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached 
 Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the 
 road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part 
 of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt 
 System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are 
 operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the 
 Joliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). 
 The outstanding capital stock (1898) was $18,- 
 738,000 and the funded debt, §19,101,000. Earn- 
 ings in Illinois the same year, 8484.002; total 
 operating expenses, §540,905; taxes, §24,250. 
 
 MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) 
 
 MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- 
 gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar 
 struggle; came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted 
 in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on 
 the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks 
 later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained 
 soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, 
 but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 
 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. 
 
 MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the 
 Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of 
 Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has 
 several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719. 
 
 M1LBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- 
 man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1826. 
 At the age of five years he almost totally lost 
 sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, 
 and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. 
 For a time he was able to decipher letters with 
 difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face 
 of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 
 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's 
 family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, 
 became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a 
 time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- 
 ing, on an average, ten times a week, for §100 per 
 year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, 
 he publicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, 
 who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance 
 and gaming. This resulted in his being made 
 Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 
 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., during which time lie was tried 
 for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free 
 Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 :J75 
 
 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, he 
 took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned 
 to Methodism in 1871. He has since been twice 
 Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three 
 times (1893, "95 and '97) elected to the same posi- 
 tion in the Senate He is generally known as 
 "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable 
 prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on 
 "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among 
 his published writings are, "Rifle, Axe and Sad- 
 dlebags" (1856), "Ten Years of Preacher Life" 
 (1858) and "Pioneers, Preachers and People of the 
 Mississippi Valley" (I860). 
 
 MILCHRIST, Thomas E., lawyer, was born in 
 the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight 
 years, came to America with his parents, who 
 settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school 
 and worked on a farm until the beginning of the 
 Civil War, when he enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 
 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- 
 tain. After the war he read law with John I. 
 Bennett — then of Galena, but later Master in 
 Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago 
 — was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a 
 number of years, served as State's Attorney in 
 Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from 
 Illinois to the Republican National Convention, 
 and the following year was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Harrison United States District Attorney 
 for the Northern District of Illinois. Since 
 retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been 
 engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 
 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- 
 trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General 
 Assembly. 
 
 MILES, Nelson A., Major-General, was born 
 at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at 
 the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In 
 October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second 
 Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, 
 Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, 
 in one of which he was wounded. In Sep- 
 tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty- 
 first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg 
 and at Chancellorsville, where he was again 
 severely wounded. He commanded the First 
 Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army 
 Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made 
 Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864, and Major- 
 General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's 
 Station, in December of the same year. At the 
 close of the war he was commissioned Colonel of 
 
 the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- 
 guished himself in campaigns against the Indians; 
 became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- 
 General in 1890, in the interim being in command 
 of the Department of the Columbia, and, after 
 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- 
 cago. Here he did much to give efficiency and 
 importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 
 1894, rendered valuable service in checking the 
 strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the 
 year he was transferred to the Department of the 
 East, and, on the retirement of General Schofield 
 in 1895, was placed in command of the army, 
 with headquarters in Washington. During the 
 Spanish-American war (1898) General Miles gave 
 attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban 
 and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago 
 during the siege conducted by General Shafter, 
 but took no active command in the field until the 
 occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted 
 with rare discrimination and good judgment, and 
 with comparatively little loss of life or suffering 
 to the troops. 
 
 MILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois 
 County, on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Rail- 
 road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- 
 ing region; has water and sewerage systems, 
 electric lights, two brick and tile works, three 
 large grain elevators, flour mill, three churches, 
 good schools, a public library and a weekly news- 
 paper. It is an important shipping point for 
 grain and live-stock. Population (1890), 957; 
 (1900). 1,077. 
 
 MILITARY BOUNTY LANDS. (See Military 
 Tract. ) 
 
 MILITARY TRACT, a popular name given to 
 a section of the State, set apart under an act of 
 Congress, passed, May 6, 1812, as bounty-lands for 
 soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- 
 ing the same year. Similar reservations in the 
 Territories of Michigan and Louisiana (now 
 Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. 
 The lands in Illinois embraced in this act were 
 situated between the Illinois and Mississippi 
 Rivers, and extended from the junction of these 
 streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid- 
 ian, to the northern boundary of Township 15 
 north of the "Base Line." This "base line'' 
 started about opposite the present site of Beards- 
 town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi 
 about seven miles north of Quincy. The north- 
 ern border of the "Tract" was identical with 
 the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, 
 extended eastward, reached the Illinois about 
 the present village of De Pue, in the southeastern 
 
376 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes 
 a great bend towards the south, a few miles west 
 of the city of Peru. The distance between the 
 Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 
 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," 
 from its northern boundary to the junction of 
 the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, — con- 
 sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line'* and T9 
 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. 
 The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- 
 prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, 
 each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an 
 area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres— 
 a little less than two-thirds — were appropriated to 
 military bounties. The residue consisted partly 
 of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of 
 fractional quarter-sections bordering on township 
 lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, 
 and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- 
 veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to 
 this, there were large reservations not coming 
 within the above exceptions, being the overplus 
 of lands after satisfying the military claims, and 
 subject to entry and purchase on the same con- 
 ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" 
 thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, 
 Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- 
 Donough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, 
 Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, 
 Bureau, Putnam and Marshall — or so much of 
 them as was necessary to meet the demand for 
 bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite 
 actively about 1823, and the development of some 
 portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its 
 growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- 
 titles" and bounty-titles derived by purchase 
 from the original holders. This led to a great 
 deal of litigation, and called for considerable 
 legislation ; but since the adjustment of these 
 questions, this region has kept pace with the most 
 favored sections of the State, and it now includes 
 some of the most important arid prosperous towns 
 and cities and many of the finest farms in 
 Illinois. 
 
 MILITIV. Illinois, taught by the experiences 
 i if the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing 
 for protection of its citizens against the incur- 
 sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- 
 tion, at an early date, of such measures as were 
 then common in the several States for the main- 
 tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 
 1818 made the Governor "Commander-in-Chief 
 of the army and navy of this State," and declared 
 that the militia of the State should "consist of 
 all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu 
 
 lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the 
 State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years, " and 
 this classification was continued in the later con- 
 stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all 
 reference to the subject of color. In each there 
 is the same general provision exempting persons 
 entertaining "conscientious scruples against 
 bearing arms," although subject to payment of 
 an equivalent for such exemption. The first law 
 on the subject, enacted by the first General 
 Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment 
 of a general militia system for the State ; and the 
 fact that this was modified, amended or wholly 
 changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, 
 '23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the 
 estimation in which the subject was held. While 
 many of these acts were of a special character, 
 providing for a particular class of organization, 
 the general law did little except to require per- 
 sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, to 
 attend county musters, which were often con- 
 ducted in a very informal manner, or made the 
 occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of 
 July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), 
 required an enrollment of "all free, white, male 
 inhabitants of military age (except such as might 
 be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; 
 divided the State into five divisions by counties, 
 each division to be organized into a certain speci- 
 fied number of brigades. This act was quite 
 elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and 
 provided for regimental, battalion and company 
 musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of 
 election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the 
 organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- 
 can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this 
 class of legislation, as also did the War of the 
 Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- 
 tant-General had existed from the first, its duties 
 ■ — except during the Black Hawk and Mexican 
 Wars — were rather nominal, and were discharged 
 without stated compensation, the incumbent 
 being merely Chief-of-staff to the Governor as 
 Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion 
 at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- 
 tant part of the State Government, which it has 
 since maintained. The various measures passed, 
 during this period, belong rather to the history of 
 the late war than to the subject of this chapter. 
 In 1865, however, the office was put on a different 
 footing, and the important part it had played, 
 during the preceding four years, was recognized 
 by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- 
 pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay 
 and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 377 
 
 of Illinois." During the next four years, its 
 most important work was the publication of 
 eight volumes of war records, containing a com- 
 plete roster of the officers and men of the various 
 regiments and other military organizations from 
 Illinois, with an outline of their movements and 
 a list of the battles in which they were engaged. 
 To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- 
 tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- 
 records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. 
 A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage 
 of an act formulating a military code and provid- 
 ing for more thorough organization. Modifying 
 amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 
 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied 
 male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 
 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are 
 declared "subject to military duty, and desig- 
 nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is 
 made for the organization of a body of "active 
 militia," designated as the "Illinois National 
 Guard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four 
 companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery 
 and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- 
 tary enlistments for a period of three years, with 
 right to re-enlist for one or more years. The 
 National Guard, as at present constituted, con- 
 sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 
 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides 
 the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. 
 Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- 
 loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- 
 tion are held for the regiments, respectively — one 
 or more regiments participating — each year, 
 usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, 
 when regimental and brigade drills, competitive 
 rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act 
 establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to 
 consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- 
 panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- 
 sions each, was passed by the General Assembly 
 of 1893 — the whole to be under the command of 
 an officer with the rank of Commander. The 
 commanding officer of each battalion is styled a 
 "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- 
 mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their 
 respective staffs — their organization, in other 
 respects, being conformable to the laws of the 
 United States. A set of "Regulations," based 
 upon these several laws, has been prepared by the 
 Adjutant-General for the government of the 
 various organizations. The Governor is author- 
 ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- 
 sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution 
 of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- 
 
 ities of any city, town or county. This authority, 
 however, is exercised with great discretion, and 
 only when the local authorities are deemed unable 
 to cope with threatened resistance to law The 
 officers of the National Guard, when called into 
 actual service for the suppression of riot or the 
 enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- 
 pensation paid to officers of the United States 
 army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive 
 $2 per day During the time they are at any 
 encampment, the officers and men alike receive 
 SI per day. with necessary subsistence and cost 
 of transportation to and from the encampment. 
 (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's 
 office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish- 
 American War ) 
 
 MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843; 
 in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, 111.,, 
 where he finally engaged in the practice of law. 
 At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in 
 the Union army, but before being mustered into 
 the service, received an injury which rendered 
 him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical 
 organization and a sufferer from ill-health, he 
 was a man of decided ability and much influence. 
 He served as State's Attorney of Stark County 
 (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative 
 in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the 
 following session being one of the most zealous 
 supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- 
 brated contest which resulted in the election of 
 the latter, for the third time, to the United States 
 Senate. By successive re-elections he also served 
 in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General 
 Assemblies, during the session of the latter being 
 chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to 
 A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during 
 the session, First Comptroller of the Treasury at 
 Washington. In the early part of the summer 
 of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- 
 fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at 
 Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. 
 
 MILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- 
 tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, 
 and described by his contemporaries as a highly 
 educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a 
 brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in 
 Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but 
 he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine 
 Region" about Galena, as early as 1826 or '27, and 
 was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to 
 locate in that section of the State. He was 
 elected a Representative in the Eighth General 
 Assembly (1832), his district embracing the 
 
378 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Salle 
 and Cook, including all the State north of Sanga- 
 mon (as it then stood), and extending from the 
 Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At 
 this session occurred the impeachment trial of 
 Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. 
 Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment 
 Committee, and delivering a speech of great 
 power and brilliancy, which lasted two or three 
 days. In 1834 he was a candidate for Congress 
 from the Northern District, but was defeated by 
 William L. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. 
 Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim 
 to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, 
 died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841. 
 Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him: 
 "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning 
 and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his 
 "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common 
 consent of all his contemporaries, Mr. Mills was 
 regarded as the most popular and brilliant lawyer 
 of his day at the Galena bar." 
 
 MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at 
 New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; 
 located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 
 1856, finally engaging in the banking business at 
 that place. Having served in various local 
 offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for 
 the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburg 
 before the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. 
 
 MILLS, Luther Laflin, lawyer, was born at 
 North Adams, Mass., Sept. 3, 1848; brought to 
 Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public 
 schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- 
 versity. In 1868 he began the study of law, was 
 admitted to practice three years later, and, in 
 1876, was elected State's Attorney, being re- 
 elected in 1880. While in this office he was con- 
 nected with some of the most important cases 
 ever brought before the Chicago courts. 
 Although he has held no official position except 
 that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar 
 and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and 
 his services, as an attorney and an orator, have 
 been in frequent demand. 
 
 MILLSTADT, a town in St. Clair County, on 
 branch of Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 14 miles south- 
 southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, 
 churches, schools, bank, newspaper, coal mines, 
 and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1.172. 
 
 MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See 
 Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway.) 
 
 MIXER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was born in 
 Vermont, May 13, 1825; from 1834 to '51 he lived 
 
 in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where 
 he worked at his trade of watch- maker. In 1855 
 he went to Central America and was with Gen- 
 eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to 
 Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 
 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief 
 clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, 
 when he was elected State Auditor as successor 
 to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he 
 gave attention to his private business. He was 
 one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- 
 field Iron Company. Died in 1879. 
 
 MINTER, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
 intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the 
 Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria 
 Railroads, 26 miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine 
 farming district and has several grain elevators, 
 some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. 
 Population (1890). 664; (1900), 746. 
 
 MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles 
 north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of 
 Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and 
 the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding 
 region is agricultural, though much coal is 
 mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, 
 tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain 
 elevators, two private banks and two weekly 
 newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 
 2,316; (1900), 2,546. 
 
 MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of 
 choosing members of the General Assembly and 
 other deliberative bodies, designed to secure rep- 
 resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. 
 In Illinois, this method is limited to the election 
 of members of the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly — except as to private corporations, 
 which may, at their option, apply it in the election 
 of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment 
 of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- 
 lative Apportionment), the State Constitution 
 requires that the Senatorial and Representative 
 Districts shall be identical in territory, each of 
 such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- 
 tor and three Representatives. The provisions of 
 the Constitution, making specific application of 
 the principle of "minority representation" (or 
 "cumulative voting, " as it is sometimes called), 
 declares that, in the election of Representatives, 
 "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for 
 one candidate as there are Representatives, or 
 (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts 
 thereof, among the candidates as he shall see 
 fit." (State Constitution, Art. TV, sections 7 and 
 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter 
 power to cast three votes for one candidate , two 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 379 
 
 votes for one candidate and one for another, or 
 one and a half votes to each of two candidates. 
 or he may distribute his vote equally among 
 three candidates (giving one to each); but no 
 other division is admissible without invalidating 
 his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- 
 ity representation have been proposed by various 
 writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John 
 Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most 
 prominent; but that adopted in Illinois seems to 
 be the simplest and most easy of application. 
 
 MINSHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, 
 a native of Ohio who came to Rushville, 111., at 
 an early day, and entered upon the practice of 
 law ; served as Representative in the Eighth, 
 Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and as 
 Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- 
 stitution, in 1848, and died in office, early in 1853, 
 being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney H. 
 Walker. 
 
 MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- 
 tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman 
 Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the 
 French explorers and did not a little toward the 
 extension of French dominion. They were usually 
 members of one of two orders — the "Recollects," 
 founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded 
 by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- 
 astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the 
 former having been earlier in the field, but hav- 
 ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by 
 Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between 
 the two orders gradually involved the civil 
 authorities, and continued until the suppression 
 of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted 
 of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez, 
 Gravier, Marquette, Dablon, Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- 
 ges, Binneteau and Marest. Of the Recollects, 
 the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, 
 Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde. 
 Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and 
 Montigny, who, belonging to no religious order, 
 were called secular priests. The first Catholic 
 mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at 
 the original Kaskaskia, on the Illinois, in the 
 present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- 
 quette did missionary work in 1673, followed by 
 Allouez in 1677. (See AUouez, Claude Jean.) 
 The latter was succeeded, in 1688, by Father Grav- 
 ier, who was followed, in 1692, by Father Sebas- 
 tian Rasle, but who, returning in 1694, remained 
 until 1695, when he was succeeded by Pinet 
 and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was 
 
 in charge of the mission, and the number of 
 Indians among whom he labored was, that year, 
 considerably diminished by the emigration of the 
 Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about 
 this time, labored among the Peorias, but was 
 incapacitated by a wound received from the 
 medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted 
 in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station 
 remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled 
 by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- 
 sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia. While the 
 precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed 
 with certainty, there is evidence that it was in 
 existence in 1700, being the earliest in that region. 
 Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the 
 savages there, were Pinet, St. Cosme, Bergier and 
 Lamoges. This mission was at first called the 
 Tamaroa, and, later, the mission of St. Snlpice. 
 It was probably the first permanent mission in the 
 Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down 
 to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- 
 ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 
 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at 
 Kaskaskia, and, in 1720, that mission became a 
 regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being 
 Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher 
 preached and administered the sacraments at 
 Fort St Louis, where he died in 1719, having 
 been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde 
 in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 
 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the 
 early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council 
 of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been 
 a part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- 
 tory. That body, following the example of some 
 provincial legislative bodies in France, officially 
 declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and 
 decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- 
 cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of 
 its churches, as well as the banishment of its 
 members. This decree the Louisiana Council 
 undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the 
 fact that that territory had passed under the 
 jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem 
 to have offered no resistance, either physical or 
 legal, and all members of the order in Illinois 
 were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- 
 ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported 
 to France. Only one— Father Sebastian Louis 
 Meurin — was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he, 
 only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical 
 authority of the Superior Council as supreme, 
 and to hold no communication with Quebec or 
 Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart 
 from spiritual results, were of great value. They 
 
380 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 perpetuated the records of early discoveries, 
 reduced the language, and even dialects, of the 
 aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved 
 the original traditions and described the customs 
 of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's 
 "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- 
 tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic 
 Church in Colonial Days.") 
 
 MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi 
 Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are 
 in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet 
 above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca 
 Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, 
 and which is fed by a stream having its source 
 within one mile of the head waters of the Red 
 River of the North. From this sheet of water to 
 the mouth of the river, the distance is variously 
 estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake 
 Itasca is in lat. 4? 10' north and Ion. 95' 20' west 
 from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- 
 ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands 
 into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as 
 Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which 
 point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- 
 eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of 
 St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to 
 navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than 
 a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- 
 pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense 
 water power, which is utilized in operating flour- 
 ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches 
 the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it 
 expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, 
 bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 
 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- 
 tion is southward, and it forms the boundary 
 between the States of Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas 
 and the northern part of Louisiana, on the 
 west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- 
 sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn 
 ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at 
 the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines 
 Parish, La., in lat. 29" north and Ion. 89 12' 
 west. Its principal affluents on the right are the 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas 
 and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, 
 Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer 
 than that part of the Mississippi above the point 
 of junction, the distance from its source to the 
 delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which 
 exceeds that of any other river in the world. 
 The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 
 3,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,500 
 
 feet, and at New Orleans about 2, 500 feet. The 
 mean velocity of the current between St. Louis 
 and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and 
 one-half miles per hour. The average depth ' 
 below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in 
 the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said 
 to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the 
 Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the 
 Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former 
 having twenty-two feet fall and the latter 
 twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des 
 Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, 
 aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- 
 vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, 
 often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which 
 are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- 
 tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the 
 "American Bottom," extending along the east 
 bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums 
 have been spent in the construction of levees for 
 the protection of the lands along the lower river 
 from overflow, as also in the construction of a 
 system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- 
 gation by deepening the channel. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI RIVER BRIDGE, THE, one of 
 the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, 
 spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111. , to Loui- 
 siana, Mo. The construction company was char- 
 tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for 
 the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 
 3, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago 
 & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its 
 stock and $150,000 of its bonds as an investment, 
 paying a rental of §60,000 per annum, to be applied 
 in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 
 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, 871,000 was paid for 
 rental, §16,000 going toward a sinking fund. 
 
 MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company 
 operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 
 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- 
 road. (See St. Louis A' Cairo Railroad.) 
 
 MOLINE, a flourishing manufacturing city in 
 Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the 
 Mississippi above . Rock Island and opposite 
 Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from 
 Chicago, and the intersecting point of three 
 trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and 
 Davenport are connected by steam and street 
 railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain 
 water-power from the Mississippi. The region 
 around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- 
 ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is 
 an important manufacturing point, its chief out- 
 puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- 
 able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 381 
 
 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, 
 milling machinery, and furniture. The city has 
 admirable water- works, several churches, good 
 schools, gas and electric light plants, a public 
 library, five banks, three daily and weekly 
 papers. It also has an extensive electric power 
 plant, electric street cars and interurban line. 
 Population (1890), 12.000; (1900), 17,248. 
 
 MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, 
 was born in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 
 1867, and, after a course in the Seminar}' of "Our 
 Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied 
 theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and 
 studied law at the University of that State, 
 graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 
 111, where he served three years as State"s Attor- 
 ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- 
 nated and elected Attorney-General on the 
 Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 
 1897. 
 
 MOMEN'CE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- 
 ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- 
 tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
 Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south 
 of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, 
 enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two 
 banks, two newspapers, five churches and two 
 schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026. 
 
 MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren 
 County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at 
 point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- 
 ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the 
 Iowa Central lines. The surrounding couutry is 
 agricultural and coal yielding. The city has 
 manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- 
 pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- 
 mouth College (United Presbyterian) was 
 chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- 
 tion, with that of Warren County (also located 
 at Monmouth) aggregates 30.000 volumes. There 
 are three national banks, two daily, three weekly 
 and two other periodical publications. An ap- 
 propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress 
 for the erection of a Government building at 
 Monmouth. Population (1890), 5.936; (1900), 7,460. 
 
 MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian 
 denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- 
 mouth. It was founded in 1850, its first class 
 graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been 
 Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, 
 the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 
 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen 
 instructors and the number of students was 289. 
 
 The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully 
 laid out. The institution confers four degrees — 
 A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring 
 of the first three, four years' study is required ; 
 for the degree of B.L., three years. 
 
 MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born 
 in Jefferson County, N. Y. , Sept. 24, 1844, and 
 came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His 
 father having been elected Sheriff of Will County 
 in 1864, he became a resident of Joliet, serving 
 as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he 
 engaged in merchandising as the partner of his 
 father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years 
 later, for the wholesale groceiw trade, and, finally, 
 for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in 
 which he is still employed. He has also been 
 extensively engaged in the stone business some 
 twenty years, being a large stockholder in the 
 Western Stone Company and Vice-President of 
 the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as 
 a Republican, to the State Senate from the 
 Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty-ninth 
 and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving 
 himself one of the most influential members of 
 that body. 
 
 MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
 part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi — 
 named for President Monroe. Its area is about 
 380 square miles. It was organized in 1810 and 
 included within its boundaries several of the 
 French villages which constituted, for many 
 years, a center of civilization in the West. 
 American settlers, however, began to locate in 
 the district as early as 1781. The county has a 
 diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The 
 soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river 
 bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and 
 shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations 
 of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. 
 Population (1890), 12.948: (1900), 13,847. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, 
 situated northeast of St. Louis and south of 
 Springfield; area 702 square miles, population 
 (1900), 30,836 — derives its name from Gen. Richard 
 Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- 
 cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- 
 zation being effected five years later. The entire 
 population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 
 families. The surface is undulating, well watered 
 and timbered. The seat of county government is 
 located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important 
 town. Here are situated car-shops and some 
 manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in 
 the county's history as pioneers were Harris 
 Reavis, Henry Pyatt, John Levi, Aaron Casey 
 
382 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 John Tillson, Hiram Rountree, the Wrights 
 (Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and 
 Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. 
 
 MONTICELLO, a city and the county-seat of 
 Piatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway 
 between Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kankakee 
 and Bloomington Division of the Illinois Central, 
 and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the 
 Wabash Railways. It lies within the ' 'corn belt, " 
 and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the 
 surrounding country. Among the city industries 
 are a foundry and machine shops, steam flour and 
 planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, 
 and patent fence and tile works. The city is 
 lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an 
 excellent water system, numerous churches and 
 good schools, with banks and three weekly 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,613; (1900), 1,982. 
 
 MONTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the 
 second institution established in Illinois for the 
 higher education of women — Jacksonville Female 
 Seminary being the first. It was founded 
 through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin 
 Godfrey, who donated fifteen acres for a site, at 
 Godfrey, Madison County, and gave §53,000 
 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. 
 The institution was opened on April 11, 1838, 
 with sixteen young lady pupils, Rev. Theron 
 Baldwin, one of the celebrated "Yale Band," 
 being the first Principal. In 1845 he was suc- 
 ceeded by Miss Philena Fobes, and she, in turn, 
 by Miss Harriet N. Haskell, in 1866, who still 
 remains in charge. In November, 1883, the 
 seminary building, with its contents, was burned ; 
 but the institution continued its sessions in tem- 
 porary quarters until the erection of a new build- 
 ing, which was soon accomplished through the 
 generosity of alumn® and friends of female edu- 
 cation throughout the country. The new struc- 
 ture is of stone, three stories in height, and 
 thoroughly modern. The average number of 
 pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the 
 standard of the institution is of a high character. 
 
 MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was 
 born at Kirtland, Lake County, Ohio, Oct. 26, 
 1817; after a brief season spent in two academies 
 and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' 
 Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west 
 and engaged in teaching at Pekin, 111., while 
 giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent 
 the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and 
 Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
 field in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton, 
 DeWitt County, which has since been his home. 
 In partnership with the late Judge David Davis, 
 
 of Bloomington, Mr Moore, a few years later, 
 began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and 
 is now one of the largest land proprietors in 
 the State, besides being interested in a number 
 of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. 
 The only official position of importance he has 
 held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- 
 astic collector of State historical and art treasures, 
 of which he possesses one of the most valuable 
 private collections in Illinois. 
 
 MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- 
 cago from Concord, Mass.. in 1834, and was 
 almost immediately admitted to the bar, also 
 acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. 
 Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all 
 the county offices on the organization of Cook 
 County. Mr. Moore was one of the original 
 Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained 
 from the Legislature the first charter for a gas 
 company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- 
 vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, 
 but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., 
 where he died some years afterward. 
 
 MOORE, James, pioneer, was born in the State 
 of Maryland in 1750 ; was married in his native 
 State, about 1772, to Miss Catherine Biggs, later 
 removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the 
 Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- 
 templated expedition of Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 177s 
 After the Clark expedition (in which he served 
 as Captain, by appointment of Gov. Patrick 
 Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he 
 remained until 1781, when he organized a party 
 of emigrants, which he accompanied to Illinois, 
 spending the winter at Kaskaskia. The following 
 year they located at a point in the northern part 
 of Monroe County, which afterwards received 
 the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in 
 Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute 
 Men," of which he was chosen Captain. He was 
 a man of prominence and influence among the 
 early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and 
 influential family of his descendants have grown 
 up in Southern Illinois — John (Moore), son of 
 the preceding, was born in Maryland in 1773, and 
 brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. 
 He married a sister of Gen. John D. Whiteside, 
 who afterwards became State Treasurer, and -also 
 served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- 
 nois under the internal improvement system. 
 Moore was an officer of the State Militia, and 
 served in a company of rangers during the War 
 of 1812; was also the first County Treasurer of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 383 
 
 Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833.— James B. 
 (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was 
 born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- 
 euts; in his early manhood he followed the 
 business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and 
 Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and 
 other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter 
 during the War of 1812, and was commissioned 
 Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to 
 raise a company of mounted rangers; also 
 served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- 
 ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; 
 was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- 
 tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the 
 latter year. — Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. 
 James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old 
 block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the 
 first child born of American parents in Illinois; 
 served as a "ranger" in the company of his 
 brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of 
 the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge 
 of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- 
 torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1818, and served as Representative 
 from Monroe County in the Second General 
 Assembly, later filling various county offices for 
 some twenty years. He died in 1848. 
 
 MOORE, Jesse H., clergyman, soldier and Con- 
 gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 
 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- 
 dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was 
 a teacher, during portions of this period being 
 successively at the head of three literary insti- 
 tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a 
 minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
 resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in 
 the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- 
 dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving 
 as brigade commander during the last year of the 
 war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its 
 close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, 
 but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur 
 District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- 
 gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; 
 afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- 
 field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States 
 Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that 
 city, July 11, 1883. 
 
 MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ; 
 was born in Lincolnshire, Eng. , Sept. 8, 1793; 
 came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, 
 spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- 
 ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower 
 branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from 
 
 the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate. 
 but before the close of his term, in 1842, was 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thomas 
 Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
 took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), 
 of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 
 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succes- 
 sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 
 1850 ha was elected to the same office, and con- 
 tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he 
 was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 
 1863. 
 
 MOORE, Risdon, pioneer, was born in Dela- 
 ware in 1760 ; removed to North Carolina in 1789, 
 and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga., 
 where he served two terms in the Legislature. 
 He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settled 
 in St. Clair County, 111. — besides a family of fif- 
 teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen 
 colored people — the object of his removal being 
 to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in 
 what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- 
 ment," about four miles east of Belleville, where 
 he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moore 
 became a prominent citizen, was elected to the 
 Second Territorial House of Representatives, and 
 was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- 
 sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from 
 St. Clair County in the First, Second and Third 
 General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois 
 into the Union. In the last of these he was one 
 of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery 
 Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numer- 
 ous and highly respected family of descendants, 
 who were afterwards prominent in public affairs. — 
 William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in 
 the War of 1812, and also commanded a company 
 in the Black Hawk War. He represented St. 
 Clair County in the lower branch of the Ninth 
 and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local 
 preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col- 
 lege at the time of his death in 1849. — Risdon 
 (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon 
 Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County 
 in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in 
 the Sixth, but died before the expiration of his 
 term, being succeeded at the next session by 
 Adam W. Snyder. 
 
 MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of 
 Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22 
 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- 
 cinnati, graduating in 1856, and, having qualified 
 
384 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 himself for the practice of law, located the fol- 
 lowing year at Kankakee, 111., which has since 
 been his home. In 185N he was employed in 
 defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently 
 died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits 
 begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- 
 ing appearance and great independence of char- 
 acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has 
 generally acted politically in co-operation witli 
 the Democratic party, though strongly anti- 
 slavery in his views. In 1872 he was a delegate 
 to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- 
 cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the 
 Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same 
 way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- 
 nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in 
 the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- 
 racy" a vigorous support. 
 
 MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Bridgeport, Conn., Oct. 7, 1839; received 
 his preliminary education in the district schools 
 of "Wisconsin (to which State his father's family 
 had removed in 1846), and at an academy at 
 Salem, Wis. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 
 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. 
 In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany 
 (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- 
 menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the 
 front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was 
 elected a Judge of the Cook Count}' Circuit Court, 
 and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his 
 second term he resumed private practice. "While 
 on the bench he at first heard only common law 
 cases, but later divided the business of the equity 
 side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 
 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- 
 late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year, 
 Chief Justice. 
 
 MORGAN, James Rarty, soldier, was born in 
 Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of 
 age, went for a three years' trading voyage on 
 the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a 
 mutiny arose, and shortly afterward the vessel 
 was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, 
 and, after many hardships, returned to Boston. 
 In 1834 he removed to Quincy, 111., and engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the 
 "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties 
 (1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a 
 company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- 
 teers; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, 
 and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment 
 for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General 
 
 in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded 
 a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was 
 brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- 
 ville, N. C, being mustered out, August 24, 1865. 
 After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 
 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company 
 and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- 
 dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army 
 of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. 
 
 MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the 
 State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on 
 the Illinois River — named for Gen. Daniel Mor- 
 gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 
 35,006. The earliest American settlers were 
 probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who 
 located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George 
 Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- 
 sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- 
 ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. 
 Immigrants began to arrive in large numbers 
 about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823 the county was 
 organized, the first election being held at the 
 house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- 
 west of the present city of Jacksonville. Olm- 
 stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this 
 choice was only temporary. Two years later, 
 Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so 
 continued. (See Jacksonville.) Cass County 
 was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott 
 County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was tli6 
 most populous county in the State. The county 
 is nearly equally divided between woodland and 
 prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois 
 River on its western border, there are several 
 smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, 
 Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous 
 coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and 
 thin veins crop out along the Illinois River 
 bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. 
 
 MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook 
 County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat 
 of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the 
 University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- 
 partment of the Divinity School connected with 
 the same institution. Population (1880), 187; 
 (1890), 1,027; (1900), 2.329. 
 
 MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph 
 Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County, N. Y., 
 August 6, 1830, sty ling themselves the "Church of 
 Jesus Christ of Latter-Da)' Saints. " Membership 
 in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 
 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their 
 religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith 
 in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 385 
 
 interpreted). The)- believe, however, that the 
 "Book of Mormon" — assumed to be of divine 
 origin and a direct revelation to Smith — is of 
 equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- 
 rior to them. Among their ordinances are 
 baptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their 
 church organization, they recognize various orders 
 — apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- 
 ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of 
 the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of 
 Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, 
 and the rebuilding of Ziou in America. Polyg- 
 amy is encouraged and made an article of faith, 
 though professedly not practiced under existing 
 laws in the United States. The supreme power 
 is vested in a President, who has authority in 
 temporal and spiritual affairs alike ; although 
 there is less effort now than formerly, on the part 
 of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. 
 Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his 
 followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, 
 for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple; 
 but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- 
 tices excited so much hostility that they were 
 forced to make another removal. Their next 
 settlement was at Far West. Mo. ; but here the 
 hatred toward them became so intense as to 
 result in open war. From Missouri they 
 recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city 
 of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 
 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was 
 an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made 
 the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon 
 obtained commercial importance, in two years 
 becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The 
 Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in 
 State politics, when there broke out a more 
 bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en- 
 countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up. 
 and, in 1844, a discontented Mormon founded a 
 newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently 
 assailed the prophet and threatened him with 
 exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- 
 struction of the printing office, and the editor 
 promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- 
 able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly 
 justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, 
 but he positively refused to appear before the 
 Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter 
 issued a second warrant, charging Smith with 
 treason. This also was treated with contempt. 
 The militia was called out to make the arrest, and 
 the Mormons, who had formed a strong military 
 organization, armed to defend their leader. 
 After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers 
 
 and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- 
 render and go to Carthage, the county-seat, where 
 he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within 
 twenty- four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a 
 mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his 
 brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their 
 adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, 
 were wounded. Brigham Young (then an 
 apostle) at once assumed the leadership and, 
 after several months of intense popular excite- 
 ment, in the following year led his followers 
 across the Mississippi, finally locating (1847) in 
 Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history 
 has not been free from charges of crime; but, 
 whatever may be the character of the leaders, 
 they have succeeded in building up a prosperous 
 community in a region which they found a vir- 
 tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. 
 The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- 
 fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it 
 by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- 
 ence to polygamy, and by contact with other 
 communities. (See Smith, Joseph.) 
 
 MORRIS, a city and the county-seat of Grundy 
 County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 It is an extensive grain market, and the center of 
 a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- 
 able water-power here, and much manufacturing 
 is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron 
 specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour 
 and planing-mills, oatmeal and tanned leather, 
 There are also a normal and scientific school, two 
 national banks and three daily and weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; 
 (1900), 4,273. 
 
 MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born 
 at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted 
 to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, 
 continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two 
 terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 
 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in 
 the incorporation of the city, and was elected its 
 second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig 
 candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham 
 Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 
 1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for 
 Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of 
 the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- 
 nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the 
 American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for 
 Governor, and, in I860, that of the Bell-Everett 
 party for the same office. He was vehemently 
 opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 
 
386 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that 
 civil war would result in either event. A shadow 
 was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest 
 and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to 
 burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the 
 prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The 
 trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, 
 resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, 
 Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in 
 his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him 
 as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite 
 of his opposition to the abolition of slavery — a 
 fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his 
 acquittal of the charge of complicity with the 
 Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his 
 being in communication with the leading con- 
 spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See 
 Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) 
 
 MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, 
 was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, 
 labored on a farm and attended the district 
 school in his youth, but completed his education 
 in Chicago, graduating from the Union College 
 of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, 
 when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. 
 In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
 House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- 
 trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, '94, 
 '96, being one of the most influential members of 
 his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed 
 by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank 
 of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 
 1896. 
 
 MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born at Bethel. Clermont County, 
 Ohio, Jan. 22, 1812; educated at Miami Univer- 
 sity, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next 
 year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and 
 President of the Board of Canal Commissioners 
 (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
 bly (1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- 
 crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the 
 admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- 
 stitution ; in 1868 supported General Grant — who 
 had been his friend in boyhood — for President, 
 and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 
 29, 1S7!» 
 
 MORRISON, a city, the county-seat of White- 
 side County, founded in 1855; is a station on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles 
 west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and 
 stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the 
 surrounding region. The city has good water- 
 works, sewerage, electric lighting and several 
 
 manufactories, including carriage and refriger 
 ator works; also has numerous churches, a large 
 graded school, a public library and adequate 
 banking facilities, and two weekly papers. 
 Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for 
 winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308. 
 
 MORRISON, Isaac L., lawyer and legislator, 
 born in Barren County, Ky., in 1826; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools and the Masonic 
 Seminary of his native State; admitted to the 
 bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at 
 Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of 
 the bar and of the Republican party, which he 
 assisted to organize as a member of its first State 
 Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also 
 a delegate to the Republican National Convention 
 of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
 the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was 
 three times elected to the lower house of the 
 General Assembly (1876, '78 and '82), and, by his 
 clear judgment and incisive powers as a public 
 speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that 
 body. Of late years, he has given his attention 
 solely to the practice of his profession in 
 Jacksonville 
 
 MORRISON, .limit's Lowery Donaldson, poli- 
 tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- 
 kaskia, 111., April 12, 1816; at the age of 16 was 
 appointed a midshipman in the United States 
 Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law 
 with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted to 
 the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected 
 to the lower house of the General Assembly from 
 St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate 
 in 1848, and again in '54. In 1852 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernorship on the Whig ticket, but, on the disso- 
 lution of that party, allied himself with the 
 Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in 
 Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- 
 gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- 
 tion of Lyman Trumbull, who had been elected to 
 the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- 
 didate before the Democratic State Convention 
 for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated 
 by James C. Allen. After that year lie took no 
 prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak 
 of the Mexican War he was among the first to 
 raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- 
 sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment 
 (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena 
 Vista, the Legislature presented him with a 
 sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- 
 poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted 
 and introduced in the Legislature the charter of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 387 
 
 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at 
 St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. 
 
 MORRISON, William, pioneer merchant, came 
 from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, 
 as representative of the mercantile house of 
 Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally 
 established an extensive trade throughout the 
 Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. 
 Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New- 
 Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent 
 with a stock of goods across the plains, with a 
 view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at 
 Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the 
 agent, who appropriated the goods to his own 
 benefit without accounting to his employer. 
 He became the principal merchant in the Terri- 
 tory, doing a thriving business in early days, 
 when Kaskaskia was the principal supply point 
 for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- 
 scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to 
 whom was due the chief part of the credit for 
 securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- 
 kaskia River at the town of that name. He died 
 at Kaskaskia in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- 
 tery there. — Robert (Morrison), a brother of the 
 preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was 
 appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 
 1801, retaining the position for many years, 
 besides holding other local offices. He was the 
 father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician 
 and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is 
 given elsewhere. — Joseph (Morrison), the oldest 
 son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing 
 there several years, but finally returned to Prairie 
 du Rocher, where he died in 1845. — James, 
 another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located 
 at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis* 
 another son, settled at Covington, Washington 
 County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 
 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at 
 Chester, dying there in 1856. 
 
 MORRISON, William Ralls, ex-Congressman, 
 Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, 
 Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- 
 cated at McKendree College ; served as a private 
 in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1805; in 1852 was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe 
 County, but resigned before the close of his term, 
 accepting the office of Representative in the State 
 Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was 
 re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as 
 Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. 
 In 1861 he assisted in organizing the Forty-ninth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- 
 
 sioned Colonel. The regiment was mustered in, 
 Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort 
 Donelson in February following, where he was 
 severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 
 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, 
 when he resigned his commission, but was de- 
 feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as 
 he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again 
 elected to the General Assembly, and, two years 
 later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- 
 ville District, after which he served in that body, 
 by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 
 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the 
 House Ways and Means Committee and promi- 
 nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In 
 March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him 
 a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- 
 mission for a period of five years; at the close of 
 his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- 
 son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of 
 the time as President of the Board, and retiring 
 from office in 1898. 
 
 MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian 
 County, situated on the Wabasli Railway, 40 
 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north- 
 northef.st of Litchfield Grain is extensively 
 raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison- 
 ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important 
 shipping-point. It has brick and tile works, 
 electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded 
 and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 844; ,1900), 934; (1903, est.), 1,200. 
 
 MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
 intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads, 10 miles 
 southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. 
 
 MORTON, Joseph, pioneer farmer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came 
 to Madison County, 111. , in 1819, and the follow- 
 ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in 
 farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He 
 served as a member of the House in the Tenth 
 and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator 
 in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a 
 Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State 
 and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully 
 representing the interests of his constituents. 
 Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881 
 
 MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer. 
 Germany, Feb. 27, 1837, and, until fifteen years 
 of age, was educated in the public and Latin 
 schools of his native country ; in the latter part 
 of 1852, came to America, locating in New- 
 Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 
 
:;.xs 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship 
 of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of 
 that State. In the early days of the Civil War 
 he espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving 
 some two years as an officer of the Twenty -first 
 Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- 
 ration of this period, he resided for a time in 
 Quincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, 
 where he took a place in the front rank at the 
 bar, and where he has resided ever since. 
 Although in sympathy with the general princi- 
 ples of the Democratic party, Judge Moses is an 
 independent voter, as shown by the fact that he 
 voted for General Grant for President in 1868, 
 and supported the leading measures of the Repub- 
 lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub- 
 lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," 
 established in 1890, and which is devoted to the 
 interests of business corporations. 
 
 MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at 
 Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to 
 Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, 
 Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a 
 teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk 
 of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and 
 served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The 
 latter year he became the private secretary of 
 Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that 
 period assisting in the organization of seventy- 
 seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While 
 serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- 
 ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference 
 of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep- 
 tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the 
 Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a 
 few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- 
 lamation of emancipation. Having received the 
 appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor 
 of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
 trict, he resigned the position of private secretary 
 to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen 
 Representative in the Twenty-ninth General 
 Assembly for the District composed of Scott, 
 Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate 
 to the National Republican Convention at Phila- 
 delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for 
 three years (1880-83). He was then appointed 
 Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and 
 assigned to duty in connection with the customs 
 revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- 
 retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving 
 until 1893. While connected with the Chicago 
 Historical Library he brought out the most com- 
 plete History of Illinois yet published, in two 
 
 volumes, and also, in connection with the late 
 Major Kirkland, edited a History of Chicago in 
 two large volumes. Other literary work done by 
 Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of 
 Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the 
 War Governor of Illinois," in the form of lectures 
 or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. 
 
 MOULTON, Samuel TV., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, 
 where he was educated in the public schools. 
 After spending some years in the South, he 
 removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, 
 and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- 
 tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a 
 member of the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly ; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the 
 Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State 
 Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In is<>4 
 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
 Congress for the State-at-large, being elected 
 again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- 
 trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few years 
 (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton 
 has acted in cooperation with the Republican 
 party. 
 
 MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small 
 county in the eastern section of the middle tier of 
 the State — named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 
 340 square miles, and population (by the census 
 of 1900), 15,224. Moultrie was one of the early 
 "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were 
 always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The 
 earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, 
 but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. 
 County organization was effected in 1843, both 
 Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion 
 of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal 
 underlies the county, but agriculture is the more 
 important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, 
 selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 
 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- 
 nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil 
 War) began the practice of law here. 
 
 MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One 
 of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people 
 different in customs, character and civilization 
 from the Indians found occupying the soil when 
 the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- 
 ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, 
 of the origin and purposes of which the Indians 
 seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These 
 works extend throughout the valley from the 
 Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much 
 more numerous, however, in some portions than 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 389 
 
 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This 
 fact, with the remains found in some of them, has 
 been regarded as evidence that the purposes of 
 their construction were widely variant. They 
 have consequently been classified by archaeolo- 
 gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while 
 some seem to have had a purpose of which 
 writers on the subject are unable to form any 
 satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, 
 still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of 
 the most elaborate of these works are found along 
 the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, 
 especially in Ohio ; and the fact that they appear 
 to belong to the defensive class, has led to the 
 conclusion that this region was occupied by a race 
 practically homogeneous, and that these works 
 were designed to prevent the encroachment of 
 hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- 
 nois being in the center of the valley, compara- 
 tively few of these defensive works are found 
 here, those of this character which do exist being 
 referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- 
 fications,. Prehistoric.) While these works are 
 numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form 
 and structure give evidence that they were 
 erected by a peaceful people, however bloody 
 may have been some of the rites performed on 
 those designed for a religious purpose. Their 
 numbers also imply a dense population. This is 
 especially true of that portion of the American 
 Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is 
 the seat of the most remarkable group of earth 
 works of this character on the continent. The 
 central, or principal structure of this group, is 
 known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," 
 being situated near the creek of that name which 
 empties into the Mississippi just below the city 
 of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' 
 Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early 
 in the present century by a community of Monks 
 of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to 
 the malarial influences of the climate, while the 
 survivors returned to the original seat of their 
 order. This mound, from its form and com- 
 manding size, has been supposed to belong to the 
 class called "temple mounds," and has been de- 
 scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" 
 and the "best representative of its class in North 
 America." The late William McAdams, of 
 Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, 
 in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- 
 lowing description of this principal structure: 
 
 "In the center of a great mass of mounds and 
 earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid 
 whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. 
 
 It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a 
 little longer north and south than east and west. 
 Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, 
 is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an 
 orchard of considerable size. This terrace is 
 approached from the plain by a graded roadway. 
 Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west 
 side, is another much smaller, on which are now 
 growing some forest trees. The top, which con- 
 tains an acre and a half, is divided into two 
 nearly equal parts, the northern part being four 
 or five feet the higher. . . . On the north, 
 east and south, the structure still retains its 
 straight side, that probably has changed but little 
 since the settlement of the country by white 
 men, but remains in appearance to-day the same 
 as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, 
 however, has its base somewhat serrated and 
 seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms 
 and the elements. From the second terrace a 
 well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of 
 the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost 
 wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the 
 surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conical 
 mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight 
 sides." The approximate height of this mound 
 is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, 
 this was surmounted by a small conical mound 
 some ten feet in height, from which human 
 remains and various relics were taken while 
 being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs. 
 Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient 
 Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published 
 by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the 
 contents of the structure at 20,000,000 cubic feet. 
 A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds 
 in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- 
 mates that the construction of this principal 
 mound must have required the work of thousands 
 of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, 
 at the time of his visit, was occupied by the 
 Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the 
 structure was sown in wheat. He also found 
 numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- 
 sels, and concludes that "a populous city once 
 existed here, similar to those of Mexico described 
 by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites 
 of temples or monuments to great men. " Accord- 
 ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two 
 mounds of considerable size within two miles of 
 the main structure, the group extending to the 
 mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one 
 hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang- 
 ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are 
 oval and one or two conical. Scattered among 
 
390 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the mounds are also a number of small lakes, 
 evidently of artificial origin. From the fact 
 that there were a number of conspicuous 
 mounds on the Missouri side of the river. 
 on the present site of the city of St. Louis 
 and its environs, it is believed that they all 
 belonged to the same system and had a common 
 purpose; the Cahokia Mound, from its superior 
 size, being the center of the group — and probably 
 used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number 
 of these structures in the American Bottom, 
 whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, 
 was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two 
 hundred, and the presence of so large a number 
 in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence 
 of a large population in the immediate vicinity. 
 Mr. McAdams reports the finding of numerous 
 specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and 
 implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves 
 and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the 
 Illinois River, as well as on the latter some 
 twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the 
 relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a 
 burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in 
 thirty years, he has unearthed more than a 
 thousand of these, many of which closely 
 resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. 
 Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient 
 cemetery near Chester, in which "'each grave, 
 when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- 
 ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in 
 decay. These cists are built up and covered with 
 slabs of limestone, which here abound. " — Another 
 noteworthy group of mounds — though far inferior 
 to the Cahokia group — exists near Hutsonville in 
 Crawford County. As described in the State 
 Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- 
 five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area 
 of 1,000 by 1.400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from 
 fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones 
 having a height of five to eight feet. From their 
 form and arrangement these are believed to have 
 been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- 
 tion of this group are four mounds of peculiar 
 construction and larger size, each surrounded 
 by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing 
 towards each other, indicating that they were 
 defense-works. The location of this group — a 
 few miles from a prehistoric fortification at 
 Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to 
 which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been 
 given — induces the belief that the two groups, 
 like those in the American Bottom and at St. 
 Louis, were parts of the same system. — Professor 
 Engelman, in the part of the State Geological 
 
 Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a 
 remarkable group of earthworks in the Black 
 Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of 
 "fortifications and mounds which probably 
 belong to the same class as those in the Missis- 
 sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other 
 points farther up the Ohio." In the report of 
 Government survey by Dan W. Beckwith, in 1834, 
 mention is made of a very large mound on the 
 Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, 
 now a part of Kankakee County. This had a 
 base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of 
 twenty feet, and contained the remains of a 
 large number of Indians killed in a celebrated 
 battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and 
 the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near 
 by were two other mounds, said to contain the 
 remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this 
 case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably 
 been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at 
 a comparatively recent period. Related to the 
 Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of 
 construction, is a group of nineteen in number on 
 the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy 
 County. Within a circuit of three miles of 
 Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 
 3,000 mounds — though many of these are believed 
 to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole 
 Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments 
 of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of 
 the conspicuous character of those found in the 
 vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound 
 Builders. — A very large and numerous group of 
 these monuments exists along the bluffs of the 
 Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock 
 Island and Mercer Counties, chiefly between 
 Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. 
 Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a 
 few years ago, estimated that there were 2,500 of 
 these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in 
 groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter 
 from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two 
 to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial 
 and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- 
 cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern 
 part of Peoria County. — There are but few speci- 
 mens of the animal or effigy mounds, of which so 
 many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois ; 
 and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock 
 River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with 
 the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of 
 these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within 
 the present limits of the city of Rockford — though 
 some regard it as having more resemblance to an 
 alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 891 
 
 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an 
 extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in 
 width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the 
 hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height 
 of a man. There are some smaller mounds in 
 the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River 
 some six miles below Rockford. There is also an 
 animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo 
 Daviess County, with a considerable group of 
 round mounds and embankments in the immedi- 
 ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar 
 character on the north side of the Pecatonica in 
 Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- 
 port. The Rock River region seems to have been 
 a favorite field for the operations of the mound- 
 builders, as shown by the number and variety of 
 these structures, extending from Sterling, in 
 Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A 
 large number of these were to be found in the 
 vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- 
 eastern part of Winnebago County. The famous 
 prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just 
 beyond the Wisconsin boundary — which seems to 
 have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient 
 Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash 
 — appears to have had a close relation to the 
 works of the mound-builders on the same stream 
 in Illinois. 
 
 MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski 
 County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of 
 Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central 
 and the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- 
 ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning 
 and other factories. One of the United States 
 National Cemeteries is located here. The town 
 has a bank and two weekly papers. Population 
 (1890). 2,550; (1900), 2,705; (1903, est.), 3,500. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat 
 of Wabash County; is the point of junction of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Southern Railroads, 132 miles northeast 
 of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, 
 Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- 
 plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring 
 mills, and some other manufactures. The town 
 has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. 
 Agriculture and lumbering are the principal 
 pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. 
 Population (1890), 3,376; (1900), 4,311. 
 
 MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll 
 County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; 
 is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Farming, 
 stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- 
 
 tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, 
 good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900)* 1,965. 
 
 MOUNT CARROLL SEMINARY, a young 
 ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll 
 County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of 
 thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- 
 erty valued at §100,000, and a library of 5,000 
 volumes. 
 
 MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- 
 ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles 
 west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- 
 west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris 
 College and flourishing public school; has hand- 
 some stone and brick buildings, three churches 
 and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1,048. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, 
 on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the 
 Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur ; 
 in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 2,935. 
 
 MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- 
 tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of 
 Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. 
 Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are 
 leading industries. It is also an important ship- 
 ping point for grain, and contains several 
 elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 
 1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county -seat of 
 Brown County, midway between Quincy and 
 Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- 
 tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six 
 churches and four schools (two large public, and 
 two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- 
 tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, 
 brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured 
 here, and three weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; 
 (1900), 1,960. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON, a city and county-seat of 
 Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 
 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center 
 of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many 
 flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a 
 plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- 
 tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- 
 ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The 
 Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division 
 is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine 
 school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, 
 heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. 
 Population (1890). 3,233; (1900). 5.216. 
 
392 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 MOl'XT VERNON ii GRAYVILLE RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Peoria, Decatur &■ Evansville Railway.) 
 
 MOWEA0.UA, a village of Shelby County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 10 miles south of 
 Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising 
 section ; has coal mine, three banks and two 
 newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,478. 
 MUDD, (Col.) John J., soldier, was born in 
 St. Charles County, Mo., Jan. 9, 1820; his father 
 having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike 
 County, 111., to free her children from the influ- 
 ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he 
 made the overland journey to California, each 
 time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- 
 tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the 
 commission business in St. Louis, as head of the 
 firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash 
 of 1857; then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, 
 was again in prosperous business. While on a 
 business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, 
 he had an opportunity of learning the growing 
 spirit of secession, being advised by friends to 
 leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a 
 mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army 
 as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. 
 Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was 
 stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and 
 Paducah, Ky. , and, in February, 1862, led the 
 advance of General McClernand's division in the 
 attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely 
 wounded ; but. after a few weeks in hospital at St. 
 Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his 
 regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable 
 to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the 
 staff of General McClernand during the advance 
 on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head 
 of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to 
 the command of General McPherson. Early in 
 1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
 soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the 
 movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was 
 again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, 
 was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently 
 participated in the operations in Southwestern 
 Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left 
 Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to 
 General McClernand, but two days later, while 
 approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, 
 was shot through the head and instantly killed. 
 He was a gallant soldier anil greatly beloved by 
 his troops. 
 
 MULBERRY GROVE, a village of Bond County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
 Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a 
 local newspaper. Pop (1890), 750; (1900), 632. 
 
 MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born of 
 Irish parentage at Utica, N. Y., June 25, 1830; in 
 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, 
 after graduating from the Universit}' of St. 
 Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of 
 law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- 
 phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his 
 return resumed his professional studies, at the 
 same time editing "The Western Tablet," a 
 weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the 
 Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of 
 the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as 
 the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- 
 try, first in the West and later in the East, being 
 severely wounded and twice captured. He 
 declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to 
 remain with his regiment. He was fatally 
 wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- 
 chester. While being carried off the field he 
 noticed that the colors of his brigade were en- 
 dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he 
 ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the 
 command until it was obeyed. Before they 
 returned he had been borne away by the enemy, 
 and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va. , July 26, 
 1864. 
 
 MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was 
 born in Orange County, Vt. , in 1834; graduated 
 at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught 
 two years, meanwhile beginning the study of 
 law. Removing to Coles County, 111., in 1855. he 
 resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar 
 in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- 
 gomery Count} 7 . In 1862 he joined the One 
 Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the 
 following year was appointed Colonel of the First 
 Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the 
 service on account of declining health, he re- 
 turned to Cairo, 111. , where he became editor of 
 "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the 
 State Senate, serving four years; served as Presi- 
 dential Elector in 1868 ; was the Republican nomi- 
 nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year 
 was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of 
 Internal Revenue - for the District including the 
 States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 
 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He 
 has been prominently connected with a number 
 of important cases before the Chicago courts. 
 
 MUNN. Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- 
 lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio 
 at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington, 
 Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet, 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 393 
 
 where he practiced law. During the War he 
 served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- 
 ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's 
 Attorney for Will County and State Senator in 
 the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
 Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He . 
 was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- 
 ation from its organization. 
 
 MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- 
 gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; 
 in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was 
 educated in the high schools of that place ; at the 
 age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 
 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the 
 next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit 
 Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when he 
 was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 
 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by 
 Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois 
 Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this 
 position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. 
 Two years later he was elected as a Republican 
 to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty-first 
 District, but was defeated for re-election by a 
 small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat 
 and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed 
 Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to 
 succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry 
 
 MURPHYSBORO, the county-seat of Jackson 
 County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on 
 main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis 
 Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of 
 the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of 
 Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. 
 Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in 
 the vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine 
 shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, Hour 
 and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, 
 three banks, two daily and three weekly news- 
 papers, city and rural free mail delivery. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 3,380; (1900). 6.463; (1903, est), 7,500. 
 
 MURPHYSBORO & SHAWXEETOWN RAIL. 
 ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shawneetdum, St. 
 Louis Southern and St. Louis. Alton & Terre 
 Haute Railroads.) 
 
 NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on 
 the west branch of the Du Page River and on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles 
 west-southwest of Chicago, and 9 miles east of 
 Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, 
 stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; 
 is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an 
 institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical 
 
 Association ; the college now has a normal school 
 department. Population (1890), 2,216; (1900), 2,629 
 
 NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- 
 nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch 
 of the Wabash Railway. 21 miles west of Jackson- 
 ville. Population (1890). 452; (1900), 398. 
 
 NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Washington County, on the Centralia & 
 Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; 
 is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east 
 by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- 
 producing and rich agricultural region There 
 are two coal mines within the corporate limits, 
 and two large flouring mills do a considerable 
 business. There are numerous churches, public 
 schools, including a high school, a State bank, 
 and four weekly papers. Population (1880), 
 2,222; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. 
 
 NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the 
 head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, 
 between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It 
 was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its 
 early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of 
 the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of 
 French Icarians, who introduced the culture of 
 grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of 
 communistic order, but their experiment did not 
 prove a success, and in a few years they gave 
 place to another class, the majority of the popu- 
 lation now being of German extraction. The 
 chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. 
 Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are 
 raised and shipped, and considerable native wine 
 is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890), 
 1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See • also Mor- 
 mons. ) 
 
 NAVIGABLE STREAMS (by Statute). Fol- 
 lowing the example of the French explorers, who 
 chiefly followed the water-ways in their early 
 explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- 
 nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the 
 principal streams, but later took especial pains to 
 maintain their navigable character by statute. 
 This was, of course, partly due to the absence of 
 improved highways, but also to the belief that, 
 as the country developed, the streams would 
 become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, 
 especially in the transportation of heavy commod- 
 ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century 
 after the organization of the State Government, 
 one of the questions receiving the attention of 
 the Legislature, at almost every session, was the 
 enactment of laws affirming the navigability of 
 certain streams now regarded as of little impor- 
 tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 
 
394 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 transportation. Legislation of this character 
 began with the first General Assembly (1819), 
 and continued, at intervals, with reference to 
 one or two of the more important interior rivers 
 of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois 
 and Wabash, still recognized as navigable 
 streams, the following were made the subject of 
 legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a 
 branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson 
 Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of 
 the Ohio in Pope County (Acts of 1833); Big 
 Muddy, to the junction of the East and West 
 Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various 
 subsequent amendments ; Big Vermilion, declared 
 navigable (1831); Bon Pas. a branch of the 
 Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- 
 ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson 
 County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable 
 (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent 
 acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, 
 declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), 
 and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo 
 rated (1855); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation 
 & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), 
 with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; 
 Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a 
 point in Fayette County north of Vandalia ( 1819), 
 with various modifying acts (1823-67); Macoupin 
 Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837); 
 Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison 
 Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- 
 pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts 
 (1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable 
 to Third Principal Meridian — east line of Sanga- 
 mon County — (1822), and the North Fork of same 
 to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou 
 of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike 
 and Adams Counties (1859); Spoon River, navi- 
 gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), 
 with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little 
 Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated 
 and river declared navigable to McCawley's 
 bridge — probably in Clay County — (1826), with 
 various subsequent acts making appropriations 
 for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch 
 of the Little Wabash), declared navigable 
 to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and 
 to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at 
 various times declared a number of unim- 
 portant streams navigable, including Big Creek 
 in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
 County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's 
 Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle 
 County, besides a number of others of similar 
 character. 
 
 NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a 
 child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, 
 Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 
 1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began 
 the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- 
 ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties 
 for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as 
 Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing 
 Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served 
 as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, 
 at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. 
 
 NEECE, William H„ ex-Congressman, was 
 born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of 
 Logan County, 111., but which was then within the 
 limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and 
 attended the public schools in McDonough 
 County; studied law and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in 
 practice. His political career began in 1861, 
 when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. 
 cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the 
 Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- 
 stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again 
 elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 
 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- 
 trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated 
 for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, 
 Republican. 
 
 NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
 NEOGA,a village of Cumberland County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
 St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest 
 of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some 
 manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and 
 live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,126 
 
 NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau 
 County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 652; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. 
 
 NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 (See Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis (Consoli- 
 dated) Railroad.) 
 
 NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, 
 on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- 
 nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- 
 kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has 
 one newspaper and considerable grain trade. 
 Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- 
 field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533. 
 
 NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- 
 brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. 
 
o 
 
 5 
 
 O 
 
 a 
 

 Art Institute. 
 
 Public Library. 
 
 Armour Institute. 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Court-House 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 395 
 
 Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who 
 left half of his estate (aggregating over §2,000,000) 
 for the purpose. The property bequeathed was 
 largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- 
 creased in value. The library was established in 
 temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section 
 of a permanent building was opened in the 
 autumn of 1893. By that time there had been 
 accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. 
 A collection of nearly fifty portraits — chiefly of 
 eminent Americans, including many citizens of 
 Chicago — was presented to the library by G. P. A. 
 Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. 
 The site of the building occupies an entire block, 
 and the original design contemplates a handsome 
 front on each of the four streets, with a large 
 rectangular court in the center. The section 
 already completed is massive and imposing, and 
 its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes 
 of a library, and at the same time rich and 
 beautiful. When completed, the building will 
 have a capacity for four to six million volumes. 
 
 NEWBERRY, Walter C, ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 
 23, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a 
 private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and 
 was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
 the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second 
 Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. 
 
 NEWBERRY, Walter L., merchant, banker and 
 philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., 
 Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. 
 He was President Jackson's personal appointee 
 to the United States Military Academy at West 
 Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- 
 nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in 
 business at Buffalo, N. Y., going to Detroit in 
 1828, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After 
 engaging in general merchandising for several 
 years, he turned his attention to banking, in 
 which he accumulated a large fortune. He was 
 a prominent and influential citizen, serving 
 several terms as President of the Board of Edu- 
 cation, and being, for six years, the President of 
 the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, 
 Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of 
 which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a 
 free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry 
 Library. ) 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on 
 the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of 
 the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population 
 (1890), 445; (1900), 703. 
 
 NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County 
 and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 
 868. 
 
 NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, 
 on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles 
 northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; 
 (1890), 596; (1900), 468. 
 
 NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, 
 on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad ; in 
 farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, 
 flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. 
 
 NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born 
 at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being 
 directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At 
 the age of 16 he entered the employment of the 
 Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen 
 months later he was appointed an assistant engi- 
 neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed 
 in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section 
 of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 
 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the 
 Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 
 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for 
 roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during 
 the latter year, held the position of engineer of 
 the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he 
 entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Company, as Division Engineer, where his 
 remarkable success attracted the attention of the 
 owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad 
 (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 system), who tendered him the presidency. This 
 he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of 
 the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years 
 later, he accepted the position of General Superin- 
 tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York 
 Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become 
 Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but 
 retired in September, 1874, to accept the position 
 of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan 
 Southern Railroad, of which he was elected 
 President, in May, 1883, and continued in office 
 until the time of his death, which occurred at 
 Youngstown, Ohio, August 25, 1894. 
 
 NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician 
 and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, 
 Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- 
 ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, 
 the following year, for the practice of his profes- 
 sion; soon afterward became interested in the 
 publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still 
 later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which 
 Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 
 
396 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States 
 Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, 
 but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned 
 to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke 
 out he volunteered his services, and, bj- order of 
 General Scott, was placed in charge of a military 
 hospital at Galena, of which he had control until 
 the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- 
 tion were increased by the appearance of the 
 Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems 
 to have discharged his duties with satisfaction 
 to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide 
 reputation for professional ability, and had an 
 extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 18T0. 
 
 NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton <fc Dayton Railway. 52 miles 
 east of Decatur; iias a bank, a newspaper, can- 
 ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and 
 large trade in agricultural products and live- 
 stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper 
 published in the Northwest Territory, of which 
 the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- 
 posed a part, was "The Centinel of the Northwest 
 Territory," established at Cincinnati by William 
 Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 
 1793. This was also the first newspaper published 
 west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was 
 sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name 
 of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis 
 (grandfather of N. P. Willis, the poet) estab- 
 lished "The Scioto Gazette," at Chillicothe, in 
 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" 
 was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also 
 within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. 
 Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- 
 torial Government on the removal of the capital 
 to Chillicothe, in 1800. 
 
 The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then 
 including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout 
 at Vincennes, beginning publication, July 4, 1804. 
 It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- 
 eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The 
 Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- 
 ence for ninety-five years. 
 
 The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- 
 tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the 
 abselrce of early files and other specific records, 
 the date of its establishment has been involved 
 in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- 
 can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- 
 wards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
 State from 1834 to 1S3S), and its place of pub- 
 lication Kaskaskia. at that time the Territorial 
 capital. Duncan, who was a nativeof Kentucky, 
 
 brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit 
 with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, 
 who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 
 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest 
 Territory," in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," 
 has fixed the date of the first issue of this 
 paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois 
 was severed from Indiana Territory and placed 
 under a separate Territorial Government. There 
 is good reason, however, for believing that the 
 Governor was mistaken in this statement. If 
 Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 — 
 which is probable — it does not seem to have been 
 employed at once in the publication of a news- 
 paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the 
 third paper established in Illinois) says it "was 
 for years only used for the public printing." 
 The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known 
 to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears 
 date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these 
 data, if the paper was issued continuously from 
 its establishment, the date of the first issue would 
 have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence 
 of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri 
 Gazette." the original of the old "Missouri Repub- 
 lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which 
 was established in 1808, makes no mention of the 
 Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- 
 cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was 
 most intimate, and these two were, for several 
 years, the only papers published west of Vin- 
 cennes, Ind. 
 
 In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to 
 Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell. and the 
 name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer." Cook — who had previously been 
 Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and 
 afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, 
 the first Attorney-General under the new State 
 Government, and, for eight years, served as the 
 only Representative in Congress from Illinois — 
 for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- 
 gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded 
 to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. 
 The size of the paper, which had been four pages 
 of three wide columns to the page, was increased, 
 by the new publishers, to four columns to the 
 page. On the removal of the State capital to 
 Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was 
 removed thither also, and continued under its 
 later name, afterwards becoming, after a change 
 of management, an opponent of the scheme for 
 the calling of a State Convention to revise the 
 State Constitution with a view to making Illinois 
 a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 397 
 
 The second paper established on Illinois soil 
 was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- 
 tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry 
 Eddy — who afterwards became a prominent law- 
 yer of Southern Illinois — as its editor. The name 
 of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to 
 "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, 
 became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among 
 others who were associated with the Shawnee- 
 town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- 
 wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, 
 without doubt, the most prolific and popular 
 writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- 
 lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia, sub- 
 sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under 
 the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine." 
 He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- 
 zines of that period, and author of several vol- 
 umes, including "Legends of the West" and 
 "Border Tales." During the contest over the 
 slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" 
 rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery 
 party by the publication of articles in opposition 
 to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris 
 Birkbeck and others. 
 
 The third Illinois paper— and, in 1823-24, the 
 strongest and most influential opponent of the 
 scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois — was 
 "The Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub- 
 lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 
 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and 
 responsible editor, though he received valuable 
 aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George 
 Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and 
 others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold 
 "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 
 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers 
 at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. 
 
 The agitation of the slavery question (in part, 
 at least) led to the establishment of two new 
 papers in 1822. The first of these was "The 
 Republican Advocate," which began publication 
 at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the 
 management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- 
 ant to the United States Senatorship. After his 
 election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" 
 passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, 
 after a period of suspension, established "The 
 Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, 
 removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" 
 was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent 
 of Warren's "Spectator," the first issue making 
 its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. 
 Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme 
 
 Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later 
 it. passed into new hands, and, in August, 1823, 
 assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican. " 
 Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The 
 Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the 
 pro slavery party. 
 
 With the settlement of the slavery question in 
 Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- 
 ism may be said to have entered upon a new era. 
 At the close of this first period there were only 
 five papers published in the State — all established 
 within a period of ten years ; and one of these 
 ("The Illinois Republican," at Edwardsville) 
 promptly ceased publication on the settlement of 
 the slavery question in opposition to the views 
 which it had advocated. The next period of fif- 
 teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- 
 ment of new newspaper ventures, as might be 
 expected from the rapid increase of the State in 
 population, and the development in the art of 
 printing during the same period. "The Western 
 Sun," established at Belleville (according to one 
 report, in December, 1825, and according to 
 another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph 
 Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- 
 lished in St. Clair County. This was followed 
 by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock 
 Spring, St. Clair County, with the indomitable 
 Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," 
 as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper 
 Alton, when it took the name of "The Western 
 Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, 
 however, Hooper Warren, having come into pos- 
 session of the material upon which he had printed 
 "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to 
 Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began 
 the publication of the first paper at the present 
 State capital, which he named "The Sangamo 
 Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 
 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of 
 the State, in conjunction with his half-brother, 
 Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged 
 in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- 
 ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a 
 short time. The earliest paper nortli of Spring- 
 field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- 
 nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. 
 "The Sangamo Journal" — now "The Illinois 
 State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- 
 ous existence in the State — was established at 
 Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- 
 ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing 
 date, Nov. 10, 1831. Before the close of the same 
 year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder 
 of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye, " began the 
 
39S 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- 
 ville. Another paper, established the same year, 
 was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State 
 capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas; 
 Francis, Simeon.) 
 
 At this early date the development of the lead 
 mines about Galena had made that place a center 
 of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, 
 James Jones commenced the issue of "The 
 Miners' Journal, " the first paper at Galena. Jones 
 died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into 
 other hands. July 20, 1829, "The Galena Adver- 
 tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- 
 lication, with Drs. Horatio Newhall and Addison 
 Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- 
 lisher, but appears to have been discontinued 
 before the expiration of its first year. "The 
 Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper 
 by Philleo, in May, 1832, but ceased publication in 
 September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette 
 and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 
 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named 
 afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy 
 Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being 
 now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- 
 min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of 
 his time, was editor of this paper during a part 
 of the first year of its publication. 
 
 Robert K. Fleming, who has already been 
 mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane 
 in the publication of "The Republican Advocate, " 
 at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short 
 time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his 
 establishment to Edwardsville, where he began 
 the publication of "The Corrector." The latter 
 was continued a little over a year, when it was 
 suspended. He then resumed the publication of 
 "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 
 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- 
 lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- 
 wards passed, through various changes of owners, 
 under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and 
 "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- 
 ceeded, in 1839, by "The Belleville Advocate," 
 which has been published continuously to the 
 present time. 
 
 Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, 
 afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- 
 ent times published papers at various points 
 in the State. His first enterprise was "The 
 Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed 
 to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close 
 of his first year, sold out to Judge John 
 York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western 
 Plowboy," which he had established a few 
 
 months previous. "The Advocate" was removed 
 to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who 
 had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- 
 dated with "The Illinois Register," which had 
 been established in 1836. The new paper took the 
 name of "The Illinois Register and People's 
 Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, 
 and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- 
 ter." 
 
 Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 
 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The 
 Alton Spectator." the first paper published in 
 Alton (January, 1834) ; "The Chicago Demo- 
 crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 26, 1833); "The 
 Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land 
 Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; 
 "The Alton American" (1833); "The White 
 County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville 
 Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at 
 Peoria (1834); "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and 
 Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State 
 Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville 
 (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land 
 Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville 
 Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); 
 "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton 
 Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- 
 thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; 
 "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John 
 Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published 
 in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" 
 (1838); "The Illinois Statesman." at Paris, Edgar 
 County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). 
 The second paper to be established in Chicago 
 was "The Chicago American," whose initial 
 number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. 
 Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it 
 passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co. , 
 and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the 
 issue of the first dail}- ever published in Chicago. 
 "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- 
 can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner 
 of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago 
 paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," 
 founded by Hooper Warren, in 1836. It lived 
 only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was 
 afterwards associated with Warren, and became 
 one of the most influential journalistic opponents 
 of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in 
 the latter part of that year, was associated with 
 the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in 
 the preliminary steps for the issue of "The 
 Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected 
 by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's 
 untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 399 
 
 vented him from seeing the consummation of his 
 plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in 
 part. A paper whose career, although extending 
 only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- 
 nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its 
 history closing with the assassination of its 
 editor, Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, on the night of 
 Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to 
 protect his press from destruction, for the fourtli 
 time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was 
 this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it 
 undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free 
 speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of 
 the institution in whose behalf it was committed. 
 That the development in the field of journal- 
 ism, within the past sixty years, has more than 
 kept pace with the growth in population, is 
 shown by the fact that there is not a county in 
 the State without its newspaper, while every 
 town of a few hundred population has either one 
 or more. According to statistics for 1898, there 
 were 605 cities and towns in the State having 
 periodical publications of some sort, making a 
 total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 
 semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 28 semi-monthly, 238 
 monthly, and the remainder at various periods 
 ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. 
 
 NEWTON, the county-seat of Jasper County, 
 situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- 
 tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- 
 corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the 
 county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining 
 and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in 
 the surrounding region. The city has water- 
 power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- 
 facturing, but most of its factories are operated 
 by steam. Among these establishments are flour 
 and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a 
 half-dozen churches, a good public school system, 
 including parochial school and high school, 
 besides two banks and three weekly papers. 
 Population (1890), 1,428; (1900), 1,630. 
 
 NEW YORK, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, 
 of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in 
 Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses 
 the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad 
 (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial 
 control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total 
 capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. 
 Louis, in 1898, is §50,222,568, of which $19,425,000 
 is in bonds. — (History.) The New York, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under 
 the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 
 Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun 
 immediately, and the road put in operation in 
 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a 
 receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and 
 reorganized by the consolidation of various east- 
 ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, 
 forming the line under its present name. The 
 road between Buffalo, N. Y'. , and the west line of 
 Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its 
 line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & 
 State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as 
 well as the owner of its capital stock. The main 
 line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the 
 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which 
 owns more than half of both the preferred and 
 common stock. 
 
 NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the 
 Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. 
 Agriculture is the leading industry. The town 
 has three elevators, three churches, school, coal 
 mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. 
 NICOLAY, John George, author, was born in 
 Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age 
 was brought to the United States, lived for a 
 time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools 
 there, and then came to Illinois ; at 16 entered the 
 office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- 
 field, and, while still in his minority, became 
 editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he 
 became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. 
 Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during 
 Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860, 
 aided him as private secretary, also acting as a 
 correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." 
 After the election he was formally selected by 
 Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- 
 ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. 
 Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed 
 LTnited States Consul at Paris, remaining until 
 1869; on his return for some time edited "The 
 Chicago Republican" ; was also Marshal of the 
 United States Supreme Court in Washington 
 from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- 
 laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln: 
 A History," first published serially in "The Cen- 
 tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; 
 of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- 
 paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga- 
 zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. 
 
 NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came 
 from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several 
 years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- 
 guage he learned and for whom he acted as 
 interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake 
 Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois," 
 
400 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and 
 Winnebagoes, in the region about Green Bay, 
 among whom he was received kindly. From the 
 Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he 
 learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose 
 northern villages he also visited. He subse- 
 quently returned to Quebec, where he was 
 drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the 
 first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. 
 
 NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier, 
 born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., Feb. 4, 
 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 
 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed 
 west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and 
 Frankfort, Ind., and at Owensburg, Ky., until 
 1842, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In 1846 
 he was commissioned a First Lieutenant in the 
 Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel 
 Bissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the 
 battle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General 
 Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- 
 pany of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives at the session of 
 1849, and the same year was chosen County 
 Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. 
 With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to 
 '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- 
 ville Advocate." a paper originally Democratic, 
 but which became Republican on the organiza- 
 tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was 
 appointed Colonel of the Fifty-fourth Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its 
 organization having been delayed, he resigned, 
 and, the following }'ear, was commissioned Colo- 
 nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving 
 until May, 1864, when he resigned — in March, 
 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- 
 dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 63 
 he was in command at Memphis, but later took 
 part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- 
 paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After 
 the war he served as Representative in the 
 General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; 
 as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for 
 building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as 
 Commissioner (by appointment of Governor 
 Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home. His later years have been spent chiefly 
 in the practice of his profession, with occasional 
 excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- 
 slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders 
 of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. 
 
 NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of 
 Customs, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of 
 
 North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 
 1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now 
 Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After 
 devoting two years to teaching, he entered the 
 law department of the University t»i Pennsyl- 
 vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years 
 thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during 
 which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio 
 Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism, 
 he and his older brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, with 
 a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- 
 icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- 
 chased, and the two papers were consolidated 
 under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In 
 May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in 
 Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- 
 ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new 
 venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 
 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a 
 controlling interest in the paper, when the 
 former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, 
 which he continued to occupy until 1897, when 
 he was appointed Collector of Customs for the 
 City of Chicago — a position which he now holds. 
 
 NOKOMIS, a city of Montgomery County, on 
 the "Big Four" main line and " 'Frisco" Rail- 
 roads, 81 miles east by north from St. Louis and 
 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- 
 growing and hay-producing section; has water- 
 works, electric lights, three flour mills, two 
 machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven 
 churches, high school, two banks and three 
 papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter 
 and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. 
 
 NORMAL, a city in McLean County. 2 miles 
 north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chi- 
 cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & 
 Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies 
 in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has 
 extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- 
 tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. 
 It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 
 founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal 
 University, founded in 1857; has city and rural 
 mail deliverv. Pop. (1890), 3,459; (1900), 3,795. 
 
 NORMAL ' UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern 
 Illinois Normal University; State Normal Uni- 
 m rsity.) 
 
 NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County 
 and suburb of the city of Alton. Population 
 (1880), 838; (1890), 762; (1900), 904. 
 
 NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Tenn. , Jan. 28, 
 1854 — the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose 
 loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 4(11 
 
 Rebellion, compelled him to leave his Southern 
 home and seek safety for himself and family in 
 the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- 
 missioned Colonel of a regiment and served 
 through the war, being for some nine months a 
 prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his 
 literary education in the public schools, the 
 younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval 
 Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was 
 engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- 
 ing for the practice of law and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- 
 ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his 
 home. In 1880, by appointment of President 
 Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for 
 the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's 
 Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- 
 cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on 
 the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval 
 Academy, and, by selection of the Board, 
 delivered the annual address to the graduating 
 class of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- 
 lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- 
 trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of 
 that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the 
 State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village 
 in Peoria County. 2 miles north of the city of 
 Peoria; annexed to the cit} r of Peoria in 1900. 
 
 NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. 
 The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific 
 provision, by Congress, for the government of the 
 country lying northwest of the Ohio River and 
 east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest 
 Territory), provided, among other things. (Art. 
 V., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed 
 in the said Territory not less than three nor more 
 than five States." It then proceeds to fix the 
 boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- 
 tion that there shall be three in number, adding 
 thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- 
 ever, and it is further understood and declared, 
 that the boundaries of these three States shall be 
 subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall 
 hereafter find it expedient, they shall have 
 authority to form one or two States in that part 
 of the said Territory which lies north of an east 
 and west line drawn through the southerly bend 
 or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of 
 this provision it has been claimed that the north- 
 ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio 
 should have been on the exact latitude of the 
 southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the 
 
 failure to establish this boundary was a violation 
 of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- 
 tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the 
 following articles shall be considered as articles 
 of compact between the original States and the 
 people and States in the said Territory, and for- 
 ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- 
 sent." — In the limited state of geographical 
 knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of 
 the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- 
 siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude 
 of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The 
 map of Mitchell (1755) had placed it on the paral- 
 lel of 42° 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins 
 (1778) fixed it at 41° 37'. It was officially estab- 
 lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41' 37' 
 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- 
 ary of neither of the three States named was finally 
 fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above 
 quoted from the Ordinance — that of Ohio, where 
 it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little 
 north of 41° 44'; that of Indiana at 41° 46' (some 
 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), 
 and that of Illinois at 42° 30'— about 61 miles 
 north of the same line. The boundary line 
 between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a 
 bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter 
 State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance 
 by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. 
 These included the annexation to Michigan of 
 what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," 
 lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, 
 in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her 
 southern border, which she demanded from 
 Ohio. — The establishment of the northern bound- 
 ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now 
 exists, is universally conceded to have been due 
 to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the 
 Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. 
 While it was then acquiesced in without ques- 
 tion, it has since been the subject of considerable 
 controversy and has been followed by almost 
 incalculable results. The "enabling act," as 
 originally introduced early in 1818, empowering 
 the people of Illinois Territory to form a State 
 Government, fixed the northern boundary of the 
 proposed State at 41° 39', then the supposed lati- 
 tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. 
 While the act was under consideration in Com- 
 mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- 
 ment advancing the northern boundary to 42° 
 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- 
 plained) was to gain for the new State a coast 
 line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political 
 and commercial relations with the States east of 
 
402 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 it — Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York — 
 thus "affording additional security to the per- 
 petuity of the Union." He argued that the 
 location of the State between the Mississippi, 
 Wabash and Ohio Rivers — all flowing to the 
 south — would bring it in intimate communica- 
 tion with the Southern States, and that, in the 
 event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it 
 was important that it should be identified with 
 the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left 
 entirely to the waters of the south-flowing 
 rivers. "Thus, " said he, "a rival interest would be 
 created to check the wish for a Western or South- 
 ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be 
 balanced and her inclinations turned to the 
 North." He recognized Illinois as already "the 
 key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that 
 the time might come when it would be the Key- 
 stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- 
 ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his 
 argument that, in time, a commercial emporium 
 would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would 
 demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- 
 nois River— a work which was realized in the 
 completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 thirty years later, but which would scarcely have 
 been accomplished had the State been practically 
 cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium 
 left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not 
 at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted 
 without division, and, in this form, a few days 
 later, the bill became a law. — The almost super- 
 human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- 
 ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the 
 commercial and political history of the State 
 since, but never more significantly than in the 
 commanding position which Illinois occupied 
 during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- 
 zens in the Presidential chair and another leading 
 its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the 
 Union in battling for the perpetuity of the 
 Republic— a position which more than fulfilled 
 every prediction made for it. — The territory 
 affected by this settlement of the northern 
 boundary, includes all that part of the State 
 north of the northern line of La Salle County, 
 and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen 
 counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, 
 Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- 
 son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- 
 tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island— estimated 
 at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh 
 of the present area of the State. It has been 
 argued that this territory belonged to the State 
 of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- 
 
 nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts 
 made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature 
 and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 
 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to 
 recognize this claim. These were, in a few 
 instances, partially successful, although no official 
 notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- 
 nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by 
 Governor Ford— who wrote his "History of Illi- 
 nois" when the subject was fresh in the public 
 mind— was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 
 gave Congress power to organize a State north of 
 the parallel running through the southern bend 
 of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- 
 nance requiring such additional State to be 
 organized of the territory north of that line." In 
 other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, 
 authorized the organization of an additional 
 State north of and in (i. e., within) the line 
 named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, 
 but acted in accordance with it — in practically 
 assuming that the new State "need not neces- 
 sarily include the whole of the region north of 
 that line. ' ' The question was set at rest by Wis- 
 consin herself in the action of her Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- 
 stitution, in form recognizing the northern 
 boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act 
 of 1818. 
 
 NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
 created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 
 16. 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of 
 August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. 
 Joslyn, D. S. Hammond and William Adams. 
 After considering many offers and examining 
 numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected 
 the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 
 1*4 miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox 
 River, and overlooking that stream, as a site — 
 this having been tendered as a donation by the 
 citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the 
 latter part of 1869, the system of construction 
 chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the 
 United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing 
 and rear building were so far advanced as to per- 
 mit the reception of sixty patients. The center 
 building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, 
 and the south wing before the end of the follow- 
 ing year. The total expenditures previous to 
 1876 had exceeded §637,000, and since that date 
 liberal appropriations have been made for addi- 
 tions, repairs and improvements, including the 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 403 
 
 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands 
 connected with the institution The first Board 
 of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, 
 Oliver Everett and Henry W. Sherman, with Dr. 
 E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and 
 Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- 
 ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his 
 Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head 
 of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, 
 covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- 
 bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, 
 and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the 
 latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- 
 vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- 
 pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in 
 December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The 
 total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was 
 $882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and 
 buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- 
 lishing the hospital, provision is made for the 
 care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is 
 both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- 
 ber of patients under treatment, for the two years 
 preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number 
 of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average 
 daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 
 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- 
 trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital : Boone, 
 Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane, Ken- 
 dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- 
 bago. 
 
 NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, 
 an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee 
 County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction 
 in branches related to the art of teaching. Its 
 last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 
 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- 
 tion from thirty -six teachers. The total value of 
 property was estimated at more than $200,000, of 
 which $160,000 was in real estate and $45,000 in 
 apparatus. Attendance on the institution has 
 been affected by the establishment, under act of 
 the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State 
 Normal School at DeKalb (which see). 
 
 NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- 
 tution for the confinement of criminals of the 
 State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site 
 was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- 
 prises some seventy -two acres. Its erection was 
 found necessary because of the inadequacy of the 
 first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- 
 tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a 
 cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was 
 thought, would meet the public necessities for 
 many years to come. Its estimated cost was 
 
 $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been 
 expended upon the institution the sum of $934,- 
 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. 
 Subsequent enlargements have increased the 
 cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877, the institution 
 had become so overcrowded that the erection of 
 another State penal institution became positively 
 necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The 
 prison has always been conducted on "the 
 Auburn system," which contemplates associate 
 labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- 
 tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at 
 night. The system of labor has varied at differ- 
 ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract 
 system" and the "State account plan" being 
 successively in force. (See Convict Labor. ) The 
 whole number of convicts in the institution, at 
 the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. 
 The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, 
 were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 
 601.11 was in real estate. 
 
 NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. 
 Louis, Peoria & NorViern Railway.) 
 
 NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
 institution for the education of teachers of the 
 common schools, authorized to be established by 
 act of the Legislature passed at the session of 
 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 
 for the erection of buildings and other improve- 
 ments. The institution was located at DeKalb, 
 DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the 
 erection of buildings commenced soon after — 
 Isaac F. Ellwood, of DeKalb, contributing $20,- 
 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty- 
 seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the 
 appropriations and contributions, in land and 
 money, aggregated $175,000. The school was 
 expected to be ready for the reception of pupils 
 in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will 
 accommodate 1,000 students. 
 
 NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name 
 formerly applied to that portion of the United 
 States north and west of the Ohio River and east 
 of the Mississippi, comprising the present States 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin. The claim of the Government to the land 
 had been acquired partly through conquest, by 
 the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark 
 (which see), under the auspices of the State of 
 Virginia in 1778; partly through treaties with the 
 Indians, and partly through cessions from those 
 of the original States laying claim thereto. The 
 first plan for the government of this vast region 
 was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, 
 in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 
 
404 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of ultimate passage. But three years later a 
 broader scheme was evolved, and the famous 
 Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the 
 extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, 
 passed the Continental Congress. This act has 
 been sometimes termed "The American Magna 
 Charta,'" because of its engrafting upon the 
 organic law the principles of human freedom and 
 equal rights. The plan for the establishment of 
 a, distinctive territorial civil government in a 
 new Territory— the first of its kind in the new 
 republic — was felt to be a tentative step, and too 
 much power was not granted to the residents. 
 All the officers were appointive, and each official 
 was required to be a land-owner. The elective 
 franchise (but only for members of the General 
 Assembly) could first be exercised only after the 
 population had reached 5,000. Even then, every 
 elector must own fifty acres of land, and every 
 Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, 
 however, were subsequently incorporated by 
 amendment, in 1809. The first civil government 
 in the Northwest Territory was established by act 
 of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization 
 of all the country west of the Ohio under the 
 name "Illinois County," of which the Governor 
 was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- 
 ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief." The first 
 "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, 
 of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge 
 the duties for only a short period, being killed in 
 the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the 
 Illinois Country was almost without the semblance 
 of an organized civil government, imtil 1788, 
 when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the 
 first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the 
 Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of 
 this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- 
 ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison 
 became the Governor of the latter, embracing all 
 that portion of the original Northwest Territory 
 except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's 
 administration (1790) that part of the present State 
 of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois 
 Rivers on the west, and a line extending north 
 from about the site of old Fort Massac, on the 
 Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the 
 present county of Tazewell, on the east, was 
 erected into a county under the name of St. 
 Clair, with three county-seats, viz. : Cahokia, 
 Kaskaskia and Prairie du Rocher. (See St. Clair 
 County. ) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North- 
 west Territory was applied to an unorganized 
 region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, 
 attached to Michigan Territory for governmental 
 
 purposes. (See Illinois County; St Clair, Arthur: 
 and Todd, John.) 
 
 NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at 
 Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 
 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- 
 ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and 
 collegiate departments, besides a theological 
 school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes 
 sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less 
 than one-third of the latter being females, though 
 both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal 
 footing. The institution owns property to the 
 value of §207,000, including an endowment of 
 §85,000. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL- 
 WAT. (See Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway.) 
 
 NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene 
 seo, Henry County, 111., incorporated in 1884; in 
 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 
 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one 
 female. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- 
 tant educational institution, established at 
 Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it 
 reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 
 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. 
 It embraces the following departments, all of 
 which confer degrees: A College of Liberal 
 Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women 
 exclusively) ; a Law School ; a School of Phar- 
 macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- 
 ferred, constitutes the theological department of 
 the University. The charter of the institution 
 requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the 
 University is the largest and wealthiest of the 
 schools controlled by that denomination. The 
 College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical 
 Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments 
 (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the 
 academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- 
 vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- 
 ate courses. The Medical School was formerly 
 known as the Chicago Medical College, and its 
 Law Department was originally the Union Col- 
 lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed 
 by the University, as have also its schools of 
 dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly 
 independent institutions. The property owned by 
 the University is valued at §4,870.000, of which 
 §1,100,000 is real estate, and §2,250,000 in endow- 
 ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students 
 in 1898 was §215,288, and total receipts from all 
 sources, §482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 405 
 
 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry 
 Wade Rogers is President. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL 
 SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 
 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake 
 Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five 
 months each, at first constituted a course, 
 although attendance at two only was compul- 
 sory. The institution first opened in temporary 
 quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors 
 and thirty-three students. By 1803 more ample 
 accommodations were needed, and the Trustees 
 of the Lind University being unable to provide a 
 building, one was erected by the faculty. In 
 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the 
 institution, which was thereupon incorporated as 
 the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length 
 of the annual terms was increased to six months, 
 and additional requirements were imposed on 
 candidates for both matriculation and gradu- 
 ation. The same year, the college building was 
 sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- 
 dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- 
 pital, was commenced. This was completed in 
 1870, and the college became the medical depart- 
 ment of the Northwestern University. The 
 number of professorships had been increased to 
 eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. 
 Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- 
 ings have been erected, and the growth of the 
 institution has been steady and substantial. 
 Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South 
 Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical 
 instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted 
 in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- 
 cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and 
 assistants. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S 
 MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro 
 fessional education of women, located in 
 Chicago. Its first corporate name was the 
 "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago," 
 and it was in close connection with the Chicago 
 Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it 
 severed its connection with the hospital and took 
 the name of the "Woman's Medical College of 
 Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine 
 and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 
 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to 
 the male students, who unanimously signed a 
 protest against the continuance of the system. 
 The result was the establishment of a separate 
 school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- 
 teen professors. The requirements for graduation 
 were fixed art four years of medical study, includ- 
 
 ing three annual graded college terms of six 
 months each. The first term opened in the 
 autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty 
 students. The original location of the school 
 was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- 
 porary quarters. After tlif fire of 1871 a removal 
 was effected to the "West Division," where (in 
 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was 
 erected. A larger structure was built in 1884. 
 and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the 
 Northwestern University. The college, in all its 
 departments, is organized along the lines of the 
 best medical schools of the country. In 1896 
 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably 
 filled, and among the faculty are some of the 
 best known specialists in the country. 
 
 NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and 
 Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 
 1812, and graduated from Williams College in 
 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon 
 became prominent in the affairs of Will County. 
 His first public office was that of City Attorney, 
 after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). 
 Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was 
 elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- 
 gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in 
 his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At 
 the expiration of his second term (1857) he was 
 chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the 
 unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He 
 was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but 
 disagreed with his party as to the legal status of 
 the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson 
 appointed him United States Attorney for the 
 Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled 
 until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he 
 began private practice at Chicago, where he died, 
 August 3, 1875. 
 
 NORWOOD PARK, a village of Cook County, 
 on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- 
 consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. 
 Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. 
 
 NO YES, George Clement, clergyman, was born 
 at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by 
 his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at 
 the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the 
 ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- 
 sonville, graduating with first honors in the class 
 of 1855. In the following autumn he entered 
 Union Theological Seminary in New York, and, 
 having graduated in 1858. was ordained the same 
 year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- 
 terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 
 
406 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ten years, when he accepted a call to the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a 
 small organization which developed, during the 
 twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the 
 strongest and most influential churches in Evans- 
 ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an 
 editorial writer and weekly correspondent of 
 "The New York Evangelist," over the signature 
 of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an 
 active and very efficient member of the Board of 
 Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of 
 his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted 
 as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- 
 brated trial of the latter for heresy before the 
 Chicago Presbytery — his argument on that 
 occasion winning encomiums from all classes of 
 people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 
 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, 
 and was deeply deplored, not only by his own 
 church and denomination, but by the whole com- 
 munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a 
 union meeting was held in one of the churches at 
 Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration 
 of his services were delivered by some dozen 
 ministers of that village and of Chicago, while 
 various social and literary organizations and the 
 press bore testimony to his high character. He 
 was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, 
 and, during the last year of his life, served as its 
 President. Dr. Noyes was married, in 1858, to a 
 daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored 
 citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. 
 
 OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- 
 dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
 Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in 
 grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has 
 two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. 
 Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. 
 
 OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and 
 popular residence suburb of Chicago, 9 miles 
 west of the initial station of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is 
 also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- 
 road. The place has numerous churches, pros- 
 perous schools, a public library, telegraph and 
 express offices, banks and two local papers. 
 Population (1880), 1,888; (1890), 4,771. 
 
 OBERLY, John H., journalist and Civil Serv- 
 ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in 
 Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn- 
 ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- 
 ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, 
 Tenn , and becoming a journeyman printer in 
 
 1857. He worked in various offices, including 
 the Wooster paper, where he also began the study 
 of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of 
 "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which 
 he had been employed as an apprentice, and, 
 later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave 
 Memphis on account of his Union principles 
 after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned 
 to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers 
 there during the next four years, but, in 1865, 
 came to Cairo, 111., where he served for a time as 
 foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years 
 later establishing "The Cairo Bulletin." Although 
 the latter paper was burned out a few months later, 
 it was immediately reestablished. In 1872 he 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth 
 General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed 
 by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of 
 the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving 
 four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other 
 positions held by him included Mayor of the city 
 of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- 
 graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- 
 phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National 
 Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of 
 the Democratic State Central Committee 
 (1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad and 
 Warehouse Commission, he united in founding 
 "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he 
 was editor some three years. During President 
 Cleveland's administration he was appointed a 
 member of the Civil Service Commission, being 
 later transferred to the Commissionership of 
 Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected 
 in an editorial capacity with "The Washington 
 Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- 
 cord (N. H.) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- 
 ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to 
 reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at 
 Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. 
 
 ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 
 1, I. O. O. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11. 
 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was 
 instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at 
 Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first 
 Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- 
 retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- 
 ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, 
 at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable 
 Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate branches 
 of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,291 
 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the 
 Lodges numbered 838, the membership 50.544. 
 with §475,252.18 revenue, of which §135,018.40 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 407 
 
 was expended for relief. The Encampment 
 branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with 
 a membership of 6,812 and §23,865.25 revenue, of 
 which §6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The 
 Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 
 Lodges, with 22,000 members and §43,215.65 
 revenue, of which §3,122.79 was for relief. The 
 total sum distributed for relief by the several 
 organizations (1895) was $144,972.59. The Order 
 was especially liberal in its benefactions to the 
 sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to 
 its members calling forth a generous response 
 throughout the United States. (See Odd Felloivs' 
 Orphans Home.) 
 
 ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo 
 lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at 
 Lincoln, 111., under the auspices of the Daughters 
 of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated 
 August 19, 1S92. The building is four stories in 
 height, has a capacity for the accommodation of 
 fifty children, and cost §36,524.76, exclusive of 
 forty acres of land valued at §8,000. 
 
 ODELL, a village of Livingston County, and 
 station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 
 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a 
 grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880), 
 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. 
 
 ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- 
 ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central 
 and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 ways, 214 miles south by west from Chicago; in 
 fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, 
 bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,180. 
 
 O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
 miles east of St. Louis; has interurban railway, 
 electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, 
 bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. 
 
 OGDEN, William Butler, capitalist and Rail- 
 way President, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 
 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- 
 lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed 
 to Chicago, where he established a land and trust 
 agency. He took an active part in the various 
 enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on 
 the incorporation of the city, was elected its first 
 Mayor. He was prominently identified with the 
 construction of the Galena & Chicago Union 
 Railroad, and, in 1847, became its President. 
 "While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful 
 study of the canals of Holland, which convinced 
 him of the desirability of widening and deepen- 
 ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- 
 structing a ship canal across the southern 
 peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 he became Presi- 
 
 dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
 Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the 
 Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- 
 dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 way Company, of which he was elected President. 
 In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific 
 Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of 
 the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became 
 its President. He was largely connected with 
 the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the 
 success of which he was a firm believer. He 
 also controlled various other interests of public 
 importance, among them the great lumbering 
 establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time 
 of his death, was the owner of what was probably 
 the largest plant of that description in the world. 
 His benefactions were numerous, among the 
 recipients being the Rush Medical College, of 
 which he was President; the Theological Semi- 
 nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical 
 Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University 
 of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many 
 other educational and benevolent institutions 
 and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in 
 New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad.) 
 
 OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia 
 in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the 
 American Bottom within the present County of 
 Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair 
 County, about the site of the present town of 
 O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville; was selected 
 by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their 
 skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home 
 in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain 
 Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- 
 vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in 
 Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. — 
 Jacob (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native 
 of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois 
 with his father in 1785, and was a "Ranger" in 
 the War of 1812. He served as a Representative 
 from St. Clair County in the Third General 
 Assembly (1822), and again in the Seventh 
 (1830), in the former being an opponent of the 
 pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two 
 terms in the Legislature he seems to have held 
 no public office except that of Justice of the 
 Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- 
 dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 
 years. 
 
 OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier"" of 
 counties of the State and originally a part of Jo 
 Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837, 
 and Lee County was carved from its territory in 
 
408 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1839. In 1900 its area was T80 square miles, and 
 its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk 
 War immigration was slow, and life primitive. 
 Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain 
 was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded 
 with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. 
 Rock River flows across the county from north- 
 east to southwest. A little oak timber grows 
 along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- 
 face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich 
 loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and all the 
 limestones abound. An extensive peat-bed has 
 been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, 
 the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other 
 principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and 
 Mount Morris. 
 
 OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and 
 United States Senator, was born in Oldham 
 County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the 
 age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to 
 Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at 
 farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting 
 his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he 
 was admitted to the bar and began practice at 
 Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was 
 commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- 
 ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- 
 ment), and served through the Mexican War, 
 taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a 
 course of study at the Louisville Law School, 
 graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in 
 California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 
 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- 
 gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 
 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry 
 (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at 
 Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- 
 verely wounded in the last-named battle. He 
 resigned his commission on account of disability, 
 in May, 1864, and the following November was 
 elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he 
 was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after 
 his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the 
 United States Senate, to which he was elected 
 by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was 
 elected Governor for the third time— being the 
 only man in the history of the State who (up to 
 the present time— 1899) has been thus honored. 
 After the expiration of his last term as Governor, 
 he devoted his attention to his private affairs at 
 his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he 
 .lied. April 24, 1899, deeply mourned by personal 
 
 and political friends in all parts of the Union, 
 who admired his strict integrity and sterling 
 patriotism. 
 
 OHIO, INDIANA & WESTERN RAILWAY. 
 (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) 
 
 OHIO RIVER, an affluent of the Mississippi, 
 formed by the union of the Monongahela and 
 Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point 
 it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards 
 wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above 
 sea- level. The beauty of the scenery along its 
 banks secured for it, from the early French 
 explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name 
 of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to 
 the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- 
 ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio, 
 Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- 
 ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, 
 until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 
 37° N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of 
 the latter stream. The area which it drains is 
 computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth 
 is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current 
 is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near 
 Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- 
 two feet within two miles, which is evaded by 
 means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- 
 boats can navigate its whole length, except in low 
 stages of water and when closed by ice in winter. 
 Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- 
 berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and 
 the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- 
 bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the 
 north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- 
 burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- 
 ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is 
 crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and 
 Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a 
 variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between 
 high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and 
 its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See 
 7m undations, Remarkable. ) 
 
 OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- 
 timore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad.) 
 
 OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- 
 seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- 
 cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., 
 at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois 
 Central and the Ohio River Division ef the Cin- 
 cinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railroad ; is in the 
 center of the fruit belt and an important shipping 
 point for farm produce and live-stock ; has flour 
 mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair 
 shops, banks, a public library, churches and five 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 409 
 
 newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- 
 weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 
 4,260. 
 
 OMELYENY, John, pioneer and head of a 
 numerous family which became prominent in 
 Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who 
 came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- 
 ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- 
 nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope 
 County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had 
 preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for 
 a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, 
 carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 
 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet 
 Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph 
 County, where he served as a member of the 
 County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a 
 member of the Second General Assembly from 
 Union County, having successfully contested the 
 seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the 
 certificate of election. He died in 1828. — Edward 
 (Omelveny), another member of this family, and 
 grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented 
 Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
 bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 
 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. — 
 Harvey K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- 
 liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born 
 in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern 
 Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of 
 law, being for a time the partner of Senator 
 Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he 
 was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to 
 succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to 
 the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He 
 gained considerable notoriety by his intense 
 hostility to the policy of the Government during 
 the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a 
 member of the Peace Commission proposed to be 
 appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to 
 secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- 
 federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the 
 peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. 
 In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, 
 Cal., which has since been his home, and where 
 he has carried on a lucrative law practice. 
 
 ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west 
 from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from 
 Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, 
 wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being 
 among the products. It has a bank, eight 
 churches, a graded school, a commercial college, 
 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270. 
 
 ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
 northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and 
 furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, 
 several churches, a graded school, and a weekly 
 paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, 
 where coal is mined about twenty feet below the 
 surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. 
 
 OCJUAWKA, the county-seat of Henderson 
 County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 
 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles 
 west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, 
 but has some manufactories. The town has 
 five churches, a graded school, a bank and three 
 newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010. 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name 
 given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, 
 for the government of the territory northwest of 
 the Ohio River, comprising the present States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 The first step in this direction was taken in the 
 appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a 
 committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair- 
 man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- 
 ment of the region which had been acquired, by 
 the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, nearly six 3'ears previous. The necessity 
 for some step of this sort had grown all the more 
 urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the 
 right of the United States to this region by the 
 Treaty of Paris of 1783, and the surrender, by Vir- 
 ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on 
 account of Clark's conquest under her auspices— 
 a right which she had exercised by furnishing 
 whatever semblance of government so far existed 
 northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted 
 from Jefferson's committee proposed the division 
 of the Territory into seven States, to which was 
 added the proviso that, after the year 1800. "there 
 shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
 in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- 
 ment of crime whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, 
 however, Congress contenting itself with the 
 passage of a resolution providing for future 
 organization of this territory into States by the 
 people — the measures necessary for temporary 
 government being left to future Congressional 
 action. While the postponement, in the reso- 
 lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- 
 bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been 
 criticised, its introduction was significant, as 
 coming from a representative from a slave State, 
 
410 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and being the first proposition in Congress look- 
 ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject 
 of slavery. Congress having taken no further 
 step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the 
 condition of the country (thus left practically 
 without a responsible government, while increas- 
 ing in population) became constantly more 
 deplorable. An appeal from the people about 
 Kaskaskia for some better form of government, 
 in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly 
 organized "Ohio Company,'* who desired to en- 
 courage emigration to the lands which they were 
 planning to secure from the General Government, 
 at last brought about the desired result, in the 
 passage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th 
 day of July, 1787. While making provision for a 
 mode of temporary self-government by the 
 people, its most striking features are to be found 
 in the six "articles" — a sort of "Bill of Rights" — 
 with which the document closes. These assert: 
 (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious 
 opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas 
 coitus and trial by jury; to proportionate repre- 
 sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- 
 erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, 
 being necessary to good government and the 
 happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
 education shall forever be encouraged" ; (4) that 
 the States, formed within the territory referred 
 to, "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- 
 acy of the United States of America, subject to 
 the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- 
 ations therein as shall be constitutionally made" ; 
 (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be 
 formed therein and the conditions of their admis- 
 sion into the Union; and (6 — and most significant 
 of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the 
 introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any 
 qualification as to time. There has been consider- 
 able controversy regarding the authorship of this 
 portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not 
 necessary to enter here. While it has been char- 
 acterized as a second and advanced Declaration 
 of Independence — and probably no single act of 
 Congress was ever fraught with more important 
 and far-reaching results — it seems remarkable 
 that a majority of the States supporting it and 
 securing its adoption, were then, and long con- 
 tinued to be, slave States. 
 
 OREOON, the county-seat of Ogle County, 
 situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis 
 Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road, 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- 
 rounding region is agricultural; the town has 
 
 water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel 
 tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has 
 two banks, water-works supplied by flowing 
 artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- 
 papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer 
 resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,566; (1900),1,577. 
 
 ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- 
 section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago 
 Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of 
 Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 624; (1900), 584. 
 
 OSBORN, William Henry, Railway President, 
 was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After 
 receiving a high school education in his native 
 town, he entered the counting room of the East 
 India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- 
 quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, 
 finally engaging in business on his own account, 
 during which he traveled extensively in Europe. 
 Returning to the United States in 1853, he took 
 up his residence in New York, and, having mar- 
 ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the 
 original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- 
 ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, he 
 was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on 
 Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving 
 in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 
 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 — in all, 
 twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- 
 nection w T ith the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
 Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises 
 of an educational and benevolent character in aid 
 of the unfortunate classes in the State of New 
 York. 
 
 OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, 
 was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11, 
 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at 
 Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, 
 Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to 
 the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in 
 the war for the Union he joined the "Yates 
 Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of 
 the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- 
 ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois 
 Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- 
 missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion 
 to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment 
 being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall 
 Jackson, and took part in many important en- 
 gagements, including the battles of Winchester, 
 Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides 
 the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At 
 Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 411 
 
 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He 
 bore a conspicuous part in the operations about 
 Richmond which resulted in the capture of the 
 rebel capital, his services being recognized 'by 
 promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. 
 At the close of the war he returned to the prac- 
 tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed 
 Consul-General and Minister-Resident to the 
 Argentine Republic, remaining in that position 
 until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his 
 residence in Chicago. 
 
 OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the 
 Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of 
 Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618. 
 
 OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city 
 of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- 
 lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located 
 at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers 
 and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the 
 intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railway and the Streator branch of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of 
 Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
 cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. 
 Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of 
 glass is found in the vicinity and the place has 
 extensive glass works. Other manufactured 
 products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- 
 roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons 
 and carriages, agricultural implements, hay 
 carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet 
 work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city 
 has some handsome public buildings including 
 the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House 
 for the Northern Division. It also has several 
 public parks, one of which (South Park) contains 
 a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches 
 and numerous public school buildings, including 
 a high school. The city is lighted by gas and 
 electricity, has electric street railways, good 
 sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 
 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. 
 It has one private and two national banks, five 
 libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three 
 German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. 
 (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. 
 
 OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <C- Quincy 
 Railroad.) 
 
 OUTAGAMIES, a name given, by the French, 
 to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See 
 Sacs and Foxes. ) 
 
 OWEX, Thomas J. V., early legislator and 
 Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 
 
 1801 ; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 
 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem- 
 bly from Randolph County; the following year 
 was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- 
 cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in 
 the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as 
 Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the 
 first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- 
 cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of 
 the Government Commissioners who conducted 
 the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other 
 tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. 
 Died, in Chicago, Oct. 15, 1835. 
 
 PADDOCK, Gaius, pioneer, a native of Massa- 
 chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he 
 entered the Colonial Army, serving until the 
 close of the Revolutionary War, and being in 
 Washington's command at the crossing of the 
 Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- 
 mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a 
 year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- 
 ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he 
 located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- 
 wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which 
 became one of the most prosperous agricultural 
 sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. 
 
 PAIJfE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in 
 Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10, 1815; 
 graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 
 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, 
 serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, 
 Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced 
 at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 
 111., (1848-61), meanwhile serving in the lower 
 branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly 
 (1853-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been 
 Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the State Militia, and, in Illinois, 
 became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). 
 He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in 
 April, 1861, and served through the war, being 
 promoted Brigadier-General in September, 1861. 
 The first duty performed by his regiment, after 
 this date, was the occupation of Paducah, Ky., 
 where he was in command. Later, it took part 
 in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 
 the battles of Shiloh, New Madrid and Corinth, 
 and also in the various engagements in Northern 
 Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From 
 November, 1862, to May, 1864, General Paine was 
 guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, 
 and, during a part of 1864, in command of the 
 AVestern District of Kentucky. He resigned, 
 April 5, lsd.",, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 
 
412 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1882. A sturdy Union man, he performed his 
 duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. 
 
 PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 
 ern Railroad, 2G miles northwest from Chicago. 
 There are flour and planing mills here ; dairying 
 and farming are leading industries of the sur- 
 rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890), 
 891; (1900), 1,020. 
 
 PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 
 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of 
 Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, 
 on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, 
 a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour 
 mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment 
 factory, and municipal light and power plant. 
 Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979. 
 
 PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- 
 man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, 
 Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the 
 printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards 
 edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served 
 two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1858 
 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The 
 Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, 
 and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having 
 purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he 
 edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to 
 Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," 
 remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- 
 master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. 
 Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, 
 in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- 
 ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- 
 land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, 
 but resumed his old place at the head of the 
 Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- 
 tion of President McKinley in 1897. 
 
 PALMER, John McAuley, lawyer, soldier and 
 United States Senator, was born in Scott County, 
 Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to 
 Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years 
 later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 
 as a student ; later taught and studied law, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was 
 elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also 
 served in the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and 
 County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to 
 fill a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as 
 an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for 
 Lyman Trumbull for LTnited States Senator in 
 ■ 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856; was President 
 of the first Republican State Convention, held at 
 Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a 
 
 delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- 
 phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
 in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of 
 the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered 
 the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry; was promoted Briga- 
 dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in 
 the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, 
 assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army 
 Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was 
 relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 
 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to 
 command of the Military Department of Ken- 
 tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the 
 service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- 
 field. The following year he was elected Gov- 
 ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported 
 Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- 
 operated with the Democratic party. He was 
 three times the unsuccessful candidate of his 
 party for United States Senator, and was their 
 nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 
 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator 
 by the Democratic State Convention and elected 
 in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891, 
 receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and 
 two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became 
 an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as 
 candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for 
 President, although receiving no electoral votes, 
 proving his devotion to principle. His last years 
 were occupied in preparation of a volume of 
 personal recollections, which was completed, 
 tinder the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life,'' 
 a few weeks before his death, which occurred at 
 his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. 
 
 PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, 
 was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; 
 received an English education and became a 
 junior clerk in a country store at Durham, 
 Greene County, in that State, three years later 
 being placed in charge of the business, and finally 
 engaging in business on his own account. Com- 
 ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- 
 goods business on Lake Street, establishing the 
 house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & 
 Co. (now Marshall Field & Co.), from which here- 
 tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, 
 which has since been immensely increased by 
 fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer 
 was Second Vice-President of the first Board of 
 Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition in 1891. — Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer i. 
 wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 413 
 
 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner 
 and operator of Chicago. She is a native of 
 Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly 
 spent, though she was educated at a convent near 
 Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family 
 to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter 
 Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized 
 leader in many social and benevolent movements, 
 but won the highest praise by her ability and 
 administrative skill, exhibited as President of the 
 Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on 
 the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago 
 & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from 
 Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank 
 and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. 
 
 PANA, an important railway center and prin- 
 cipal city of Christian County, situated in the 
 southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- 
 secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 
 miles south by west from Decatur, and 43 miles 
 southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- 
 ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its 
 mechanical establishments include two flouring 
 mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two 
 planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in 
 coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has 
 banks, several churches, graded schools, and 
 three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. 
 Population (1890), 5,077; (1900), 5,530. 
 
 PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad.) 
 
 PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the 
 county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important 
 railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and 
 the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, 
 and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in 
 the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural 
 region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries 
 include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and 
 planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product 
 factories. The city has three banks, three daily 
 and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten 
 churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,990; 
 (1900), 6,105. 
 
 PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre 
 Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 
 
 PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See 
 Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 
 
 PARKS, ({avion D. A., lawyer, was born at 
 Bristol, Ontario County, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; 
 
 went to New Y'ork City in 1838, where he com- 
 pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the 
 bar, removing to Lockport, 111, in 1842. Here 
 he successively edited a paper, served as Master 
 in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was elected County 
 Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, 
 acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock 
 Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
 ville; was elected Representative in 1852, became 
 a Republican and served on the first Republican 
 State Central Committee (1856); the same year 
 was elected to the State Senate, and was a 
 Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864. 
 In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- 
 lican movement, was defeated for Congress, and 
 afterwards acted with the Democratic party. 
 Died, Dec. 28, 1895. 
 
 PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was born at 
 Mecklenburg, N. C, April 15, 1813; learned the 
 printing trade at Charlotte, in that State ; came 
 to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- 
 lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his 
 interest a few years later. Then, having offi- 
 ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some 
 years, in 1854 he again became associated with 
 "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at 
 Alton, March 31, 1875. 
 
 PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- 
 consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 457; (1890), 987; (J900), 1,340. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and 
 Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army 
 of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden 
 County, Vt. , Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents 
 to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm, receiving his education in the 
 district school, with four terms in a high school 
 at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter 
 district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 
 enlisted in what became Company C of the 
 Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being 
 mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at 
 Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to 
 the Army of the Cumberland, he participated 
 with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the 
 Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin 
 and Nashville, and has taken a just pride in the 
 fact that he never fell out on the march, took 
 medicine from a doctor or was absent from his 
 regiment during its term of service, except for 
 four months while recovering from a gun-shot 
 
414 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 wound received ax Chickamauga. He was pro- 
 moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, 
 and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old 
 company, of which his father was First Lieuten- 
 ant for six months and until forced to resign on 
 account of impaired health. Receiving his final 
 discharge, June 28, 1865, he returned to the farm, 
 where he remained until 1809, in the meantime 
 being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1806, 
 and teaching school one winter. In 1809 he was 
 elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the 
 Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871 ; in 
 January of the latter year, purchased an interest 
 in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he 
 remained associated some fifteen years, at first as 
 the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his 
 younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he 
 was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster 
 at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was 
 elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive 
 elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, 
 Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem- 
 blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the 
 Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long 
 Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a 
 leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he 
 was called to the service of the Republican State 
 Central Committee (of which he had previously 
 been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- 
 tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until 
 the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the 
 secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign 
 of 1892 he was associated with the late William 
 J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the 
 Republican National Committee, and was en- 
 trusted by him with many important and confi- 
 dential missions. Without solicitation on his 
 part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the 
 secretaryship of the Republican State Central 
 Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- 
 ential part in winning the brilliant success 
 achieved by the party in the campaign of that 
 year. From 1893 to 1895 he served as Mayor of 
 Waukegan; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- 
 General of the Grand Army of the Republic for 
 the Department of Illinois — a position which he 
 held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, 
 and to which he lias been re-appointed by succes- 
 sive Department Commanders up to the present 
 time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various 
 public positions held by him, has given him an 
 acquaintance extending to every county in the 
 State. 
 
 PATOKA, a village of Marion County, on the 
 Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 
 
 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and 
 saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri- 
 cultural. Population (1890), 502: (1900), 640. 
 
 PATTERSOX, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., 
 clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., 
 Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond Count}', 111, with 
 his parents in 1822, his father dying two years 
 later ; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, 
 but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 ; spent a 
 year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as 
 tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years 
 more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago 
 and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the 
 Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which 
 he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 
 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic 
 Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. 
 Lyman Beeeher, but it was declined, as was a 
 similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- 
 ship in 1873, he was, for several years. Professor of 
 Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological 
 Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as 
 President of Lake Forest University (of which he 
 was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as 
 lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He 
 received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- 
 lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake 
 Forest University, and was Moderator of the 
 Presbyterian General Assembly (X. S.)at Wil- 
 mington, Del, in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111, 
 Feb. 24, 1894. 
 
 PAYEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State 
 Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, 
 Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling 
 in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, 
 followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- 
 raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- 
 eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and 
 became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was 
 severely wounded at the battle of Sand Mountain 
 and, having been captured, was confined in Libby 
 Prison, at Salisbury, N. C, and at Danville, 
 Va. , for a period of nearly two years, enduring 
 great hardship and suffering. Having been 
 exchanged, he served to the close of the war as 
 Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- 
 eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention of 1880, 
 which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- 
 dency, and was one of the famous "306" who 
 stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 
 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector 
 of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, 
 and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State 
 Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- 
 
IIISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 415 
 
 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. 
 General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R. " 
 councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- 
 Commander for the Department of Illinois in 
 
 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 
 
 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the 
 National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the 
 railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from 
 President McKinley the appointment of Special 
 Agent of the Treasury Department. His home 
 is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County. 
 
 PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at 
 the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee 
 Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town 
 has a bank and a weekly paper. Population ( 1900), 
 595; (1903, est.), 1,000. 
 
 PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- 
 mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn 
 (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was 
 organized and procured a charter in December, 
 1888, and the road completed the following year. 
 The cost was §101,774. Capital stock authorized, 
 $100,000; funded debt (1895), §50,000. 
 
 PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the 
 junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of 
 Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but 
 has a bank and one weekly paper. Population 
 (1890), 635; (1900), 765. 
 
 PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is 
 situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- 
 sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & 
 Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from 
 Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It 
 contains a court house, two schools, water-works, 
 electric light and water-heating system, two 
 banks, nine churches, and one daily newspaper. 
 It is an important shipping-point for the farm 
 products of the surrounding territory, which is a 
 rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile 
 works and flour mills, factories for the manu- 
 facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, 
 brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 
 2,187; (1900), 3,036. 
 
 PATSON, a village in Adams County, 15 miles 
 southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station 
 being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana 
 Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railway; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 
 465. 
 
 PAYSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 
 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 13, and. after 
 passing through the common schools, attended 
 
 Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. 
 He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, 
 and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. 
 From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston 
 County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented 
 his District in Congress, being elected as a 
 Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his 
 Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since 
 retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- 
 fession in Washington, D. C. 
 
 PEABODY, Selim Hobart, educator, was born 
 in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; 
 after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year in a 
 Boston Latin School, then engaged in various 
 occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when 
 he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- 
 ing third in his class in 1852; was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the 
 Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, 
 remaining three years, when he spent five years 
 in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of 
 Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 he was 
 teacher of physical science in Chicago High 
 School, also conducting night schools for work- 
 ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and 
 Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
 lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 
 1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois 
 Industrial University (now University of Illinois), 
 at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical 
 Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but 
 resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum'- 
 bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody 
 was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, 
 and, on the expiration of his service there, 
 assumed the position of Curator of the newly 
 organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from 
 which he retired some two years later. 
 
 PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- 
 sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 
 928; (1900), 722. 
 
 PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was 
 born at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed 
 to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858, and 
 has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
 in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and 
 banking business. He was a member of the lower 
 house in the Thirty-third, and of the Senate in 
 the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the 
 expiration of his term in the latter, was elected 
 Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 
 1888. In 1892 he was a candidate for re-election, 
 
41G 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 but was defeated, although, next to Governor 
 Filer, he received the largest vote cast for any 
 candidate for a political office on the Republican 
 State ticket. 
 
 PEARSON, John M., ex-Raihvay and Ware- 
 house Commissioner, born at Newburyport, 
 Mass., in 1832— the son of a ship-carpenter; was 
 educated in his native State and came to Illinois 
 in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he 
 was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of 
 agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- 
 pointed a member of the first Railway and Ware- 
 house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 
 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first 
 General Assembly from Madison County, and 
 was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He 
 was appointed a member of the first Board of 
 Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, serving until 
 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as 
 President of the Board. Mr. Pearson is a life- 
 long Republican and prominent member of the 
 Masonic fraternity. His present home is at 
 Godfrey. 
 
 PEARSONS, Daniel K., M.D., real-estate oper- 
 ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., 
 April 14, 1820 ; began teaching at 16 years of age, 
 and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a 
 two years' course. He then studied medicine, 
 and, after practicing a short time in his native 
 State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he 
 remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he 
 came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating 
 in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- 
 ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this 
 line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber 
 lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago 
 City Railway Company and American Exchange 
 Bank, besides being interested in other financial 
 institutions. He has been one of the most liberal 
 supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and 
 a princely contributor to various benevolent and 
 educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in 
 different parts of the country, aggregating over a 
 million dollars. 
 
 PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, 
 Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It 
 is on the Chicago <fe Northwestern Railway, mid- 
 way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 
 miles from each. It contains a carriage factory, 
 machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, 
 six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890), 1,059; (1900), 1,045. 
 
 PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the 
 confluence of two branches, both of which rise 
 in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north 
 
 of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs 
 southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, 
 until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the 
 headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the 
 river is about 50 miles. 
 
 PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in 
 Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- 
 demical education, studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice 
 elected to the Provincial Parliament and made 
 King's Counsel in 1833 ; came to Illinois in 1835, 
 settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate 
 (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); 
 was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), 
 Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), 
 and member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1869 70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was 
 appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at 
 Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 
 1881. 
 
 PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- 
 cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 — the son 
 of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- 
 chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated 
 in the public schools, the Chicago University 
 and Union College of Law, graduating from 
 both of the last named institutions, and being 
 admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he 
 engaged in practice, but his father having died in 
 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large 
 estate devolved upon him and has since occupied 
 his time, though he has given much attention to 
 the amelioration of the condition of the poor of 
 his native city, and works of practical benevo- 
 lence and public interest. He is one of the 
 founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been 
 President and a member of the Board of Control 
 of the Chicago Athenseum, member of the Board 
 of Education, President of the Chicago Union 
 League, and was an influential factor in securing 
 the success of the World's Columbian Exposition 
 at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- 
 man of the Finance Committee, and member of 
 the Board of Reference and Control. Of late 
 years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several 
 important building enterprises of a semi-public 
 character, which have added to the reputation of 
 Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- 
 change Building and others in which he is a 
 leading stockholder, and in the erection of which 
 he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was 
 appointed, by President McKinley, the United 
 States Commissioner to the International Expo- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 417 
 
 sition at Paris of 1900, a.s successor to the late 
 Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has 
 followed his discharge of the duties of that 
 position, has demonstrated the fitness of his 
 selection. 
 
 PECK, George It., railway attorney, born in 
 Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken 
 to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his 
 father's farm ; at 16 became a country school- 
 teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from 
 debt; enlisted at 19 in the First Wisconsin Heavy 
 Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- 
 first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in 
 "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning home 
 at the close of the war, he began the study of 
 law at Janesville, spending six years there as a 
 student. Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- 
 tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 
 1871 and '74, practiced h is prof ession at Independ- 
 ence, when he was appointed by President Grant 
 United States District Attorney for the Kansas 
 District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to 
 return to general practice. In 1881 he became 
 General Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 
 1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept 
 a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he 
 still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the 
 most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was 
 chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- 
 veiling of the Logan equestrian statue in Lake 
 Front Park, Chicago; has also officiated as orator 
 on a number of other important public occasions, 
 always acquitting himself with distinction. 
 
 PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; 
 removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where 
 he united with the Baptist Church, the same 
 year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting 
 his studies and supporting himself by teaching. 
 In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Amenia. 
 N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- 
 ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the 
 same year. During the next nine years he trav- 
 eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as 
 an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating 
 at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, where, in 1826, 
 he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the 
 education of teachers and ministers. Out of this 
 grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton 
 in 1835, in securing the endowment of which Dr. 
 Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- 
 lected $20,000, and of which he served as Trustee 
 
 for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much 
 time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- 
 ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two 
 years following, was Corresponding Secretary and 
 Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- 
 cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. 
 Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- 
 eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and 
 Kentucky. A man of indomitable will, unflag- 
 ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, 
 for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early 
 history of the State, probably no man exerted a 
 larger influence for good and the advancement 
 of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- 
 zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving 
 his attention so constantly to preaching and 
 teaching, he found time to write much, not only 
 for the various publications with which he was, 
 from time to time, connected, but also for other 
 periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- 
 grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared 
 in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- 
 ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to 
 be valued for the information they contain of the 
 condition of the country at that time. He was 
 an industrious collector of historical records in 
 the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which 
 were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years 
 before his death. In 1852 he received the degree 
 of D. D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock 
 Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. 
 
 PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was 
 born in Providence. R. I., in 1809, the son of a 
 wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by 
 indorsing for a friend. After some years spent 
 in a mercantile house in New York, he came to 
 Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the fol- 
 lowing year brought a stock of goods to the 
 embryo emporium of the Northwest — then a small 
 backwoods hamlet — and, by trade and fortunate 
 investments in real estate, laid the foundation of 
 what afterwards became a large fortune. He 
 died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident 
 occurring about the time of the great fire of two 
 weeks previous, from which he was a heavy 
 sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L. , 
 Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are among 
 Chicago's most substantial citizens. 
 
 PEKIX, a flourishing city, the county-seat of 
 Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- 
 ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south 
 of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. 
 Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- 
 pations in the surrounding country, but the city 
 itself is an important grain market with large 
 
418 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 general shipping interests. It has several dis- 
 tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, 
 brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, 
 marble works, plow and wagon works, and a 
 factory for corn products. Its banking facilities 
 are adequate, and its religious and educational 
 advantages are excellent. The city has a public 
 library, park, steam-heating plant, three daily 
 and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347 ; (1900), 
 8,420. 
 
 PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. 
 (See Peoria, Decatur & Evantsville Railway.) 
 
 PELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third 
 Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards 
 County, and an opponent of the resolution for a 
 State Convention adopted by the Legislature at 
 that session, designed to open the door for the 
 admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law 
 of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders 
 in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very 
 naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. 
 He was elected to the Legislature, for a second 
 term, in 1838, but subsequently left the State, 
 dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to 
 Australia. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- 
 ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet 
 River; Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago; South 
 Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- 
 ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the 
 Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of 
 which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, 
 however, a controlling interest in the stock of 
 the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which 
 see). 
 
 PEORIA, the second largest city of the State 
 and the county -seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- 
 sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. 
 The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, 
 having a water frontage of four miles and extend- 
 ing back to a bluff, which rises 230 feet above the 
 river level and about 120 feet above the highest 
 point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or 
 '79, although, as generally believed, the French 
 missionaries had a station there in 1711. There 
 was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, 
 when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- 
 teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same 
 name as the village. From that date until 1812, 
 the place was continuously occupied as a French 
 village, and is said to have been the most impor- 
 tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. 
 The original village was situated about a mile and 
 
 a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- 
 ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name 
 of "La Ville de Maillet," from a French Canadian 
 who resided in Peoria, from 1765 to 1801 (the time 
 of his death), and who commanded a company of 
 volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- 
 lation of the old town removed to the new site, 
 and the present name was given to the place by 
 American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who 
 were the occupants of the country when it was 
 first discovered, but who had followed their cog- 
 nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and 
 Kaskaskia, about, a century before American 
 occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is 
 estimated to have contained- about seventy dwell- 
 ings, with a population of between 200 and 
 300, made up largely of French traders, 
 hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable 
 admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few 
 Americans. Among the latter were Thomas 
 Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser 
 of Governor Edwards ; Michael La Croix, son-in- 
 law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of 
 Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- 
 port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; 
 William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. 
 Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- 
 yer in Illinois. — In November, 1812, about half 
 the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas 
 E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor 
 Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with 
 materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same 
 time, the Governor himself was at the head of a 
 force marching against Black Partridge's vil- 
 lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- 
 munication with Craig, who appears to have 
 acted solely on his own responsibility. That the 
 latter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can 
 now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of 
 excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from 
 the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who 
 were harbored by the citizens. The testimony 
 of the French, however, is to the effect that it 
 was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- 
 gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from 
 the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those 
 who remained after the fire were taken by Craig 
 to a point below Alton and put ashore. This 
 occurred in the beginning of winter, and the 
 people, being left in a destitute condition, were 
 subjected to great suffering. A Congressional 
 investigation followed, and the French, having 
 satisfactorily established the fact that they were 
 not hostile, were restored to their possessions. — In 
 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 419 
 
 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of 
 Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not 
 two) blockhouses, with magazines and quarters 
 for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 
 1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the 
 Indians. Although a trading-post had been 
 maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 
 1813, there was no attempt made to rebuild the 
 town until 1819, when Americans began to 
 arrive. — In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- 
 pany was established here by John Hamlin, the 
 company having already had, for five years, a 
 station at Wesley City, three miles farther down 
 the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other 
 products, and was the first to introduce keel- 
 boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his 
 cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he 
 made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by 
 water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, 
 and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had 
 but seven frame houses and twenty-one log 
 cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 
 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, 
 as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Win. Hale 
 being the first Mayor). — Peoria is an important 
 railway and business center, eleven railroad lines 
 concentrating here. It presents many attractive 
 features, such as handsome residences, fine views 
 of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- 
 orate system of parks and drives. An excellent 
 school system is liberally supported, and its public 
 buildings (national, county and city) are fine and 
 costly. Its churches are elegant and well 
 attended, the leading denominations being 
 Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- 
 terian, Baptist. Protestant and Reformed Episco- 
 pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. 
 It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a 
 young and flourishing scientific school affiliated 
 with the University of Chicago, and richly en- 
 dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia 
 Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at 
 least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. 
 John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- 
 lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and 
 costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a 
 school for the higher education of young men. — 
 At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- 
 tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- 
 nois River valley for many miles, the State has 
 located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is 
 now in process of erection, and is intended to be 
 one of the most complete of its kind in the world. 
 Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for 
 
 the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 
 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of 
 the country. It also has an extensive commerce 
 with Chicago, St. Louis and other important 
 cities; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 
 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 
 90 different branches of industry, with a capital 
 of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of 
 $55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- 
 facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural 
 implements, glucose and machine-shop products. 
 Its contributions to the internal revenue of the 
 country are second only to those of the New York 
 district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; 
 (1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56,100. 
 
 PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton 
 County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name 
 from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region 
 when it was first discovered. As first organized, 
 it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and 
 Cook, with many others in the northern part of 
 the State. At that time there were less than 
 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John 
 Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return 
 from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied 
 William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- 
 ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), 
 solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- 
 ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a 
 daughter of John Kinzie. The original 'Peoria 
 County has been subdivided into thirty counties, 
 among them being some of the largest and rich- 
 est in the State. The first county officer was 
 Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the 
 Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 
 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was 
 dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he 
 did not qualify until June 4, following, when he 
 took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit 
 Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. 
 Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the 
 first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, 
 and served in that capacity until entering upon 
 his duties as Probate Judge. The first election 
 of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the 
 house of William Eads. Nathan Dillon, Joseph 
 Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- 
 missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William 
 Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer 
 was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election 
 of officers took place in 1826. The first court 
 house was a log cabin, and the first term of 
 the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John 
 York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John 
 Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 
 
420 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria 
 County is, at present, one of the wealthiest and 
 most populous counties in the State. Its soil is 
 fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially 
 at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city 
 (which see) . The area of the county is 615 square 
 miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890), 
 70,378; (19C0). 88,608. 
 
 PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois 
 River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria 
 County, which it separates from the counties of 
 Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles 
 long and 2}4 miles broad at the widest part. 
 
 PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATLR RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad.) 
 
 PEORIA, DECATLR & EVANSVILLE RAIL- 
 WAY. The total length of this line, extending 
 from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 
 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 
 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, 
 southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River — is 
 single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. 
 Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the 
 tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of 
 which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey 
 City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi 
 leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria, 
 Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & 
 Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland 
 Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of 
 the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having 
 terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The 
 rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. — 
 (History. ) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur 
 & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- 
 dation of several lines built under separate char- 
 ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 
 chartered in 1807, built in 1869-71, and operated 
 the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash 
 & Western Railway, but sold to representatives 
 of the bond-holders, on account of default on 
 interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, 
 Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur, 
 Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from 
 Decatur to Mattoon), was incorporated in 1871, 
 completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872, 
 and, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- 
 cago & Great Southern; in January, 1874, the 
 Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, 
 and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, 
 was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South- 
 ern Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands 
 of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur 
 Railway having acquired a controlling interest 
 during the same year, the two lines were con- 
 
 solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur 
 & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- 
 ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was 
 consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon & 
 Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- 
 ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois 
 Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter 
 corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, 
 Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of 
 the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both 
 consolidations, however, were set aside by decree 
 of the United States District Court, in 1876, and 
 the partially graded road and franchises of the 
 Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, 
 to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles 
 of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed 
 during the month of September of that year, and 
 the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 
 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of 
 foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
 Railway Company, which had already acquired 
 the Decatur & Mattoon Division —thus placing 
 the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the 
 hands of one corporation. A line under the name 
 of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in 
 Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, 
 with the Illinois corporation under the name of 
 the latter, and completed from Grayville to 
 Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio 
 River Railroad — chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- 
 ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad — was con- 
 structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to 
 West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was 
 changed to standard gauge and completed, in 
 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same 
 year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
 under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- 
 ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio 
 River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, 
 Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893, and used 
 as the Chicago Division of that line. The property 
 and franchises of the entire line passed into the 
 hands of receivers in 1894, and are still (1898) 
 under their management. 
 
 PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Rail- 
 road of Illinois.) 
 
 PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a 
 short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- 
 pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 
 111. It was incorporated, Feb. 12, 1853, com- 
 pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock 
 Island in perpetuity, April 14, 1854, the annual 
 rental being $125,000. The par value of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 421 
 
 capital stock is SI, 500,000. Annual dividends of 
 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi-annu- 
 ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railway.) 
 
 PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this 
 line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total 
 length is 350^2 miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois 
 — 123 being owned by the Company. That por- 
 tion within this State extends east from Pekin to 
 the Indiana State line, in addition to which tile 
 Company has trackage facilities over the line of 
 the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to 
 Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is 
 single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound 
 steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with 
 gravel. The capital stock is §10,000,000. In 1895 
 it had a bonded debt of S13, 603,000 and a floating 
 debt of 81,261,130, making a total capitalization 
 of $24,864,130.— (History.) The original of this 
 corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- 
 ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, 
 in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- 
 ville & Danville Railroad — the new corporation 
 taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- 
 ton & Western — and was opened to Pekin the 
 same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of a 
 receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, and 
 reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & 
 Western Railway Company. The next change 
 occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with 
 an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific 
 Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of 
 name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- 
 ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 
 it again got into financial straits, was placed in 
 charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization 
 committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name 
 of the Ohio. Indiana & Western Railway Com- 
 pany. The final reorganization, under its present 
 name, took place in February, 1890, when it was 
 leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
 St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. 
 (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway.) 
 
 PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. ) 
 
 PEORIA & OQUAWKA RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad.) 
 
 PEORIA & PEKIN UNION RAILWAY. A line 
 connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekin, which 
 are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, 
 and acquired. by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, 
 Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- 
 field Railroads, between the two cities named in 
 
 its title, giving it control of two lines, which are 
 used by nearly all the railroads entering both 
 cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The 
 mileage, including both divisions, is 18.14 miles, 
 second tracks and sidings increasing the total to 
 nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, 
 about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The 
 total cost of construction was §4,350,987. Its 
 total capitalization (1898) was 84, 177,763, includ- 
 ing §1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of 
 $2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal 
 amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the 
 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville, the Chicago, 
 Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- 
 panies, with 1,000 shares by the Lake Erie & 
 Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals 
 are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and 
 the Iowa Central Railways. 
 
 PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) 
 
 PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest 
 from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank 
 and a newspaper. The surrounding country is 
 agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. 
 
 PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the 
 intersection of the Wabash, Chesapeake & West- 
 ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population 
 (1890), 360; (1900), 660. 
 
 PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno 
 visited the valley of the Fox River (of Wisconsin) 
 and the country around the great lakes, at various 
 times between 1670 and 1690. He was present, 
 as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- 
 ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which 
 was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- 
 sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at 
 which the Sieur de Lusson took formal possession 
 of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- 
 ing region and "all the country southward to the 
 sea," in the name of Louis XIV. of France. 
 Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, 
 and, for several years, was Commandant in the 
 Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was 
 intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ 
 ings were not published until 1864, but have 
 always been highly prized as authority. 
 
 PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank 
 and a newspaper. Population (1880), 770; (1890), 
 705; (1900), 642. 
 
 PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwest quarter 
 of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and 
 a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized 
 as a county in 1827, and named for Com. Oliver 
 H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 
 
422 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 although flat prairies occupy a considerable por- 
 tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone 
 is found in the southern, and sandstone in the 
 northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth 
 of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at 
 several points, easily mined, some of it being of 
 a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some 
 extent, and the chief agricultural output is 
 wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a 
 central position and a population of about 1,300. 
 Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is 
 the principal stream, and the county is crossed 
 by several lines of railroad. 
 
 PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head 
 of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here 
 spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 
 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- 
 tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is 
 connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile 
 distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- 
 mining region, is an important trade center, and 
 has several manufacturing establishments, includ- 
 ing zinc smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid 
 factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, 
 tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, 
 foundries and machine shops, flour and saw mills, 
 clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a 
 combined capital of $200,000, are located at Peru, 
 and one daily and one weekly paper. Population 
 (1870), 3,650; (1880), 4,682; (1890), 5,550, (1900), 
 6,863. 
 
 PESOTTJM, a village in Champaign County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles south of 
 Tolono. Population (1890), 575. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and 
 the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the 
 intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, 
 Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest 
 of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- 
 ville. The town was surveyed and platted by 
 Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is the seat of the 
 "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, 
 two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches 
 The manufactures include woolen goods, brick 
 and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and 
 canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807. 
 
 PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- 
 sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced 
 law in his native State until 1837, when he set- 
 tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847. was elected to the 
 bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, 
 and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856. 
 
 PHILLIPS, David L , journalist and politician, 
 was born where the town of Marion, Williamson 
 County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to 
 St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling 
 near Belleville ; began teaching at an early age, 
 and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, 
 and, after a brief course with the distinguished 
 Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years 
 later entered the ministry, serving churches in 
 Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, 
 finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. 
 Though originally a Democrat, his advanced 
 views on slavery led to a disagreement with his 
 church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- 
 tion as paymaster in the construction department 
 of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being 
 transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- 
 ern section, in this capacity visiting different 
 parts of the State from one end of the main line 
 to the other. About 1854 he became associated 
 with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- 
 zette," a Democratic paper, which, during his con- 
 nection with it (some two years), he made an 
 earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 
 At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention 
 (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, he 
 was appointed a member of their State Central 
 Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the 
 first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- 
 ington in May following, where he served as 
 Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- 
 nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont 
 ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the 
 unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress 
 in the Southern District, being defeated by John 
 A. Logan ; was again in the State Convention of 
 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention 
 which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President 
 the first time; was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
 United States Marshal for the Southern District 
 in 1861, and re appointed in 1865, but resigned 
 after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- 
 ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of 
 "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining 
 this relation until 1878, at intervals performing 
 editorial service; also took a prominent part in 
 organizing and equipping the One Hundred and 
 Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes 
 called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, 
 was one of the committee of citizens sent to 
 escort the remains of President Lincoln to 
 Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican 
 movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876, 
 was in line with his former party associates, and 
 served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 423 
 
 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- 
 sition to William M. Springer, early the following 
 year receiving the appointment of Postmaster 
 for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. 
 Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. 
 
 PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at 
 Peterborough. England, in January, 1N10; gradu- 
 ated at* Cambridge, and came to the United 
 States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he 
 returned to England, and, for a time, was editor 
 of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal 
 of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- 
 ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, 
 and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over 
 the nom de plume of "January Searle" for "The 
 Chicago Republican" — later was literary editor 
 of "The New York Sun" for several years. His 
 mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an 
 asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- 
 town, N. J., Jan. 14, 1889. Mr. Phillips was the 
 author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of 
 travel and biography. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and 
 jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., 
 May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the 
 Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized 
 a company of volunteers, of which he was 
 chosen Captain, and which was attached to the 
 Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was 
 successively advanced to the rank of Major, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on 
 account of disability, in August, 1864, but was 
 brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the 
 war. His military record was exceptionally 
 brilliant He was wounded three times at 
 Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- 
 mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- 
 lantry and efficient service. At the termination 
 of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and 
 engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, 
 he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- 
 urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he 
 was elected to the bench of the Kfth Judicial 
 Circuit, and reelected in 1880. In 1890 he was 
 assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of 
 the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy 
 created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, 
 his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected 
 to succeed himself. Judge Phillips' present term 
 will expire in 1906. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in 
 Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- 
 cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 
 
 1812; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois 
 Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois 
 as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 
 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the 
 bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. 
 In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the 
 interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- 
 ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated 
 by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-slavery 
 part}-. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave 
 Laws.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" 
 to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is 
 said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. 
 The date of his death is unknown. 
 
 PIANKESHAWS, THE, a branch of the Miami 
 tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their 
 brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- 
 raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, as 
 the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws," 
 the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- 
 shaws. " They were less numerous than the 
 W T eas, their numerical strength ranking lowest 
 among the bands of the Miamis. At the time La 
 Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, 
 their warriors numbered loO. Subsequent to the 
 dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) 
 occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- 
 nois, having villages on the Vermilion and 
 Wabash Rivers. Their earliest inclinations 
 toward the whites were friendly, the French 
 traders having intermarried with women of the 
 tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- 
 ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little 
 difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new 
 government which he proclaimed. In the san- 
 guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), 
 which marked Western history during the years 
 immediately succeeding the Revolution, the 
 Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- 
 petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred 
 the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included 
 in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was 
 unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The 
 Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- 
 tion, and the President issued a special procla- 
 mation in their behalf. After the cession of the 
 last remnant of the Miami territory to the United 
 States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- 
 vation, and its last remnant finally found a home 
 in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Weas.) 
 
 "PIASA BIRD," LEGEND OF THE. When 
 the French explorers first descended the Upper 
 Mississippi River, they found some remarkable 
 figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 
 
424 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 above the site of the present city of Alton, which 
 excited their wonder and continued to attract 
 interest long after the country was occupied by 
 the whites. The account given of the discov- 
 ery by Marquette, who descended the river from 
 the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 16T3, is as 
 follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing 
 the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for 
 their height and length, we saw two monsters 
 painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at 
 first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not 
 gaze long. They are as large as a calf, with horns 
 on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red 
 eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat 
 like a man's, the body covered with scales, and 
 the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of 
 the body, passing over the head and down be- 
 tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. 
 Green, red and black are the colors employed. 
 On the whole, these two monsters are so well 
 painted that we could not believe an)- Indian to 
 have been the designer, as good painters in 
 France would find it hard to do as well. Besides 
 this, they are painted so high upon the rock that 
 it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint 
 theni." As the Indians could give no account of 
 the origin of these figures, but had their terror 
 even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- 
 quette himself, they are supposed to have been 
 the work of some prehistoric race occupying the 
 country long before the arrival of the aborigines 
 whom Marquette and his companions found in 
 Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures 
 were intended to represent a creature, part beast 
 and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers 
 of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them 
 from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is 
 said to have offered himself a victim for his 
 people, and when the monster made its appear- 
 ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, 
 discharged their arrows at it, killing it just 
 before it reached its prey. In this manner the 
 life of the chief was saved and his people were 
 preserved from further depredations ; and it was 
 to commemorate this event that the figure of the 
 bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose 
 summit the chief stood. This story, told in a 
 paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of 
 Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country 
 and in Europe, about the close of the first 
 quarter of the present century, as the genuine 
 "Legend of the Piasa Bird." It is said, however, 
 that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of 
 fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely 
 from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics 
 
 and human remains are said, by the late William 
 McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have 
 been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems 
 a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when 
 passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge 
 their arrows — and,, later, their firearms — at the 
 figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this 
 celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1840 
 to 1845, but have since been entirely quarried 
 away. 
 
 PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841, consist- 
 ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its 
 area is 440 square miles; population (1900), 17,706. 
 The first Commissioners were John Hughes, W. 
 Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose 
 family the county was named, was the first 
 Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River 
 flows centrally through the county from north- 
 east to southwest, and several lines of railroad 
 afford transportation for its products. Its re- 
 sources and the occupation of the people are 
 almost wholly agricultural, the surface being 
 level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the 
 county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. 
 Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and 
 Bement (1,129). 
 
 PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was 
 born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent 
 six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family 
 removed to Peoria; learned the printer's trade in 
 the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- 
 tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and 
 established "The Republican" (afterwards "The 
 Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska 
 Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 
 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, 
 and being appointed on the State Central Com- 
 mittee, which called the first Republican State 
 Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- 
 ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the 
 National Convention at Philadelphia, which 
 nominated General Fremont for President. 
 Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock 
 Island, at theriatter place being one of the first to 
 name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency; was 
 elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth 
 Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, 
 to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois 
 (100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas 
 during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the 
 war, Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., 
 published a paper there called "The Federal 
 Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later, 
 Clerk of the United States District Court, and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 425 
 
 was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that 
 District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, 
 he at different times conducted several papers in 
 that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. 
 Died, at Ashland. Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. 
 
 PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at 
 Cazenovia, N. Y., July 9, 1806; at the age of 13 
 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. 
 Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- 
 tled near Collinsville, Madison County, 111., where 
 the father having died, they removed to the vi- 
 cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here 
 they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson 
 went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- 
 mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 
 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- 
 ing, still later being engaged in the pork and 
 grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- 
 ing business to his dry-goods trade at Carrollton, 
 also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected 
 a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an 
 incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery 
 Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on 
 the organization of that party in 1856, served for 
 a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a 
 delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- 
 date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and 
 unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous 
 in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal 
 contributors to the establishment of the Langston 
 School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly 
 Springs, Miss., soon after the war. He died at 
 Carrollton, May 8, 1891— Oman (Pierson), a son 
 of the subject of this sketch, was a member of 
 the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from 
 Greene County, and is present cashier of the 
 Greene County National Bank at Carrollton. 
 
 PIGGOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born 
 about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist 
 preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 
 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey - 
 ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- 
 tween Grafton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a 
 candidate for the State Senate against Thomas 
 Cariin (afterwards Governor) ; removed to St. 
 Louis in 1858, and died there in 1874. 
 
 PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por- 
 tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and 
 Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square 
 miles — named in honor of the explorer, Capt. 
 Zebulon Pike The first American settlers came 
 about 1820, and, in 1821, the county was organ- 
 ized, at first embracing all the country north and 
 
 west of the Illinois River, including the present 
 county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally 
 organized about one fourth of the counties of the 
 State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun 
 County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of 
 justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to 
 Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in 
 some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai 
 ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals 
 and hay are the staple products, while coal and 
 Niagara limestone are found in abundance. 
 Population (1890), 31.000; (1900), 31,595. 
 
 PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and 
 judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 
 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, 
 began farming in Livingston County. He began 
 the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to 
 the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He 
 represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, in 
 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth 
 Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and 
 again in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of 
 the Appellate Court in 1877, and again in 1879 
 and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot 
 received from strikers on the line of the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting 
 in his being permanently disabled physically, in 
 consequence of which he declined a re-election to 
 the bench in 1891 
 
 PINCKNEYYILLE, a city and the county-seat 
 of Perry County, situated at the intersection of 
 the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the 
 Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles 
 west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is 
 carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, 
 carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among 
 the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has 
 two banks — one of which is national — two weekly 
 newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high 
 school. Population (1880), 964; (1890), 1,298; 
 (1900), 2,357. 
 
 PITTSBURG, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & 
 ST. LOUIS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of 
 road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the 
 remainder leased — length of line in Illinois, 28 
 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- 
 solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg. Cincinnati & 
 St. Louis Railway with the Chicago, St. Louis & 
 Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the 
 Jefferson ville Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls 
 the entire line through ownership of stock. 
 Capital stock outstanding, in 1898. $47,791,601; 
 
426 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 funded debt, §48,433,000; floating debt, $2,214,703 
 —total capital $98,500,584. — (History.) The 
 Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- 
 bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made 
 up of various corporations organized under the 
 laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- 
 nent parts was the Chicago & Great Eastern 
 Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of 
 the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered 
 in 1857), the Chicago & Great Eastern Railway 
 of Indiana, the Cincinnati & Chicago Air-Line 
 (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- 
 port & Chicago Railway. In 1869. the consoli- 
 dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati 
 & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated 
 under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & 
 Indiana Central between Bradford. Ohio, and 
 Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under 
 the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania 
 Railroad I 
 
 PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chi- 
 cago Railway.) 
 
 PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO 
 RAILWAY. The total length of this line is 
 nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles 
 are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire 
 capitalization in 1898 was §52,549,990; and the 
 earnings in Illinois, 8472,228. — (History.) The 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the 
 result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the 
 Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and 
 the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, 
 under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & 
 Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through 
 its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under 
 foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present 
 title, in 1862, and leased to the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 
 1869. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) 
 
 PITTSFIELD, the county-seat of Pike County, 
 situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the 
 Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of 
 Quincy, and about the same distance south of 
 west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings 
 include a handsome court house and graded and 
 high school buildings. The city has an electric 
 light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a 
 National and a State bank, nine churches, and 
 four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 2,295; 
 (1900), 2.293. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the 
 Elgin. Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur- 
 ban electric line. 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is 
 
 in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890), 852; (1900), 920. 
 
 PLANO, a city iu Kendall County, situated 
 near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest 
 of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- 
 cultural implements and bedsteads. The city has 
 banks, several churches, graded and high schools, 
 and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; 
 (1900), 1,634; (1903, est.), 2,250. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon 
 County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio 
 S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring- 
 field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, 
 bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. 
 Population (1890), 518; (1900), 575. 
 
 PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was 
 born in Harrodsburg, Ky., Nov. 24, 1823; received 
 a classical education at Williams College, Mass 
 graduating in 1842; studied law in New York 
 City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester. 
 N. Y., in 1845, establishing himself in practice at 
 Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 
 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C, 
 and. after residing there two years, came to Illi- 
 nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since 
 been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a 
 Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion which met at Springfield in January follow- 
 ing, and, in 1867, was chosen Judge for the Sixth 
 (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by 
 successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring 
 at the close of his fifth term— a record for length 
 of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- 
 tory of the State. The last twenty years of this 
 period were spent on the Appellate bench. For 
 several years past Judge Pleasants has been a 
 sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- 
 ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a 
 judicial officer and a man. his reputation stands 
 among the highest. 
 
 PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
 was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 29, 
 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- 
 chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for 
 eighteen years. From New York he removed to 
 Ohio, where he was elected a member of the 
 Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. 
 I luring the Civil War he served four years in the 
 Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being 
 brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He 
 made his home at Streator, where he was elected 
 Mayor (1881-1883). There he engaged in coal- 
 mining and has been connected with several 
 important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 427 
 
 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
 gress, after which he retired to private life. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 
 miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich 
 farming district; has two hanks, electric lights, 
 water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 8."i4. 
 
 POIXTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptiste, a negro 
 and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first 
 settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. 
 He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, 
 but is described by his contemporaries as "well 
 educated and handsome," though dissipated. He 
 appears to have been at the present site of Chi- 
 cago as early as 1794, his house being located on 
 the north side near the junction of the North and 
 South branches of the Chicago River, where he 
 carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. 
 About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French 
 trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman 
 of his, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died 
 soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed 
 owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- 
 ity of St. Louis, is said to have been associated 
 with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, 
 before the latter came to Chicago. 
 
 POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection 
 of the Illinois Central and the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- 
 port and 12 miles north of Dixon. The 
 surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and 
 stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for 
 large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural 
 implements (including harvesters) and buggies 
 are manufactured here. The city has banks, one 
 weekly and one semi weekly paper, seven 
 churches, a graded public and high school, and a 
 public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. 
 
 POXTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the 
 Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While jet 
 a young man he became the principal Chief of 
 the allied Ottawas, Ojibwaysand Pottawatomies. 
 He was always a firm ally of the French, to 
 whose interests he was devotedly attached, 
 defending them at Detroit against an attack of 
 the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) 
 leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. 
 He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the 
 French and Indian War, although at first strongly 
 disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, 
 the British officer sent to take possession of the 
 western forts. In 1702 he dispatched emissaries 
 to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to 
 unite in a league for the extermination of the 
 English. His proposals were favorably received, 
 
 and thus was organized what is commonly 
 spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He 
 himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. 
 The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- 
 tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac 
 thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable 
 to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian 
 settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and 
 besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a 
 boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed 
 at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made 
 an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. Altera 
 desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three 
 months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, 
 where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another 
 movement. Although Detroit had not been 
 taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. 
 Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, 
 besides the posts of Mackinaw and Presque Isle. 
 The garrisons at all these points were massacred 
 and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. 
 Additional British troops were sent west, and 
 the Indians finally brought under control 
 Pontiac was present at Oswego when a treaty was 
 signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained 
 implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in 
 heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in 
 purpose, he applied to the former (and last) 
 French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. 
 Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation 
 and support in another raid against the British. 
 Being refused aid or countenance, according to a 
 story long popularly received, he returned to the 
 vicinity of Cahokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- 
 dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of 
 a barrel of liquor. N. Matson, author of several 
 volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- 
 ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- 
 breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, 
 asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an 
 impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- 
 nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, 
 in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near 
 the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it 
 is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian 
 trader, of the truth of this last story, that he 
 caused a monument, which he had erected over 
 the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. 
 Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring 
 at Cahokia or Joliet, it is generally agreed, 
 resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the 
 tragedy of ' 'Starved Rock. ' ' (See Starved Hock. ) 
 POXTIAC, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Livingston County. It stands on the 
 bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 
 
428 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the 
 Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads It is 
 33 miles north-northeast from Blooniington and 
 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- 
 rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- 
 raising and coal-mining. Pontiae has four banks 
 and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily 
 editions), numerous churches and good schools. 
 Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, 
 among the principal establishments being flour- 
 ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and 
 candy factories and a foundry. The State Re- 
 formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. 
 Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,266. 
 
 POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born 
 in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111., 
 Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven 
 years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's 
 trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods 
 business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- 
 way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1850 he 
 retired from the dry-goods trade and became an 
 extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. 
 In 1871 he established the Gallatin County 
 National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- 
 dent. Died, June 30, 1871. 
 
 POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, 
 librarian and historical writer, was born at 
 Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale 
 College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore 
 year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- 
 lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- 
 umes. Here he prepared and published the first 
 edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical 
 Literature." A second and enlarged addition 
 was published in 1853, and secured for its author 
 wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852 
 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile 
 Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the 
 Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest li- 
 braries in the United States, which he relinquished 
 to engage in expert library work. He organized 
 libraries in several New England cities and 
 towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and 
 the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming 
 Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 
 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public 
 Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, 
 became Librarian of the Newberry Library, 
 organizing this institution and remaining at its 
 head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 
 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him 
 by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. 
 Poole took a prominent part in the organization 
 of library associations, and was one of the Vice- 
 
 Presidents of the International Conference of 
 Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice 
 was much sought in relation to library architec- 
 ture and management. He wrote much on topics 
 connected with his profession and on historical 
 subjects, frequently contributing to "The North 
 American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- 
 ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was 
 later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He 
 was President of the American Historical Society 
 and member of State Historical Societies and of 
 other kindred associations. 
 
 POPE, Xathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of 
 Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born 
 at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high 
 honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- 
 ton, Ky., read law with his brother, Senator John 
 Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, 
 later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 
 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the 
 next year, was appointed the first Territorial 
 Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was 
 strong and profound and his intellect quick and 
 far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained 
 and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected 
 a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved 
 himself, not only devoted to the interests of his 
 constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was 
 largely instrumental in securing the passage of 
 the act authorizing the formation of a State 
 government, and it was mainly through his 
 efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was 
 fixed at lat. 42° 30' north, instead of the southern 
 bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of 
 Illinois into the Union, he was made United 
 States Judge of the District, which then embraced 
 the entire State. This office he filled with dig- 
 nity, impartiality and acceptability until his 
 death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lii- 
 cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. 
 Pope County was named in his honor. — Gen. John 
 (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- 
 ville, Ky., March 16, 1822; graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy, 1842, and appointed 
 brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
 Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the 
 northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican 
 War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant 
 for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena 
 Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- 
 dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- 
 ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), 
 and of the survey of a route for the Union Pacific 
 Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on 
 the feasibilitv of artesian wells on the "Staked 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 429 
 
 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- 
 ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political 
 campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for 
 criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a 
 paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, 
 the proceedings being finally dropped on the 
 recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, 
 Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers 
 detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. 
 Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, 
 was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and 
 assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- 
 formed valuable service in protecting railroad 
 communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- 
 ing an important victory over Sterling Price at 
 Blackwater, in December of that year; in 1862 
 had command of the land forces co-operating 
 with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against 
 New Madrid and Island No. 10, resulting in the 
 capture of that stronghold with 6,500 prisoners, 
 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- 
 ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- 
 ing participated in the operations against Corinth, 
 he was transferred to command of the Army of 
 Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- 
 dier-General in the regular army. Here, being 
 forced to meet a greatly superior force under 
 General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which 
 led to his falling back on Washington and a 
 request to be relieved of his command. For fail- 
 ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn 
 Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having 
 been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- 
 ever disqualified from holding any office of trust 
 or profit under the United States Government — 
 although this verdict was finally set aside and 
 Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of 
 Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- 
 sequent service was performed chiefly against 
 the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he 
 took command of the military division of Mis 
 souri, and, in June following, of the Department 
 of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern 
 States and Territories, from which he was 
 relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, 
 under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- 
 bama and Florida (1867-68) ; the Department of the 
 Lakes ( 1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 
 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to 
 his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope 
 published "Explorations from the Red River to 
 the Rio Grande" and "Campaigns in Virginia" 
 (1863). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. 
 
 POPE COUNTY, lies on the southern border of 
 the State, and contains an area of about 360 
 
 square miles — named in honor of Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before 
 the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of 
 Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat 
 was first located at Sandsville, but later changed 
 to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and 
 Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners ; 
 Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff ; John Scott, 
 Recorder; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- 
 ney, and Samuel Omelveney, Treasurer. The 
 highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- 
 eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation 
 of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are 
 bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by 
 a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- 
 ory. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, 
 at times, during a part of the year and are 
 covered with cypress timber. The remains of 
 Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and 
 some interesting relics have been exhumed. Sand- 
 stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found 
 here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas 
 as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is 
 found in limited quantities, among the rocks 
 toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are 
 found in the north. The chief agricultural 
 products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 14016; (1900), 13,585. 
 
 POR T B YROX, a village of Rock Island County, 
 on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock 
 Island ; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, 
 academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. 
 (1900), 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for 
 the Insane is located at Wateitown, t.velve miles 
 below Port Byron. 
 
 PORTER, (Key.) Jeremiah, pioneer clergy- 
 man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- 
 ated from Williams College in 1825, and studied 
 theology at both Andover and Princeton semi- 
 naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The 
 same year he made the (then) long and perilous 
 journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the 
 Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a 
 missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where 
 he remained for two years, organizing the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- 
 ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had 
 pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farm- 
 ington. While in Chicago he was married to 
 Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers 
 in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at 
 Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago 
 Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was 
 commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 
 
430 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 by Governor Yates, and mustered out in 1865. 
 The next five years were divided between'labors 
 at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- 
 tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du 
 Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain 
 in the regular army, remaining in the service 
 (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1882, 
 when he was retired from active service on 
 account of advanced age. His closing years were 
 spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and 
 Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at 
 the age of 89 years. 
 
 POSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and 
 Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 
 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- 
 dition against the Indians, and, later, in various 
 engagements of the Revolutionary War, being 
 part of the time under the immediate command 
 of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the 
 assault on Stony Point and present at Cornwallis' 
 surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, 
 with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- 
 west Territory. Removing to Kentucky, he 
 served in the State Senate, for a time being 
 presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Governor ; 
 later (1812), was elected United States Senator 
 from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as 
 Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the 
 home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at 
 Shawneetown, 111. , March 18, 1818, where he lies 
 buried. At the time of his death General Posey 
 was serving as Indian Agent. 
 
 POST, Joel S., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- 
 can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) 
 County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed 
 with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., 
 remaining there until 1839, when he came to 
 Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- 
 menced the study of law with Judge Charles 
 Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1841. In 1846 he enlisted in the Mexican 
 War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth 
 Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected 
 to the State Senate, and, at the following session, 
 was a leading supporter of the measures which 
 resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- 
 mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later 
 years were spent at Decatur, where he died, 
 June 7, 1886. 
 
 POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- 
 man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., 
 March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from 
 Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law 
 School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted 
 to the bar in 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil 
 
 War lie enlisted, and was commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. 
 He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- 
 peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious 
 service, until he attained the rank of brevet 
 Brigadier-General. He participated in many 
 important battles and was severely wounded at 
 Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- 
 mand in Western Texas. After the close of the 
 war he entered the diplomatic service, being 
 appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary 
 in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his 
 home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a 
 member of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee, and, during 1886, was Commander of the 
 Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected 
 to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- 
 lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- 
 election until his death, which occurred in 
 Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. 
 
 POST, Truman Marcelliis, D.D., clergyman, 
 was born at Middlebury, Vt., June 3, 1810; gradu- 
 ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal 
 of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at 
 Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. 
 After a winter spent in Washington, listening to 
 the orators of the time in Congress and before the 
 Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt 
 and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, 
 first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at 
 Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the 
 bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of 
 Classical Languages in Illinois College, and 
 later that of History ; then began the study of 
 theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the 
 pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- 
 sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate 
 of the Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, 
 and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, 
 of which the former furnished the nucleus. For 
 a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he 
 continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- 
 lege for a short period each year ; also held the 
 professorship of Ancient and Modern History in 
 Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 
 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism 
 in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- 
 eral years, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 
 Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid 
 diction and his noble style of oratory caused 
 him to be much sought after as a public lecturer 
 or platform speaker at college commencements, 
 while his purity of life and refinement of charac- 
 ter attracted to him all with whom he came in 
 personal contact. He received the degree of 
 
HISTORICAL KNOYCLOPHDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 431 
 
 D.D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- 
 quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" 
 and other religious publications, and, besides 
 numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he 
 was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- 
 tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). 
 He resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but 
 continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the 
 pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the 
 period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, 
 Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was 
 one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- 
 nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable 
 portion of the time, President of the Board. 
 
 POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, 
 one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or 
 Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- 
 ous family of the Algonquins. The other 
 branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. 
 The latter, however, retained the family name, 
 and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- 
 beways" and the "Chippewas" as essentially 
 identical. This interchanging of names has been 
 a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- 
 tinction was analogous to that existing between 
 genus and species, although a confusion of 
 nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors 
 more or less serious. These three tribes early 
 ■separated, the Pottawatomies going south from 
 Green Bay along the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are 
 making a fire, " and the word is a translation into 
 the Pottawatomie language of the name first 
 given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians 
 were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was 
 divided into four branches, or clans, called by 
 names which signify, respectively, the golden 
 carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- 
 ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies 
 were first met by the French, on the north of 
 Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of 
 a century later (1666) Father Allouez speaks of 
 them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. 
 The same Father described them as idolatrous 
 and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility 
 and as being kindly disposed toward the French. 
 This friendship continued unbroken until the 
 expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. 
 About 1678 they spread southward from Green 
 Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of 
 the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the 
 Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the 
 Wimiebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, 
 and advancing, on the east, into the country of 
 the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the 
 
 Maumee. They fought on the side of the 
 French in the French and Indian War, and 
 later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac 
 to capture and reduce the British posts, and 
 were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet 
 that a considerable number of their warri 
 ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- 
 canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively 
 supported the British. They were also prominent 
 at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of 
 them, "They were foremost at all treaties where 
 lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's 
 share of all presents and annuities, particularly 
 where these last were the price paid for the sale 
 of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- 
 mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 
 1832 and 1833, and were among the last of the 
 tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their 
 final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 
 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced 
 with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and 
 formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all 
 their lands, wherever located, to the United States, 
 for §850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in 
 Kansas in lieu of 587,000 of this amount. Through 
 the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this 
 reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands 
 passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- 
 bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then 
 estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- 
 ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- 
 homa. 
 
 POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- 
 gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris 
 N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist 
 itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- 
 ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied 
 for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and 
 subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, 
 began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching 
 at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- 
 lection for the natural sciences, he spent much 
 time in making collections, which he placed in 
 various Illinois institutions. Entering the army 
 in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois 
 Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the 
 Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted 
 Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of 
 Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as 
 sufficiently recovered, and continued in active 
 service to the close of the war. In I860 he became 
 Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum 
 in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
 but resigned to accept a similar position in the 
 State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 
 
432 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 greatest work in connection with science by 
 leading a class of pupils to the mountains of 
 Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol- 
 lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of 
 the canon of the Colorado River than had ever 
 before been attempted. This led to provision by 
 Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- 
 logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, 
 which was appropriately placed under his direc- 
 tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the 
 Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 18S1, was 
 assigned to the directorship of the United States 
 Geological Survey, later becoming Director of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the 
 Smithsonian Institute in Washington City, 
 where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 Major 
 Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- 
 berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- 
 vard the same year. He is also a member of the 
 leading scientific associations of the country, 
 while his reports and addresses fill numerous 
 volumes issued by the Government. 
 
 POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- 
 facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 1825; 
 came to America in 1830, was educated in the 
 common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was 
 manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- 
 ton, Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West 
 Virginia cavalry company, and was advanced 
 through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 and Colonel ; was wounded while leading a charge 
 at Wytheville, Va., left on the field, captured and 
 confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- 
 change he led a cavalry division in the Army of 
 the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in 
 October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- 
 ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector 
 in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and 
 foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic for the Department 
 of Illinois during 1895-96. 
 
 PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough 
 County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 
 17 miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage 
 factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock 
 yards, a nursery, a bank, four churches and two 
 weekly papers. Pop (1890), 812; (1900), 818. 
 
 PRAIRIE IHJ POST, (in English, Bridge 
 Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile 
 south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, 
 located on the banks of a creek, on which was 
 the first mill, operated by water-power, in that 
 section, having been erected by missionaries 
 
 from St. Sulpice, in 1754. In 1765 the village 
 contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was 
 inundated and nearly destroyed. 
 
 PRAIRIE du ROCHER, (in English, Prairie of 
 the Rock), an early French village in what is 
 now Monroe County, which began to spring up 
 near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), anil by 
 1722 had grown to be a considerable settlement. 
 It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about 
 four miles northeast of the fort. Like other 
 French villages in Illinois, it had its church and 
 priest, its common field and commons. Many of 
 the houses were picturesque cottages built of 
 limestone. The ancient village is now extinct ; 
 yet, near the outlet of a creek which runs through 
 the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, 
 said to have been erected by the Jesuits during 
 the days of French occupation. 
 
 PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, was born in St Clair County, 111., in 
 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, 
 and filled pastorates at Paris, Danville, Carlin- 
 ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places — 
 the* latter part of his life, serving as Presiding 
 Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference 
 of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the 
 end of his life. During the latter part of his life 
 his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28, 1887. 
 
 PRENTISS, Benjamin Mayberry, soldier, was 
 born at Belleville, Wood County, Va., Nov. 23, 
 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- 
 souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where 
 he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the 
 commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- 
 ant of a company sent against the Mormons at 
 Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in 
 the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services 
 to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel 
 of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost 
 immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and 
 placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until 
 relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. 
 At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he 
 was captured with most of his command, after a 
 most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, 
 but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major- 
 General of Volunteers. He was a member of the 
 court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, 
 and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the 
 Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 
 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28, 
 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President 
 Grant Pension Agent at Quincy, serving four 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 433 
 
 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss' resi- 
 dence is at Bethany, Mo., where he served as 
 Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- 
 dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by 
 President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections.) 
 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- 
 cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of 
 wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- 
 pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick 
 and disabled persons, and to provide them, while 
 inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations 
 of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and 
 forms of the Presbyterian Church." Rush Med- 
 ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site 
 (see Bush Medical College), and through generous 
 subscriptions, a well-planned building was 
 erected, capable of accommodating about 250 
 patients. A corridor connects the college and 
 hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises 
 eighteen of Chicago's best known physicians and 
 surgeons. 
 
 PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- 
 terian society in Illinois was organized by'Rev. 
 James McGready, of Kentucky, in 181G, at 
 Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills 
 and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited 
 the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- 
 chusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no 
 society. The members of the Sharon church 
 were almost all immigrants from the South, and 
 were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two 
 other churches were established in 1819 — one at 
 Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at 
 Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three 
 Presbyterian ministers in Illinois — Revs. Stephen 
 Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years 
 later there were 80 churches, with a membership 
 of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of 
 churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as 
 shown b}- the United States census) there were 
 less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers 
 and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the 
 highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination 
 in the State, and. under its jurisdiction, the 
 church maintains two seminaries: one (the Mc- 
 Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- 
 burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of 
 the denomination is "The Interior," founded by 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, and published weekly at 
 Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The 
 Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction 
 (1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 
 483 churches, 464 ministers and a membership of 
 63,247. (See also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 PRICKETT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was 
 born near Lexington, Ky., came to Madison 
 County, 111., in 1808; was employed for a time in 
 the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a 
 store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received 
 from the first County Court of Madison County, 
 a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served 
 as one of the three Delegates from Madison 
 County to the Convention which framed the first 
 State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
 elected a Representative in the First General 
 Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of 
 Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he 
 removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- 
 tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged 
 there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while 
 engaged on a Government contract for the re- 
 moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- 
 gation of Red River, he died at Natchitoches, La. 
 — George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, 
 and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to 
 have been the first white child born in Edwards- 
 ville.— Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, 
 came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 
 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness with his brother and, later, on his own 
 account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- 
 lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of 
 State Militia, Inspector of the State Penitentiary, 
 and, from 1838 to '42, was Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. 
 
 PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21, 1800; in early 
 childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky 
 and' from there to Edwardsville, 111. He gradu- 
 ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1821. 
 began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme 
 Court Reporter of Illinois. Judge of the Madison 
 County Probate Court, Representative in the 
 General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to 
 General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War, 
 State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit 
 (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- 
 sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- 
 nois (1842), Clerk of the House of Representatives 
 for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same 
 at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. 
 
 PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was 
 born in Brooklyne. Windham County, Conn., 
 June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to 
 Canandaigua, N. Y., and was educated in the 
 academy there; began the study of medicine in 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New 
 York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- 
 cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 
 
434 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Muzzy. In 
 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two 
 years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical 
 Department of Illinois College; later, spent five 
 years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on 
 surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, 
 returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established 
 himself in practice there, devoting special atten- 
 tion to surgery, in which he had already won a 
 wide reputation. During the latter part of the 
 Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as 
 Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, 
 and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, 
 voluntarily surrendered himself that he might 
 attend the captives of his command in Libby 
 Prison. After the close of the war he was 
 employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- 
 mission, in writing a medical history of the war. 
 He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- 
 gate to the International Medical Congress in 
 London, and again as a member of the Copen- 
 hagen Congress of 1884 — at each visit making 
 careful inspection of the hospitals in London, 
 Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a 
 Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of 
 surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he 
 gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly 
 devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited 
 and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he 
 stood in the front rank of his profession, and his 
 death was mourned by large numbers who had 
 received the benefit of his ministrations without 
 money and without price. He was member of 
 a number of leading professional associations, 
 besides local literary and social organizations. 
 Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. 
 
 PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West 
 Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; 
 attended school at Payson, 111., and Illinois Col- 
 lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 
 1852; studied law at Quincy, and after admission 
 to the bar in 1853, began dealing in real estate. 
 In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, 
 was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry 
 and, a few months later, commissioned Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- 
 ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated 
 "Grierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, 
 serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel 
 of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave 
 considerable attention to engineering and the 
 construction of a system of water-works for the 
 city of Quincy. where he now resides. 
 
 PRINCE, lieorge W., lawyer and Congressman, 
 born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was 
 
 educated in the public schools and at Knox Col- 
 lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He 
 then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1880; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the 
 following year ; served as chairman of the Knox 
 County Republican Central Committee in 1884, 
 and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly and re-elected two years later. 
 In 1892 he was the Republican nominee for 
 Attorney-General of the State of Illinois, but was 
 defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at 
 a special election, held in April, 1895. he was 
 chosen Representative in Congress from the 
 Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the 
 death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had 
 occurred in January preceding. In common with 
 a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince was 
 re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 
 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in 
 November, 1898. 
 
 PRIXCETOX, a city and the county-seat of 
 Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of 
 Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
 cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric 
 lights, graded and high schools, numerous 
 churches, three newspapers and several banks 
 Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- 
 tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- 
 ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- 
 ton is populated with one of the most intelligent 
 and progressive communities in the State. It 
 was the home of Owen Lovejoy during the greater 
 part of his life in Illinois. 
 
 PRINCETOX & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See 
 Chicago it' Northwestern Railway.) 
 
 PRIXCEVILLE, a village of Peoria County, on 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock 
 Island & Peoria Railways. 22 miles northwest of 
 Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- 
 tural region. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 735 
 
 PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside 
 County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 
 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- 
 factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. 
 (1890), 694; (1900), 1,143. 
 
 PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. fSee 
 Minority Representation. ) 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The 
 pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the 
 Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop 
 of Illinois in 1835. and was the founder of Jubi- 
 lee College. (See Chase, Rev. Philander.) The 
 State at present is organized under the provincial 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 435 
 
 system, the province comprising the dioceses of 
 Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head 
 (1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Bishop 
 of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- 
 field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with 
 C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- 
 ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with 
 residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of 
 the church in Illinois is not great, although 
 between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost 
 doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen 
 parishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member- 
 ship of 267. By 1880 the number of parishes had 
 increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 
 9,812 communicants. The United States Census 
 of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes. 
 197; clergymen, 150, membership, 18,609. Total 
 contributions (1890) for general church and mis- 
 sion work, $373,798. The chief educational insti- 
 tution of the denomination in the West is the 
 Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See 
 also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 PRYOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early 
 steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 
 10, 1787 — the son of a non-commissioned officer of 
 the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 
 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then 
 a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the 
 son located where Golconda, Pope County, now 
 stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a 
 boatman, which he pursued some forty years. 
 At this time he held a commission as a "Falls 
 Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended 
 the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his 
 long service no accident happened to any steamer 
 for which he was responsible, although the Mis- 
 sissippi then bristled with snags. He owned and 
 commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was 
 sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of 
 Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- 
 ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, 
 no lives were lost. The salient features of his 
 character were a boundless benevolence mani- 
 fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- 
 played not only in the face of dangers met in his 
 career as a boatman, but in his encounters with 
 robbers who then infested portions of Southern 
 Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot 
 and popular commander not excelled by any of 
 his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope 
 County, Oct. 5. 1851, leaving one daughter, now 
 Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, 111. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- 
 ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public 
 Instruction.) 
 
 PUGH, Isaac C, soldier, was born in Christian 
 County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 
 1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby 
 County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, 
 where the subject of this sketch resided until his 
 death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh 
 served in three wars — first in the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832; then, with the rank of Captain and 
 Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with 
 Mexico, and. during the Civil War, entering upon 
 the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, in September, 1861, and 
 being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- 
 dier-General in August, 1864, when his regiment 
 was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took 
 part with his regiment in the battles of Fort 
 Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations 
 around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. 
 In the year of his retirement from the army 
 (1864) he was elected a Representative in the 
 Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and. the fol- 
 lowing year, was chosen County-Clerk of Macon 
 County, serving four years. 
 
 PUGH, Jonathan H., pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, 111., 
 finally locating at Springfield in 1823, and being 
 the second lawyer to establish himself in practice 
 in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth, 
 Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was 
 defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- 
 wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. 
 Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man 
 of brilliant parts, an aide lawyer and a great wit. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern 
 county and one of the smallest in the State, 
 bordering on the Ohio River and having an area 
 of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 
 14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 
 1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who 
 had aided the Americans during the Revolution. 
 The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied 
 with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio 
 Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal 
 crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the 
 bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat 
 and was conceded a population, by the census of 
 1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of 
 the carboniferous formation extends under the 
 soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of 
 iron have been found and sulphur and copperas 
 springs abound. 
 
 PULLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of 
 the South Division) of the city of Chicago. 13.8 
 miles south of the initial station of the Illinois 
 
436 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com- 
 pany began the erection of buildings here in l ssl1 
 and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family 
 settled in the future manufacturing city. Within 
 the next few years, it became the center of the 
 largest manufacturing establishments in the 
 country, including the Pullman Car Works, the 
 Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive 
 steel forging works, employing thousands of 
 mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- 
 ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and 
 freight cars, were manufactured here every year, 
 not only for use on the railroads of the United 
 States, but for foreign countries as well. The 
 town was named for the late George M. Pullman, 
 the founder of the car-works, and was regarded 
 as a model city, made up of comfortable homes 
 erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of 
 its employes. It was well supplied with school- 
 houses, and churches, and a public library was 
 established there and opened to the public in 
 1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- 
 cago in 1890. 
 
 PULLMAN, Georgre Mortimer, founder of the 
 Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc- 
 ton, N. Y., March 3, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu- 
 cational advantages in his boyhood and, at 
 fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a 
 clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the 
 cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, 
 who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav- 
 ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the 
 responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- 
 ing secured a contract for raising a number of 
 buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary 
 by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this 
 way acquired some capital and experience which 
 was most valuable to him in after years. Com- 
 ing to Chicago in 18511, when the work of raising 
 the grade of the streets in the business portion of 
 the city had been in progress for a year or two. 
 he found a new field for the exercise of his 
 inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- 
 formations in a number of the principal business 
 blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, 
 Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to 
 devising some means for increasing the comforts 
 of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he 
 remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of 
 sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton 
 Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado 
 devoting his engineering skill to mining; but 
 returning to Chicago the latter year, entered 
 upon his great work of developing the idea of the 
 sleeping-car into practical reality. The first 
 
 car was completed and received the name of the 
 •'Pioneer.'" This car constituted a part of the 
 funeral train which took the remains of Abraham 
 Lincoln to Springfield, 111., after his assassination 
 in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull- 
 man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the 
 dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- 
 ing up of the great industrial town which bears 
 his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- 
 cago, constituted a work of gradual development 
 which resulted in some of the most remarkable 
 achievements in the history of the nineteentli 
 century, both in a business sense and in promot- 
 ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub- 
 lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of 
 workingmen. He lived to see the results of his 
 inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use 
 upon the principal railroads of the United States 
 and introduced upon a number of important lines 
 in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with 
 a number of other enterprises more or less closely 
 related to the transportation business, but the 
 Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with 
 which he was most closely connected, and by 
 which he will be longest remembered. He was 
 also associated with some of the leading educa- 
 tional and benevolent enterprises about the city 
 of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal 
 manner during his life and in his will. His 
 death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at 
 his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897. 
 
 PURPLE, Norman H., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and 
 was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., 
 settled at Peoria, 111., in 1836, and the following 
 year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the 
 Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced 
 the greater portion of the State east of Peoria. 
 In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 
 1845, Governor Ford appointed him a Justice of 
 the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
 who had resigned. As required by law, he at the 
 same time served as Circuit Judge, his district 
 embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and 
 his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of 
 the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and 
 resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois 
 Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, 
 made a compilation of the general laws, gener- 
 ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple 
 Statutes." He subsequently undertook to com- 
 pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to '63. 
 and was engaged on this work when overtaken 
 by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 43S 
 
 and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- 
 nent atr the Chicago bar. 
 
 PUTERBAUGH, Sabin I)., judge and author, 
 was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834 ; 
 at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- 
 well County, 111; settled in Pekin in 1853, where 
 he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1836. 
 At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- 
 sioned, by Governor Yates. Major of the Eleventh 
 Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous 
 engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- 
 sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. 
 Resigning his commission in 1802, he took up his 
 residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice 
 and began the preparation of his first legal work 
 — "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 
 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. 
 Ingersoll, which continued until 1867, when Mr. 
 Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. 
 He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- 
 vate practice and pursue his work as an author. 
 His first work, having already run through three 
 editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan- 
 cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of 
 which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery 
 Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he 
 was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- 
 can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1892. Leslie D. 
 (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is 
 Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. 
 PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the 
 State, both as to area and population, containing 
 only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. 
 It lies near the center of the north half of the 
 State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel 
 Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin 
 within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who 
 was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 
 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen 
 of Chicago. The county was created by act of 
 the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- 
 ment was not organized until some years later. 
 Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark 
 Counties have been erected therefrom. It is 
 crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The 
 surface is moderately undulating and the soil 
 fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat 
 and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is 
 mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- 
 seat 
 
 QUINCY, the principal city of Western Illinois, 
 and the county seat of Adams County. It was 
 founded in 1822 — the late Gov. John Wood erect- 
 ing the first log-cabin there — and was incorporated 
 
 in 1 839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti- 
 ful in the State, the principal part of the city being 
 built on a limestone bluff having an elevation 
 of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi 
 for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west 
 of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi- 
 cago. Besides being a principal shipping point 
 for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the 
 converging point of several important railway 
 lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the 
 Chicago, Burlington &.Quincy, and the Quincy, 
 Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as 
 well as north and south, connections. At the 
 present time (1904) several important lines, or 
 extensions of railroads already constructed, are in 
 contemplation, which, when completed, will add 
 largely to the commercial importance of the city. 
 The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- 
 secting each other at right angles, and being 
 lighted with gas and electricity. Water is 
 obtained from the Mississippi. There are several 
 electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine 
 railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a 
 wagon bridge has been added within the past two 
 years; two fine railway depots, and several elegant 
 public buildings, including a handsome county 
 court-house, a Government building for the use 
 of the Post-office and the United States District 
 Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 
 is located here, embracing a large group of cot 
 tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War, 
 besides hospital and administration buildings for 
 the use of the officers. The city has more than 
 thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public 
 and two college), with excellent schools and 
 other educational advantages. Among the 
 higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock 
 College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis 
 Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are 
 two or three national banks, a State bank with a 
 capital of 8300,0(10, beside two private banks, four 
 or five daily papers, with several weekly and one 
 or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a 
 shipping point by river and railroad have made it 
 one of the most important manufacturing cen- 
 ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed 
 a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, 
 having an aggregate capital of 86, 187.845, employ- 
 ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual 
 product valued at 810,160,492. The cost of 
 material used was 85,597,990, and the wages paid 
 $2,383,571. The number of different industries 
 reported aggregated seventy-six, the more impor- 
 tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- 
 tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 
 
438 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- 
 yards, linie works, saddle and harness shops, 
 paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and 
 artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 27,268; 
 (1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,252. 
 
 QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington &■ Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 QUINCY & CHICAGO RAILROAD. (See Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 QUINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabash Railroad. ) 
 
 QUINCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington c£- Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, was born in Wetzlar, Rhen- 
 ish Prussia, June 20, 1837 ; learned the trade of a 
 curlier with his father and came to the United 
 States in 1853, finally locating at Belleville, 111. . 
 where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub- 
 lic schools; in 1873 was made Superintendent of 
 schools for that city, and, in 1882, was elected 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 
 the Democratic ticket, declined a renomination 
 in 1886; was nominated a second time in 1890, 
 and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 
 1894. In the administration of his office, Pro- 
 fessor Raab showed a commendable freedom from 
 partisanship. After retiring from the office of 
 State Superintendent, he resumed a position in 
 connection with the public schools of Belleville. 
 
 RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French 
 traveler and trader, who is said to have reached 
 the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the 
 West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations 
 extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepared 
 a narrative which was published by the Prince 
 Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of 
 "Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in- 
 law, Medard C'houart, first conceived the idea of 
 planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See 
 ( 'hiiuart. Medard.) 
 
 RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- 
 SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed 
 by the executive (by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap- 
 proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the 
 provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation 
 to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's 
 powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The 
 following is a summary of its powers and duties: 
 To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- 
 table to shipper and carrier alike; to require 
 yearly reports from railroads and warehouses, 
 to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and 
 
 unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce 
 prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- 
 tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles ; to 
 hear and decide all manner of complaints relative 
 to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; 
 to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- 
 tem, to be approved by the Commission; to 
 enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- 
 tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- 
 cipal offices of the Commission are at the State 
 capital, where monthly sessions are held. For 
 the purpose of properly conducting the grain 
 inspection department, monthly meetings are 
 also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain 
 Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. 
 Here all business relating to this department is 
 discussed and necessary special meetings are 
 held. The inspection department has no revenue 
 outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its 
 maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival 
 ( "inspection in") are twenty-five cents per car- 
 load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents 
 per 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For 
 inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees 
 are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; 
 thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents per 
 wagon- load to teams. While there are never 
 wanting some cases of friction between the trans- 
 portation companies and warehousemen on the 
 one hand, and the Commission on the other, 
 there can be no question that the formation of 
 the latter has been of great value to the receiv- 
 ers, shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the 
 State generally. Similar regulations in regard to 
 the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. 
 Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The first 
 Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of 
 Gustavus Koerner, Richard P. Morgan and David 
 S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other 
 Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 — Henry D. 
 Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James 
 Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson; 
 1877-83 — William M. Smith, George M. Bogue and 
 John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by 
 William H. Robinson) ; 1883-85— Wm. N. Brain- 
 ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton; 1885-89 
 — John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. 
 Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason 
 Rogers); 1889-93— John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. 
 Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John 
 R. Tanner) ; 1893-97— W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F. 
 Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by 
 George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99— Cicero J. Lindley, 
 Charles S. Rannells and James E. Bidwell. (See 
 also Grain Inspection.) 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 439 
 
 RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing 
 railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the 
 mania for internal improvement which swept 
 over the country in 1836-37, the basis of the plan 
 adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being 
 that the State should construct, maintain, own 
 and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to 
 be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton 
 to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from 
 Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville 
 to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- 
 inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. 
 The experiment proved extremely unfortunate 
 to the financial interests of the State, and laid the 
 foundation of an immense debt under which it 
 staggered for many years. The Northern Cross 
 Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- 
 field, was the only one so far completed as to be in 
 operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. 
 Ridgely, of Springfield for §21,100, he being the 
 highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of 
 the existing Wabash system. The first road to 
 be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- 
 itive tramway in St. Clair County, designed for 
 the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the 
 Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This 
 was the second line completed in the State, and 
 the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent 
 development of the railway system of Illinois 
 was at first gradual, then steady and finally 
 rapid. A succinct description of the various 
 lines now in operation in the State may be found 
 under appropriate headings. At present Illinois 
 leads all the States of the Union in the extent of 
 railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of 
 main track being 10,785.43 — or 19 miles for each 
 100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each 
 10,000 inhabitants — estimating the population 
 (1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one 
 of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at 
 least one railroad except three — Calhoun, Hardin 
 and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 
 companies doing business in the State in 1896, 
 (including capital stock, funded debt and current 
 liabilities), was 82,669,164,142— equal to 867,556 
 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased 
 lines paid dividends of from four to eight per 
 cent on common, and from four to ten per cent 
 on preferred, stock — the total amount thus paid 
 aggregating 825,321,752. The total earnings ;rnd 
 income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the 
 State, aggregated 177,508,537, while the total 
 expenditure within the State was 871,463,367. 
 Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 
 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 
 
 mineral products. The number of passengers 
 (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 
 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- 
 ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire 
 amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for 
 the year was 83,846,379. From 1836, when the 
 first special charter was granted for the con- 
 struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 — 
 after which all corporations of this character 
 came under the general incorporation laws of the 
 State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 
 — 293 special charters for the construction of 
 railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides 
 numerous amendments of charters already in 
 existence. (For the history of important indi- 
 vidual lines see each road under its corporate 
 name. ) 
 
 RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, 
 was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was 
 a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47), 
 after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- 
 ticed for a time ; also resided some time in Cali- 
 fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The 
 Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the 
 Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. 
 (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) In 
 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- 
 teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on 
 account of ill-health ; later, enlisted in an Iowa 
 regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from 
 wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. 
 
 RAMSAY, It nfiis N., State Treasurer, was born 
 on a farm in Clinton County, 111., May 20, 1838; 
 received a collegiate education at Illinois and 
 McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- 
 versity; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon 
 abandoned the law for banking, in which he was 
 engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting 
 his business to the latter place about 1890. He 
 served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and 
 two terms (1889 and '91) as Representative in the 
 General Assembly, and, in 1892, was nominated 
 as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died 
 in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. 
 
 RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
 St. Louis & Western Railroads, 12 miles north of 
 Vandalia; the district is agricultural; has one 
 newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY, lies in the southwest 
 section of the State, and borders on the Missis- 
 sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for 
 Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair 
 County in 1795, being the second county organ- 
 
440 
 
 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lzed in the territory which now constitutes the 
 State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- 
 nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal 
 point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and 
 Indian settlement was established at Kaskaskia, 
 which subsequently became the center of French 
 influence in the Mississippi "Valley. In 1722 
 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. 
 It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres 
 was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. 
 George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure 
 of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the 
 capture of Kaskaskia. American immigration 
 began with the close of the Revolutionary War. 
 Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- 
 bod and George;, Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge 
 family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. 
 Toward the close of the century came Shadracli 
 Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) 
 with his uncle of the same name, and the 
 Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of 
 whom subsequently became Lieutenant - Gov- 
 ernor. (See Bond, Shadracli; Menard, Pierre.) 
 In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while 
 its surface is diversified. Timber and building 
 stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- 
 erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 
 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade 
 and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. 
 The county is crossed by several railroad lines, 
 and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- 
 ulation (1890). 25,049; (1900), 28,001. 
 
 RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward Greenfield, 
 soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt., Nov. 29, 1834; 
 educated at Norwich University, an institution 
 under charge of his father, who was later an 
 officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- 
 tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he 
 entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; 
 in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm 
 of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after 
 removing to Fayette County, where he acted as 
 agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under 
 the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he 
 organized a company, which having been incor- 
 porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected 
 Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment 
 for the three-years' service, was commissioned 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- 
 mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he 
 was severely wounded and won deserved pro- 
 motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. H. 
 L. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here 
 Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by 
 his braver}-, and though again wounded while 
 
 leading his regiment, remained in command 
 through the day. His service was recognized by 
 promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a 
 prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in 
 the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded 
 the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about 
 Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and 
 his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 
 1864, having previously received the brevet rank 
 of Major-General. General Ransom was con- 
 fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- 
 uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and 
 was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one 
 of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- 
 mands. 
 
 RANTOUL, a city in Champaign County, at 
 the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy 
 branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign 
 and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has 
 a national bank, seven churches, opera house, 
 graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, 
 flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many 
 handsome residences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. 
 
 RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born 
 in France, in 1658; at his own request was 
 attached to the French missions in Canada in 
 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illi- 
 nois Country, where he labored for two years, 
 traveling much and making a careful study of 
 the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts 
 descriptive of his journeyings and of the mode of 
 life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- 
 nois he was transferred to Norridgewock. Maine, 
 where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki 
 language in three volumes, which is now pre- 
 served in the library of Harvard College. His 
 influence over his Indian parishioners was great, 
 and his use of it, during the French and Indian 
 War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- 
 chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his 
 head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with 
 seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his 
 escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- 
 wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort 
 Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the 
 next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of 
 Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- 
 ory on the spot where he fell. 
 
 RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- 
 many in 1828; entered journalism and came to 
 America in 1851, being employed on German 
 papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 
 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The 
 Chicago Staats Zeitung," which he continued to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 441 
 
 till until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for 
 the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 
 24, 1891. While employed on papers in this 
 country during the Civil War, he acted as the 
 American correspondent of papers at Berlin, 
 Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central 
 Europe. He served as delegate to both State and 
 National Conventions of the Republican party, 
 and, in 18(39, received from President Grant the 
 appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for 
 the Chicago District, but, during the later years 
 of his life, cooperated with the Democratic 
 party. 
 
 RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary 
 expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1828, and 
 graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed 
 to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an 
 active member of the Iowa State Medical Society', 
 and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report 
 on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," 
 and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic 
 remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for 
 Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1800 he filled 
 the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany 
 at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the 
 same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of 
 Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- 
 izers. During the Civil War he served, until 
 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the 
 Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, 
 being brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of 
 the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in 
 reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 
 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board 
 of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 
 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of 
 the American Public Health Association, and, 
 in 1877, a member of the newly created State 
 Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first 
 President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- 
 tinued in that office during his connection with 
 the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention 
 to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- 
 mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council 
 of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption 
 of a system of river inspection by the National 
 Board of Health. He was a member of many 
 scientific bodies, and the author of numerous 
 monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the 
 domain of sanitary science and preventive med- 
 icine Among them may be noticed "Intra- 
 mural Interments and Their Influence on Health 
 and Epidemics." "Sanitary Problems of Chi- 
 oagor" "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North 
 
 America, ' ' and a series of reports as Secretary of 
 the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon, 
 Pa., March 24, 1894. 
 
 RAUM, (Gen.) Green Berry, soldier and author, 
 was born at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Dec. 3, 
 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1853, but, three years later, removed with his 
 family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities 
 rendering him obnoxious to the pro-slavery party 
 there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at 
 Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil 
 War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty- 
 sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- 
 moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and, later, 
 advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning 
 his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 
 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi 
 campaign of 1862, took a conspicuous part in the 
 battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of 
 Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. 
 He also rendered valuable service during the 
 Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- 
 cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an 
 attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman 
 in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in 
 the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 
 1866 General Raum became President of the pro- 
 jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise 
 of which he had been an active promoter. He 
 was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- 
 ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- 
 ing one term, and the same year presided over the 
 Republican State Convention, as he did again in 
 1876 and in 1880 — was also a delegate to the 
 National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago 
 the last two years just mentioned. From August 
 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- 
 ton, in that time having superintended the col- 
 lection of 8800.000,000 of revenue, and the 
 disbursement of 830,000,000. After retiring from 
 the Commissionership, he resumed the practice 
 of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed 
 Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the 
 close of President Harrison's administration, 
 when he removed to Chicago and again engaged 
 in practice. During the various political cam- 
 paigns of the past thirty years, his services have 
 been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, 
 and he has canvassed a number of States in the 
 interest of the Republican part}'. Besides his 
 official reports, he is author of "The Existing 
 Conflict Between Republican Government and 
 Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a, 
 number of magazine articles. 
 
442 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 RAUM, John, pioneer and early legislator, was 
 born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793. and 
 died at Golconda, 111., March 14, 1869. Having 
 received a liberal education in his native State, 
 the subject of this sketch settled at Shawueetown, 
 111., in 1823, but removed to Golconda, Pope 
 County, in 1826. He had previously served three 
 years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of 
 the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of 
 Illinois, served in the Black Hawk War of 1832 as 
 Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator 
 from the District composed of Pope and Johnson 
 Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833), 
 as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had 
 resigned. The following year he was appointed 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and 
 was also elected Clerk of the County Court the 
 same year, holding both offices for many years, 
 and retaining the County Clerkship up to his 
 death, a period of thirty-five years. He was 
 married March 22, 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and 
 was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and 
 Maj. John M. Raum, both of whom served in the 
 volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil 
 War. 
 
 RAWLINS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of 
 War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the 
 son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- 
 burner. The son, after irregular attendance on 
 the district schools and a year passed at Mount 
 Morris Academy, began the study of law. He 
 was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at 
 once began practice. In 1857 he was elected City 
 Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- 
 las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of 
 the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, 
 coercive measures, and it is said that it was 
 partly through his influence that General Grant 
 early tendered his services to the Government. 
 He served on the staff of the latter from the time 
 General Grant was given command of a brigade 
 until the close of the war, most of the time being 
 its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, 
 in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 
 1865, a Major-General. His long service on the 
 staff of General Grant indicates the estimation 
 in which he was held by his chief. Promptly on 
 the assumption of the Presidency by General 
 Grant, in March, 1869. he was appointed Secre- 
 tary of War, but consumption had already 
 obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- 
 vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 
 1869. 
 
 RAY, Charles H., journalist, was born at Nor- 
 wich, Chenango County, N. Y.. March 12, 1821; 
 
 came west in 1843, studied medicine and began 
 practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating 
 in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, 
 for a time, with the publication of a temperance 
 paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to 
 Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The 
 Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with 
 which he remained until 1854. He took strong 
 ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at 
 the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as 
 Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- 
 spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few 
 months later became associated with Joseph 
 Medill and John C. Vaughau in the purchase and 
 management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray 
 assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. 
 Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful 
 writers ever connected with the Illinois press, 
 and his articles exerted a wide influence during 
 the period of the organization of the Republican 
 party, in which he was an influential factor. He 
 was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- 
 raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- 
 lutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conven- 
 tion.) At the State Republican Convention held 
 at Bloomington, in May following, he was 
 appointed a member of the State Central Com- 
 mittee for that year ; was also Canal Trustee by 
 appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 
 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his 
 connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in 
 oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- 
 cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper 
 as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short 
 time. In 1868 he assumed the management of 
 "The Chicago Evening Post," with which he 
 remained identified until his death, Sept. 23, 
 1870. 
 
 RAY, Lyman Beecher, ex-Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt., 
 August 17, 1831 ; removed to Illinois in 1852, and 
 has since been engaged in mercantile business in 
 this State. After filling several local offices he 
 was elected to represent Grundy County in the 
 lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen 
 State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, and 
 being one of the recognized party leaders on the 
 floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring 
 in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County. 
 
 RAY, William H., Congressman, was born in 
 Dutchess County, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1812; grew to 
 manhood in his native State, receiving a limited 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 443 
 
 education ; in 1834 removed to Rushville, 111. , 
 engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as 
 a banker ; was a member of the first State Board 
 of Equalization (1867-69), and, in 1872, was 
 elected to Congress as a Republican, representing 
 his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 
 1881. 
 
 RATMOM), a village of Montgomery County, 
 on the St. Louis Division of the Wabash Railway, 
 50 miles southwest of Decatur ; has electric lights, 
 some manufactures and a weekly paper Con- 
 siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit 
 grown in the surrounding country. Population 
 (1880), 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 906. 
 
 RAYMOND, (Rev.) Miner, D.D., clergyman 
 and educator, was born in New York City, 
 August 29, 1811, being descended from a family 
 of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- 
 monde"'), who were expelled from France On 
 account of their religion. In his youth he 
 learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, 
 at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17, 
 later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy 
 at Wilbraham, Mass., where he afterwards 
 became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New 
 England Conference and, three years later, began 
 pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- 
 pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, 
 on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- 
 wards President of McKendree College and of the 
 Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
 dale), Dr.Raymond succeeded to the principalship 
 of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there 
 until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of 
 systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the 
 latter institution continuing until 1895, when he 
 resigned. For some three years of this period he 
 served as pastor of the First Methodist Church 
 at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. 
 
 REAVIS, Logan Criah, journalist, was born 
 in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County. 111.. 
 March 26, 1831; in 1855 entered the office of 'The 
 Beardstown Gazette," later purchased an interest 
 in the paper and continued its publication under 
 the name of "The Central Illinoian," until 1857, 
 when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- 
 ing, in I860, he repurchased his old paper and 
 conducted it until 1*66, when he sold out for the 
 last time. The remainder of his life was devoted 
 chief!}' to advocating the removal of the National 
 Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and 
 the publication of pantphlets and books on the 
 subject; also published a "Life of Horace 
 
 Greeley," another of General Harney, and two 
 or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, 
 April 25, 1889. 
 
 RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- 
 ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- 
 torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, 
 who has left the most detailed account of them in 
 his "Pioneer History of Illinois." they consisted 
 of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom 
 were born in Fauquier County, Va., some of 
 them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to 
 Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds 
 describes them as passionate and impulsive, but 
 possessed of a high standard of integrity and a 
 chivalrous and patriotic spirit.— William, the 
 oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the 
 family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after 
 coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian 
 campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he 
 was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis- 
 souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to 
 St. Louis. — Stephen, another of the brothers, 
 was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company 
 of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles 
 commanded one of the two regiments organized 
 by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition 
 against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. 
 — Nelson, still another brother, served in the 
 same expedition on the staff of Governor 
 Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a 
 member of the expedition sent to strengthen 
 Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- 
 age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. 
 During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain 
 Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor 
 (afterwards President) in an expedition on the 
 Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict 
 with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in 
 which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- 
 age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of 
 March, 1814, while in charge of a surveying party 
 on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to 
 Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians 
 and, though severely wounded, was carried away 
 by his horse, and recovered. — Elias, another mem- 
 ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first 
 Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1809, 
 when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was 
 reappointed in 1810. serving for more than three 
 years.— Thomas, one of the younger members, 
 had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody 
 Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in 
 which he killed his antagonist. (See Duds.) A 
 portion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- 
 sas, where they became prominent, one of their 
 
Ui 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 descendants serving as Governor of that State 
 during the Civil War period. 
 
 RED BID, a city in Randolph County, on the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles .south- 
 southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle- 
 ville; has a carriage factory and two flouring 
 mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five 
 churches, a graded school and a weekly news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. 
 
 REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. IS, 1S29; gradu- 
 ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- 
 ware, in 1850. afterwards serving as a tutor in 
 that institution and as Principal of a High 
 School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom- 
 ington, 111., and, as a member of the School 
 Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system 
 of that city ; also has served continuously, for 
 over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- 
 nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the 
 time President of the Board. In the meantime, lie 
 had begun the practice of law, served as City 
 Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- 
 ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth 
 Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regi- 
 ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, 
 with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel 
 Reeves was subsequently connected with the 
 construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & 
 Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois 
 Central), and was also one of the founders of the 
 Law Department of the Wesleyan University. 
 In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- 
 ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 
 1891 — during the latter part of his incumbency 
 being upon the Appellate bench. 
 
 REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and 
 lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 
 1848 ; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and 
 was reared on a farm; later became a teacher 
 and lawyer, following his profession at Streator; 
 in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of 
 the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to 
 the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, 
 receiving a majority over three competitors. 
 Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 
 lS'.is. 
 
 REFORMATORY', ILLINOIS STATE, a prison 
 for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 
 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of 
 reformation. It is the successor of the "State 
 Reform School," which was created by act of 
 the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the 
 admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at 
 Pontiac. The number of inmates, in 1872, was 165, 
 
 which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, 
 while moderately successful, were not altogether 
 satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- 
 struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a 
 scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, 
 ami, in 1891, a radical change was effected. 
 Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 
 years. The law establishing the present reforma- 
 tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- 
 tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates 
 who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, 
 may be safely granted conditional liberation. 
 The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) 
 those between the ages of 10 and 16, and (2) those 
 between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is 
 composed of five members, not more than three of 
 whom shall be of the same party, their term of 
 office to be for ten years. The course of treat- 
 ment is educational (intellectually, morally and 
 industrially), schools being conducted, trades 
 taught, and the inmates constantly impressed 
 with the conviction that, only through genuine 
 and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can 
 they regain their freedom. The reformatory 
 influence of the institution may be best inferred 
 from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 
 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and 
 became fugitives, 6 were returned to the 
 Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in 
 employment and regularly reporting. Among 
 the industries carried on are painting and glaz- 
 ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- 
 ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, 
 tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the 
 Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal. 
 which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, 
 thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, 
 which can be employed in the construction of 
 additional needed buildings. The average num- 
 ber of inmates is about 800. and the crimes for 
 which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from 
 simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- 
 ous offenses known to the criminal code, with 
 the exception of homicide. The number of 
 inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895. was 
 812. An institution of a similar character, for 
 the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was 
 established under an act of the Legislature 
 passed at the session of 1893. and located at Gen- 
 eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile 
 Female Offenders.) 
 
 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The State 
 constitution contains the familiar guaranty of 
 absolute freedom of conscience. The chief 
 denominations have grown in like ratio with the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 145 
 
 population, as may be seen from figures given 
 below. The earliest Christian services held were 
 conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested 
 the sincerity of their convictions (in many 
 instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either 
 through violence or exposure. The aborigines, 
 however, were not easily Christianized ; and, 
 shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to 
 Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- 
 ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence 
 upon the red men, although the French, who 
 remained in the ceded territory, continued to 
 adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- 
 sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to 
 hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- 
 copal; Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 
 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the 
 American Bottom in 1796. (For history of 
 Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal 
 Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, 
 however, was a Baptist — Elder James Smith — 
 who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David 
 Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 
 1796, and the first denominational association 
 was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth 
 of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- 
 tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary 
 Society sent two missionaries to Illinois — Revs. 
 Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years 
 later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was 
 organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, 
 of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians. ) The 
 Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide 
 of immigration that set in from the Eastern 
 States, early in the '30's. Four churches were 
 organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of 
 the denomination in the State, if gradual, has 
 been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About 
 the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- 
 times called, from their founder, "Campbellites"). 
 They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and 
 warm hearted, and did not require belief in any 
 particular creed as a condition of membership. 
 The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. 
 (See Disciples of Christ. ) The Protestant Episco- 
 palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 
 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- 
 secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from 
 the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) 
 The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German 
 or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be 
 inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four 
 churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri 
 Synod, only four use the English language. They 
 are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- 
 
 ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See 
 Lutherans.) There are twenty-six other religious 
 bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who 
 have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- 
 cording to the census statistics of 1890, these 
 twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, 
 number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- 
 lows: Anti-Mission Baptists, 3,800 members, 78 
 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 
 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 
 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers; 
 Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches, 
 Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 
 ministers; Free- Will Baptists. 4,694 members. 107 
 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 
 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; 
 Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 
 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal 
 (South) 3.927 members, 34 churches. 33 minis- 
 ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 
 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- 
 ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers; 
 Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches, 2 
 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members. 
 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in 
 United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 
 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 
 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers; Reformed 
 Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 
 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- 
 bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army, 
 1,980 members; Second Adventists, 4,500 mem- 
 bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day 
 Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers; 
 Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 
 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members. 19 
 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 
 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers; 
 United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches, 
 260 ministers ; United Presbyterians, 11,250 mem- 
 bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan 
 Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches, 33 min- 
 isters. (See various Churches under their proper 
 names ; also Roman Catholic Church. ) 
 
 REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, 
 and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, 
 Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840, brought to Lowell, Mass., 
 in boyhood, and graduated from the high school 
 there at 17; taught for a time near New York 
 City and later in Maryland, where he began a 
 course of classical study. The Civil War coming 
 on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New 
 York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a 
 non-commissioned officer, and participating in the 
 battles of the second Bull Run, Malvern Hill, 
 
440 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Antietam, Fredericksburg and Chaneellorsville. 
 After the war he came to Chicago and secured 
 employment in a railway surveyor's office, later 
 acting as foreman of the Northwestern freight 
 depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, 
 which was conducted with such success that he 
 became the owner of some of the most valuable 
 mining properties in the country. Meanwhile 
 he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of 
 miners and other classes of laborers, and has 
 
 sought to promote arbitration and conciliation 
 between employers and employed, as a means of 
 averting disastrous strikes. He was especially 
 active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to 
 bring about an understanding between the 
 miners and the operators. For several years 
 he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of 
 the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by 
 the demands of his private business, to tender 
 his resignation. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 
 
 The following table presents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and length of 
 term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois 
 as a Territory down to the present time; iD, Democrat; W, Whig; R, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). 
 
 Shadrach Bund 
 
 Benjamin Stephenson 
 
 Nathaniel Pope 
 
 John McLean 
 
 Daniel P. Cook 
 
 Joseph Duncan 
 
 Joseph Duncan 
 
 William L. May,D 
 
 Charles Slade 
 
 Juhn Reynolds, D 
 
 John Rev imids, J) 
 
 Zadoc Casey, D 
 
 Adam W.Snyder, D 
 
 John T. Stuart, W 
 
 John T. Stuart, O.P 
 
 Robert Sm i th , D 
 
 John A. McClernanil, 1> .. 
 John A. McClernand, D .. 
 
 Orlando B. FlCklln, 1» 
 
 Orlando B. Fieklin, D 
 
 John Wentworth, D 
 
 John Wentworth, D 
 
 John Wentworth, R 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas, D 
 
 William A. Richardson, D. 
 William A. Richardson, i> 
 
 Joseph P. Hoge, D — 
 
 John J. Hardin, AV 
 
 Edward D. Baker, W 
 
 Edward D. Baker, W 
 
 John Henry, W 
 
 Thomas J. Turuer.D 
 
 Abraham Lincoln, W 
 
 William 11. BiSSeil, D 
 
 William H.Bissell.D 
 
 Timothy R. Young, 1> 
 
 Thomas L. Harris, I> 
 
 Thomas I,. Harris, D 
 
 Willis Al ifn, D 
 
 Willis Allen. D 
 
 RichardS. Maloney, l> ... 
 Thompson Campbell, D... 
 
 Richard Yates, W 
 
 Richard Yates, W 
 
 E. B. Washburne, R 
 
 E. B. Washburne, R 
 
 Jesse O. Norton, R 
 
 Jesse O. Norton, R 
 
 James Knox, it 
 
 James C. Allen, 1) 
 
 James C. Allen. 1> 
 
 James H. Woodworth, R. 
 
 Jacob C. Davis, D 
 
 Lyman Trumbull, B 
 
 J. L. D. Morrison, D 
 
 SamuelS. Marshall, D, ... 
 Samuel s. Marshall, n. ... 
 Samuel S. Marshall, D. ... 
 John F. Farnsworth, i: ... 
 John F. Farnsworth, R ... 
 
 Owen Lovejoy, R 
 
 Owen Lovejov, R 
 
 William Kellogg, R 
 
 Isaac N. Morris. D 
 
 Charles D. Hodges, J> 
 Aaron Shaw, D 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Edwardsville 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 Shawneetown 
 
 Kaskaskia 
 
 JacksonA Morgan Cos 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Helleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Mt. Vernon 
 
 Belleville '. 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Alton 
 
 Shawneetown 
 
 Springfield 
 
 t Iharleston 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Rushville and Quincy 
 
 Quincy 
 
 <ialena 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Springfield 
 
 i ialena 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marion 
 
 Belvidere 
 
 Galena 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Jacksonville 
 
 'ialena. 
 
 Galena 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Knoxville 
 
 Palestine 
 
 Palestine 
 
 < !hicago 
 
 QUlOCy 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 McLeansboro.. 
 McLeansboro . 
 M'-Leunsboro.. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 st. Charles 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Canton 
 
 Quincy . 
 
 Carroll ton 
 
 Lawrenceville. . 
 
 Territory . 
 Territory. 
 Territory. 
 
 State 
 
 State 
 
 State 
 
 Third 
 
 Third 
 
 First 
 
 First 
 
 First 
 
 Second .. . 
 
 First 
 
 Tnird .... 
 Eighth ... 
 
 First 
 
 Second ... 
 
 Sixtn 
 
 Third 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth ... 
 
 Second 
 
 First 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh . . 
 Seventh .. 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh .. 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh... 
 
 First 
 
 Eighth.... 
 Third. ... 
 Seventh . . 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Second.... 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Fourth.... 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh... 
 
 sixth 
 
 First 
 
 Third 
 
 1813-14. 
 1814-16 . 
 1816-18 . 
 1818-19.. 
 L819-27 . 
 
 i«7-:t3.. 
 1833-34.. 
 1834-39., 
 1833-34.. 
 1834-37.. 
 L839-43 . 
 1833-43.. 
 1837-39.. 
 
 1839-43.. 
 1863-65 . 
 1843-49.. 
 I I : .1 
 1859-62.. 
 1843-49 . 
 1851-53.. 
 
 l- 15-46 
 
 1849-51 
 
 Feb. to Mar.. 
 
 1847-49 
 
 1847-49 
 
 Third 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Seventh , 
 
 State-at-large 
 
 Second 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Eighth , 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Nineteenth ... 
 
 Second 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh ... 
 
 1843-51 . 
 [853-55 
 L865-67, . 
 1M3-47.. 
 1847-56.. 
 isi;i-'i3.. 
 1843-45. 
 1 343- 15.. 
 
 1849-53., 
 1853-55.. 
 
 1849-51.. 
 
 1849-51.. 
 1855-58. . 
 1851-53. 
 1653-55.. 
 1851-53 . 
 1851-53.. 
 L851-5 !.. 
 1853-55.. 
 
 1853-63.. 
 1SI13-G9.. 
 
 1853-57 
 
 1863-65 
 
 l>..".:;-."»7 
 
 1853-57 
 
 lSli3-65 
 
 18.55-57 
 
 lSo<i-57 
 
 1855 
 
 1855-57 
 
 IS55-59 
 
 1865-73 
 
 1873-75 
 
 1N57-H1 
 
 1863-73 ... 
 
 1857-63 
 
 1863-65 
 
 1857-63 
 
 1857-61 
 
 Jan, to Mar., 1859. 
 1857-59 
 
 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
 
 Elected U. S. Senator, 1824 and *29. 
 
 Elected Governor; resigned. 
 
 To succeed Duncan. 
 
 Died; term completed by Reynolds. 
 
 One and one-half terms. 
 
 Resigned, Dec, '61 ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. 
 
 E1MU.S. Sen,, Apr., '47 ;suc.by\V. A. Richardson 
 Res'd,Aug.,'56; term rilled by Jacob C. Davis. 
 
 Resigned, Dec, '46; succeeded by John Henry. 
 Served Baker's unexpired term. 
 
 Died, Nov.24, '58; sue. by Chas. D. Hodges. 
 
 j Resignd. March it, "<;;i to accept French niis- 
 ( sion; term filled by H. C. Burchard. 
 
 To till unexpired term of Richardson. 
 Chosen U. S. Senator; resigned. 
 Filled Trumbull's unexpired term. 
 
 Died, Mar., '64; term filled by E.C.Ingersoll. 
 Filled unexpired term of Thos. L. Harris. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 447 
 
 Aaron Shaw. D 
 
 James C. Robinson, D. 
 James C. Robiuson. D. 
 James C. Robinson, D. 
 James C. Robinaon, D. 
 Philip B. Fouke. D.. 
 Joli n A. Logan, R 
 
 John A. Logan, D 
 
 Residence. 
 
 Lawrenceville . 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Marshall 
 
 Spri ngfield — . 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Benton 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Isaac N. Arnold, R 
 
 Isaac N. Arnold. R 
 
 William J. Allen, D 
 
 William J. Allen, D 
 
 A. L. Knapp, D 
 
 A. L. Knapp. D 
 
 Charles M. Harris, R 
 
 Ebon C. Ingersoll, R , 
 
 John R. Eden, D 
 
 John R. Eden, D 
 
 John R. Eden, D 
 
 Lewis W. Rosfl, D 
 
 William R. Morrison, D 
 
 William R. Morrison, I> ... 
 William R. Morrison, D — 
 
 S. W. Moulton, R 
 
 S. W. Moulton, D 
 
 S. W. Moulton, D 
 
 AbnerC. Harding. R 
 
 Burton C. Cook. R 
 
 H. P. H. Bromwell.R 
 
 Shelby M. Cullom, R 
 
 Anthony Thornton, D 
 
 Jehu Baker, R 
 
 Jehu Baker, R 
 
 Jehu Baker, P 
 
 A. J. Kuvkendall, R 
 
 Norman B. Juild, R 
 
 Albert G. Burr, D 
 
 Green B. Raum, R 
 
 Horatio C. Burchard, R.... 
 Horalio C. Burchard, R.... 
 
 John B. Hawley. R 
 
 John B. Hawley, R 
 
 Je*se H. Moore, R 
 
 Thomas W. McNeeley, D. 
 
 JohnB. Hay, R 
 
 John M. Crebs, D 
 
 John L. Beveridge, R 
 
 Charles B. Farwell. R 
 
 Charles B. Farwell, R 
 
 Charles B. Farwell, R 
 
 Brad. N. Stevens, R 
 
 Henry Snapp, R 
 
 Edward Y. Rice. D 
 
 John B. Rice, R 
 
 B.G. Caulfield. D 
 
 Jasper D. Ward, R 
 
 Stephen A. Hurlbut, R 
 
 Franklin Corwin, R 
 
 Greenbury L. Fort, R 
 
 Granville Barriere, R 
 
 William H. Ray, R 
 
 Robert M. K napp, D 
 
 Robert M. K napp, D 
 
 John McNulta, R 
 
 Joseph G. Cannon, R 
 
 Joseph G. Cannon, R 
 
 Joseph G.Cannon, R 
 
 Joseph G. Cannon, R 
 
 James S. Martin, R 
 
 Isaac Clements, R 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, D 
 
 John V. Le Moyne. D 
 
 T.J. Henderson, R 
 
 T.J. Henderson, R 
 
 Alexander Campbell, G.B. 
 Richard H. Whiting. R.... 
 
 John C. Bagbv, D 
 
 Scott Wike, D 
 
 Scott Wike, D 
 
 William M. Springer. D. . 
 William M. Springer, D. 
 
 Adlai E. Stevenson, D ' Bloomington 
 
 Adlai E. Stevenson, JJ Bloomington . 
 
 William A. J Sparks, D.... Carlyle 
 
 William Hartzell.D .. .. Chester 
 
 William B. Anderson, D .. Mt. Vernon... 
 
 William Aldrich. R Chicago 
 
 Carter H Harrison, D — Chicago 
 
 Lorenz Brentano. R Chicago 
 
 William Lathrop. R Rockford 
 
 PhilipC Haves. R I Morris 
 
 Thomas A- Boyd. R Lewiston 
 
 Beniamin F Marsh. R- .. 'Warsaw 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Marion 
 
 Marion 
 
 Jersey ville 
 
 Jersey ville 
 
 Oquawka 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Lewistown 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Waterloo 
 
 Shelbvville 
 
 Sbelbyville 
 
 Shelby ville 
 
 Monmouth 
 
 Ottawa . . 
 
 Charleston 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Sbelbyville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Vienna 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Carrollton 
 
 Metropolis 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Freeport 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Decatur 
 
 Petersburg 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Carmi 
 
 Evanston 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Princeton 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Belvidere 
 
 Peru 
 
 Lacon 
 
 Canton 
 
 Bushville 
 
 Jerseyville 
 
 Jersey ville 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Tuscola and Danville 
 
 Danville 
 
 Danville 
 
 Danville 
 
 Salem 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Princeton A Geneseo. 
 
 Princeton 
 
 La Salle 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Rushville 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Sixteenth.. 
 Seventh ... 
 Eleventh.. 
 Eighth .... 
 Twelfth. 
 Eighth .... 
 Ninth 
 
 State-at-large. 
 
 Second 
 
 First 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth.' 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Seventeenth... 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Seventeenth. . . 
 Eighteenth — 
 State-at-large. 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Seventeenth .. 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Eighteenth.... 
 Twenty-first . 
 Thirteenth — 
 
 First 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 Third 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Thirteenth 
 
 State-at-large 
 
 First 
 
 Third 
 
 Third 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 First 
 
 First 
 
 Second 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Thirteenth... 
 fourteenth ... 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Fif.eenth 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Si \ teenth 
 
 Eighteenth ... 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Twelfth.... -. 
 Thirteenth. .. 
 Thirteenth.... 
 Thirteenth... 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Eighteenth ... 
 Nineteenth.. . 
 First 
 
 Second 
 
 Third .. 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 1883-85.. 
 
 1859-63.. 
 
 iM,;i-r,.V 
 1871-73.. 
 1873-75 . 
 1859-63. 
 1859-62. 
 
 1869-71. 
 1861-63. 
 1863-65. 
 1S62-63. 
 1863-65. 
 1861-63. 
 1863-65. 
 1863-65. 
 1861-71.. 
 1863-65. 
 
 1m,:;-i;9 
 1863-65.. 
 
 1883-87.. 
 1865-67.. 
 
 1881-83.. 
 1883-85.. 
 l.si;,-,-ii!l.. 
 1865-71.. 
 
 5-69.. 
 1865-71.. 
 
 5-67. 
 1865-69.. 
 
 7-89.. 
 1897-99.. 
 
 5-G7.. 
 1867-71.. 
 1867-71. 
 1867-69.. 
 1869-73.. 
 
 ■3-79.. 
 1869-73.. 
 
 1869-73 
 
 1869-73.... 
 1869-73.... 
 1869-73.... 
 
 1871-73 
 
 1871-73 
 
 1873-76 
 
 1881-83. 
 
 1871-73., 
 1S71 73. 
 
 is::; 74. 
 1874-77.. 
 
 1873-77.. 
 1873-75.. 
 1873-81.. 
 1873-75.. 
 
 1873-75.. 
 
 1873-75.. 
 1877-79.. 
 1873-75.. 
 1873-83.. 
 1883-91 - 
 1893-95.. 
 
 1895. 
 
 1873-75.. 
 
 1873-75.. 
 
 1875 79. 
 
 1876 77 
 1875-83. 
 1883-95. 
 1875-77. 
 1875-77.. 
 1875-77.. 
 1875-77.. 
 IS.VI 93 
 
 1875-83. 
 1883-95 . 
 1875-77. 
 1879-81.. 
 1875-83.. 
 1 S7.5 79. 
 1875-77. 
 
 in;t-n:;. 
 
 I^77-7H. 
 
 1S77-79.. 
 
 1S77-79.. 
 
 1877-81. 
 
 1S77-S1 
 
 1877-83.. 
 
 Served Logan's unexpired term. 
 
 Served McClemand's unexpired term. 
 
 Res'd, Apr. '62; term filled by W. J. Allen. 
 Chosen U. S. Senator. 1871; resigned; term 
 filled by John L. Beveridge. 
 
 1864-'G5 filled Lovejoy's unexpired term. 
 
 Re-elected, '711 but res'd before beg'ug of term. 
 
 Filled unexpired term of Waahburne. 
 
 Served unexpired term of Logan, 
 
 May, 76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne. 
 
 Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. 
 
 Died Dec, '74; succeeded by B. G. Caulfield. 
 From 1874-75 served out Rice's term. 
 
 Awarded seat, vice Farwell . 
 
44R 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Benjamin P. Marsh, R — 
 
 Ben jam in F. Marsh. R 
 
 Thomas F. Tipton, R....\. 
 
 R, W. Townshend, D 
 
 ' . - ■■ R, Davis. R 
 
 George R. Davis. R 
 
 Hiram Barber, R 
 
 John C. Sherwin, R 
 
 R. fit. A. Hawk.R 
 
 James W. Singleton, D 
 
 A. P. Forsvthe, G. B 
 
 JohnR. Thomas, R 
 
 John R. Thomas. R 
 
 William Cullen,R 
 
 William Cnllen.R 
 
 Lew is E. Pay son, R 
 
 Lewis E. Payson. R 
 
 John H. Lewis, R 
 
 Dietrich C. Smith. R 
 
 R. W. Dunham, R 
 
 John F. Finerty. R 
 
 ( ieorge E. Adams. R 
 
 l; uben Ellwood, R 
 
 RohprtR. Hitt,R 
 
 Robert R. Hitt, R 
 
 N. E. Worthington, D 
 
 William II. Neece, D 
 
 J.U11HS M. Ri.ifgs, D 
 
 Jonathan H.Rowell.R — 
 
 Drank Lawler.D 
 
 James II. Ward. D 
 
 Albert J. Hopkins, R 
 
 Albert J. Hopkins, R 
 
 Ralph Plumb, R 
 
 si 1 as G. Landes, D 
 
 William E. Mason, R 
 
 Philip Sidney Post. R 
 
 William H.Gest, R 
 
 George A. Anderson, D... 
 
 Edward Lane. D 
 
 Abner Taylor, R 
 
 Charles A. Hill, R 
 
 < Jeo. W. Filhian, D 
 
 Williams. Forman. D 
 
 James R. Williams. I) 
 
 James R. Williams. D — 
 
 George W. Smith, R 
 
 George W. Smith. R 
 
 Lawrence E. MeGann, D. . 
 Allan C. Durborow. Jr.. D. 
 WalterC. Newberry, D... 
 
 Lewis Steward, Ind 
 
 Herman W. Snow. R 
 
 Benjamin T. Cable, D 
 
 Owen Scott, D 
 
 Samuel T. Busey, D 
 
 JohnC. Black.D 
 
 Andrew J. Hunter, D 
 
 Andrew J. Hunter. D 
 
 J. Frank Aldrich. R 
 
 .!uli us Goldzier. D 
 
 Robert A. Childs, R 
 
 Hamilton K. Wheeler. R.. 
 
 John J. McDannold, D 
 
 Benjamin P. Funk. R 
 
 William Lorimer, R 
 
 Hugh R.Belknap. R 
 
 Charles W . Woodman. R 
 
 Geo. E. White, R 
 
 Edward D. Cooke, R 
 
 George E. Foss, R 
 
 George W. Prince, R 
 
 Walter Reeves, R 
 
 Vespasian Warner, R .... 
 
 J V. Graff. R 
 
 Finis E. Downing, D 
 
 James A. Connolly, R — 
 
 Frederick Remann, R 
 
 Wm. F. L. Hadley, R .... 
 
 Benson Wood, R 
 
 Orlando Burrell.R 
 
 Everett J. Murphy, R — 
 
 James R. Mann, R 
 
 Daniel \V. Mills, R 
 
 Thomas M. Jett, D 
 
 James R. Campbell, D... 
 
 George P. Foster, R 
 
 Thomas Cusack, D 
 
 Edgar T. Noonan, D 
 
 HenryS D.utell, R 
 
 W. E. Williams, D 
 
 B. F. Caldwell, D 
 
 Joseph B. Crowley, D 
 
 W. A. Rodenberg, R 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 Bloominj;toii 
 
 Shawneetown — . 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Geneva ami Elgin. 
 
 Mt. Carroll 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Isabel 
 
 Metropolis 
 
 Metropolis 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Ottawa 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 Pontiac 
 
 Knoxville 
 
 Pekin 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Sycamore 
 
 Mt. Morris. ... — 
 
 Mt. Morris 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Macomb 
 
 Winchester 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Aurora 
 
 Streator 
 
 Mt. Carmel 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Galesbnrg 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Quincy 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Newton 
 
 Nashville 
 
 Carmi 
 
 Carmi 
 
 Murphysboro 
 
 Murphysboro 
 
 Chicago, 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Piano 
 
 Sheldon 
 
 Rock Island.... .. 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Urbana 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Paris ■ 
 
 Paris 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Hinsdale 
 
 Kankakee 
 
 Mt. Sterling 
 
 Bloomington 
 
 Chicago , 
 
 Chicago . ... 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Galesburg 
 
 Streator 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Pekin 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Springfield 
 
 i Yandaha 
 
 Ed wards ville 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Carmi 
 
 [East St. Louis... 
 
 j Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 McLeansboro 
 
 Chicago 
 
 JG'hicago 
 
 .Chicago 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Pittsfield 
 
 Chatham 
 
 Robinson 
 
 East St. Louis -- 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Thirteenth ... 
 
 Nineteenth ... 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Eleventh ... . 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 Eighteenth ... 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Seventh 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Thirteenth... 
 
 First 
 
 Second 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Fifth 
 
 sixth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Fourteenth... 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Fifth 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Third 
 
 Tenth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Seventeenth. . 
 
 First ... 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 Eighteenth .... 
 
 Eighteenth.... 
 
 Nineteenth — 
 
 Twentieth 
 
 Twenty-sec' nd 
 
 Second 
 
 Third 
 
 Fourth 
 
 Eighth 
 
 Ninth 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 Fourteenth — 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 State-at-large 
 
 State-at-large 
 Nineteenth... 
 
 First 
 
 Fourth 
 
 . Eighth 
 
 . Ninth 
 
 . Twelfth. 
 
 . Fourteenth... 
 
 Second 
 
 . Third 
 
 . Fourth 
 
 . Fifth 
 
 . Sixtii 
 
 . Seventh 
 
 . Tenth 
 
 . Eleventh 
 
 . Thirteenth 
 
 . [Fourteenth .... 
 
 . |sixteenth 
 
 . Seventeenth... 
 
 . Eighteenth .... 
 . Eighteenth 
 
 , Nineteenth. ... 
 
 . Twentieth 
 
 . Twenty-first ., 
 
 . First 
 
 . Second 
 
 , . Eighteenth 
 
 , . Twentieth 
 
 , . Third 
 
 , . Fourth 
 
 .. Fifth 
 
 .. sixth 
 
 . . Sixteenth 
 
 . Seventeenth.. 
 Ni neteenth ... 
 
 . Twenty first.. 
 
 i ■> i 95 
 
 1895— 
 
 lb?;-:;) 
 
 L877-89 
 
 1879 83 
 
 1883-85 
 
 1879-81 
 
 1879-83 
 
 1879-8U 
 
 1879 83 
 
 1879-81 
 
 1879 S3 
 
 1*83-89 
 
 1881 83 
 
 1883-S5 
 
 1881 83 
 
 1883-91 
 
 1881-83 
 
 L881-S3. 
 
 1883-89 
 
 1883-85 
 
 1883-9] 
 
 1882-85 
 
 1882-95 
 
 1895— 
 
 1883-87 
 
 1883-87 
 
 1883-87 
 
 1883-91... 
 
 1S85-91 
 
 1885-87 
 
 1885-95 
 
 1895— 
 
 1885-89 
 
 1885-89 
 
 1887-91 
 
 1887-95 
 
 1887-91 
 
 1887-89 ,.. 
 
 1887-95 
 
 1889-93 
 
 1889-91 
 
 1889-95 
 
 1889-95 
 
 1889-95 
 
 1899— 
 
 1889-95 
 
 1895- 
 
 18(11-95 
 
 1S91-95 , 
 
 1MU-93 
 
 1891-93 
 
 1-91-93 , 
 
 D91-93 
 
 1891-93 
 
 1891-93 
 
 1893-95 
 
 1893-95 
 
 1S97-99 
 
 1893-97 
 
 1893-95 
 
 1893-95 
 
 1893-95 
 
 t893-95 
 
 1893-95 
 
 1895— 
 
 1895-99 
 
 1895-97 
 
 1895-99 
 
 1805-98 
 
 1895— 
 
 1895— 
 
 1895— 
 
 1895— 
 
 189-5— 
 
 1895-97 
 
 1895-99 
 
 1895— 
 
 lo95— 
 
 1895-97 
 
 1895-97 
 
 1895-97 
 
 1897- 
 
 1897— 
 
 1897- 
 
 1897-99 
 
 1899— 
 
 1899— 
 
 .1899— 
 
 1898— 
 
 1899— 
 
 1899— 
 
 1899- 
 
 1899— 
 
 Died, '82*; succeeded by R. R. Hitt. 
 
 Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 
 
 Died, Jan. 6,1895. 
 
 Awarded seat after con. with L. E. MeGann. 
 Died] June 4*, '98; siic'd. by Henry S. Boutell. 
 
 Diedriuiy iV.'^'aV suc'd. by W. F. L. Hadley. 
 Elected tofill vacancy. 
 
 Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 449 
 
 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court 
 and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish 
 ancestr}', in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 
 1789, and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 
 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his 
 life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- 
 mon school education, and a two years' course of 
 study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn., he studied 
 law and began practice. In 1812-13 he served as 
 a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, 
 winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The 
 Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to 
 Cahokia, where he began the practice of 
 law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the 
 first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring 
 from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in 
 the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 
 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State 
 volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk 
 War. Two weeks before the expiration of his 
 term (1831), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- 
 gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- 
 cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, 
 and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- 
 crat. He also served as Representative in the 
 Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the 
 Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the 
 latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or 
 Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- 
 perintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to 
 the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- 
 cratic candidates. For some years he edited a 
 daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- 
 lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds 
 acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," 
 from the time spent in a Tennessee College at 
 that early day, this was not sustained by either 
 his colloquial or written style. He was an 
 ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early 
 days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- 
 ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson 
 Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of 
 "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense 
 prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- 
 tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as 
 shown by his devotion to temperance, and his 
 popularity among persons of opposite political 
 opinions. Although at times crude in style, and 
 not always reliable in his statement of historical 
 facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered 
 a valuable service to posterity by his writings 
 relating to the early history of the State, espe- 
 cially those connected with his own times. His 
 best known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- 
 nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at the Crystal 
 
 Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My 
 Life and Times" (185:)). His death occurred at 
 Belleville, May 8, 1865. 
 
 REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and 
 President of State Board of Agriculture, was born 
 at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 18211, and graduated 
 from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 
 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law 
 School, and soon afterward began practice. He 
 removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- 
 nebago County, later, successively in Marion 
 County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 
 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- 
 cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the 
 State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected 
 its President, filling that position until 1888, 
 when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- 
 ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public 
 or semi-public character, having been President 
 of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during 
 the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the 
 Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector 
 from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- 
 State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, 
 from the date of its organization (1873) until its 
 final dissolution. His most important public 
 service, in recent years, was rendered as Director- 
 in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- 
 lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; 
 at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated 
 in the high school there, within a month after 
 graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- 
 fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he 
 rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of 
 Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 
 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was 
 a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On 
 his return home after nearly four years' service, 
 he entered the law department of the Chicago 
 University, graduating therefrom and beginning 
 practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been 
 prominent in public life, having served as a 
 member of both branches of the General Assem- 
 bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the 
 Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of 
 the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior 
 Vice-Commander of the order for the United 
 States. 
 
 REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was 
 born in Fayette County, Pa. , March 4, 1812 ; after 
 graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, was 
 connected with various institutions in that State, 
 as well as President of Capital University at 
 
450 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was 
 President of the Illinois State University at 
 Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- 
 cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- 
 ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several 
 parishes until his death. In his early life he 
 founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- 
 gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides 
 issuing a number of printed addresses and other 
 published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- 
 cago, Sept. 5, 1876. 
 
 RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier 
 and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, 
 Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin, Tazewell 
 Count}', 111., in 1836, where he learned the print- 
 er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the 
 Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. 
 Returning home he engaged in the river trade, 
 and. for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on 
 the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In 
 April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a 
 company of three months' men attached to the 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the 
 reorganization of the regiment for the three- 
 years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- 
 nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesbj-, who 
 had been promoted Brigadier-General. After 
 serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in 
 Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- 
 pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when 
 he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to 
 his farm near that city. During the latter years 
 of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at 
 Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. 
 
 KHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and 
 educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 
 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania with the degree of 
 M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from 
 Princeton ; after several 3 7 ears spent in practice 
 as a physician, and as Principal in some of the 
 public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was 
 elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution 
 for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the 
 State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 
 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 
 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. 
 
 RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in 
 Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in 
 the common schools and at Shurtleff College, 
 after which he read law with John M. Palmer at 
 Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, 
 at Hillsboro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder 
 
 of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- 
 teenth General Assembly, serving one term. 
 Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- 
 ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 
 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the 
 Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and 
 again in 1867. He was also a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the 
 election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- 
 sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a 
 Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. 
 
 RICE, John B., theatrical manager, Mayor of 
 Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, 
 Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, 
 and, coming to Chicago in 1847, bu.ilt.and opened 
 there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from 
 the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of 
 Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected 
 in 1867. He was also prominent in the early 
 stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to 
 raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected 
 to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, 
 before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- 
 folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election 
 to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was 
 chosen to succeed him. 
 
 RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- 
 tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 
 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, 
 came to the bar at 19, and settled in Schuyler 
 County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; 
 was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature 
 in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House 
 again in 1844, from Adams County — the latter 
 year being also chosen Presidential Elector on 
 the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding 
 session of the General Assembly, serving as 
 Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican 
 War as Captain, and won a Majority through 
 gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 
 (when he resigned to become a candidate for 
 Governor), he was a Democratic Representative 
 in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered 
 Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen 
 United States Senator to fill the unexpired term 
 of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Convention of 1868, but 
 after that retired to private life, acting, for a 
 short time, as editor of '"The Quincy Herald." 
 Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. 
 
 RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 east quarter of the State, and has an area of 361 
 square miles. It was organized from Edwards 
 County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may 
 be mentioned the Evans brothers, Thaddeus 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 451 
 
 Morehouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas 
 Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, 
 James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 
 there were but thirty families in the district. 
 The first frame houses — the Nelson and More- 
 house homesteads — were built in 1821, and, some 
 years later, James Laws erected the first brick 
 house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, 
 in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by 
 Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was 
 opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- 
 cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- 
 tists in 1822, and services were conducted by 
 William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time 
 the mails were carried on horseback by Louis 
 and James Beard, but, in 1824, Mills and Whet- 
 sell established a line of four-horse stages. The 
 principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- 
 ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a 
 buffalo and Indian trail about where the main 
 street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as 
 the county-seat upon the organization of the 
 county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house 
 there. The chief branches of industry followed 
 by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- 
 growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890), 
 15,019; (1900), 16,391. 
 
 RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County, 
 at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
 & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
 Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has 
 electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank 
 and two papers. Pop. (1900). 933; (1904), 1.300. 
 
 RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mining sub- 
 urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive 
 rolling mill is located there, and there are several 
 coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169. 
 
 RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- 
 talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17, 1836; was 
 educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- 
 lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a 
 clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally 
 becoming a member of the firm and successively 
 Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was 
 Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but 
 later has affiliated with the Republican party. 
 About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- 
 field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi- 
 dent for many years ; has also been President of 
 the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and, 
 for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- 
 road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of 
 Illinois College. 
 
 RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after 
 
 leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the 
 dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis 
 to assume a clerkship in the branch of the 
 United States Bank just organized there. In 
 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was 
 established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely 
 became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- 
 dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind 
 up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- 
 dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, 
 but this having gone into liquidation a few years 
 later, he went into the private banking business 
 as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, 
 became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the 
 strongest financial institutions in the State out- 
 side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- 
 nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became 
 one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross 
 Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system 
 extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), 
 when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying 
 therefor §21,100. He was also one of the Spring- 
 field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the 
 beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of the 
 builders and principal owner of the Springfield 
 gas-light system. His business career was an 
 eminently successful one, leaving an estate at 
 his death, Jan. 31, 1888, valued at over $2,000,000. 
 
 RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the 
 Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of 
 Shawneetown ; has a bank and one newspaper. 
 Pop. (1890), 523; (1900). 839; (1903, est.), 1,000 
 
 RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and 
 politician, was born at Carmi, 111, August 30, 
 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 
 years old and his mother when he was 14, his 
 education was largely acquired through contact 
 with the world, apart from such as he received 
 from his mother and during a year's attendance 
 at a private school. When he was 6 years of age 
 the family removed to Shawneetown, where he 
 ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- 
 barked in business as a merchant, and the firm 
 of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the 
 most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the 
 partners closed out their business and organized 
 the first National Bank of Shawneetown, of 
 which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, 
 Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of 
 the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- 
 eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern system, and, from 1867 to 
 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent 
 and active Republican, and served as a delegate 
 
452 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 to every State and National Convention of his 
 party from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected 
 State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction on the same ticket being 
 defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- 
 ernor. Three times he consented to lead the 
 forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate 
 for Congress from an impregnably Democratic 
 stronghold. For several years he was a Director 
 of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- 
 cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the 
 Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
 dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, 
 Nov. 17, 1897. 
 
 RIGGS, James M., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he 
 received a common school education, supple- 
 mented by a partial collegiate course. He is a 
 practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was 
 elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he 
 represented Scott County in the lower house of 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was 
 State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and 
 again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic 
 candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois 
 District. 
 
 RIGGS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North 
 Carolina about 1790; removed to Crawford 
 County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that 
 county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). 
 In 1825 he removed to Scott County, where he 
 continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. 
 
 RIXAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, 
 born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18. 1830. Left an 
 orphan at an early age, he came to Illinois in 
 1836, and, for several years, lived on farms in 
 Sangamon and Morgan Counties; was educated 
 at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating 
 from the latter in 1851; in 1852 began reading 
 law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he 
 recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-seconu 
 Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel. Four months later he was 
 wounded in battle, but served with his regiment 
 through the war, and was bre vetted Brigadier- 
 General at its close. Returning from the war he 
 resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
 ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- 
 lican; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party 
 as a Presidential Elector — the latter year for the 
 State-at-large — and, in 1874. accepted a nomina- 
 tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, 
 largely reducing the normal Democratic major- 
 
 ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 
 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate 
 for the Republican nomination for Governor. I; 
 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- 
 date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, 
 although his opponent was awarded the certifi- 
 cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 vote? on 
 the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the 
 Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for 
 General Rinaker, and he was seated near the 
 close of the first session. He was a candidate 
 for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly 
 Democratic District. 
 
 RIPLEY, Edward Payson, Railway President, 
 was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), 
 Mass., Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's 
 side, to the distinguished author. Dr. Edward 
 Payson. After receiving his education in the 
 high school of his native place, at the age of 17 
 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a 
 wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. 
 About the time he became of age, lie entered into 
 the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a 
 clerk in the freight department in the Boston 
 office, but, a few years later.assumed a responsible 
 position in connection with the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General 
 Agent for the business of that road east of 
 Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at 
 Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept 
 the position of General Freight Agent of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which 
 he remained twelve years, serving successively as 
 General Traffic Manager and General Manager, 
 until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become 
 Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul line. This relation was continued 
 until Jan. 1. 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted 
 the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe Railroad, which (1899) lie now holds. Mr. 
 Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the 
 location of the World's Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of 
 the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the 
 Executive Committee and the Committee of 
 Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- 
 man of the latter. 
 
 RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des 
 Plaines River and the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago ; has 
 handsome parks, several churches, a bank, 
 two local papers and numerous fine residences. 
 Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551 
 
 RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- 
 ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 453 
 
 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River, 6}4 
 miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four 
 churches, a nursery, and two coal mines Popu- 
 lation (1880), 705; (1890), 1,127. (1000), 1 511; (1903, 
 est), about 2,000. 
 
 RIVES, John Cook, early banker and journal- 
 ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 
 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he 
 grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. 
 He received a good education and was a man < if 
 high character and attractive manners. In his 
 early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- 
 nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank 
 at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to 
 Shawneetown and held a position in the bank 
 there; also studied law and was admitted to 
 practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship 
 in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, 
 he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became 
 associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the 
 establishment of "The Congressional Globe" (the 
 predecessor of "The Congressional Record"), of 
 which he finally became sole proprietor, so 
 remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, 
 although a native of Virginia and a life-long 
 Democrat, he was intensely loyal, and contrib- 
 uted liberally of his means for the equipment of 
 soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for 
 the support of their families, during the Civil 
 War. His expenditures for these objects have 
 been estimated at some §30,000. Died, in Prince 
 George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. 
 
 ROANOKE, a village of Woodford County, on 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 26 
 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district; 
 has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper 
 Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900), 966. 
 
 RORR, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was 
 born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook 
 County, 111., in 1838, and, after arriving at man- 
 hood, established the first exclusive wholesale 
 grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- 
 ness until 1850. He then went to California, 
 establishing himself in mercantile business at 
 Sacramento, where he remained seven years, 
 meanwhile being elected Ma}'or of that city. 
 Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the 
 war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor 
 Yates with the rank of Major, and. while serv- 
 ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving 
 General Grant the first duty he performed in the 
 office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival 
 from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as 
 Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank 
 of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary 
 
 affairs until the close of the war, when he was 
 appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, 
 and, still later. President of the Board of Tax 
 Commissioners for that State. Other positions 
 held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- 
 lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also 
 one of the publishers of "The New Era," a 
 Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent 
 actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the 
 Collectorship, he was appointed by the President 
 United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- 
 can outrages on the Rio Grande border; was sub- 
 sequently identified with Texas railroad interests 
 as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio 
 Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the 
 Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being 
 thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to 
 California, dying near Glenwood, in that State, 
 April 10, 1895, aged 75 years and 10 months. 
 
 ROBERTS, William Charles, clergyman and 
 educator, was born in a small village of Wales, 
 England., Sept. 23, 1832; received his primary 
 education in that country, but, removing to 
 America during his minority, graduated from 
 Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton 
 Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- 
 ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, 
 in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary 
 of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 
 the next year being offered the Presidency of 
 Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he 
 accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- 
 sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1863 
 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 
 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma 
 Mater. He has traveled extensively in the 
 Orient, and was a member of the first and third 
 councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- 
 burgh and Belfast. Besides occasional sermons 
 and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- 
 can, German and Welsh periodicals, Dr. Roberts 
 has published a Welsh translation of the West- 
 minster shorter catechism and a collection of 
 letters on the great preachers of Wales, which 
 appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree 
 of D.D., from Union College in 1872, and that of 
 LL.D., from Princeton, in 1SS7. 
 
 ROBINSOX, an incorporated city and the 
 county -seat of Crawford Courty, 25 miles north- 
 west of Vincennes, Ind , and 44 miles south of 
 Paris, 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the 
 heart of a fruit and agricultural region The 
 city has water-works, electric lights, two banks 
 and three weekly newspapers Population (1890) 
 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 2,000. 
 
454 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ROBINSON, James C, lawyer and former 
 Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111., in 
 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican 
 War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a 
 Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '62, '70 and 
 '72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for 
 Governor. He was a fluent sjieaker, and attained 
 considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- 
 nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. 
 
 ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, 
 born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated 
 and became a lawyer by profession. In early life 
 he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He 
 was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and 
 personally popular. Through his association 
 with the State militia he earned the title of 
 "General." In 1830 he was elected to the United 
 States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John 
 McLean. His immediate predecessor was David 
 Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, 
 who served one month but failed of election by 
 the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- 
 elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. 
 In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois 
 Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27, of 
 the same year, within three months after his 
 elevation. 
 
 ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an 
 intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. 
 It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of 
 Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dixon. 
 It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising 
 region, rendering Rochelle an important ship 
 ping point. Among its industrial establish- 
 ments are water-works, electric lights, a flouring 
 mill and silk-underwear factory The city has 
 three banks, five churches and three newspapers. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,073; (1903), 2,500. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement 
 in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich 
 agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad, 1% miles southeast of 
 Springfield; has a bank, two churches, one school, 
 and a newspaper. Population (1900) 365 
 
 ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on 
 Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad ; has excellent water-power, a good 
 public school system with a high school, banks 
 and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- 
 ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are 
 its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable 
 feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock 
 River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing 
 city, the county -seat of Winnebago County ; lies 
 on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of 
 Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad — the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- 
 western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul — intersect here. Excellent 
 water-power is secured by a dam across the river, 
 and communication between the two divisions of 
 the city is facilitated by three railway and three 
 highway bridges. Water is provided from five 
 artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the 
 river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- 
 gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 
 1893, was §6,531,235. Churches are numerous and 
 schools, both public and private, are abundant 
 and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 
 87,715.069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing 
 establishments, which employed 5,223 persons and 
 turned out an annual product valued at $8,888,- 
 904. The principal industries are the manufac- 
 ture of agricultural- implements and furniture, 
 though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour 
 and grape sugar are among the other products. 
 Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. 
 
 ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 
 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty 
 of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches 
 taught include the classics, music and fine arts. 
 It has a library of 6, 150 volumes, funds and en- 
 dowment aggregating 550.880 and property 
 valued at §240,880, of which §150,000 is real 
 estate. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- 
 seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi 
 River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago ; is 
 the converging point of five lines of railroad, and 
 the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. 
 The name is derived from an island in the Missis- 
 sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which 
 belongs to the United States Government and 
 contains an arsenal and armory. The river 
 channel north of the island is navigable, the 
 southern channel having been dammed by the 
 Government, thereby giving great water power 
 to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway 
 and highway bridge spans the river from Rock 
 Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, 
 while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile 
 below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- 
 strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also 
 a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- 
 ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- 
 gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- 
 sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 455 
 
 merits, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; 
 also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing 
 daily editions. Pop. (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern 
 section of the State bordering upon the Missis- 
 sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern 
 boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an 
 area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- 
 ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in 
 the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to 
 three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort 
 Armstrong. It has always remained a military 
 post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal 
 and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- 
 ments were made near Port Byron by John and 
 Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George 
 Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island 
 and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- 
 riels, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and 
 among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- 
 lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and 
 George Davenport. The country was full of 
 Indians, this being the headquarters of Black 
 Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk 
 War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War. ) 
 By 1829 settlers were increased in number and 
 county organization was effected in 1835, Rock 
 Island (then called Stephenson) being made the 
 county-seat. Joseph Conway was the first 
 County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- 
 urer. The first court was held at the residence 
 of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The 
 county is irregular in shape, and the soil and 
 scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the 
 water-power inexhaustible, and the county's 
 mining and manufacturing interests are very 
 extensive. Several lines of railway cross the 
 county, affording admirable transportation facili- 
 ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock 
 Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- 
 cipal cities in the county, though there are 
 several other important points. Coal Valley is 
 the center of large mining interests, and Milan is 
 also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one 
 of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- 
 siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- 
 town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the 
 Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38,302; 
 (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,219. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a 
 standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- 
 ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is 
 lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- 
 road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it 
 a total length of 118 miles — with Peoria Terminal, 
 
 121.10 miles.— (History.) The company is a 
 reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & 
 Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was 
 sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter 
 Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1809, 
 of two corporations — the Rock Island & Peoria 
 and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- 
 nies — the new organization taking the latter 
 name. The road was opened through its entire 
 length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and 
 reorganization under its present name taking 
 place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable 
 Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island 
 & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- 
 cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 
 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- 
 road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for 
 the entire period being commuted at $450,000. — 
 (Financial.) The cost of the entire road and 
 equipment was 52,654,487. The capital stock 
 (1898) is 11,500,000; funded debt, $600,000; other 
 forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital 
 invested to $2,181,066. 
 
 ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- 
 ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a 
 southerly direction, a part of its course being very 
 sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary 
 of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting 
 the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee, Whiteside 
 and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi 
 three miles below the city of Rock Island. 
 It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is 
 partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, 
 furnish abundant water-power. The principal 
 towns on its banks are Rockford, Dixon and 
 Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its 
 beauty and fertility. 
 
 ROCKTON, a village in Winnebago County, at 
 the junction of two branches of the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River, 
 13 miles north of Rockford ; has manufactures of 
 paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, 
 and local paper. Pop. (1890), 892; (1900), 936. 
 
 ROE, Edward Reynolds, A.B., M.D., physician, 
 soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio. 
 June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, 
 to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- 
 ical Institute in 1842; began practice at Anderson. 
 Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, 111., 
 where he gave much attention to geological 
 research and made some extensive natural his- 
 tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at 
 Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite 
 science, wrote for the press and, for two years 
 (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal." still 
 
456 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later editing the newly established "Constitu- 
 tionalist"' for a few months. During a part of 
 this period he was lecturer on natural science at 
 Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before 
 the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, 
 which was immediately followed by the passage 
 of the act establishing the State Geological 
 Department. A majority of both houses joined 
 in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- 
 gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds — 
 he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming- 
 ton in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- 
 tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural 
 Science in the State Normal University, and also 
 a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. 
 Having identified himself with the Democratic 
 party at this time, he became its nominee for 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he 
 promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised 
 three companies (mostly Normal students) which 
 were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- 
 mal) Regiment ; was elected Captain and succes- 
 sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 Having been dangerously wounded in the assault 
 at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to 
 return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the 
 combined vote of both parties, was re-elected 
 four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- 
 ington Pantagraph" and, in 1870, was elected to 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where 
 he won distinction by a somewhat notable 
 humorous speech in opposition to removing the 
 State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- 
 pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- 
 nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat 
 prolific author, having produced more than a 
 dozen works which have appeared in book form. 
 One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois 
 in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in 
 "The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more 
 noteworthy productions are: "The Gray and the 
 Blue"; "Brought to Bay*'; "From the Beaten 
 Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His 
 Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the 
 Serpent" ; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." 
 He died in Chicago, Nov 6, 1893. 
 
 ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in 
 Grafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was 
 educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- 
 moved to the latter State early in life. While 
 teaching he studied law and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1800; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- 
 pany in Lake County for the war, which was 
 mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; 
 
 was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain ; 
 was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to 
 leave the field, and led his regiment in the final 
 charge; was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at 
 Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three 
 wounds, from one of which he never fully re- 
 covered ; took a prominent part in the operations 
 at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly 
 two years, including the Atlanta campaign, 
 retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois 
 and in Kansas. 
 
 ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and 
 author, was born in Central New York in 1853 ; 
 entered Hamilton College, but the following 
 year became a student in Michigan University, 
 graduating there in 1874, also receiving the 
 degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 
 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship 
 in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was 
 made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge 
 Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was 
 tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the 
 Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the 
 first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- 
 ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same 
 year (1890). Wesleyan University conferred upon 
 him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- 
 ber of the American Bar Association, has served 
 for a number of years on its Committee on Legal 
 Education and Admission to the Bar, and was 
 the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- 
 cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- 
 man of the Conference on the Future Foreign 
 Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga 
 Springs, N. Y., in August, 1898. At the Con- 
 gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian 
 Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, and 
 was for a time associate editor of "The American 
 Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the 
 author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony," 
 which has passed through two editions, and has 
 edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations," 
 besides doing much other valuable literary work 
 of a similar character. 
 
 ROGERS, John Gorin, jurist, was born at 
 Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early 
 Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- 
 lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- 
 sity, graduating from the latter institution in 
 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For 
 sixteen years he practiced in his native town, 
 and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 457 
 
 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he 
 was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit 
 Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated 
 re-elections, until his death, which occurred 
 suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the 
 expiration of the term for which he had been 
 elected. 
 
 ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles 
 north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the 
 Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two 
 weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- 
 car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence 
 suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. 
 
 ROLL, John E., pioneer, was born in Green 
 Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 
 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He 
 assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of 
 the flat-boat with which the latter descended the 
 Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. 
 Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built 
 a number of houses in Springfield, where he has 
 since continued to reside. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest 
 Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- 
 nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early 
 Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- 
 ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; 
 Early Missionaries; Gravier; Marquette.) The 
 church went hand in hand with the represent- 
 atives of the French Government, carrying in 
 one hand the cross and in the other the flag of 
 Fiance, simultaneously disseminating the doc- 
 trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to 
 the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred 
 years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic 
 clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
 turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the 
 early French settlers and the natives. They were 
 not without factional jealousies, however, and a 
 severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the 
 order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the 
 confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- 
 sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the 
 country by the English, with the contemporane- 
 ous emigration of a considerable portion of the 
 French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many 
 congregations. Up to 1830 Illinois was included 
 in the diocese of Missouri ; but at that time it was 
 constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- 
 pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that 
 date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. 
 But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose 
 and rare administrative ability. New parishes 
 were organized as rapidly as circumstances 
 
 would permit, and the growth of the church has 
 been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one 
 parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are 
 reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a 
 Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also 
 Religious Denom inations. ) 
 
 ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 
 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of 
 three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad; 
 is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region; 
 city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- 
 yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light 
 plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good 
 school buildings, one daily and two weekly 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351. 
 
 ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of 
 the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., 
 was born in Yorkshire, England, brought to 
 America in childhood, his father settling in 
 Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- 
 hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but 
 finally returned to the paternal home in Greene 
 County, where, on the location of the Jackson- 
 ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
 he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- 
 tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch 
 with the main line. 
 
 ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer 
 and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass., August 
 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while 
 employed on his father's farm, learned to play on 
 various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- 
 ton, where he began his life-work. Besides 
 teaching music in the public schools, he was 
 employed to direct the musical service in two 
 churches. From Boston he removed to New 
 York, and, in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of 
 musical study. In 1853 he made his first public 
 essay as a composer in the song, "Hazel Dell,'* 
 which became popular at once. From this time 
 forward his success as a song-writer was assured. 
 His music, while not of a high artistic character, 
 captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly 
 to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in 
 Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal 
 and wrote those "war songs" which created and 
 perpetuated his fame. Among the best known 
 are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the 
 Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." 
 Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the 
 Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago" ; and 
 "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs he 
 composed several cantatas and much sacred 
 music, also publishing many books of instruction 
 and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 
 
458 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago 
 conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, 
 near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895. 
 
 ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, 
 and educator, was born in Onondaga County 
 N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools 
 and academies of Central New York; began 
 teaching in 1827, and, after spending a year at 
 sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in 
 law and civil engineering. He was employed as 
 a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of 
 Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- 
 nois and obtained employment on the railroad 
 projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under 
 the "internal improvement system" of 1837. 
 When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on 
 a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry 
 County, and soon after opened a boarding school, 
 continuing its management until 1846, when he 
 became Principal of a seminary at Sparta. In 
 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in 
 charge of surveys and construction, later as land 
 agent and attorney. He was prominent in the 
 introduction of the graded school system in Illi- 
 nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- 
 mal School at Bloomington and the University of 
 Illinois at Champaign ; was a member of the 
 State Board of Education from its organization, 
 and served as delegate to the National Repub- 
 lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in 
 Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888.— Philander Keep 
 (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland 
 County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois 
 the same year and educated in his father's school, 
 and in an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- 
 leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 
 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on 
 a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served 
 as a civil engineer in the construction and repair 
 of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- 
 veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief 
 Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of 
 the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in 
 the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier 
 of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the 
 Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of 
 which his brother, Logan H, was President. — 
 Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- 
 roa, Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- 
 cated at home and at the State Normal at 
 Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal 
 of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1862 enlisted in 
 the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving 
 through the war and acting as Chief Commissary 
 
 for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," 
 and participating in the great review in Wash- 
 ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of 
 the war he was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was 
 elected from that State to the Fortieth and 
 Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) — being, at 
 the time, the youngest member in that body — and 
 was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- 
 dent Grant. He finally became President of the 
 Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with 
 which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, 
 suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 
 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and 
 a half millions, of which he gave a large share to 
 charitable purposes and to the city of Little 
 Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- 
 provement of its parks. 
 
 ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born 
 at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. 
 The foundation of his education was secured in 
 the public schools of his native place, and, after 
 a term in the Normal University at Normal, III., 
 at the age of 18 he took charge of a country 
 school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the 
 Golconda graded schools, was later made County 
 Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected for a 
 second term. During his second term he was 
 admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of 
 Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney 
 without opposition, being re-elected for another 
 term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor 
 Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the 
 Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the next 
 year, when he was transferred to the Board of 
 Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- 
 tiary at Chester, which position he continued to 
 occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- 
 tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term 
 extending to January, 1901. 
 
 ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on 
 the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of. 
 Bushnell; has water and electric-light plants, two 
 banks, public library and one newspaper Region 
 agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014. 
 
 ROSS, Leonard Fulton, soldier, born in Fulton 
 County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the 
 common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- 
 ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1815 ; 
 the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First 
 Lieutenant and was commended for services at 
 Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo; also performed im- 
 portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 459 
 
 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years 
 as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in 
 the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel 
 of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving 
 with it in Missouri and Kentucky; was commis- 
 sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- 
 ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command 
 of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. 
 He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was 
 appointed by President Johnson Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has 
 been three times a delegate to National Repub- 
 lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- 
 date for Congress in a Democratic District. 
 Since the war he has devoted his attention 
 largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- 
 faim in Iowa. In his later years was President 
 of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. 
 ROSS, (Col.) William, pioneer, was born at 
 Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792; 
 removed with his father's family, in 1805, to 
 Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his 
 twentieth year, when he was commissioned an 
 Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United 
 States Infantry, serving through the War of 
 1812-14, and participating in the battle of Sack- 
 ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- 
 ice he acted as drill-master at various points. 
 Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the 
 business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- 
 while filling some local offices. In 1820, a com- 
 pany consisting of himself and four brothers, 
 with their families and a few others, started for 
 the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- 
 ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, 
 they transferred their wagons, teams and other 
 property to flat-boats, descending that stream 
 and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they 
 disembarked and, crossing the State, reached 
 Upper Alton, where they found only one house, 
 that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their 
 families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded 
 north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, 
 until they reached a point in the western part of 
 the present county of Pike, where the town of 
 Atlas was afterwards located. Here they 
 erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful 
 prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing 
 their families thither a few weeks later. They 
 suffered the usual privations incident to life in a 
 new country, not excepting sickness and death 
 of some of their number. At the next session of 
 the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- 
 lished, embracing all that part of the State west 
 
 and north of the Illinois, and including the 
 present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross 
 settlement became the nucleus of the town of 
 Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates 
 in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and 
 becoming the second county -seat of Pike County, 
 so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of 
 justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this 
 period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- 
 nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- 
 ously or successively, the offices of Probate 
 Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the 
 Peace, and others of a subordinate character. 
 As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by 
 Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the 
 Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at 
 Beardstown with twice the number of men 
 called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower 
 branch of the General Assembly, also serving in 
 the Senate during the three following sessions, a 
 part of the time as President pro tern, of the last- 
 named body. While in the General Assembly he 
 was instrumental in securing legislation of great 
 importance relating to Military Tract lands. 
 The year following the establishment of the 
 county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- 
 zen of that place, which he had the privilege of 
 naming for his early home. He was a member 
 of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a 
 delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- 
 dent the first time. Beginning life poor he 
 acquired considerable property ; was liberal, pub- 
 lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome 
 donation to the first company organized in Pike 
 County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. 
 Died, at Pittsfield, May 31, 1873. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, 
 on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 
 miles north of Danville; has electric-light plant, 
 water-works, tile and brick-works, two banks and 
 two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435. 
 
 ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, 
 was born in Berkshire, Vt. , June 27, 1828 ; about 
 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- 
 osha, Wis., and, in 1845, was foreman of the State 
 printing office at Madison, afterward working in 
 offices in Milwaukee, Racine and Buffalo, going 
 to Chicago in 1851. Here he finally established 
 a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an 
 electrotype foundry and the manufacture of 
 presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's 
 Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was 
 continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- 
 pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 
 
460 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Washington, serving until 1885, when he removed 
 to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with '"The 
 Republican," of that city, until his death, Dec. 
 17, 1887. 
 
 ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in 
 Rutherford County, N. C, Dec. 22, 1794; was 
 brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew 
 to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War 
 of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- 
 moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in 
 Madison County, where he taught school for two 
 years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette 
 County about the time of the removal of the 
 State capital to Vandalia. On the organization 
 of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed 
 to office there and ever afterwards resided at 
 Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early 
 history of the county, he held (at the same time) 
 the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners 
 Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County 
 Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, 
 Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides 
 that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 
 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing 
 Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served 
 as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1847, and the next year was elected to the State 
 Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from 
 the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge 
 without opposition, was re-elected to the same 
 office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee 
 of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted 
 for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. 
 Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. 
 
 ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was 
 born at Eddyville, Ky., April 25, 1826, brought 
 to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- 
 mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was 
 elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean 
 County; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of 
 Company E, Ninety -fourth Illinois Volunteers. 
 After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- 
 ington, and was appointed by President Grant, 
 successively, United States Marshal for the 
 Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant 
 Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of 
 Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a 
 State, he was elected the first Governor under the 
 State Government, and re-elected in 1890 — serv- 
 ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. 
 He has been extensively and successfully identi- 
 fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. 
 
 ROWELL, Jonathan H., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a 
 
 graduate of Eureka College and of the Law 
 Department of the Chicago University. During 
 the War of the Rebellion he served three years as 
 company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois 
 Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- 
 ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, 
 was a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from 
 the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times 
 re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home 
 is at Bloomington. 
 
 ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- 
 wall, England, in 1830, came to the United 
 States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near 
 Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of 
 thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the 
 service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois 
 Volunteers and was successively promoted 
 Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was 
 wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and 
 Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the 
 latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for 
 gallantry. After the war he returned to his 
 stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal 
 Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- 
 resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- 
 bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the 
 Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation 
 with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. 
 Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. 
 
 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- 
 cago ; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the 
 charter having been prepared the previous year 
 by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. 
 The extreme financial depression of the following 
 year prevented the organization of a faculty 
 until 1843. The institution was named in honor 
 of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, 
 medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the 
 latter half of the eighteenth century. The first 
 faculty consisted of four professors, and the first 
 term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of 
 twenty-two students. Three years' study was 
 required for graduation, but only two annual 
 terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at 
 the college itself. Instruction was given in a 
 few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. 
 The next year a small building, costing between 
 $3,000 and §4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- 
 ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a cost of $15,000. 
 The constant and rapid growth of the college 
 necessitated the erection of a new building in 
 1867, the cost of which was $70,000. This was 
 destroyed in the fire of 1871, and another, costing 
 $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 461 
 
 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was 
 located on a portion of the college lot, and the 
 two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- 
 dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. 
 Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the 
 medical department of Lake Forest University. 
 The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- 
 sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors 
 of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- 
 ance. The length of the annual terms is six 
 months, and four years of study are required for 
 graduation, attendance upon at least three col- 
 lege terms being compulsory. 
 
 RUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler 
 County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 
 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern 
 terminus of the Buda and Rushville branch of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
 town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, 
 the seat of justice being removed from a place 
 called Beardstown, about five miles eastward 
 (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), 
 where it had been located at the time of the 
 organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. 
 At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- 
 ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- 
 wards took its present name. It is a coal-mining, 
 grain and fruit-growing region, and contains 
 several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick 
 and tile works; also has two banks (State and 
 private) and a public library. Four periodicals 
 (one daily) are published here. Population 
 (1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292. 
 
 RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, 
 was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793, and 
 educated in the common schools of his native 
 State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1818 — having obtained means to support 
 himself, during his college course, by teaching 
 and by the publication, before he had reached his 
 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic 
 History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- 
 ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, 
 early in the following year, joined his father on 
 the way to Missouri. The next five years he 
 spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" 
 on the Missouri River. During this period he 
 published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- 
 sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The 
 Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), 
 which gained a wide popularity and was early 
 recognized by the compilers of school-readers as 
 a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught 
 a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia 
 (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent 
 
 two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper 
 Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College. 
 In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating 
 at a point near the Illinois River to which he 
 gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- 
 censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- 
 pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his 
 calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to 
 which he was an almost constant contributor 
 during the last twenty-five years of his life. 
 About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called 
 "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton— then a part 
 of Greene County, but now in Jersey County— to 
 which he afterwards continued to be a contribu- 
 tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor 
 of "The Advertiser, * at Louisville, Ky. He was 
 also, for several years, Principal of the Spring 
 Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., 
 meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as 
 Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the 
 author of a number of stories and sketches, some 
 of which went through several editions, and, at 
 the time of his death, had in preparation a his- 
 tory of "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of 
 Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He 
 was an accomplished linguist, being able to read 
 with fluency Greek, Latin, French, Spanish and 
 Italian, besides having considerable familiarity 
 with several other modern languages. In 1862 
 he received from the University of Chicago the 
 degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2, 1863, and was 
 buried on the old homestead at Bluffdale. 
 
 RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- 
 ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a 
 nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Mulligan, 
 James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant- 
 General on the staff of the latter in the Civil 
 War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The 
 Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to 
 the position of city editor. Subsequently he was 
 connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- 
 gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- 
 cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of 
 that village to Chicago, and has been one of the 
 South Park Commissioners of the city last named. 
 After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by 
 Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on 
 the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland 
 appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. 
 At the expiration of his term of office he resumed 
 editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- 
 icle," the organ of the Democratic party in 
 Chicago. Died June 25, 1900. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol 
 dier, was born in Schenectady. X. Y., Sept. 25, 
 
462 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- 
 nois, settling at Edwardsville, and finally at 
 Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- 
 dential Elector in 1856, and, in 1860, a member of 
 the National Republican Convention at Chicago, 
 which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. 
 In September, 1862, he was commissioned Colonel 
 of the Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteers, and 
 participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in 
 the operations about Vicksburg — also leading in 
 the attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently 
 serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of" 
 fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 
 lsC.4, one week before his promotion to the rank 
 of Brigadier-General.— Reuben C. (Rutherford), 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y., 
 Sept. 29, 1823, but grew up in Vermont and New 
 Hampshire ; received a degree in law when quite 
 young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- 
 turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he 
 lectured extensively in Michigan, Illinois and 
 other States after coming west in 1849. During 
 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner 
 and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively 
 throughout Illinois in support of the movement 
 which resulted in the donation of public lands, 
 by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial 
 Colleges" in the several States. The establish- 
 ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, 
 was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he 
 located at Quincy, where he resided some thirty 
 years; in 1861, served for several months as the 
 first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was 
 later associated with the State Quartermaster's 
 Department, finally entering the secret service of 
 the War Department, in which he remained until 
 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
 General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed 
 to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. — 
 (ieorge Y. (Rutherford), another brother, was 
 born at Rutland, Vt., 1830; was first admitted to 
 the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- 
 struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- 
 ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War 
 became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the 
 State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. 
 John Wood, but subsequently entered the 
 Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- 
 ment in Washington, retiring after the war with 
 the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned 
 to Quincy, 111., where he resided until 1872. when 
 he engaged in manufacturing business at North- 
 ampton, Mass., but finally removed to California 
 for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. 
 Helena, Cal. . August 28, 1872. 
 
 RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad. 25 miles south of La 
 Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a 
 newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. 
 (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093. 
 
 RUTLEDGE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, 
 Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va. , 
 June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 
 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 serving various churches in the central and west- 
 ern parts of the State — also acting, for a time, as 
 Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College 
 at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- 
 lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- 
 teers. Returning from the war, he served as 
 pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, 
 Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and 
 other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of 
 the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. 
 Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, and served for many years 
 as Chaplain of the order for the Department of 
 Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he 
 has occupied a supernumerary relation since 
 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. 
 
 RUT/, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in 
 a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 
 5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a 
 farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California 
 in 1857. and, early in 1801, enlisted in the Third 
 United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving 
 witli the Army of the Potomac until his discharge 
 in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which 
 his command was engaged. After his return in 
 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was 
 elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- 
 tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected 
 State Treasurer three times — 1872, '76 and '80. 
 About 1892 he removed to California, where he 
 now resides. 
 
 RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist, 
 born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, 
 Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, 
 but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, 
 came to New York and engaged in teaching 
 while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- 
 moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the 
 bar and was, for a time, associated in practice 
 with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan 
 assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- 
 cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he 
 conducted for over a year, and which is remem- 
 bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on 
 Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 4G3 
 
 aroused the hostility of some members of the 
 Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. 
 About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., 
 where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew 
 H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), 
 and was connected with a number of celebrated 
 trials before the courts of that State, including 
 the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with 
 Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor 
 of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief 
 Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, 
 which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He 
 was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, 
 was an intense opponent of the war policy of the 
 Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, 
 he appears to have been a man of much learning 
 and recognized legal ability. 
 
 RYAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
 in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in 
 childhood; was educated for the priesthood in 
 Kentucky, and. after ordination, was made a pro- 
 fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, 
 Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching 
 himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having 
 charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 
 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, 
 within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- 
 bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop 
 of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop 
 Baltes) having died in 1886. 
 
 SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian 
 tribes, who were among the most warlike and 
 powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. 
 The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- 
 kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- 
 ing "those of red earth." The French called 
 them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of 
 the name given them by other tribes, the mean- 
 ing of which was "Foxes," and which was 
 bestowed upon them because their totem (or 
 armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. 
 They seem to have been driven westward from 
 the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of 
 Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around 
 Green Bay, Wis. — Concerning their allied breth- 
 ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- 
 ously spelled in the Indian dialects — Ou-sa-kies, 
 Sauks, etc. — and the term Sacs is unquestionably 
 an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- 
 longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed 
 a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, 
 on what is now known as the Sac River, near 
 Green Bay, but the date of the alliance cannot 
 be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally 
 
 uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe 
 originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the 
 authenticity of this claim, historical authorities 
 differ widely. Subsequent to 1070 the history of 
 the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their 
 characteristics, location and habits are described 
 at some length by Father Allouez, who visited 
 them in 166(3-67. He says that the) r were numer- 
 ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, 
 avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That 
 • they were cordially detested by their neighbors 
 is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the 
 Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly 
 to the French, who attached to themselves other 
 tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had 
 well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and 
 Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on 
 terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 
 1718, however, they were virtually in possession 
 of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and, 
 four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- 
 tinsand Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, 
 driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across the 
 Illinois River. They abstained from taking part 
 in the border wars that marked the close of the 
 Revolutionary War, and therefore did not par- 
 ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At 
 that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed 
 the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
 and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They 
 offered to co-operate with the United States 
 Government in the War of 1812, but this offer 
 was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under 
 the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the 
 side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved 
 their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island 
 they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large 
 part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body 
 of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk 
 War; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government 
 divided the nation into two bands, removing both 
 to reservations in the farther West. One was 
 located on the Osage River and the other on the 
 south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the 
 northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- 
 vations, there is little doubt, many of them have 
 silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, 
 where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, 
 the net and the spear of the hunter. A few 
 years ago a part of these confederated tribes 
 were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. 
 
 SAILOR SPRINGS. a village and health resort 
 in Clay Count)', 5 miles north of Clay City, has 
 an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 
 419; (1903, est), 550. 
 
464 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
 of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
 Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. 
 Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in 
 agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- 
 try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of 
 fruit. The city has flour-mills, two banks and 
 three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; 
 (1900), 1,642. 
 
 SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
 organized in 1817, having an area of 380 square 
 miles. It derives its name from the salt springs 
 which are found in every part of the county. 
 The northern portion is rolling and yields an 
 abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- 
 ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily 
 timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, 
 sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are 
 the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are 
 extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and 
 humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of 
 the low lands is rich, and, when drained, makes 
 excellent farming lands. In some localities a 
 good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, 
 is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. 
 In the southern half of the county are the Eagle 
 Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of 
 some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis- 
 sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to 
 have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth 
 to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- 
 sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet 
 above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills 
 are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found 
 in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- 
 nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The 
 county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, 
 which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- 
 quently 7 removed to Harrisburg. which was laid 
 out in 1859. Population of the county (1880), 
 15,940; (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,685. 
 
 SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- 
 fluence of two branches, both of which flow 
 through portions of Saline County, uniting in 
 Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- 
 ton County and runs nearly south, while the 
 South Fork drains part of Williamson County, 
 and runs east through Saline. The river (which 
 is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs 
 southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below 
 Shawneetown. 
 
 SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence 
 going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin 
 County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- 
 
 ants in the making of salt, long before the advent 
 of white settlers. There have been discovered, at 
 various points, what appear to be the remains of 
 evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay 
 and pounded shells, varying in diameter from 
 three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en- 
 couraging the manufacture of salt from these 
 springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of 
 36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the 
 United States. These lands were leased by the 
 State to private parties, but the income derived 
 from them was comparatively small and fre- 
 quently difficult of collection. The workmen 
 were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see, who are especially referred to in Article VI., 
 Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt 
 made brought $5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped 
 in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- 
 sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while 
 many purchasers came hundreds of miles on 
 horseback and carried it away on pack animals. 
 In 1827, the State treasury being empty and the 
 General Assembly having decided to erect a peni- 
 tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to 
 donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- 
 mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the 
 Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the 
 proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature 
 might by law direct." The sale was made, one- 
 half of the proceeds set apart for the building of 
 the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- 
 ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of 
 the State. The manufacture of salt was carried 
 on, however — for a time by lessees and subse- 
 quently by owners — until 1873, about which time 
 it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased 
 to be profitable on account of competition with 
 other districts possessing superior facilities. 
 Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County 
 about 1824. The manufacture has been success- 
 fully carried on in recent years, from the product 
 of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. 
 
 SANDOVAL, a village of Marion Comity, at 
 the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern, 6 miles north of Centralia. The 
 town has coal mines and some manufactures, 
 with banks and one newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 564; (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258. 
 
 SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar- 
 ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its 
 value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of 
 the value of the output of the entire country. 
 In 1S90 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list 
 of States producing this mineral, the total value 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 405 
 
 of the stone quarried being but §17,896, repre- 
 senting 141,(505 cubic feet, taken from ten quar- 
 ries, which employed forty -six hands, and had an 
 aggregate capital invested of 849,400. 
 
 SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- 
 porated in 1ST;:, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quiucy Railroad, 08 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 The principal industries are the manufacture of 
 agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- 
 ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two 
 private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1903), 
 2,865. 
 
 SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, 
 organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts 
 of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing 
 the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, 
 Mason, Tazewell, Logan, and parts of Morgan, 
 McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It 
 was named for the river flowing through it. 
 Though reduced in area somewhat, four years 
 later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was 
 reduced to its present limits by the setting apart 
 of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) 
 Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed 
 to have been the first white settler, arriving 
 there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton 
 Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by 
 William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, 
 Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located 
 on the present site of the city of Springfield in 
 1818, and was there at the time of the selection 
 of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 
 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, 
 Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population 
 began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- 
 watomie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, 
 but soon moved north or west. County organi- 
 zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of 
 County Commissioners being composed of Wil- 
 liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. 
 John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the 
 first, term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor, 
 Sheriff; Henry Starr, Prosecuting Attorney, and 
 Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United 
 States Land Office was established at Springfield 
 in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the 
 first sale of lands taking place the same year. 
 The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- 
 tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous 
 coal, which is mined in large quantities. The 
 chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, 
 Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the 
 county is 800 square miles. Population (1880), 
 52,894; (1890), 61,195; (1900), 71,593. 
 
 SANGAMON RIAER, formed by the union of 
 the North and South Forks, of which the former 
 is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork 
 rises in the northern part of Champaign County, 
 whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, 
 thence westward through Sangamon County, 
 forming the north boundary of Christian County, 
 and emptying into the Illinois River about 9 miles 
 above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 
 miles long, including the North Fork. The 
 South Fork flows through Christian Count}', and 
 joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of 
 Springfield. In the early history of the State the 
 Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, 
 and its improvement was one of the measures 
 advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he 
 was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- 
 cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 
 1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the 
 "Talisman,'* ascended the river to a point near 
 Springfield. The event was celebrated with 
 great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel 
 encountered so much difficulty in getting out of 
 the river that the experiment was never 
 repeated. 
 
 SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabash Railroad. ) 
 
 SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- 
 tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H, March 2, 
 1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, 
 N. Y. , where his father became a contractor on 
 the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon 
 the same work. The latter subsequently became 
 a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his 
 own account, being known as "the boy contract- 
 or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile 
 business, and a year spent in the construction of a 
 canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and 
 soon after became an extensive contractor on the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock 
 excavation at Lockport. He was also connected 
 with the Rock River improvement scheme, and 
 interested in a line of stages between Chicago 
 and Galena, which, having been consolidated 
 with the line managed by the firm of Fink & 
 Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage 
 Company, extending its operations throughout 
 Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa 
 and Missouri — Mr. Sanger having charge of the 
 Western Division, for a time, with headquarters 
 at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the 
 firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the 
 construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division 
 of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 
 
466 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was employed for several years. Other works 
 with which he was connected were the North 
 Missouri Railroad and the construction of the 
 State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the 
 firm of Sanger &• Casey, for a time, also lessees of 
 convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from 
 Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, 
 a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to 
 staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After 
 the war he became largely interested in stone 
 quarries adjacent to Joliet; also had an extensive 
 contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, 
 Cal, March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the 
 benefit of his health. — James Young (Sanger), 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, 
 Vt., March 14, 1814; in boyhood spent some time 
 in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, 
 Pa., later being associated with his father and 
 elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and 
 similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- 
 ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's 
 family to St. Joseph. Mich., where they estab- 
 lished a large supply store, and engaged in 
 bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a 
 later period, in connection with his father and 
 his brother, L. P. Sanger, he was prominently 
 connected with the construction of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal — the aqueduct at Ottawa and 
 the locks at Peru being constructed by them. 
 About 1850 the Construction Company, of which 
 he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading 
 members, undertook the construction of the Ohio 
 & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, Ind., 
 and were prominently identified with other rail- 
 road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and 
 California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- 
 mating arrangements for the performance of a 
 large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 SANITARY COMMISSION. (See Illinois San- 
 itary Commission.) 
 
 SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See 
 Chicago Drainage Canal.) 
 
 SAUGANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed 
 known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a 
 British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born 
 in Canada about 1780; received an education 
 from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to 
 speak and write English and French, besides 
 several Indian dialects; was a friend of Tecum- 
 seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a 
 devoted friend of the whites. He took up his 
 residence in Chicago about 1820, and, in 1826, 
 was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a 
 
 subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- 
 was and Pottawatomies. In 1828 the Govern- 
 ment, in consideration of his services, built for 
 him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, 
 which he occupied until his departure with his 
 tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, 
 made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by 
 the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and 
 other friendly Indians (see Shabona)- and 1,240 
 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set 
 apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving 
 the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
 Sept. 28, 1841. 
 
 SAVAGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was 
 born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- 
 ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at 
 Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; 
 was ordained a home missionary the same year 
 and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles, 
 111., for four years being corresponding editor of 
 "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational 
 Herald." For ten years he was in the service of 
 the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil 
 War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work 
 in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western 
 Secretary of the Congregational Publishing 
 Society, remaining two years, after which he be- 
 came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- 
 logical Seminary. He has also been a Director 
 of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit 
 College since 1850, and, for several years, editor 
 and publisher Of "The Congregational Review." 
 
 SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated 
 on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount 
 Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, 
 Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con- 
 tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, 
 flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public 
 library, churches, two graded schools, township 
 high school, and two daily and weekly news- 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3,325. 
 
 SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on 
 the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east 
 of Bloomington; district agricultural; county 
 fairs held here; the town has two banks and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890). 851; (1900), 879. 
 
 SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, 
 was born at South Boston, Halifax County. Va., 
 Jan. 18, 1808 ; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- 
 ville, Ky. , where he resided until 1831, having 
 meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- 
 ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he 
 removed to Frankfort, Franklin County, 111., 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 467 
 
 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 
 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, 
 he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- 
 ment, but resigned at the close of the same year 
 to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial 
 Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- 
 town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges 
 added to the Supreme Court bench, the others 
 being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, 
 Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that 
 year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson 
 County, and, in January, 1847, resigned his seat 
 upon the bench to resume practice. The same 
 year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention and Chairman of the Committee on 
 Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat 
 upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to 
 succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in May, 
 1857, and resumed practice in Chicago. In 
 1862 he volunteered in defense of the Union, 
 received a Major's commission and was assigned 
 to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was 
 made, Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered 
 out in January, 1866. In July, 1866, President 
 Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at 
 Chicago, which position lie filled until July 1, 
 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, 
 during the same period, being ex-officio custodian 
 of United States funds, the office of Assistant 
 Treasurer not having been then, created. Died, 
 at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. 
 
 SCAMMON, Jonathan Young:, lawyer and 
 banker, was born at Whitefield, Maine, July 27, 
 1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) 
 University in 1831, he studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar at Hallowell. in 1835 remov- 
 ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of 
 his life. After a year spent as deputy in the 
 office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during 
 which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- 
 utes, he was appointed attorney for the State 
 Bank of Illinois in 1837, and, in 1839, became 
 reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he 
 held until 1845. In the meantime, he was associ- 
 ated with several prominent lawyers, his first 
 legal firm being that of Scammon, McCagg & 
 Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 
 1871. A large operator in real estate and identi- 
 fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- 
 . lent character, his most important financial 
 venture was in connection with the Chicago 
 Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- 
 ducted an extensive banking business for many 
 years, and of which he was the President and 
 leading spirit. As a citizen lie was progressive, 
 
 public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the 
 main promoters and organizers of the old Galena 
 & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to 
 run west from Lake Michigan; was also promi- 
 nently identified with the founding of the Chi- 
 cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) 
 Chicago University, and one of the founders of 
 the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- 
 nomical Society — being the first President 
 of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 
 §30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in 
 which he caused to be placed the most power- 
 ful telescope which had at that time been brought 
 to the West. He also maintained the observatory 
 at his own expense. He was the pioneer of 
 Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a 
 staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. 
 In 1844 lie was one of the founders of "The Chi- 
 cago American," a paper designed to advance 
 the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ; 
 and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" 
 espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started 
 "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, 
 for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- 
 chief. He was one of the first to encourage the 
 adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine 
 in Chicago, and was prominently connected with 
 the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College 
 and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in 
 both for many years. As a member of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly he secured the passage of many 
 important measures, among them being legisla- 
 tion looking toward the bettering of the currency 
 and the banking system. He accumulated a 
 large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 
 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, 
 March 17, 1890. 
 
 SCARRITT, Nathan, pioneer, was born in Con- 
 necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, 
 in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie, Madison 
 County. His sons afterward became influential 
 in business and Methodist church circles. Died, 
 Dec. 12, 1847. 
 
 SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the 
 uniformity of surface which characterizes a 
 country containing no mountain ranges, but 
 which is made up largely of natural prairies, 
 there are a number of localities in Illinois where 
 scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and 
 rugged character, may be found. One of the 
 most striking of these features is produced by a 
 spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- 
 tains of Missouri, projected across the southern 
 part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 
 
468 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Tower in Jackson County, through the northern 
 part of Union, and through portions of William- 
 son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. 
 ( I rand Tower, the initial point in the western 
 part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, 
 standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, 
 and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- 
 water level. It lias been a conspicuous landmark 
 for navigators ever since the discovery of the 
 Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles 
 above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point 
 immediately on the river bank, formed by some 
 isolated hills about three miles long by a mile 
 and a half wide, which have withstood the forces 
 that excavated the valley now occupied by the 
 Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower 
 end of this hill, with a low valley between them, 
 is a smaller eminence known as the "Devil's 
 Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known 
 as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the 
 river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet 
 above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more 
 than 400 feet above the level of the river at 
 Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland 
 bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of 
 the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part 
 of Union County, with an elevation above tide- 
 water of 985 feet. The highest point in this 
 range of hills is reached in the northeastern part 
 of Pope County — the elevation at that point (as 
 ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University 
 at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. — There is some 
 striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton 
 between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as 
 well as some distance up the latter stream — 
 though the landscape along the middle section of 
 the Illinois is generally monotonous or only 
 gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few 
 other points, where bluffs rise to a considerable 
 height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at 
 Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, 
 including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the 
 site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). 
 Tins rock rises to a perpendicular height of 
 about 135 feet from the surface of the river at the 
 ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, 
 about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo 
 Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles 
 long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once 
 an island at a period when the Illinois River 
 occupied the whole valley. Additional interest 
 is given to both these localities by their associ- 
 ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- 
 milion River — some two miles from where it 
 empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved 
 
 Rock" — is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused 
 by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this 
 point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, 
 for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen 
 dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a 
 dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this 
 point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, 
 with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring 
 of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at 
 certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall 
 pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- 
 tom of the chasm. There is much other striking 
 scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox 
 Rivers. — A point which arrested the attention of 
 the earliest explorers in this region was Mount 
 Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first 
 mentioned by St. Cosme in 1698, and has been 
 variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount 
 Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in 
 early times, of about 30 feet with a level top 
 1,300 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The 
 American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion 
 that, originally, it was an island in the river, 
 which, at a remote period, swept down the valley 
 of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite 
 rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were 
 accustomed to hold their councils at its base. — 
 The scenery along Rock River is not striking 
 from its boldness, but it attracted the attention 
 of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of 
 its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. 
 The highest and most abrupt elevations are met 
 with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin 
 State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about 
 three miles south of Galena and two miles from 
 the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known 
 to tourists and river men ever since the Upper 
 Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering 
 above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- 
 tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of 
 Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these 
 mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- 
 easterly direction from Pilot Knob, "VVaddel's and 
 Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among 
 them. There are also some castellated rocks 
 around the city of Galena which are very strik- 
 ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system 
 already referred to, is believed to be the highest 
 elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis 
 consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, 
 has an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 
 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 SCHAUMBERG, a village in Schaumberg 
 Township, Cook County. Population. 573. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 469 
 
 SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, 
 was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1823. 
 Being sentenced to death for his participation in 
 the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to 
 America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve- 
 land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- 
 nection with his brother, he established a German 
 daily — "The New Era" — which was intensely 
 anti-slavery and exerted a decided political influ- 
 ence, especially among persons of German birth. 
 In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became 
 editor of "The Staats Zeitung," in which he 
 vigorously opposed the Kansas-Nebraska bill on 
 its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude 
 and articles gave such offense to the partisan 
 friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was 
 threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. 
 He early took advanced ground in opposition to 
 slavery, and was a member of the convention of 
 Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, 
 and of the first Republican State Convention, held 
 at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the 
 National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 
 1860, participating in the nomination of both 
 John C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the 
 Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the 
 Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was 
 appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-General at 
 Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 
 1862, he disposed of his interest in "The Staats 
 Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On 
 retiring from this office he engaged in banking, 
 subsequently becoming President of the National 
 Bank of Illinois, with which he was associated 
 for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President 
 Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, 
 which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- 
 dential Elector for the State-at-large, also serving 
 for a number of years as a member of the Repub- 
 lican State Central Committee. 
 
 SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, 
 was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 
 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 
 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport; 
 graduated from the United States Military Acad- 
 emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson 
 and Sheridan ; was assigned to the artillery ser- 
 vice and served two years in Florida, after which 
 he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at 
 West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War 
 he was on leave of absence, acting as Professor 
 of Physics in Washington University at St. 
 Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned 
 to duty and was appointed mustering officer; 
 
 then, by permission of the War Department, 
 entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, 
 serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the 
 early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's 
 Creek. His subsequent career included the 
 organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), 
 command of the Army of the Frontier in South- 
 west Missouri, command of the Department of 
 the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the 
 Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- 
 man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. 
 Johnston in North Carolina— his army having 
 been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee 
 by way of Washington. After the close of the 
 war he went on a special mission to Mexico 
 to investigate the French occupation of that 
 country ; was commander of the Department of 
 the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by 
 appointment of President Johnson, from June, 
 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- 
 net he was commissioned a full Major-General 
 and held various Division and Department com- 
 mands until 1886, when, on the death of General 
 Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the 
 Army, with headquarters at Washington. 
 He was retired under the age limit, Sept. '-9, 
 1895. His present home is in Washington. 
 
 SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark 
 County, 111. , in 1834 ; acquired the rudiments of 
 an education in the common schools during boy- 
 hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the 
 higher branches through toilsome application to 
 text-books ■without a preceptor. At the age of 
 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky., 
 graduating two years later, and beginning prac- 
 tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses 
 at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of 
 a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. 
 In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 
 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the 
 Legislature. After serving one term he returned 
 to his professional career and succeeded in build 
 ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- 
 sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the 
 Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became 
 Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he 
 was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand 
 Division, caused by the resignation of Judge 
 Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- 
 sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 
 1893. It has been claimed that President Cleve- 
 land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- 
 ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he 
 not insistently declined to accept the honor. 
 
470 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive 
 school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and 
 were extremely rude, as regards both structure 
 and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers 
 rarely erected a special building to be used as a 
 school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned 
 dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one 
 end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered 
 the purpose, and the church and the court-house 
 were often made to accommodate the school. 
 When a school-house, as such, was to be built, the 
 men of the district gathered at the site selected, 
 bringing their axes and a few other tools, with 
 their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to 
 constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a 
 nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public 
 lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a 
 cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- 
 sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls 
 were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light 
 ami air, and the other for the open fireplace, from 
 which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and 
 mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted 
 by thickly lining the inside of the chimney with 
 clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great 
 labor, stone was substituted for mortar made 
 from the clay soil. The chimneys were always 
 wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes 
 extending across one entire end of the building. 
 The fuel used was wood cut directly from the 
 forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to 
 the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to be 
 cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the 
 width of the chimney. Occasionally there was 
 no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- 
 tive structures, being built on the earth and the 
 smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In 
 such houses a long board was set up on the wind- 
 ward side, and shifted from side to side as the 
 wind varied. Stones or logs answered for 
 andirons, clapboards served as shovels, and no 
 one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were 
 made of roughly split clapboards, held in place 
 by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- 
 ports starting from "eaves poles." The space 
 between the logs, which constituted the walls of 
 the building, was filled in with blocks of wood 
 or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior 
 and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in 
 which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its 
 adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one 
 or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the 
 admission of light ; and, as glass could not always 
 be procured, rain and snow were excluded and 
 light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over 
 
 this space a board, attached to the outer wall by 
 leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep 
 out the storms. The placing of a glass window 
 in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 
 1824, was considered an important event. Ordi- 
 narily the floor was of the natural earth, although 
 this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, 
 firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious 
 school- houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors 
 made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had 
 "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually 
 made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which 
 was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The 
 seats were also of puncheons (without backs) 
 supported on four legs made of pieces of poles 
 inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, 
 except the advanced pupils who were learning to 
 write. For their convenience a broader and 
 smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall 
 by wooden pins, in such a way that it would 
 slope downward toward the pupil, the front being 
 supported by a brace extending from the wall. 
 When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. 
 When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- 
 self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. 
 These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with 
 the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the 
 teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or 
 "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking 
 cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures 
 were, they were evidences of public spirit and of 
 appreciation of the advantages of education. 
 They were built and maintained by mutual aid 
 and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men 
 of the State and Nation obtained that primary 
 training which formed the foundation of their 
 subsequent careers. (See Education.) 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western 
 portion of the State, has an area of 430 square 
 miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. 
 The first American settlers arrived in 1803, and. 
 among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin Hobart, 
 William II. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The 
 county was organized from a portion of Pike 
 County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being 
 Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Hor- 
 ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the 
 county-scat, selected a site in the eastern part of 
 the county about one mile west of the present 
 village of Pleasant View, to which the name of 
 Beardstown was given, and where the earliest 
 court was held, Judge John York Sawyer presid- 
 ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- 
 Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving 
 unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 471 
 
 pointed, who, in the early part of 1836, selected 
 the present site of the city of Rushville, some 
 five miles west of the point originally chosen. 
 The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, 
 in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name 
 was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim 
 Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The 
 surface of the county is rolling, and the region 
 contains excellent farming land, which is well 
 watered by the Illinois River and numerous 
 creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129. 
 
 SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was 
 born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated 
 from the United States Military Academy in 1871, 
 and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 
 Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, 
 meantime studying law and medicine, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in 
 medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by 
 reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- 
 tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave 
 of absence in 1878, and, with Wm. H. Gilder as 
 second in command, sailed from New York in the 
 "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. 
 The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found 
 and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's 
 part}', besides discovering relics which tended to 
 clear up the mystery of their fate. During this 
 period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. 
 Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition 
 up the Yukon River. After a brief return to 
 army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, 
 and the next year led a special expedition to 
 Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York 
 Times," later making a voyage of discovery 
 among the Aleutian Islands. In 18S9 he con- 
 ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where 
 he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- 
 zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He 
 received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the 
 Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from 
 the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia ; also 
 published several volumes relating to his re- 
 searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's 
 Great River"; "The Franklin Search Under 
 Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; 
 and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, 
 Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. 
 
 SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in 
 Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son 
 of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy 
 he accompanied his father to Galena, where the 
 latter established a newspaper, and where he 
 learned the printer's trade. After graduating 
 from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit 
 
 College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. 
 Going to New York, he became interested in flori- 
 culture, at the same time contributing short 
 articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he 
 was a compositor in Washington. His first news- 
 paper venture was the publication of a weekly 
 newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to 
 Illinois, conjointly with his father he started 
 "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875, 
 removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The 
 Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he 
 withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in 
 conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- 
 cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately 
 secured a controlling interest. His journalistic 
 and executive capability soon brought additional 
 responsibilities. He was chosen President of the 
 American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of 
 the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press 
 — the latter being an organization for the collec- 
 tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to 
 journals throughout the United States and Can- 
 ada. He was also conspicuously connected with 
 the preliminary organization of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the 
 Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening 
 paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post." 
 Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times," 
 intending to consolidate it with "The Herald," 
 but before the final consummation of his plans, 
 he died suddenly, while on a business visit in 
 New York, April 14, 1895. 
 
 SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1824; his 
 father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his 
 mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- 
 trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, 
 and his early education was the best that the 
 comparatively new country afforded. He read 
 law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 
 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- 
 tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He 
 served as County School Commissioner from 1849 
 to 1852, and, in the latter year, waselected County 
 Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- 
 lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently 
 speaking from the same platform with Abraham 
 Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to 
 succeed David Davis on the elevation of the 
 latter to the bench of the United States Supreme 
 Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a 
 new judicial election being rendered necessary 
 by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge 
 Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 
 
472 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879, 
 but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter 
 years of his life were devoted to his private 
 affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. 
 Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a 
 volume containing a History of the Illinois 
 Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the 
 earl}* occupants of the Supreme Court bench and 
 early lawyers of the State. 
 
 SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist 
 and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, 
 Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College 
 in 1840, then spent several years looking after his 
 father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came 
 to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- 
 self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa 
 in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he 
 removed to Bloomington, where he organized the 
 McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its 
 head until his death ; was also the founder of 
 "The Bloomington Bulletin,'" in 1878. Died, at 
 Bloomington, May 21, 1891. 
 
 SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressman, 
 was born in Jackson Township, Effingham 
 County, 111. , July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, 
 after receiving a thorough common-school edu- 
 cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight 
 years, Superintendent of Schools for his native 
 county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to 
 the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, 
 to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- 
 cation was "The Effingham Democrat," which he 
 left to become proprietor and manager of "The 
 Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher 
 of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- 
 cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled 
 the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- 
 ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of 
 Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a 
 Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District 
 to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a 
 candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- 
 ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor 
 of "The Bloomington Leader." 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of 
 the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an 
 area of 248 square miles. The region was origi- 
 nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who 
 ceded it to the Government by the treaty of 
 Edwardsville. July 30, 1819. Six months later 
 (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled 
 near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their 
 names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, 
 Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and 
 
 Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the 
 county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller 
 the third. About the same time came Stephen 
 M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white 
 woman in the county. Other pioneers were 
 Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- 
 more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The 
 country was rough and the conveniences of civi- 
 lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn 
 to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton 
 for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, 
 and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized 
 from the best citizens, who meted out a rough 
 and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally 
 shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott 
 County was cut off from Morgan and organized 
 in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of 
 it being originally timbered, and it is well 
 watered by the Illinois River and numerous 
 small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. 
 Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 
 10,304; (1900), 10,455. 
 
 SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to 
 Rushville, 111., in childhood, and educated at 
 McKendree College; studied law and came to 
 Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, 
 but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in 
 "The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- 
 lished during the previous year. In 1852 he 
 withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- 
 tion witli William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor), established "The Daily Demo- 
 cratic Press," which was consolidated with "The 
 Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The 
 Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one 
 of the editors of the new concern. In 1861 he 
 was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the 
 city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having 
 sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in 
 the banking business as a member of the firm of 
 Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, 
 soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 
 21, 1866, at Minneapolis, Minn., whither he had 
 gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a 
 finished and able writer who did much to elevate 
 the standard of Chicago journalism. 
 
 SCRO(»(»S, George, journalist, was born at 
 Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 
 — the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to 
 Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, 
 took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 
 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the 
 location of the State University at Champaign, 
 afterwards serving as a member of the first Board 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 473 
 
 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the 
 age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's 
 printing office, continuing until 1862, when he 
 enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
 Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being 
 promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major 
 and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on 
 the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James 
 D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- 
 tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in 
 the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mission 
 Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in 
 the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, 
 N. C. He remained in the service until July, 
 1863, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- 
 versity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- 
 while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and 
 Union," of which he finally became sole propri- 
 etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp 
 on the staff of Governor Cullorn, and, the follow- 
 ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General 
 Assembly, but, before the close of the session 
 (1879), received the appointment of United States 
 Consul to Hamburg. Germany. He was com- 
 pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on 
 account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, 
 Oct. 15, 1880. 
 
 SEATOXYILLE, a village in Hall Township, 
 Bureau County. Population (1900>, 909. 
 
 SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is 
 a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from 
 its admission into the Union down to the present 
 time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
 term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 
 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood, 1822-23; David 
 Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 
 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by 
 the Senate) , George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander 
 Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 
 (served three months — resigned to take a seat on 
 the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 184143; 
 Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 
 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander 
 Starne, 1853-57 ; Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon 
 Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; 
 George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson, 1889-93; William H. 
 
 Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . 
 
 Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only- 
 Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial 
 period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and 
 the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- 
 stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of 
 State was filled by appointment by the Governor, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the 
 
 Senate, but without limitation as to term of 
 office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by 
 that of 1870, that officer was made elective by 
 the people at the same time as the Governor, for 
 a term of four years. 
 
 SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early 
 in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at 
 various points in the Northwest, organizations of 
 persons disaffected toward the National Govern- 
 ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- 
 ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first 
 they were known by such titles as "Circles of 
 Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. 
 But they had kindred aims and their members 
 were soon united in one organization, styled 
 "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets 
 having been partially disclosed, this body ceased 
 to exist — or, it would be more correct to say, 
 changed its name — being soon succeeded (1863) 
 by an organization of similar character, called 
 the "American Knights." These societies, as 
 first formed, were rather political than military. 
 The "American Knights" had more forcible 
 aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the 
 order was re-organized under the name of "Sons 
 of Liberty." The last named order started in 
 Indiana, and. owing to its more perfect organi- 
 zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, 
 acquiring much more strength and influence than 
 its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- 
 ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme 
 Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- 
 mander," "secretary of state," and "treasurer." 
 Each State represented formed a division, under a 
 "deputy grand commander. ' ' States were divided 
 into military districts, under "major-generals." 
 County lodges were termed "temples." The 
 order was virtually an officered army, and its 
 aims were aggressive. It had its commander-in- 
 chief, its brigades and its regiments. Three 
 degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy 
 taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding 
 force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath 
 taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of 
 slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive 
 policy by the Government in dealing with seces- 
 sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its 
 methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- 
 ments and resist a draft ; to aid and protect 
 deserters; to disseminate treasonable literature; 
 to aid the Confederates in destroying Government 
 property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- 
 riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, 
 claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 
 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois Many overt 
 
474 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 acts were committed, but the organization, hav- 
 ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- 
 banded in I860. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) 
 SELHY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway 
 County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his 
 parents, in 1837, to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, 
 at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where 
 he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison 
 County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory 
 department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
 but left the institution during his junior year to 
 assume the editorship of ''The Morgan Journal," 
 at Jacksonville, with which he remained until 
 the fall of 1858, covering the period of the 
 organization of the Republican party, in which 
 "The Journal'* took an active part. He was a 
 member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known 
 as Republican) State Convention, which met at 
 Springfield, in October, 1854 (the first ever held in 
 the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and 
 presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska 
 editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a 
 line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- 
 lican party. (See Ant i- Nebraska Editorial 
 Convention.) This body appointed the first 
 Republican State Central Committee and desig- 
 nated the date of the Bloomington Convention 
 of May 29, following, which put in nomination 
 the first Republican State ticket ever named in 
 Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following 
 November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 
 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of 
 the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was 
 widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraud.) 
 Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged 
 in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the 
 last of June, 1861. Just two weeks before the 
 fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his 
 Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and 
 falsely charged with having been connected with 
 the "underground railroad," in letters from 
 secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- 
 sonal and political enmity he had incurred while 
 conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some 
 of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator 
 Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders 
 as vouchers for their characters. He at once 
 invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the institution, of which he was the 
 Principal, when that body — although composed, 
 for the most part, of Southern men — on the basis 
 of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack- 
 sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions 
 declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- 
 tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into 
 
 his hands. Returning North with his family in 
 July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- 
 missary and transportation branches of the ser- 
 vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, 
 he became associate editor of "The Illinois State 
 Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- 
 ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as 
 Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House 
 at New Orleans, but, returning North in June. 
 1866, he soon after became identified with the 
 Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The 
 Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- 
 lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship 
 of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming 
 part proprietor of that paper, but, in January, 
 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour 
 nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- 
 etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President 
 Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed 
 by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean- 
 while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," 
 but the following year organized a new company 
 for its purchase, when he resumed his former 
 position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his 
 holding in "The Journal," finally removing to 
 Chicago, where he has been employed in literary 
 work. In all he has been engaged in editorial 
 work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen 
 were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 
 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater 
 with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been 
 twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- 
 field, who died in November, 1865, leaving two 
 daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- 
 cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children, 
 both of whom died in infancy. 
 
 SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was 
 born in Green County, Ky., Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch 
 descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied 
 law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing 
 to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828, 
 he began practice at Edwardsville, but later 
 became a citizen of Alton. During the Black 
 Hawk AVar he served as Brigadier-General. He 
 was thrice elected to the lower house of the 
 Legislature (1832, '34 and '36), and was Speaker 
 during the last two terms. In 1833 he was 
 elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but 
 served only until the following year, and, in 
 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South 
 America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- 
 wards elected, United States Senator to fill the 
 unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the 
 expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 475 
 
 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey 
 County, just south of which lie owned a large 
 estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died, 
 Dec. 20, 1866. 
 
 SENECA (formerly Crotty), a village of La 
 Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of 
 Ottawa. It has a graded school, several 
 churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain 
 warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and 
 one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. 
 
 SENN, (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, 
 was born in the Canton of St. Gaul, Switzerland, 
 Oct. 31, 1844; was brought to America at 8 years 
 of age. his parents settling at Washington, Wis. 
 He received a grammar school education at Fond 
 du Lac, and, in 1864, began the study of medi- 
 cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College 
 in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as 
 resident physician in the Cook County Hospital, 
 he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed 
 to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending 
 physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 1877 he 
 visited Europe, graduated the following year from 
 the University of Munich, and, on his return, 
 became Professor of the Principles of Surgery 
 and Surgical Pathology in Rush Medical College 
 in Chicago — also has held the chair of the Prac- 
 tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. 
 Senn has achieved great success and won an 
 international reputation in the treatment of 
 difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the 
 author of a number of volumes on different 
 branches of surgery which are recognized as 
 standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- 
 chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- 
 iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University 
 of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- 
 berry Library of Chicago. In 1893, Dr. Senn was 
 appointed Surgeon-General of the Illinois 
 National Guard, and has also been President of 
 the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
 National Guard of the United States, besides 
 being identified with various other medical 
 bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- 
 American War, he was appointed, by President 
 McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank 
 of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the 
 military branch of the service at Camp Chicka- 
 mauga and in the Santiago campaign. 
 
 SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- 
 Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born 
 in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April, 
 
 1861, being then only a little over 17, enlisted as a 
 private soldier under the first call for troops 
 issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his 
 term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to 
 recruit a company which afterwards was attached 
 to the Fifty-first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he 
 was transferred to the Sixty-seventh with the 
 rank of Lieutenant, and, a few months after, to 
 the Seventy-second with a commission as Captain 
 of Company D, which be had recruited. As com- 
 mander of his regiment, then constituting a part 
 of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated 
 in the battles of Columbia, Duck Creek, Spring 
 Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash- 
 ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Frauklin 
 he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a 
 piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment 
 took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, 
 and, while it went out 967 strong in officers and 
 men, it returned with only 332. all told, although 
 it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known 
 as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old 
 when he received his first commission, and 21 
 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- 
 paign, he was mustered out with the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. A fter the close of the war 
 he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing 
 a plantation in Lowndes County, Ala., but, in 
 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a 
 member of the firm of Cribben, Sexton & Co., 
 stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 
 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector 
 on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, 
 and, in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison, 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over 
 five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department 
 Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 for the State of Illinois, and, ten years later, to 
 the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, 
 which he held at the time of his death. He had 
 also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- 
 tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, 
 and, during most of the time, President of the 
 Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he 
 was appointed by President McKinley a member 
 of the Commission to investigate the conduct of 
 the Spanish-American War, but. before the Com- 
 mission had concluded its labors, was taken with 
 "the grip," which developed into pneumonia, 
 from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 1899. 
 SEYMOUR, George Franklin, Protestant Epis- 
 copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5, 
 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, 
 and from the General Theological Seminary 
 (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 
 
470 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, 
 being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 
 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- 
 sionary work. During this period he was promi- 
 nently identified with the founding of St. 
 Stephen's College. After serving as rector in 
 various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor 
 of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- 
 nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of 
 the institution, still retaining his professorship. 
 Racine College conferred upon him the degree of 
 S.T.D., in 18G7, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 
 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, 
 but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- 
 ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of 
 Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- 
 crated Bishop at Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 
 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third 
 Pan- Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has 
 done much to foster the growth and extend the 
 influence of his church in his diocese. 
 
 SHABBOXA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. 
 Population (1890), 502; (1900), 587. 
 
 SHABONA (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, 
 was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 
 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to 
 the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he 
 accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell 
 (see Sauganash) to the homes of the Pottawato- 
 mies and other tribes within the present limits of 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- 
 ation in driving the white settlers out of the 
 country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by 
 the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he 
 and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, 
 soon after submitted to the United States through 
 General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed 
 to Black Hawk in 1832, and did much to thwart 
 the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- 
 ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, 
 who had a village on the Illinois River east of 
 the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for 
 some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to 
 Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here he 
 remained till 1837, when he removed to Western 
 Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a 
 reservation near by, hostilities began between 
 them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona 
 were killed. He finally returned to his old home 
 in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who 
 drove him from the grove that bore his name. 
 Some friends then bought for him twenty acres 
 of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he 
 
 died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble 
 specimen, of his race. A life of him has been 
 published by N, Matson (Chicago, 1878). 
 
 SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles 
 southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade 
 center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678. 
 
 SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in 
 Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at 
 the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 
 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He 
 has held various important public offices. He 
 was a member of the first Internal Improvement 
 Convention of the State; was chosen State's 
 Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he 
 served two terms ; served four years as Judge of 
 the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to 
 the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the 
 Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. 
 
 SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- 
 land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- 
 fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. ; 
 graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and, after 
 admission to the bar, began practice at Mount 
 Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, being re-elected 
 in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the 
 House during the session of 1877, and one of the 
 Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- 
 ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- 
 dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the 
 Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, 
 and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth 
 Circuit. 
 
 SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat 
 of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles 
 from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- 
 neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; 
 is one of the oldest towns in the State, having 
 been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number 
 of prominent men who resided there at an early 
 day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, 
 and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping 
 points for lumber, coal and farm products 
 between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being 
 open the year round. Some manufacturing is 
 done here; the city has several mills, a foundry 
 and machine shop, two or three banks, several 
 churches, good schools and two weekly papers. 
 Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- 
 neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a 
 substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 477 
 
 ample protection against the recurrence of similar 
 disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 2,200. 
 
 SHEAHAX, James W., journalist, was born in 
 Baltimore. Md., spent his earl} - life, after reaching 
 manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional 
 Reporter, and, in 1847, reported the proceedings 
 of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at, 
 Springfield. Through the influence of Senator 
 Douglas he was induced, in 1854, to accept the 
 editorship of ''The Young America" newspaper 
 at Chicago, which was soon after changed to 
 "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until 
 the fall of 1860, when, "The Times" having been 
 sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a 
 Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a 
 new paper called "The Morning Post." This he 
 made representative of the views of the "War 
 Democrats" as against "The Times," which was 
 opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the 
 plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago 
 Republican" — now "Inter Ocean." A few 
 months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as 
 chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago 
 Tribune," which he retained until his death, 
 June 17, 1883. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau 
 County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railroad, 44 miles east of Rosk Island; has valu- 
 able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 993; (1900), 1,265. 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of 
 the State, and contains an area of 776 square 
 miles. The tide of immigration to this county 
 was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North 
 Carolina, although later it began to set in from 
 the Northern States. The first cabin in the 
 county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is 
 now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold 
 Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in 
 what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, 
 which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, 
 the pioneer merchant of the county, and father 
 of the first white child born within its limits. 
 Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi 
 Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early 
 settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, 
 with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was 
 regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed 
 buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. 
 The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville 
 made the county-seat. Both county and town 
 are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- 
 tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the 
 first court in the cabin of Barnett Bone, and 
 Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the 
 
 first Circuit Court in 1828. Coai is abundant, 
 and limestone and sandstone are also found. The 
 surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. 
 The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow 
 through the central and southeastern portions. 
 The county lies in the very heart of the great 
 corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- 
 tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of 
 railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 
 191; (1900), 32,126. 
 
 SHELBYYILLE, the county-seat and an incor- 
 porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia 
 River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast 
 of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- 
 sively, and there is considerable coal mining in 
 the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- 
 ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one 
 National and one State bank, one daily and four 
 weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an 
 Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded 
 schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 
 3,162; (1900), 3,546. 
 
 SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the 
 intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
 A St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka; has two banks 
 and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. 
 Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. 
 
 SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in 
 Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams 
 College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law 
 School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. 
 Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at 
 Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to 
 Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was 
 elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which 
 afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the 
 Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when 
 he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, 
 presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- 
 elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- 
 ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 
 13, 1897. 
 
 SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1834; graduated 
 at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859 ; dur- 
 ing the Civil War was special correspondent of 
 "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- 
 nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- 
 German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also 
 served as special American correspondent of 
 "The London Times," and was a contributor to 
 "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 
 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- 
 ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and, 
 
478 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 four years later, accepted a similar position in 
 Allegheny College; also spent four years in 
 Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the 
 "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of 
 which he was President until his death, early in 
 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- 
 ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George 
 Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him 
 between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, 
 Jan. 24, 1888. 
 
 SHERMAX, Alson Smith, early Chicago Mayor, 
 was born at Barre, Vt., April 21, 1811, remaining 
 there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and 
 began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- 
 eral years later he opened the first stone quarries 
 at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years 
 in the service of Chicago as a public official. 
 From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company 
 of militia ; for two years served as Chief of the 
 Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 
 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was 
 chosen Mayor, his administration being marked 
 by the first extensive public improvements made 
 in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did 
 much to secure a better water supply for the 
 city. He was especially interested in promoting 
 common school education, being for several years 
 a member of the City School Board. He was 
 Vice-President of the first Board of Trustees of 
 Northwestern University. Retired from active 
 pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now (1899) spending a 
 serene old age at Waukegan, 111. — Oren (Sherman) 
 brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- 
 chant, was born at Barre, Vt. , March 5, 1816. 
 After spending several years in a mercantile 
 house in Montpelier, Vt., at the age of twenty he 
 came west, first to New Buffalo, Mich., and, in 
 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there 
 the next spring. With various partners Mr. 
 Sherman continued in a general mercantile busi- 
 ness until 1853, at the same time being extensively 
 engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire 
 transactions in pork in the city passing through 
 his hands. Next he engaged in developing stone 
 quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively 
 interested in the marble business, continuing in 
 this until a few years after the panic of 1873, 
 when he retired in consequence of a shock of 
 paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. 
 
 SHERMAN, Elijah B., lawyer, was born at 
 Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832— his family being 
 distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence, and the late 
 G^n. W. T. Sherman; gained his education in the 
 
 common schools and at Middlebury College, 
 where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but 
 soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the 
 Union; received a Lieutenant's commission, and 
 served until captured on the eve of the battle at 
 Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp 
 Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During 
 this period he commenced reading law and, hav 
 ing resigned his commission, graduated from the 
 law department of Chicago University in 1864 
 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly from Cook County, and re- 
 elected in 1878, and the following year appointed 
 Master in Chancery of the United States District 
 Court, a position which he still occupies He has 
 repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses 
 on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one 
 of these being before the alumni of his alma 
 mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with 
 the degree of LL.D. 
 
 SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States 
 Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated 
 to the United States at the age of sixteen, and 
 began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1832. 
 He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and 
 State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 
 1845, was made Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office. In July, 1846. he was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining 
 the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, 
 where he was severely wounded. He was again 
 wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 
 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor 
 of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats in 
 the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, and 
 he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he 
 removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen 
 United States Senator from that State, his term 
 expiring in 1859, when he established a residence 
 in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War 
 (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, 
 but at once hastened to Washington to tender his 
 services to the Governmnet. He was commis 
 sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- 
 tinction until March, 1863, when the effect of 
 numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at 
 Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that 
 State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was 
 elected United States Senator to fill out the unex 
 pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in 
 office — serving only six weeks, but being the only 
 man in the history of the country who filled the 
 office of United States Senator from three differ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 479 
 
 ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 
 1879. 
 
 SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- 
 east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- 
 ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 396. 
 
 SHIPMAN, George E., M.D., physician and 
 philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 
 1820; graduated at the University of New York 
 in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at 
 Peoria, 111., but, in 1840, located in Chicago, where 
 he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic 
 Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the 
 first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he 
 established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at 
 his own expense, giving to it the latter years of 
 his life. Died, Jan. 20, 1893. 
 
 SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- 
 thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington 
 County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- 
 lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth 
 College, graduating from the latter in 1851 ; 
 taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile 
 reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane 
 Law School, Cambridge ; was admitted to the bar 
 in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at 
 Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. 
 In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- 
 cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. 
 Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment 
 of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of 
 the first Library Board; was also a prominent 
 member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a 
 Director in the new University of Chicago and 
 deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 4, 1899. 
 
 SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and 
 educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to 
 Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon 
 a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered 
 McKendree College, spending his senior year, 
 however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 
 where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile 
 accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- 
 nary at Jackson. Mo. ; where he remained three 
 years, when he returned to Illinois, serving 
 churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a 
 part of the time being Presiding Elder of the 
 Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected 
 President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- 
 ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when 
 he was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois 
 State Institution for the Blind at the same place, 
 but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received 
 
 the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio 
 Wesleyan University. 
 
 SHOUP, George L., United States Senator, 
 was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836, came 
 to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- 
 farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- 
 rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile 
 business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- 
 pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of 
 First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third 
 Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as r<elegate 
 to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. 
 Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- 
 cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and 
 then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- 
 torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed 
 Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was 
 chosen the first Governor of the State, in October 
 of the same year being elected to the United 
 States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second 
 term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one 
 of the few Western Senators who remained faith- 
 ful to the regular Republican organization, during 
 the political campaign of 1896. 
 
 SHOWALTER, Johu W., jurist, was born in 
 Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some 
 years in Scott County in that State, and was 
 educated in the local schools, at Maysville and 
 Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- 
 lege in 1867; came to Chicago in 1869, studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He 
 returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, 
 in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the 
 employment of the firm of Moore & Caulneld, 
 with whom he had been before the fire. In 1879 
 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, 
 Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), 
 where he remained until his appointment as 
 United States Circuit Judge, in March, 1895. 
 Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. 
 
 SHUMAN, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was born at Manor, Lancaster County, 
 Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837, he 
 was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he 
 became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- 
 caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- 
 companied his employer to Auburn, N.Y., working 
 for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of that 
 city, then known as Governor Seward's "home 
 organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published 
 and distributed — during his leisure hours — a 
 small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At 
 the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- 
 ployed, for a year or two, in editing and publish- 
 ing "The Cayuga Chief," a temperance journal. 
 
480 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before 
 the completion of his junior year, consented, at 
 the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, 
 to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse 
 Daily Journal. "' In July, 1856, he came to Chi- 
 cago, to accept an editorial position on "The 
 Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming 
 editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- 
 pany. From 1865 to 1870 (first by executive 
 appointment and afterward by popular election) 
 lie was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- 
 tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years 
 before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he 
 was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- 
 lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he 
 abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, 
 dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during 
 the latter years of his life was at Evanston. 
 Governor Shuman was author of a romance 
 entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous 
 addresses before literary, commercial and scien- 
 tific associations. 
 
 SHUMWAY, Dorice Dwight, merchant, was 
 born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass., 
 Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot 
 ancestry ; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and 
 to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a 
 daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident 
 of Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian 
 County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- 
 ing at Taylorville. but retired in 1858, thereafter 
 giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 
 1846 he was chosen Representative in the General 
 Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of 
 i Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. — Hiram 
 P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was 
 born in Montgomery County, 111.. June, 1842; 
 spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County 
 and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an 
 academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- 
 tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- 
 eighth General Assembly and Senator in the 
 Thirty sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards 
 removing to Springfield, where he engaged in 
 the stone business. 
 
 SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution 
 located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- 
 lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated 
 as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special 
 charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- 
 rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- 
 nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- 
 leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock 
 Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, 
 
 by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock 
 Spring Seminary" in 1827, and. about 1831, was 
 united with an academy at Upper Alton. This 
 was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- 
 leff") College. As far as its denominational 
 control is concerned, it has always been domi- 
 nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original 
 idea was to found a school for teaching theology 
 and Biblical literature, but this project was at 
 first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis 
 and John Russell were among the first instruc- 
 tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtlefi donated the 
 college $10,000, and the institution was named in 
 his honor. College classes were not organized 
 until 1840, and several } r ears elapsed before a class 
 graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over 
 §126,000, in addition to §125,000 worth of real and 
 personal property. About 255 students were in 
 attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate 
 departments, the college also maintains a theo- 
 logical school. It has a faculty of twenty 
 instructors and is co-educational. 
 
 SIBLEY, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- 
 cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles 
 south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a 
 weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. 
 Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444. 
 
 SIBLEY, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of 
 a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- 
 chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law 
 at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the 
 bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo. Han- 
 cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude 
 during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense 
 to a section of the community. In 1847 he was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, 
 but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. 
 In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was 
 elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and reelected 
 in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench 
 of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 
 1877. His residence, after 1865, was at Quincy, 
 where he died, June 18, 1897. 
 
 SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- 
 ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric 
 light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. 
 
 SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on 
 the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- 
 tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- 
 east of Decatur. It is in a farming district ; has a 
 bank and a newspaper. Population, (1900), 564. 
 
 SIM, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, was 
 born at Aberdeen. Scotland, in 1795, came to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 481 
 
 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- 
 sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, 
 which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth 
 General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married 
 a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making 
 the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for 
 that purpose on horseback. He had a family of 
 five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim. rising 
 to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, 
 being President of a Medical College at Memphis, 
 Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 
 1868. 
 
 SIMS, James, early legislator and Methodist 
 preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but 
 removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence 
 to St. Clair County, 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- 
 mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the 
 first Representative from that county in the 
 Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- 
 sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who 
 voted against the Convention resolution designed 
 to prepare the way for making Illinois a slave 
 State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard 
 County, but finally removed to Morgan. 
 
 SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in 
 Schnectady, N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago 
 in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of 
 repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus 
 employed he became one of the proprietors of 
 the stone-quarries at Lemont, managed by the 
 firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890, when 
 they became the property of the Western Stone 
 Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
 Republican during the Civil War, and served as a 
 member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly 
 (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- 
 missioner in 18T0, and was Chairman of the 
 Republican County Central Committee in 1880. 
 He was also associated with several financial 
 institutions, being a director of the First National 
 Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- 
 cago, and a member of the Union League and 
 Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 
 28, 1896. 
 
 SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born 
 at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at 
 the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to 
 Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, 
 Brown County, and, some twenty years later, 
 near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, 
 and was prominent in political and commercial 
 affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- 
 able attention to stock-raising. He was elected 
 Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, 
 
 being identified to some extent with the "Mor- 
 mon War"; was a member of the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in 
 the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- 
 cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 
 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- 
 crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of 
 his party, James M. Riggs. During the War of 
 the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous 
 leaders of the "peace party." He constructed 
 the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) 
 and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, 
 being President of both companies. His death 
 occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4, 1892. 
 
 SINNET, John S., pioneer, was born at Lex- 
 ington, Ky., March 10, 1796; at three years of age, 
 taken by his parents to Missouri ; enlisted in the 
 War of 1812, but, soon after the war, came to 
 Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now 
 Christian County, locating on land constituting 
 a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 
 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there, Jan. 
 13, 1872. 
 
 SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- 
 ter, Vt., Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- 
 bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836, 
 came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 
 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master 
 in Chancery for Cook County, and finally L T nited 
 States District Attorney under President Tyler. 
 As member of the House Finance Committee in 
 the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he 
 aided influentially in securing the adoption of 
 measures for refunding and paying the State 
 debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court 
 of Common Pleas (now Superior Court) of Cook 
 County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi- 
 nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent 
 opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a 
 liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- 
 ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United 
 States Sanitary Commission and was identified 
 with all the leading charities of the citj r . 
 Among the great business enterprises with which 
 he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- 
 cago Union and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railways (in each of which he was a Director), 
 the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, 
 the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. 
 Died, Sept. 16, 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- 
 viving son was killed in the trenches before 
 Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. 
 
 SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and 
 author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3, 1807; 
 
482 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 taught for some time, became a Universalist 
 minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston 
 and New York between 1831 and 1857; then 
 came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- 
 bard University at Galesburg, but the following 
 year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at 
 Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- 
 umes on religious topics, and, at different times, 
 edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- 
 hill, Mass., and Boston. 
 
 SKINNER, Ozias C, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 
 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria 
 County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 
 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, 
 and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. 
 Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, 
 and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, 
 removing to Quincy in 1844. , During the "Mor- 
 mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor 
 Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house 
 of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a 
 short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for 
 the district including Adams and Brown Coun- 
 ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) 
 Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- 
 ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, 
 resigning this position in April, 1858, two months 
 before the expiration of bis term. He was a 
 large land owner and had extensive agricultural 
 interests. He built, and was the first President 
 of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He 
 was a prominent member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the 
 Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. 
 
 SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early 
 history, including date and place of birth, are 
 unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative 
 from Washington County in the Second General 
 Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the 
 same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1832 
 he was elected one of the three Congressmen 
 from Illinois, representing the First District. 
 After attending the first session of the Twenty- 
 third Congress, while on his way home, he was 
 attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, 
 Ind., July 11, 1834. 
 
 SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany 
 County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- 
 hood with his parents on a farm, except while 
 absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 
 111., where he soon became connected with the 
 public schools, serving for a number of years as 
 
 Principal of the Belleville High School. While 
 connected with the Belleville schools, he was 
 elected County Superintendent, remaining in 
 office some ten years ; later had charge of Abnira 
 College at Greenville, Bond County, served six 
 years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. 
 Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the 
 Republican party. On retirement from the 
 office of State Superintendent, he resumed his 
 place at the head of Almira College, but, for the 
 past few years, has been Superintendent of 
 Schools at East St. Louis. 
 
 SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See 
 Shn-cry and Slave Lawn. ) 
 
 SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves 
 were first brought into the Illinois country by a 
 Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 
 1722. At that time the present State formed a 
 part of Louisiana, and the traffic in slaves was 
 regulated by French royal edicts. When Great 
 Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the 
 French and Indian War, the former subjects of 
 France were guaranteed security for their per- 
 sons "and effects," and no interference with 
 slavery was attempted. Upon the concpuest of 
 Illinois by Virginia (see Clark, George Rogers), 
 the French very generally professed allegiance to 
 that commonwealth, and, in her deed of cession 
 to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated 
 for the protection of the "rights and liberties" 
 of the French citizens. This was construed as 
 recognizing the right of property in negro 
 slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- 
 hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- 
 served to the settlers (reference being especially 
 made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- 
 kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, 
 their laws and customs, now (then) in force, 
 relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- 
 erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause 
 was, that while it prohibited the extension of 
 slavery and the importation of slaves, the status 
 of those who were at that time in involuntary 
 servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- 
 changed. There were those, however, who denied 
 the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, 
 on the ground that Congress had exceeded its 
 powers in its passage. There was also a party 
 which claimed that all children of slaves, born 
 after 1787, were free from birth In 1794 a con- 
 vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call 
 from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- 
 gress was adopted, praying for the repeal — or, at 
 least a modification — of the sixth clause of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 483 
 
 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- 
 mittee, to which this petition was referred, 
 reported adversely upon it; but a second commit- 
 tee recommended the suspension of the operation 
 of the clause in question for ten years. But no 
 action was taken by the National Legislature, 
 and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively 
 signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress 
 left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note 
 that some of the most earnest opponents of the 
 measure were Representatives from Southern 
 Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being 
 one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State 
 then prepared what is popularly known as the 
 "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts 
 adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, 
 and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- 
 lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating 
 to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into 
 this Territory," and gave permission to bring 
 slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when 
 they might be registered and kept in servitude 
 within certain limitations. Slaves under that 
 age might also be brought in, registered, and held 
 in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if 
 males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered 
 slaves were to serve their mother's master until 
 the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect 
 of this legislation was rapidly to increase the 
 number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- 
 hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter — 
 that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the 
 slave-holding party, with their supporters, began 
 to agitate the question of so amending the 
 organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To 
 effect such a change the calling of a convention 
 was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the 
 struggle between "conventionists" and their 
 opponents was bitter and fierce. The question 
 was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 
 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes 
 for such convention and 6,640 against. This 
 decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- 
 ing in Illinois for all future time, though the 
 existence of slavery in the State continued to be 
 recognized by the National Census until 1840. 
 The number, according to the census of 1810, was 
 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then 
 the number began to diminish, being reduced in 
 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which 
 shows any portion of the population held in 
 bondage), it was 331. 
 
 Hooper Warren — who has been mentioned else- 
 where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," 
 and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the 
 
 scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 — in 
 an article in the first number of "The Genius of 
 Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- 
 test, says there were, at its beginning, only three 
 papers in the State — "The Intelligencer" at Van- 
 dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The 
 Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of 
 these, at the outset, favored the Convention 
 scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The 
 management of the campaign on the part of the 
 pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. 
 West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, 
 and a paper was established by the name of "The 
 Illinois Republican." with Smith as editor. 
 Among the active opponents of the measure were 
 George Churchill. Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin- 
 nati), Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James 
 Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- 
 tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris 
 
 Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of 
 
 Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; 
 William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards 
 editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- 
 jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Blackwell 
 and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still 
 others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United 
 States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- 
 liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandalia), 
 John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- 
 quer. Col. Thomas Mather, Thomas Ford, Judge 
 David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry H. 
 Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest 
 as coming from one who probably had more to do 
 with defeating the scheme, with the exception of 
 Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- 
 ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate and 
 detailed accounts of this particular period are to 
 be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the late 
 E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- 
 nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- 
 dress before the Chicago Historical Society 
 (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. 
 (See also, Coles, Edward; Warren, Hooper ; Brown, 
 William H.; Churchill, George; Lippincott, 
 Tliomas; and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this 
 volume. ) 
 
 SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was 
 born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. 
 At the age of 17, having received a fair academic 
 education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- 
 delphia, where, for a year, he was emploj'ed in a 
 wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned 
 to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the 
 same time studying law, and being admitted to 
 
484 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838, 
 going first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas- 
 kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which 
 continued to be his home the remainder of his 
 life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, 
 and re-elected in 1850, '52, and '56, serving three 
 times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. 
 He was one of the members of the first State 
 Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. is, 
 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding 
 and organization of the State educational insti- 
 tutions. In 1857 lie was elected to the bench of 
 the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 
 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. 
 Died, Jan. 15, 1887. 
 
 SMITH, Aimer, jurist, was born at Orange, 
 Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an 
 old New England family, whose ancestors came 
 to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- 
 cated in the 2>ublic schools and at Middlebury 
 College, Vt. , graduating from the latter in 1866. 
 A fter graduation he spent a year as a teacher in 
 Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to 
 Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of 
 law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next 
 twenty-five years were spent in the practice of 
 his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- 
 ing as the attorney of several important corpo- 
 rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected 
 in 1897, his term of service continuing until 
 1903. 
 
 SMITH, (Dr.) Charles Oilman, physician, was 
 born at Exeter. N. H, Jan. 4, 1828, received his 
 early education at Phillips Academy, in his native 
 place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- 
 sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study 
 of medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but 
 completed his course at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1851. After two years spent as 
 attending physician of the Alms House in South 
 Boston, Mass. , in 1853 he came to Chicago, where 
 he soon acquired an extensive practice. During 
 the Civil War he was one of six physicians 
 employed by the Government for the treatment 
 of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. 
 In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of 
 observing the management of hospitals in Ger- 
 many, France and England, on his return being 
 invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College 
 in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- 
 sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, 
 as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital — a position 
 which he continued to occupy for the remainder 
 of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- 
 
 ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, 
 Jan. 10, 1894. 
 
 SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near 
 Richmond, Va. , June 18, 1809; removed with his 
 father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 
 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., 
 where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and 
 began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left 
 him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 
 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- 
 pated, giving bond that they should not become 
 a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to 
 Jacksonville, where he practiced law until his 
 death. Col. John J Hardin was his partner at 
 the time .of his death on the battle-field of Buena 
 Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous 
 patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury, but never held any political office. As a 
 lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the 
 interests of his clients; as a citizen, liberal, pub- 
 lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- 
 ally to the support of the Government dur- 
 ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, 
 Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to 
 accompany an invalid son. — Thomas William 
 (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at 
 Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear- 
 water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at 
 Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served 
 as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, 
 until, broken in health, he returned home to 
 die. 
 
 SMITH, Dietrich C, ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4. 1840. in 
 boyhood came to the United States, and, since 
 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell 
 County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, 
 and, while so serving, was severely wounded at 
 Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- 
 dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was 
 mustered out of service as Captain of Company C 
 of that regiment. His business is that of banker 
 and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- 
 siderable experience in the construction and 
 management of railroads. He was a member of 
 the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was 
 elected Representative in Congress from what 
 was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- 
 lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- 
 wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- 
 well) having been attached to the district for 
 many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he 
 was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- 
 election. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 485 
 
 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and 
 early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention 
 to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- 
 lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit 
 the institution at the end of two years, because 
 of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, 
 and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided 
 until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- 
 land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- 
 cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a 
 considerable portion of the present site of Mil- 
 waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the 
 Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, 
 whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was 
 really the owner of the company, although Alex- 
 ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. 
 Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue 
 $1,500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely 
 as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first 
 private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- 
 ested in a storage and commission business in 
 Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He 
 was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago 
 Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of 
 construction, by loans of money ; was also a 
 charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, 
 organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- 
 sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- 
 consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates 
 above mentioned. Mr. Smith sold out the com- 
 pany to his partner, Mitchell, and bought two 
 Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- 
 powered him to issue S3, 000, 000 in currency. The 
 notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into 
 circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George 
 Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 1856 Mr. 
 Smith began winding up his affairs in Chicago, 
 meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, 
 but, returning in 1860, made extensive invest- 
 ments in railroad and other American securities, 
 which netted him large profits. The amount of 
 capital which he is reputed to have taken with 
 him to his native land has been estimated at 
 §10,000,000, though he retained considerable 
 tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about 
 Chicago. Among those who were associated 
 with him in business, either as employes or 
 otherwise, and who have since been prominently 
 identified with Chicago business affairs, were 
 Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- 
 wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. 
 Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. 
 Smith made several visits, during the last forty 
 
 years, to the United States, but divided his time 
 chiefly between Scotland' (where he was the 
 owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. 
 
 SMITH, George W., soldier, lawyer and State 
 Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan. 
 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- 
 legiate education, but his father's business 
 embarrassments having compelled the abandon- 
 ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went 
 to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 
 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study 
 of law, graduating from the law school in 18-">8. 
 In October of that year he removed to Chicago, 
 where he remained continuously in practice, with 
 the exception of the years 1863-65, when he was 
 serving in the Union army, and 1807-68, when he 
 filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- 
 tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in 
 the Eighty-eighth Illinois Infantry — the second 
 Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he 
 was seriously wounded and captured. After 
 four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro 
 to escape. He made his way to the Union lines, 
 but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci- 
 tated for service. On his return to duty he 
 joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- 
 paign, and was officially complimented for his 
 bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he 
 was again severely wounded, and was once more 
 personally complimented in the official report. 
 At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27, 1864), Capt. 
 Smith commanded the regiment after the killing 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro- 
 moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on 
 the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and 
 was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- 
 mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 
 1865 he was brevetted Brigadier-General, and, in 
 June following, was mustered out. Returning 
 to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- 
 fession, and gained a prominent position at the 
 bar In 1866 he was elected State Treasurer, and, 
 after the expiration of his term, in January, 
 1869, held no public office. General Smith was, 
 for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- 
 ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. 
 Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. 
 
 SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born in Putnam County, Ohio, August 1*. 
 1846. When he was four years old, his father 
 removed to Wayne County. III., settling on a 
 farm. He attended the common schools and 
 graduated from the literary department of Mc- 
 Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1868. In his 
 youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, but 
 
486 
 
 HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later determined to study law. After reading for 
 a time at Fairfield, 111., he entered the Law 
 Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- 
 sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he 
 was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since 
 practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was 
 elected a Republican Representative to Congress 
 from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has 
 been continuously re-elected, now (1899) serving 
 his sixth consecutive term as Representative 
 from the Twenty-second District. 
 
 SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- 
 ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson 
 County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- 
 goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 
 111., in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the 
 latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth 
 Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry 
 and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his 
 regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and 
 was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- 
 moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade 
 of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and 
 Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam- 
 paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in 
 the "March to the Sea." After the surrender of 
 Lee he was transferred to the Twenty fifth Army 
 Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and 
 resigned in 1866, having declined a commission 
 as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was 
 appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant 
 Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of 
 failing health in 1872. Died, at Bloomington, 
 Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the 
 founders of the Society of the Army of the 
 Tennessee. 
 
 SMITH, Gnstavus Adolphns, soldier, was born 
 in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two 
 brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, 
 where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. 
 In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., 
 but soon after located at Springfield, where he 
 resided some six years. Then, returning to 
 Decatur, he devoted his attention to carriage 
 manufacture, doing a large business with the 
 South, but losing heavily as the result of the 
 war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat 
 on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early 
 took ground in favor of the Union after the firing 
 on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the 
 colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor 
 
 Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp 
 of recruiting and instruction. Having been 
 assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 
 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- 
 mont at Carthage in that State, and made a 
 forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking 
 part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot 
 under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, 
 fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. 
 Being compelled to return home, he received 
 authority to raise an independent brigade, but 
 was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- 
 tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- 
 General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious 
 conduct,*' but was unable to enter into active 
 service on account of his wound. Later, he was 
 assigned to the command of a convalescent camp 
 at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. 
 Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing tho 
 second election of President Lincoln, and, in the 
 early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the 
 One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on 
 account of his wounds, was assigned to court- 
 martial duty, remaining in the service until 
 January, 1866, when he was mustered out with 
 the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During 
 the second year of his service he was presented 
 with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of 
 his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- 
 lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from 
 the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- 
 bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed 
 Alabama for General Grant for President, but 
 declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- 
 gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General 
 Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing 
 Agent for the District' of New Mexico, where he 
 continued to reside. 
 
 S3IITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant- 
 Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in 
 Philadelphia. Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he 
 was apprenticed to a carpenter anil builder. In 
 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, 
 for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he 
 finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 
 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- 
 ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of 
 which he was chosen Captain, and which was 
 incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- 
 try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. 
 After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 487 
 
 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among 
 other battles) in the second engagement at Fort 
 Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, 
 Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff 
 duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- 
 ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par- 
 ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout 
 Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted 
 to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- 
 ment, and was given command of a brigade. In 
 the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- 
 ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody 
 engagements, and being severely wounded at 
 Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was 
 brevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- 
 General. Soon after his return to Galena he was 
 appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, 
 but was legislated out of office in 1872. In 1873 
 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. 
 In 1874 76. he was a member (and Secretary) of 
 the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he 
 was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, 
 and held the office for several years. In 1872 and 
 '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican 
 Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was 
 elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. 
 In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- 
 ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight 
 Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- 
 guished member of the Order of Nobles of the 
 Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected 
 with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- 
 ing" in Chicago. 
 
 SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in 
 Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer 
 who had served under Napoleon, and after the 
 downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia, 
 The subject of this sketch received an academic 
 education and became a jeweler ; in 1(^61 entered 
 the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth 
 Illinois Infantry ; took part in the capture of 
 Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh 
 and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- 
 General in November, 1862, and placed in com- 
 mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps ; 
 led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army 
 Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being 
 transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in 
 the battle of Missionar)- Ridge and the Atlanta 
 and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received 
 the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers 
 in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the 
 volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- 
 seventh United States Infantry, being transferred, 
 
 in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his services 
 at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- 
 nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- 
 adier and Major-General in the regular army. 
 In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing 
 in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. 
 
 SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon 
 sect, was born at Sharon, Vt., Dec. 23, 1805. In 
 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and 
 still later to Manchester. He early showed a 
 dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to 
 locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. 
 In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his 
 pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. 
 His story of the revelation of the golden plates 
 by the angel Moroni, and of the latter's instruc- 
 tions to him, is well known. With the aid of 
 Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared 
 the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had 
 deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, 
 through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This 
 was published in 1830. In later years Smith 
 claimed to have received supplementary reve- 
 lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- 
 lowers that some of them apostatized. He also 
 claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, 
 etc. He soon gained followers in considerable 
 numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part 
 settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in 
 Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five 
 years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to 
 their friends in Missouri, whence they were 
 finally expelled after many conflicts with the 
 authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled 
 to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of 
 Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here 
 was begun, in the following .year, the erection of a 
 great temple, but again he aroused the hostility 
 of the authorities, although soon wielding con- 
 siderable political power. After various unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and 
 a number of his followers were induced to sur- 
 render themselves under the promise of protection 
 from violence and a fair trial. Having been 
 taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were dis 
 charged under recognizance to appear at court 
 except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were 
 held under the new charge of "treason, " and were 
 placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling 
 against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called 
 out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is 
 evident that the feeling among the latter was in 
 sympathy with that of the populace. Most of 
 the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, 
 one company being left on duty at Carthage, 
 
488 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 from whom only eight men were detailed to 
 guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob 
 of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, 
 appeared before the jail on the evening of June 
 ■27, and, forcing the guards — who made only a 
 feeble resistance, — Joseph Smith and his brother 
 Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who 
 hail remained with them, was wounded. The fate 
 of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him 
 the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse 
 to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo.) 
 
 SMITH, Justin Alnierin, D.D., clergyman 
 and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, N. Y., Dec. 
 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and 
 Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- 
 ating from the latter in 1S43 ; served a year as 
 Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, 
 Vt. followed by four years of pastoral work, 
 when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- 
 tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he 
 remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to 
 Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- 
 tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which 
 he was associated for the remainder of his life. 
 Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist 
 churches in Chicago, serving two of them as 
 pastor for a considerable period; made an ex- 
 tended tour of Europe in 1SG9, attending the 
 Vatican Council at Borne ; was a Trustee and 
 one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- 
 sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist 
 Theological Seminary ; was also the author of 
 several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, 
 near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. 
 
 SMITH, Terry II., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 
 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 
 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began 
 reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- 
 ing of age in 1S49. Then, removing to Appleton, 
 Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a 
 Judge, served later in both branches of the 
 Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President 
 of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lie Railway, 
 retaining the same position in the reorganized 
 corporation when it became the Chicago & 
 Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- 
 cago and resided there till his death, on Palm 
 Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway 
 circles and in the councils of the Democratic 
 party, being the recognized representative of Mr. 
 Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- 
 paign of 1876. 
 
 SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, 
 was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; 
 
 was educated and admitted to the bar in his 
 native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and 
 engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to 
 the General Assembly from Madison County, 
 and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to 
 the Twenty-eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, 
 serving three successive terms. During the Civil 
 War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the 
 rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. 
 He was largely interested in the construction of 
 water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in 
 railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- 
 nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, 
 at Alton, Dec. 20. 18G7. 
 
 SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and, belonging to a 
 wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational 
 advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law 
 School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- 
 ing a degree. In 1830 he came to Illinois, to li » >k 
 after some landed interests of his father's in the 
 vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next 
 two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again 
 coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and, 
 for a time, occupied an office with the well-known 
 law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was 
 elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig 
 meeting at Springfield, in June. 1840, was one of 
 the principal speakers, establishing a reputation 
 as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in 
 the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was 
 active in the Presidential campaign of 1844, and 
 was also a prominent speaker at the River and 
 Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a 
 keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- 
 ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- 
 larity, both at the bar and on the lecture 
 platform, and had the promise of future success, 
 which was unfortunately marred by his convivial 
 habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, 1854. 
 Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of 
 Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in Washing- 
 ton County, N. Y„ May 12, 1829; studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, 
 in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered 
 into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- 
 iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards 
 elected to places on the bench — the first in the 
 Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 
 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior 
 Court of Cook County, serving until 1885, when 
 he became the attorney of the Chicago Board of 
 Trade. He was the Republican candidate for 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 489 
 
 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 
 1885, and is believed by many to have been 
 honestly elected, though defeated on the face of 
 the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, 
 but so much delay was incurred and so many 
 obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order 
 into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- 
 test in disgust, although making material gains 
 as far as it had gone. During his professional 
 career he was connected, as counsel, with some of 
 the most important trials before the Chicago 
 courts ; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. 
 Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. 
 
 SMITH, Theophilns Washington, Judge and 
 politician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 
 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, 
 was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, 
 was admitted to the bar in his native State in 
 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at 
 Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent 
 figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for 
 the office of Attorney-General, being defeated by 
 Samuel D. Loekwood, but was elected to the 
 State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 
 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" 
 party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution 
 which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during 
 this period being the editor of the leading organ 
 of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected 
 one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
 Court, but resigned, Dec. 25, 1842. He was im- 
 peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive 
 conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- 
 ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a 
 two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. 
 The votfe in the Senate stood twelve for convic- 
 tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, 
 four being excused from voting. During the 
 Black Hawk War he served as Quartermaster- 
 General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he 
 was charged by his political opponents with 
 being unable to divest himself of his partisan 
 bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in 
 political causes, of defects in the record, which 
 they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was 
 also a member of the first Board of Commission- 
 ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 
 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. 
 
 SMITH, William Henry, journalist, Associ- 
 ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia 
 County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age 
 was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he 
 enjoyed the best educational advantages that 
 
 State at the time afforded. After completing his 
 school course he began teaching, and, for a time, 
 served as tutor iu a Western college, but soon 
 turned his attention to journalism, at first as 
 assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- 
 nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855, 
 city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with 
 which he was connected in a more responsible 
 position at the beginning of the war, incidentally 
 doing work upon 'The Literary Review." His 
 connection with a leading paper enabled him to 
 exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- 
 ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting 
 to raise troops in the first years of the war, and, 
 in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the 
 election of John Brough as a Union candidate for 
 Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi- 
 gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was 
 nominated and elected Secretary of State, being 
 re-elected two years later. After retiring from 
 office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as 
 editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which 
 he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West- 
 ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first 
 at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success 
 in this line was demonstrated by the final union 
 of the New York and Western Associated Press 
 organizations under his management, continuing 
 until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was a 
 strong personal friend of President Hayes, by 
 whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of 
 Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties 
 he found time to do considerable literary work, 
 having published, several years ago, "The St. Clair 
 Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles 
 Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. 
 After retiring from the management of the 
 Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- 
 tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- 
 ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well 
 advanced at the time of his death, which took 
 place at his home, at Lake Forest, 111., July 27, 
 1896. 
 
 SMITH, William M., merchant, stock- breeder 
 and politician, was born near Frankfort, Ky., 
 May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's 
 family to Lexington, McLean County, III, where 
 they settled. A few years later he bought forty 
 acres of government land, finally increasing his 
 holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of 
 fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural 
 pursuits the business of a merchant. Having 
 early identified himself with the Republican 
 party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- 
 ciples during the Civil War, and. while declining 
 
490 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, 
 devoted his time and means liberally to the re- 
 cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- 
 ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the 
 sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the 
 lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected 
 in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as 
 Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor 
 Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse 
 Commission, of which body he served as President 
 until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial 
 temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- 
 larity. Died, March 25, 1886. 
 
 SMITH, 'William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- 
 neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, 
 Ohio, July 22, 1830; graduated at Ohio University 
 in 1849. and, at the United States Military Acad- 
 emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the 
 latter, Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- 
 dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he 
 first found employment as an engineer on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- 
 ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer 
 service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of 
 a select school in Buffalo; in 1857 made the first 
 surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara 
 Falls, then went into the service of extensive 
 locomotive and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J., 
 in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also 
 superintending the construction of a bridge 
 across the Savannah River. The war intervening, 
 he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- 
 tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in 
 June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the 
 Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the 
 West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and 
 Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted 
 Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding 
 divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall 
 of 1862, when he joined Grant and took part in 
 the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the 
 First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. 
 Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry 
 Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and 
 Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on 
 account of impaired health. During the war 
 General Smith rendered valuable service to the 
 Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- 
 edge of engineering. On retiring to private life 
 he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since 
 has been employed by the Government on some 
 of its most stupendous works on the lakes, and 
 has also planned several of the most important 
 railroad bridges across the Missouri and other 
 
 streams. He has been much consulted in refer- 
 ence to municipal engineering, and his name is 
 connected with a number of the gigantic edifices 
 in Chicago. 
 
 SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction 
 in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. 
 Population, 393; (1900), 314. 
 
 SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- 
 ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois 
 with his father when 11 years old, and, having 
 read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 
 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty 
 years before entering public life. In 1868 he was 
 elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in 
 that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- 
 second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) 
 Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, 
 who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. 
 
 SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in La Porte County, Ind., July 3, 1836, but was 
 reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for 
 five years, while yet in his minority becoming a 
 resident of Illinois. For several years he was a 
 school teacher, meanwhile studying law and 
 being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he 
 enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
 Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the 
 rank of Captain. His term of service having 
 expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
 Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with 
 the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close 
 of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago 
 High School, and later served in the General 
 Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- 
 ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- 
 crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in 
 Congress, but was defeated by his Republican 
 opponent in 1892. 
 
 SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of 
 Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804 ; 
 at the age of eight years was brought to New 
 York, where he learned the printer's trade, 
 and worked for some time in the same office 
 with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to 
 Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to 
 the United States, began the study of law ; was 
 also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836, 
 came to Chicago, and was soon after associated 
 with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- 
 nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. 
 As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader 
 in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received 
 from President Polk an appointment as first Col- 
 lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously 
 served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 491 
 
 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was 
 re-appointed to the Collectorship by President 
 Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon 
 War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his 
 own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was 
 commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were 
 brought to an end before the order to march. 
 From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his 
 practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats 
 of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- 
 tain the Government by stimulating enlistments ; 
 was also a member of the Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. 
 Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. 
 
 SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and 
 early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, 
 Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the 
 occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, 
 attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- 
 grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled 
 in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being 
 offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling 
 mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He 
 formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, 
 and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, 
 studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- 
 tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he 
 was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, 
 and re-elected for two successive terms. He 
 served through the Black Hawk War as private, 
 Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to 
 Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress 
 by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated 
 in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated 
 him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was 
 elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- 
 cratic nominee for Governor. The election was 
 held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he 
 died at his home in Belleville. His place on the 
 ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was 
 elected. — William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 
 12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied 
 law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was 
 admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a 
 time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, 
 during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and 
 Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 
 1850 to "54 he represented his county in the Legis- 
 lature; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- 
 teson, State's Attorney - , which position he filled 
 for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, 
 in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- 
 fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- 
 
 cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died, 
 at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. 
 
 SOLDIERS' AND SAILORS' HOME, a State 
 charitable institution, founded by act of the 
 Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, 
 Adams County. The object of its establish- 
 ment was to provide a comfortable home for 
 such disabled or dependent veterans of the 
 United States land or naval forces as had 
 honorably served during the Civil War. It 
 was opened for the reception of veterans on 
 March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- 
 ings having been about 8350,000. The total num 
 ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 
 2,813; the number in attendance during the two 
 previous years 988, and the whole number present 
 on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at 
 that time was $393,636.08. Considerable appro- 
 priations have been made for additions to the 
 buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- 
 ture. The General Government pays to the State 
 .8100 per year for each veteran supported at the 
 Home. 
 
 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an 
 institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- 
 tenance and education of children of deceased 
 soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty -acre tract, 
 one mile north of Normal, was selected as the 
 site, and the first principal building was com- 
 pleted and opened for the admission of benefici- 
 aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was S135.000, 
 the site having been donated. Repairs and the 
 construction of new buildings, from time to 
 time, have considerably increased this sum. In 
 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, 
 by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- 
 diers who had died after the close of the war. 
 The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 
 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. 
 
 SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was 
 made for the establishment of this institution by 
 the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act, 
 approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating §20.000 for 
 the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings 
 and furnishing the same. It is designed for the 
 reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows 
 and daughters of such honorably discharged 
 soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as 
 may have died, or may be physically or men- 
 tally unable to provide for the families natu- 
 rally dependent on them, provided that such 
 persons have been residents of the State for 
 at least one year previous to admission, and 
 are without means or ability for self-support. 
 
49* 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The affairs of the Home are managed by a 
 board of five trustees, of whom two are men and 
 three women, the former to be members of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic and of different 
 political parties, and the latter members of the 
 Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- 
 tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a 
 site of seventeen acres, where it was formally 
 opened in a house of eighteen rooms. March 11, 
 1S96, with twenty-six applications for admit- 
 tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- 
 ment by the erection of additional cottages. 
 
 SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the 
 intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and 
 the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 
 miles southeast of Lilchfield; has a bank and a 
 newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and 
 mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. 
 
 SOULARD, James Gaston, pioneer, born of 
 French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 15, 1798; 
 resided there until 1821, when, having married 
 the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he 
 received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near 
 the present city of St. Paul, then under command 
 of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- 
 law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- 
 ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 
 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years 
 later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an 
 engineer, he was engaged for several years in 
 surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family 
 to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a 
 store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men 
 of that locality. Towards the close of this period 
 he received the appointment of County Recorder, 
 also holding the position of County Surveyor and 
 Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His 
 later years were devoted to farming and horti- 
 culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. 
 Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage 
 in freighting between Galena and Chicago. 
 "The Galena Advertiser'' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes 
 mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to 
 Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the 
 paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that 
 has ever passed from the Mississippi River to 
 Chicago." Great results were predicted from 
 the exchange of commodities between the lake 
 and the lead mine district. — Mrs. Eliza M. 
 Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was born 
 at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. 
 Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the 
 Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army 
 until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- 
 ants have maintained their connection with the 
 
 army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery 
 officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular 
 was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survive 
 her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena 
 August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galen? 
 nearly seventy years, and at the date of her 
 death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that 
 city's oldest resident. 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago & Western Indiana 
 Railroad.) 
 
 SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of 
 Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 
 799; (1000), 898. 
 
 SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
 Louisville ct' Nashville Railroad.) 
 
 SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, 
 near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), 515. 
 
 SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 
 located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated 
 in 1891; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 
 pupils (1897-98) — about equally male and female. 
 Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and 
 fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- 
 paratory studies and business education. Its 
 property is valued at 816.500. 
 
 SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 located at Anna, Union County, founded by act 
 of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- 
 prised 290 acres and cost a little more than 
 822,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- 
 zens of the county. The construction of build- 
 ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until 
 March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- 
 pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions 
 were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- 
 chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first 
 cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly §635,000. 
 In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt; the 
 patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary 
 wooden barracks. The total value of lands and 
 buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, 
 was estimated at $738,580, and, of property of all 
 sorts, at §833,700. The wooden barracks were 
 later converted into a permanent ward, additions 
 made to the main buildings, a detached building 
 for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, 
 numerous outbuildings put up and general im- 
 provements made. A second fire on the night of 
 Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main 
 building, inflicting a loss upon the State of 
 §175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by 
 the Legislature of that year. The institution has 
 capacity for about 750 patients. 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 493 
 
 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIVER- 
 SITY, established in 1869, and located, after 
 competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered 
 lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the 
 value of §229.000, but which later depreciated, 
 through shrinkage, to $75,000. Construction was 
 commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main 
 building was completed and appropriately dedi- 
 cated in July, 1874. Its cost was $265,000, but it 
 was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- 
 ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost 
 of §150,000. Two normal courses of instruction 
 are given — classical and scientific — each extend- 
 ing over a period of four years. The conditions 
 of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 
 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications 
 enabling him to pass examination for a second- 
 grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so 
 ma)' enter a preparatory department for six 
 months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach 
 in the public schools, not less than half the time 
 of their attendance at the University, receive 
 free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, 
 while others pay a tuition fee. The number of 
 students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 
 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in 
 the southern half of the State, with represent- 
 atives from eight other States. The teaching 
 faculty for the same year consisted, besides the 
 President, of sixteen instructors in the various 
 departments, of whom five were ladies and 
 eleven gentlemen. 
 
 SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located 
 near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- 
 tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding 
 of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern 
 Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- 
 lishment required the Commissioners to select a 
 site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and 
 timber, and having a high elevation, with a never 
 failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were 
 purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- 
 ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 
 $200,000, and $300,000 was added in 1879. By 
 March, 1878, 200 convicts wei - e received, and 
 their labor was utilized in the completion of the 
 buildings, which are constructed upon approved 
 modern principles. The prison receives convicts 
 sent from the southern portion of the State, and 
 has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In 
 connection with this penitentiary is an asylum 
 for insane convicts, the erection of which was 
 provided for by the Legislature in 1889. 
 
 SOUTH (iROVE, a village of De Kalb County. 
 Population (1890), 730. 
 
 SPALDIXG, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of 
 Customs and Street Railway President, was born 
 at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; 
 early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna, 
 and, at 23, began dealing on bis own account. In 
 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought 
 the property of the New York Lumber Company 
 at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- 
 sin, where, with different partners, and finally 
 practically alone, he has carried on the business 
 of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever 
 since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President 
 Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 
 1889, received from President Harrison an 
 appointment as one of the Government Directors 
 of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was 
 a zealous supporter of the Government during 
 the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable 
 aid in the construction and equipment of Camp 
 Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the 
 returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants 
 in payment, when no funds in the State treasury 
 were available for the purpose. He was associ- 
 ated with William B. Ogden and others in the 
 project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon 
 Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 
 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded 
 to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving 
 until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the 
 General Government. He has also been identified 
 with many other public enterprises intimately 
 connected with the development and prosperity 
 of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President 
 of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having 
 control of the North and West Chicago Street 
 Railway Systems. 
 
 SPALDING, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, 
 was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated 
 in the United States and in Europe, ordained a 
 priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- 
 upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as 
 assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation 
 of colored people, and built for their use the 
 Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned 
 to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was 
 appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made 
 Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- 
 ferred from Louisville to New York, where he 
 was attached to the missionary parish of St. 
 Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little 
 fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When 
 the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, the 
 choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, 
 and he was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that 
 year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 
 
494 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 administration has been characterized by both 
 energy and success. He has devoted much atten- 
 tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought 
 about the founding of many new settlements in 
 the far West. He was also largely instrumental 
 in bringing about the founding of the Catholic 
 University at Washington. Ho is a frequent 
 contributor to the reviews, and the author of a 
 number of religious works. 
 
 SPANISH INVASION OF ILLINOIS. In the 
 month of June, 1779, soon after the declaration 
 of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- 
 dition was organized in Canada, to attack the 
 Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- 
 ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- 
 cola against New Orleans, then commanded by 
 a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de 
 Galvez. Secret instructions had been sent to 
 Britisli Commandants, all through the Western 
 country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De 
 Galvez, having learned of the scheme through 
 intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack 
 by becoming the assailant. At the head of a 
 force of 670 men, lie set out and captured Baton 
 Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- 
 out opposition. The British in Canada, being 
 ignorant of what had been going on in the South, 
 in February following dispatched a force from 
 Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- 
 cola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American 
 rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia 
 were contemplated points of attack, as well as 
 the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Genevieve. 
 This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick 
 Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain 
 Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, 
 which numbered some 750 men, including a force 
 of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The 
 British arrived before St. Louis, early on the 
 morning of May 20, 1760, taking the Spaniards 
 by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, having been apprised of the project, 
 arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, 
 twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his 
 presence and readiness to co-operate with the 
 Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of 
 the expedition. The accounts of what followed 
 are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. 
 Louis shore being variously estimated from seven 
 or eight to sixty -eight — the last being the esti- 
 mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All 
 agree, however, that the invading party was 
 forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- 
 gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, 
 with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, 
 
 pursued the retreating invaders as far as the 
 Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on 
 the way. This movement on the part of the 
 British served as a pretext for an attempted re- 
 prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid 
 of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting 
 early in January, this latter expedition crossed 
 Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. 
 Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had 
 been captured from the English by Thomas Brady 
 and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- 
 manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported 
 by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort 
 was easily taken and the British flag replaced by 
 the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as 
 of but little moment, at the time, the post being 
 evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards 
 returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious 
 international complications, and the "conquest'' 
 was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as 
 giving that country a right to the territory trav- 
 ersed. This claim was supported by France 
 before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but 
 was defeated, through the combined efforts of 
 Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American 
 Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- 
 ations with England. 
 
 SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and 
 legislator, was born near Lanesville, Ind., in 
 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- 
 coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the 
 Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip 
 to California, returning the " next year by the 
 Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the 
 milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, 
 but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains 
 in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was 
 erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, 
 and which was the second steam-engine in that 
 region. He returned home in time to vote for 
 Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, 
 but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks 
 later, when the advocates of secession began to 
 develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. 
 In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500, 000 vol- 
 unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and 
 was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois 
 Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a 
 half years, during which time he took part in 
 several hard-fought battles, and being present at 
 the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service 
 he became associated with his former partner in 
 the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, 
 but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 495 
 
 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- 
 pal owner in 1881, and which has since been 
 greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one 
 of the most extensive establishments of its kind 
 in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the 
 House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State 
 Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and 
 '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate 
 for the Republican nomination for Congress in 
 1896. 
 
 SPARKS, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was 
 born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 
 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- 
 nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. 
 Thrown on his own resources, he found work 
 upon a farm, his attendance at the district 
 schools being limited to the winter months. 
 Later, he passed through MeKendree College, 
 supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, 
 graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge 
 Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver 
 of the Land Office at Edwardsville to which he 
 was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- 
 maining until 1856, when he was chosen Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The 
 same year he was elected to the lower house of 
 the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in 
 the State Senate for the unexpired term of James 
 M. Rodgers, deceased. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a 
 Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 
 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President 
 Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 
 1887. His home is at Carlyle. 
 
 SPARTA & ST. GENEVIEVE RAILROAD. 
 (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) 
 
 SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln; was educated in the 
 local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- 
 town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a 
 wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. 
 About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he 
 engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- 
 ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham 
 Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of 
 sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln 
 removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. 
 Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the 
 friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a 
 most devoted character, continued until the 
 death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson 
 Count}", Ky., Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- 
 lature in 1848, but was never again willing to 
 
 accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 
 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired 
 a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. 
 On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he 
 heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and, 
 during the war, was entrusted with many deli- 
 cate and important duties in the interest of the 
 Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently 
 visited in Washington. His death occurred at 
 Louisville, May 29, 1882. — James (Speed), an 
 older brother of the preceding, was a prominent 
 Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a 
 leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- 
 gate to the National Republican Conventions of 
 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- 
 ney-General by Mr Lincoln and served until 1866, 
 when he resigned on account of disagreement 
 witli President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the 
 age of 75 years. 
 
 SPOOX RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows 
 southward through Stark County into Peoria, 
 thence southwest through Knox, and to the south 
 and southeast, through Fulton County, entering 
 the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 
 150 miles long. 
 
 SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, D.D., educator 
 and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, 
 Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an 
 early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, 
 Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 
 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, 111., 
 where he preached and taught school; in 1847 
 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 
 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi- 
 nois State University, now known as Concordia 
 Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- 
 intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, 
 but, in September, 1861, resigned to accept the 
 Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- 
 cessive resignations and appointments, held the 
 positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- 
 try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, 
 Ark., serving in the latter position until April, 
 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the 
 United States Army. This position he resigned 
 while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan. , August 23, 
 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- 
 bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as 
 Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen,. 
 performing important service in caring for non- 
 combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes 
 i if war. After the war he served, for a time, as 
 Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery 
 County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding 
 of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 
 
490 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 its Board of Control at the time of his death. He 
 was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of 
 Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth 
 General Assembl}- (1887), and Chaplain of the 
 (hand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of 
 Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92). 
 He was also member of the Stephenson Post, 
 No. 30, G. A. R., at Springfield, and served as its 
 Chaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which 
 occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 18S2. 
 
 SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex-Congress- 
 man, Justice of United States Court, was born in 
 Sullivan County, Ind. , May 30, 1836. In 1848 he 
 removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., 
 was fitted for college in the public high school at 
 Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. 
 Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining 
 three years, when he removed to the Indiana 
 State University, graduating there in 1858. The 
 following year he was admitted to the bar and 
 commenced practice in Logan County, but soon 
 after removed to Springfield. He entered public 
 life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1862. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon 
 County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was 
 elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois 
 District as a Democrat. From that time until 
 the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he 
 served in Congress continuously, and was recog- 
 nized as one of the leaders of liis party on the 
 floor, being at the head of many important com- 
 mittees when that party was in the ascendanc}', 
 and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- 
 nation for Speaker, in 1893. In 1894 he was the 
 candidate of his party for Congress for the 
 eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- 
 lican opponent, James A. Connolly. In 1895 
 President Cleveland appointed him United 
 States District Judge for Indian Territory. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the 
 county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five 
 miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles 
 southwest of Chicago; is an important railway 
 center. The first settlement on the site of the 
 present city was made bj' John Kelly in 1819. 
 On April 10, 1821. it was selected, by the first 
 Board of County Commissioners, as the temporary 
 county-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- 
 zation of which had been authorized by act of 
 the Legislature in January previous, and the 
 name Springfield was given to it. In 1823 the 
 selection was made permanent. The latter year 
 the first sale of lands took place, the original site 
 being entered by Pascal P. Enos, Elijah lies and 
 Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the 
 
 same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to 
 a section in the northwest quarter of the present 
 city — this being the "hey-day" of the South 
 Carolina statesman's greatest popularity — but 
 the change was not popularly accepted, and the 
 new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- 
 rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city. April 
 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, 
 law in 1882. It was made the State capital by 
 act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 
 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the 
 Legislature first convened there in December of 
 the latter year. The general surface is flat, 
 though there is rolling ground to the west. The 
 city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- 
 ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and 
 electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine 
 churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- 
 ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the 
 best paved and handsomest cities in the State. 
 The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four 
 square miles, but has since been enlarged by the 
 annexation of the following suburbs: North 
 Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 
 4, 1898 ; and South Springfield and the village of 
 Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to 
 the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. 
 The population of the original city, according to 
 the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,963, 
 while that of the annexed suburbs, at the last 
 census, was 2,109 — making a total of 29,072. The 
 latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- 
 lation of 33,375 — population by census (1900), 
 34.159. Besides the State House, the city has a 
 handsome United States Government Building 
 for United States Court and post-office purposes, 
 a county courthouse (the former State capitol). 
 a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. 
 Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. 
 His former residence has been donated to the 
 State, and his tomb and monument are in the 
 beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the 
 city. Springfield is an important coal-mining 
 center, and has many important industries, 
 notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- 
 sive manufactories of agricultural implements 
 and furniture. It is also the permanent location 
 of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings 
 have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of 
 the city. There are three daily papers — two morn- 
 ing and one evening — published here, besides 
 various other publications, Pop. (1900), 34.159. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- 
 EASTERN RAILROAD. (See St. Louis. Indian- 
 apolis & Eastern Railroad. ) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 497 
 
 SPRINGFIELD A ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- 
 ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio 
 
 Southwestern Railroad. ) 
 
 SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis 
 
 Railroad of Illinois.) 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in 
 Bureau County, at intersection of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the 
 Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 
 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- 
 mining region and has important manufacturing 
 interests as well. It has two banks, electric 
 street and interurban railways, and two news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 3,837; (1900), 6,214. 
 
 ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for 
 young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage 
 of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- 
 rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers 
 giving instruction in the preparatory and higher 
 branches, including music and fine arts. It 
 reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate 
 valued at $15,000. 
 
 ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young 
 men's school at Knoxville, 111., incorporated in 
 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; 
 in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with 
 forty-five pupils, and property valued at .861,100, 
 of which $54,000 was real estate. Instruction is 
 given in the classical and scientific branches, 
 besides music and preparatory studies. 
 
 ST. ANNE, a village of Kankakee County, 
 at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
 and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The 
 town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a 
 weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. 
 
 ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both 
 sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago 
 & Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western 
 Railways; 38 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles 
 south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent 
 water-power, which is being utilized by a number 
 of important manufacturing enterprises. The 
 city is connected with Chicago and many towns 
 in the Fox River valley by interurk n electric 
 trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home 
 for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900), 2,675. 
 
 ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry 
 at Thurso. Scotland, in 1T34 ; came to America in 
 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- 
 sion, participate'! in the capture of Louisburg, 
 Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at 
 
 Quebec. In 1764 he settled in Pennsylvania, 
 where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- 
 came prominent in public affairs. He served with 
 distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising 
 to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding 
 General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, 
 later, was censured by Washington for his hasty 
 evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated 
 by a military court. His Revolutionary record, 
 however, was generally good, and even distin- 
 guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the 
 Continental Congress, and presided over that 
 body in 1787. He served as Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory (including the present State 
 of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive 
 he was not successful, being unpopular because 
 of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he 
 suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the 
 valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In 
 this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, 
 and had to be carried on a litter; he was again 
 vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His 
 first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 
 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which 
 was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- 
 ferson removed him from the governorship of 
 Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be 
 the Governor after its separation from Indiana 
 and Illinois. The remainder of his life was 
 spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his 
 decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- 
 sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at 
 Greensburg. Pa., August 31, 1818. 
 
 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- 
 ized within the territory comprised in the pres- 
 ent State of Illinois — the whole region west 
 of the Ohio River having been first placed under 
 civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois 
 County," by an act of the Virginia House of 
 Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months 
 after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George 
 Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, Ccorrje 
 Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set oft 
 by an order of Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- 
 sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country,'', 
 in April, 1790 — more than two years after his 
 assumption of the duties of Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory, which then comprehended 
 the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole 
 region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana. 
 Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's 
 order, which bears date, April 27, 1790, defines 
 the boundaries of the new county — which took 
 his own name — as follows: "Beginning at the 
 mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 
 
498 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 running thence southerly in a direct line to the 
 mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon 
 the Ohio River; thence with the said river to its 
 junction with the Mississippi; thence up the 
 Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up 
 the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with 
 all the adjacent islands of said rivers. Illinois and 
 Mississippi." The "Little Miehillimackanack,*' 
 the initial point mentioned in this description — 
 also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- 
 naw," the latter being the name by which the 
 stream is now known — empties into the Illinois 
 River on the south side a few miles below 
 Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries 
 of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, 
 indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- 
 raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in 
 that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth 
 nf the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the 
 Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed 
 the longitude of the present city of Springfield, 
 striking the Mississippi about the northwestern 
 corner of Jackson County, twenty-five miles west 
 of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- 
 ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include 
 the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the 
 new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, 
 the eastern border of the county would have fol- 
 lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, 
 along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, 
 Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, 
 reaching the Ohio River about the present site of 
 Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing 
 about one-half of the area of the present State of 
 Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced 
 all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- 
 tion in which the white settlements were located. 
 (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) 
 The early records of St. Clair County are in the 
 French language; its first settlers and its early 
 civilization were French, and the first church to 
 inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the 
 Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court 
 under the common law were had in 1796. The 
 first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1807, 
 and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- 
 post and pillory played an important part in the 
 code of penalties, these punishments being im- 
 partially meted out as late as the time of Judge 
 (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the 
 halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- 
 ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three 
 places — Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- 
 kia — were named as county-seats by Governor St. 
 Clair; but Randolph County having been set off 
 
 in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the 
 older county, so remaining until 1813, when 
 Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At 
 that time it was a mere cornfield owned by 
 George Blair, although settlements had previously 
 been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. 
 Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in a 
 log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 
 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- 
 lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, 
 and, in 1817, additional improvements were 
 inaugurated b}' Daniel Murray and others, from 
 Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells 
 and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- 
 ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- 
 ville was incorporated in 1819. In 182.") Governor 
 Edwards bought the large landed interests of 
 Etienne Personeau, a large French land-owner, 
 ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh 
 life into its development. Settlers began to arrive 
 in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought 
 with them their slaves, the right to hold which 
 was, fur many years, a fruitful and jjerennial 
 source of strife. Emigrants from Germany 
 began to arrive at an early day, and now a large 
 proportion of the population of Belleville and St. 
 Clair County is made up of that nationality. The 
 county, as at present organized, lies on the west- 
 ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- 
 ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 
 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid 
 by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and 
 about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- 
 siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns 
 are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- 
 coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; 
 (1890), 66,571; (1000). SG,685. 
 
 ST. JOHX, an incorporated village of Perry 
 County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile 
 north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- 
 factured here. Population about 500. 
 
 ST. JOSr.PH, a village of Champaign Count}', 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign; has inter- 
 urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded 
 in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- 
 stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the 
 following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- 
 larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- 
 ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. 
 The Sistersattend to the nursing, and conduct the 
 domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff 
 comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among 
 whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 499 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See St. Louis. Chicago <fc St. Paul 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE 
 RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an 
 extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre 
 Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original 
 corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, 
 work begun in 1852, and the main line from 
 Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, 
 March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown 
 branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was 
 chartered in 1852, and completed between the 
 points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. 
 This corporation secured authority to construct 
 an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. 
 Li mis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 
 1850, giving the first railroad connection between 
 Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, 
 these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and 
 the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated 
 under a single charter by special act of the Legis- 
 lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line 
 taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. 
 Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became 
 financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure 
 and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 
 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. 
 Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the 
 Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an 
 Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other 
 lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by 
 the insolvency of the lessee and some of the 
 guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went 
 into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold 
 under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its 
 interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- 
 cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which 
 the main line is now operated. The properties 
 officially reported as remaining in the hands of 
 the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 
 June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 
 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- 
 ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois — "Cairo 
 Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado, 
 (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 
 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 
 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Kail- 
 way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, 
 since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- 
 nois Central. (For sketches of these several 
 roads see headings of each. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL- 
 ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- 
 field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. Louis), 
 102.1 miles, witli a branch from Lock Haven to 
 Grafton, 111., 8.4 miles — total length of line in 
 Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard 
 gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. — (His- 
 tory. ) The road was originally incorporated 
 under the name of the St. Louis, Jerseyville & 
 Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton 
 in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & 
 Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the 
 receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under 
 the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was 
 transferred to a corporation known as the St. 
 Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In 
 June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield 
 Railroad Company was organized, with power to 
 build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and 
 from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In 
 October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed 
 by a reorganization under the present name (St. 
 Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made 
 on the interest and, in June following, it was 
 again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom 
 it was operated until 1898. The total earnings 
 and income for the fiscal year 1897.-98 were 
 §318,815, operating expenses, §373,270; total 
 capitalization, S4,853,526, of which, 81,500,000 
 was in the form of stock and §1,235 000 in income 
 bonds. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS & EASTERN 
 RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, 
 extending from Switz City, Ind., to Effingham, 
 111. — 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. 
 It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly 
 with iron rails. — (History.) The orginal corpo- 
 ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield, 
 Effingham & Quincy Railway Company. It waa 
 built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati, 
 Effingham & Quincy Construction Company, 
 which went into the hands of a receiver in 1878. 
 The road was completed by the receiver in 1880, 
 and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- 
 pany by the discharge of the receiver. For a 
 short time it was operated in connection with 
 the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was 
 reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois 
 Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to 
 standard in 1887. Having made default in the 
 payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure 
 in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- 
 holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. 
 Louis. Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, 
 in whose name the line is operated. Its business 
 
500 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings 
 in 189S were $65,5S3 and the expenditures $69,112. 
 Its capital stock was §740,900; bonded debt, 
 8978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total 
 capital investment to 81,810,736. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See ( 7i icago & Alton Railroad. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD 
 RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & SEW AL- 
 BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville. Evansville 
 <fe St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- 
 ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and 
 unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, 
 the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South 
 Railways, and to extend the same due north 
 from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence 
 to Fulton or East Clinton, 111. , on the Upper Mis- 
 sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to 
 Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities 
 over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad 
 and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) 
 to St. Louis.— (History.) This road has been 
 made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The 
 initial section of the line was constructed under 
 the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of 
 Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from 
 Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed 
 into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
 closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890. as the St. 
 Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- 
 ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen 
 Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893 ; the 
 following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria 
 line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) 
 between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North 
 & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized 
 in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago 
 Railway Company, proceeded in the construction 
 of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- 
 field, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- 
 cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the 
 management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
 Louis Railway. The latter corporation having 
 defaulted, the property passed into the hands of 
 a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- 
 ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary 
 Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. 
 The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the 
 line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of 
 the new organization under the name of the St. 
 Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway, the North 
 
 & South Railroad going out of existence. In 
 May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was 
 sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad 
 Company, to be operated as a short line between 
 Peoria & St. Louis. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line 
 running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Murphys- 
 boro. to Carbondale. The company is also the 
 lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- 
 road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 
 miles — total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard 
 gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. 
 The company was organized in August, 1886, to 
 succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- 
 road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central 
 Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 
 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal to 
 thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- 
 mum guarantee of 832,000, which is sufficient 
 to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. 
 During the year 1896 this line passed under lease 
 from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
 road Company, into the hands of the 1 Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. 
 
 st. Louis, Springfield & vincennes 
 
 RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized 
 in July, 1899, to take over the property of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the 
 State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi 
 and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern 
 Railways — the former extending from Vin- 
 cennes, Ind., to East St. Louis, and the latter 
 from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- 
 erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, 
 July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of 
 reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- 
 poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the 
 several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, VANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE 
 RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. 
 Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana 
 State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre 
 Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the 
 lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, 
 and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- 
 tal stock, in 1898, was 53,924,058, the bonded debt, 
 $4,496,000, and the floating debt, 5218.480.— (His- 
 tory ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute 
 Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 
 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 501 
 
 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends 
 from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, with 
 a branch from Millstadt Junction to High Prairie, 
 9 miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid 
 mainly with steel rails. — (History.) The origi- 
 nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis 
 Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road 
 opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed 
 into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
 closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of 
 by a new company under its present name, Feb. 
 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty five 
 years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division 
 of that line, giving it a connection with St. 
 Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of 
 Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern 
 Railway. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See 
 St. Louis. Peoria ct' Northern Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See 
 St. Louis, Peoria &• Northern Railway.) 
 
 ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago. 
 It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in 
 their initial statement, substantially declaring 
 their object to be the establishment of a free hos- 
 pital under the control of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, which should be open to the 
 afflicted poor, without distinction of race or 
 creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, 
 but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor- 
 poration was effected under the general law. In 
 1885 a new building was erected on land donated 
 for that purpose, at a cost exceeding §150,000, 
 exclusive of $20,000 for furnishing. While its 
 primary object has been to afford accommoda- 
 tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, 
 to the needy poor, the institution also provides a 
 considerable number of comfortable, well-fur- 
 nished private rooms for patients who are able 
 and willing to pay for the same. It contains an 
 amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, 
 and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur- 
 ing the past few years important additions 
 have been made, the number of beds increased, 
 and provision made for a training school for 
 nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of 
 thirteen physicians and surgeons and two 
 pathologists. 
 
 ST. MART'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi- 
 nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal 
 Church, at Knoxville. Knox County, 111. ; was 
 incorporated in 1858. in 1898 had a faculty of four- 
 teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. 
 The branches taught include the classics, the 
 sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. 
 The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes, 
 and owns property valued at SI 30, 500, of which 
 $100,000 is real estate. 
 
 STAGER, Anson, soldier and Telegraph Super- 
 intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y., 
 April 20, 1825; at 16 years of age entered the serv- 
 ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards 
 became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and 
 with whom he became associated in various enter- 
 prises of this character. Having introduced 
 several improvements in the construction of bat- 
 teries and the arrangement of wires, he-was, in 
 1852, made General Superintendent of the princi- 
 pal lines in the West, and, on the organization of 
 the Western Union Company, was retained in 
 this position. Early in the Civil War he was 
 entrusted with the management of telegraph 
 lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia 
 border, and, in October following, was appointed 
 General Superintendent of Government tele- 
 graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- 
 ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his 
 promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of 
 Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to 
 Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General 
 Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a 
 number of enterprises connected with the manu- 
 facture of electrical appliances and other- 
 branches of the business. One of these was the 
 consolidation of the telephone companies, of 
 which he became President, as also of the West- 
 ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being 
 a Director in several other corporations. Died, 
 in Chicago, March 26, 1885. 
 
 STANDISH, John Yan Ness, a lineal descendant 
 of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was 
 born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early 
 years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- 
 edge and books became his ruling passion, and he 
 devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal 
 Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, 
 with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University 
 in the class of 1847. Later, he received the 
 degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma 
 Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, 
 in 1883, of LL.D from St. Lawrence University 
 in 1893, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish 
 chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 
 
502 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 over fifty years in its pursuit in connection with 
 private and public schools and the College, of 
 which more than forty years were as Professor and 
 President of Lombard University at Galesburg. 
 He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' 
 Institutes all over the State, and, in 1859, was 
 elected President of the State Teachers' Associ- 
 ation. He made three visits to the Old World — 
 in 1879, '82-83, and '91-92— and, during his second 
 trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly 
 every country of Europe, including the "Land of 
 the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa 
 from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, 
 Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover 
 of art, he has visited nearly all the principal 
 museums and picture galleries of the world. In 
 politics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to 
 manj- college men, a firm believer in the doctrine 
 of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist. 
 
 STAPP, James T. B., State Auditor, was born 
 in "Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the 
 age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to 
 Kaskaskia, III., where she settled; before he was 
 20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office 
 of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of 
 that officer, was appointed his successor, being 
 twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv- 
 ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor- 
 ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank 
 at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen 
 years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey- 
 nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served 
 as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- 
 ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor 
 appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United 
 States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he 
 held during the Fillmore administration, resign- 
 ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to 
 Decatur, where he continued to reside until his 
 death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, 
 erected by him in that city, hears his name. 
 
 STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the 
 northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- 
 nois River; has an area of 290 square miles. It 
 has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer- 
 ous small streams. The principal industries are 
 agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief 
 towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county 
 was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and 
 named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- 
 ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. 
 Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, 
 and gave his name to a township. Of other pio- 
 neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and 
 
 Eastmans came from New England ; the Thom- 
 ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers 
 from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio; the 
 Perrys and Parkers from Virginia ; the McClana- 
 hans from Kentucky; the Hendersons from Ten- 
 nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ; 
 the Halls from England, and the Turnbulls and 
 Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was 
 the Congregational at Toulon. Population ( 1880), 
 11,207; (1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,186. 
 
 STARVED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on 
 the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle 
 County, upon which the French explorer. La 
 Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 
 1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was 
 one mile north of the supposed location of the 
 Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so 
 to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of 
 the arrival of the first French explorers. The 
 population of this village, in 1680, according to 
 Father Membre, was some seven or eight thou- 
 sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were 
 repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois 
 were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but 
 the French, for the time being, successfully 
 defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort u as 
 abandoned as a military post, but continued to 
 be used as a French trading-post until 1718, 
 when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois 
 ■were not again molested until 1722, when the 
 Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. 
 The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved 
 to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the 
 Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an 
 easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur- 
 rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the 
 north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder 
 of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed, 
 they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort 
 St. Louis had formerly stood. Here they were 
 besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food 
 or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. 
 According to a tradition handed' down among the 
 Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in 
 an attempt to escape by night, except one half- 
 breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers. 
 This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock 
 its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History 
 of La Salle County (1877), says: "The bones of 
 the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- 
 fusion after the settlement by the whites, and 
 are still found mingled plentifully with the soil." 
 (See La Salle, Robert Cavelier; Tonty; Fort St. 
 Louis.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 503 
 
 STARXE, Alexander, Secretary of State and 
 State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
 Nov. 21, 1813; in the spring of 1836 removed to 
 Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, 
 where he opened a general store. From 1839 to 
 '42 he served as Commissioner of Pike County, 
 and, in the latter year, was elected to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 
 1844. Having, in the meanwhile, disposed of his 
 store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he 
 was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the 
 Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for 
 four years, when it was made elective. In 1852 
 he was elected Secretary of State, when he 
 removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville 
 at the expiration of his term in 1857, to assume 
 the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples 
 Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system). 
 He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862, and the same 
 year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon 
 again removed to Springfield, where he resided 
 until his death, being, with his sons, extensively 
 engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again in 
 1872, he was elected State Senator from San- 
 gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 
 31, 1886. 
 
 STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- 
 lation, having for its object the establishment of 
 a bank within the territory which now consti- 
 tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by 
 the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act 
 incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- 
 town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- 
 kaskia." In the Second General Assembly of 
 the State (1820) an act was passed, over the 
 Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse 
 judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- 
 ing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at 
 Shawneetovvn, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in 
 Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- 
 ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- 
 ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems 
 to have been well managed; but the official 
 conduct of the officers of the latter, on the basis 
 of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826, 
 was made the subject of a legislative investiga- 
 tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) 
 seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of 
 the losses finally sustained in winding up its 
 affairs — that of the General Government amount- 
 ing to §54,000 Grave charges were made in this 
 connection against men who were then, or 
 afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, 
 including one Justice of the Supreme Court and 
 one (still later) a United States Senator. The 
 
 experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later 
 (1831), it was found necessary for the State to 
 incur a debt of §100,000 to redeem the outstand- 
 ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the 
 popular demand for an increase in the "circu- 
 lating medium," the State continued its experi- 
 ment of becoming a stockholder in banks 
 managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find 
 it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for 
 the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" 
 at Springfield, with branches at other points as 
 might be required, not to exceed six in number. 
 One of these branches was established at Van- 
 dalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first 
 banking institution of the latter city. Two 
 years later, when the State was entering upon 
 its scheme of internal improvement, laws were 
 enacted increasing the capital stock of these 
 banks to §4,000,000 in the aggregate. Following 
 the example of similar institutions elsewhere, 
 they suspended specie payments a few months 
 later, but were protected by "stay laws" and 
 other devices until 1842, when the internal 
 improvement scheme having been finally aban- 
 doned, they fell in general collapse. The State 
 ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843, and the banks 
 were put in course of liquidation, though it 
 required several years to complete the work. 
 
 STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of 
 Illinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial 
 Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1812. At that 
 time there were but five counties in the State — 
 St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, 
 and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the 
 latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a 
 State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided 
 that the seat of government should remain at 
 Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- 
 ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- 
 gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, 
 to petition Congress for a grant of not more than 
 four sections of land, on which should be erected 
 a town, which should remain the seat of govern- 
 ment for twenty years. The petition was duly 
 presented and granted; and, in accordance with 
 the power granted by the Constitution, a Board 
 of five Commissioners selected the site of the 
 present city of Vandalia, then a point in the 
 wilderness twenty miles north of any settle- 
 ment. But so great was the faith of speculators 
 in the future of the proposed city, that town lots 
 were soon selling at S100 to S780 each. The Com- 
 missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain 
 two-story frame building — scarcely more than a 
 commodious shanty — to which the State offices 
 were removed in December, 1820. This building 
 
504 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was burned, Dec. 9, 1823, and a brick structure 
 erected in its place. Later, when the question of 
 a second removal of the capital began to be agi- 
 tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk 
 of erecting a new, brick State House, costing 
 116,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed 
 by the Governor from the contingent fund, and 
 the balance ($10,000) was appropriated in 1837, 
 when the seat of government was removed to 
 Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- 
 ing the principal vote at the time of the removal 
 to Springfield, were Jacksonville, "Vandalia, 
 Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis — Springfield receiv- 
 ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law 
 removing the capital appropriated $50,000 from 
 the State Treasury, provided that a like amount 
 should be raised by private subscription and 
 guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres 
 of land should be donated as a site. Two State 
 Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first 
 cost of the present one (including furnishing) 
 having been a little in excess of $4, 000, 000. 
 Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the 
 Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, 
 was an influential factor in securing the removal 
 of the capital to Springfield 
 
 STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved 
 so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois 
 for a generation, and, for a part of that period, 
 seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct 
 outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme 
 entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement 
 Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- 
 taken the aggregate debt of the State was less 
 than $400,000 — accumulated within the preceding 
 six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased 
 to over $6,500,000, while the total valuation of 
 real and personal property, for the purposes of 
 taxation, was less than $60,000,000, and the aggre- 
 gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same 
 year, amounted to less than $150,000. At the 
 same time, the disbursements, for the support of 
 the State Government alone, had grown to more 
 than twice the receipts. This disparity continued 
 until the declining credit of the State forced upon 
 the managers of public affairs an involuntary 
 economy, when the means could no longer be 
 secured for more lavish expenditures. The first 
 bonds issued at the inception of the internal 
 improvement scheme sold at a premium ©f 5 per 
 cent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked 
 in the markets of New York and London at a dis- 
 count, in some cases falling into the hands of 
 brokers who failed before completing their con- 
 
 tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If 
 the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, 
 the time chosen to carry it into effect was most 
 unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the 
 panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more 
 complete. Of the various works undertaken by 
 the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 brought a return, all the others resulting in more 
 or less complete loss. The internal improvement 
 scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until 
 State bonds exceeding $13,000,000 had been 
 issued. For two years longer the State struggled 
 with its embarrassments, increased by the failure 
 of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that 
 of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few 
 months later, with the proceeds of more than two 
 and a half millions of the State's bonds in their 
 possession. Thus left without credit, or means 
 even of paying the accruing interest, there were 
 those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank- 
 rupt, and advocated repudiation as the only 
 means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- 
 ever; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a 
 basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries 
 and general expenditures, with restrictions upon 
 the Legislature in reference to incurring in- 
 debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" 
 gave assurance to its creditors that its debts 
 would be paid. While the growth of the State, 
 in wealth and population, had previously been 
 checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now 
 entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite 
 of its burdens— its increase in population, be- 
 tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per 
 cent. The movement of the State debt after 1840 
 — when the internal improvement scheme was 
 abandoned — chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- 
 est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, $15,- 
 637,950; 1844, $14,633,969; 1846, $16,389,817; is4s, 
 $16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 1853— 
 the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- 
 tion — when it was officially reported at $16,724,- 
 177. At this time the work of extinguishment 
 began, and was prosecuted under successive 
 administrations, except during the war, when 
 the vast expense incurred in sending troops to 
 the field caused an increase. During Governor 
 Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted 
 to over $3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five 
 and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter 
 million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt had 
 been reduced to $281,059.11, and, before the close 
 of 1S82, it had been entirely extinguished, except 
 a balance of $18,500 in bonds, which, having been 
 called in years previously and never presented for 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 505 
 
 payment, are supposed to have been lost. (See 
 Macalister and Stebbins Bonds.) 
 
 STATE GUARDIANS FOR GIRLS, a bureau 
 organized for the care of female juvenile delin- 
 quents, by act of June 2, 1893. The Board consists 
 of seven members, nominated by the Executive 
 and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- 
 tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than 
 two of the members may reside in the same Con- 
 gressional District and, of the seven members, 
 four must be women. (See also Home for Female 
 Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six 
 years. 
 
 STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its 
 construction was begun under an act passed by 
 the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed 
 in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, 
 donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- 
 field. A provision of the State Constitution of 
 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in 
 excess of $3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing 
 of the building, without previous approval of such 
 additional expenditure by the people. This 
 amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at 
 its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- 
 tional appropriation of $531,712, which having 
 been approved by popular vote at the general 
 election of 1886, the expenditure was made and 
 the capitol completed during the following year, 
 thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- 
 nishing to a little in excess of 14,000,000. The 
 building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and 
 classic in its style of architecture ; its extreme 
 dimensions (including porticoes), from north Jto 
 south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 
 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, 
 while the porticoes, which are spacious and 
 lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished 
 columns of gray granite. The three stories of 
 the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, 
 with two turrets and a central dome of stately 
 dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of 
 the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern 
 springing from the dome, is 364 feet. 
 
 STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu- 
 tion for the education of teachers, organized 
 under an act of the General Assembly, passed 
 Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of 
 organization in the hands of a board of fifteen 
 persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- 
 tion of the State of Illinois," and was constituted 
 as follows : C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County ; 
 Simeon "Wright of Lee; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- 
 Lean ; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria ; George P. Rex 
 of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John 
 
 Gillespie of Jasper; George Bunsen of St. Clair,- 
 Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of 
 Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie; Flavel 
 Moseley and William Wells of Cook; Albert R. 
 Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oV 
 Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the 
 University, as defined in the organizing law, is 
 to qualify teachers for the public schools of the 
 State, and the course of instruction to be given 
 embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches 
 which pertain to a common-school education.; in 
 the elements of the natural sciences, including 
 agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable 
 physiology ; in the fundamental laws of the 
 United States and of the State of Illinois in 
 regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and 
 such other studies as the Board of Education may, 
 from time to time, prescribe." Various cities 
 competed for the location of the institution, 
 Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- 
 cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as 
 
 equivalent to $141,'; 
 
 The corner-stone was 
 
 laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building 
 was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- 
 ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had been 
 sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, 
 and the first commencement exercises were held 
 on June 29 of the latter year. Three years 
 earlier, the academic department had been organ- 
 ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The 
 first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far 
 from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to 
 two pupils from each count}', and to three from 
 each Senatorial District. The departments are : 
 Grammar school, high school, normal department 
 and model school, all of which are overcrowded. 
 The whole number of students in attendance on 
 the institution during the school year, 1897-98, 
 was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal 
 department and 306 in the practice school depart- 
 ment, including representatives from 86 coun- 
 ties of the State, with a few pupils from other 
 States on the payment of tuition. The teaching 
 faculty (including the President and Librarian) 
 for the same year, was made up of twenty-six 
 members — twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. 
 The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated 
 $47,626.92, against $66,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly 
 $22,000 of the amount expended during the latter 
 year was on account of the construction of a 
 gymnasium building. 
 
 STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen- 
 sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal 
 property belonging to the State as follows: Pub 
 lie lands, $328,000; buildings, $22,164,000; mis- 
 
506 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 cellaneous property, §2,650,000— total, S23.142.000. 
 The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds 
 of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield 
 (donated), 840,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 §168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois 
 (donated by the General Government), 841.000. in 
 Minnesota (similarly donated), 879,000. The 
 buildings comprise those connected with the 
 charitable, penal and educational institutions of 
 the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- 
 ings • for the use of the Appellate Courts (at 
 Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, 
 the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams 
 erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the 
 miscellaneous property, 8120,000 represents the 
 equipment of the Illinois National Guard; 81, 959,- 
 000 the value of the movable property of public 
 buildings; 8350,000 the endowment fund of the 
 University of Illinois; and 821,000 the movable 
 property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The 
 figures given relative to the value of the public 
 buildings include only the first appropriations 
 for their erection. Considerable sums have 
 since been expended upon some of them in repairs, 
 enlargements and improvements. 
 
 STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer 
 of Illinois during the Territorial period was John 
 Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and 
 became the first incumbent under the State 
 Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 
 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote 
 of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by 
 the Constitution of 1848, this officer was made 
 elective by the people for the same period, with- 
 out limitations as to number of terms ; under the 
 Constitution of 1870, the manner of election and 
 duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- 
 bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years 
 from expiration of the term for which he may 
 have been chosen. The following is a list of the 
 State Treasurers, from the date of the admission 
 of the State into the Union down to the present 
 time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
 term of each: John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K. 
 McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 1823 27; 
 James Hall, 1827-31; John Dement, 1831-36; 
 Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Whiteside, 
 1837-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48; John Moore, 
 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 
 1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. 
 Beveridge, 1865-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; 
 Erastus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; 
 Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz. 
 1877-79, John C. Smith. 1879-81; Edward Rutz, 
 1881-83, John C. Smith. 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 
 
 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles 
 Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-93; 
 Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95 ; Henry Wulff, 1895-97 ; 
 Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 
 1899- . 
 
 STAUNTON, a village in the southeast corner 
 of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 milps 
 northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of 
 Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the 
 industries of the surrounding region. Staunton 
 has two banks, eight churches and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 1,358 ; (1890), 2,209 ; 
 (1900), 2,786 
 
 STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture 
 of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second 
 State in the Union in the amount of its output, 
 and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, 
 the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 
 1880 there were but six steel works in the State; 
 in 1890 these had increased to fourteen ; and the 
 production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 
 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. 
 Of the 3.837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or 
 direct castings, produced in the United States in 
 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, 
 nearly all the steel produced in the State being 
 made by that process. From the tonnage of 
 ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 
 pounds of steel rails, — more than 30 per cent of 
 the aggregate for the entire country. This fact 
 is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in 
 the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 
 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have 
 converted their steel into forms other than rails, 
 experience having proved their production to 
 any considerable extent, during the past few 
 years, unprofitable except in works favorably 
 located for obtaining cheap raw material, or 
 operated under the latest and most approved 
 methods of manufacture. Open-hearth steel is 
 no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture 
 of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- 
 put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. 
 For purposes requiring special grades of steel the 
 product of the crucible process will be always 
 in demand, but the high cost of manufacture 
 prevents it, in a majority of instances, from 
 successfully competing in price with the other 
 processes mentioned. 
 
 STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early 
 politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 
 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of 
 Randolph County by Governor Edwards under 
 the Territorial Government; afterwards served 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 507 
 
 as a Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 
 1812; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate 
 in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from 
 Congress, became Register of the Land Office at 
 Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville — Col. 
 James W. (Stephenson), a son of the preceding, 
 was a soldier during the Black Ilawk War, after- 
 wards became a prominent politician in the north- 
 western part of the State, served as Register of 
 the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received 
 the Democratic nomination for Governor, but 
 withdrew before the election. 
 
 STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, 
 physician and soldier, was born in Wayne 
 County, 111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his 
 parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the 
 family settled. His early educational advantages 
 were meager, and he did not study his profession 
 (medicine) until after reaching his majority, 
 graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
 in 1850. He began practice at Petersburg, but, 
 in April, 1862, was mustered into the volunteer 
 army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois 
 Infantry. After a little over two years service he 
 was mustered out in June, 1864, when lie took up 
 his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, was 
 engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 he 
 resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- 
 ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, 
 and always willing to give his own services and 
 orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- 
 tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders 
 in the organization of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic (which see), in connection with which 
 he is most widely known ; but his services in its 
 cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the 
 recognition which they deserved, nor did the 
 organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. 
 He finally returned with his family to Peters- 
 burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111., 
 August 30, 1871. 
 
 STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern 
 county, with an area of 560 square miles. The 
 soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- 
 culture and stock-raising are among the chief 
 industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit 
 the locality, and the county was organized, ten 
 years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin 
 Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had 
 been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a 
 lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the 
 first cabin within the present limits of what was 
 called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an 
 Indian-trader in 1826, but only remained a short 
 time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver 
 
 W. Kellogg, who took Kirker's place, built a 
 more pretentious dwelling and became the first 
 permanent settler. Later came William Wad- 
 dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatrick, Preston, 
 the Goddards, and others whose names are linked 
 with the county's early history. The first house 
 in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- 
 zation was effected in 1837, the total poll being 
 eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- 
 son Martin, who is said to have taught a school 
 of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on 
 the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900), 34,933. 
 
 STERLING, a flourishing city on the north 
 bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 109 
 miles west of Chicago, 29 miles east of Clinton, 
 Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. 
 It lias ample railway facilities, furnished by the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & 
 Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera 
 house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, 
 Government postoffice building, three banks, 
 electric street and interurban car lines, electric 
 and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and 
 sidewalks, fire department and four newspaper 
 offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine 
 water-power, and is an important manufacturing 
 center, its works turning out agricultural imple- 
 ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- 
 ture burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It 
 also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries 
 and machine shops. The river here flows through 
 charming scenery. Pop (1890), 5,824; (1900), 6,309. 
 
 STEVENS, Bradford A., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H., 
 Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New 
 Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- 
 mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. 
 During the six years following, he devoted him- 
 self to teaching, at Hopkinsville. Ky., and New 
 York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau 
 County, 111., where he became a merchant and 
 farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board 
 of Supervisors, and, in 1870, was elected to Con- 
 gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth 
 District. 
 
 STEVENSON, Adlai E., ex- Vice-President of 
 the United States, was born in Christian County, 
 Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his 
 parents to Bloomington, McLean County, 111., 
 where the family settled ; was educated at the 
 Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- 
 lege, Ky., was admitted to the bar in 1858 and 
 began practice at Metamora, Woodford County, 
 
508 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and 
 State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi- 
 date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic 
 ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, 
 where he has since resided. In 1874, and again 
 in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his 
 party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- 
 back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 
 and 1883. In 1877 he was appointed by President 
 Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to 
 West Point. During the first administration of 
 President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- 
 ant Postmaster General; was a member of the 
 National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 
 1892, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation 
 the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's 
 nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and was 
 elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since 
 retiring from office he has resumed his residence 
 at Bloomington. 
 
 STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former 
 Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., 
 Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school 
 education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his 
 parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- 
 wards resided, being engaged in farming and the 
 manufacture of agricultural implements at 
 Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 
 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- 
 ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated 
 by Shelby M. Cullom. In 1890 the Democrats of 
 the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- 
 gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was 
 defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. 
 Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and, 
 in 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted 
 against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at 
 his home at Piano, August 26, 1896. 
 
 STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at 
 the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- 
 sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of 
 the Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville; 
 is in a grain and lumber region ; has a bank and 
 a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. 
 
 STICKNEY, William H., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 
 1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a 
 resident of Shawneetown; was elected State's 
 Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- 
 cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the 
 southern and southeastern part of the State; for 
 a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of 
 "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois 
 Advertiser," published at Shawneetown. In 1846 
 
 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of 
 the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, 
 twenty-eight years later — having come to Chi- 
 cago in 1848 — to the same body from Cook 
 County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- 
 ninth Assembly. He also held the office of 
 Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 
 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in 
 Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the 
 oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. 
 
 STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, 
 born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, 
 became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the 
 Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- 
 mont campaign of 1856; enlisted as a private sol- 
 dier at the beginning of the war, went to the 
 field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, 
 and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby 
 prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was 
 promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, 
 and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious 
 service. After the war he practiced his profes- 
 sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. 
 Died, Jan. 18, 1895. 
 
 STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from 
 Sangamon County, 111., was a native of Massachu- 
 setts who came, with his widowed mother, to 
 Sangamon County in 1820, and settled near 
 Williamsville, where he became the first Post- 
 master in the first postoffice in the State north of 
 the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was 
 elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon 
 County, serving four years, and, at his first session, 
 being one of the opponents of the pro-slavery 
 Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- 
 where between 1835 and 1840. 
 
 STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, 
 on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle 
 Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four 
 churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. , 475. 
 
 STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near 
 Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 
 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which 
 subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- 
 ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended 
 from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Eng- 
 land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at 
 Hempstead, L. I., in 1717, at the age of 122 years. 
 The family removed to New Jersey in the latter 
 part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a 
 cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to 
 settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and 
 various members of the family were prominent in 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 509 
 
 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early 
 as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, 
 Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, 
 and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both 
 soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- 
 lutionary War — with the last named of whom 
 he had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) 
 been intimately associated in the purchase and 
 settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he 
 removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to 
 Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his 
 son-in-law. Anthony Wayne Casad, to St. Clair 
 County, 111., settling near Union Grove. Later, he 
 removed to O'Fallon, and, still later, to Clinton 
 County. He left a large family, several members 
 of which became prominent pioneers in the 
 movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. 
 
 STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, 
 was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821; at the age of 
 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native 
 land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- 
 Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon 
 after, and, in 1861, enlisted in the first battalion 
 of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief 
 of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When 
 the latter became commander of the Fifteenth 
 Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the 
 head of the artillery brigade; in February, 1865, 
 was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out 
 in January, 1866. After the war he went South, 
 and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he 
 was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. 
 He was an inventor and patented various im- 
 provements in steam engines and boilers; was 
 also Superintendent of Public Buildings at 
 Charleston, S. C, under President Harrison. 
 Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. 
 
 STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, 
 was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- 
 bury College; became a member of the Spring- 
 field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected 
 to the General Assembly — being one of the cele- 
 brated "Long Nine"' from Sangamon County, and 
 joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against 
 a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been 
 adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit 
 Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- 
 western part of the State, removed to Galena, 
 but was legislated out of office, when he left the 
 State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, 
 N. J. 
 
 STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in 
 Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 
 
 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, 
 and later acted as overseer of laborers on the 
 Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in 
 Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the 
 Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under 
 Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came 
 to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- 
 lation in real estate in that early day, a few 
 months later entered upon the grocery and pro- 
 vision trade, which he afterwards extended to 
 grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real 
 estate, in which he was remarkably successful, 
 leaving a large fortune at his death, which 
 occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. 
 
 STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, 
 was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester 
 County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm. After acquiring a common 
 school education, he prepared for college at Lei- 
 cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown 
 University, graduating in the class of 1839. He 
 then spent three years at the Theological Insti- 
 tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the 
 ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the 
 next year, entered upon evangelical work in 
 Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- 
 boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First 
 Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr. 
 Stone came to Chicago and established "The 
 Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- 
 day under the name of "The Standard," and has 
 become the leading Baptist organ in the West. 
 After six years of editorial work, he took up 
 evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor 
 and criminal classes. During the Civil War he 
 conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, 
 Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was 
 associated in the conduct and promotion of many 
 educational and charitable institutions. He did 
 much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, 
 and, during the latter years of his life, was 
 attached to the Iinmanuel Baptist Church, 
 which he labored to establish. Died, in July, 
 1890. 
 
 STONE, Melville E., journalist, banker. Man- 
 ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., 
 August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1860, he 
 graduated from the local high school in 1867, 
 and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of 
 a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself 
 without resources after the great fire of 1871, he 
 embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- 
 cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant 
 editor and Washington correspondent, to the 
 position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 
 
510 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 He was connected with various Chicago dailies 
 between 1871 and 1875, and, on Christmas Day 
 of the latter year, issued the first number of "The 
 Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of 
 his interest in this journal, entirely severing 
 his connection therewith in 1888. Since that 
 date he has been engaged in banking in the city 
 of Chicago, and is also General Manager of the 
 Associated Press. 
 
 STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at 
 Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan 
 at seven years of age, after a short term in Lei- 
 cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale 
 store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to 
 Rochester, N. Y., to take charge of interests in 
 the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's 
 estate ; in 1843-49, was a resident of [Detroit and 
 interested in some of the early railroad enter- 
 prises centering there, but the latter year re- 
 moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with 
 Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 
 he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was 
 one of the founders of the Chicago Historical 
 Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises 
 of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 
 4, 1876. 
 
 STONE FORT, a village in the counties of 
 Saline and Williamson. It is situated on the Cairo 
 Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
 St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo. 
 Population (1900), 479. 
 
 STOREY, Wilbur F., journalist and news- 
 paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt. , Dec. 
 19, 1819. He began to learn the printer's trade 
 at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a 
 Democratic paper called "The Herald," published 
 at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- 
 trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., 
 and Jackson and Detroit, Mich. In January, 
 1861, he became the principal owner of "The 
 Chicago Times," then the leading Democratic 
 organ of Chicago. His paper soon came to be 
 regarded as the organ of the anti-war party 
 throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, 
 was suppressed by a military order issued by 
 General Burnside, which was subsequently 
 revoked by President Lincoln. The net result 
 was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and 
 circulation. Other charges, of an equally grave 
 nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- 
 acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeatedly 
 made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf 
 ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 
 1872. appeared as the editor of "The Times," 
 then destitute of political ties About 1876 his 
 
 health began to decline. Medical aid failed to 
 afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- 
 judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was 
 placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 
 27th of the following October (1884), he died at 
 his home in Chicago. 
 
 STORRS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born 
 at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August 
 12, 1835; began the study of law with his father, 
 later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 
 1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years 
 (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year re- 
 moving to Chicago, where he attained great 
 prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as 
 an orator on other occasions. Politically a 
 Republican, he took an active part in Presidential 
 campaigns, being a delegate-at- large from Illinois 
 to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, 
 '72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- 
 dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a master of 
 epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are 
 quoted with relish and appreciation by those who 
 were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. 
 Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- 
 preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. 
 
 STRAWJf, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- 
 dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 
 1800; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, 
 and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- 
 west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to 
 demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- 
 stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere 
 show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- 
 gality and honesty. At his death — which occurred 
 August 23, 1865 — he left an estate estimated in 
 value at about 81,000,000, acquired by industry 
 and business enterprise. He was a zealous 
 Unionist during the war, at one time contributing 
 $10,000 to the Christian Commission. 
 
 STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- 
 porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salle 
 County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago ; situated 
 on the Vermilion River and a central point for 
 five railroads. It is surrounded by a rich agri- 
 cultural country, and is underlaid by coal seams 
 (two of which are worked) and by shale and 
 various clay products of value, adapted to the 
 manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain- 
 pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having 
 gas, electric lighting, street railways, water- 
 works, a good fire-department, and a large, im- 
 proved public park. Churches and schools are 
 numerous, as are also fine public and private 
 buildings. One of the chief industries is the 
 manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate. 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 511 
 
 window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass 
 bottles. Other successful industries are foundries 
 and machine shops, flour mills, and clay working 
 establishments. There are several banks, and 
 three daily and weekly papers are published here. 
 The estimated property valuation, in 1884, was 
 $12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome 
 public buildings, especially the Government post- 
 office and the Carnegie public library building, 
 both of which have been erected within the past 
 few years. Pop. (1890), 11,414; (1900), 14,079. 
 
 STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- 
 cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming 
 from Kentucky, though believed to have been a 
 native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a 
 Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have 
 been prominent in the affairs of that section of 
 the State. His correspondence with Governor 
 Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been 
 a man of far more than ordinary education, with 
 a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He 
 was a most persistent applicant for office, making 
 urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay 
 and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and 
 Washington, on the ground of his poverty and 
 large family. In 1827 he received the offer of 
 the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, 
 on visiting that region, was disgusted with the 
 prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a 
 farm in Sangamon County, but, before the close 
 of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at 
 Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- 
 ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he 
 made voluminous reports to the Secretary of 
 War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. 
 Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was 
 prominent in the early history of Indiana and its 
 last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, (Gen.) 
 Thomas. ) 
 
 STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, 
 was born in Rensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; 
 at the age of two 3'ears accompanied his father to 
 Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County, 
 He attended Knox College for three years, and, 
 in 1849, went to California, where he spent two 
 years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he 
 purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, 
 Mercer County, to which he has since added sev- 
 eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- 
 self with the Greenback party, whose candidate 
 for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 
 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more 
 than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. 
 
 In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- 
 tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the 
 Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as 
 an independent throughout his entire term. 
 
 STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born 
 at Granville, N. Y., in 1810; from 13 years of age, 
 spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The 
 same year he enlisted under the first call for 
 troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- 
 pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was 
 afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as 
 Inspector-General in the West, participated in 
 the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being 
 finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. After some fifteen months spent in the 
 position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's 
 Bureau (1865-66), he located in Chicago, and 
 became connected with several important busi- 
 ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on 
 the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization 
 of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected 
 on the first Board of Directors of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour 
 of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, 
 at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. 
 
 STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, born near Lexington, Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 — 
 the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister 
 and Professor of Languages in Transylvania 
 University, and related, on the maternal side, to 
 the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln 
 was a member. He graduated at Centre College. 
 Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law, re- 
 moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began 
 practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative 
 in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and, 
 in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- 
 gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years 
 later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 1840. 
 In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been 
 studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and 
 instruction, became his partner, the relation- 
 ship continuing until 1841. He served in the 
 State Senate, 1849-53, was the Bell-Everett 
 candidate for Governor in 1860, and was 
 elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third 
 time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by 
 Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the 
 latter years of his life. Mr. Stuart was head of the 
 law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at 
 Springfield, Nov. 28, 188.1 
 
 STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, 
 was born at Fairfield, Conn., April 21, 1796, early 
 manifested a passion for the sea and, in 1810, 
 
5L> 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother 
 was captain, from New York to Georgetown, 
 D. C, intending to continue it to Lisbon. At 
 Georgetown he was induced to accept a position 
 as clerk with a Mr. Williams, where he was 
 associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- 
 ployes, who became eminent bankers and 
 capitalists— W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the 
 well-known banker of Washington, and George 
 W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career 
 in England, and won a name as one of the most 
 liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. 
 During the War of 1812 young Sturges joined a 
 volunteer infantry company, where he had, for 
 comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, 
 the latter author of the popular national song, 
 "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. 
 Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his 
 brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- 
 nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later 
 becoming a partner in the concern, where he 
 developed that business capacity which laid the 
 foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- 
 ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi Rivers, lie piloted flat-boats, loaded with 
 produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- 
 ing overland During one of his visits to that 
 city, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- 
 ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, 
 as. in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in- 
 the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive 
 from Buffalo — the occasion of his visit to Detroit 
 being to carry funds to General Cass to pay off 
 the United States troops. About 1849 he was 
 associated with the construction of the Wabash 
 & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, 
 Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the 
 work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 
 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership 
 with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- 
 ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in 
 that city, on laud leased from the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company, following it, two years later, 
 by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- 
 stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by 
 railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he 
 established the private banking house of Solomon 
 Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, 
 under the management of his son, George Stur- 
 ges, became the Northwestern National Bank of 
 Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the 
 breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used 
 of his means freely in support of the Govern- 
 ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- 
 ent company, at a cost of 820,000. He was also a 
 
 subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- 
 ment, during this period, taking §100,000 in 
 Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- 
 ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and 
 contributed freely to Christian and benevolent 
 enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at 
 Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large 
 fortune acquired by legitimate trade. 
 
 STURTEY ANT, Julian Munson, D.D., LL.D., 
 clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, 
 Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his 
 youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- 
 paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College 
 as the classmate of the celebrated Elizur Wright, 
 graduating in 1S26. After two years as Princi- 
 pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered 
 Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; 
 then came west, and, after spending a year in 
 superintending the erection of buildings, in De- 
 cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to <* 
 class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- 
 lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the 
 following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- 
 dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- 
 matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 
 which he retained until 1844, when, by the 
 retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the 
 offices of President and Professor of Intellectual 
 and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- 
 santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term 
 time, and, as financial agent during vacations, 
 in the interest of the institution of which he had 
 been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, 
 when he resigned the Presidency, giving his 
 attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of 
 Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- 
 ernment, which he had discharged from 1S70. 
 In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, 
 having given to its service fifty-six years of his 
 life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in 
 the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- 
 tive addresses at a number of points in England. 
 He was a frequent contributor to the weekly 
 religious and periodical press, and was the author 
 of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) 
 — a text-book on political economy, and "Keys 
 of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" 
 (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits 
 of local and distant churches — having been early 
 ordained a Congregational minister. He received 
 the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- 
 souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University 
 Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886.— Julian M. 
 (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
 at Jacksonville, 111. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 513 
 
 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois 
 College and graduated from the college (proper) 
 in 1854. After leaving college he served as 
 teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one 
 year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege, when he began the study of theology at 
 Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there 
 in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties 
 of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 
 1858. He was ordained a minister of the Con- 
 gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, 
 remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He 
 has since been engaged in pastoral work in New 
 York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73) ; Den- 
 ver, Colo., (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); 
 Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., 
 (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving 
 the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- 
 vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- 
 cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- 
 tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different 
 periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, 
 Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an 
 honored member of the Knox College Board. 
 He received the degree of D.D from Illinois 
 College, in 1879. 
 
 SUBLETTE, a station and village on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles 
 northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306. 
 
 SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege 
 of voting. The qualifications of electors (or 
 voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, 
 are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), 
 except as to school officers, which are prescribed 
 by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- 
 cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who 
 were electors at the time of the adoption of the 
 Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- 
 ralized male citizens of the United States, of the 
 age of 21 years or over, who have been residents 
 of the State one year, of the county ninety days, 
 and of the district (or precinct) in which they 
 offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 
 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are 
 entitled to vote for school officers, and are also 
 eligible to such offices under the same conditions, 
 as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See 
 Elections; Australian Ballot.) 
 
 SULLIVAN, a city and county-seat of Moultrie 
 County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 
 miles northwest of Mattoon; is on three lines of 
 railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- 
 ing region; contains two State banks and four 
 weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; 
 (1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est), 3,100. 
 
 SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born 
 at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at 
 the Waterford Model School and in Dublin , came 
 to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching 
 for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the 
 One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in 
 teaching and on a visit to his native land, he 
 began work as a reporter on New York papers, 
 later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" 
 and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at 
 different times, holding the position of city edi- 
 tor, managing editor and correspondent. He 
 was also a Representative from Cook County in 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three 
 years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
 cation, and appointed United States Consul to the 
 Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 
 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. 
 
 SULLIVA>'T, Michael Lucas, agriculturist, 
 was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, 
 Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio 
 University and Centre College, Ky., and — after 
 being engaged in the improvement of an immense 
 tract of land inherited from his father near his 
 birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, 
 to the raising of improved stock — in 1854 sold his 
 Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in 
 Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he 
 began farming on a larger scale than before. The 
 enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was 
 finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of 
 his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad 
 Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, 
 John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at 
 Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 
 29, 1879. 
 
 SUMMERFIELD, a village of St. Clair County, 
 on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 
 27 miles east of St Louis ; was the home of Gen. 
 Fred. Heeker. Population (1900), 360. 
 
 SUMNER, a city of Lawrence Comity, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles 
 west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, 
 four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- 
 phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
 1,037; (1900), 1,268. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- 
 TION. The office of State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction was created by act of the 
 Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its 
 duties previous to that time, from 1845, having 
 been discharged by the Secretary of State as 
 Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list 
 of the incumbents from the date of the forma! 
 
514 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 creation of the office down to the present time 
 (1899),. with the date and duration of the term of 
 each Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of 
 the Governor), 1854-57; William H. Powell (by 
 election), 1857-09; Newton Bateman, 1*59-63; 
 John P. Brooks, 1863-G5; Newton Bateman, 
 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. 
 Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard 
 Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel 
 M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 
 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the 
 Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. 
 Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred 
 Baylis, 1899—. 
 
 Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was 
 two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that 
 year, it was extended to four years, the elections 
 occurring on the even years between those for 
 Governor and other State officers except State 
 Treasurer. 
 
 SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The 
 following is a list of Justices of the Supreme 
 Court of Illinois who have held office since the 
 organization of the State Government, with the 
 period of their respective incumbencies; Joseph 
 Phillips. 1818-22 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 
 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- 
 stitution) ; William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to 
 July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; 
 Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1822-25; Wil- 
 liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired 
 on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D 
 Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of 
 new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 
 (resigned); Tliomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- 
 gust 1, 1842 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 
 1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned) — also (by re-elec- 
 tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 
 1841-47 (resigned)— also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 
 (resigned) ; Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned) ; 
 Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned); John D. 
 Caton (vice Ford) August, 1842, to March, 1843— 
 also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- 
 tions), May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned) ; 
 James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to 
 April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice 
 Smith), 1843-47 (resigned) ; John M. Robinson 
 (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died 
 in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 
 1S4:;-45 (resigned)— also (vice Young), 1847-48; 
 James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned); 
 Norman H. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired 
 under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner 
 (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution); 
 William A. Denning (vice Scates), 1847-48 (re- 
 
 tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 
 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 
 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 
 1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap- 
 pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6, 
 1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; 
 Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. 
 Scott (two terms), 1870-88; Benjamin R. Sheldon 
 (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 
 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- 
 ton), 1873 93 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice 
 McAllister), 1875-85 (died); David J. Baker (ap- 
 pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 
 1879— also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; 
 Damon G. TunniclilTe (appointed, vice Walker), 
 Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885 ; Simeon P. Shope, 
 1885-94, Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). 
 The Supreme Court, as at present constituted 
 (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 
 1897, Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) 
 elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- 
 kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph 
 N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- 
 ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and "91 ; James H. 
 Cartwright (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- 
 elected, 1897 ; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice 
 Dickey), elected, 1885, '88 and '97. The terms of 
 Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwright and 
 Magruder expire in 1906 ; that of Justice Carter 
 on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the 
 Constitution of 1818, the Justices of the Supreme 
 Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- 
 ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 
 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years 
 each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of 
 individual members of the Supreme Court under 
 their proper names.) 
 
 SURVEYS, EARLY GOVERNMENT. The first 
 United States law passed on the subject of Gov- 
 ernment surveys was dated, May 20, 1785. After 
 reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of 
 pensions and to be donated for school purposes, 
 it provided for the division of the remaining pub 
 lie lands among the original thirteen States 
 This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi 
 nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan 
 gular system of surveys which, with but little 
 modification, has remained in force ever since. 
 Briefly outlined, the system is as follows: Town- 
 ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal 
 bases, each township containing thirty-six sec- 
 tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, 
 the numeration to commence at the upper right 
 hand corner of the township. The first principal 
 meridian (S4 ,">!' west of Greenwich), coincided 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 515 
 
 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The 
 second (1° 37' farther west) had direct relation 
 to surreys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89° 10' 
 30" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90° 29' 
 56" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- 
 veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas 
 Hutching, who was called "the geographer." 
 (See Hutchins, Thomas.) 
 
 SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was 
 born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N Y., April 
 24, 1832 ; came with hig father, in 1848, to Sheboy- 
 gan, Wig , gtudied law, was elected to the State 
 Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth 
 Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major 
 in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, 
 assisted in the organization of the Twenty-first 
 and Twenty-second regiments, being elected 
 Colonel of the former, and with it taking part in 
 the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see In 1863 he was assigned to command at 
 Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, 
 in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release 
 the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- 
 acy.) The service which he rendered in the 
 defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy 
 evinced big courage and sagacity, and was of 
 inestimable value to the country. After the 
 war, General Sweet located at Lombard, near 
 Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- 
 cago, afterwards served ag Supervisor of Internal 
 Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis- 
 sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, 
 in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874. — Miss Ada C. 
 (Sweet), for eight yearg (1874-82) the efficient 
 Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's 
 daughter. 
 
 SWEETSER, A. C, goldier and Department 
 Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, 
 Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 
 1857 ; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War 
 in the Eighth Illinoig Volunteerg and, later, in the 
 Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom 
 Church, -Va., in June, 1864, wag ghot through 
 both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of 
 them. After the war he held several offices of 
 trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- 
 ington and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue 
 for the Springfield District; in 1887 was elected 
 Department Commander of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, 
 March 23, 1896. 
 
 SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near 
 Turner, Maine, August 11. 1825, was educated at 
 Waterville College (now Colby University), but 
 left before graduation, read law in Portland, and, 
 
 while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in 
 an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being 
 attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before 
 completing his term of enlistment. He soon 
 after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became 
 the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and 
 David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for 
 a number of years He early became active in 
 State politics, was a member of the Republican 
 State Convention of 1856, was elected to the 
 lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, 
 and, in 1S60, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- 
 coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at 
 large. In 1862 he received the Republican 
 nomination for Congress in his District, but was 
 defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he 
 gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- 
 cially in the management of criminal cases. In 
 1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for 
 President, but later returned to the Republican 
 party, and, in the National Republican Conven- 
 tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge 
 Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. 
 Died, June 8, 1889. 
 
 SWIGERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- 
 lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, 
 Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents 
 to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- 
 hood, attended the Scammon School in that city 
 In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- 
 kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 
 18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 
 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- 
 ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 
 years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty - 
 gecond Illinoig Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 
 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who 
 ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at 
 Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- 
 tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in 
 the capture of 7,000 prisoners At the battle of 
 Farmington, Migs., during the giege of Corinth, 
 in May, 1862, he had his right arm torn from itg 
 socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his 
 retirement from the army. Returning home, 
 after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson 
 Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received his final 
 discharge, Dec. 21, 1862, spent a year in school, 
 also took a course in Bryant & Stratton's Com- 
 mercial College in Chicago, and having learned 
 to write with his left hand, taught for a time in 
 Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- 
 cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of 
 Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 
 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton 
 
510 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 III. The latter year he entered upon the duties 
 of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving. by 
 successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- 
 signed to take the position of State Auditor, to 
 which he was elected a second time in 188-1. In 
 all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- 
 self an upright, capable and high-minded public 
 official. Of late years his residence has been in 
 Chicago. 
 
 SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit 
 orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his 
 father dying about this time), the family resided 
 for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm 
 near Williamsburgh, in Clermont County, in the 
 same State. In 1852, having graduated from the 
 Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the 
 study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the 
 position of Professor of Languages in his Alma 
 Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen 
 years. His first pastorate was in connection witli 
 the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- 
 cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church 
 edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, 
 but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was 
 popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, 
 before an ecclesiastical court of his own denomi- 
 nation, on charges of heresy. He was acquitted 
 by the trial court, but, before the appeal taken by 
 the prosecution could be heard, he personally 
 withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. 
 Shortly afterward he became pastor of an inde- 
 pendent religious organization known as the 
 "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker*s 
 Theatre and, afterward, at Central Music Hall, 
 Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker 
 on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor 
 to numerous magazines, as well as the author of 
 several volumes. Among his best known books 
 are "Motives of Life," "Truths for To-day," and 
 "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. 
 
 SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb 
 County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- 
 cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- 
 western and the Chicago Great Western Rail- 
 roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, 
 dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- 
 tains several factories, the principal products 
 being agricultural implements, flour, insulated 
 wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and 
 carriages and wagons. There are also works for 
 canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- 
 ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has 
 high -pressure water-works. There are eleven 
 churches, three graded public schools and a 
 
 young ladies' seminary. Population ( 1 
 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900). 3,653. 
 
 TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwi .. . I 
 Peoria County, 111, April 29, 1860; at an early 
 age evinced a predilection for sculpture and 
 began modeling; graduated at the University of 
 Illinois in 1880, then went to Paris and studied 
 sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts 
 until 1885. The following year he settled in Chi 
 cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- 
 cago Art Institute. He has been a lecturer on 
 art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- 
 nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- 
 ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. 
 
 TALCOTT, Jlancel, business man, was born 
 in Rome, X. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- 
 mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set 
 out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit 
 to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he 
 worked at farming until 1850. Then, having 
 followed the occupation of a miner for some time, 
 in California, with some success, he united with 
 Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of 
 Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- 
 ing most of his life. He served as a member of 
 the Chicago City Council, on the Board of County 
 Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, 
 and was one of the founders of the First National 
 Bank, and President, for several years, of the 
 Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- 
 spirited, he contributed freely to works of 
 charity. Died, June 5, 1878. 
 
 TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the 
 War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, 
 Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida 
 County, N. Y., in 1810, and engaged in farming; 
 served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County 
 militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed 
 at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. 
 Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his 
 eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- 
 tended tour through the West, finally selecting a 
 location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River 
 and the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton 
 now stands — there being only two white families, 
 at that time, within the present limits of Winne- 
 bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought 
 his family to this point, with his sons took up a 
 considerable body of Government land and 
 erected two mills, to which customers came 
 from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott 
 took part in the organization of the first Congre- 
 gational Church in that section of the State. A 
 zealous anti-slavery man, he supported James G- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 517 
 
 Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 
 1844, continuing to act with that party until the 
 organization of the Republican party in 1856; 
 was deeply interested in the War for the Union, 
 but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. — 
 Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 
 1806; was taken to Rome, N. Y., by his father in 
 infancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged 
 in mercantile business with Ins brother in Che 
 mung County; in 1833 accompanied his father in 
 a tour through the West, finally locating at 
 Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On 
 the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, 
 he was elected one of the first County Commis- 
 sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving 
 four years. He also held various local offices. 
 Died, Sept. 30, 1894.— Hon. Wait (Talcott), second 
 son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- 
 bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, 
 N. Y., where he remained until his 19th year, 
 when he engaged in business at Booneville and, 
 still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois 
 and joined his father at Rockton, finally 
 becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his 
 later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- 
 facturing, having become, in 1854, with his 
 brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. 
 Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny 
 reaper and mower. He was an original anti- 
 slavery man and, at one time, a Free-Soil candidate 
 for Congress, but became a zealous Republican 
 and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
 employed as an attorney in the famous suit of 
 McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for 
 infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected 
 to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, 
 Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal 
 Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. 
 Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some 
 five years. Though too old for active service in 
 the field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily 
 hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott 
 was one of the original incorporators and Trus- 
 tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford 
 Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each 
 for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. — Sylvester 
 (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at 
 Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged 
 in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 
 1837 removed, with other members of the family, 
 to Winnebago County, 111., where he joined his 
 father in the entry of Government lands and the 
 erection of mills, as already detailed. He became 
 one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- 
 
 bago County, also served as Supervisor for a 
 number of years and, although a farmer, became 
 interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, 
 in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. 
 He also followed the example of his brother, 
 just named, in furnishing a substitute for the 
 War of the Rebellion, though too old for service 
 himself Died, June 19, 1885.— Henry Walter 
 (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was 
 born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with 
 his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and 
 was connected with his father and brothers in busi- 
 ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1S70.— Dwight Lewis (Tal- 
 cott), oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, born 
 in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years 
 enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier 
 in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served 
 as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- 
 ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many 
 of the important battles of that year in Missis- 
 sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at 
 Campbellsville, Tenn. , he was taken to Anderson- 
 ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of 
 that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when 
 he was released, arriving at home a helpless 
 skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- 
 sination. Mr. Talcott subsequently settled in 
 Muscatine County, Iowa. 
 
 TALLULA, a prosperous village of Menard 
 County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- 
 cago & Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of 
 Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- 
 mining, and stock-growing region; has a local 
 bank and newspaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639. 
 
 TAMAROA.a village in Perry County, situated 
 at the junction of the Illinois Central with the 
 Wabash, Chester & Western Railroad, 8 miles 
 north of Duquoin, and 57 miles east-southeast of 
 Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a 
 large public school, five churches and two flour- 
 ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in 
 large quantities. Pop. (1900), 853. 
 
 TAMAROA & MOUNT VERNON RAILROAD. 
 (See Wabash, Chester &■ Western Railroad.) 
 
 TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born of New England ancestry, at 
 Waverly, 111., Nov. 29, 1S37— being the first child 
 who could claim nativity there; was educated 
 in the local schools and at Illinois College, 
 graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four 
 years teaching in his native place and at Jack- 
 sonville; then accepted the Professorship of 
 Latin in Pacific University at Portland, Oregon, 
 remaining four years, when he returned to his 
 Alma Mater (1865), assuming there the chair of 
 
518 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed 
 financial agent of the latter institution, and. in 
 1882, its President. While in Oregon he had 
 been ordained a minister of the Congregational 
 Church, and, for a considerable period during 
 his connection with Illinois College, officiated as 
 Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane 
 at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and 
 other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the 
 benefit of the institution under his charge, and, 
 during his incumbency, added materially to its 
 endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- 
 ville, Feb. 8, 1892. 
 
 TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in 
 "Warrick County, Iud., April 4, 1844, and brought 
 to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew 
 up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
 enjoying only such educational advantages as 
 were afforded by the common school ; in 1863, at 
 the age of 19, enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, serving until June, 1865, when 
 he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally 
 mustered out in September following. All the 
 male members of Governor Tanner's family were 
 soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a 
 rebel prison at Columbus, Miss., one of his bro- 
 thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. , and another brother dying in hospital 
 at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic 
 family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives — 
 Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the 
 service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- 
 teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the 
 war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business 
 as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- 
 cessfully in the milling and lumber business as 
 the partner of his brother. The public positions 
 held by him, since the war, include those of 
 Sheriff of Clay County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- 
 cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). 
 During the latter year he received the appoint- 
 ment of United States Marshal for the Southern 
 District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- 
 sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1886, he 
 was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer 
 and was elected by an unusually large majority ; 
 in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a 
 member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
 sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of 
 Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, 
 continuing in the latter office until December, 
 1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, re- 
 turning to that body in 1894. when he was chosen 
 Chairman and conducted the campaign which 
 
 resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- 
 cesses of that year. In 1896 he received the 
 nomination of his party for Governor, and was 
 elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo- 
 cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000, 
 and a majority, over all, of nearly 90,000 votes. 
 
 TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in 
 Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson 
 County, 111., about 1846 or '47, at first taking a 
 position as teacher and Superintendent of Public 
 Schools. Later, he was connected with "The 
 Jeff ersonian, " a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- 
 non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of 
 California, meeting with reasonable success as a 
 miner. Returning in a year or two, he was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in 
 the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study 
 of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering 
 into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. 
 Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in 
 the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- 
 strumental in securing the appropriation for the 
 erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount 
 Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of that year ; was 
 elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was 
 assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at 
 the expiration of his term, declined a re-election 
 and resumed the practice of his profession at 
 Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. 
 
 TAXATION, in its legal sense, the mode of 
 raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes 
 are the support of the State and local govern- 
 ments, the promotion of the public good by 
 fostering education and works of public improve- 
 ment, the protection of society by the preser- 
 vation of order and the punishment of crime, and 
 the support of the helpless and destitute. In 
 practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, 
 the raising of revenue is required to be done "by 
 levying a tax by valuation, so that every person 
 and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to 
 the value of his, her or its property— such value 
 to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be 
 elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." 
 (State Constitution, 1870 — Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) 
 The person selected under the law to make this 
 valuation is the Assessor of the county or the 
 township (in counties under township organiza- 
 tion), and he is required to make a return to the 
 County Board at its July meeting each year — the 
 latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- 
 payers and adjust inequalities when found to 
 exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to 
 
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 519 
 
 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and 
 the buildings or other improvements erected 
 thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- 
 erty, all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, 
 bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or 
 corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, 
 royalties, etc. Property used for school, church 
 or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings 
 and other property belonging to the State and 
 General Government, municipalities, public 
 charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- 
 tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, 
 all property subject to taxation is required to be 
 assessed at its cash valuation; but, in reality, the 
 valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of 
 twenty-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- 
 mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, 
 the valuation is often much lower than this, 
 while very large amounts escape assessment 
 altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the 
 special session of the Fortieth General Assembly 
 (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of 
 ah property subject to taxation in his district, at 
 its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review 
 fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of 
 such cash valuation. An abstract of the property 
 assessment of each county goes before the State 
 Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in 
 August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- 
 izing valuations between counties, but the Board 
 has no power to modify the assessments of indi- 
 vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- 
 zation.) This Board has exclusive power to fix 
 the valuation for purposes of taxation of the 
 capital stock or franchises of companies (except 
 certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- 
 corporated under the State laws, together with the 
 "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, 
 and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph 
 lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter 
 between counties in which they lie. — The Consti 
 tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to 
 impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty 
 cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free 
 white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- 
 frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the 
 Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, 
 though it authorizes the extension of the "objects 
 and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the 
 principle contained in the first section of the 
 Revenue Article. — Special assessments in cities, 
 for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., 
 being local and in the form of benefits, cannot 
 be said to come under the head of general tax- 
 ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived 
 
 from fines and penalties, which are forms of 
 punishment for specific offenses, and go to the 
 benefit of certain specified funds. 
 
 TAYLOR; Aimer, ex-Congressnian, is a native 
 of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been 
 in active business all his life as contractor, builder 
 and merchant, and, for some time, a member of 
 the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & 
 Co., of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- 
 fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the 
 National Republican Convention of 1884, and 
 represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- 
 first arid Fifty -second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. 
 Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the 
 erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. 
 
 TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet 
 and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y. , July 
 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 
 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- 
 matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." 
 Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- 
 tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in 
 demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His 
 letters from the field during the Rebellion, as 
 war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," 
 won for him even a greater popularity, and were 
 complimented by translation into more than one 
 European language. After the war, he gave his 
 attention more unreservedly to literature, his 
 principal works appearing after that date. His 
 publications in book form, including both prose 
 and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions 
 of Language" (1845); "January and June" 
 (1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871), 
 "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- 
 tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of 
 Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned 
 from Rural Nooks" (1879) ; "Between the Gates" 
 — pictures of California life — (1881) ; "Dulce 
 Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- 
 philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings, ' 
 a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the 
 publishers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among 
 his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long 
 Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of 
 the River." "The London Times" complimented 
 Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- 
 smith of America." 
 
 TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader 
 and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H. , Va. , 
 Oct. 18, 1802 — the son of a commissary in the 
 army of the Revolution, under General Greene, 
 and a cousin of General ( later. President) Zachary 
 Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at 
 an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he 
 
520 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 opened an Indian-trading post and general store ; 
 was elected from Sangamon County to the lower 
 branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) 
 and re-elected in 1832 — the latter year being a 
 competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
 defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State 
 Senate and, at the next session of the Legislature, 
 was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who 
 secured the removal of the State Capital to 
 Springfield. He resigned before the close of his 
 term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- 
 pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- 
 cago. Here he became one of the promoters of 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), 
 serving as one of the Commissioners to secure 
 subscriptions of stock, and was also active in 
 advocating the construction of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by 
 which he was known during most of his life, was 
 acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff 
 of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel 
 Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago 
 branch of the State Bank, and was later identified 
 with various banking enterprises, as also a some- 
 what extensive operator in real estate. An active 
 Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- 
 nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of 
 his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb 
 raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of 
 General Bissell to the governorship in 1856. In 
 1860 he was again in line with his party iu sup- 
 port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and 
 was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- 
 ment still later, as shown by his participation in 
 the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- 
 field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his 
 life he became extensively interested in coal 
 lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, 
 for a considerable time, served as President of the 
 Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his 
 home, during a part of this period, being at 
 Mendota. Died, in Chicago. Dec. 4, 1891. 
 
 TAYLORYILLE, a city and county-seat of 
 Christian County, on the Soutli Fork of the Sanga- 
 mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its 
 point of intersection with the Springfield Division 
 of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is 
 about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 
 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several 
 banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and 
 gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage 
 and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming 
 implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine 
 churches and five graded and township high 
 
 schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. 
 Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248. 
 
 TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on 
 the Illinois River; was first settled in 1823 and 
 organized in 1827; has an area of 650 square miles 
 — was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. 
 It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers 
 and traversed by several lines of railway. The 
 surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and 
 rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the 
 river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are 
 found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an 
 agricultural county. The cereals are extensively 
 cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are 
 dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is 
 extensively conducted at Pekin, the county-seat, 
 which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- 
 tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the 
 county (1880), 29,666; (1890), 29,556; (1900), 33,221. 
 
 TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago 
 physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in 
 medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, 
 in 1833. arrived in Chicago. At this time he had 
 a contract for carrying the United States mail 
 from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, 
 and the following year undertook a similar con- 
 tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold 
 these out three years later, he devoted his atten- 
 tion to the practice of his profession, though 
 interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- 
 struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. 
 Temple was instrumental in erecting the first 
 house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary 
 station at Wolf Point), for public religious 
 worship in Chicago, and, although himself a 
 Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant 
 denominations. He was a member of the first 
 Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, 
 though he later became a convert to homeopathy, 
 and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in 
 founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, 
 dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. 
 
 TENURE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS 
 RAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre 
 Haute Railroad.) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See 
 St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. ) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- 
 ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own 
 within the State, but the lessee and operator of 
 the following lines (which see): St. Louis, 
 Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre 
 Haute & Peoria, 145.12 miles; East St. Louis 
 & Carondelet, 12.74 miles — total length of leased 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 521 
 
 lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute 
 & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in 
 Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- 
 mond, completed a line between the points 
 named in the title, in 1852, and took its present 
 name in 186t'. The Pennsylvania Railroad Com- 
 pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock 
 in 1893. 
 
 TERRE HAUTE & PEORIA RAILROAD, 
 (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from 
 Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria, 111., 145.12 miles, 
 with 28. 78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 
 miles in operation, all being in Illinois — operated 
 by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- 
 pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are 
 steel. (History. ) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, 
 successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad, The 
 latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 
 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & 
 Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened in 
 1874, (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered 
 in 1861 and opened in December, 1872 ; and (3) the 
 Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 
 and opened in 1874 — the consolidated lines 
 assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- 
 road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under 
 foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized 
 as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 
 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre 
 Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is 
 operated as a part of the "Vandalia System." 
 The capital stock (1898) was $3,764,200; funded 
 debt, §2,230,000,— total capital invested, §6,227,- 
 481. 
 
 TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4 
 miles east of Effingham; was originally settled 
 by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu- 
 lation (1900), 498. 
 
 THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at 
 Middlebury College, and, after admission to the 
 bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced 
 practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he 
 enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- 
 tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the 
 close of the war he took up his lesidence in Ten- 
 nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff 
 of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to 
 Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected 
 a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and 
 re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the 
 House during his latter term. In 1888 he was 
 elected State Senator from the Sixth District, 
 serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth 
 
 and Thirty -seventh General Assemblies. In 
 1897, General Thomas was appointed United 
 States Appraiser in connection with the Custom 
 House in Chicago. 
 
 THOMAS, Jesse Rurgess, jurist and United 
 States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Md., 
 claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. 
 Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood 
 and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, 
 in 1803; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial 
 Legislature and, later, represented the Territory 
 as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of 
 Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he 
 removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the 
 first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, 
 as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over 
 the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on 
 the admission of the State, became one of the 
 first United States Senators — Governor Edwards 
 being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- 
 cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence 
 as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
 promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to 
 the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where 
 he died by suicide, May 4, 1853. —Jesse Rurgess 
 (Thomas), Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- 
 tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
 July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania 
 University, and, being admitted to the bar, 
 located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared 
 in connection with public affairs as Secretary of 
 the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected in 1832 ; 
 in 1834 was elected Representative in the General 
 Assembly from Madison County, but, in Febru- 
 ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, 
 serving only one year. He afterwards held the 
 position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being 
 then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- 
 ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment 
 of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- 
 las, and was afterwards elected to the same 
 office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. 
 During a part of his professional career he was 
 the partner of David Prickett and William L. 
 May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of 
 the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, 
 where he died, Feb. 21, 1850.— Jesse R. (Thomas) 
 third, clergyman and son of the last named; bom 
 at Edwardsville, 111, July 29, 1832; educated at 
 Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. V.) 
 Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time 
 in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- 
 try, serving churches at Waukegan, 111., Brook- 
 lyn, N. Y.. and San Francisco (1862-69). He 
 
522 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- 
 tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874, 
 when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he 
 became Professor of Biblical History in the 
 Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he 
 has since resided. He is the author of several 
 volumes, and, in 1866, received the degree of D.D. 
 from the old University of Chicago. 
 
 THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the 
 Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, 
 Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- 
 panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111., where 
 the family located in what was then called the 
 Alexander settlement, near the present site of 
 Shiloh. When he was 22 he rented a farm 
 (although he had not enough money to buy a 
 horse) and married. Six years later he bought 
 and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, 
 rapidly accumulated real property, until he 
 became one of the most extensive owners of farm- 
 ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he 
 was fond of military exercise, holding various 
 offices in local organizations and serving as a 
 Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was 
 one of the leaders of the party opposed to the 
 amendment of the State Constitution to sanction 
 slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska bill in 1854, and a firm supporter of the 
 Republican party from the date of its formation. 
 He was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly in 1838, "62, "64. '72 and "74; and to the 
 State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the 
 latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in 
 the 95th year of his age. 
 
 THOMAS, John R., ex-Congressman, was born 
 at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served 
 in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- 
 lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After 
 his return home he studied law, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1869. From 1872 to 1876 he was 
 State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- 
 sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. 
 Thomas was appointed by President McKinley 
 an additional United States District Judge for 
 Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, 
 in that Territory. 
 
 THOMAS, William, pioneer lawyer and legis- 
 lator, was born in what is now Allen County, 
 Ky., Nov. 22, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- 
 cation, and served as deputy of his father (who 
 was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823 ; 
 in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he 
 taught school, served as a private in the Winne- 
 bago War (1827). and at the session of 1828-29, 
 
 reported the proceedings of the General Assem- 
 bly for "The Tandalia Intelligencer'"; was State's 
 Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan 
 County; served as Quartermaster and Commis- 
 sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under 
 Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under 
 General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit 
 Judge, but legislated out of office two years later. 
 It was as a member of the Legislature, however, 
 that he gained the greatest prominence, first as 
 State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 
 1846-48 and 1850-52, when he was especially influ- 
 ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- 
 lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane 
 (the first in the State) at Jacksonville — serving, 
 for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees 
 of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- 
 tion with many enterprises of a local character, 
 including the establishment of the Illinois Female 
 College, to which, although without children of 
 his own, he was a liberal contributor. During 
 the first year of the war he was a member of the 
 Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- 
 ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 
 1889. 
 
 THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in 
 Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 — being 
 descended from a Virginia family. After the 
 usual primary instruction in the common schools, 
 he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, 
 Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- 
 ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at 
 Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 
 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at 
 Paris, Ky., he was licensed to practice in 1836, 
 when he left his native State with a view to set- 
 tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle, Gen. 
 William F. Thornton, at Shelbyville, 111., was 
 induced to establish himself in practice there. 
 He served as a member of the State Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- 
 ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly 
 (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was 
 elected to the Thirty-ninth CongTess. and, in 
 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served 
 only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 
 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, 111., but 
 subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where 
 (1898) he now resides. 
 
 THORNTON, William Fitzhngh, Commissioner 
 of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was born in 
 Hanover County, Va. , Oct. 4, 1789 ; in 1806, went 
 to Alexandria, Va. , where he conducted a drug 
 business for a time, also acting as associate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 523 
 
 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- 
 quently removing to Washington City, he con- 
 ducted a paper there in the interest of John 
 Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the 
 War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, 
 and, for a time, as staff -officer of General Winder. 
 On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to 
 America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin- 
 guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- 
 mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, 
 in 1833, to Shelby ville, 111., where he soon after 
 engaged in mercantile business, to which he 
 added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, 
 with which he" was actively associated until his 
 death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor 
 Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the 
 Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to 
 London, as financial agent of the State, in the 
 interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a 
 sale of bonds to the amount of §1,000,000 on what 
 were then considered favorable terms. General 
 Thornton was an ardent Whig until the, organi- 
 zation of the Republican party, when he became 
 a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 
 1873. 
 
 TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, 
 Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, 
 locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where 
 he became a prominent and enterprising operator 
 in real estate, doing a large business for eastern 
 parties ; was one of the founders of Hillsboro 
 Academy and an influential and liberal friend of 
 Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter 
 from its establishment until his death ; was sup- 
 ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- 
 urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at 
 Peoria, May 11, 1853.— Christiana Holmes (Till- 
 son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, 
 Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 
 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside; 
 was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and 
 deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. 
 Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872— Charles 
 Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana 
 Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 
 15, 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and 
 Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- 
 vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. 
 Louis and practiced there some years — also served 
 several terms in the City Council, and was a 
 member of the National Guard of Missouri in the 
 War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865.— 
 John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at 
 
 Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- 
 boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not 
 graduate from the latter ; graduated from Tran- 
 sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Quincy, 111., the same 
 year; practiced two years at Galena, when he 
 returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the 
 Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. 
 Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to 
 the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered 
 out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General ; 
 for two years later held a commission as Captain 
 in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 
 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth 
 General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, 
 who had died in office, and, during the same year, 
 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for 
 the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, 
 August 6, 1892. 
 
 TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- 
 fax County, Mass. , August 12, 1800 ; came to Illi- 
 nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, 
 as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John 
 Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the 
 mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in 
 St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, 111., 
 where he opened the first general store in that 
 city; also served as Postmaster for some ten 
 years During this period he built the first two- 
 story frame building erected in Quincy, up to 
 that date. Retiring from the mercantile business 
 in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately 
 becoming the proprietor of considerable property 
 of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- 
 nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government 
 during the war. Soon after the war he erected 
 one of the handsomest business blocks existing 
 in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 
 27, 1892. 
 
 TINCHER, John L., banker, was born in Ken- 
 tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- 
 ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 
 17 ; attended school in Coles County, 111 . and 
 was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 
 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm 
 of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- 
 ing a bank, which became the First National 
 Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was 
 elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly and, two years later, to the 
 Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a 
 member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield, Dec. 17, 1871, 
 
524 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 while in attendance on the adjourned session of 
 that year. 
 
 TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833; 
 has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from 
 the age of 10 years, his present home being at 
 Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1857, and, from January, 1867, to December, 1868, 
 was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial 
 Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the 
 same circuit, and under the new Constitution, 
 was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. 
 From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) 
 Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 
 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the 
 Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected 
 to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington 
 Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration 
 of his term in 1897. 
 
 T1SKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles 
 southwest of Princeton; has creameries and 
 cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- 
 works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. 
 
 TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- 
 gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the 
 battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- 
 tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a 
 lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed 
 to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating 
 near Lexington. He was one of the first two 
 Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia 
 House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied 
 Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition 
 against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. Ill Decem- 
 ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
 Henry, Lieutenant Commandant of Illinois 
 County, embracing the region northwest of the 
 Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again 
 a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he 
 procured grants of land for public schools and 
 introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He 
 was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue 
 Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. 
 
 TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- 
 ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- 
 est graduates of Transylvania University, also 
 graduating at the Medical University of Phila- 
 delphia; was appointed Surgeon-General of Ken- 
 tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at 
 tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- 
 ington after his release, he practiced there and 
 at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 
 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had 
 been appointed Register of the Land Office by 
 
 President John Quincy Adams, but was removed 
 by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside 
 at Springfield until his death, which occurred, 
 Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, 
 who was appointed Commandant of Illinois 
 County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an 
 uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. — John Rlair 
 Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at 
 Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his 
 father to Illinois in 1817; graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- 
 wards in the Florida and Mexican wars and on 
 the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader 
 in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his 
 seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, 
 then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress 
 in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature 
 in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. 
 Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. 
 
 TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of 
 Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road; founded in 1854; has five churches, a graded 
 school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, 
 and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- 
 factories, the leading industry in the surrounding 
 country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; 
 (1900), 'sis, 
 
 TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis &• Kansas City 
 Railroad.) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WARSAW RAILROAD. 
 (See Toledo, Peoria ei Western Railway ) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Toledo, Peoria &• Western Railway.) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, 
 a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- 
 nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State 
 line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. 
 The length of the whole line is 230. 7 miles, owned 
 entirely by the company. It is made up of a 
 division from Effner to Peoria (110 9 miles) — 
 which is practically an air-line throughout nearly 
 its entire length — and the Peoria and Warsaw- 
 Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La 
 Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a 
 mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at 
 Hamilton. — (History.) The original charter for 
 this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of 
 the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main 
 line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & 
 Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was 
 made in 1873. the road sold under foreclosure, in 
 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroad, and the line leased for 49^ 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .}■■:■> 
 
 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway 
 Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884, 
 and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage 
 bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in 
 October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present 
 company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria 
 & Western Railway Company, was organized for 
 the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a 
 controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an 
 agreement, for joint ownership and management, 
 was entered into between that corporation and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- 
 pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 
 §9,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in stock and 
 §4,895,000 in bonds. 
 
 TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
 ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast 
 direction from East St. Louis to Humrick.'near 
 the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern 
 terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.72 
 miles, of which 179^2 miles are operated in Illi- 
 nois. — (History.) The Illinois portion of the 
 line grew out of the union of charters granted to 
 the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the 
 Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- 
 panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with 
 certain Indiana lines under the name of the 
 Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 
 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from 
 Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. 
 Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under 
 foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with 
 the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. 
 Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line 
 was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and 
 otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, 
 went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- 
 organization have been under consideration, but 
 the receivers were still in control in 1898. 
 
 TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- 
 ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the 
 Illinois Central Railroads, 9 miles south of Cham- 
 paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It 
 is the business center of a prosperous agricultural 
 region. The town has five churches, a graded 
 school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902; 
 (1900), 845. 
 
 TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle; 
 the district is agricultural, but the place lias some 
 
 manufactures and a newspaper. Population 
 (1890), 473 ; (1900), 497. 
 
 TOXTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol 
 dier, born at Gaeta. Italy, about 1650 What is 
 now known as the Tontine system of insurance 
 undoubtedly originated with his father. The 
 younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a 
 youth, took part in numerous land and naval 
 encounters. In the course of his experience he 
 lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or 
 copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle 
 in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at 
 Niagara. He advanced into the country of the 
 Illinois and established friendly relations with 
 them, only to witness the defeat of his putative 
 savage allies by the Iroquois. After various 
 encounters (chiefly under the direction of La 
 Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned 
 to Green Bay in 1681. The same year — under La 
 Salle's orders — he began the erection of Fort St. 
 Louis, on what is now called "'Starved Rock" in 
 La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- 
 sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was 
 ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 
 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully 
 repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 
 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search 
 of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his 
 commander and the loss of his early comrades, 
 he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. 
 Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, 
 as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, 
 in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- 
 cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, 
 did more than any other of the early French 
 explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized 
 world. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- 
 ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at 
 Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and 
 the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- 
 tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- 
 tude of this table land above the sea-level varies 
 from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being 
 about 600 feet. The State has no mountain 
 chains, and its few hills are probably the result 
 of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. 
 In some localities, particularly in the valley of 
 the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut 
 channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the 
 nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- 
 cipitous scarps, but, for the most part, the 
 fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer 
 of detrital material. In the northwest there is a 
 broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 
 
526 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, 
 and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are 
 many deep valleys, eroded by the action of 
 streams. The surface generally slopes toward 
 the south and southwest, but the uniformity is 
 broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one 
 in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses 
 the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois 
 at Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 
 850 feet above sea level, though the altitude of 
 Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. 
 That in the south consists of a range of hills in 
 the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from 
 Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are 
 also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. 
 The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess 
 County, just south of the Wisconsin State line 
 (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 
 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in 
 the south is in the northeast corner of Pope 
 County— 1,046 feet — a spur of the Ozark moun- 
 tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- 
 tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. 
 Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on 
 observations made under the auspices of the Illi- 
 nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The 
 lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth 
 (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean 
 level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. 
 The altitudes of a few prominent points are as 
 follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 
 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- 
 est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La 
 Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston 
 (Strawn), 770; in Will (Mon.ee), 804; in Pike 
 (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in 
 Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 
 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; 
 in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. 
 The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 
 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- 
 burg, 755; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- 
 ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of 
 the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, 
 little timber is found in the northern and central 
 portions of the State, and such growth as there 
 is, lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- 
 ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a 
 belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, 
 and, while they generally include few coniferous 
 trees, they abound in various species of oak, 
 black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- 
 lar, ash, elm, sugar maple, linden, honey locust, 
 cottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- 
 mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) 
 
 the cypress. From a commercial point of view, 
 Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber 
 over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago 
 is an accessible market for the product of the 
 forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of 
 lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- 
 ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, 
 with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- 
 logical Formations), more than compensates for 
 the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted 
 to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire 
 boundary of the State consists of navigable 
 waters. These, with their tributary streams, 
 ensure sufficient drainage. 
 
 TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system 
 for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances 
 upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended 
 to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the 
 cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and 
 transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- 
 cessful operation in Canada, Austi-alia, New Zea- 
 land and British Columbia for many years, and 
 it is also in force in some States in the American 
 Union. An act providing for its introduction 
 into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- 
 ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 
 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto 
 was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and 
 was approved, May 1, 1S97. It is far more elabo- 
 rate in its consideration of details, and is believed 
 to be, in many respects, much better adapted to 
 accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- 
 nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to 
 counties of the first and second class, and can be 
 adopted in no county except by a vote of a 
 majority of the qualified voters of the same — the 
 vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the 
 November or April elections, or at an election 
 for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only 
 county to adopt the system has been Cook, and 
 there it encountered strong opposition on the 
 part of certain parties of influence and wealth. 
 After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- 
 ing the question of the constitutionality of the 
 act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, 
 which tribunal finally upheld the law. — The 
 Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- 
 tration and of transfer for the more elaborate 
 deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under 
 it there can be no actual transfer of a title until 
 the same is entered upon the public land regis- 
 ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which 
 case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power 
 of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, 
 upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 527 
 
 or of the registration of a United States bond, 
 the actual transfer and public notice thereof 
 being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- 
 visions of the Illinois statute is given below: 
 Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and 
 required to give bonds of either 850,000 or $200,- 
 000, according to the population of the county. 
 Any person or corporation, having an interest in 
 land, may make application to any court having 
 chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto 
 registered. Such application must be in writ- 
 ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- 
 form, in matters of specification and detail, with 
 the requirements of the act. The court may refer 
 the application to one of the standing examiners 
 appointed by the Registrar, who are required to 
 be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- 
 amine into the title, as well as the truth of the 
 applicant's statements. Immediately upon the 
 filing of the application, notice thereof is given 
 by the clerk, through publication and the issuance 
 of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- 
 ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned 
 in the petition as having or claiming any inter- 
 est in the property described. Any person inter- 
 ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may 
 enter an appearance within the time allowed. A 
 failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a 
 confession by default. The court, in passing 
 upon the application, is in no case bound by the 
 examiner's report, but may require other and 
 further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes 
 upon all questions of title and incumbrance, 
 directing the Registrar to register the title in the 
 party in whom it is to be vested, and making 
 provision as to the manner and order in which 
 incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the 
 certificate to be issued. An appeal may be 
 allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the 
 time of entering the decree, upon like terms as 
 in other cases in chancery ; and a writ of error 
 may be sued out from that tribunal within two 
 years after the entry of the order or decree. 
 The period last mentioned may be said to be the 
 statutory period of limitation, after which the 
 decree of the court must be regarded as final, 
 although safeguards are provided for those who 
 may have been defrauded, and for a few other 
 classes of persons Upon the filing of the order 
 or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the 
 Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form 
 of which is prescribed by the act, making such 
 notations at the end as shall show and preserve 
 the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- 
 brances and changes to which the owner's title is 
 
 subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence 
 of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the 
 certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is 
 required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- 
 trar's office. In case any registered owner 
 should desire to transfer the whole or any part of 
 his estate, or any interest therein, he is required 
 to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, 
 together with the certificate of title last issued, 
 must be surrendered to the Registrar. That 
 official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- 
 ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered 
 certificate, as well as upon the corresponding 
 entry in his books of record. When land is first 
 brought within the operation of the act, the 
 receiver of the certificate of title is required to 
 pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of 
 the value of the land, the aggregate so received 
 to be deposited with and invested by the County 
 Treasurer, arid reserved as an indemnity fund 
 for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any 
 loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- 
 sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The 
 advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, 
 chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be 
 dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively 
 than under the old system ; it being possible to 
 close the entire transaction within an hour or 
 two, without the need of an abstract of title, 
 while (as the law is administered in Cook County) 
 the cost of transfer is only §3. It is asserted that 
 a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost 
 as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as 
 shares of stock or registered bonds. 
 
 TOULON, the county-seat of Stark County, on 
 the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad, 37 miles north- 
 northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of 
 Galva. Eesides the county court- house, the town 
 has five churches and a high school, an academy, 
 steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly 
 papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 
 1,057. 
 
 TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- 
 vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. 
 
 TOWNSHENI). Richard W., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Prince George's County, 
 Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 
 and 18 he attended public and private schools 
 at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to 
 Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same 
 time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- 
 Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 
 
528 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in ISO-, and where he began practice. From 1863 
 to 18G8 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, 
 and, from 1808 to 1S72, Prosecuting Attorney for 
 the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed 
 to Shawneetown, where he became an officer of 
 the Gallatin National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 
 he was a member of the Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and a delegate to the National 
 Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. 
 For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented 
 his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, 
 but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the 
 beginning of his seventh term. 
 
 TRACY, John M., artist, was born in Illinois 
 about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during 
 the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 
 1866-76; established himself as a portrait painter 
 in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as 
 a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- 
 ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. 
 Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. 
 
 TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers.) 
 
 TREAT, Samuel Hubbel, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y., 
 June 21, 1811, worked on his father's farm and 
 studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted 
 to practice. In 1834 he came to Springfield, 111. , 
 traveling most of the way on foot. Here he 
 formed a partnership with George Forquer, who 
 had held the offices of Secretary of State and 
 Attorney-General. In 1839 he was appointed a 
 Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the 
 Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the 
 Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the 
 time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1848. 
 Having been elected to the Supreme bench under 
 the new Constitution, he remained in office until 
 March, 1855, when he resigned to take the posi- 
 tion of Judge of the United States District Court 
 for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he 
 had been appointed by President Pierce. This 
 position he continued to occupy until his death. 
 which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. 
 Judge Treafs judicial career was one of the long- 
 est in the history of the State, covering a period 
 of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were 
 spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two 
 in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court. 
 
 TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of; Indian 
 Treaties. ) 
 
 TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Washington, D. C, Nov. 
 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War 
 of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- 
 
 sical and professional education, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. 
 Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- 
 sional career has been chiefly connected with 
 that city. In 1864 he was chosen President of 
 the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, 
 when he resigned. The three following years he 
 spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 
 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was 
 the Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
 Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- 
 date of his party for United States Senator, but 
 was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 
 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic 
 Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- 
 land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland 
 appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring 
 the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. 
 On March 3, 1889, he resigned this post and 
 returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by 
 President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- 
 national Monetary Conference at Washington. 
 The year before he had attended (although not as 
 a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- 
 sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, 
 where he exerted all his influence on the side of 
 humanity. In 1892 Belgium conferred upon him 
 the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its 
 commission to the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most 
 earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, 
 after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- 
 cate of the policy of retaining the territory 
 acquired from Spain. 
 
 TR EMONT, a town of Tazewell County, on the 
 Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast 
 of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone 
 exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. 
 
 TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 31 miles 
 east of St. Louis; in agricultural district; has 
 creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six 
 churches, a public school and one newspaper 
 Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904). about 2,000. 
 
 TROY, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Tei re Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis; has churches, a bank and 
 a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. 
 
 TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, 
 a native of Trimble County, Ky. , was born Feb. 
 12. 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father 
 having settled near Carrollton that year; was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 529 
 
 educated at Hillsboro and at McKendree College; 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth 
 Illinois Volunteers in 18(52, and was promoted 
 from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he 
 studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the 
 Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the 
 Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a 
 Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. 
 Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- 
 cessful candidate for the Republican nomination 
 for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro. 
 where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- 
 sion. Died July 26, 1900. 
 
 TRUMBULL, Lyman, statesman, was born at 
 Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from 
 a historical family, being a grand-nephew of 
 Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from 
 whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived 
 as an appellation for Americans. Having received 
 an academic education in his native town, at the 
 age of 16 he began teaching a district school near 
 his home, went South four years later, and en- 
 gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he 
 studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- 
 wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he 
 came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia. 
 Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremontand 
 La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a 
 village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At 
 Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice 
 from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- 
 gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, 
 which continued to be his home for twenty years. 
 His entrance into public life began with his elec- 
 tion as Representative in the General Assembly 
 in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, 
 by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- 
 tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. 
 Douglas, who, after holding the position only two 
 months, had resigned to accept a seat on the 
 Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, 
 when he was removed by Governor Ford. March 
 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), was elected a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 
 1852, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired 
 health. A year later (1854) he was elected to 
 Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- 
 Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, 
 was promoted to the United States Senate, as the 
 successor of General Shields in the memorable con- 
 test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of 
 eighteen years in the United States Senate (being 
 re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most 
 
 memorable in the history of that body, covering, 
 as it does, the whole history of the war for the 
 Union, and the period of reconstruction which 
 followed it. During this period, as Chairman of 
 the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more 
 to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- 
 struction measures than any other single member 
 of that body. While he disagreed with a large 
 majority of his Republican associates on the ques- 
 tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was 
 always found in sympathy with them on the vital 
 questions affecting the war and restoration of the 
 Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's 
 Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 
 he joined in the "Liberal Republican" movement 
 and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic 
 party, being their candidate for Governor in 
 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, 
 where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- 
 tinued in the practice of his profession until his 
 death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. 
 TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive 
 machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and 
 early State days. The mechanism consisted of an 
 upright shaft, into the upper end of which were 
 fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of 
 a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars 
 was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip 
 of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was 
 stretched around these pins and wrapped twice 
 around a circular piece of wood called a trundle 
 head, through which passed a perpendicular flat 
 bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually 
 about eighteen inches in diameter. From the 
 upright shaft projected a beam, to which were 
 hitched on6 or two horses, which furnished the 
 motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed 
 as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- 
 mentary contrivances were capable of grinding 
 about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. 
 
 TULEY, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Louisville, Ky., March 4, 1827, Of English 
 extraction and descended from the early settlers 
 of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven 
 years later, his mother, having married Col. 
 Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent 
 lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to 
 that city. Young Tuley began reading law with 
 his step-father and completed his studies at the 
 Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year 
 being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the 
 same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun 
 teers for service in the Mexican War, and was 
 commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having 
 ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 
 
530 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 practiced law, also served as Attorney-General 
 and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to 
 Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, 
 successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary 
 and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm 
 of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he 
 was Corporation Counsel, and during this time 
 framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, 
 under which the City of Chicago was reincor- 
 porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench 
 of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- 
 elected every six years thereafter, his last election 
 being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth 
 term, some ten years of his incumbency having 
 been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. 
 
 TCNN'ICLIFFE, Damon ft., lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Herkimer County, N. Y. , August 20, 
 1829 ; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- 
 tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a 
 time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
 subsequently studied law, and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself 
 at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built 
 up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he 
 was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- 
 lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, 
 by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a 
 seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice 
 Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one 
 of his first professional preceptors. 
 
 TURCHUV, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- 
 chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born 
 in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the 
 artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and 
 was commissioned ensign; participated in the 
 Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was 
 assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; 
 served through the Crimean "War, rising to the 
 rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff 
 officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to 
 this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five 
 years, was in the service of the Illinois Central 
 Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 
 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- 
 teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his 
 regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, 
 was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- 
 Generalship, being attached to the Army of the 
 Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After 
 the war he was. for six years, solicitor of patents 
 at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. 
 In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, 
 in Washington County, in this State, and settled 
 as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to 
 the press, writing usually on military or scientific 
 
 subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and 
 Battle of Chickamauga" (.Chicago, 1888). 
 
 TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and 
 manufacturing center in Winrield Township, Du 
 Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the 
 junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy. th(^ Elgin, Juliet & Eastern and the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town 
 has a rolling mill, manufactories of wagons and 
 pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five 
 churches, a graded school and two newspapers. 
 Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. 
 
 TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- 
 estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, 
 August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- 
 cation in the college there. During the Civil 
 War he served as First Lieutenant in the One 
 Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and 
 later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, 
 taking part in the operations about Richmond, 
 the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of 
 Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- 
 cago after the close of the war, he became con- 
 nected with the business office of "The Advance, " 
 but later was employed in the banking house of 
 Jay Cooke & Co., in Philadelphia. On the failure 
 of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago 
 and bought "The Advance." which he conducted 
 some two years, when he sold out and engaged in 
 the real estate business, with which he has since 
 been identified — being President of the Chicago 
 Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been 
 President of the Western Publishing Company 
 and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner 
 is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National 
 Guard and, on the declaration of war between the 
 United States and Spain, in April. 1898, promptly 
 resumed his connection with the First Regiment 
 of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de 
 Cuba during the fighting there — his regiment 
 being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- 
 ice in the field during the progress of the war. 
 Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- 
 mand and the entire nation by the manner in 
 which he discharged his duty. The regiment 
 was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when 
 he retired to private life. 
 
 TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was 
 born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y., Jan. 
 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his 
 native State, he became identified with the con- 
 struction and operation of railroads. Among the 
 works with which he was thus connected, were 
 the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie 
 and the Trov & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 531 
 
 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a 
 large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he 
 joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- 
 tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, 
 which had been incorporated in 1836. He became 
 President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in 
 constructing various sections of road in Northern 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become 
 portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. 
 He was also one of the original Directors of the 
 North Side Street Railway Company, organized 
 in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. 
 
 TURNER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and 
 agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 
 7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching 
 his majority, began teaching in a country school. 
 After spending a short time in an academy at 
 Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- 
 ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, 
 by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. 
 In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- 
 ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same 
 year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, 
 three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- 
 vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- 
 struction in nearly every branch embraced in the 
 college curriculum, though holding, during most 
 of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English 
 Literature. In 1847 he retired from college 
 duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, 
 in which he had always manifested a deep inter- 
 est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange 
 as a hedge- plant now occupied his attention for 
 many years, and its successful introduction in 
 Illinois and other Western States — where the 
 absence of timber rendered some substitute a 
 necessity for fencing purposes — was largely due 
 to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep 
 interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- 
 cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, 
 began formulating that system of industrial edu- 
 cation which, after twelve years of labor and 
 agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing 
 recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and 
 approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, 
 making liberal donations of public lands for the 
 establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the 
 several States, out of which grew the University 
 of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- 
 ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois 
 and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other 
 single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for 
 this magnificent achievement. (See Education, 
 and University of Illinois.) He was also one of 
 
 the chief factors in founding and building up 
 the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the 
 State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. 
 His address on "The Millennium of Labor," 
 delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at 
 Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- 
 ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A 
 zealous champion of free thought, in both political 
 and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach 
 which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only 
 to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally 
 accorded to those who had the courage and 
 independence to avow their honest convictions. 
 Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Congress— once as a Republican and once as 
 an "Independent" — and wrote much on political, 
 religious and educational topics. The evening of 
 an honored and useful life was spent among 
 friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for 
 more than sixty 3'ears, his death taking place in 
 that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 
 93 years.— Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- 
 ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. 
 
 TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 
 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent 
 three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- 
 tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, 
 locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected 
 Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- 
 ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, 
 in which capacity he secured the conviction and 
 punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- 
 port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a 
 Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The 
 Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport 
 Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the 
 county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he 
 was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year 
 becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a 
 member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in 
 May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor 
 Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
 and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- 
 ture, where he received the Democratic caucus 
 nomination for United States Senator against 
 General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, 
 and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he 
 went to Hot Springs. Ark., for medical treatment, 
 and died there, April 3 following. 
 
532 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of 
 Douglas County, located at the intersection of the 
 Illinois Central and two other trunk lines <>f rail- 
 way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles 
 east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it 
 has five churches, a graded school, a national 
 bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- 
 ments for the manufacture of carriages and 
 wagons Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; 
 (1900). 2,569. 
 
 TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VINCENIVES 
 RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas 
 City Railroad.) 
 
 TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born 
 at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. 
 After passing through the common schools of his 
 native county, he took a preparatory course in a 
 high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, 
 Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- 
 lege, Vt., graduating there in 1863. Immediately 
 thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- 
 burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- 
 pany of scouts attached to General Logan's 
 command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the 
 First Michigan Light Artillery, with which he 
 served until the close of the war, meanwhile 
 being twice promoted. During this time he was 
 with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, 
 and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with 
 General Thomas in the operations against the 
 rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the 
 battle of Nashville. Having resigned his coin- 
 mission in May, 1805, he took up the study of 
 law, which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- 
 nity while in the army, and was admitted to the 
 bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for 
 a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville 
 circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two 
 years later was elected City Attorney and re- 
 elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican 
 National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was 
 appointed United States District Attorney for 
 the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 
 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of 
 Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the 
 death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full 
 term in 1891, and again in 1897. 
 
 TYNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 
 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a 
 time in mercantile business, later being employed 
 in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- 
 ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, 
 he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he 
 engaged in mercantile business with his father; 
 
 then came to Illinois, a second time, in 1845, spend- 
 ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 
 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a 
 course of mathematical study, with a view to 
 fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession 
 of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in 
 engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he 
 was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie 
 Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. 
 In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. 
 Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of 
 President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city 
 of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, 
 when he received the Republican nomination for 
 Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in 
 office four years. He was an earnest advocate, 
 and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- 
 tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session 
 of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he 
 continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- 
 ployed for a time in the survey of the Oilman, 
 Clinton & Springfield Railway — now the Spring- 
 field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early 
 hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while 
 going from his home to the railroad station at 
 Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was 
 assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- 
 posed for the purpose of robbery — his dead body 
 being found a few hours later at the scene of the 
 tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. 
 Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a 
 high reputation by his services during the war. 
 His second wife, who survived him, was a 
 daughter of Shadrach Penn, an editor of con- 
 siderable reputation who was the contemporary 
 and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for 
 some years. 
 
 "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A 
 history of Illinois would be incomplete without 
 reference to the unique system which existed 
 there, as in other Northern States, from forty to 
 seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- 
 terious title of "The Underground Railroad." 
 The origin of the term has been traced (probably 
 in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of 
 a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- 
 tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised 
 by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had 
 reached the opposite shore, that he was led to 
 remark. "The nigger must have gone off on an 
 underground road." From "underground road'' 
 to "underground railroad." the transition would 
 appear to have been easy, especially in view of 
 the increased facility with which the work was 
 performed when railroads came into use. For 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 533 
 
 readers of the present generation, it may be well 
 to explain what "The Underground Railroad" 
 really was It may be defined as the figurative 
 appellation for a spontaneous movement in the 
 free States — extending, sometimes, into the 
 slave States themselves — to assist slaves in their 
 efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The 
 movement dates back to a period close to the 
 Revolutionary War, long before it received a 
 definite name. Assistance given to fugitives 
 from one State by citizens of another, became a 
 cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- 
 ment was organized. In fact, the first President 
 himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was 
 so strong against his return, that the patriotic 
 and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose 
 to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite 
 a mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the 
 minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- 
 ter was already one of concern in the minds of 
 slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision 
 was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- 
 ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from 
 labor, as well as from justice, from one State to 
 another. 
 
 In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave 
 Law, which was signed by President Washing- 
 ton. This law provided that the owner, his 
 agent or attorney, might follow the slave into 
 any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- 
 davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled 
 to a warrant for his return. Any person who 
 should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who 
 should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him 
 to be such, was subject to a fine of 8500 for each 
 offense. — In 1850, fifty-seven years later, the first 
 act having proved inefficacious, or conditions 
 having changed, a second and more stringent 
 law was enacted. This is the one usually referred 
 to in discussions of the subject. It provided for 
 an increased fine, not to exceed SI, 000, and im- 
 prisonment not exceeding six months, with 
 liability for civil damages to the party injured. 
 No proof of ownership was required beyond the 
 statement of a claimant, and the accused was not 
 permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the 
 United States Commissioner, before whom the 
 case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for 
 the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed 
 to many an indirect form of bribery : clearly, it 
 made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to 
 decide in favor of the claimant. The law made 
 it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, 
 and carry into slavery, any free negro who could 
 
 not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that 
 he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. 
 
 Instead of discouraging the disposition, on 
 the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- 
 tives in their efforts to reach a region where 
 they would be secure in their freedom, the effect 
 of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793 
 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- 
 site of that intended by its authors — unless, 
 indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The 
 provisions of the act seemed, to man} - people, so 
 unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit 
 and refused to be made parties to its enforce 
 ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- 
 ment of the North, and stimulated the active 
 friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in 
 their behalf. New efforts on the part of the 
 slaveholders were met by a determination to 
 evade, hinder and nullify the law. 
 
 And here a strange anomaly is presented. The 
 slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, 
 was acting within his constitutional and legal 
 rights. The slave was his pi-operty in law. He 
 had purchased or inherited his bondman on the 
 same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart 
 from the right to hold a human being in bond- 
 age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good 
 as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- 
 tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- 
 senting so much of money value, and whoever 
 was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, 
 both theoretically and technically, a partner in 
 robber}'. Therefore he looked on "The Under- 
 ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en 
 tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its 
 operation. On the other hand, men who were, 
 in all other respects, good citizens — often relig- 
 iously devout and pillars of the church — became 
 bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation 
 to this sort of property. They set at nought a 
 plain provision of the Constitution and the act of 
 Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of 
 personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and 
 imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- 
 cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the 
 fugitive and helped him forward on every 
 occasion. And why'? Because they saw in him 
 a man, witli the same inherent right to "life, 
 liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they 
 themselves possessed. To them this was a higher 
 law than any Legislature, State or National, could 
 enact. They denied that there could be truly 
 such a thing as property in man. Believing that 
 the law violated human rights, they justified 
 themselves in rendering it null and void. 
 
534 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 For the most part, the "Underground Rail- 
 road" operators and promoters were plain, 
 obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for 
 notoriety. Yet there were some whose names 
 are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell 
 Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and 
 Theodore Parker of Massachusetts ; Gerrit Smith 
 and Thurlow Weed of New York; Joshua R. 
 Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Lovejoy of Illinois. 
 These had their followers and sympathizers in 
 all the Northern States, and even in some por- 
 tions of the South It is a curious fact, that 
 some of the most active spirits connected with 
 the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the 
 South, or had resided there long enough to 
 become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- 
 tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of 
 being the "President of the Underground Rail- 
 road" — at least so far as the region west of the 
 Ohio was concerned — was an active operator on 
 the line in North Carolina before his removal 
 from that State to Indiana in 1806. Indeed, as a 
 system, it is claimed to have had its origin at 
 Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 
 1S19, though the evidence of this may not be 
 conclusive. 
 
 Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, 
 no official reports were made, no lists of officers, 
 conductors, station agents or operators preserved, 
 and few records kept which are now accessible. 
 Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the 
 personal recollection of individual operators for 
 a history of their transactions. Each station on 
 the road was the house of a "friend" and it is 
 significant, in this connection, that in every 
 settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was 
 sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For 
 this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most 
 frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- 
 vania, and then on towards New York or directly 
 to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to 
 Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it 
 offered" the shortest route through free soil to 
 Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any 
 other State, although Indiana was pretty 
 thoroughly "grid ironed" by roads to freedom. 
 In all, however, the routes were irregular, often 
 zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- 
 ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from 
 one station to another The "train" was some- 
 times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for 
 market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- 
 quently a closed carriage, and it is related that 
 once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying 
 
 a large party, were made to represent a funeral 
 procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, 
 for convenience of sidetracking into the woods 
 or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- 
 motive. 
 
 Then, again, there were not wanting law3'ers 
 who, in case the operator, conductor or station 
 agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or 
 reward, to defend either him or his human 
 freight in the courts. These included such 
 names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, 
 Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sumner, William H. 
 Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, 
 and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole 
 country over, their "name was legion." And 
 there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas 
 Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money 
 by thousands to their assistance. Although 
 technically acting in violation of law — or, as 
 claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher 
 law" — the time has already come when there is a 
 disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain 
 sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging 
 to the field of romance. 
 
 The most comprehensive collection of material 
 relating to the history of this movement has 
 been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The 
 Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- 
 dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State 
 University ; and, while it is not wholly free from 
 errors, both as to individual names and facts, it 
 will probably remain as the best compilation of 
 history bearing on this subject — especially as the 
 principal actors are fast passing away. One of 
 the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is 
 a map purporting to give the principal routes 
 and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, 
 yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- 
 ness of personal names given, has been questioned 
 by some best informed on the subject. As 
 might be expected from its geographical position 
 between two slave States — Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri — on the one hand, and the lakes offering a 
 highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally 
 to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- 
 ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- 
 thizer. 
 
 The period of greatest activity of the system in 
 this State was between 1840 and 1861— the latter 
 being the year when the pro-slavery part}" in the 
 South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the 
 Union, took the business out of the hands of the 
 secret agents of the "Underground Railroad," 
 and — in a certain sense — placed it in the hands 
 of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 535 
 
 ham Lincoln — then a conservative opponent of 
 the extension of slavery — on an appeal from a 
 judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- 
 well County, in favor of the holder of a note 
 given for the service of the indentured slave- 
 girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine 
 that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 
 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the 
 note, given to the person who claimed to be her 
 owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious 
 coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as 
 President of the United States, in the second 
 year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the 
 Proclamation of Emancipation which finally 
 resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs 
 of every slave in the Union. 
 
 In the practical operation of aiding fugitives 
 in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along 
 the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 
 should have served as a sort of entrepots, or 
 initial stations, for the reception of this class of 
 freight — especially if adjacent to some anti- 
 slavery community. This was the case at Ches- 
 ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where 
 a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was 
 located, and whence a route extended, by way of 
 Oakdale, Nashville and Centralia, in the direction 
 of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to 
 Bond County, where there was a community of 
 anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- 
 tives could be forwarded northward by way of 
 Jerseyville, Waverly and Jacksonville, about 
 each of which there was a strong anti-slavery 
 sentiment. Quincv, in spite of an intense hos- 
 tility among the mass of the community to any- 
 thing savoring of abolitionism, became the 
 theater of great activity on the part of the 
 opponents of the institution, especially after the 
 advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- 
 ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves 
 obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending 
 aid to fugitives. The former was a practical 
 abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his 
 native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and 
 attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles 
 from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. 
 Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission 
 Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- 
 seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating 
 young men for missionary work. The "Insti- 
 tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- 
 souri, while three young men who had been 
 connected with it, having been caught in Mis- 
 souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- 
 
 ment in the penitentiary of that State — partly on 
 the testimony of a negro, although a negro was 
 not then a legal witness in the courts against a 
 white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before 
 Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit 
 Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, 
 and the judgment against him was Knally con- 
 firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 
 1852, ten years after the original indictment. 
 
 A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the 
 routes and principal stations of the "Undergound 
 Railroad," makes mention of the following places 
 in Illinois, in addition to those already referred 
 to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Payson 
 and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- 
 well; Metamora, in Woodford; Magnolia, in Put- 
 nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home 
 of Owen Love joy and the Bryants), in Bureau; 
 and many more. Ottawa appears to have been 
 the meeting point of a number of lines, as well 
 as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- 
 litionists. Cairo also became an important 
 transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, 
 after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road, especially as it offered the speediest way of 
 reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the 
 lines converged. It was here that the fugitives 
 could be most safely disposed of by placing them 
 upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- 
 mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian 
 soil. 
 
 As to methods, these differed according to cir- 
 cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or 
 the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- 
 ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, 
 near Metamora, had a route towards Magnolia, 
 Putnam County; and his favorite "car" was a 
 farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. 
 The passengers were snugly placed below, and 
 grain sacks, filled with bran or other light material, 
 were laid over, so that the whole presented the 
 appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its 
 way to market. The same was true as to stations 
 and routes. One, who was an operator, says: 
 "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- 
 tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the 
 time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery 
 man to the east or the north. As a general rule, 
 the agent preferred not to know anything beyond 
 the operation of his own immediate section of the 
 road. If he knew nothing about the operations 
 of another, and the other knew nothing of his, 
 they could not be witnesses in court. 
 
 We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. 
 Hurd. of Chicago, that runaways were usually 
 
536 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the 
 Lakes, there being several steamers available for 
 that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were 
 put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United 
 States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, 
 secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the 
 places of colored stevedores carrying wood 
 aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a 
 nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in 
 this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- 
 ber" in this instance — for the masters. 
 
 Among the notable trials for assisting runaways 
 in violation of the Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- 
 tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, 
 were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and 
 Deacon Cushing of Will County, both of whom 
 were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- 
 cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of 
 Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors 
 and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1839, for 
 assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- 
 cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards 
 w tdely known through the northern part of the 
 State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac 
 N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- 
 tace, Edward S. Leland and E. C. Larned. Joseph 
 T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, 
 taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but 
 acquitted on trial. 
 
 Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. 
 Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, 
 Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the 
 escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when 
 the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. 
 "The National Corporation Reporter," a few 
 years ago, gave an account of this affair, together 
 with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states 
 that, after protracted litigation, during which 
 the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was 
 ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel 
 D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and 
 costs —the latter amounting to twenty dollars. 
 The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well 
 as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." 
 It did not always happen, however, that offenders 
 escaped so easily. 
 
 Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, 
 and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the 
 Fugitive Slave Law. relates the following: Once, 
 when the trial of a fugitive was going on before 
 Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor 
 of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in 
 the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance 
 filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining 
 sidewalk In some way the prisoner got mixed 
 
 in with the audience, and passed down over the 
 heads of those on the stairs, where the officers 
 were unable to follow. 
 
 In another case, tried before United States 
 Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was 
 made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to 
 the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored. " 
 The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- 
 clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large 
 copper cent, that he might make comparison. 
 The decision was, that the prisoner was "off 
 color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the 
 room before the officers could re-arrest him, as 
 they had been instructed to do. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor 
 Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi 
 cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- 
 iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies 
 at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and 
 Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present 
 village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County). 
 Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders 
 of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey 
 and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- 
 tors in other parts of the State. Other active 
 agents or promoters, in the same field, included 
 such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- 
 ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Fiver. Zrbina East- 
 man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young 
 Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of 
 Chicago, whose names have already been men- 
 tioned; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard. J. K. 
 Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and 
 Adams County ; President Ruf us Blanchard of 
 Knox College, Galesburg ; John Leeper of Bond ; 
 the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of 
 Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four 
 sons— Joseph T., Levi P., Parker. Jr., and Mark 
 — of Woodford County; Rev. AVilliam Sloane of 
 Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salle, besides a 
 host who were willing to aid their fellow men in 
 their aspirations to freedom, without advertising 
 their own exploits. 
 
 Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- 
 road" in Illinois is one which had some importance 
 politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene 
 in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no 
 full account has ever been written. About 1855, 
 Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a 
 New Englander by birth, purchased a large body 
 of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark 
 County, and, taking up his residence temporarily 
 in the village of Bradford, began its improve- 
 ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi 
 a negro, gray -haired and bent with age. a slave 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 537 
 
 of probably no great value. "'Old Mose," as he 
 was called, soon came to be well known and a 
 favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly 
 stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; 
 that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then 
 of recent date), he had a constitutional right to 
 take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that 
 •'Old Mose" was just as much his property in 
 Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident 
 to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois 
 was an experiment to test the law and the feel- 
 ings of the Northern people. This being the case, 
 a shrewd play would have been to let him have 
 his wajr till other slaves should have been 
 brought to stock the new plantation But this 
 was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to 
 whom the holding of a slave in the free State of 
 Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was 
 feared that he might take the old negro back to 
 Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was 
 reported, also, that '"Old Mose" was ill-treated; 
 that he was given only the coarsest food in a 
 back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead 
 of being permitted to eat at table with the family. 
 The prairie citizen of that time was very par 
 ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired 
 man or woman, debarred from the table of his or 
 her employer, would not have remained a day. 
 A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed 
 the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom 
 joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and 
 another equally daring, met him by the light of 
 the stars and, before morning, he was placed in 
 the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty 
 miles away. From there lie was speedily 
 "franked" by the member of Congress to friends 
 in Canada. 
 
 There was a great commotion in Bradford over 
 the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his 
 friends denounced the act in terms bitter and 
 profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- 
 petrators. The conductors were known only to a 
 few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's 
 part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. 
 Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he 
 related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the 
 Representative in Congress from his district. 
 During the next session of Congress, Singleton 
 took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a 
 "nigger-stealer," citing the case of "Old Mose. " 
 Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and 
 dramatic style, making a speech which ensured 
 his election to Congress for life — "Is it desired to 
 call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive 
 slaves'?" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- 
 
 ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the 
 village, and he aids every slave that comes to his 
 door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of 
 Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble 
 threshold and forbid me to give bread to the 
 hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you 
 defiance, in the name of my God!" 
 i With another incident of an amusing charac- 
 ter this article may be closed: Hon. J. Young 
 Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving 
 at the escape of a slave from officers of the law, 
 was asked by the court what he would do if sum- 
 moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a 
 fugitive. "I would eertainly obey the summons," 
 he replied, "but — I should probably stub my toe 
 and fall down before I reached him." 
 
 Note.— Those who wish to pursue the subject of the 
 " Underground Kailroad " in Illinois further, are referred 
 to the work of Dr. Siebert, already mentioned, and to the 
 various County Histories which have been issued and may 
 be found in the public libraries; also for interesting inci- 
 dents, to '• Reminiscences of Levi Coffin," Johnson's 
 " From Dixie to Canada," Fetit's Sketches, "Still, Under- 
 ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by 
 James H. Fairchild, ex-President of Oberlin College. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator 
 and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, 
 N. Y., Feb. 21, 1818, and, after admission to the 
 bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began 
 practice in 1840 The following year he was 
 elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. 
 In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, 
 sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this 
 period he declined a nomination to Congress, 
 although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he 
 was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. 
 He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to 
 the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, 
 Sept. 23, 1875. 
 
 UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties 
 into which Illinois was divided at the time of its 
 admission as a State — having been organized, 
 under the Territorial Government, in January, 
 1818. It is situated in the southern division of 
 the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
 River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The 
 eastern and interior portions are drained by the 
 Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part 
 of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom 
 lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject 
 to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is 
 hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- 
 bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. 
 Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 
 
538 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 potter's clay are found in considerable abun- 
 dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor 
 tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or 
 tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- 
 culture, although manufacturing is carried on to 
 a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. 
 Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and 
 Anna important shipping stations. The latter is 
 the location of the Southern Hospital for the 
 Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, 
 was 21,529. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph 
 and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties 
 in the State, many prominent men found their 
 first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- 
 boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong 
 influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. 
 
 UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret polit- 
 ical and patriotic order which had its origin 
 early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- 
 pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and 
 counteracting the machinations of the secret 
 organizations designed to promote the success of 
 the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the 
 order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, 
 June 25, 1802, consisting of eleven members, as 
 follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, 
 Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom 
 (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, 
 Rev. J. W. M. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- 
 ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. 
 Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- 
 rett. One of the number was a Union refugee 
 from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from 
 memory, as administered to members of a some- 
 what similar order which had been organized 
 among the Unionists of his own State. It sol- 
 emnly pledged the taker, (1) to preserve invio- 
 late the secrets and business of the order ; (2) to 
 "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil 
 liberties of the Union of these United States 
 against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, 
 at all times and under all circumstances," even 
 "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life*'; (3) to aid 
 in electing only true Union men to offices of 
 trust in the town, county, State and General 
 Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend 
 any member of the order who might be in peril 
 from his connection with the order, and (5) to 
 obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council 
 to which the taker of the oath might be attached. 
 The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- 
 ration of Independence and Constitution of the 
 United States, the taker pledging his sacred 
 honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the 
 organization existed in the activity, about this 
 
 time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle,'" a 
 disloyal organization which had been introduced 
 from the South, and which afterwards took the 
 name, in the North, of "American Knights" and 
 "Sons of Liberty. " (See Secret Treasonable Soci- 
 eties.) Three months later, the organization had 
 extended to a number of other counties of the 
 State and, on the 25th of September following, 
 the first State Council met at Bloomington — 
 twelve counties being represented — and a State 
 organization was effected. At this meeting the 
 following general officers were chosen: Grand 
 President — Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall 
 County (now of Chicago) ; Grand Vice-President 
 — Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- 
 tary — George H. Harlow, of Tazewell; Grand 
 Treasurer — H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- 
 shal— J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald — 
 A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel — John E. 
 Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee 
 was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill 
 of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- 
 land, of Morgan County ; J. K. Warren, of Macon ; 
 Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle ; the President, 
 Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and 
 John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this 
 Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, 
 the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly 
 revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- 
 ally changed the phraseology and removed some 
 of the crudities of the original obligation, as well 
 as increased the beauty and impressiveness of 
 the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and 
 pass-words were also adopted, which were finally 
 accepted by the various organizations of the 
 order throughout the Union, which, by this time, 
 included man}- soldiers in the army, as well as 
 civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council 
 was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with 
 only seven counties represented. The limited 
 representation was discouraging, but the mem- 
 bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- 
 ernor Yates, addressed to a committee of the 
 order who waited upon him. At a special ses- 
 sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, 
 six days later, a vigorous campaign was 
 mapped out, under which agents were sent 
 into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- 
 tober, 1862, the strength of the order in Illi- 
 nois was estimated at three to five thousand ; 
 a few months later, the number of enrolled 
 members had increased to 50,000 — so rapid 
 had been the growth of the order. On March 
 25, 1863, a Grand Council met in Chicago — 
 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 539 
 
 a number from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- 
 sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a 
 Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of 
 organization for a National Grand Council, which 
 was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th 
 of May following — the constitution, ritual and 
 signs of the Illinois organization being adopted 
 ■with slight modifications. The lcvised obligation 
 — taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence and the Constitution of the United 
 States — bound members of the League to "sup- 
 port, protect and defend the Government of the 
 United States and the flag thereof, against all 
 enemies, foreign and domestic," and to" bear true 
 faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend 
 the State against invasion or insurrection"; to 
 support only "true and reliable men" for offices 
 of trust and profit; to protect and defend 
 worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the 
 secrets of the order. The address to new mem- 
 bers was a model of impressiveness and a powerful 
 appeal to their patriotism. The organization 
 extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- 
 west, but in the South also, especially in the 
 army. In 18G4 the number of Councils in Illinois 
 was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 
 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- 
 bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. 
 The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- 
 ive, operations of the organization, was shown, 
 not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and 
 support of the war policy of the Government, 
 but in the raising of supplies for the sick and 
 wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few 
 weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over $25,000 in 
 cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent 
 to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the 
 Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct 
 result of appeals made through circulars sent out 
 by the officers of the "League." Large contri- 
 butions of money and supplies also reached the 
 sick and wounded in hospital through the medium 
 of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous 
 efforts were made by the opposition to get at the 
 secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete 
 copy of the ritual was published by one of their 
 organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of 
 what was anticipated, that this line of attack was 
 not continued. During the stormy session of the 
 Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have 
 rendered effective service in protecting Gov- 
 ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It 
 continued its silent but effective operations until 
 the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it 
 ceased to exist as a political organization. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- 
 ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, 
 from the date of the admission of the State into 
 the Union until 1899, with the date and duration 
 of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-24; 
 Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 
 1824-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; 
 David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; 
 John M. Robinson, 1830-41; William L. D. Ewing, 
 1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- 
 Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James 
 Semple, 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; 
 James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-73; 
 Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- 
 ardson, 1863-65 ; Richard Yates, 1865-71 ; John A. 
 Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 
 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. Cullom, 
 first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and '95, 
 his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far- 
 well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; 
 William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term 
 expiring, March 4, 1903. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The New). One 
 of the leading educational institutions of the 
 country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth 
 of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- 
 tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). 
 to supply the place which the original institution 
 of the same name had been designed to fill. (See 
 University of Chicago— Tlie Old.) The following 
 year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- 
 dered a contribution of $600, 000 toward the endow- 
 ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing 
 additional pledges to the amount of $400,000 by 
 June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the 
 sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering 
 four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was 
 secured — two and one-half blocks being acquired 
 by purchase for $282,500, and one and one-half 
 (valued at $125,000) donate.! by Mr. Marshall 
 Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- 
 tion effected, Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of 
 the institution was tendered to, and accepted by, 
 Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the 
 University has been the recipient of other gener- 
 ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, 
 until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed $10,- 
 000,000. Of this amount over one-half has been 
 contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has 
 pledged himself to make additional contributions 
 of $2,000,000, conditioned upon the raising of a 
 like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The 
 buildings erected on the campus, prior to 1890, 
 include a chemical laboratory costing $182,000; a 
 lecture hall, S1."0,000; a physical laboratory 
 
540 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLIXoIS. 
 
 §150,000; a museum, §100,000; an academy dor- 
 mitory, 830,000; three dormitories for women, 
 §150,000; two dormitories for men, §100,000, to 
 which several important additions were made, 
 during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 
 150 instructors, selected with reference to their 
 fitness for their respective departments from 
 among the most eminent scholars in America and 
 Europe. Women are admitted as students and 
 graduated upon an equality with men. The work 
 of practical instruction began in October, 1892, 
 with. 589 registered students, coming from nearly 
 every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- 
 ates from other institutions, to which accessions 
 were made, during the year, raising the aggregate 
 to over 900. The second year the number ex- 
 ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the 
 fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- 
 sentatives from every State of the Union, besides 
 many from foreign countries. Special features 
 of the institution include the admission of gradu- 
 ates from other institutions to a post-graduate 
 course, and the University Extension Division, 
 which is conducted largely by means of lecture 
 courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers 
 in the vicinity of the University, non-resident 
 students having the privilege of written exami- 
 nations. The various libraries embrace over 
 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong 
 to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," 
 besides a large and valuable collection of maps 
 and pamphlets. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an 
 educational institution at Chicago, under the 
 care of the Baptist denomination, for some years 
 known as the Douglas University. Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten 
 acres of land, in what was then near the southern 
 border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an 
 institution of learning, provided buildings cost- 
 ing 8100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- 
 lated time. The corner-stone of the main building 
 was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of 
 that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- 
 las extended the time, and finally deeded the 
 land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen 
 years the institution led a precarious existence, 
 struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- 
 gages to the amount of §320,000 having accumu- 
 lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and 
 acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- 
 closure proceedings. The original plan of the 
 institution contemplated preparatory and col- 
 legiate departments, together with a college of 
 law and a theological school. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILIINOIS, the leading edu- 
 cational institution under control of the State, 
 located at Urbana and adjoining the city of 
 Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 
 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under 
 Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an 
 appropriation of public lands to States — 30,000 
 acres for- each Senator and each Representative in 
 Congress — establishing colleges for teaching agri- 
 culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the 
 exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- 
 scrip under this grant was issued and placed in 
 the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of 
 Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- 
 ized in March, 1867, the institution being located 
 the same year. Departments and courses of study 
 were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of 
 Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). — The 
 landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early 
 day for what it wonld bring in open market, 
 except 25,000 acres, which was located in Ne- 
 braska and Minnesota. This has recently been 
 sold, realizing a larger sum than was received 
 for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire 
 sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- 
 gregates §613,026. The University revenues were 
 further increased by donations from Congress to 
 each institution organized under the Act of 1862, 
 of 815,000 per annum for the maintenance of an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of 
 a similar amount for instruction — the latter to be 
 increased $1,000 annually until it should reach 
 §25 000. — A mechanical building was erected in 
 1871, and this is claimed to have been the first of 
 its kind iu America intended for strictly educa- 
 tional purposes. What was called "the main 
 building" was formally opened in December, 
 1873. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall," 
 opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall, " 1894; 
 a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- 
 cipal structures and a number of smaller ones 
 have been erected as conditions -equired. The 
 value of property aggregates nearly §2,500,000, and 
 appropriations from the State, for all purposes, 
 previous to 1904, foot up §5,123,517.90.— Since 
 1871 the institution has been open to women. 
 The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- 
 istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and 
 general sciences, languages and literature, eco- 
 nomics, household science, trade and commerce. 
 The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 
 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected 
 with the University: a College of Law and a 
 Library School were opened in 1897, and the same 
 year the Chicago College of Physicians and Sur- 
 
a .2 
 
 a > 
 
 J3 S 
 
 •- a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 541 
 
 geons ivas affiliated as the College of Medicine — a 
 School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 
 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural 
 History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 
 1S88, from which bulletins are sent to farmers 
 throughout the State who may desire them. — The 
 first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- 
 trial University," but, in 18S5, this was changed 
 to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees 
 (of whom there are nine) were made elective by 
 popular vote — three being elected every two 
 years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, 
 having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was 
 succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had 
 been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- 
 ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties 
 of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas 
 J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew 
 Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction of the State of New "York, was 
 installed as President, serving until 1904. — The 
 corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- 
 fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 
 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special 
 lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- 
 ber of students has increased rapidly in recent 
 years, as shown by the following totals for suc- 
 cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 
 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824; 
 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- 
 ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 
 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 
 2 5 1 7 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- 
 demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments 
 in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- 
 lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, 
 and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- 
 sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 
 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 
 15 850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- 
 ural History. — The University occupies a con- 
 spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres 
 adjacent to the line between Uibana. and Cham- 
 paign, and near the residence portion of the two 
 cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which 
 stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed 
 with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, 
 otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with 
 fine landscape effects. 
 
 UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to 
 the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, 
 acts were passed by the General Assembly, 
 at different times, providing for the organiza- 
 tion of a number of others, a few of which 
 
 were subsequently organized under different 
 names, but the majority of which were never 
 organized at all— the proposition for such or- 
 ganization being rejected by vote of the people 
 within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to 
 lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- 
 ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing 
 them, nd the territory which they were in- 
 tended to include, were as follows: Allen 
 County (1841) — comprising portions of Sanga- 
 mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon 
 (Audubon) County (1843) — from portions of Mont- 
 gomery, Fayette and Shelby ; Benton County 
 (1843) — from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; 
 Coffee County (1837) — -with substantially the 
 same territory now comprised within the bound- 
 aries of Stark County, authorized two years 
 later; Dane County (1839) — name changed to 
 Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) — 
 from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- 
 prising territory since partially incorporated 
 in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) — from 
 Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County 
 (1843), changed (1847) to Highland — compris- 
 ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act 
 was accepted, with Columbus as the county- 
 seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- 
 gan County (1837) — from a part of Cook; Milton 
 County (1843) — from the south part of Vermil- 
 ion; Okaw County (1841) — comprising substan- 
 tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized 
 under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) — from 
 parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- 
 ties, and covering substantially the same terri- 
 tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen 
 County ten years earlier. The last act of this 
 character was passed in 1867, when an attempt 
 was made to organize Lincoln Count}' out o. 
 parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but whicu 
 failed for want of an affirmative vote. 
 
 UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, 
 situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 
 1$ miles northeast of Alton— laid out in 1816. It 
 has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff 
 College and the Western Military Academy, the 
 former founded about 1831, and controlled by the 
 Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are 
 found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery 
 manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,373. 
 
 UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born 
 at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from 
 Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago 
 in 1S55, and began newspaper work on "The 
 Native American," the following year taking 
 the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 
 
542 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 nal." In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic 
 on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time 
 also as its war correspondent in the field, later 
 (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- 
 torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded 
 as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. 
 Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- 
 eral years, has been Vice-President of the "Trib- 
 une"' Company. Besides numerous contributions 
 to magazines, his works include: "Letters of 
 Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of 
 German Love," translated from the German of 
 Max Muller (1879) ; "Woman in Music" (1880) ; 
 "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. — 1883-84); 
 besides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, 
 cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). 
 
 URBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat 
 of Champaign County, on the "Big Four," the 
 Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 
 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- 
 ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 The mechanical industries include extensive rail- 
 road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and 
 lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' 
 Home and Orphanage is located here. The city 
 has water-works, gas and electric light plants, 
 electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior 
 schools, nine churches, three banks and three 
 newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University 
 of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900), 5,728. 
 
 USREY, William J., editor and soldier, was 
 born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 
 16, 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before 
 reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., 
 where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when 
 he enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, for the Mexican War. In 
 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- 
 lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- 
 icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, 
 conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted 
 in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was 
 appointed Adjutant. Although born and edu- 
 cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest 
 opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of 
 his paper in opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska 
 Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers 
 of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- 
 Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree 
 upon a line of policy in opposition to the further 
 extension of slavery, and, when that body met at 
 Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- 
 tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial 
 steps which resulted in the organization of the 
 Republican party in Illinois. (See Anti-Nebraska 
 
 Editorial Convention.) After returning from 
 the war he resumed his place as editor of "The 
 Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper 
 work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the 
 city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again 
 under the administration of President Grant; 
 served also as a member of the City Council and 
 was a member of the local Post of the G. A R., 
 and Secretary of the Macon County Association 
 of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, 
 Jan. 20, 1894. 
 
 UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of 
 La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the 
 Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also 
 believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia 
 village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, 
 when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is 
 produced here ; it also has several factories or 
 mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1,094; (1900), 1,150. 
 
 VAN ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was 
 born at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- 
 ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to 
 live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood; 
 later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning 
 practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed 
 to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of 
 Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- 
 nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, 
 being for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in 
 organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned 
 its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on 
 account of illness. After spending some time in 
 California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 
 1865. His later years were spent in California, 
 dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. 
 
 YANDALIA, the principal city and county-seat 
 of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- 
 kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 
 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles 
 east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting 
 point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, 
 Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the 
 capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of 
 government being removed to Springfield, the 
 latter year, in accordance with act of the General 
 Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- 
 tains a court house (old State Capitol building), 
 six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 543 
 
 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, 
 stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon 
 and brick works. Pop. (1890), 2,144; (1900), 2 665. 
 
 VANDEVEER, Horatio M., pioneer lawyer, 
 was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 
 1816 ; came with his family to Illinois at an ^arly 
 age, settling on Clear Creek, now in Christian 
 County; taught school and studied law, using 
 books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart 
 of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder 
 of Christian County and, soon after, appointed 
 Circuit Clerk, filling both offices three years. 
 He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 
 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the 
 General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the 
 State Senate (1862); in 1846, enlisted and was 
 chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican 
 War, but, having been rejected on account of the 
 quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- 
 master, in this capacity serving on the staff of 
 General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. 
 Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were 
 those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in 
 Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
 Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 
 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking 
 firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, 
 which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued 
 successfully during the remainder of his life. 
 Died, March 12, 1894. 
 
 VAN HORNE, William C, Railway Manager 
 and President, was born in Will County, 111., 
 February, 1843 ; began his career as a telegraph 
 operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, 
 was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- 
 cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being 
 General Manager or General Superintendent of 
 various other lines (1872-79). He next served as 
 General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General 
 Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he 
 assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was 
 elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its 
 President in 1888. His services have been recog- 
 nized by conferring upon him the order of 
 knighthood by the British Government. 
 
 VASSEUR, Noel C, pioneer Indian-trader, was 
 born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 
 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading 
 party to the West, crossing "Wisconsin by way of 
 the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued 
 by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- 
 ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of 
 the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the 
 
 region now embraced in Iroquois County, where 
 he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- 
 ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, 
 believed to have been the site of the present town 
 of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station 
 from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des 
 Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending 
 the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- 
 mained in trade until the removal of the Indians 
 west of the Mississippi, in which he served as 
 agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois 
 region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous 
 Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of 
 Watseka was named, and who had previously 
 been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His 
 later years were spent at Bourbonnais Grove, in 
 Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. 
 
 VENICE, a city of Madison County, on the 
 Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles 
 north of East St. Louis; is touched by six trunk 
 lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to 
 the new ''Merchants' Bridge," with its round- 
 house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, 
 electric lights, water-works, some manufactures 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900). 2,450. 
 
 VENICE & "CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See 
 Louisville, Evamsville & St. Louis (Consolidated) 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, 
 bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained 
 by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, 
 from which it takes its name. It was originally 
 organized in 1826, when it extended north to 
 Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square 
 miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819, 
 aided in attracting immigration to this region, 
 but the manufacture of salt was abandoned 
 many years ago. Early settlers were Sej-mour 
 Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston, Harvey 
 Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. 
 Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan 
 were the first County Commissioners. Many 
 interesting fossil remains have been found, 
 among them the skeleton of a mastodon (1868). 
 Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two 
 coal seams cross the county. The surface is level 
 and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural 
 product, although oats, wheat, rye. and potatoes 
 are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising and 
 wool-growing are important industries. There 
 are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- 
 ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining 
 is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- 
 ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890), 
 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 
 
544 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 YERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi- 
 nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of 
 McLean County, and, running northwestward 
 through Livingston and the southern part of 
 La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River 
 nearly opposite the city of La Salle : has a length 
 of about 80 miles. 
 
 VERMILIOX RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- 
 bash, formed by the union of the North. Middle 
 and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and 
 come together near Danv : lle in this State. It 
 flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in 
 Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is 
 about 28 miles long. The South Fork, however, 
 which rises in Champaign County and runs east- 
 ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The 
 Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 
 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- 
 times called the Big Vermilion, by way of 
 distinction. 
 
 VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at 
 junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 24 
 miles north of Beardstown; has a carriage manu- 
 factory flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, 
 electric light plant, besides two banks, four 
 churches, two graded schools, and one weekly 
 newspaper. An artesian well lias been sunk here 
 to the depth of 2 600 feet Pop. (1900), 1,195. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on 
 the Wabash Railway. 48 miles east of Quincy; is 
 in a timber and agricultural district; has a bank 
 and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 524. 
 
 VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, 
 situated on the Cairo and Vincennes branch of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railroad," 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It 
 has a court house, several churches, a graded 
 school, banks and two weekly newspapers. 
 Population (1880). 494; (1890). 828; (1900), 1.217. 
 
 VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- 
 trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western 
 Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at 
 Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When 
 he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, 
 then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper 
 Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- 
 mandant de Leba, aiid was extensively engaged 
 in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of 
 Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778, 
 he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- 
 ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, 
 and accepting Virginia Continental money, at 
 par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of 
 
 820,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy 
 of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, 
 where Vigo had considerable property, reduced 
 him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says 
 that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his 
 littlQ homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty 
 but cheerful to the last He was never recom- 
 pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf 
 of the American cause, though a tardy restitution 
 was attempted, after his death, by the United 
 States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. 
 He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., 
 March 22, 1835. 
 
 VILLA RIDGE, a village of Pulaski County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of 
 Cairo. Population, 500. 
 
 VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian 
 explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- 
 tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely 
 connected with Louis Joliet — probably his 
 brother-in-law, although some historians say that 
 he was the latter's nephew. He entered the 
 Canadian army as ensign in 1701, and had a long 
 and varied experience as an Indian fighter. 
 About 1725 he took up his residence on what is 
 now the site of the present city of Vincennes, 
 Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he 
 erected an earth fort and established a trading- 
 post. In 1726, under orders, he cooperated with 
 D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- 
 nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. 
 The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes 
 and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned 
 at the stake, together with Father Senat (a 
 Jesuit priest) and others of the command. 
 (See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of 
 Illinois.) 
 
 VIRDEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from 
 Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- 
 sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two 
 newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, 
 grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal 
 mines. Pop (1900),2,280;(schoolcensusl903),3,651. 
 
 VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of 
 the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- 
 field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, 
 and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It 
 lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. 
 There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- 
 factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two 
 National and one State bank, five churches, a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 545 
 
 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop (1890), 
 1.602; (1900), 1,600. 
 
 VOCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- 
 den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a 
 Government Secretary in the Prussian service. 
 Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- 
 grated to America in 1856, and, after a short 
 stay in New York, came to Chicago, where he 
 found employment as a paper-carrier for "The 
 Staats-Zeitung, " meanwhile giving his attention 
 to the study of law. Later, he became associated 
 with a real-estate firm ; on the commencement 
 of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a 
 three months' regiment, and, finally, in the 
 Twenty -fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- 
 ment), in which he rose to the rank of Captain. 
 Returning from the army, he was employed as 
 city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 
 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, 
 serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been 
 admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from 
 office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected 
 Representative in the Twenty-seventh General 
 Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in 
 framing "the burnt record act" made necessary 
 by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged 
 in the practice of his profession, having been, 
 for a number of years, attorney for the German 
 Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several 
 years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. 
 Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown 
 by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems 
 translated from the German, which has been 
 highly commended, besides a legal work on 
 "The Administration of Justice in the United 
 States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure 
 in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal 
 and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest 
 to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- 
 man Language, and is highly valued by German 
 lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a 
 member of the Republican National Convention 
 of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General 
 Grant for the Presidency a second time. 
 
 VOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois 
 sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), 
 N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was 
 a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., 
 and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his 
 shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- 
 ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only 
 self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. 
 Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in 
 the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two 
 years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he 
 
 modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the 
 city, having for his subject his first patron — the 
 "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a 
 life size marble statue of Douglas. In I860 he 
 made a portrait bust of Ateaham Lincoln, which 
 passed into the possession of the Chicago His- 
 torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire 
 of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-72, he 
 revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he 
 was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, 
 and was its President for eight years. He was 
 genial, companionable and charitable, and always 
 ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- 
 fessional brethren. His best known works are the 
 Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' 
 monuments in different parts of the country, 
 the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at 
 Watertown, N. Y., life-size statues of Lincoln 
 and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, 
 and numerous portrait busts of men eminent 
 in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. 
 Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. 
 
 YOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, 
 born in Prussia; April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the 
 United States and was admitted to the bar in 
 Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor 
 of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City 
 Attorney in 1852, and again in 1853; in 1861 
 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but 
 afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth 
 Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
 still later serving with his command in Vir- 
 ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of 
 the capture of that place in September, 1862, but 
 succeeded in cutting his way, with his command, 
 through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- 
 vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serv- 
 ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, 
 but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where he served 
 as Master in Chancery and was elected to the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876, 
 but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 23, 1888. 
 
 WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount 
 Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- 
 ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total 
 mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and 
 almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. — 
 (History.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878, as 
 successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- 
 ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the 
 Company purchased the Tamaroa & Mount Ver- 
 non Railroad, extending from Mount Vernon to 
 
546 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Tamaroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), 81,- 
 250,000; bonded indebtedness, $690,000; total 
 capitalization, $2,028,573. 
 
 WABASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast 
 corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The 
 county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, 
 and the first court house built at Centerville, in 
 May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the 
 county-seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash 
 River drains the county on the east; other 
 streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish 
 Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair 
 growth of timber. The chief industries are the 
 raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- 
 als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The 
 county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & 
 St. Louis and the Cairo and Vincennes Division 
 of the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 
 11,806; (1900), 12.5S3. 
 
 WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive railroad 
 system connecting the cities of Detroit and 
 Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council 
 Bluffs, on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. 
 Louis, Quincy and Altamont, III., and to Keokuk 
 and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) 
 is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- 
 nois — all of the latter being the property of the 
 company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- 
 ings and spurs. The company has trackage 
 privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 
 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and 
 over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 
 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. — (Ilis- 
 TORY.) A considerable portion of this road in 
 Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the 
 Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the 
 "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, 
 and embraces the only section of road completed 
 under that scheme — that between the Illinois 
 River and Springfield. (1) The construction of 
 this section was begun by the State, May 11, 
 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road 
 completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to 
 Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a 
 time by "mule power," but the income was in- 
 sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was 
 finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for 
 821,100 toX. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of 
 Springfield, and by them transferred to New 
 York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & 
 Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the 
 road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for 
 business in 1849. (2) In 1S53 two corporations 
 were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively. 
 
 under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad 
 and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, 
 which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash 
 & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 
 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- 
 sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- 
 ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the 
 name of the Great Western Railroad Company. 
 (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending 
 from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite 
 Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, 
 with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- 
 ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with 
 the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the 
 new organization taking the name of the main 
 line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The 
 Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from 
 Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 1863, 
 opened for business in 1870 and leased to the 
 Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted 
 on its interest in 1875, was placed in the hands 
 of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a 
 new company under the name of the Wabash 
 Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, 
 as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- 
 struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- 
 ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. 
 Louis (110.5 miles) under the name of the Deca- 
 tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River 
 Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was 
 acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to 
 Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & 
 St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection 
 from Logansport to Detroit. — In November, 1879, 
 the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- 
 pany was organized, took the property and con- 
 solidated it with certain lines west of the 
 Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, 
 Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- 
 jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 1870, 
 but, not having been constructed in 1881, the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was 
 known as the Chicago & Prducah Railroad, 
 uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by 
 way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- 
 ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. 
 At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific wai 
 operating the following additional leased lines: 
 Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles); Hannibal 
 & Central Missouri (70.2 miles); Lafayette, Mun- 
 cie & Bloomington (36.7 miles), and the Lafayette 
 Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection 
 between Chicago on the west and Toledo and 
 Detroit on the east was established over the 
 Grand Trunk road in 1882, but. in 1890, the com- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 547 
 
 pany constructed a line from Montpelier, Ohio, to 
 Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease 
 to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent 
 line between Chicago and Detroit by what is 
 known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago 
 Division. 
 
 The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & 
 Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 
 miles ; but, in May of that year, default having 
 been made in the payment of interest, the work 
 of disintegration began. The main line east of 
 the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- 
 rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash 
 Western." The Eastern Division was placed in 
 the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 
 1889, when the two divisions, having been 
 bought in by a purchasing committee, were 
 consolidated under the present name. The total 
 earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for 
 the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the 
 expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested 
 (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock 
 of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $81,- 
 534,000. 
 
 WABASH RIVER, rises in northwestern Ohio, 
 passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- 
 tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- 
 port, thence southwest to Covington, finally 
 turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles 
 below which it strikes the western boundary of 
 Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois 
 and Indiana (taking into account its numerous 
 windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes 
 it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and 
 enters the Ohio at the southwest extremity of 
 Indiana, near latitude 37° 49' north. Its length 
 is estimated at 557 miles. 
 
 WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
 (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 WABASH & WESTERN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original 
 suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was 
 born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- 
 cated in the public schools of his native place. 
 In his youth he entered a book-publishing house 
 in which his father was a partner, and was for a 
 time associated with the publication of a weekly 
 paper. Later the business was .conducted at 
 Boston, and extended over the Eastern, Middle, 
 and Southern States, the subject of this sketch 
 making extensive tours in the interest of the 
 firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, 
 
 reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following 
 year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made 
 his first entry of land from the Government. 
 Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- 
 tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 
 
 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 
 
 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond 
 County. Returning East in 1824, he spent the 
 next ten years in the employment of the publish- 
 ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 
 1835 he located permanently near Greenville, 
 Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- 
 ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest 
 apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 
 1845 he presided as chairman over the National 
 Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 
 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the 
 National Reform Association for Vice-President 
 on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, 
 but declined. He was also prominent in County 
 and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has 
 been credited with being one of the first (if not 
 the very first) to suggest the construction of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early 
 as 1835; was also one of the prime movers in the 
 construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- 
 road — now the "Vandalia Line" — giving much 
 time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many 
 years, and was one of the original incorporators 
 of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. 
 Died, July 17, 1865. 
 
 WALKER, Cyrus, pioneer, lawyer, born in 
 Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791; was taken 
 while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came 
 to Macomb, 111., in 1833, being the second lawyer 
 to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide 
 reputation as a successful advocate, especially in 
 criminal cases, and practiced extensively in the 
 courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died, 
 Dec. 1, 1875. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late 
 Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who 
 studied law with him. He was Whig candidate 
 for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
 1840. 
 
 WALKER, James Barr, clergyman, was born 
 in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth 
 served as errand-boy in a country store near 
 Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing 
 office ; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai 
 M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- 
 ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio ; edited 
 various religious papers, including "The Watch- 
 man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of 
 Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery 
 of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 
 
648 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 '"Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli 
 gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological 
 Seminary. He was author of several volumes, 
 one of which — "The Philosophy of the Plan of 
 Salvation,'" published anonymously under the 
 editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) — ran 
 through several editions and was translated into 
 five different languages, including Hindustanee. 
 Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. 
 
 WALKER, James Monroe, corporation lawyer 
 and Railway President, was born at Claremont, 
 N. H., Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with 
 his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated 
 at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- 
 gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and 
 student, was admitted to the bar the next year, 
 and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of 
 Washtenaw Count}' ; was also local attorney for 
 the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after 
 his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- 
 eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- 
 wick & Walker, which had been organized in 
 Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his 
 death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- 
 pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel 
 or President, filling the latter position from 1870 
 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago 
 and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President 
 of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington 
 Coal Company, down to the time of his death, 
 which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of 
 heart disease. 
 
 WALKER, (Rev.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal 
 missionary, was born in Rockingham County, 
 Va., June 9, 1766; in 180J removed to Tennessee, 
 became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 
 1800, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- 
 ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards 
 Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair 
 County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near 
 Edwardsville — the first on Illinois soil. Later, 
 he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; 
 was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and 
 devoted much time to missionary work among 
 the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among 
 them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and 
 there is evidence that he was a prominent resident 
 there for several years, occupying a log house, 
 which he used as a church and living-room, on 
 'Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and 
 South Branches of the Chicago River. While 
 acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- 
 sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- 
 
 field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, 
 Oct. 5, 1835. 
 
 WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. 
 His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and 
 as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- 
 nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a 
 store for four years. In 1838 he removed to 
 Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- 
 emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus 
 Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb 
 until 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 
 1853 he was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial 
 Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. 
 This position he resigned in 1858, having been 
 appointed, by Governor Bissell, to fill the vacancy 
 on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by 
 the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months 
 later be was elected to the same position, and 
 re-elected in 1867 and "76. He presided as Chief 
 Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and 
 again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the 
 expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. 
 
 WALL, George Willard, lawyer, politician and 
 Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 
 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, 
 and received his preparatory education at McKen. 
 dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the 
 Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began 
 practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 
 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the 
 Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 
 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- 
 date for Congress, although running ahead of his 
 ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of 
 the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and 
 '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty 
 upon the Appellate bench. His home is at 
 Duquoin. 
 
 WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman 
 and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., 
 April 11 1813; taken in infancy to Brown 
 County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 
 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a 
 carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, 
 where he became a contractor and builder, fol- 
 lowing this occupation for a number of years. He 
 was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, 
 some years later, having decided to enter the 
 ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference 
 as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855. and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 549 
 
 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two 
 years later lie was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, 
 in the next few years, held pastorates at various 
 places in the central and eastern parts of the 
 State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder 
 of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six 
 years, held the position of President of the Board 
 of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from 
 which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. 
 In the second year of the Civil War he raised a 
 company in Sangamon County, was chosen 
 its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' 
 regiment" — all of its officers being ministers. In 
 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his 
 commission. While pastor of the church at Say- 
 brook, 111. , he was offered the position of Post- 
 master of that place, which he decided to accept, 
 and was allowed to retire from the active minis- 
 try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he 
 removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed 
 by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- 
 diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired 
 some four years afterward, when he returned to 
 Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and 
 effective preacher and continued to preach, at 
 intervals, until within a short time of his decease, 
 which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 
 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently 
 spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. 
 Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on 
 the organization of that party, and took pride in 
 the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for 
 Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- 
 lature, in 1834. He was a Knight Templar, Vice- 
 President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, 
 and, at his death, Chaplain of America Post, No. 
 708, G. A. R. 
 
 WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and 
 soldier, was born at Urbana. Ohio, July 8, 1821 ; 
 brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling 
 near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, 
 Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the 
 Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 
 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- 
 nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), 
 for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- 
 tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista 
 (where his commander was killed), and in other 
 engagements. Returning to his profession at 
 Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), 
 then became partner of his father-in-law, Col. 
 T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. 
 In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer 
 the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- 
 
 nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' 
 men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. 
 As commander of a brigade he participated in 
 the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- 
 ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- 
 General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing 
 (Shiloh), as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's 
 Division, devolving on him on account of the 
 illness of his superior officer, he showed great 
 courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at 
 Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career 
 promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly 
 deplored. -Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 
 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his 
 father's family and was educated in the local 
 schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law 
 at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
 soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he 
 assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- 
 nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the 
 rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
 war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue 
 (1866-69); County Judge (1869-77) ; Prosecuting 
 Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has 
 been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city 
 of Chicago. 
 
 WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the 
 Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of 
 Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- 
 trict; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. 
 
 WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war 
 by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, 
 and most of the other tribes of Indians in the 
 Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with 
 the British. The savages had been hostile and 
 restless for some time previous, and blockhouses 
 and family forts had been erected at a number 
 of points, especially in the settlements most 
 exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- 
 ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an 
 outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles 
 from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, 
 he made this his headquarters, and collected a 
 force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later 
 reinforced by two companies of rangers, under 
 Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. 
 An independent company of twenty-one spies, of 
 which John Reynolds — afterwards Governor — 
 was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. 
 Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little 
 army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 
 
550 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as 
 second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- 
 bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope 
 and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, 
 Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for 
 Peoria, where it was expected that their force 
 would meet that of General Hopkins, who had 
 been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 
 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were 
 burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily 
 slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to 
 disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash 
 Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- 
 mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of 
 the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor 
 Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, 
 failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. 
 About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led 
 a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to 
 Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been 
 fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- 
 bored and protected by the French citizens of 
 Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, 
 and capturing the population, carried them down 
 the river, putting them on shore, in the early part 
 of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory 
 expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 
 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, 
 remote settlements were continually harassed 
 by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- 
 tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary 
 Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock 
 Island, where he found a large force of Indians, 
 supported by British regulars with artillery. 
 Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- 
 ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. 
 On the site of the present town of Warsaw he 
 threw up fortifications, which he named Fort 
 Edwards, from which point he was subsequently 
 compelled to retreat. The same year the British, 
 with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- 
 nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts 
 Madison and Johnston, after which they retired 
 to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed 
 Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal 
 treaties were made with the tribes until the year 
 following. 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak 
 of the Civil War, the executive chair, in Illinois, 
 was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- 
 ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's 
 first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor 
 issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- 
 ture together in special session and, the same 
 day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," 
 
 the quota assigned to the State under call of the 
 President. Public excitement was at fever heat, 
 and dormant patriotism in both sexes was 
 aroused as never before. Party lines were 
 broken down and, with comparatively few excep- 
 tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a 
 common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, 
 Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary 
 of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important 
 strategic point. At that time, the State militia 
 organizations were few in number and poorly 
 equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- 
 panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted 
 with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven 
 companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by 
 Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route 
 to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender 
 its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- 
 lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of 
 Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- 
 dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 
 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. 
 Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago 
 bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 
 8500,000, and those of Springfield, 8100,000. The 
 Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- 
 creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and 
 provided for the creation of a war fund of S2,- 
 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called 
 for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- 
 ments and one battery of light artillery was 
 authorized. The last of the six regiments, 
 apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential 
 call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The 
 six regiments were numbered the Seventh to 
 Twelfth, inclusive — the earlier numbers. First to 
 Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which 
 had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- 
 ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels 
 John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, 
 James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and 
 John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade 
 of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
 having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival 
 at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General 
 Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- 
 ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service 
 within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered 
 immediately. Many more volunteered than could 
 be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- 
 souri and enlisted in regiments forming ill that 
 State. During June and Jul} - the Secretary of 
 War authorized Governor Yates to recruit t wen ty- 
 two additional regiments (seventeen infantr)' and 
 five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 551 
 
 July 22, the clay following the defeat of the Union 
 army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 
 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- 
 mediately responded with an offer to the War 
 Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen 
 of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion 
 of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as 
 her right, to do her full share toward the preser- 
 vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- 
 ity, received from the Secretary of War in 
 August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- 
 fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- 
 cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in 
 the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. 
 Other calls were made in July and August, 1862, 
 each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both 
 calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid 
 to the fact that the State had already furnished 
 16.000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- 
 ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was 
 raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. 
 The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would 
 fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- 
 ing population, the idle and the extremely poor 
 having already followed the army's march, either 
 as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting 
 was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal 
 bounties in many of the counties, in less than a 
 fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the 
 volunteers coming largely from the substantial 
 classes ■ — agricultural, mercantile, artisan and 
 professional. By the end of December, fifty nine 
 regiments and four batteries had been dispatched 
 to the front, besides a considerable number to fill 
 up regiments already in the field, which had suf- 
 fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. 
 At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 
 135,000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of 
 President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of 
 emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a 
 storm of hostile criticism from his political 
 opponents, who — aided by the absence of so 
 large a proportion of the loyal population of the 
 State in the field — were able to carry the elec- 
 tions of that year. Consequently, when the 
 Twenty-third General Assembly convened in 
 regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a 
 large majority of that body was not only opposed 
 to both the National and State administrations, 
 but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution 
 of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- 
 islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued 
 by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and 
 July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 
 87,000 new volunteers were enrolled; and, by the 
 
 date last mentioned, Illinois had furnished to the 
 Union army 244,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- 
 cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen 
 per cent of the entire population. These were 
 comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of 
 cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, 
 besides twelve independent batteries. The total 
 losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, 
 has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were 
 killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 
 from disease and 2,154 from other causes — being 
 a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of 
 the State in the service. The part which Illinois 
 played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- 
 ism, promptness in response to every call, and 
 the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the 
 field — reflecting honor upon the State and its his- 
 tory. Nor were its loyal citizens — who, while 
 staying at home, furnished moral and material 
 support to the men at the front — less worthy of 
 praise than those who volunteered. By uphold- 
 ing the Government — National and State— and 
 by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending 
 forward immense quantities of supplies — surgical, 
 medical and other — often at no little sacrifice, 
 they contributed much to the success of the 
 Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp 
 Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- 
 eties.) 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION (History of Illi- 
 nois Regiments). The following is a list of the 
 various military organizations mustered into the 
 service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the 
 terms of service and a summary of the more 
 important events in the history of each, while 
 in the field : 
 
 Seventh Infantry. Illinois having sent six 
 regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the 
 numbering of the regiments which took part in 
 the war for the Union began with number 
 Seven. A number of regiments which responded 
 to the first call of the President, claimed the right 
 to be recognized as the first regiment in the 
 field, but the honor was finally accorded to that 
 organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and 
 hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It 
 was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861, and 
 remained at Mound City during the three months' 
 service, the period of its first enlistment. It was 
 subsequently reorganized and mustered for the 
 three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was 
 engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
 Corinth, Cherokee. Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie 
 Swamp, Benton ville and Columbia. The regi- 
 ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 
 
552 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Dec. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, 
 July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield, Jul}- 11. 
 
 Eighth Infantry. Organized at Springfield, 
 and mustered in for three months' service, April 
 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being 
 appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during 
 its term of service, when it was mustered out. 
 July 25, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in 
 for three years' service. It participated in the 
 battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, 
 Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- 
 burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort ; re-enlisted 
 as veterans, March 24, 1864; was mustered out at 
 Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- 
 charged, Slay 13, having served five years. 
 
 Ninth Infantry. Mustered into the service 
 at Springfield, April 26, 1861, for the term of 
 three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It 
 was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three 
 years, being composed of companies from St. 
 Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander 
 and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek 
 Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, 
 Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, 
 March 15, 1863, and so continued during the 
 remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- 
 ville, July 9, 1865. 
 
 Tenth Infantry. Organized and mustered 
 into the service for three months, on April 29, 
 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered 
 into the service for three years, with Col. James 
 D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at 
 Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary 
 Ridge. Buzzard's Roost, Resaca. Rome, Kenesau , 
 Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- 
 enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, ami mustered 
 out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and 
 received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, 
 at Chicago. 
 
 Eleventh Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
 field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, 
 for three months. July 30, the regiment was 
 mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' 
 service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh. Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- 
 pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and 
 Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards 
 Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh. was its 
 first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton 
 Rouge, July 14, 1865 ; paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield. 
 
 Twelfth Infantry. Mustered into service 
 for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at 
 
 Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's 
 Ferry. Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, 
 Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra 
 Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On 
 Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans. John McArthur was its first Colonel, sue 
 ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both teing 
 promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered 
 out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, 
 and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- 
 field, July 18. 
 
 Thirteenth Infantry. One of the regiments 
 organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- 
 ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 
 1861, for three years, at Dixon, with John B. 
 Wyman as Colonel ; was engaged at Chickasaw 
 Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. 
 Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- 
 ing served three years and two months. 
 
 Fourteenth Infantry. One of the regiments 
 raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which 
 anticipated the requirements of the General 
 Government by organizing, equipping and dril- 
 ling a regiment in each Congressional District in 
 the State for thirty days, unless sooner required 
 for service by the United States. It was mustered 
 in at Jacksonville for three years, May 25, 1861, 
 under command of John M. Palmer as its first 
 Colonel ; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- 
 mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and 
 Meridian; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- 
 try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- 
 ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In 
 October, 1864, the major part of the battalion 
 was captured by General Hood and sent to 
 Andersonville. The remainder participated in 
 the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- 
 paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the 
 battalion organization was discontinued, both 
 regiments having been filled up by recruits. The 
 regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- 
 worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at 
 Springfield. 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received 
 final payment and discharge. The aggregate 
 number of men who belonged to this organization 
 was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at 
 Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years 
 and four months of service, the regiment 
 marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, 
 and, by river, 4,490 miles — making an aggregate 
 of 11.670 miles. 
 
 Fifteenth Infantry. Raised under the "Ten 
 Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional 
 District ; was organized at Freeport, and mus- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 553 
 
 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged 
 at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, 
 Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, 
 Allatoona and Beutonville. In March. 1864, the 
 regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 
 
 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- 
 try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and 
 Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was 
 captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the 
 Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the 
 Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 
 
 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- 
 worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out 
 at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield 
 for final payment and discharge — having served 
 four years and four months. Miles marched, 
 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 
 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 
 1.963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. 
 
 Sixteenth Infantry. Organized and mus- 
 tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten-Regi- 
 ment Act," May 24, 1861. The regiment was 
 engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, 
 Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, 
 Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, 
 Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 
 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was 
 mustered out at Louisville, Ky.. July 8, 1865, 
 after a term of service of four years and three 
 months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- 
 field, where it received its final pay and discharge 
 papers. 
 
 Seventeenth Infantry. Mustered into the 
 service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was 
 engaged at Fredericktown (Mo. ), Greenfield 
 (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. 
 In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having 
 expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield 
 for pay and discharge. Those men and officers 
 who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not 
 expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- 
 try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. 
 
 Eighteenth Infantry. Organized under the 
 provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, 
 and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, 
 the term of enlistment being for three years. 
 The regiment participated in the capture of Fort 
 McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered 
 out at Little Rock, Dec. 16. 1865. and Dec. 31, 
 thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- 
 ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments 
 in the regiment, from its organization to date of 
 discharge (rank and file), numbered 2.043. 
 
 Nineteenth Infantry. Mustered into the 
 United States service for three years, June 17, 
 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies 
 which had been accepted under the call for three 
 months' men; participated in the battle of 
 Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- 
 nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' 
 Cross Roads, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge and 
 Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 
 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of 
 nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of 
 recruits received during the war, its strength at 
 the final muster-out was less than 350. 
 
 Twentieth Infantry Organized, May 14, 
 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered 
 into the service for a term of three years. It 
 participated in the following engagements, bat- 
 tles, sieges, etc. : Fredericktown (Mo. ), Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thomp,son's Planta 
 tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- 
 burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. Afte< 
 marching through the Carolinas, the regiment- 
 was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was 
 mustered out, July 16, 1865, receiving its final 
 discharge at Chicago, on July 24. 
 
 Twenty-first Infantry. Organized under 
 the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- 
 enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and 
 mustered into service for three years, June 28, 
 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was 
 in command until August 7, when he was com- 
 missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged 
 at Fredericktown (Mo. ), Corinth, Perryville. Mur- 
 freesboro. Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Jonesboro, 
 Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
 as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. 
 From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on 
 duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio. 
 Dec. 16, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. 
 
 Twenty-second Infantry. Organized at 
 Belleville, and mustered into service, for three 
 years, at Casey ville, 111., June 25, 1861; was 
 engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo), Sikestown, 
 Tiptonville, Farmington, Corinth, Stone River, 
 Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
 Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta 
 campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was 
 mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet- 
 erans and recruits, whose term of service had not 
 expired, being consolidated with the Forty -second 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. 
 
 Twenty-third Infantry. The organization 
 of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- 
 menced, at Chicago under the popular name of 
 
554 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the 
 opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal 
 muster of the regiment, under the command of 
 Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, 
 at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks 
 known as Kane*s brewery near the river on 
 West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- 
 ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at 
 Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- 
 dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces 
 under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. 
 From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed 
 to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter 
 it participated in engagements in the Virginias, 
 as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- 
 lippi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights, 
 Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- 
 chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, 
 Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and 
 Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of 
 Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present 
 at the surrender at Appomattox. In January 
 and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as 
 veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 
 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then 
 numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- 
 panies and designated, "Battalion, Twenty-third 
 Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." 
 The regiment was thanked by Congress for its 
 part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe 
 Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, 
 James A.) 
 
 Twenty-fourth Infantry, (known as the 
 First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, 
 with two companies — to-wit: the Union Cadets 
 and the Lincoln Rifles — from the three months' 
 service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 
 1861. It participated in the battles of Perryville, 
 Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw 
 Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta 
 campaign. It was mustered out of service at 
 Chicago, August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- 
 ment, which had been recruited in the field, and 
 whose term of service had not expired at the date 
 of muster-out, was organized into one company 
 and attached to the Third Brigade. First Divi- 
 sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out 
 at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. 
 
 Twenty-fifth Infantry. Organized from 
 the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- 
 ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and 
 mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4. 1861. 
 It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone 
 River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the 
 siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- 
 
 tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- 
 mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 
 1864. During its three years' service the regi- 
 ment traveled 4,962 miles, of which 3,252 were on 
 foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. 
 
 Twenty-sixth Infantry*. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, 
 August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the 
 commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- 
 ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- 
 ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "Iuka;" "Corinth — 
 3d and 4th, 1862," "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra 
 Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- 
 ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," 
 and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at 
 Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and 
 discharged, at Springfield, July 28 — the regiment 
 having marched, during its four years of service, 
 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles,' 
 besides innumerable skirmishes. 
 
 Twenty-seventh Infantry. First organized, 
 with only seven companies, at Springfield, 
 August 10, 1861, and organization completed by 
 the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, 
 on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- 
 mont, the siege of Island No. 10, and the battles 
 of Farmington, Nashville Murfreesboro, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge. 
 Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top 
 Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in 
 the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from 
 duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and 
 mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its 
 veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- 
 ice had not expired, were consolidated with the 
 Ninth Infantry. 
 
 Twenty-eighth Infantry*. Composed of 
 companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, 
 Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at 
 Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into 
 service for three years. It participated in the 
 battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of 
 Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, 
 and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of 
 Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From 
 June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in 
 Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in 
 that State, March 15, 1866, having served four 
 years and seven months. It was discharged, at 
 Springfield, May 13, 1866. 
 
 Twenty'-ninth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
 ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
 sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 555 
 
 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, 
 and were there captured by General Van Dorn, 
 in December, 1862, but were exchanged, six 
 months later. In January, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to 
 November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was 
 mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 
 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. 
 
 Thirtieth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
 field, August 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, 
 Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan 
 Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta, 
 Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, 
 Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 
 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge 
 at Springfield, July 27, 1865. 
 
 Thirty-first Infantry. Organized at Cairo, 
 and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 
 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- 
 burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- 
 mond, Jackson, Champion Hill, Big Shanty, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and 
 Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to 
 the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- 
 mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and 
 Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- 
 enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and 
 finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. 
 
 Thirty-second Infantry. Organized at 
 Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 
 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- 
 ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of 
 infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges 
 of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of 
 La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- 
 burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek, 
 Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and 
 Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was 
 ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out 
 there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at 
 Springfield. 
 
 Thirty-third Infantry. Organized and mus- 
 tered into service at Springfield in September, 
 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port 
 Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the 
 assault and siege of Vicksburg. siege of Jackson, 
 Fort Esperanza, and in the expedition against 
 Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg, 
 Jan 1, 1864; was mustered out, at the same point, 
 Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- 
 
 field, Dec. 6 and 7, 1865. The aggregate enroll- 
 ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 
 2,000. 
 
 Thirty-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
 Springfield, Sept. 7, 1861 , was engaged at Shiloh, 
 Corinth, Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Re- 
 saca, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, and, after participating in the '"March 
 to the Sea" and through the Carolinas, took part 
 in the battle of Bentonville. After the surrender 
 of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's 
 Army to Washington, D. C. , and took part in the 
 grand review, May 24, 1865; left Washington, 
 June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, 
 where it was mustered out, on July 12 ; was dis- 
 charged and paid at Chicago, July 17, 1865. 
 
 Thirty-fifth Infantry. Organized at De- 
 catur on July 3, 1861, and its services tendered to 
 the President, being accepted by the Secretary of 
 War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- 
 ment of Illinois Volunteers," on July 23, and 
 mustered into service at St. Louis, August 12. It 
 was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of 
 Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- 
 ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas and 
 Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at 
 Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having 
 marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat 
 transportation) 3,056 miles. 
 
 Thirty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
 Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into 
 service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. 
 The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 
 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies 
 of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and 
 men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, 
 Perryville, Stone River, Chickamauga, the siege 
 of Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face 
 Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Jones- 
 boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out, 
 Oct. 8, 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 
 27, having marched and been transported, during 
 its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. 
 
 Thirty-seventh Infantry. Familiarly known 
 as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861. 
 and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- 
 ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- 
 cago Board of Trade. It participated in the 
 battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and 
 Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the 
 battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In 
 October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the 
 frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 
 
556 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 veterans in February, 1864; took part in the 
 siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- 
 ture of Mobile; from July, I860, to May, 1866, 
 was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out 
 at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged 
 at Springfield, May 81, having traveled some 
 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by 
 marching. 
 
 Thirty-eighth Infantry. Organized at 
 Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment 
 was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, 
 Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River. Liberty Gap, 
 Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro. Franklin and Nashville; 
 re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864 ; from 
 June to December, 1805, was on duty in Louisi- 
 ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, 
 Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge 
 at Springfield. 
 
 Thirty-ninth Infantry. The organization of 
 this Regiment was commenced as soon as the 
 news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- 
 cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its 
 contemplated field officers, and labored zealously 
 tn get it accepted under the first call for troops, 
 but did not accomplish his object. The regiment 
 had already assumed the name of the '"Yates 
 Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was 
 accepted by the War Department on the day 
 succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 
 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed 
 Colonel. Under his direction the organizat ion was 
 completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, 
 Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern 
 Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, 
 Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements 
 before Petersburg and Richmond, including the 
 capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's 
 surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the 
 regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, 
 S. C, in September, 1863. It was mustered out 
 at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- 
 charge at Chicago, December 16. 
 
 Fortieth Infantry. Enlisted from the coun- 
 ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, 
 Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered 
 into service for three years at Springfield, 
 August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in 
 the siege of Corinth, at Jackspn (Miss.), in the 
 siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New 
 Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain. Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- 
 woldville, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C), 
 and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at 
 
 Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered 
 out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final 
 discharge at Springfield. 
 
 Forty-first Infantry. Organized at Decatur 
 during July and August, 1861, and was mustered 
 into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second 
 battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and 
 Jackson, in the Red River campaign, atGuntown. 
 Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- 
 pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, 
 as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and 
 was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry, 
 Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies G and H. 
 
 Forty'-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, 
 the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington, 
 Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, 
 engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam- 
 paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky 
 Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope 
 Church, Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station, 
 Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- 
 enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed 
 in Texas from July to December, 1865 ; was mus- 
 tered out at Indianola. in that State, Dec. 16, 
 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 
 12, 1866. 
 
 Forty-third Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
 field in September, 1861, and mustered into 
 service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in 
 the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the 
 campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and 
 Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock. 
 Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for 
 final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. 
 
 Forty-fourth Infantry. Organized in Au- 
 gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service, 
 Sept. 13, 1861 ; was engaged at Pea Ridge, 
 Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- 
 ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge. Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
 Adairsville. Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- 
 saw Mountain, Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie 
 River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
 Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
 as veterans in Tennessee, in January, 1864. 
 From June to September, 1865, it was stationed 
 in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at 
 Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final 
 discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. 
 
 Forty-fifth Infantry. Originally called 
 the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was 
 organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 00 I 
 
 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of 
 Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against 
 Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- 
 paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance 
 through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- 
 ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- 
 ice at Louisville, Ky., July 12, 1865, and arrived 
 in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- 
 charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 
 miles. 
 
 Forty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
 field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of 
 Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- 
 panies of the regiment were captured), in the 
 reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, 
 and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in 
 as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 
 
 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- 
 ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 
 
 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1860, finally paid and dis- 
 charged at Springfield. 
 
 Forty t -seventh Infantry. Organized and 
 mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 
 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- 
 dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; 
 also participated in the battles of Farmington, 
 Iuka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture 
 of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red 
 River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, 
 and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was 
 ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- 
 pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, 
 took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and 
 the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 
 21. 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- 
 field, where it received final pay and discharge. 
 Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- 
 list as veterans were mustered out. Oct. 11, 1864. 
 
 Forty-eighth Infantry". Organized at Spring- 
 field, September, 1861, and participated in battles 
 and sieges as follows; Fort Henry and Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg 
 (first expedition against), Missionary Ridge, as 
 well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March 
 to the Sea" The regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1. 1864; was mus- 
 tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark., 
 ami ordered to Springfield for final discharge, 
 arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched 
 was 3,000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- 
 road. 3,450— total, 11,450. 
 
 Forty-ninth Infantry*. Organized at Spring- 
 field, 111 , Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort 
 
 Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock ; took part in 
 the campaign against Meridian and in the Red 
 River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant 
 Hill, Jan. 15, 1864; three-fourths of the regiment 
 re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, 
 returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- 
 veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The 
 regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, 
 and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah, 
 Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, 
 for final payment and discharge. 
 
 Fiftieth Infantry*. Organized at Quincy, in 
 August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12, 
 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the 
 siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth, 
 Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor 
 engagements. The regiment was mounted, Nov. 
 17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and 
 reached Springfield, the following day, for final 
 pay and discharge. 
 
 Fifty-first Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, 
 Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, 
 Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
 Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- 
 boro, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The 
 regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16, 
 1864; from July to September, 1865, was on duty 
 in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25, 1865, at 
 Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., 
 Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. 
 
 Fifty-second Infantry-. Organized at Ge- 
 neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv- 
 ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the 
 following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh, 
 Corinth (siege and second battle of), Iuka, Town 
 Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry, 
 Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro 
 and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864 ; 
 was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865, 
 and received final payment and discharge at 
 Springfield, July 12. 
 
 Fifty-third Infantry. Organized at Ottawa 
 in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago, 
 Feb. 27, 1862, to complete its organization. It 
 took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged 
 at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the 
 Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of 
 Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of 
 Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas, 
 including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out of service at Louisville. 
 
558 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at 
 Chicago, July 28. It marched 2,855 miles, and 
 was transported b3 _ boat and cars, 4,168 miles. 
 Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- 
 ment during its term of service. 
 
 Fifty-fourth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
 in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky 
 Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 
 18, 1862. No complete history of the regiment 
 can be given, owing to the loss of its official 
 records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- 
 ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as 
 veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were 
 captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 
 1864, and were exchanged, the following De- 
 cember. The regiment was mustered out at 
 Little Rock, Oct. 15, 1865; arrived at Springfield, 
 Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- 
 zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 
 71 commissioned officers. 
 
 Fifty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 31, 1861. 
 The regiment originally formed a part of the 
 "Douglas Brigade," being chiefly recruited from 
 the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, 
 Grundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago 
 Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh 
 and Corinth, and in the Tallahatchie campaign; 
 in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas 
 Post, around Vicksburg, and at Missionary Ridge ; 
 was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the 
 battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In 
 all, it was engaged in thirty-one battles, and was 
 128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled 
 amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were 
 actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while 
 at Larkinsville, Tenn. , was mustered out at Little 
 Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge 
 at Chicago, the same month. 
 
 Fifty-sixth Infantry. Organized with com- 
 panies principally enlisted from the counties of 
 Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, 
 Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp 
 Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- 
 ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of 
 Corinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of 
 Vicksburg — being engaged at Champion Hills, 
 and in numerous assaults ; also took part in the 
 battles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in 
 the campaign in the Carolinas, including the 
 battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the 
 regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, 
 March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- 
 sas, August 12, 1865. 
 
 Fifty-seventh Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the 
 battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of 
 Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was 
 also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and 
 Allatoona; participated in the investment and 
 capture of Savannah, and the campaign through 
 the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- 
 ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 
 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, 
 July 14. 
 
 Fifty-eighth Infantry. Recruited at Chi- 
 cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the 
 regiment being captured during the latter engage- 
 ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part 
 in the siege of Corinth and the battle of Iuka, 
 after which detachments were sent to Springfield 
 for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. 
 Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged 
 in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- 
 paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many 
 minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out 
 at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered 
 to Springfield for final payment and discharge. 
 
 Fifty-ninth Infantry. Originally known as 
 the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly 
 recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. 
 Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to 
 the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of 
 the War Department. It was engaged at Pea 
 Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, 
 took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap 
 and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign 
 and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of 
 Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, 
 Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and 
 Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the 
 regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, 
 where it was mustered out, December, 1865, 
 receiving its final discharge at Springfield. 
 
 Sixtieth Infantry. Organized at Anna, 111., 
 Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth 
 and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in 
 January, 1864; participated in the battles of 
 Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, 
 Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and 
 received final discharge at Springfield. 
 
 Sixty-first Infantry. Organized at Carroll- 
 ton, 111., three full companies being mustered 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 550 
 
 in, Feb. 5, 1862. On February 21, the regiment, 
 being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- 
 racks, Mo. , where a sufficient number of recruits 
 joined to make nine full companies. The regiment 
 was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part 
 in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle 
 of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and 
 other engagements near that point ; was mustered 
 out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 1865, and paid 
 off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- 
 ber 27. 
 
 Sixty-second Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several 
 skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 
 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly 
 Springs, Miss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, 
 where the regimental records were destroyed. 
 The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation 
 of Little Rock ; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 
 1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6, 
 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment 
 and discharge. 
 
 Sixty-third Infantry. Organized at Anna, 
 in December. 1861, and mustered into service, 
 April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- 
 ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond 
 Hill, La., and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. 
 On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. 
 It took part in the capture of Savannah and in 
 Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- 
 pating in its important battles and skirmishes; 
 was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, 
 reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance 
 traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on 
 the march. 
 
 Sixty- fourth Infantry. Organized at Spring- 
 field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of 
 Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was 
 mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was 
 engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, 
 Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, 
 Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the 
 siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and 
 the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, 
 in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, 
 July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago, 
 July 18. 
 
 Sixty- fifth Infantry. Originally known as 
 the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- 
 cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- 
 tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered 
 to Chicago; was exchanged in April, 1863; took 
 part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- 
 listed as veterans in March, 1864. and participated 
 
 in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to the 
 Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia 
 (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later near 
 Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C. , being mus- 
 tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- 
 ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. 
 
 Sixty-sixth Infantry. Organized at Benton 
 Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September 
 and October, 1861 — being designed as a regiment 
 of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- 
 souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and 
 Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was 
 engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, Iuka, the second 
 battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the 
 "March to the Sea" and the campaign through 
 the Carolinas. The regiment was variously 
 known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers. 
 Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- 
 sixth i'linois Infantry. The latter (and final) 
 name was conferred by the Secretary of War, 
 Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran 
 service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at 
 Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and 
 discharged at Springfield. July 15. 
 
 Sixty-seventh Infantry. Organized at Chi 
 cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in 
 response to an urgent call for the defense of 
 Washington. The Sixty-seventh, by doing guard 
 duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, 
 relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. 
 
 Sixty-eighth Infantry. Enlisted in response 
 to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- 
 mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three 
 months as State Militia, and was mustered in 
 earty in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered 
 into the United States service as Illinois Volun- 
 teers, by petition of the men, and received 
 marching orders, July 5, 1862; mustered out, at 
 Springfield, Sept. 26. 1862 — many of the men re- 
 enlisting in other regiments. 
 
 Sixty-ninth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
 Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for 
 three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on 
 duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp and 
 rebel prisoners. 
 
 Seventieth Infantry. Organized at Camp 
 Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 
 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard 
 duty. Its term of service was three months. 
 
 Seventy-first Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. 
 Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- 
 nois and Kentucky, being mustereu out at Chi 
 cago, Oct. 29, 1862. 
 
560 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Seventy-second Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board 
 of Trade, and mustered into service for three 
 years, August 23, 1862. It was engaged at Cham- 
 pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- 
 ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely ; mustered 
 out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and 
 discharged at Chicago. 
 
 Seventy-third Infantry. Recruited from 
 the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, 
 Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- 
 mon, Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into 
 service at Springfield, August 21, 1862, 900 strong. 
 It participated in the battles of Stone River, 
 Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
 Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and 
 Lust Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville ; was mustered out at Nashville, 
 June 12, 1865, and, a few days later, vent to 
 Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. 
 
 Seventy-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
 Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into 
 service September 4. It was recruited from "Win- 
 nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- 
 ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro 
 and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma 
 campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
 Resaca, Adairsville. Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of 
 Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin 
 and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, 
 June 10 1865. with 343 officers and men, the 
 aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. 
 
 Seventy-fifth Infantry. Organized at 
 Dixon and mustered into service. Sept. 2, 1862. 
 The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- 
 ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, 
 Dalton, Resaca, Marietta. Kenesaw. Franklin and 
 Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 
 12, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 
 1. following. 
 
 Seventy'-sixth Infantry. Organized at Kan- 
 kakee, 111. , in August, 1862, and mustered into the 
 service, August 22, 1862; took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- 
 paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo 
 City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to 
 Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- 
 ton, July 22, 1865, being paid off and disbanded 
 at Chicago, August 4, 1865— having traveled 
 10,000 miles. 
 
 Seventy-sevfnttj Infantry". Organized and 
 mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; 
 was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Ba3'ou, 
 
 Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including 
 the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of 
 Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- 
 tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill ; the 
 reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the 
 capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. 
 It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 
 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- 
 ment and discharge, where it arrived, July 22, 1865, 
 having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. 
 
 Seventy-eighth Infantry. Organized at 
 Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1862; 
 participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
 New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. Averysboro and 
 Bentonville; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and 
 sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and- dis- 
 charged, June 12, 1865. 
 
 Seventy-ninth Infantry. Organized at Mat- 
 toon, in August. 1862, and mustered into service, 
 August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge Resaca, Kene- 
 saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Lovejoy, Franklin and Nashville; was 
 mustered out. June 12, 1865; arrived at Camp 
 Butler. June 15, and, on June 23, received final 
 pay and discharge. 
 
 Eightieth Infantry - . Organized at Centralia, 
 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into service, 
 August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, 
 Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, 
 surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After 
 being exchanged, it participated in the battles of 
 Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, 
 Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
 ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and 
 participated in more than twenty engagements. 
 It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and 
 proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and 
 discharge. 
 
 Eighty-first Lnfantry-. Recruited from the 
 counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- 
 son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered 
 into service at Anna. August 26. 1862. It partici- 
 pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, 
 Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and 
 in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, 
 the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, 
 Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides 
 assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was 
 mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 56 : 
 
 Eighty-second Infantry. Sometimes called 
 the ".Second Ilecker Regiment." in honor of Col- 
 onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for 
 merly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois 
 Infantry — being chiefly composed of German 
 members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- 
 field, Sept. 26. lsiiO. and mustered into service, 
 Oct. 23, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- 
 chard Knob, Missionary Ridge. Resaea, New 
 Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, 
 Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville ; was 
 mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and 
 returned to Chicago, June 16 — having marched, 
 during its time of service, 2,503 miles. 
 
 Eighty-third Infantry. Organized at Mon- 
 mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
 ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the 
 rebel attack on Fori Donelson, and in numerous 
 hard fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was 
 chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy 
 guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- 
 cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- 
 ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and 
 discharged at Chicago, July 4. following. 
 
 Eighty-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
 Quincy. in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
 ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The 
 regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its 
 battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, 
 Woodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, 
 Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's 
 Roost, Resaea, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Sta- 
 tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered 
 out, June 8, 1805. 
 
 Eighty-fifth Infantry. Organized at Peoria, 
 about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It 
 took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, 
 Chickamauga, Knoxville, Dalton, Rocky-Face 
 Ridge, Resaea, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah. Ben- 
 tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered 
 out at Washington. D. C. , June 5, 1865, and 
 sent to Springfield, where the regiment was 
 paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same 
 month. 
 
 Eighty t -sixth Infantry. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it 
 numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part 
 in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaea. Rome, 
 Dallas, K»nesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, 
 Averysboro and Bentonville: was mustered out 
 on June 6. 1865, at Washington, D. C, arriving 
 
 on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten da3 - s later, the 
 men received their pay ami final discharge. 
 
 Eighty-seventh Infantry. Enlisted in Au- 
 gust, 1862; was composed of companies from 
 Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and While Counties; 
 was organized in the latter part of August. 1862. 
 at Shawneetown; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1802, the 
 muster to take effect from August 2. It took 
 part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and 
 Jackson, and in the entire campaign through 
 Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating 
 in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- 
 ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered 
 out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, 
 where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off 
 and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. 
 
 Eighty'-eighth Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, in September, 1862, and known as the 
 "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was 
 mustered in. Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- 
 ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaea, Adairsville. 
 New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin 
 and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1805, 
 at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
 June 13, 1805, where it received final pay and 
 discharge, June 22, 1805. 
 
 Eighty-ninth Infantry. Called the "Rail- 
 road Regiment" ; was organized by the railroad 
 companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August. 
 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of 
 that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaea, 
 Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
 Lovejoy's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 
 1805, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. ; arrived 
 at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- 
 charged, June 24. after a service of two years, 
 nine months and twenty seven days. 
 
 Ninetieth Infantry. Mustered into service 
 at Chicago, Sept, 7, 1862; participated in the siege 
 of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, 
 and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaea, 
 Dallas, New Hope Church. Big Shanty, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell. 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After 
 the review at Washington, the regiment was 
 mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, 
 June 9, 1805, where it was finally discharged. 
 
 Ninety-first Infantry. Organized at Camp 
 Butler, near Springfield, in August, 1802. and 
 
562 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862; participated in the 
 campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, 
 and all along the southwestern frontier in 
 Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture 
 and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at 
 Mobile, July 12, 1865, starting for home the same 
 day, and being Anally paid off and discharged on 
 July 28, following. 
 
 Ninety-second Infantry (Mounted). Organ- 
 ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, 
 being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- 
 roll Counties. During its term of service, the 
 Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and 
 skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, 
 and the numerous engagements on the "March 
 to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston 
 through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at 
 Concord, N. C. , and paid and discharged from the 
 service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. 
 
 Ninety-third Infantry. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 
 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements 
 against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged 
 at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher; also was 
 engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
 Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, 
 following Sherman in his campaign though the 
 Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 
 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- 
 ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1S65, the 
 regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled 
 by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 
 miles — total, 6,087 miles. 
 
 Ninety-fourth Infantry. Organized at 
 Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly 
 in McLean County. After some warm experi 
 ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took 
 part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and 
 was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in 
 Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- 
 ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After 
 several months of garrison duty, the regiment was 
 mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 
 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- 
 ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 
 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by 
 steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- 
 tles, sieges and skirmishes. 
 
 Ninety-fifth Infantry. Organized at Rock- 
 ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It 
 was recruited from the counties of McHenry and 
 Boone — three companies from the latter and 
 seven from the former. It took part in the cam- 
 paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- 
 burg in the Red River expedition, the campaigns 
 
 against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against 
 Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles 
 in which the regiment was engaged were those 
 of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, 
 Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, 
 Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, 
 Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw 
 Mountain. Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra 
 Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
 ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, 
 while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was 
 transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- 
 try, August 25, 1865. 
 
 Ninety-sixth Infantry. Recruited during 
 the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- 
 tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. 
 The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson, 
 Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, 
 Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout 
 Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
 Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas, 
 Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna 
 Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough 
 and Ready. Jonesboro, Lovejoy's Station, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- 
 charge was June 30, 1865. 
 
 Ninety-seventh Infantry. Organized in 
 August and September, 1862, and mustered in on 
 Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw 
 Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion 
 Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and 
 Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out 
 and proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield, 
 August 10, after an absence of three years, less a 
 few days. 
 
 Ninety-eighth Infantry. Organized at Cen- 
 tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. 3; 
 took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mc- 
 Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many 
 others of less note. It was mustered out, June 
 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the 
 Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment 
 arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final 
 payment and discharge, July 7, 1865. 
 
 Ninety-ninth Infantry. Organized in Pike 
 County and mustered in at Florence, August 23, 
 1862; participated in the following battles and 
 skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia 
 Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River, 
 Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand 
 Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: 
 days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men 
 killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and 
 disease, 149; men discharged for disability, 127: 
 men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle, 3; 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 563 
 
 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 
 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, 
 following. 
 
 One Hundredth Infantry. Organized at 
 Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 
 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will 
 County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone 
 River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and 
 Nashville : was mustered out of service, June 12, 
 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
 June 15, where it received final payment and 
 discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and First Infantry. Organ- 
 ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the 
 month of August, 1862, and. on Sept. 2, 1862, 
 was mustered in. It participated in the battles 
 of "Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope 
 Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. 
 On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured 
 at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to 
 Jefferson Barracks, Mo., and formally exchanged 
 in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was 
 mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, 
 on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. 
 
 One Hundred and Second Infantry. Organ- 
 ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered 
 in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, 
 Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach 
 Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of 
 service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving 
 at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received 
 final payment and discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Third Infantry. Re- 
 cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered 
 into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in 
 the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- 
 son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of 
 Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- 
 las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville; was 
 also in the campaign through the Carolinas. 
 The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, 
 June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- 
 cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of 
 the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were 
 enlisted. 
 
 One Hundred and Fourth Infantry. Organ- 
 ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed 
 almost entirely of La Salle County men. The 
 regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- 
 ville, Chickamauga. Lookout Mountain, Mission- 
 ary Ridge. Resaca. Peach Tree Creek, Utoy 
 Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many 
 severe skirmishes; was mustered out at Washing- 
 
 ton, D. C, June 6, 1865. and, a few days later, 
 received final discharge at Chicago. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifth Infantry. Mus- 
 tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dixon, and 
 participated in the Atlanta campaign, being 
 engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and 
 Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing, 
 also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the 
 campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of 
 Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and 
 Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- 
 ton, D. C, June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- 
 charged at Chicago, June 17. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixth Infantry Mus- 
 tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862. 
 eight of the ten companies having been recruited 
 in Logan County, the other two being from San- 
 gamon and Menard Counties. It aided in the 
 defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C" 
 was captured and paroled, being exchanged in 
 the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of 
 Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- 
 formed service at various points in Arkansas. It 
 was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff, 
 Ark , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, 
 where it received final payment and discharge 
 
 One Hundred and Seventh Infantry. Mus- 
 tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; 
 was composed of six companies from DeWitt and 
 four companies from Piatt County. It was 
 engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, 
 Rocky-Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and 
 Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, 
 at Salisbury, N. C, reaching Springfield, for 
 final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. - 
 
 One Hundred and Eighth Infantry. Organ- 
 ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 
 28, 1862; took part in the first expedition against 
 Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post 
 (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion 
 Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of 
 Guntown, the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the 
 capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- 
 burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge 
 at Chicago, August 11. 
 
 One Hundred and Ninth Infantry. Re- 
 cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and 
 mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing 
 to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- 
 solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April. 
 1863. (See Eleventh Infa ntry. ) 
 
 One Hundred and Tenth Infantry. Organ- 
 ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862; was 
 
564 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 engaged at Stone Rirer, Woodbury, and in 
 numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 In May, 1803, the regiment was consolidated, its 
 numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- 
 quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- 
 mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around 
 Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, 
 being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C, 
 June 5, 1805, and received final discharge at 
 Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term 
 of service had not expired at date of muster-out, 
 were consolidated into four companies and trans- 
 ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer 
 Infantry. 
 
 One Hundred and Eleventh Infantry. Re- 
 cruited from Marion. Clay, Washington, Clinton 
 and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- 
 ice at Salem. Sept. 18, 1S62. The regiment aided 
 in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the 
 Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca. 
 Dallas. Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro ; partici- 
 pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- 
 paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles 
 of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- 
 tered out at Washington, D. C, June 7. 1865, 
 receiving final discharge at Springfield, June 27, 
 having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was 
 on the march. 
 
 One Hundred and Twelfth Infantry. Mus- 
 tered into service at Peoria,- Sept. 20 and 22, 
 1862; participated in the campaign in East Ten 
 nessee, under Burnside. and in that against 
 Atlanta, under Sherman : was also engaged in 
 the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, 
 and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- 
 ton. It was mustered out at Goldsboro, N. C, 
 June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, 
 July 7, 1865. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirteenth Infantry 
 Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front. 
 Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie 
 expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- 
 saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- 
 ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in 
 the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered 
 out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- 
 cago, five days later. 
 
 One Hundred and Fourteenth Infantry. 
 Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered 
 in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from 
 Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- 
 ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), 
 the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the 
 battles of Guntown and Harrisville, the pursuit 
 
 of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- 
 ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered 
 out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final 
 payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 
 [865. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifteenth Infantry. 
 Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 
 1862; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, 
 Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all 
 the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, 
 and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of 
 Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 
 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 
 23, 1865, at Springfield. 
 
 One Hundred and Sixteenth Infantry. 
 Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, 
 numbering '.ISO officers and men when it started 
 from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It 
 participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 
 Arkansas Post. Champion Hills, Black River 
 Bridge, Missionary Ridge. Resaca, Dallas, Big 
 Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain. 
 Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and 
 was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 One Hundred and Seventeenth Infantry. 
 Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 
 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, 
 the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- 
 ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of 
 Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin. 
 Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It 
 was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, 
 having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were 
 marched. 
 
 One Hundred and Eighteenth Infantry. 
 Organized and mustered into the service at 
 Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862; was engaged at Chicka- 
 saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- 
 pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), 
 Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. 
 The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and 
 dismounted, May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was 
 mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. 
 At the date of the muster-in, the regiment num- 
 bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, 
 making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- 
 bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total 
 distance traveled, 5,700 miles. 
 
 One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry. 
 Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and 
 was mustered into the United States service, 
 October 10 ; was engaged in the Red River cam- 
 paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow 
 Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 565 
 
 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at 
 Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at 
 Springfield. 
 
 One Hundred and Twentiety Infantry. 
 Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- 
 field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 186.5, and received 
 final pa3'ment and discharge, September 10, at 
 S{)ringfield. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-first Infan- 
 try. (The organization of this regiment was not 
 completed.) 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-second Infan- 
 try. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, 
 and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 
 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of 
 Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of 
 Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered 
 out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- 
 charged at Springfield, August 4. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-third Infan- 
 try*. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 
 1862 ; participated in the battles of Perry ville, 
 Milton. Hoover's Gap, and Farmington ; also took 
 part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching 
 as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it 
 served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the 
 capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged 
 at Springfield, July 11, 1865 — the recruits, whose 
 terms had not expired, being transferred to the 
 Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty'-fourth Infan- 
 try". Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at 
 Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign 
 and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and 
 Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
 Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the 
 capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, 
 eleven days less than three years after the first 
 company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel 
 Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, 
 stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- 
 teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of 
 forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days 
 and nights, respectively. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-fifth Infan- 
 try. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Peach Tree Creek. Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in 
 the "Ma**ch to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- 
 paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- 
 ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , 
 June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-sixth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 
 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. 
 Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near 
 Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in 
 the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at 
 Clarendon. Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-seventh Infan- 
 try. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 
 1862; took part in the first campaign against 
 Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, 
 the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture 
 of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary 
 Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, 
 and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- 
 panied Sherman in his march through Georgia 
 and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of 
 Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago June 
 17, 1865. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty-eighth Infan- 
 try*. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained 
 in service less than five months, when, its num- 
 ber of officers and men having been reduced from 
 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of 
 officers were dismissed, and the few remaining 
 officers and men were formed into a detachment, 
 and transferred to another Illinois regiment. 
 
 One Hundred and Twenty*-ninth Infan- 
 try*. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and 
 mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 
 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- 
 son duty. It marched with Sherman in the 
 Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the 
 Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, 
 Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- 
 ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- 
 cago, June 10, 1865. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirtieth Infantry. 
 Organized at Springfield and mustered into 
 service, Oct. 25, 1862; was engaged at Port Gib- 
 son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- 
 burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River 
 expedition. While on this expedition almost the 
 entire regiment was captured at the battle of 
 Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of 
 the war. The remaining officers and men were 
 consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry 
 in January, 1865, and participated in the capture 
 ■ if Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- 
 organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, 
 was ordered. It was mustered out at New 
 Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged ;. 
 Springfield, August 31. 
 
566 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-first Infan- 
 try. Organized in September, 1862, and mus- 
 tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, 
 exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was 
 consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry. 
 and ceased to exist as a separate organization. 
 Up to that time the regiment had been in but a 
 few conflicts and in no pitched battle. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-second Infan- 
 try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 
 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- 
 mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration 
 of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and 
 was mustered out, Oct. IT, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-third Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield, and mustered in 
 for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged 
 during its term of service in guarding prisoners 
 of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 
 4, 1864, at Camp Butler. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-fourth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Chicago and mustered in, 
 May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to 
 garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered 
 out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-fifth Infan- 
 try. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- 
 toon, June 6, 1864, having a strength of 852 men. 
 It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, 
 in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. 
 It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-sixth Infan- 
 try. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 
 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., 
 but was not mustered into service until June 1, 
 following. Its principal service was garrison 
 duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst 
 guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the 
 regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- 
 tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- 
 charged eight days later 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infan- 
 try. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John 
 Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 
 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, 
 Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- 
 field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-eighth Infan- 
 try Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, 
 June 21, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- 
 son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in 
 Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- 
 ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Thirty-ninth Infan- 
 try. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- 
 
 ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1S64; was engaged in 
 garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making 
 reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of 
 the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The 
 latter service was rendered, at the President's 
 request, after the term of enlistment had expired. 
 It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- 
 ing been in the service nearly five months. 
 
 One Hundred and Fourtieth Infantry. 
 Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, 
 June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that 
 date. The regiment was engaged in guarding 
 railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs.and 
 in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of 
 enlistment had expired and the regiment had 
 been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of 
 General Price through Missouri ; was finally dis- 
 charged at Chicago, after serving about five 
 months 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-first Infan- 
 try. Mustered into service as a 100- days' regi- 
 ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 — strength, 842 men; 
 departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- 
 tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-second Infan- 
 try. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of 
 eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where 
 two companies were added and the regiment 
 mustered into service for 100 daj-s, June 18, 1864. 
 It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, 
 and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven 
 miles from that city, where it was employed in 
 guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. 
 It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct, 27, 1864, 
 the men having voluntarily served one month 
 beyond their term of enlistment. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-third Infan- 
 try". Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, 
 June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to 
 garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoon, 
 Sept. 26, 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty'-fourth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year 
 regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, 
 its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered 
 out, July 14, 1865. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-fifth Infan- 
 try. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 
 9, 1864; strength, 880 men. It departed for the 
 field, June 12, 1864; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 
 1864. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-sixth Infan- 
 try". Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 1864, for 
 one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding 
 drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 567 
 
 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield, 
 July 5, I860. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-seventh Infan- 
 try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into 
 service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was 
 engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in 
 scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. 
 Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and 
 received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-eighth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for 
 the term of one year; was assigned to garrison 
 and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, 1865, 
 at Nashville, Tenn; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 
 9, 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. 
 
 One Hundred and Forty-ninth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865, 
 and mustered in for one year; was engaged in 
 garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 
 1866, at Dalton, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, 
 where it received final payment and discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Fiftieth Infantry. 
 Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14, 
 1865, for one year ; was on duty in Tennessee and 
 Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning 
 towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at 
 Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it 
 received final payment and discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-first Infantry. 
 This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., 
 and mustered into the United States service, 
 Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies 
 from various parts of the State, recruited, under 
 the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in 
 guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and 
 was present at the surrender of General War- 
 ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out 
 at Columbus, Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to 
 Springfield, where it received final payment and 
 discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-second Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in, 
 Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of 
 service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and 
 arrived at Camp Butler, Sept. 9, 1865, where it 
 received final payment and discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-third Infan- 
 try. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in, 
 Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in 
 any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865, 
 and moved to Springfield, 111., and, Sept. 24, 
 received final pay and discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-fourth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, 
 for one year. Sept. 18, 1865, the regiment was 
 
 mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to 
 Springfield for final payment and discharge, 
 where it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oft and dis- 
 charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Infan- 
 try. Organized at Springfield and mustered in 
 Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 
 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved 
 to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and 
 discharge. 
 
 One Hundred and Fifty-sixth Infan- 
 try. Organized and mustered in during the 
 months of February and March, 1865, from the 
 northern counties of the State, for the term of 
 one year. The officers of the regiment have left 
 no written record of its history, but its service 
 seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee 
 in the neighborhood of Memphis, Nashville and 
 Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of 
 the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear 
 to have been greatly depleted by desertions and 
 otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered 
 out, Sept. 20, 1865. 
 
 First Cavalry. Organized — consisting of 
 seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G — at 
 Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United 
 States service, July 3. After some service in 
 Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle 
 of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, 
 with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861. 
 The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not 
 to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- 
 change having been effected in November, the 
 non-commissioned officers and privates were 
 ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June, 
 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton 
 Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in 
 guarding supply trains and supply depots at 
 various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- 
 racks, July 14, 1862. 
 
 Second Cavalry. Organized at Springfield 
 and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with 
 Company M (which joined the regiment some 
 months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- 
 cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- 
 creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its 
 four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 
 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It 
 was engaged at Belmont ; a portion of the regi- 
 ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry, 
 Fort Donelson and Shiloh, another portion at 
 Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, 
 and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. 
 In January, 1864, the major part of the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 
 
5GS 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Red River expedition and the investment of Fort 
 Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, 
 Tex., Nov. 22, 1865, and finally paid and dis- 
 charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. 
 
 Third Cavalry. Composed of twelve com- 
 panies, from various localities in the State, the 
 grand total of company officers and enlisted men, 
 under the first organization, being 1,433. It was 
 organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- 
 pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, 
 Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, 
 Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. 
 In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- 
 enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated 
 in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the 
 battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- 
 ville and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, 
 engaged in service against the Indians in the 
 Northwest The regiment was mustered out at 
 Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. 
 
 Fourth Cavalry. Mustered into service, 
 Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of 
 Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the 
 siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of 
 less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield 
 in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- 
 ment, of June 18, 1865, the members of the 
 regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- 
 solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. 
 
 Fifth Cavalry. Organized at Camp Butler, 
 in November, 1861 ; took part in the Meridian 
 raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., 
 and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- 
 ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and 
 other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of 
 the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final 
 muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- 
 ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. 
 Sixth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
 Nov. 19, 1861; participated in Sherman's advance 
 upon Grenada ; in the Grierson raid through Mis- 
 sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, 
 the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), 
 Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, 
 March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., 
 Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 
 20, at Springfield. 
 
 Seventh Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
 and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It 
 participated in the battles of Farmington, Iuka, 
 Corinth (second battle) ; in Grierson's raid 
 through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- 
 gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- 
 ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 
 
 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The 
 non-veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the 
 entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- 
 lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed 
 in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part 
 of October, 1865 ; was mustered out at Nashville, 
 and finally discharged at Springfield, Nov. 17, 
 1865. 
 
 Eighth Cavalry. Organized at St. Charles, 
 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- 
 ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated 
 in the general advance on Manassas in March, 
 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Gaines' 
 Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- 
 town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- 
 burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan 
 Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- 
 burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap 
 Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in 
 many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered 
 out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 
 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received 
 final payment and discharge. 
 
 Ninth Cavalry Organized at Chicago, in 
 the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 
 30; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, 
 Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, 
 Old Town Creek, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- 
 burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. 
 The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 
 1864; was mustered out of service at Selma, Ala., 
 Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where 
 the men received final payment and discharge. 
 
 Tenth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield in 
 the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered 
 into service, Nov. 25, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie 
 Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the 
 Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), 
 Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche 
 and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large 
 portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans, the non-veterans accompanying General 
 Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 
 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated 
 with the Fifteenth Cavahy, and all reorganized 
 under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran 
 Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at 
 San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received 
 final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. 
 
 Eleventh Cavalry. Robert G. Ingersoll of 
 Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, 
 obtained permission to raise a regiment of 
 cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 
 1861. The regiment was recruited from the 
 counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 560 
 
 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Wan-en; 
 was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 
 1861, and was lirst under tire at Shiloh. It also 
 took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and 
 in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), 
 Iuka, Lexington and Jackson (Tenn. ) ; in Mc- 
 Pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's 
 Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in 
 numerous less important raids and skirmishes. 
 Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in 
 December, 1863; the non-veterans being mus- 
 tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The 
 veterans were mustered out at the same place, 
 Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, 
 October 20. 
 
 Twelfth Cavalry. Organized at Springfield, 
 in February, 1862, and remained there guarding 
 rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was 
 mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was 
 engaged at Fredericksburg. Williamsport, Falling 
 Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 
 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service 
 and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. 
 Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River 
 expedition and in Davidson's expedition against 
 Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry 
 was consolidated into an eight-company organi- 
 zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously 
 been consolidated into a battalion of five com- 
 panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The 
 consolidated regiment was mustered out at 
 Houston, Texas, May 29, 1S66, and, on June 18, 
 received final pay and discharge at Springfield. 
 
 Thirteenth Cavalry. Organized at Chicago, 
 in December, 1861 ; moved to the front from 
 Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and 
 was engaged in the following battles and skir- 
 mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) ; Putnam's 
 Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp 
 Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van 
 Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, 
 White River, Chalk Bluff, Bushy Creek, near 
 Helena, Grand Prairie. White River, Deadman's 
 Lake, Brownsville. Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little 
 Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- 
 phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du 
 Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, 
 Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. 
 The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, 
 and received final pay and discharge at Spring- 
 field. Sept. 13. 1865. 
 
 Fourteenth Cavalry. Mustered into service 
 at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- 
 ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the 
 defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- 
 
 street, in the engagements at Bean Station and 
 Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry 
 battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- 
 eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth 
 cut its way out. On their retreat the men were 
 betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cut 
 up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by 
 soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged 
 at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and 
 Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, 
 July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, 
 exclusive of duty done by detachments. 
 
 Fifteenth Cavalry. Composed of companies 
 originally independent, attached to infantry regi- 
 ments and acting as such; participated in the 
 battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
 siege and capture of Corinth. Regimental or- 
 ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and 
 thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and 
 post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, 
 August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term ol 
 service had not expired) being consolidated with 
 the Tenth Cavalry. 
 
 Sixteenth Cavalry. Composed principally 
 of Chicago men — Thieleman's and Schambeck's 
 Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the 
 war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The 
 former served as General Sherman's body-guard 
 for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a 
 Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the 
 two companies named thenceforth being knowj • 
 as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, 
 the War Department authorized the extension of 
 the battalion to a regiment, and, on the 11th of 
 June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- 
 pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- 
 paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the 
 defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- 
 and Gap, and one battalion being captured by 
 Longstreet. The regiment also participated in 
 the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's 
 Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville. Carterville, 
 Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines 
 Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived 
 in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment 
 and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles 
 and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- 
 ous skirmishes. 
 
 Seventeenth Cavalry. Mustered into serv- 
 ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the 
 repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo. , and was 
 engaged at Booneville. Independence, Mine 
 Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison 
 duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 
 
570 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- 
 worth, Kan. Gov. John L. Beveridge, who had 
 previously been a Captain and Major of the 
 Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- 
 ment. 
 
 First Light Artillery. Consisted of ten 
 batteries. Battery A was organized under the 
 first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not 
 mustered into the three years' service until July 
 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
 Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- 
 paign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and 
 Nashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865, at 
 Chicago. 
 
 Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- 
 gaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the 
 siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, 
 Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond 
 (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of 
 Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- 
 solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at 
 Chicago, July 2, 1865. 
 
 Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; 
 was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh, 
 and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. 
 
 Battery E was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged 
 at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- 
 town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- 
 tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. 
 
 Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- 
 tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took 
 part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona 
 expedition, and was consolidated with the other 
 batteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. 
 
 Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- 
 tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege 
 and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered 
 out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. 
 
 Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, 
 during January and February, 1862 ; participated 
 in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and 
 in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the 
 Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. 
 
 Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at 
 Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of 
 Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, 
 March 17, 1864, and was mustered out, July 26, 
 1865. 
 
 Battery K was organized at Shawneetown and 
 mustered in, Jan. 9, 1S62, participated in Burn- 
 
 side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture 
 of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered 
 out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re- 
 manider at Chicago in July. 
 
 Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for 
 three years. It served through the Chickamauga 
 campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also 
 was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged 
 at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- 
 tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was 
 mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having 
 traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. 
 
 Second Light Artillery. Consisted of nine 
 batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, 
 and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served 
 in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work 
 at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at 
 Springfield, July 27, 1865. 
 
 Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered 
 into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at 
 Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, 
 Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at 
 Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. 
 
 Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in 
 August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 
 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and 
 the Yocona expedition — was consolidated with 
 Battery A. 
 
 Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, 
 Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged 
 at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of 
 Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also 
 at Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was 
 mustered out. July 27, 1865, at Springfield. 
 
 Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- 
 cember, 1861, and mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861 ; was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of 
 Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
 mounted as cavalry the following summer, and 
 mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 1865. 
 
 Battery I was recruited in Will County, and 
 mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 
 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 
 10, in the advance upon Cornith, and in the 
 battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout 
 Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. 
 It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- 
 man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and 
 through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at 
 Springfield. 
 
 Battery K was organized at Springfield and 
 mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort 
 Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 571 
 
 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 
 14, 1865, at Chicago. 
 
 Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- 
 tered in, Feb. 28, 1862; participated in the ad- 
 vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the 
 advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered 
 out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. 
 
 Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- 
 tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged 
 at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and 
 Rogersville, being finally consolidated with 
 other batteries of the regiment. 
 
 Chicago Board of Trade Battery. Organ- 
 ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of 
 Trade, which raised §15,000 for its equipment, 
 within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into 
 service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- 
 renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- 
 mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, 
 Lovejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus 
 (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 
 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 
 5,268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The 
 battery was in eleven of the hardest battles 
 fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor 
 battles, being in action forty-two times while on 
 scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. 
 
 Chicago Mercantile Battery. Recruited 
 and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- 
 tile Association, an association of prominent and 
 patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It 
 was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at 
 Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie 
 and Yazoo expeditions, the first attack upon 
 Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege 
 of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, 
 Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson 
 (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- 
 pedition ; was mustered out at Chicago, and 
 received final payment, July 10, 1865, having 
 traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 
 miles. 
 
 Springfield Light Artillery. Recruited 
 principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- 
 ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at 
 Springfield, for the term of three years, August 
 21, 1862, numbering 199 men and officers. It 
 participated in the capture of Little Rock and in 
 the Red River expedition, and was mustered out 
 at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. 
 
 Cogswell's Battery, Light Artillery. 
 Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 
 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- 
 ing the regiment. It participated in the 
 
 advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
 battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of 
 Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The 
 regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 
 14, 1865, having served three years and nine 
 months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- 
 pated in seven sieges and battles. 
 
 Sturges Rifles. An independent company, 
 organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- 
 sisted for nearly two mouths, by the patriotic 
 generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges ; was mustered 
 into service, May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was 
 ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- 
 guard of General McClellan; was engaged at 
 Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in 
 the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A 
 portion of the company was at Antietam, the 
 remainder having been detached as foragers, 
 scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, 
 Nov. 25, 1862. 
 
 WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAS. The 
 oppressions and misrule which had character- 
 ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish 
 Government and its agents for generations, in the 
 Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in 
 mutual declarations of war between Spain and 
 the United States. The causes leading up to this 
 result were the injurious effects upon American 
 commerce and the interests of American citizens 
 owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant 
 expense imposed upon the Government of the 
 United States in the maintenance of a large navy 
 along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- 
 bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest 
 produced among the people of this country by the 
 long continuance of disorders and abuses so near 
 to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy 
 and indignation of the entire civilized world. 
 For three years a large proportion of the Cuban 
 population had been in open rebellion against the 
 Spanish Government, and, while the latter had 
 imported a large army to the island and sub- 
 jected the insurgents and their families and 
 sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even 
 excepting torture and starvation itself, their 
 policy had failed to bring the insurgents into 
 subjection or to restore order. In this condition 
 of affairs the United States Government had 
 endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- 
 gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- 
 tion of the Spanish policy of government in the 
 island; but all suggestions in this direction had 
 either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable 
 interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, 
 when made, had been as invariably broken. 
 
572 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 In the meantime an increasing sentiment had 
 been growing up in the United States in favor of 
 conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- 
 gents, or the recognition of their independence, 
 which found expression in measures proposed in 
 Congress — all offers of friendly intervention by 
 the United States having been rejected by Spain 
 with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at 
 last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- 
 rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 
 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to 
 the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty 
 to the insurgents on laying down their arms. 
 The long duration of the war and the outrages 
 perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados," 
 coupled with the increased confidence of the 
 insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, 
 rendered this movement — even if intended to be 
 carried out to the letter — of no avail. The 
 proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. 
 
 In this condition of affairs and with a view to 
 greater security for American interests, the 
 American battleship Maine was ordered to 
 Havana, on Jan. 24, 1898. It arrived in Havana 
 Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a 
 point designated by the Spanish commander. On 
 the night of February 15, following, it was blown 
 up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after 
 investigation, applied from without. Of a crew 
 of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 
 206 were either killed outright by the explosion, 
 or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- 
 can people, but the entire civilized world, was 
 shocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible 
 treachery had been perpetrated against an 
 American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- 
 sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- 
 tion. 
 
 The successive steps leading to actual hostili- 
 ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest 
 and most significant of these was the passage, by 
 a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on 
 March 9, of an appropriation placing §50,000,000 
 in the hands of the President as an emergency 
 fund for purposes of national defense. This was 
 followed, two days later, by an order for the 
 mobilization of the army. The more important 
 events following this step were: An order, under 
 ilnte of April 5, withdrawing American consuls 
 from Spanish stations; the departure, on April 9, 
 of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; 
 April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent 
 resolutions declaring Cuba independent and 
 directing the President to use the land and naval 
 forces of the United States to put an end to 
 
 Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the 
 sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- 
 dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with this 
 act; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, 
 at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for 
 the presentation of the ultimatum, with the 
 departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- 
 ton; April 23, the issue of a call by the President 
 for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- 
 tion of war by Spain; April 25, the adoption by 
 Congress of a resolution declaring that war had 
 existed from April 21; on the same date an order 
 to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic 
 Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a 
 view to investing that city and blockading 
 Philippine ports. 
 
 The chief events subsequent to the declaration 
 of war embraced the following; May 1, the 
 destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the 
 Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, 
 the arrival of the Spanisli Admiral Cervera's fleet 
 at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by 
 the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the 
 attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its 
 destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender 
 of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; 
 July 30, the statement by the President, through 
 the French Ambassador at Washington, of the 
 terms on which the United States would consent 
 to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace 
 terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the 
 signing of the peace protocol; September 9, the 
 appointment by the President of Peace Commis- 
 sioners on the part of the United States; Sept. 18, 
 the announcement of the Peace Commissioners 
 selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the 
 Peace Conference by the representatives of the 
 two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on 
 December 10, of the peace treaty, including the 
 recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, 
 with the transfer to the United States of Porto 
 Rico and her other West India islands, together 
 with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- 
 sideration of $20,000,000. 
 
 Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have 
 such vast and far-reaching results been accom- 
 plished within so short a period. The war, 
 which practically began with the destruction of 
 the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor — an event 
 which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole 
 American people, and won the respect and 
 admiration of other nations — was practically 
 ended by the surrender of Santiago and the 
 declaration by the President of the conditions of 
 peace just three months later. Succeeding 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 5T3 
 
 events, up to the formal signing of the peace 
 treaty, were merely the recognition of results 
 previously determined. 
 
 Histoky of Illinois Regiments. — The part 
 played by Illinois in connection with these events 
 may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- 
 nois regiments and other organizations. Under 
 the first call of the President for 125,000 volun- 
 teers, eight regiments — seven of infantry and one 
 of cavalry — were assigned to Illinois, to which 
 was subsequently added, on application through 
 Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- 
 lery. The infantry regiments were made up 
 of the Illinois National Guard, numbered 
 consecutively from one to seven, and were 
 practically mobilized at their home stations 
 within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the 
 call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near 
 Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, 
 the day after the issue of the Governor's call. 
 The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for 
 the promptness of their response and the com- 
 pleteness of their organization — in this respect 
 being unsurpassed by those of any other State. 
 Under the call of May 25 for an additional force 
 of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was 
 two regiments, which were promptly furnished, 
 taking the names of the Eighth and Ninth. The 
 first of these belonged to the Illinois National 
 Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the 
 first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a 
 number of "Provisional Regiments" which had 
 tendered their services to the Government. Some 
 twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or 
 less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- 
 zations should there be occasion for their serv- 
 ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- 
 zations at date of muster out from the United 
 States service was 12,280—11,789 men and 491 
 officers. 
 
 First Regiment Illinois Volunteers (orig- 
 inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at 
 Chicago, and mustered into the United States 
 service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the 
 command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; 
 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) 
 May 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third 
 Division, of the First Army Corps; started for 
 Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there 
 was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to 
 provost duty in place of the First United States 
 Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment 
 embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- 
 bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel 
 sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay 
 
 on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on 
 the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the 
 firing line on the 11th, spent several days and 
 nights in the trenches before Santiago, and 
 were present at the surrender of that city 
 on the 17th. Two companies had previously 
 been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty 
 of service in the fever hospitals and in caring 
 for their wounded comrades. The next month 
 was spent on guard duty in the captured city, 
 until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and 
 weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was 
 transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on 
 Montauk Point, L. I." The members of the regi- 
 ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 
 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they 
 met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered 
 out, November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) — a 
 considerable number of recruits having joined the 
 regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record 
 of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it 
 was the only Illinois regiment to see service in 
 Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. 
 Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the 
 regiment were detailed for engineering duty in 
 Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12, and 
 were among the first to perform service there. 
 The First suffered severely from yellow fever 
 while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the 
 service, made a brilliant record, which was highly 
 complimented in the official reports of its com- 
 manding officers. 
 
 Second Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
 fantry (originally Second I. N. G.). This regi- 
 ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at 
 Springfield, April 27, 1898— at that time number- 
 ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of 
 Col. George M. Moulton; was mustered in 
 between May 4 and May 15; on May 17 started 
 for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was 
 changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the 
 Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. 
 Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of 
 Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred 
 to Savannah, Ga., remaining at "Camp Lee" until 
 December 8, when two battalions embarked for 
 Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a 
 few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- 
 tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 
 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of 
 Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 30 
 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- 
 ments for Augusta, Ga. . where it arrived April 
 5, and was mustered out, April 2(5, 1,051 strong 
 (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur 
 
574 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing its .stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a 
 man. A history of this regiment has been 
 written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. 
 
 Third Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
 fantry, composed of companies of the Illinois 
 National Guard from the counties of La Salle. 
 Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHenry, Ogle, 
 Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. 
 Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 
 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered 
 in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to 
 Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 
 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico ; on the 28th 
 sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, 
 arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31; soon 
 after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted 
 in the capture of Guayama, which was the 
 beginning of General Brooke's advance across 
 the island to San Juan, when intelligence was 
 received of the signing of the peace protocol by 
 Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third 
 continued in the performance of guard duty in 
 Porto Rico; on October 22, 986 men and 39 offi- 
 cers took transport for home by way of New York, 
 arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several 
 companies being mustered out at their respective 
 home stations. Its strength at final muster-out 
 was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had 
 the distinction of being one of the first to see 
 service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from 
 fever and other diseases during the three months 
 of its stay in the island. 
 
 Fourth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, com- 
 posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, 
 Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, 
 Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair 
 counties; mustered into the service at Spring- 
 field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer 
 Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but 
 en route its destination was changed to Jackson- 
 ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre 
 as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of 
 Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred 
 to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward 
 until about the first of January, when the regi- 
 ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment 
 was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 
 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was 
 mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta), May 
 2, the companies returning to their respective 
 home stations. During a part of its stay at 
 •Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- 
 ment was employed on guard duty. While at 
 Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by 
 court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- 
 
 tion, his place being supplied by Lieut.-Col. Eben 
 Swift, of the Ninth. 
 
 Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
 fantry was the first regiment to report, and was 
 mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under 
 command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally 
 composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- 
 tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams. 
 Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton 
 counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp 
 Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga. ), being assigned to 
 the command of General Brooke ; August 3 left 
 Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the 
 expectation of embarking for Porto Rico — a 
 previous order of July 26 to the same purport 
 having been countermanded; at Newport News 
 embarked on the transport Obdarn, but again the 
 order was rescinded, and, after remaining oo 
 board thirty -six hours, the regiment was disem- 
 barked. The next move was made to Lexington 
 Ky., where the regiment — having lost hope of 
 reaching "the front" — remained until Sept 5, 
 when it returned to Springfield for final muster- 
 out. This regiment was composed of some of the 
 best material in the State, and anxious for active 
 service, but after a succession of disappoint- 
 ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- 
 tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival 
 at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for 
 thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, 
 numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. 
 
 Sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteer In- 
 fantry, consisting of twelve companies from the 
 counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, 
 Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and 
 Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under 
 command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left 
 Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the 
 regiment moved to Charleston, S. C, where a 
 part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole 
 regiment was soon after united in General 
 Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, 
 landing at Guanico on July 25, and advancing 
 into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. 
 After several weeks' service in the interior, the 
 regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 
 took transport for the return home, arrived at 
 Springfield a week later, and was mustered out 
 November 25, the regiment at that time consist- 
 ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. 
 
 Seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry 
 (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two 
 battalions of this regiment reported at Spring, 
 field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted 
 men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 575 
 
 mum; was mustered into the United States serv- 
 ice, under command of Col. Marcus Kavanagli, 
 May 18, 1898; on May 28 started for Camp Alger, 
 Va. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare 
 Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned 
 to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, 
 and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 
 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh 
 saw no actual service in the field. 
 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry (col- 
 ored regiment), mustered into the service at 
 Springfield under the second call of the Presi- 
 dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of 
 Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, 
 with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the 
 muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. 
 The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- 
 cago, the other five being, respectively, from 
 Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Litchfield, 
 Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The 
 regiment having tendered their services to 
 relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de 
 Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of 
 New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, 
 a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- 
 quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone, 
 Marshall was made military governor. The 
 major part of the regiment remained here until 
 ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at 
 Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 
 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in 
 service nine months and six days. 
 
 Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry was 
 organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, 
 and mustered in at Springfield under the second 
 call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- 
 mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at 
 Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla. ), August 9; 
 two months later was transferred to Savannah, 
 Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where 
 it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to 
 Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 
 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 
 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies 
 returned to their respective home stations. The 
 Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from 
 Illinois mustered into the service during the 
 war, the other regiments all belonging to the 
 National Guard. 
 
 First Illinois Cavalry was organized at Chi- 
 cago immediately after the President's first call, 
 seven companies being recruited from Chicago, 
 two from Bloomington, and one each from 
 Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon; was mustered in 
 at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of 
 
 Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp 
 Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until 
 August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, 
 near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 
 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- 
 sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although 
 the regiment saw no active service in the field, it 
 established an excellent record for itself in respect 
 to discipline. 
 
 First Engineering Corps, consisting of 80 
 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, 
 were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- 
 ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' 
 expedition in the latter part of July, and being 
 engaged for a time in the construction of bridges 
 in aid of the intended advance across the island. 
 On September 8 they embarked for the return 
 home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and 
 were mustered out November 20. 
 
 Battery A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was 
 mustered in under a special order of the War 
 Department, May 12, 1898, under command of 
 Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; 
 left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga. , May 19, 
 and, two months later, joined in General Miles' 
 Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on 
 August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua 
 yama on the 12th. News of peace having been 
 received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where 
 it remained until September 7, when it started 
 on the return home by way of New York, arrived 
 at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for 
 sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The 
 Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- 
 ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- 
 lerists and prepared for effective service. 
 
 Naval Reserves. — One of the earliest steps 
 taken by the Government after it became ap- 
 parent that hostilities could, not be averted, was 
 to begin preparation for strengthening the naval 
 arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval 
 Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in 
 an exceptionally favorable position for making a 
 prompt response to the call of the Government, as 
 well as furnishing a superior class of men for 
 service — a fact evidenced during the operations 
 in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta. as head 
 of the local committee, was active in calling the 
 attention of the Navy Department to the value of 
 the service to be rendered by this organization, 
 which resulted in its being enlisted practically as 
 a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" — 
 all but eighty -eight of the number passing the 
 physical examination, the places of these beirg 
 promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 
 
576 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under 
 the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, 
 followed soon after by the remainder of the First 
 Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- 
 cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- 
 talion, from other towns of the State. The latter 
 was made up of' 147 men from Moline, 58 from 
 Quincy, and 62 from Alton — making a total from 
 the State of 667. This does not include others, 
 not belonging to this organization, who enlisted 
 for service in the navy during the war, which 
 raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. 
 The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a 
 different relation to the Government from that 
 of the "naval militia" of other States, which 
 retained their State organizations, while those 
 from Illinois were regularly mustered into the 
 United States service. The recruits from Illinois 
 were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New 
 York, and distributed among fifty-two different 
 vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging 
 to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- 
 ice in nearly every department from the position 
 of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the 
 turrets of the big battleships, the largest number 
 (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- 
 gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the 
 Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; 
 Franklin, 18 ; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17 ; 
 Hector, 14; Marietta, 11; Wilmington and Lan- 
 caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. 
 Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- 
 pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which 
 resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off 
 Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in 
 the West Indies of less importance, without the 
 loss of a man while in the service, although 
 among the most exposed. They were mustered 
 out at different times, as they could be spared 
 from the service, or the vessels to which they 
 were attached went out of commission, a portion 
 serving out their full term of one year. The 
 Reserves from Chicago retain their organization 
 under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," 
 with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- 
 ing, Chicago. 
 
 WARD, James H., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the 
 Chicago public schools and at the University of 
 Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. 
 Three years later he graduated from the Union 
 College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to 
 the bar. Since then he has continued to practice 
 his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was 
 elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, 
 
 and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential 
 Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same 
 year, was the successful candidate of his party 
 for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- 
 ing one term. 
 
 WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da 
 cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied 
 a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- 
 bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- 
 goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" 
 taking the place of the consonant "w," which is 
 wanting in the French alphabet. These were, 
 in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin 
 term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe 
 applied to the Winnebagoes because they had 
 come from the western ocean — the salt (or 
 "fetid") water. In their advance towards the 
 East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country 
 of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- 
 ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- 
 bers rather than in bravery. The invaders 
 settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and 
 here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers 
 in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- 
 tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- 
 garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they 
 claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by 
 the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien 
 (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village 
 located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near 
 the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a 
 rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to 
 live in amity with the whites, it was carried 
 away by the eloquence and diplomacy of 
 Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet."' 
 General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- 
 ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' 
 which he attributees in part, however, to a super- 
 stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or 
 July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by 
 the whites upon an unoffending and practically 
 defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie 
 du Chien brought on what is known as the 
 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago IFar.) 
 The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, 
 largely because of the great influence and shrewd 
 tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties 
 executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded 
 to the United States all their lands lying east of 
 the Mississippi. They were finally removed west 
 of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- 
 tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in 
 Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift 
 and peaceable disposition elicited high praise 
 from Government officials. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 57? 
 
 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of 
 Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 
 23. 1842, and has lived all his life in his native 
 county — his present residence being Clinton. 
 After a short course in Lombard University, 
 while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- 
 rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private 
 soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in 
 June, 1801, serving until July, I860, when he was 
 mustered out with the rank of Captain and 
 brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at 
 Shiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of 
 the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, 
 when lie was ordered North on account of dis- 
 ability. His last service was in fighting Indians 
 on the plains. After the war he completed his 
 law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 
 1808, when he entered into a law partnership 
 with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as 
 Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National 
 Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, 
 under the administrations of Governors Hamil- 
 ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- 
 nated and elected, as a Republican, to the 
 Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, 
 being re-elected in 1890, and again in 1898. In 
 the Fifty .-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was a mem- 
 ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid 
 Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on 
 Revision of the Laws. 
 
 WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways, 20 miles 
 west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by 
 north of Galena. The surrounding region is 
 agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead 
 mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some 
 extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, 
 creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water 
 supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas 
 plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a 
 high school, an academy and a public library. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. 
 
 WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in 
 Essex County, N. Y. , June 3, 1807; in his youth. 
 worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office 
 of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., 
 side by side witli Horace Greeley, afterwards the 
 founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he 
 became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" 
 at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to 
 Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the 
 study of law, completing his course at Transyl- 
 vania University, Ky., in 1834, and beginning 
 practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of 
 
 Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator 
 from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby 
 becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. 
 Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren 
 came to Quincy, Adams County, 111 , but soon 
 after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, 
 where he resided until 1839, when he returned to 
 Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either 
 alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- 
 eral of the leading attorneys of that city. 
 Although he held no office except that of Master 
 in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen 
 years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of 
 humor, with strong practical sense and decided 
 ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity 
 at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a 
 recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic 
 party, of which he was a life-long member. He 
 served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce 
 ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party 
 for the same position on one or two other occa- 
 sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. 
 
 WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was 
 born at Walpole, N. H, in 1790; learned the print- 
 er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 
 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, 
 he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time 
 on a paper at Frankfort. In lsis he came to St 
 Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- 
 souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- 
 lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber 
 company at Cairo, 111. , when the whole popula- 
 tion of that place consisted of one family domi- 
 ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, 
 he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper 
 in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois 
 Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given 
 to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the 
 contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery 
 clause in the State Constitution soon brought it 
 into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, 
 Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- 
 wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. 
 Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill 
 and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" 
 made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, 
 which ended in defeat of the measure by the 
 rejection at the polls, in 1824, of the proposition 
 for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left 
 the Edwardsville paper in 1825, and was. for a 
 time, associated with "The National Crisis," an 
 anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- 
 turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon 
 Spectator" — the first paper ever published at the 
 
578 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, 
 and, for the next three years, was connected 
 with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- 
 ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1*32. 
 he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next 
 five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- 
 cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex- 
 officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the 
 publication of the third paper in Chicago — "The 
 Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) — which was 
 continued a little more than a year, when it was 
 abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, 
 Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- 
 tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in 
 the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at 
 Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western 
 Citizen" — afterwards "The Free West" — in Chi- 
 cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and I/undy, Beii- 
 juiiiin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free 
 West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at 
 Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. 
 While returning home from a visit to Chicago, 
 in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, 
 dying there on the 22d of the month. 
 
 WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- 
 estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, 
 graduated at Union College and was connected 
 with the American Legation to Spain during the 
 administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 
 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, 
 in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to 
 Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate 
 business, he became known to the press as the 
 author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of 
 the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in 
 Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. 
 Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of 
 travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and 
 "Para" are most important. 
 
 WARREN COUNTY. A western county, 
 created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but 
 not fully organized until 1830, having at that time 
 about 350 inhabitants; has an area of 540 square 
 miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. 
 It is drained by the Henderson River and its 
 affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa 
 Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- 
 stone is quarried in large quantities The county's 
 early development was retarded in consequence 
 of having become the "seat of war," during the 
 Black Hawk War. The principal products are 
 grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is 
 carried on to some extent. The county -seat and 
 
 chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville 
 is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. 
 (1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163. 
 
 WABRENSBIT.G, a town of Macon County, 
 on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles 
 northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning 
 factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. 
 
 WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock 
 County, and admirably situated for trade. It 
 stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some 
 three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles 
 above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the 
 Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 
 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort 
 Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
 during the War of 1812, was located within the 
 limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the 
 mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron 
 foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory 
 and cooperage works are its principal manufac- 
 turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- 
 sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers 
 up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, a 
 system of common schools comprising one high 
 and three grammar schools, a National bank and 
 two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,105; 
 (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. 
 
 WASHBURN,a villageof Woodford County, on 
 a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 
 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and a 
 weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. 
 
 WASHBURNE, Elihu Benjamin, Congressman 
 and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine, 
 Sept. 23, 1816; in early life learned the trade of a 
 printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming 
 west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership 
 with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of 
 law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as 
 such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- 
 tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking 
 a prominent position, as a Republican, on the 
 organization of that party. On account of his 
 long service he was known as the "Father of the 
 House." administering the Speaker's oath three 
 times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James G. 
 Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by 
 General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- 
 folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca- 
 pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the 
 only official representative of a foreign govern- 
 ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of 
 that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign 
 of the "Commune." For his conduct he was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 579 
 
 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- 
 many alike. On his return to the United States, 
 he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted 
 his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and 
 where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly 
 favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. 
 WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, 
 situated at the intersection of the Chicago & 
 Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. and the 
 Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads. It is 21 
 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. 
 Carriages, plows and farming implements con- 
 stitute the manufactured output. It is also an 
 important shipping-point for farm products. It 
 has electric light and water-works plants, eight 
 churches, a graded school, two banks and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,801 j (1900), 1,451. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of 
 Southern Illinois, east of St Louis ; is drained by 
 the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup 
 and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and 
 has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is 
 diversified, well watered and timbered. The 
 soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and 
 oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- 
 facturing is carried on to some extent, among 
 the products being agricultural implements, 
 flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- 
 tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- 
 seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. 
 Washington was one of the fifteen counties into 
 which Illinois was divided at the organization of 
 the State Government, being one of the last 
 three created during the Territorial period — the 
 other two being Franklin and Union. 
 
 WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook 
 County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railways, 12 miles southwest of Chicago; 
 has a graded school, female seminary, military 
 school, a car factory, several churches and a 
 newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. 
 
 WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles 
 northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. 
 WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town 
 of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south 
 from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, 
 but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace 
 two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- 
 ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. 
 The city has municipal water and electric light 
 plants, four churches, a graded school and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900). 2,114. 
 
 WATERMAN, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt., 
 Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- 
 cation and teaching for a time, he read law at 
 Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany 
 Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the 
 bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. 
 In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- 
 dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the 
 Army of the Cumberland for two years, and 
 being mustered out in August, 1864, with the 
 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the 
 army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in 
 Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh 
 Ward in the City Council. In 1887 he was elected 
 to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
 and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 
 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the 
 Appellate Court. 
 
 WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, 
 situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of 
 Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- 
 cago & Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 46 
 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east of 
 Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile works 
 and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a 
 graded school and three weekly newspapers. 
 Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the 
 depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing 
 streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. 
 
 WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair 
 County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- 
 ington County in boyhood, and was elected County 
 Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and State's Attorney 
 for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60 ; 
 then became editor and proprietor of a news- 
 paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 
 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in 
 office until his death, at Nashville, 111. Dec. 6, 
 1888. 
 
 WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal 
 city of Lake County, situated on the shore of 
 Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west 
 from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee: 
 is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet 
 & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric 
 lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan 
 is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. 
 Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort," 
 from the remains of an old fort that stood on its 
 site. The principal part of the city is built on a 
 bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 
 
580 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a 
 fiat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied 
 by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- 
 factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, 
 refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, 
 brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, 
 leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas 
 and electric light plants, three banks, eight or 
 ten churches, graded and high schools and two 
 newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal 
 and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 
 4,915; (1900), 9,426. 
 
 WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Elgin, Juliet & Eastern Railway.) 
 
 WAVER LY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles 
 southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville <fc 
 St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- 
 prising emigrants from New England, whose 
 descendants constitute a large proportion of the 
 population. It is the center of a rich agricultural 
 region, has a fine graded school, six or seven 
 churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile 
 works. Population (1880), 1,124; (1890), 1,337; 
 (1900), 1,573. 
 
 WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in 
 Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish 
 descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- 
 ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the 
 years immediately antecedent to the Revolution 
 he was prominent in the colonial councils of his 
 native State, to which he had returned in 1707. 
 where he became a member of the "Committee of 
 Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned 
 Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Penns3 r lvania 
 troops in the Continental army, and, during the 
 War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his 
 courage and ability as a leader. One of his most 
 daring and successful achievements was the cap- 
 ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when — the works 
 having been carried and Wayne having received, 
 what was supposed to be, his death- wound — he 
 entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this 
 service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- 
 gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the 
 investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October, 
 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 
 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. 
 A few years later he settled in Georgia, which 
 State he represented in Congress for seven 
 months, when his seat was declared vacant after 
 contest. In April, 1792, he was confirmed as 
 General-in-Chief of the United States Army, on 
 nomination of President Washington. His con- 
 nection with Illinois history began shortly after 
 
 St. Clair's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio 
 (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, 
 which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being 
 to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he 
 was eminently successful and, on August 3, 
 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the 
 Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as 
 it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a 
 daring fighter, and although Washington called 
 him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him 
 the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of 
 dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, 
 he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He 
 was one of the few white officers whom all the 
 W T estern Indian tribes at once feared and re- 
 spected. They named him "Black Snake" and 
 "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie. 
 Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his 
 remains were removed by one of his sons, and 
 interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native 
 county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 erected a marble monument over his grave, and 
 appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same 
 year. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of 
 the State ; has an area of 720 square miles ; was 
 organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony 
 Wayne. The county is watered and drained by 
 the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the 
 Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the 
 county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life 
 was exceedingly primitive, the first settlers 
 pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, 
 a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The 
 first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina 
 pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. 
 Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and 
 the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished 
 by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the 
 Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. 
 Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the 
 chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- 
 ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- 
 ries. Fairfield is the county-seat. Population 
 (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900), 27,026. 
 
 WEAS, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of 
 Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- 
 hahs, " and were spoken of by the French as "Oui- 
 at-a-nons" and "Oui-as." Other corruptions of 
 the name were common among the British and 
 American colonists. In 1718 they had a village 
 at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of 
 their hostile neighbors, the Chippewas and Potta- 
 watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave 
 and warlike; but their numbers were reduced by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 53l 
 
 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, 
 debauchery enervated and demoralized them. 
 They were removed west of the Mississippi and 
 given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This 
 they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership 
 of Baptiste Peoria, united with their few remain- 
 ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant 
 of the Illi-ni under the title of the "confederated 
 tribes," and settled in Indian Territory. (See also 
 Mia m is; Pia n kesh a ws. ) 
 
 WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, 
 was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of 
 Carmi, White County, 111., about 1828 to 1830, 
 and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- 
 versity. He held the office of Prosecuting 
 Attorney of "White County, and, in 1834, was 
 elected to the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, 
 until 1842, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. 
 During his service in the House he was a col- 
 league and political and personal friend of 
 Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal 
 improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many 
 of the disasters which were actually realized a 
 few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and 
 '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for 
 Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, 
 two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to 
 Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at 
 uurmi, he was also a partner of his brother in 
 the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in 
 the 56th year of his age. 
 
 WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer 
 (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted 
 New York journalist), was born at Claverack, 
 N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the 
 War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, 
 and became one of the founders of the town of 
 America near the mouth of the Ohio; was Repre- 
 sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General 
 Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and 
 Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of 
 regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went 
 to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- 
 tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- 
 ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at 
 Makanda, Oct. 5, 1876. 
 
 WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was 
 born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with 
 his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at 
 Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His 
 father having been appointed Secretary of State 
 
 in 1S41, the son became his private secretary, 
 was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Cushing 
 (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the 
 Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor 
 of the Port of Boston, 1850-61 , the latter year 
 became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts 
 Volunteers and was killed in the second battle 
 of Bull Run, August 30, 1862. 
 
 WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and 
 soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H, 
 August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- 
 mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read 
 law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- 
 nation was for engineering, and, after serv- 
 ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, 
 at Washington, was made a United States civil 
 engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the 
 army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
 Engineers. He served through the Mexican 
 War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and 
 promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- 
 teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- 
 cago, where he made his permanent home, and 
 soon after was identified, for a time, with the 
 proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He 
 was President of the commission that perfected 
 the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and 
 executed the raising of the grade of a large por- 
 tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole 
 blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, 
 while new foundations were inserted. At the 
 outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- 
 ices to the Government and superintended the 
 erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and 
 Paducah, Ky. On April 7, 1861, he was com- 
 missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the 
 rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of 
 the First Illinois Artillery. For several months 
 he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- 
 ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, 
 and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief 
 of Artillery. In October. 1862, the War Depart- 
 ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi 
 nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, 
 he was commissioned Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- 
 phis and Superintendent of military railroads. 
 He was again chief of staff to General Grant 
 during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 
 until the close of the war, occupied the same 
 relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted 
 Major-General of Volunteers, March 13, 1865, but, 
 resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life. From 
 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 
 
(582 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- 
 urer, and, in July, 1872, was appointed Collector 
 of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 
 12, 1876. 
 
 WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 22, 1828, 
 educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, 
 graduating from the academic department in 
 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he 
 removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., 
 which place he made his permanent home. In 
 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth 
 Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 
 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate 
 Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 
 1888. 
 
 WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the 
 United States Court of Claims, Washington, 
 D. C. , was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 
 1829 ; while a child, removed with his parents to 
 Madison County, and was educated in the com- 
 mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg 
 College, Springfield, in the same State ; read law 
 with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member 
 of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 
 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a 
 clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at 
 Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- 
 ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged 
 in practice ; in 1860 was elected a Representative 
 in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was 
 also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, 
 and assisted in the first election of Abraham 
 Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he 
 resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the 
 position of United States District Attorney for 
 the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by 
 President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office 
 in 1866 and, the following year, removed to 
 Bloomington, where he continued the practice of 
 his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, 
 by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the 
 United States Court of Claims at Washington — 
 a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. 
 Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who 
 rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- 
 coln. From the time of coming to the State in 
 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most 
 intimate traveling companions in the old 
 Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon 
 County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and 
 of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States and United 
 States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The 
 Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- 
 
 niscences of that day, especially of the eastern 
 portion of the District, where he was accustomed 
 to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- 
 Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as 
 well as the historic men whom he met at the 
 State capital. 
 
 WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was 
 born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and 
 enjoyed only such educational and other advan- 
 tages as belonged to the average New England 
 boy of that period. During his boyhood his 
 family removed to New Jersey, where he attended 
 an academy, later, graduating from Columbia 
 College and Law School in New York City, and 
 began practice with State Senator Robert Allen 
 at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he 
 enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part 
 in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- 
 sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 
 1870, he settled in Quincy, 111., where he con- 
 tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the 
 House of Representatives from Adams County, 
 as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. 
 In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, 
 by reelection in 1894, he served continuously 
 until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His 
 abilities and long service — covering the sessions 
 of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- 
 blies — placed him at the head of the Democratic: 
 side of the Senate during the latter part of his 
 legislative career. 
 
 WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the 
 Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, 
 about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured 
 by the Miami Indians, whose chief, Little Turtle, 
 adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- 
 riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly 
 esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, 
 was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. 
 Clair was defeated. He then realized that he 
 was fighting against his own race, and informed 
 his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself 
 with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made 
 his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- 
 tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of 
 Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort 
 Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. 
 Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the 
 Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated 
 evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of 
 thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- 
 tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- 
 combatants on their proposed march to Fort, 
 Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the 
 fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 683 
 
 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before 
 a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell 
 into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- 
 nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) 
 The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was 
 riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his 
 heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, 
 wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. 
 
 WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born 
 in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm 
 until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, 
 but made such progress that he became succes- 
 sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at 
 Andover and Newburyport, and, finally, Principal 
 of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. 
 In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- 
 ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, 
 serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an 
 organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' 
 Association, one of the first editors of "The 
 Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- 
 nected with various benevolent, educational and 
 learned societies ; was also author of several text- 
 books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's 
 Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. 
 
 WENONA, city on the eastern border of Mar- 
 shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle , has 
 zinc works, public and parochial schools, a 
 weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A 
 good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486. 
 
 WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and 
 Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H, 
 March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
 lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, 
 where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
 crat," which had been established by John Cal- 
 houn three years previous. He soon after became 
 proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- 
 tinued to be the publisher until it was merged 
 into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He 
 also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois 
 bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- 
 crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 
 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal 
 of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected 
 Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, 
 during his incumbency introducing a number of 
 important municipal reforms ; was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice 
 served on the Board of Education. He again 
 represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican 
 from 1865 to 1867 — making fourteen years of 
 service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the 
 Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- 
 
 giance to the Republican party. In 1874. At. Went- 
 worth published an elaborate genealogical work 
 in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- 
 worth Family." A volume of "Congressional 
 Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- 
 cago," published in connection with the Fergus 
 Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- 
 tion on early local and national history. On 
 account of his extraordinary height he received 
 the sobriquet of "Long John," by which he was 
 familiarly known throughout the State. Died, 
 in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. 
 
 WEST, Edward M., merchant and banker, was 
 born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his 
 father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk 
 in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also 
 served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a 
 position in the United States Land Office there. 
 Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years — 
 meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, 
 ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, 
 in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established 
 a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- 
 nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West 
 officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the 
 Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed 
 much ability as a public speaker. 
 
 WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- 
 pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; 
 graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught 
 until 1873, when she was elected County Super- 
 intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She 
 took an active and influential interest in educa- 
 tional and reformatory movements, was for two 
 years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- 
 delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, 
 besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- 
 nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union — in which she held the 
 position of President ; was also President, in the 
 latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's 
 Press Association of Chicago, that city having 
 become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West 
 started on a tour of the world for the benefit of 
 her health, but died at Tokio, Japan, Dec. 1, 1892. 
 WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
 located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in 
 accordance with an act of the General Assembly, 
 approved, May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- 
 eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 
 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while 
 Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acres 
 
584 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of land valued at 140,000. The site selected by the 
 Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking 
 the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock 
 Island, and live and a half miles from Moline, and 
 the buildings are of the most modern style of con- 
 struction. Watertown is reached b\- two lines of 
 railroad— the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy — besides the 
 Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was 
 begun in 1896, and they were opened for the 
 reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- 
 pacity for 800 patients. 
 
 WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti- 
 tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, 
 incorporated in 1892, has a faculty of eight mem- 
 bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with 
 property valued at 870,000. The institution gives 
 instruction in literary and scientific branches, 
 besides preparatory and business courses. 
 
 WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at 
 Bushnell, McDonough County; incorporated in 
 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve 
 instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 
 300 males and 200 females. 
 
 WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook 
 County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- 
 cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road, 15 miles west of the initial station. 
 Population (1890), 451; (lliOO), 662. 
 
 WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, 
 located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 
 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, 
 and was opened for students two years later. It 
 has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- 
 tecture — one including the school and lecture 
 rooms and the other a dormitory. A hospital 
 and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a 
 school for boys is conducted on the first floor of 
 the main building, which is known as Wheeler 
 Hall. The institution is under the general super- 
 vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois 
 
 WESTFIELD, village of Clark County, on Cin., 
 Ham. & Dayton R. R. , 10 m. s -e. of Charleston; 
 seat of Westfield College; has a bank, five 
 churches and two newspapers. Pep (1900) 820. 
 
 WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on 
 the Peoria-Evansville Div. Ill Cent R. R.. 12 
 miles northeast of Albion; lias a bank and a 
 weekly paper. Pop. (189(1). 476; (1900), 700. 
 
 WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was 
 born in Chicago, Due. 9, 1849; in her childhood 
 attracted attention while singing with her father 
 (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in 
 
 Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of 
 age, went to New York to study, earning her way 
 by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid 
 and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg; 
 in New York was patronized by Henry Ward 
 Beecher and others, and aided in securing the 
 training of European masters. Compelled to sur- 
 mount many obstacles from poverty and other 
 causes, her after success in her profession was 
 phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, 
 at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott 
 married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who 
 died before her. 
 
 WHEATON, a city and the county-seat of Du 
 Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- 
 culture and stock-raising are the chief industries 
 in the surrounding region. The city owns a new 
 water-works plant (costing 860,000) and has a 
 public library valued at §75.000, the gift of a 
 resident. Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court 
 house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage 
 system, seven churches, three graded schools, 
 four weekly newspapers and a State bank, 
 Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which 
 see) Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1,622; 
 (1900). 2 345 
 
 WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and 
 under Congregational control. It was founded 
 in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- 
 tered under its present name in 1860. Its early 
 existence was one of struggle, but of late years it 
 has been established on a better foundation, in 
 1898 having 854,000 invested in productive funds, 
 and property aggregating 8136 000. The faculty 
 comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there 
 were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- 
 cational and instruction is given in business and 
 preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, 
 music and classical literature. 
 
 WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- 
 man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1829; 
 graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount 
 Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County 
 Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell 
 College, Iowa, (1857-61) ; was United States Con- 
 sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professorof 
 English Literature in Northwestern University 
 (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, 
 seven years, and was President of Allegheny 
 College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. 
 from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. 
 from the Northwestern University in 1881. He 
 is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 584 
 
 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature" 
 (1883), besides some translations. 
 
 WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex Congressman, 
 was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but 
 emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; 
 remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his 
 educational advantages being limited to three 
 months' attendance upon a district school each 
 year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at 
 Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- 
 tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- 
 teenth District in the State Senate, where he 
 served on many important committees, being 
 Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. 
 In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- 
 gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the 
 Republican ticket. 
 
 WHEELING, a town on the northern border of 
 Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. 
 Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. 
 
 WHISTLER, (JIaj.) John, soldier and builder 
 of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- 
 land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the 
 Revolution, and was with the force surrendered 
 by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the 
 peace he returned to the United States, settled at 
 Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States 
 Army, serving at first in the ranks and being 
 severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- 
 paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a 
 captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with 
 his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, 
 where lie constructed the first Fort Dearborn 
 within the limits of the present city of Chicago, 
 remaining in command until 1811, when he was 
 succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the 
 brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed 
 military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- 
 wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, 
 where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William 
 Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a 
 time, in old Fort Dearborn — but transferred, in 
 1809, to Fort Wayne — was of the force included 
 in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After 
 his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to 
 the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. 
 James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, 
 but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson 
 of the first Major Whistler. 
 
 WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Massachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the 
 age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- 
 seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- 
 ing under General Grant in the campaign 
 
 against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a 
 course in a commercial college at Worcester, 
 Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- 
 ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later 
 began business on his own account, which he has 
 successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected 
 to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of 
 the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years 
 later, serving in that body eight years. He 
 declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but 
 accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth 
 District, as he was again in 1896, but was 
 defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- 
 brook, N. H, August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated 
 at Beloit College, Wis. , whither his father had 
 removed in 1837; engaged in journalism as city 
 editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later 
 becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 
 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- 
 une," during a part of the war acting as its 
 Washington correspondent. He also served, in 
 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas 
 National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of 
 the Republican State Central Committee. In 
 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," 
 a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but 
 retired in October, 1874. After a protracted 
 European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and 
 E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase 
 and reorganization of "The New York Evening 
 Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. 
 
 WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- 
 ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois 
 in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where 
 he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 
 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, 
 but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the 
 Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he 
 commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- 
 west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- 
 eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the 
 rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently 
 assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, 
 but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., 
 untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily 
 serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- 
 mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 
 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released 
 under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at 
 his own request, and acquitted, the court finding 
 that he had acted with courage and capability. 
 
686 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was 
 brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, 
 at Evanston, May 12, 1890. 
 
 WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
 quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by 
 the Wabash River; was organized in 1816, being 
 the tenth county organized during the Territorial 
 period: area, 500 square miles. The county is 
 crossed by three railroads and drained by the 
 Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface 
 consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, 
 for the most part, highly productive. The princi- 
 pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and 
 wool. The principal industrial establishments 
 are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. 
 Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- 
 field, Grayville and Norris City. Population 
 (1880), 23.087; (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25.386. 
 
 WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads, 65 miles 
 north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest 
 of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has 
 stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and 
 machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, 
 creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, 
 electric light and power system, nurseries and 
 fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing 
 houses; also has five churches, a graded school, 
 two banks and three newspapers — one daily. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 1,961 ; (1900), 2.030. 
 
 WHITEHOUSE, Henry John, Protestant Epis- 
 copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 
 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 
 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- 
 ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was 
 rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and 
 New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- 
 ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase 
 in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon 
 before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in 
 England. During this visit he received the 
 degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that 
 of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a 
 churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated 
 in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward 
 Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the 
 Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant 
 orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- 
 sialist. Died, in Chicago, August 10, 1874. 
 
 WHITESIDE COUXTY, in the northwestern 
 portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi 
 River; created by act of the Legislature passed in 
 
 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a 
 noted Indian fighter ; area, 700 square miles. The 
 surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- 
 land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The 
 county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at 
 Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present 
 location. The Rock River crosses the county 
 and furnishes abundant water power for numer- 
 ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- 
 ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen 
 goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also 
 distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and 
 planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural 
 product, although all the leading cereals are 
 extensively grown. The principal towns are 
 Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 30,885; (1890), 30,854; (1900), 34.710. 
 
 WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of 
 the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of 
 North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, 
 to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., 
 erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 
 which became widely known as "Whiteside 
 Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, 
 and was active in organizing the militia during 
 the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 
 1815. — John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- 
 ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to 
 Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. 
 and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- 
 tively. All of them became famous as Indian 
 fighters. The two latter served as Captains of 
 companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, 
 Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island 
 in 1S14, and contributing greatly to the success 
 of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) 
 he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 Whiteside County was named in his honor. He 
 made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge 
 Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and 
 represented that county in the First General 
 Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- 
 son County for a number of years. — John D. 
 (Whiteside), another member of this historic 
 family, became very prominent, serving in the 
 lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and 
 Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- 
 ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a 
 Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer 
 (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as 
 he was known, was the second of James Shields 
 in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) 
 in 1842, and, as such, carried the challenge of the 
 former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 587 
 
 WHITING, Lorenzo D., legislator, was born 
 in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to 
 Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- 
 nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau 
 County. He was a Representative from that 
 county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly 
 (1869), and a member of the Senate continuously 
 from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through 
 eight General Assemblies. Died at his home 
 near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 
 1889. 
 
 WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was 
 born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and 
 received a common school education. In 1862 he 
 was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer 
 Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- 
 ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- 
 ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth 
 Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- 
 ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On 
 retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed 
 Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until 
 March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat 
 as Republican Representative in Congress from 
 the Peoria District, to which he had been elected 
 in November, 1874. After the expiration of his 
 term he held no public office, but was a member 
 of the Republican National Convention of 1884. 
 Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York 
 City, May 24, 1888. 
 
 WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and 
 early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord 
 Coke"; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- 
 lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some 
 time at or near Edwardsville, then became a 
 teacher at Atlas, Pike Count}', and, still later, the 
 first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. 
 Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any 
 practice. He acquired the title, by which he was 
 popularly known for a quarter of a century, by 
 his custom of visiting the State Capital, during 
 the sessions of the General Assembly, when 
 he would organize the lobbyists and visit- 
 ors about the capital — of which there were an 
 unusual number in those days — into what was 
 called the "Third House." Having been regu- 
 larly chosen to preside under the name of 
 "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- 
 sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at 
 members of the two houses and others, which 
 would be received with cheers and laughter. 
 The meetings of the "Third House," being held 
 in the evening, were attended by many members 
 and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- 
 ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years, 
 
 was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at 
 Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. 
 
 WHITTEMORE, Floyd K.., State Treasurer, is 
 a native of New York, came at an early age, with 
 his parents, to Sycamore, 111. , where he was edu- 
 cated in the high school there. He purposed 
 becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the 
 late James H. Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, 
 accepted the position of clerk in the office. 
 Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking 
 house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the 
 organization of the State National Bank, was 
 chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the 
 position some twenty years. After the appoint- 
 ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of 
 Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- 
 cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in 
 that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- 
 rure under the administration of State Treasurer 
 Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State 
 Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and 
 merchant, was born in Woodford County, Ky., 
 Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843, 
 and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through 
 the Mexican War. On the return of peace he 
 engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, 
 until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- 
 ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864, 
 when, his regiment having been consolidated 
 with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After 
 the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal 
 Revenue for several years, after which he en- 
 gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, 
 August 8, 1898. 
 
 WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, 
 was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken 
 to France at eight years of age, was educated for 
 a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States 
 in 1815, he was at Cahokia, 111., in 1818, where, 
 during the same year, he married into a French 
 family of that place. He served in the House of 
 Representatives from Randolph County, in the 
 Second and Third General Assemblies (1820-24), 
 and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). 
 During his last term in the House, he was one of 
 those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- 
 vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- 
 kaskia, in 1833. 
 
 WIKE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Meadville, Pa., April 6. 1834; at 4 years 
 of age removed with his parents to Quincy, 111., 
 
588 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated 
 from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 185T, he 
 began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of 
 Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, 
 but, before commencing practice, spent a year at 
 Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. 
 Immediately thereafter he opened an office at 
 Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. 
 In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. 
 He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) 
 and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his 
 I listrict in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, 
 again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by 
 President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary 
 of the Treasury, which position he continued 
 to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the 
 practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901 
 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was 
 born in Smithfield, Jefferson County, Ohio, 
 March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1843 and began 
 life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. 
 In 1816 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a 
 member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly iu New 
 Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later 
 he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some 
 time at the carpenter's trade, after which he 
 became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to 
 edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then 
 became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, 
 but later engaged in the hardware trade at 
 Jonesboro, in which he continued for several 
 years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate 
 for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 
 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- 
 didate for President, received only 825 in the 
 same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate 
 office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. 
 Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he 
 was connected until 1860, when he removed to 
 Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, 
 he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri 
 and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtiss, 
 being, a part of the time, in command of the First 
 Brigade of Cavalry, and. in the advance on Vicks- 
 burg, having command of the right wing of 
 General Granfs cavalry. Being disabled by 
 rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered 
 his resignation, and was immediately appointed 
 Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- 
 ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. 
 In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer 
 one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern 
 Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as 
 
 Secretary of the Board until the institution was 
 opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was 
 defeated as a candidate for County Judge of 
 Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- 
 ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic 
 District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate 
 for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against 
 William Hartzell. but was defeated by only 
 twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten 
 counties comprising the District. In the latter 
 years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite 
 extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- 
 son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. 
 
 WILKIE, Franc Bansrs, journalist, was born 
 in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a 
 partial course at Union College, after which he 
 edited papers at Schenectady, N. Y. , Elgin, 111., 
 and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa ; also serving, 
 during a part of the Civil War, as the western 
 war correspondent of "The New York Times." 
 In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The 
 Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, 
 with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 
 — a part of the time as its European correspond- 
 ent. He was the author of a series of sketches 
 over the nom de plume of "Poliuto, " and of a 
 volume of reminiscences under the title, 
 "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published 
 shortly before his death, which took place, April 
 12, 1892. 
 
 WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 
 7, 1837 ; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 
 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree 
 College ; served three years in the War for the 
 Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was 
 chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court and reelected in 1885 — the latter year 
 being assigned to the Appellate bench for the 
 Fourth District, where he remained until his 
 election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being 
 re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home 
 is at Danville. 
 
 WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his 
 father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- 
 cated. During a short service as Deputy Clerk of 
 Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the 
 profession of the law, and, after a course of study 
 under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to 
 practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- 
 ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 
 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 589 
 
 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen 
 to the same position in 1861. At the expiration 
 of his second term he removed to Chicago. 
 Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. 
 
 WILKINSON, John P.. early merchant, was 
 born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., 
 emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1828, settled 
 in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- 
 cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal 
 friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female 
 Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee 
 from their origin until his death, which occurred, 
 during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 
 1841. 
 
 WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early 
 legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778; 
 about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa. , and, 
 in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician 
 by profession, but having leased the saline lands 
 on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- 
 wards became the town of Brownsville, he 
 engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing 
 thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders 
 of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat 
 of Jackson County. On the organization of 
 Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of 
 the first Board of County Commissioners, and. in 
 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the 
 Convention which framed the first State Consti- 
 tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a 
 member of the Legislature from 1818 to "34 — first 
 as Senator in the First General Assembly, then 
 as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth 
 and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, 
 Seventh, Eighth and Ninth — his career being 
 conspicuous for long service. He died in office, 
 June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, 
 fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing 
 practical jokes upon his associates, but very 
 popular, as shown by his successive elections to 
 the Legislature. He has been called "The Father 
 of Jackson County." Will County, organized by 
 act of the Legislature two years after his death, 
 was named in his honor. 
 
 WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- 
 bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. 
 Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. 
 Early explorations of the territory were made 
 in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff 
 west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied 
 by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph 
 Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his 
 peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- 
 eral of the early settlers fled from the country 
 during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. 
 
 There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to 
 the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build 
 the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. 
 Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, 
 originally a part of Cook, was separately erected 
 in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat. 
 Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are 
 the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- 
 mington are the principal towns. Population 
 (1880), 53.422; (1890), 62,007; (1900). 74,764. 
 
 WILLARD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and 
 reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 
 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwestern 
 Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 
 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural 
 Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she 
 was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan 
 Seminary. The next two years she devoted to 
 travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- 
 ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 she 
 was Professor of ^.-Esthetics in the Northwestern 
 University and dean of the Woman's College. 
 She was always an enthusiastic champion of 
 temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- 
 sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union. For five years she was 
 Corresponding Secretary of the national body, 
 and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary 
 she organized the Home Protective Association, 
 and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, 
 to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, 
 asking for the granting to women of the right to 
 vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- 
 ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had 
 died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
 but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, 
 was elected as a member of the executive com- 
 mittee of the National Prohibition party. In 
 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- 
 ment for the protection of women, and succeeded 
 in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- 
 tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the 
 World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 
 1888, was chosen its President, as also President 
 of the International Council of Women. The 
 latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, 
 much of the time as the guest and co-worker of 
 Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which 
 she devoted much attention to investigating the 
 condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard 
 was a prolific and highly valued contributor t" 
 the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) 
 published several volumes, including "Nineteen 
 Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister): 
 "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," and 
 
500 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, 
 Feb. 18, 1898. 
 
 WILLARD, Samuel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- 
 sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, 
 Vt., Dec. 30, 1821— the lineal descendant of Maj. 
 Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, 
 Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War," 
 and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the 
 Old Soutli Church. Boston, and seventh President 
 of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch 
 was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, 
 to Carrollton, 111., where his father pursued the 
 avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory 
 course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1836 
 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College 
 at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, 
 re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the 
 class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- 
 man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction and President of Knox College, and 
 Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. 
 The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege, when he began the study of medicine at 
 Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department 
 of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the 
 latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper 
 ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The 
 Western Temperance Magazine" at the same 
 place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- 
 fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed 
 to Collinsville, 111., remaining until 1857, when he 
 took charge of the Department of Languages in 
 the newly organized State Normal University at 
 Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) 
 he enlisted as a private in the Ninety-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after 
 commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, 
 participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and 
 in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- 
 abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, 
 he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- 
 ently recovered accepting a position in the office 
 of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- 
 field, where he remained until the close of the 
 war. He then became Grand Secretary of the 
 Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State 
 of Illinois — a position which he had held from 
 1856 to 1862 — remaining under his second appoint- 
 ment from 1865 to '69. The next year he served 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, 
 meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield 
 public library, and serving as its first librarian. 
 In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History 
 in the West Side High School of Chicago, 
 which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), 
 
 he continued to occupy for more than twenty- 
 five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, 
 Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, 
 having been, for a considerable period, editor, or 
 assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- 
 tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The 
 Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a 
 "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- 
 teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- 
 tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 
 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical 
 Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 
 to A. D. 1876 — of which he has had a second 
 edition in course of preparation. Of late years 
 he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- 
 ary of Names and Places," which will include 
 some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the 
 most important work of his life. Previous to the 
 war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator 
 on the "Underground Railroad," who made no 
 concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two 
 occasions, was called to answer for them in 
 prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." 
 (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend 
 and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of 
 him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear 
 and forcible writer; of broad and accurate 
 scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, 
 and a most estimable gentleman." 
 
 WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 
 1801 ; with moderate advantages but natural 
 fondness for study, he chose the profession of 
 law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee 
 in 1828, coming to Quincy. 111., the following 
 year. He was elected to the General Assembly 
 three times — serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and 
 in the House, 1836-40; was United States District 
 Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by 
 appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; was 
 twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for 
 United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District 
 Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and 
 high character were widely recognized. Died, 
 in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 — His son, John H., an 
 attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- 
 cuit Court 1879-85. — Another son, Abraham Lin- 
 coln, was twice elected Attorney-General of 
 Kansas. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Erastus Smith, lawyer and ju- 
 rist, was born at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 
 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading 
 law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 
 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 591 
 
 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a 
 Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
 After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, 
 and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on 
 the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a 
 candidate for re-election as a Republican, but 
 was defeated with the party ticket. After his 
 retirement from the bench he resumed private 
 practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. 
 
 WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was 
 born in "White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the 
 age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- 
 versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the 
 Union College of Law, Chicago, since then being 
 an active and successful practitioner at Carmi. 
 In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and 
 served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was 
 County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on 
 the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. 
 He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- 
 nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a 
 special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned 
 by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected 
 in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell 
 (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- 
 ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was 
 again a candidate and elected to the Fifty -sixth 
 Congress. 
 
 WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was 
 born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- 
 tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store 
 in his native State; then, joining his parents, 
 who had settled on a tract of land in a part of 
 Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found 
 employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah 
 lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- 
 ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- 
 ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was 
 the Republican candidate for Congress in the 
 Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed 
 Commissary-General for the State, rendering 
 valuable service in furnishing supplies for State 
 troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- 
 ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was 
 also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- 
 sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate 
 personal friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to 
 accompany the remains of the martyred President, 
 from Washington to Springfield, for burial. 
 Libei'al, enterprising and public-spirited, his name 
 was associated with nearly every public enter- 
 prise of importance in Springfield during his 
 business career — being one of the founders, and, 
 for eleven years President, of the First National 
 Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of 
 
 what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and 
 Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron 
 Company ; one of the Commissioners who con- 
 structed the Springfield water-works, and an 
 officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, 
 from 1865 to his death, May 29, 1890. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Korman, lawyer, was born at 
 Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on 
 both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of 
 the most prominent families of New England. 
 He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, 
 and graduated from the University of Vermont 
 in the class of 1855. After taking a course in 
 the Albany Law School and with a law firm in 
 his native town, he was admitted to practice in 
 both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- 
 cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of 
 the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later 
 forming a partnership with Gen. John L. Thomp- 
 son, which ended with the death of the latter in 
 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in 
 the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- 
 pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; 
 also assisted in organizing the Western Electric 
 Company, and was prominently identified with 
 the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western 
 Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as 
 the United States Commissioner to the Electrical 
 Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his 
 brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in 
 founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt., 
 which, in honor of his father, received the name 
 of "The Norman Williams Public Library." 
 With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- 
 Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the 
 will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the 
 Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the 
 Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- 
 dent; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- 
 lic Library, and trustee of a number of large 
 estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the 
 late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter 
 became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- 
 ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- 
 curred at Hampton Beach, N. H., June 19, 1899 
 — his remains being interred in his native town 
 of Woodstock, Vt. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born 
 Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa. , his grandfathers 
 on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary 
 War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- 
 ton in the same State, where in boyhood he 
 worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, 
 attending a common school in the winter until 
 
692 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered 
 Washington College, remaining for more than a 
 year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 
 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business 
 of a teacher for four years. Then he entered 
 Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same 
 time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the 
 close of his junior year, when, having been 
 licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, 
 Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, 
 the loan of a law library, which he afterwards 
 purchased ; served for two years as State's Attor- 
 ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., 
 where he spent the remainder of his life in the 
 practice of his profession. Much of his time was 
 devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- 
 cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and 
 the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he 
 acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- 
 long Democrat and, in 18G8, was the unsuccessful 
 candidate of his party for Attorney-General of 
 the State. The last three years of his life he had 
 been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 
 15. 1899. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Samuel, Bank President, was born 
 in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to 
 Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842, 
 removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- 
 ous local offices, including that of County Judge, 
 to which he was elected in 1861. During his 
 later years he had been President of the Watseka 
 Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, Rollin Samuel, legislator and 
 jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt. , May 23, 1839. 
 At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he 
 began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In 
 two years he had become a skillful operator, and, 
 as such, was employed in various offices in New 
 England and New York. In 1857 he came to 
 Chicago seeking employment and, through the 
 fortunate correction of an error on the part of 
 the receiver of a message, secured the position of 
 operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook 
 County. Here lie read law during his leisure 
 time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was 
 admitted to the bar. The same year he was 
 elected to the lower House of the General 
 Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 lie 
 was elected to the bench of the Superior Court of 
 Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge 
 of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- 
 gust 10, 1889. 
 
 WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern part 
 of the State, originally set off from Franklin and 
 organized in 1839. The county is well watered, 
 
 the principal streams being the Big Muddy and 
 the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is 
 undulating and the soil fertile. The region was 
 originally well covered with forests. All the 
 cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and 
 rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and 
 sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 
 square miles; population (1880), 19,324- (1890) 
 22,226; (1900), 27,796. 
 
 WILLIAMSVILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- 
 ty, on Chicago it Alton Railroad, 12 miles north 
 of Springfield; has a bank, elevator, 3 churches, 
 a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 573. 
 
 WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former 
 Railroad ami Warehouse Commissioner, was born 
 in Sumner County, Tenn., June 27, 1826; brought 
 to Gallatin County, 111., in 1834, and settled at 
 Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pope 
 County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, 
 and engaged in the wharf-boat and commission 
 business. He entered the service as Quarter- 
 master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in 
 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of 
 injuries, in 1863 ; was elected Representative ir> 
 the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868), 
 appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, 
 and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 
 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving 
 until 1893. 
 
 WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles 
 north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad, a handsome suburb of Chicago on the 
 shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved 
 and shaded with fine forest trees; has public 
 library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the 
 Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- 
 west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, 
 two National banks, a graded school, churches 
 and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location 
 of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,420. 
 
 WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was born 
 in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10. 1818, edu- 
 cated in the common schools and at an academy 
 in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- 
 cago, entering the employment of his older 
 brothers, who were connected with the construc- 
 tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. 
 His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge 
 of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor 
 of "The Chicago American"), in'1844, Charles L. 
 took a position in the office, ultimately securing 
 a partnership, which continued until the death 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 593 
 
 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the 
 ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an 
 ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln 
 for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, 
 favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the 
 Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- 
 coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was 
 appointed Secretary of the American Legation at 
 London, serving with the late Minister Charles 
 Francis Adams, until 1864, when lie resigned and 
 resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 
 .1875 his health began to fail, and three years 
 later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex. , in the 
 hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- 
 mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. — 
 Richard Lush (Wilson), an older brother of the 
 preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The 
 Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of 
 consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native 
 of New York. Coming to Chicago with his 
 brother John L., in 1834, they soon after estab- 
 lished themselves in business on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. 
 In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily 
 Journal" for a publishing committee which had 
 purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- 
 can," but soon after became principal proprietor. 
 In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of 
 the victorj- of Buena Vista, lie lost an arm and 
 was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- 
 non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- 
 dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, 
 but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled 
 to retire in favor of a successor appointed by 
 Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. 
 Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled 
 "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, 
 a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- 
 lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. 
 — John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a 
 native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was 
 afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- 
 ness, being for a time business manager of "The 
 Chicago Journal;'" also served one term as Sher- 
 iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 
 1888. 
 
 WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at 
 Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817. graduated 
 from Brown University in 1838, and the same 
 year came to Chicago, whither his father's 
 family had preceded him in 1835. After reading 
 law for two years, he entered the senior class at 
 Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 
 1841. In August of that year he opened an 
 office at Elgin, and, for ten years "rode the cir- 
 
 cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of 
 the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, 
 and re-elected for a full term in 1855, and again 
 in '61. In November of the latter year he was 
 commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- 
 second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, 
 a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon 
 the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- 
 self to private practice, which was largely in 
 the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat 
 upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- 
 cuit), and was at once designated as one of the 
 Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of 
 which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. 
 In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, 
 about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8. 
 1891. 
 
 WILSON, James Grant, soldier and author, 
 was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, 
 and, when only a year old, was brought by his 
 father, William Wilson, to America. The family 
 settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where James 
 Grant was educated at College Hill and under 
 private teachers. After finishing his studies he 
 became his father's partner in business, but, in 
 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, 
 removed to Chicago, where he founded the first 
 literary paper established in the Northwest. At 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his 
 journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, 
 of which he was commissioned Major and after- 
 wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August, 
 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General 
 Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of 
 the Fourth Regiment United States Colored 
 Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to 
 the staff of the Commander of the Department of 
 the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. 
 When General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- 
 son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed 
 in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July, 
 1865, since which time his home has been in New- 
 York. He is best known as an author, having 
 published numerous addresses, and being a fre- 
 quent contributor to American and European 
 magazines. Among larger works which he has 
 written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of 
 Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of 
 General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of 
 Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of 
 Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends" and 
 " Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography ' 
 
 WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- 
 tary engineer, was born near Shawneetown, 111., 
 Sept. 2, 1837. His grandfather, Alexander Wil- 
 
594 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and 
 his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- 
 ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black 
 Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) 
 served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- 
 teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the 
 United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" 
 prosecutions. James H. was educated in the 
 common schools, at McKendree College, and 
 the United States Military Academy at West 
 Point, graduating from the latter in 1S60, and 
 being assigned to the Topographical Engineer 
 Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to 
 a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- 
 graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition 
 until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to 
 the Department of the South, being present at 
 the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- 
 camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- 
 tles of South Mountain and Antietam ; was made 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 
 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and 
 Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee 
 until October, 1863, being actively engaged in 
 the operations around Vicksburg; was made 
 Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He 
 also conducted operations preliminary to the 
 battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and 
 for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed 
 in command of the Third Division of the cavalry 
 corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from 
 May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. 
 Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- 
 ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished 
 himself that, on April 20, 1865, he was made 
 Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight 
 days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- 
 three stands of colors, 288 guns and 6,820 prison- 
 ers — among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He 
 was mustered out of the volunteer service in 
 January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was 
 commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
 fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted 
 Major-General in the regular arm}'. On Dec. 31, 
 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards 
 largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- 
 ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly 
 after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) 
 General Wilson was appointed, by the President, 
 Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its 
 close. He is the author of "China: Travels and 
 Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of 
 Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. 
 U. S. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. 
 
 Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in 
 New York. 
 
 WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at 
 Bowdoin College in 1824 — the classmate of Frank- 
 lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne ; studied law 
 in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, 
 locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, 
 where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, 
 serving, at different periods, as attorney of the 
 Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- 
 gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became 
 Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, 
 serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. 
 
 WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- 
 side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the 
 common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg, 
 graduating from the latter in 1865; two years 
 later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and 
 speedily attained prominence in his profession. 
 During the World's Fair period he was retained 
 as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and 
 Buildings, and was prominently connected, as 
 counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- 
 tion. 
 
 WILSON, Robert L., early legislator, was born 
 in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken 
 to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- 
 lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833, 
 removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; 
 was elected Representative in 1836, and was one 
 of the members from Sangamon County, known 
 as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the 
 removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. 
 Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, 
 in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and 
 served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- 
 ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as 
 private in a battalion in Washington City under 
 command of Cassius M. Clay, for guard duty 
 until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- 
 ment. He subsequently assisted in raising 
 troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by 
 Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, 
 after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield — being 
 mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- 
 side County, 1S80. 
 
 WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Montrose, Susquehanna County, Pa. , Nov. 
 6, 1812; learned the printer's art, then studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny 
 County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 595 
 
 and State Senator ; in 1850 came to Chicago, was 
 elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, 
 and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and 
 proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- 
 rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. 
 
 WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in 
 Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law 
 with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, 
 and minister to France in the early part of the 
 century; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after 
 came to Illinois, two years later locating in White 
 County, near Carmi, which continued to be his 
 home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 
 he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Supreme Court as successor to William P. 
 Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as 
 "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held 
 office only about nine months. Judge Wilson 
 was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- 
 Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 
 years old, and held office until the reorganization 
 of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 
 1848 — a period of over twenty-nine years, and, 
 with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- 
 est term of service in the history of the court. 
 He died at his home in White County, April 29, 
 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself 
 with the Democratic party on the dissolution of 
 the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- 
 field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear 
 and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was 
 sound and discriminating." 
 
 WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott 
 County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy 
 Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington 
 & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown 
 and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While 
 the surrounding region is agricultural and largely 
 devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal 
 mining. Winchester is an important shipping- 
 point, having three grain elevators, two flouring 
 mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. 
 There are four Protestant and one Catholic 
 church, a court house, a high school, a graded 
 school building, two banks and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; 
 (1900), 1,711. 
 
 WINDSOR, a city of Shelby County at the cross- 
 ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- 
 east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; 
 fl890), 888; (1900), 866. 
 
 WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and 
 sociologist, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., April 
 9, 1S38, graduated at Washington (Pa.) College 
 
 in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a 
 short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- 
 nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- 
 tinue his studies on account of a weakness of 
 the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed 
 him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- 
 missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. 
 During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield, 
 Mo. , participating in the battle of Springfield on 
 Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for 
 bravery on the field in the official report. Re- 
 entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he 
 graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to 
 the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of 
 Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. 
 In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly 
 created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- 
 ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued 
 until 1893, when he resigned. For the next four 
 years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in 
 lecturing before universities on topics connected 
 with social science, in aiding in the organization 
 of charitable work, and in the conduct of a 
 thorough investigation into the relations between 
 liquor legislation and crime. At an early period 
 he took a prominent part in organizing the 
 various Boards of Public Charities of the United 
 States into an organization known as the National 
 Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at 
 the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its 
 President. At the International Penitentiary 
 Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official 
 delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result 
 of his observations while abroad, he submitted 
 to the Legislature a report strongly advocating 
 the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for 
 the Insane, then about to be built, upon the 
 "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure 
 from then existing methods, ■which marks an era 
 in the treatment of insane in the United States. 
 Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the 
 condition and number of the defective, depend- 
 ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- 
 try, his report constituting a separate volume 
 under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- 
 lar service in connection with the eleventh 
 census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary 
 of the National Prison Association, succeeding to 
 the post formerly held b}- his father, Enoch Cobb 
 Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of 
 Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former 
 position of Secretary of the Board of Public 
 Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again 
 tendered his resignation, having received the 
 appointment to the position of Assistant Director 
 
696 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He 
 is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895); 
 of a voluminous series of reports; also of numer- 
 ous pamphlets and brochures, among which may 
 be mentioned "The County Jail System; An 
 Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- 
 kee Hospital'* (1882); "Provision for the Insane 
 in the United States" (1885); "Conditional 
 Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), 
 and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" 
 (1888). 
 
 WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- 
 ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 
 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- 
 ton Academy, East HaniD+on, Mass., after which 
 he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a 
 classical course and graduating there. He after- 
 wards became a student in the law department 
 of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, 
 being admitted to the bar the same year and 
 commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 
 he came to Springfield, 111., and was, for a time, 
 identified with the bar of that city. Later, he 
 removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged 
 in literary and journalistic work. 
 
 WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the 
 "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin 
 State line; was organized, under an act passed in 
 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and 
 has an area of 552 square miles. The county is 
 drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. 
 The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. 
 The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits 
 being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff 
 limestone, adapted for building purposes All 
 the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief 
 product being corn. The Winnebago Indians 
 (who gave name to the county) formerly lived 
 on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- 
 watomies on the east, but both tribes removed 
 westward in 1835. (As to manufacturing inter- 
 ests see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505; 
 (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 
 
 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an 
 Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1827, 
 during the administration of Gov. Ninian 
 Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the 
 conclusion of the War of 1812, but a few isolated 
 outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- 
 ners" in all directions. In the northern portion 
 of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort 
 Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre 
 militia force of the State was summoned and 
 volunteers were called ■ for. Meanwhile, 600 
 United States Regular Infantry, under command 
 
 of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. 
 Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal 
 some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of 
 the disturbance was as follows; The Winne- 
 bagoes attacked a band of Cliippewas, who were 
 (by treaty) under Government potection, several 
 of the latter being killed. For participation in 
 this offense, four Winnebago Indians were sum- 
 marily apprehended, surrendered to the Cliippe- 
 was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had 
 arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the 
 Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which 
 had been occupied by white miners. Repeated 
 acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper 
 Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- 
 ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden 
 with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had 
 anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a 
 Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as 
 a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and 
 there is historical evidence that a half-dozen 
 drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully 
 maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled 
 to avenge the deception which had been practiced 
 upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats 
 on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly 
 to be successfully assailed, but the second 
 grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, 
 attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's 
 forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his 
 demand, the great Winnebago Chief, Red Bird, 
 with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- 
 rendered themselves as hostages to save their 
 nation from extermination. A majority of these 
 were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, 
 unable to endure confinement, literally pined to 
 death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1828. He is 
 described as having been a savage of superior 
 intelligence and noble character. A treaty of 
 peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a 
 council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months 
 later, but the affair seems to have produced as 
 much alarm among the Indians as it did among 
 the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see page 576. ) 
 
 WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway, I6V2 miles 
 north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above 
 the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools 
 (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- 
 eral churches, and is a popular residence town. 
 Population (1880), 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. 
 
 WINSTON, Frederick Bampton, lawyer, was 
 born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was 
 brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left 
 an orphan at 12, and attended the common 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 59? 
 
 schools until IS, when, returning to Georgia, he 
 engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally 
 began the study of law with United States Sena- 
 tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard 
 Law School in 1852; spent some time in the office 
 of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to 
 the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he 
 formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, 
 afterwards being associated with Judge Henry 
 W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the 
 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, 
 Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort 
 Wayne & Chicago Railways — remaining with the 
 latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, 
 by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but 
 resigned the following year, and traveled exten- 
 sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign 
 countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the 
 Democratic National Conventions of 1868. '76 and 
 '84 ; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey 
 City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln 
 Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln 
 National Bank. 
 
 WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- 
 sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 
 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, 
 St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- 
 sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. 
 Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the 
 Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- 
 roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee 
 & Lake Winnebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- 
 sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began 
 to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, 
 with the exception of the Wisconsin Central 
 Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- 
 nebago, which remained in charge of the Wis- 
 consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until 
 Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the 
 control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The 
 Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- 
 organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed 
 Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the 
 Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though 
 differing in name, are a financial unit; the 
 former holding most of the first mortgage bonds 
 of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks 
 and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as 
 the protection of land titles), it is necessary that 
 separate corporations be maintained. On April 
 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed 
 a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this 
 was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for 
 non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. 
 On the same day receivers were appointed to 
 
 insure the protection of all interests. The total 
 mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company 
 owns 258.90— only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A 
 line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of 
 side-track (total, C6.54 miles), lying wholly within 
 tlu- State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & 
 Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- 
 trance into Chicago. 
 
 WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in 
 Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents 
 to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western 
 Reserve College, and. after the death of his 
 father, taught school and worked as a printer, 
 later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 
 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again 
 engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was 
 admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at 
 Des Moines and served as private secretary of 
 Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he 
 became Supreme Court Reporter; served as 
 Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1863 and. in 1866, became associated 
 with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of 
 local attorney, was made chief law officer of the 
 Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, 
 in 1890, was promoted to the position of General 
 Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. 
 
 WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian 
 Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 
 14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, 
 and, after a course in medicine, was commis- 
 sioned, in 1812, Surgeon"s Mate in the United 
 States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian 
 Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- 
 cessor to Charles Jouett — the first Agent— who 
 had been appointed a United States Judge in 
 Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- 
 eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their 
 tour among the Indians of the Northwest ; was 
 married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a 
 daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- 
 nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a 
 Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which 
 then included Cook County; was a Judge of 
 Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a 
 block of ground in the heart of the present city 
 of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 
 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. 
 Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and 
 honorable man, as well as far in advance of the 
 mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- 
 ligence. 
 
 WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- 
 CAGO. (See Northwestern University Woman's 
 Medical School.) 
 
598 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) 
 
 WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born in Susquehanna County, Pa., in 1839; re- 
 ceived a common school and academic education ; 
 at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two 
 years, taught school in Lee County. He then 
 enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, 
 attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry; after 
 the war, graduated from the Law Department of 
 the old Chicago University, and has since been 
 engaged in the practice of his profession. He 
 was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the 
 Republican National Conventions of 18T6 and 
 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- 
 ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was 
 elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the 
 Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which has 
 uniformly returned a Democrat, and. in office, 
 proved himself a most industrious and efficient 
 member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate 
 for re-election in 1896. 
 
 WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor 
 and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y., Dec. 
 20. 1798 — his father being a Revolutionary soldier 
 who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the 
 army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- 
 moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams 
 County, and building the first log-cabin on the site 
 of the present city of Quincy. He was a member 
 of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- 
 eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor in 1859 on the same ticket with 
 Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired 
 term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- 
 sell, William H.) He was succeeded by Richard 
 Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was 
 appointed one of the five Commissioners from 
 Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- 
 ington, to consider methods for averting 
 civil war. The following May he was appointed 
 Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor 
 Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out 
 the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and 
 Thirt3'-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) 
 and mustered out of service the following Sep- 
 tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He 
 was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His 
 fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to 
 his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, 
 July 4, 1883. 
 
 WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north 
 of the center of the State, bounded on the west 
 by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area, 
 
 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, 
 except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile 
 and well watered. The county lies in the north- 
 ern section of the great coal field of the State. 
 Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities 
 and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso and 
 Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley 
 are the principal crops. The chief mechanical 
 industries are flour manufacture, carriage and 
 wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. 
 Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. 
 
 WOODHULL, a village of Henry County, on 
 Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, 
 electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, 
 six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. 
 
 WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark, March 11, 
 1844 ; received his early education in the schools 
 of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, 
 following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, 
 coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf 
 Squadron of the United States. After the war, 
 he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for 
 some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- 
 ated from the Law Department of the Chicago 
 University in 1871. Some years later he was 
 appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of the 
 lower courts, and, in 1881, was nominated by the 
 Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of 
 the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he 
 became the Republican candidate for Congress 
 from the Fourth District and was elected, but 
 failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in 
 Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18, 1898. 
 
 WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville, 
 Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- 
 nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike 
 County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield, 
 Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at 
 Knox College in the latter place, which was his 
 home from 1849 to "58; later, taught school in 
 Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to 
 Springfield and began the study of law with 
 Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law 
 studies having been interrupted by the Civil 
 War, after spending some time in the mustering 
 and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- 
 ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, 
 from which he went to the field as Adjutant of 
 the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the 
 "Yates Sharp-Shooters. " After participating, 
 with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta 
 campaign, he took part in the "March to the 
 Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas, includ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 5'JS 
 
 ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the 
 Salkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as 
 also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, 
 Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter 
 place he had a horse shot under him and won the 
 brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, 
 having previously been commissioned Captain of 
 Company A of his regiment. He also served on 
 the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. 
 Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last 
 mustering officer in General Sherman's army. 
 In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where 
 he was in business for a number of years, serving 
 as chief clerk of Custom House construction 
 from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The 
 Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted 
 successfully for fifteen years. While connected 
 with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of 
 the Illinois Republican Press Association and in 
 various other positions. 
 
 Major Woods was one of the founders of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place 
 was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. 
 Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of 
 founding such an order, he called to his assist- 
 ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in 
 writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the 
 Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote 
 the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the 
 charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first 
 official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- 
 General of the Order, as follows: 
 
 Headquarters Department of Illinois 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 Springfield, III., April 1, 1866. 
 General Orders ( 
 
 No. 1. J The following named officers are hereby 
 
 appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They 
 will be obeyed and respected accordingly: 
 Colonel Jules C. Webber, A.D.C. and Chief of Staff. 
 Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. 
 Major Robert M. Woods, Adjutant-General. 
 Captain John A. Lightfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 Captain John S. Phelps, Atd-de-Camp. 
 By order of B. F. Stephenson, Department Commander. 
 
 Robert M. Woods, 
 
 Adjutant-General. 
 
 Major Woods afterwards organized the various 
 Departments in the West, and it has been con- 
 ceded that he furnished the money necessary to 
 carry on the work during the first six months of 
 the existence of the Order. He has never 
 accepted a nomination or run for any political 
 office, but is now engaged in financial business in 
 Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the 
 former place. 
 
 WOODSON, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 
 180G; was educated in private schools and at 
 Transylvania University, and read law with his 
 father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- 
 lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, 
 settling at Carrollton, Greene County. In 1839 
 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a 
 member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
 being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he 
 was the Whig candidate for Congress in the 
 Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. 
 Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was 
 elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, 
 remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry 
 County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago 
 and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a 
 court house, eight churches, four banks, three 
 newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, 
 planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and 
 butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory 
 is located here ; the town is also the seat of the 
 Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 
 1,683; (1900), 2,502. 
 
 WORCESTER, Linus E., State Senator, was 
 born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated 
 in the common schools of his native State and at 
 Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and, 
 after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods 
 store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a 
 partner. He was also engaged in various other 
 branches of business at different times, including 
 the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- 
 ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was 
 appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving 
 twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for 
 six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- 
 tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, 
 from 1859, by successive reappointments, for 
 twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- 
 crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. 
 Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at 
 the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- 
 cratic members of that body who voted for the 
 ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of 
 the National Constitution. He was elected 
 County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- 
 elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- 
 cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more 
 than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the 
 Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 
 
600 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Railroad, serving from the organization of the 
 corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 
 19, 1891. 
 
 WORDEJf, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
 Louis Railways, 32 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
 Population (1890), 522; (1900), 544 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An 
 exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- 
 ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between 
 May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its 
 inception in November, 1885, in a resolution 
 adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- 
 State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the 
 first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois 
 Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six 
 other leading clubs of that city in "securing the 
 location of an international celebration at Chi- 
 cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
 America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive 
 step was taken in the appointment by Mayor 
 Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of 
 a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) 
 citizens, who were charged with the duty of 
 promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for 
 the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. 
 Louis were competing points, but the choice of 
 Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- 
 ing the World's Fair at that city was signed bj- 
 President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the 
 requirements of the law, the President appointed 
 eight Commissioners-at- large, with two Commis- 
 sioners and two alternates from each State and 
 Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. 
 George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- 
 tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- 
 Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was 
 chosen President of the Commission and John T. 
 Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis 
 sion delegated much of its power to a Board of 
 Reference and Control, who were instructed to 
 act with a similar number appointed by the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. The latter 
 organization was an incorporation, with a direc- 
 torate of forty-five members, elected annually by 
 the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, 
 was the first President of the corporation, and 
 was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. 
 Higinbotham. 
 
 In addition to these bodies, certain powers were 
 vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed 
 of two members, with alternates, from each 
 State and Territory, besides nine from the city 
 of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen 
 President of the latter. This Board was particu- 
 
 larly charged with supervision of women's par- 
 ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits 
 of women's work. 
 
 The supreme executive power was vested in 
 the Joint Board of Control. The site selected 
 was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- 
 cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and 
 Washington Parks, known as the "Midway 
 Plaisance, " which was surrendered to "conces- 
 sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving 
 exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- 
 booths thereon. The total area of the site was 
 633 acres, and that of the buildings — not reckon- 
 ing those erected by States other than Illinois, 
 and by foreign governments — was about 200 
 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the 
 foreign and State buildings, the total space 
 under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- 
 ures do not include the buildings erected by 
 private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which 
 would add a small percentage to the grand total. 
 Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- 
 ations for the erection of their own buildings and 
 other expenses connected with official represen- 
 tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty -six 
 nations. The United States Government erected 
 its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to 
 defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides 
 82,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- 
 tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments 
 aggregated about $6,500,000, and those by the 
 States ana Territories, 86,120,000— that of Illinois 
 being 8800,000. The entire outlay of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 
 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza 
 tiou, construction, operating and post Exposition 
 expenses, was §27,151,800. This is, of course, 
 exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, 
 which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly 
 845,000,000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed 
 §5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- 
 tion Company, and the municipality, 85,000,000, 
 which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See 
 Thirty-sixth General Assembly.) 
 
 The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- 
 pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed 
 b3' low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional 
 clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates 
 of the great fair were opened to the public, the 
 entire area had been transformed into a dream of 
 beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and 
 sodded ; driveways and broad walks constructed ; 
 artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, 
 and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- 
 er's art hid been called into play to produce 
 
South Pari, I 
 Stat.on 
 
 MAP OF 
 
 GROUNDS OF THE 
 
 }VO^Lp'S pOJ^UMj^IAJV EXpOpiJIOjNI 
 
 AT 
 
 Jackson Park 
 
 showing the General Arrangement 
 
 of 
 
 Buildings and Grounds 
 
 1893. 
 
 JJ4JJ(JLJLXXJLJI_kJ 
 
 Bai^.aroflJ 
 Njtions |Y" 
 
 -CoerrtdlWalk^ 
 
 MIDW AY 
 
 J I Street ', ', r .,_. n v ,ii,,.„ I Dutch \ I »'• I 1 
 -^ | in Ca.ro; ; Ge,man Vllla g <! [Settlement; W;*.* 
 
 FI AISAXC K 
 
 'u 
 
 [Moorish; ' Turkish 
 
 ^Palace! , Village 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 601 
 
 varied and striking effects. But the task had 
 been a Herculean one. There were seventeen 
 principal (or, as they may be called, depart- 
 mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate 
 design, and all of vast size. They were known 
 as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the 
 Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, 
 Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- 
 ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, 
 Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and 
 Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- 
 sino. Several of these had large annexes. The 
 Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was 
 rectangular (1687 x T8T feet), having a ground 
 area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 
 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 
 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and 
 nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. 
 It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum 
 ami three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome; 
 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of 
 steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used 
 in its construction, involving a cost of §1,800,000. 
 
 It was originally intended to open the Exposi- 
 tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- 
 nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the 
 Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the 
 undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- 
 sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held 
 on that day, preceded by a monster procession and 
 followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at 
 night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day 
 — the machinery and fountains being put in oper- 
 ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. 
 The total number of admissions from that date 
 to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 — the largest for any 
 single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- 
 ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources 
 (including National and State appropriations, 
 subscriptions, etc.), amounted to 828,151,168.75, 
 of which 810,626,330.76 was from the sale of tick 
 ets, and 83,699,581.43 from concessions. The 
 aggregate attendance fell short of that at the 
 Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while 
 the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- 
 cessions exceeded the latter by nearly §5,800,000. 
 Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a 
 return of ten per cent on the same. 
 
 The Illinois building was the first of the State 
 buildings to be completed. It was also the 
 largest and most costly, but was severely criti- 
 cised from an architectural standpoint. The 
 exhibits showed the internal resources of the 
 State, as well as the development of its govern- 
 
 mental system, and its progress in civilization 
 from the days of the first pioneers. The entire 
 Illinois exhibit in the State building was under 
 charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
 devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like 
 proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the 
 work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, 
 artists, decorators, etc. Among special features 
 of the Illinois exhibit were : State trophies and 
 relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall ; the dis- 
 play of grains and minerals, and an immense 
 topographical map (prepared at a cost of $15,000), 
 drafted on a scale of. two miles to the inch, show- 
 ing the character and resources of the State, and 
 correcting many serious cartographical errors 
 previously undiscovered. 
 
 WORTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State 
 Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 
 1813, emigrated to Kentucky in 1834, and, in 1836, 
 removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- 
 ing, surveying and mercantile business were his 
 pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the 
 East, spending two years in Boston, but return- 
 ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections 
 were toward the natural sciences, and, after 
 coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time 
 to the collection and study of specimens of 
 mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the 
 organization of the geological survey of Illinois 
 in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. 
 Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- 
 ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent 
 three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa 
 survey. As State Geologist he published seven 
 volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the 
 eighth when overtaken by death. May 6, 1888. 
 These reports, which are as comprehensive as 
 they are voluminous, have been reviewed and 
 warmly commended by the leading scientific 
 periodicals of this country and Europe In 1877 
 field work was discontinued, and the State His- 
 torical Library and Natural History Museum were 
 established, Professor Wort hen being placed in 
 charge as curator. He was the author of various 
 valuable scientific papers and member of numer- 
 ous scientific societies in this country and in 
 Europe. 
 
 WORTHIXGTOX, Sicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., 
 March 30, 1836, and completed his education at 
 Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan- 
 town, Va. , and was admitted to the bar in 1860. 
 He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a 
 lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools 
 of Peoria Countv from 1868 to 1872, and a mem- 
 
602 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ber of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 
 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a 
 Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, 
 and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a 
 candidate, but was defeated by his Republican 
 opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected 
 Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 
 1891, and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served 
 upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- 
 land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year 
 at Chicago. 
 
 WRIGHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was 
 born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to 
 Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a 
 store in that city ; in 1837, at his own expense, 
 built the first school building in Chicago ; in 1840 
 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- 
 ducted for many years in the interest of popular 
 education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 
 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- 
 raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- 
 moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the 
 Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume 
 entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," 
 published in 1870. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 26, 1874. 
 
 WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born 
 in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to 
 Chicago in 1863, and began his political career as 
 a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he 
 was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and 
 re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican 
 nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the 
 November election of that year, the unprece- 
 dented plurality of 133,427 votes over his Demo- 
 cratic opponent. 
 
 WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 
 7 miles southwest of Princeton. Population 
 (1890), 670; (1900), 902. 
 
 WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, 
 born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; 
 was educated at the University of Pennsylvania 
 and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. 
 Soon after this lie came west as a domestic mis- 
 sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church 
 at Sparta, 111., where he remained until his death, 
 March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. 
 During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen 
 colonies to form new church organizations else- 
 where. He is described as able, eloquent and 
 scholarly. 
 
 WYMAN, (Col.) John B., soldier, was born in 
 Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the 
 
 schools of that State until 14 years of age, when 
 he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native 
 town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with 
 mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and 
 again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he 
 was emplo}-ed successively as a clerk in the car 
 and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as 
 Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- 
 ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad, 
 finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the 
 Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered 
 the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany, assisting in the survey and construction of 
 the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- 
 neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- 
 tendent of the Northern Division. He was one 
 of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, 
 in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving 
 a second term. Having a fondness for military 
 affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- 
 tary organization — while in Cincinnati being 
 attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. 
 Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards 
 Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After 
 coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- 
 cago Light Guards. Having lef* the employ of 
 the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business 
 at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 
 1861. As Assistant- Adjutant General, by appoint- 
 ment of Governor Y'ates, he rendered valuable 
 service in the early weeks of the war in securing 
 arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- 
 zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, 
 having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teer Infantry — the first organized in the State 
 for the three years' service — he was commis- 
 sioned its Colonel, and, in Jul}- following, entered 
 upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in 
 Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- 
 ing year his regiment was attached to General 
 Sherman's command in the first campaign 
 against Vicksburg. On the second day of the 
 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally 
 wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- 
 nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished 
 and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to 
 the field from Illinois, of whom so many were 
 former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road. 
 
 WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles 
 north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of 
 the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the 
 Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway; has two high schools, churches, 
 two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 603 
 
 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined 
 here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900), 1,277. 
 
 XEXIA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles 
 east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. 
 
 YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the 
 junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville 
 branch, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The 
 town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, 
 school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
 687; (1900), 650. 
 
 YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline 
 County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786— being a grand-nephew 
 of Chief Justice John Marshall ; removed to Fa- 
 yette County, Ky. , where he located and laid out 
 the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became 
 the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he 
 removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, 
 settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, 
 which he laid out the following year, also laying 
 out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on 
 the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father 
 of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865.— 
 Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
 at Berlin, 111., March 7, 1835; engaged in merchan- 
 dising at New Berlin ; in 1862, raised a company 
 of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- 
 dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, 
 and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from 
 which he never fully recovered. Died, August 
 3, 1871. 
 
 YATES, Richard, former Governor and United 
 States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 
 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- 
 panied his father to Illinois, the family settling 
 first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon 
 County. He soon after entered Illinois College, 
 from which he graduated in 1835, and subse- 
 quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at 
 Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. 
 In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was 
 re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 1850 he 
 was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh 
 District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, 
 the previous incumbent, being the only Whig 
 Representative in the Thirty-second Congress 
 from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected 
 over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, 
 by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the 
 
 most vigorous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska 
 Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early 
 participant in the movement for the organization 
 of the Republican party to resist the further 
 extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, 
 on the same platform with Lincoln, before the 
 first Republican State Convention held at Bloom- 
 ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the 
 Vice-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the executive chair on the ticket 
 headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, 
 and, by his energetic support of the National 
 administration in its' measures for the suppression 
 of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- 
 nois War-Governor." Ln 1865 he was elected 
 United States Senator, serving until 1871. He 
 died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while 
 returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, 
 as a United States Commissioner, by appointment 
 of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy 
 railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- 
 ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- 
 netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. 
 His faults were those of a nature generous, 
 impulsive and warm-hearted. 
 
 YORKYILLE, the county-seat of Kendall 
 County, on Fox River and Streator Division of 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
 southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; 
 has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches 
 and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900),413. 
 
 YOUXG, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born 
 at Whittingham. Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the 
 Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- 
 ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, 
 in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- 
 siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo., 
 but was driven out with them in 1837, settling 
 for a short time at Quincy, 111., but later remov- 
 ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- 
 ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he 
 became the successor of the latter, as head of the 
 Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed 
 the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in 
 the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent 
 career there, where he was appointed Governor 
 by President Fillmore, and, for a time, success- 
 fully defied national authority, is a matter of 
 national rather than State history. He remained 
 at the head of the Mormon Church until his 
 death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. 
 
 YOUXG, Richard Montgomery, United States 
 Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied 
 law and removed to Jonesboro, 111., where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 
 
604 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 General Assembly (1820-22) as Representative 
 from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; 
 Presidential Elector in 1828 ; Circuit Judge again, 
 1829-37; elected United States Senator in 1837 as 
 successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, 
 when lie was commissioned Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become 
 Commissioner of the General Land Office at 
 Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he 
 served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- 
 sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- 
 ington, in 1853. 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 
 first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, 
 although desultory movements of a kindred char- 
 acter had previously been started at Peoria, 
 Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early 
 as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations 
 were formed at different points throughout the 
 State, which were entirely independent of each 
 other. The first effort looking to union and 
 mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert 
 Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- 
 mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- 
 ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been 
 held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps 
 were taken looking to the appointment of a 
 State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton 
 assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was 
 done, and new associations formed, the total 
 number reported at the Champaign Convention, 
 in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work 
 Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office 
 remaining vacant for three years. The question 
 of the appointment of a successor was discussed 
 at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 
 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and 
 has occupied the position to the present time 
 (1899). At the date of his appointment the 
 official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- 
 nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- 
 erty valued at §126,500, including building funds, 
 the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning 
 buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, 
 none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the 
 work lias steadily grown, so that five Assistant 
 State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a 
 plan for arranging the State work under depart- 
 mental administration was devised, but not put 
 in operation until 1890. The present six depart- 
 ments of supervision are: General Supervision, 
 in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- 
 ants; railroad and city woi'k; counties and 
 towns; work among students; corresponding 
 membership department, and office work. The 
 
 two last named are under one executive head, 
 but each of the others in charge of an Assistant 
 Secretary, who is responsible for its development 
 The entire work is under the supervision of a 
 State Executive Committee of twenty-seven 
 members, one-third of whom are elected annually. 
 Willis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- 
 man for several years. This body is appointed 
 by a State convention composed of delegates 
 from the local Associations. Of these there were, 
 in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 
 15,888. The value of the property owned was 
 §2,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- 
 ings, of which five are for railroad men and one 
 for students. Weekly gatherings for young men 
 numbered 248, and there are now representatives 
 or correspondents in 665 communities where no 
 organization has been effected. Scientific phys- 
 ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, 
 and educational work has been largely developed. 
 The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, 
 was 978. The building of the Chicago branch 
 (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the 
 world. Recently a successful association has 
 been formed among coal miners, and another 
 among the first grade boys of the Illinois State 
 Reformatory, while an extensive work has been 
 conducted at the camps of the Illinois National 
 Guard. 
 
 ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of 
 English and New England stock. At the age of 
 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., for a 
 time working on a farm and at brick-making. 
 From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College, 
 but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, 
 engaged in teaching, at the same time reading 
 law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and 
 commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- 
 ing year he was elected City Attornej'. He had 
 for partners, at different times, William H. 
 Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) 
 and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was 
 elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth 
 Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 
 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- 
 tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though 
 superseded by the appointment of a successor by 
 President Cleveland. At the first State elec- 
 tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was 
 chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court 
 of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated 
 for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 
 1898. 
 
SCENES IN SOUTH PARK. 
 
' 
 
 
 WORLD'S FAIR BUILDINGS. 
 
 The Peristyle. 
 
 Administration Building. German Building. 
 
 The Fisheries. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 The following matter, received too late tor insertion in the body ot this work, is added in the form of a supplement. 
 
 COGHLAN, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval 
 officer, was bom in Kentucky, and, at the age of 
 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a 
 time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1800 he 
 was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. 
 Fouke — then a Representative in Congress from 
 the Belleville District — to the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, graduating in 1803, and being pro- 
 moted through the successive grades of Ensign, 
 Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and 
 Commander, and serving upon various vessels 
 until Nov. 18, 1898, when he was commissioned 
 Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command 
 of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station 
 He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's 
 squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- 
 can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part 
 in the affair in Manila Bay, on May 1, 1898, which 
 resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet 
 Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent 
 events in the Philippines was in the highest 
 degree creditable to himself and the country. 
 His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral 
 Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by 
 way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he 
 and his crew receiving an immense ovation on 
 their arrival in New York harbor. 
 
 CRANE, (Rev.) Jaiues Lyons, clergyman, 
 army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne 
 County, Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 
 1841, and, coming to Edgar County, Illinois, in 
 1843, attended a seminary at Paris some three 
 years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, 
 and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- 
 wards presiding over charges at Grandview, Hills- 
 boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield — at the 
 last two points being stationed two or more 
 times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the 
 Paris. Danville, and Springfield Districts. The 
 importance of the stations which he filled during 
 his itinerant career served as evidence of his 
 recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. 
 
 In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the 
 Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
 that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant as 
 Colonel, and, although he remained with the 
 regiment only a few months, the friendship then 
 established between him and the future com 
 mander of the armies of the Union lasted through 
 their lives. This was shown by his appointment 
 by President Grant in 1869, to the position of 
 Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came 
 to him as a personal compliment, being re 
 appointed four years afterwards and continuing 
 in office eight years. After retiring from the 
 Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at 
 Island Grove and Shelbyville, his death occurring 
 at the latter place, July 29, 1879, as the result of 
 an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. 
 Mr. Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth 
 Mayo, daughter of CoL J Mayo — a prominent 
 citizen of Edgar County, at an early day— his 
 wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev 
 Charles A. Crane and Rev. Frank Crane, pastors 
 of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and 
 Chicago, are sons of the subject of this sketch. 
 
 DAWES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the 
 Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 
 1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, 
 and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; 
 worked at civil engineering during his vacations, 
 finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & 
 Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he was 
 engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., 
 but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- 
 ness in various cities, including Evanston, I1L, 
 which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- 
 ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- 
 can State Convention at Springfield in favor of 
 the nomination of Mr. McKinley for the Presi- 
 dency, and during the succeeding campaign 
 served as a member of the National Republican 
 Committee for the State of Illinois Soon after 
 the accession of President McKinley. he was 
 appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 
 
 605 
 
606 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of 
 R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, 
 and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who 
 was an influential factor in the early history of 
 the Northwest Territory, and lias been credited 
 with exerting a strong influence in shaping and 
 securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. 
 
 DISTIN, (Col.) William L., former Depart- 
 ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic for the State of Illinois, was born at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of 
 English descent, while his maternal grandfather 
 was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army 
 z>f the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his 
 leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. 
 The father of the subject of this sketch settled at 
 Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood 
 and in February, 1863. enlisted as a private in the 
 Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice 
 rejected previously on account of physical ail- 
 ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for 
 provost-marshal duty, but later took part with 
 his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He 
 served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, 
 under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently 
 detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, 
 and participated in the battles of Resaca and 
 Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, 
 he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville 
 (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at 
 Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in 
 effecting his escape, but was recaptured and 
 returned to that famous prison-pen. Having 
 escaped a second time by assuming the name of 
 a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again 
 captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- 
 sissippi until exchanged about the time of the 
 assassination of President Lincoln. He was then 
 so weakened by his long confinement and scanty 
 fare that he had to be carried on board the 
 steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly 
 escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, 
 which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 
 soldiers on board, a large proportion of whom lost 
 their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- 
 port, Iowa, June 28, 1865, he was employed for a 
 time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a 
 messenger and route agent of the United States 
 Express Company. In 1872 he established him- 
 self in business in Quincy, 111., in which he 
 proved very successful. Here he became prom- 
 inent in local Grand Army circles, and, in 1890, 
 was unanimously elected Commander of the 
 Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had 
 been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and 
 
 served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of 
 Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, 
 Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was 
 appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- 
 eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which 
 (1899) he still holds. 
 
 DUMMER, Henry E., lawyer, was born at 
 Hallowell, Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in 
 Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 
 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- 
 bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted 
 to the bar. Then, having spent some two years 
 in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, 
 settling first in Springfield, where he remained six 
 years, being for a part of the time a partner of 
 John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first 
 partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- 
 mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, 
 who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a 
 time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to 
 Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be 
 his home for more than a quarter of a century. 
 During his residence there he served as Alder- 
 man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for 
 Cass County ; also represented Cass County in the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, 
 was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second 
 General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. 
 Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served 
 that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to 
 the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a 
 second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- 
 ville, and for the next year was the law partner 
 of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter 
 in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer 
 went to Mackinac, Mich. , in search of health, but 
 died there August 12 of that year. 
 
 ECKELS, James H., ex-Comptroller of the 
 Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at 
 Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in 
 the common schools and the high school of his 
 native town, graduated from the Law School at 
 Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year 
 began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- 
 tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was 
 appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of 
 the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he 
 resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- 
 mercial National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels 
 manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- 
 charge of his duties as Comptroller that he 
 received the notable compliment of being 
 retained in office by a Republican administration 
 more than a year after the retirement of Presi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 607 
 
 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at 
 the head of one of the leading banking institu- 
 tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition 
 of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate 
 from the Eleventh District to the National 
 Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1893, and 
 repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- 
 cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and 
 assisted in framing the platform there adopted — 
 which indicated his views on the financial ques- 
 tions involved in the campaign of that year. 
 
 FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was bom in 
 Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and 
 settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 
 1855. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged 
 in merchandising, and became a large land- 
 holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive 
 shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi 
 markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of 
 Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of 
 children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff, 
 while another, John, was County Judge of Pope 
 County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. 
 Green B. Raum, who became prominent as a 
 soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- 
 ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, 
 was born within the present limits of the State of 
 Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the 
 War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, 
 Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the 
 daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the 
 Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to 
 Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town 
 of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He 
 served as a Representative from Pope County in 
 the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was 
 the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the 
 wife of John Raum; of Edna Field, the wife of 
 Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who 
 was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field 
 was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, 
 mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died 
 of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. 
 
 GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- 
 seller and a railway promoter, was born at 
 Exeter, N. H, March 8. 1812; at 15 years of age 
 became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; 
 came to Chicago in 1835. and soon afterwards 
 opened the first book and stationery establish- 
 ment in that city, which, in after years, gained 
 an extensive trade. In 1843 the firm of S. F. 
 
 Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having 
 Juecome head of the Chicago Fire Department, 
 retired from business in 1845 As early as 1846 
 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John 
 B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a 
 part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in 
 conjunction with these gentlemen, became 
 responsible for the means to purchase the charter 
 and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- 
 holders. Later, he engaged in the construction 
 of the branch road from Turner Junction to 
 Aurora, became President of the line and ex- 
 tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois 
 Central at that Point. These roads afterwards 
 became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale 
 returned to his old home in New Hampshire, 
 where he has since resided. 
 
 HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of 
 Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a 
 prominent citizen of St. Clair County. He was 
 selected as a member of the First Legislative 
 Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County 
 in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the 
 Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and 
 was continued in office after the organization of 
 the State Government, serving until his death at 
 Belleville in 1845. 
 
 HATS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, was a native of New York, who came to 
 Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and 
 lived there the remainder of his life. His early 
 life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- 
 nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about 
 the sources of the Mississippi. During the War 
 of 1812 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards 
 valuable information in reference to the Indiana 
 in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- 
 master at Cahokia for a number of years, and was 
 Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. 
 
 MOULTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and 
 building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt., 
 March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and 
 was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- 
 fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of 
 which he is a member having been connected 
 with the construction of a number of large build- 
 ings, including some extensive grain elevators. 
 Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second 
 Regiment Illinois National Guard in June, 1884, 
 being elected to the office of Major, which he 
 retained until January, 1893, when he was 
 appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff 
 of General Wheeler. A year later he was com 
 
608 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position 
 which he occupied at the time of the call by the 
 President for troops to serve in the Spanish- 
 American War in April, 1898. He promptly 
 answered the call, and was sworn into the United 
 States service at the head of his regiment early 
 in May. The regiment was almost immediately 
 ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there 
 and at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, 
 when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here 
 he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for 
 the city of Havana, remaining in office until the 
 middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his 
 regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near 
 the city of Havana. In the latter part of March 
 he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., 
 where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one 
 year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. 
 After leaving the service Colonel Moulton 
 resumed his business as a contractor. 
 
 SHERMAN, Lawrence T., legislator and 
 Speaker of the Forty-first General Assembly, was 
 bora in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858 ; at 3 
 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling 
 at Industry, McDonough County. When he had 
 reached the age of 10 years he went to Jasper 
 County, where he grew to manhood, received his 
 education in the common schools and in the law 
 
 department of McKendree College, graduating 
 from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, 
 McDonough County. Here he began his career 
 by driving a team upon the street in order to 
 accumulate means enabling him to devote his 
 entire attention to his chosen profession of law. 
 He soon took an active interest in politics, was 
 elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expira 
 tion of his term, formed a partnership with 
 George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. TunnicHffe, 
 ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was 
 a candidate for the Republican nomination for 
 Representative in the General Assembly, but 
 withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was 
 nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 
 1898, and, at the succeeding session of the 
 Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated 
 by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, 
 as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. 
 
 VIJJYARD, Philip, early legislator, was born 
 in Pennsylvania in 1800, came to Illinois at an 
 early day, and settled in Pope County, which he 
 represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married 
 Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent 
 Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope 
 County for a number of years. Died, at Gol- 
 conda, in 1863, 
 
 SUPPLEMENT NO. II. 
 
 BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode 
 known in history under the name of "The Black 
 Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict 
 between the whites and Indians, as well as the 
 most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- 
 curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its 
 name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, 
 Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- 
 kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who 
 was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a 
 principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk 
 had been an ally of the British during the War 
 of 1812-15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- 
 ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, 
 after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- 
 lations with his " British father." The outbreak 
 
 in Illinois had its origin in the construction 
 put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians 
 on behalf of the United States Government, No- 
 vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- 
 ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres 
 of land comprising the region lying between the 
 Wisconsin River on the north, Fox River of Illi- 
 nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi 
 on the west, for which the Government agreed to 
 pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in 
 goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 per an- 
 num in perpetuity. While the validity of the 
 treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the 
 ground that it had originally been entered into by 
 their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 609 
 
 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, 
 during which they had been kept in a state of con- 
 stant intoxication, it had been repeatedly reaf- 
 firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially in 
 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- 
 nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of 
 the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause 
 of the disagreement was that which stipulated 
 that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained 
 the property of the United States (that is, should 
 not be transferred to private owners), ' 'the Indians 
 belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- 
 ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- 
 though these lands had not been put upon the 
 market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- 
 plied in this region little respect was paid to the 
 treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with 
 reference to those localities where, by reason of 
 fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- 
 tage, the Indians had established something like 
 permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude 
 cultivation. This was especially the case with 
 reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on 
 the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, 
 where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, 
 had lived for over a century, had cultivated 
 fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their 
 dead In the early part of the last century, it is 
 estimated that some five hundred families had 
 been accustomed to congregate here, making it 
 the largest Indian village in the West. As early 
 as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the 
 rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty 
 of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession 
 of by the intruders, their lodges turned and their 
 women and children whipped and driven away 
 during the absence of the men on their annual 
 hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- 
 flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to 
 demand of the General Government the expul- 
 sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted 
 in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for 
 their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- 
 cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of 
 much influence with the Indians, the time was 
 extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding 
 year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport 
 and Farnham bought from the United States Gov- 
 ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied 
 by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has 
 been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. 
 This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who 
 was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered 
 to take other lands from the Government in ex- 
 change or cancel the sale — an arrangement to 
 
 which President Jackson would not consent. On 
 their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians 
 found whites in possession of their village. Pre- 
 vented from cultivating their fields, and their 
 annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following 
 winter proved for them one of great hardship. 
 Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British 
 father" (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, 
 claimed to have received words of sympathy and 
 encouragement, which induced him to determine 
 to regain possession of their fields. In this he 
 was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- 
 mand, and by assurance of support from White 
 Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago — known 
 also as " The Prophet " — whose village (Prophet's 
 Town) was some forty miles from the mouth 
 of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk 
 claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, 
 ammunition and provisions from the British. 
 The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the 
 vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, 
 produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. 
 Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, 
 who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- 
 cember previous, appealing for protection against 
 the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 
 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians " 
 at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- 
 though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, 
 commanding the military district, thought the 
 regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- 
 tion, the Governor's proclamation was respondea 
 to by more than twice the number called for 
 The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at 
 Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in 
 the call, and having been organized into two regi- 
 ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and 
 Col. Daniel Lieb, with a spy battalion under Gen. 
 Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, 
 after effecting a junction with General Gaines' 
 regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village on 
 the 25th of June. In the meantime General 
 Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, 
 Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join 
 the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of 
 the battalion of mounted men previously offered 
 by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies 
 amounted to 2,500 men, while the fighting force 
 of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- 
 whelmingly outnumbered, Black Hawk withdrew 
 under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- 
 sippi After burning the village, General Gaines 
 notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue 
 and attack his band, which had the effect to 
 bring the fugitive chief to the General's head- 
 
CIO 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was 
 entered into by which he bound himself and his 
 people to remain west of the Mississippi unless 
 permitted to return by the United States. This 
 ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned 
 to their homes, although the affair had produced 
 an intense excitement along the whole frontier, 
 and involved a heavy expense. 
 
 The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and 
 his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the 
 present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- 
 iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- 
 gard of his pledge to General Gaines, on April 6, 
 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- 
 ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- 
 low Banks about the site of the present city of 
 Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the 
 intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at 
 his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town 
 and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he 
 was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances 
 of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still 
 further strengthened by promises from the Brit- 
 ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to 
 Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this 
 Invasion was the effective warning given to the 
 white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa 
 chief, which probably had the effect to prevent 
 a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of 
 Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois 
 north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some 
 thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few 
 cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- 
 dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, 
 and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, 
 commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong 
 (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of 
 Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- 
 sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- 
 nolds of the situation with a requisition for an 
 adequate force of militia to cooperate with the 
 regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- 
 ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of 
 militia " to meet by April 22. Beardstown again 
 being named as a place of rendezvous. The call 
 resulted in the assembling of a force which was 
 organized into four regiments under command of 
 Cols. John DeWitt. Jacob Fry. John Thomas and 
 Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- 
 talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- 
 talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot 
 battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were 
 subsequently added two independent battalions 
 of mounted men, under command of Majors 
 Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were 
 
 finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under 
 command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- 
 tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown 
 was completed by April 27, and the force under 
 command of Brigadier-General Whiteside (but 
 accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was 
 allowed pay as Major General by the General 
 Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, 
 arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the 
 Uni ted States service. Among others accompany- 
 ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards 
 became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital 
 Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- 
 nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, 
 and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of 
 volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth 
 Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander 
 of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- 
 strong about the same time with reinforcements 
 from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The 
 total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, and 
 of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is 
 told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- 
 teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After 
 reminding them of their duty to obey an order 
 promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War 
 added: " The safety of all depends upon the obe- 
 dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- 
 diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be 
 Presidents some day — but not if you refuse to do 
 your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- 
 mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact 
 that, while Taylor himself afterwards became 
 President, at least one of his hearers — a volunteer 
 who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- 
 tinction (Abraham Lincoln) — reached the same 
 position during the most dramatic period in the 
 nation's history. 
 
 Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, 
 the advance up Rock River began, the main force 
 of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- 
 eral Whiteside, w r hile General Atkinson, with 
 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- 
 ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, 
 provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside, 
 advancing by the east bank of the river, was the 
 first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, 
 finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry 
 (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he 
 found the independent battalions of Stillman and 
 Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which 
 Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions 
 under command of Major Stillman, having been 
 sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, 
 left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 611 
 
 the next day, went into camp in a strong position 
 near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- 
 covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same 
 time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty 
 of his braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles 
 distant, while the greater part of his band were en- 
 camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot- 
 tawatomies some seven miles farther north on the 
 Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk 
 in his autobiography, having been disappointed in 
 his expectation of forming an alliance with the 
 Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at 
 this juncture determined to return to the west 
 side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of 
 Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking 
 it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- 
 son's command, he sent out three of his young 
 men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and 
 convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in 
 council These were captured by some of Still- 
 man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while 
 a party of five other braves who followed to ob- 
 serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, 
 were attacked and two of their number killed, the 
 the other three escaping to their camp. Black 
 Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was 
 aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the 
 flag to pieces with which he had intended to go 
 into council with the whites, and appealing to his 
 followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, 
 he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- 
 bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been 
 estimated at less than forty. As the rangers 
 caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward 
 in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe 
 of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As 
 the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his 
 party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time 
 opening fire on their assailants. The further 
 history of the affair was as much of a disgrace to 
 Stillman's command as had been their desecra- 
 tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by 
 their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the 
 rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began 
 the retreat, dashing through their own camp and 
 abandoning everything, which fell into the hands 
 of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or 
 two officers and a few of their men to check the 
 retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- 
 gitives continuing their mad rush for safety 
 through the night until they reached Dixon, 
 twenty-five miles distant, while many never 
 stopped until they reached their homes, forty 
 or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the 
 rangers amounted to eleven killed and two 
 
 wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two 
 spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously 
 killed near Stillman's camp, l'lis ill-starred af- 
 fair, which has passed into history 'is "Stillman's 
 defeat," produced a general panic alon;; the fron- 
 tier by inducing an exaggerated estimatt of tin- 
 strength of the Indian force, while it led I lack 
 Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage ;t 
 the white troops at the same time that it led to 
 an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own 
 little band — thus becoming an important factor 
 in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres 
 which followed. Whiteside, with Ins force of 
 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat 
 the next day and buried the dead, while on the 
 19th. Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- 
 ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of 
 Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- 
 plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the 
 demoralized fugitives of a few days before de- 
 serted their post for their homes, compelling At- 
 kinson to return for the protection of his base of 
 supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow 
 the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the 
 Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- 
 konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the 
 present State of Wisconsin., 
 
 At this point the really active stage of the 
 campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the 
 women and children of his band in the fastnesses 
 of the swamps, divided his followers into two 
 bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- 
 mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girt}', 
 ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. 
 Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he 
 gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies 
 and W T innebagoes, and the work of rapine and 
 massacre among the frontier settlers began. One 
 of the most notable of these was the Indian 
 Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve 
 miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen 
 persons were killed at the Home of William 
 Davis, and two young girls — Sylvia and Rachel 
 Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 15 years — were 
 carried away captives. The girls were subse- 
 quently released, having been ransomed for $2,0no 
 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago 
 Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry 
 Gratiot Great as was the emergency at this 
 juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- 
 dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that thev 
 had served out their term of enlistment, refused 
 to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis 
 consin. As the result of a council of war, the 
 volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 
 
612 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. 
 Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort 
 Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had 
 issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 
 2.000 men to serve during the war. Gen. 
 Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East 
 with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera 
 breaking out among the troops, they did not 
 arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The 
 rank and file of volunteers responding under the 
 new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars 
 then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- 
 ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, 
 and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men 
 were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a 
 period of twenty days, and organized into a 
 regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, 
 with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and 
 John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- 
 listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- 
 Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A 
 regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, 
 from Putnam County under command of Col. 
 John Strawn, and another of eight companies 
 from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. 
 Moore, were organized and assigned to guard 
 duty for a period of twenty days. 
 
 The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort 
 Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and 
 organized into three brigades, each consisting of 
 three regiments and a spy battalion. The First 
 Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command 
 of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey, the Second 
 under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third 
 under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served 
 as officers in some of these several organizations, 
 and afterwards became prominent in State his- 
 tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the 
 Vermilion County regiment ; John A. McClern- 
 and, on the staff of General Posey; Maj. John 
 Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- 
 son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - 
 Gov. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; 
 Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State 
 Supreme Court and United States Senator) ; W. 
 L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- 
 wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; 
 Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- 
 Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United 
 States Senator) ; and William Weatherford (after- 
 wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many 
 more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey's brigade 
 was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians 
 between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent 
 to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, 
 
 while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at 
 Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- 
 ments of a more or less serious charactei were 
 had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of 
 the present State of Wisconsin ; at Apple River 
 Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was 
 successfully defended against a force under Black 
 Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next 
 day (June 25), when the same band ambushed 
 Maj. Dement's spy battalion, and cam'! near in- 
 flicting a defeat, which was prevented by 
 Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- 
 inforcements. In the latter engagement the 
 whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had 
 been tethered outside their lines, the loss of the 
 Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also 
 occurred with varying results, at Plum River 
 Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue 
 Mounds — the last two within the present State of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped 
 in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General 
 Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined 
 force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,000 
 men — the volunteers being under the command 
 of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the 
 Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined 
 two days later by General Alexander's brigade, and 
 on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- 
 mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were 
 sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- 
 age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the 
 Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending 
 Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, 
 going to Fort" Hamilton for the protection of 
 settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- 
 son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- 
 nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- 
 tions on Bark River near the site of the present 
 village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago 
 Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the 
 actual location of Black Hawk's camp through 
 Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader 
 in the employ of the American Fur Company, 
 whom they employed with a number of Winne 
 bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- 
 ander's command returned to General Atkinson's 
 headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's 
 provisions for the main army, while General 
 Henry's (600strong), with Major Dodge's battalion 
 numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies 
 for themselves, started under the guidance of 
 Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black 
 Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the 
 Winnebago village on Rock River where Black 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 613 
 
 Hawk and his band had been located, their camp 
 was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting 
 that they had gone to Cranberry ( now Horicon) 
 Lake, a half-day's march up the river. Messen- 
 gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's 
 headquarters, thirty live miles distant, to ap- 
 prise him of this fact. When I hey had proceeded 
 about half the distance, they struck a broad, 
 fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black 
 Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- 
 sissippi. The guide having deserted them in 
 order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- 
 sembling to deceive the whites as to 
 the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- 
 less, the messengers were compelled to follow 
 him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- 
 duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- 
 teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid 
 succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- 
 brances behind, the pursuit of the fu iJves was 
 begun without delay, the troops wading through 
 swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. 
 Soon evidence of the character of the flight the 
 Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted 
 horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside 
 along the trail, began to appear, and straggling 
 bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to 
 desert Black Hawk, gave information that the 
 Indians were only a few miles in advance. On 
 the evening of the 20th of July Henry's forces 
 encamped at "The Four Lakes," the present 
 site of the city of Madison, Wis., Black Hawk's 
 force lying in ambush the same night seven or 
 eight miles distant. During the next afternoon 
 the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was 
 overtaken and skirmishing continued until the 
 bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black 
 Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage 
 of the main body of his people across the stream. 
 The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has 
 been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk 
 claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of 
 the whites being one killed and eight wounded. 
 During the night Black Hawk succeeded in 
 placing a considerable number of the women and 
 children and old men on a raft and in canoes 
 obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them 
 down the river, believing that, as non-combat- 
 ants, they would be permitted by the regulars 
 to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- 
 consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. 
 A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to 
 intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- 
 less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, 
 while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two 
 
 women and children made prisoners. The re- 
 mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- 
 ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or 
 were massacred by their enemies, the Menomi- 
 nees, acting under white officers. During the 
 night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a 
 loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- 
 known tongue was heard in the direction where 
 Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This 
 caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as 
 it was supposed to come from some one giving 
 orders for un attack. It was afterwards learned 
 that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the 
 Winnebago language in the hope that he might 
 be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. 
 He was describing the helpless condition of his 
 people, claiming that the war had been forced 
 upon them, that their women and children were 
 starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- 
 cross the Mississippi, they would give no further 
 trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other 
 guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no 
 one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and 
 it failed of its object. 
 
 General Henry's force having discovered that the 
 Indians had escaped — Black Hawk heading with 
 the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi — 
 spent the next and day night on the field, but on 
 the following day (July 23) started to meet General 
 Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- 
 fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns 
 met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- 
 plete junction between the regulars and the 
 volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted 
 village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the 
 logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, the army 
 crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the 
 pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- 
 newed. Evidence of their famishing condition 
 was found in the trees stripped of bark for food, 
 the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there 
 the dead body of an Indian. 
 
 On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish- 
 ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below 
 the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant 
 stream, and immediately began trying to cross 
 the river; but having only two or three canoes, 
 the work was slow. About the middle of the 
 afternoon the steam transport, "Warrior," ap- 
 peared on the scene, having on board a score of 
 regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit 
 to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to 
 notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were 
 headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the 
 white flag in token of surrender but the officer 
 
614 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in command claiming that he feared treachery or 
 an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should 
 come on board. This he was unable to do, as lie 
 had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a 
 murderous fire of canister and musketry was 
 opened from the steamer on the few Indians on 
 shore, who made such feeble resistance as they 
 were able. The result was the killing of one 
 white man and twenty-three Indians. After this 
 exploit the "Warrior'" proceeded to Prairie du 
 Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. 
 During the night a few more of the Indians 
 crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the 
 hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied 
 by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of 
 ten warriors and thirty-five sqviaws and children, 
 fled in the direction of "the dells" of the Wis- 
 consin. On the morning of the 2d General Atkinson 
 arrived within four or five miles of the Sac 
 position Disposing his forces with the regulars 
 and Colonel Dodge's rangers in the center, the brig- 
 ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and 
 Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but 
 was drawn by the Indian decoys up the river 
 from the place where the main body of the 
 Indians were trying to cross the stream. This 
 had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear 
 practically without orders, but it became the 
 means of making his command the prime factors 
 in the climax which followed. Some of the spies 
 attached to Henry's command having accidental- 
 ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- 
 gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for 
 orders and soon found himself engaged with some 
 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It 
 was here that the only thing like a regular battle 
 occurred. The savages fought with the fury of 
 despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved 
 to greater deeds of courage by the insult which 
 they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- 
 eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in 
 progress and discovering that he was being led 
 off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force 
 with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," 
 arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of 
 canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle 
 soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course 
 of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es- 
 timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from 
 the troops, an equal number of both sexes and 
 all ages drowned while attempting to cross the 
 river or by being driven into it. while about 50 
 (chiefly women and children) were made prison- 
 ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 
 wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its 
 
 close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented 
 the abandonment of his people, returned within 
 sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- 
 ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he 
 turned and, with a howl of rage and horror, fled 
 into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- 
 combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a 
 condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, 
 but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief 
 Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of 
 General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- 
 ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died 
 from wounds and exhaustion, while still others 
 perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band 
 who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- 
 ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the 
 east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, 
 it is estimated that not more than 150 survived 
 the tragic events of the next four months. 
 
 General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien 
 early in August, assumed command and, on 
 August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon. 
 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the 
 Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion, Black Hawk 
 fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and 
 the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. 
 nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the 
 Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been 
 taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he 
 there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was 
 taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in 
 the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant 
 in the regular army, where he was held a captive 
 during the following winter. The connection of 
 Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by 
 many historians, seems to have been confined to 
 this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and 
 Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then 
 to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as 
 prisoners of war until June 4, when they were 
 released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many 
 principal cities in order to impress him with the 
 strength of the American nation, was brought to 
 Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the 
 guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived 
 this humiliation only a few years, dying on a 
 small reservation set apart for him in Davis 
 County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. 
 
 Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the 
 most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- 
 nois history. At its beginning both the State 
 and national authorities were grossly misled by 
 an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black- 
 Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for 
 recovering the site of his old village, while 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 615 
 
 Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the 
 numbers and courage of his white enemies, es- 
 pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of 
 the war to the State and nation in money has been 
 estimated at $2,000,000, and in sacrifice of life 
 on both sides at not less than 1.200. The loss of 
 life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in 
 massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated 
 about 250, while an equal number of regulars 
 perished from a visitation of cholera at the 
 various stations within the district affected by 
 the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort 
 Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment 
 of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of 
 life ami treasure might have been avoided, but 
 for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- 
 scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- 
 ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied 
 under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder — 
 to call it by no harsher name — was 
 the violation by Stillman's command of the 
 rules of civilized warfare in the attack made 
 upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under 
 flag of truce to request a conference to settle 
 terms under which he might return to the west 
 side of the Mississippi — an act which resulted in 
 a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its 
 authors and proved the first step in actual war. 
 Another misfortune was the failure to understand 
 Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his 
 people to pass beyond the Mississippi the night 
 after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the 
 third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was 
 the refusal of the officer in command of the 
 " Warrior " to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce 
 and request for a conference just before the 
 bloody massacre which has gone into history 
 under the name of the " battle of the Bad Axe." 
 Either of these events, properly availed of, would 
 have prevented much of the butchery of that 
 bloody episode which has left a stain upon the 
 page of history, although this statement implies 
 no disposition to detract from the patriotism and 
 courage of some of the leading actors upon whom 
 the responsibility was placed of protecting the 
 frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One 
 of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy 
 engendered by the unwise policy pursued by 
 General Atkinson towards some of the volun- 
 teers — especiall} - the treatment of General James 
 D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated 
 slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford 
 and others as the real hero of the war. Too 
 brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and 
 too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt 
 
 deeply the studied purpose of his superior to 
 ignore him in the conduct of the campaign — a 
 purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, 
 was defeated by accident or by General Henry's 
 soldierly sagacity and attention to duty, although 
 he gave out to the public no utterance of com- 
 plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and 
 exposures of the campaign, he went South soon 
 after the war and died of consumption, unknown 
 and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less 
 two years later. 
 
 Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- 
 counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file 
 in public libraries relating to this epoch in State 
 history, the most comprehensive records of the 
 Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of 
 Black Hawk." dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- 
 field's "History of the War between the United 
 States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); 
 Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (1854); Ford's 
 "History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' " Pio- 
 neer History of Illinois; and 'My Own Times"; 
 Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- 
 nois ; Blanchard's ' ' The Northwest and Chicago' ' ; 
 Armstrong's "The Sauks and the Black Hawk 
 War." and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the 
 Black Hawk War" (1892.) 
 
 CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern 
 part of Cook County, twenty-eight miles south of 
 the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & 
 Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and 
 the Michigan Central Railroads; is located in an 
 agricultural region, but has some manufactures 
 as well as good schools — also has one newspaper. 
 Population (1900), 5,100. 
 
 GRANITE, a city of Madison Couuty, located 
 five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the 
 Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria 
 & St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. 
 It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge 
 across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- 
 facturing and grain-storage business; has two 
 newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122. 
 
 HARLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook 
 County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles 
 west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem 
 originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now 
 a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set 
 off and incorporated as a village. Consideraole 
 manufacturing is done here. Population (1900), 
 4,085. 
 
 HARVEY, a city of Cook County, and an im- 
 portant manufacturing suburb of the city of Chi- 
 
616 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 cago, three miles southwest of the southern city 
 limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central 
 and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and 
 has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street 
 and steam railway machinery, gasoline stoves, 
 enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and 
 ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395. 
 
 IOWA CENTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line 
 having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and 
 Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, 
 Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- 
 nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, 
 Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter 
 State. The total length of line owned, leased 
 and operated by the Company, officially reported 
 in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- 
 including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the 
 Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction 
 and Peoria — were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- 
 sion extends from Keithsburg — where it enters 
 the State at the crossing of the Mississippi — to 
 Peoria —(History.) The Iowa Central Railway 
 Company was originally chartered as the Central 
 Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- 
 pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into 
 the bands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was 
 reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa 
 Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company 
 purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, 
 which was incorporated into the main line, but 
 defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver 
 December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- 
 closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central 
 Railway Compam-, which had effected a new 
 organization on the basis of §11,000,000 common 
 stock, §6,000,000 preferred stock and 81,379,625 
 temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- 
 ferred stock, and $7,500,000 first mortgage bonds. 
 The transaction was completed, the receiver dis- 
 charged and the road turned over to the new 
 company, May 15, 1889.— (Financial). The total 
 capitalization of the road in 1899 was 821,337,558, 
 of which SU.159,180 was in stock, S6,650,095 in 
 bonds and 8528, 283 in other forms of indebtedness. 
 The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- 
 nois for the same year were $532,568, and the ex- 
 penditures 8566.333. 
 
 SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated 
 on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile & 
 Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- 
 ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has 
 
 a number of manufacturing establishments, in- 
 cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery 
 and creameries; also has natural gas. The first 
 settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- 
 lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by 
 James Armour a few years later, who bought 
 land of McClurken, and together they laid out 
 a village, which first received the name of Co- 
 lumbus. About the same time Robert G. Shan- 
 non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- 
 ness in the vicinity, located in the town and 
 became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name 
 of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- 
 ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a 
 man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited 
 with having built the first cotton gin in this vi- 
 cinity, besides still later, erecting saw and flour 
 mills and a woolen mill. Sparta was incorporated 
 as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a city. A col- 
 ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian 
 Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established 
 at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from 
 Sparta, about 1822, cut an important figure in 
 the history of the latter place, as it became the 
 means of attracting here an industrious and 
 thriving population. At a later period it became 
 one of the most important stations of the "Under- 
 ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which 
 see). The population of Sparta (1890) was 1,979; 
 (1900), 2,041. 
 
 TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated 
 on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railroad, 18 miles sonthwestof Streator. It is in 
 the center of a rich agricultural district ; has the 
 usual church and educational facilities of cities 
 of its rank, and two newspapers. Population 
 (1900), 2,629. 
 
 WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the 
 northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook 
 County, adjacent to Hammond, Ind.. from which 
 it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on 
 the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of 
 the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- 
 cess to several other lines, including the Chicago 
 & Erie; New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and 
 Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana 
 neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much 
 importance, was incorporated as a village in 
 1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few 
 years, having a population, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900, of 2,935. 
 
SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
"nri' 
 
 cr^T^t^A^ ^O , 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 CHArTEl! I. 
 
 l'EKIOD OF EXPLORATION. 
 
 FIRST EXPLORATIONS IN ILLINOIS— THE MISSION 
 NOT ONE OF CONQUEST— LOUIS JOLIET AND 
 FATHER JACQUES MARQUETTE FIRST TO VISIT THE 
 ILLINOIS COUNTRY IN 1673— THE ILLINOIS 
 RIVER FOUND TO BE THE INDIAN'S ELYSIUM — 
 MILITARY OCCUPATION MADE BY LA SALLE. TONTI 
 AND FATHER HENNEPIN AT FORT CREVE COEUR IN 
 1680— LAPSE OF MORE THAN A CENTURY BEFORE 
 SETTLEMENTS WERE MADE IN SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Id. the days when tradition and history dimly 
 merge, and the rich and fertile plains and wooded 
 hills' of the Illinois Country were in the undis- 
 puted possession of the primitive savage, plans 
 were made and policies outlined to bring the vast 
 dominion lying westward of Lake Michigan 
 within the bounds of Christian civilization. 
 
 As it was with the Pilgrims, who sought a 
 haven of retreat and homes on the stern and 
 forbidding coast of the North Atlantic country, 
 the men who first explored the trackless wilds 
 of the unknown West were actuated by a re- 
 ligious fervor and enthusiasm which lias no par- 
 allel in the history of the world. Their mis- 
 sion was not one of conquest, nor were they 
 seeking to escape from the tyranny of an op- 
 pressive government: but with loyalty to their 
 king and to the glory of their God. they entered 
 the primeval wilderness of the unknown West, 
 and undertook to teach the savage inhabitants 
 the refinements of civilized life. 
 
 History affords no more romantic chapter than 
 that of the exploration and development of the 
 great State of Illinois. It was here that the 
 
 first explorations were made that opened the 
 vast northwest country to civilization, and the 
 period of transition from a native wilderness to 
 a condition of high culture, both in its material 
 features and in the mental and moral character- 
 istics of its inhabitants, is of absorbing interest. 
 not alone to the student of history, but to the 
 people who now, in peace and contentment, live 
 within the bounds of this imperial State. 
 
 To Louis Joliet and Father Jacques Marquette 
 belong the honor and ever enduring fame of 
 bringing within the pale of civilization the un- 
 tutored savages of Illinois. Starting from their 
 headquarters on the shores of Lake Ontario, on 
 May 17, 167:;, the intrepid explorer and zealous 
 priest, with five voyageurs in two canoes, skirted 
 the shore of Lake Michigan to Green Bay, thence 
 down the Fox River and by portage to the Mis- 
 sissippi. ••There were warriors," they were told, 
 "on the hanks of the Great River, who would cut 
 off their heads without the least cause; monsters 
 who would swallow them, canoes and all; and 
 one huge winged demon who shut the way, and 
 burned in the waters that boiled about him, all 
 who dared draw nigh." This winged "demon" 
 was doubtless an allusion to the monster Bird 
 of I'iasa, of which there is said to have been 
 a coarse Indian picture painted on the limestone 
 bluff above the present city of Alton, and in 
 whose former existence and terrible ferocity the 
 Indian tribes of the western prairies implicitly 
 believed. Marquette says in his narrative of this 
 remarkable voyage: "I thanked these fearful 
 friends for their good advice, but told them 1 
 could not follow it, since the salvation of souls 
 was at stake, for which I should be overjoyed 
 to give my life." 
 
 Upon the 17th of July, the party had de- 
 scended the river to the vicinity of the Arkansas, 
 when, owing to the increasing perils of the voy- 
 age, they reluctantly started upon their return. 
 They retraced their course against the swift cur- 
 rent of the Mississippi to the mouth of the Illi- 
 
 617 
 
618 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 nois with almost incredible labor. It was in 
 the month of August that the little band of 
 adventurers made their journey up the Illinois 
 River, where, for uutold centuries, no sound 
 save Nature's multitudinous voices had broken 
 the vast solitude. Here, as in other places he 
 had visited, the pious Father forgot not the holy 
 object of his long and dangerous voyage. He 
 prayed and talked with the curious and kind- 
 hearted savages, and, when leaving, bestowed 
 upon them his blessing and the last of the con- 
 secrated silver crosses, with which he had been 
 careful to provide himself when setting out on 
 his missionary journey from Canada. 
 
 In the voyage up the Illinois River, Joliet and 
 Marquette skirted the boundary of what is now 
 Schuyler County, and doubtless built their camp- 
 fires mi the bank of the river in some of the 
 sheltered coves that there abound. In Davidson 
 & Stuve's History of Illinois, we find the follow- 
 ing graphic description of the scene that opened 
 to their view as they continued up the river: 
 
 "Prairie spread out before them beyond the 
 reach of vision, covered with tall grass, which 
 undulated in the wind like waves of the sea. In 
 further imitation of a watery expanse, the sur- 
 face was studded with clumps of timber, resem- 
 bling islands, in whose graceful outlines could be 
 traced peninsulas, shores and headlands. Flow- 
 ers, surpassing in the delicacy of their tints the 
 pampered products of civilization, were pro- 
 fusely sprinkled over the grassy landscape, and 
 gave their wealth of fragrance to the passing 
 breeze. Immense herds of buffalo and deer 
 grazed on these rich pastures, so prolific that the 
 continued destruction of them for ages by the 
 Indians bad failed to diminish their numbers. 
 For the further support of human life, the river 
 swarmed with fish, great quantities of wild fruit 
 grew in the forest and prairies, and so numerous 
 were water-fowl and other birds, that the heav- 
 ens were frequently obscured by their flight. This 
 favorite land, with its profusion of vegetable 
 and animal life, was the ideal of the Indian's 
 Elysium. The explorers spoke of it as a terres- 
 trial paradise, in which earth, air and water. 
 unbidden by labor, contributed the most copious 
 supplies for the sustenance of life. In the early 
 French explorations, desertions were of frequent 
 occurrence, and is it strange that men, wearied 
 by the toils and restraints of civilized life, should 
 abandon their leaders for the abundance and wild 
 independence of these prairies and woodlands?" 
 
 In 1C79 Illinois was again visited by explorers, 
 who had heard of the marvelous country rich in 
 game and furs and who were eager to establish 
 trade relations with the Indians. La Salle, Tonti 
 and Father Hennepin were members of this sec- 
 ond exploring party which, early in January, 
 1080, made the first military occupation of Illi- 
 nois at Fort Creve Coeur, near where Peoria 
 now stands, and where, five years earlier. Father 
 Marquette had preached of Christ and the Virgin. 
 Although this did not result in the establish- 
 ment of a completed and permanent fortification, 
 it has passed into history as the first attempt 
 on the part of La Salle to establish military juris- 
 diction within what now constitutes the State 
 of Illinois, under the charter granted to him by 
 Louis XIV. in 1678. 
 
 With the establishment at a later period of 
 missions at Kaskaskia and Cahokia to the south, 
 and Fort Creve Coeur to the north, the placid, 
 yet majestic, Illinois was frequently traversed 
 by explorers, adventurers and priests; and yet it 
 was more than a century after the first military 
 occupation that permanent settlements were 
 made in Schuyler County, along whose eastern 
 boundary the Illinois River extends for more 
 than twenty-five miles, the open gateway to the 
 inviting and fertile plains that lie beyond. And 
 so it happens that the early history of Schuyler 
 County is coincident with that of the first explo- 
 ration of Illinois, even though there is no direct 
 connection to link the names of those hardy 
 voyageurs with the story of our times. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 ABORIGINAL OCCUPANTS. 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES IX THE ILLINOIS COUNTRY CHAR- 
 ACTERISTICS AND TRIBAL RELATIONS — ARCHAEO- 
 LOGICAL CONDITIONS AS DESCRIBED BY DK. J. F. 
 
 SNYDER THE MOUND BUILDERS INDLAN RELICS 
 
 FOUND ALONG THE ILLINOIS RIVER TRIBES COM- 
 POSING THE ILLINOIS CONFEDERACY' — KINDLY 
 GREETING EXTENDED TO JOLIET AND MARQUETTE 
 — ILLINOIS AS A BATTLE GROUND IN THE WAR OF 
 1812 REGION BETWEEN THE ILLINOIS AND MIS- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 619 
 
 SISSIPPI INVADED BY ILLINOIS AND MISSOURI 
 BANGERS — ■ KICKAPOO INDIANS IN POSSESSION 
 WHEN FIRST SETTLERS CAME TO SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY — THEIR FRIENDLY" ATTITUDE TO THE NEW 
 COMERS — REV. CHAUNCEY HOBABT'S DESCRIPTION 
 
 OF AN INDIAN VISIT HIS STORY OF BE-KIK-A- 
 
 NIN-EE — INDIAN VILLAGE ON THE SITE OF THE 
 
 PBESENT CITY" OF BUSHVILLE THE INDIANS' 
 
 FAREWELL JOURNEY' TO THE NORTH IN 1826. 
 
 Barely more than four-score years have passed 
 since the last of the Indian tribes left Schuyler 
 County to take up their home on the west bank 
 of the Mississippi River; and yet. when one 
 attempts to trace their history, or write of the 
 period during which they occupied the country, 
 he finds but little to guide him in the task. The 
 history of the Indian tribes in Illinois delves in 
 mists and shadow, and but little of the ancient 
 traditions of the tribes has been preserved. The 
 early settlers, in their contact with the Indians, 
 did not busy themselves with a study of racial 
 conditions, but expended their best efforts in the 
 attempt to wrest from the untutored savage the 
 lauds over which he had held undisputed sway 
 for many generations. 
 
 When at last the council fires of the Indians 
 had been extinguished, and they had been forced 
 to cross the Mississippi and find a home in 
 Iowa, they left no enduring monuments of their 
 long occupancy of the country, and, save for the 
 low mounds above the dead warriors and the 
 faint trace of their narrow trails, there is noth- 
 ing one can point to as a reminder of the race 
 that was the immediate predecessor of the hardy 
 pioneers who made for themselves a home in the 
 wilderness. 
 
 As a race, the Indians of Illinois were always 
 counted as the peer of savage tribes, and they 
 made a stubborn resistance against the encroach- 
 ment of the settlers. From a social standpoint, 
 however, there is little in them to commend. 
 Keen cunning held vantage over intellectual or 
 moral force, and they evolved no governmental 
 system that extended beyond tribal relations. 
 They erected no enduring structures, as did the 
 Aztecs of Mexico, and in their implements of 
 peace and warfare little inventive genius was 
 shown. There is no trace of literature or art in 
 all their tradition and history, and their passing 
 lias been likened to that of the early beasts and 
 birds of the Meld that once were here but now 
 are gone. Under the natural conditions of prog- 
 
 ress race yielded to race, and the Indians of 
 Illinois are now remembered as a people whose 
 sachems had no cities, whose religion had no 
 temple, whose government had no records. In 
 the battle for supremacy their country was ap- 
 propriated, their hunting grounds destroyed and 
 their trails obliterated to make way for the 
 marvelous development that began with the be- 
 ginning of the nineteenth century. 
 
 In a paper read before the Illinois Historical 
 Society at its first meeting at Peoria, January 
 5-6, 1900, Dr. J. F. Snyder, of Virginia. 111., dis- 
 cussed the archaeological conditions of Illinois, 
 and brought out many interesting facts concern- 
 ing the prehistoric people who preceded the In- 
 dians in Illinois. We find that in his research 
 Dr. Snyder has discovered remains of the race 
 in this country, and quote from his paper as 
 follows : 
 
 "The valley of the Illinois River, from its prai- 
 rie banks about Starved Rock to the Mississippi, 
 was at a very early date in possession of a yet 
 different branch of the native American race, 
 whose mode of mound building and manner of 
 disposing of their dead, plainly connect them 
 with the mound building tribes of Ohio. Here 
 we meet with the so-called 'altar' mounds, usu- 
 ally on low alluvial bottoms, and the 'platform' 
 pipes and finely-wrought implements and orna- 
 ments of copper. Here also have been found 
 those extraordinary propitiatory offerings to 
 their evil or guardian spirits. It has been the 
 fortune of the writer, in his limited explorations 
 in this territory, to discover astonishing deposits 
 of dark colored, or black, flint-disks, each from 
 three to eight inches in diameter, under condi- 
 tions that leave no doubt of their sacrificial 
 intent. At the base of a mound on Paint Creek 
 in Ross County. Ohio, a deposit of similar Hints 
 was unearthed in 1847, by Messrs. Squier and 
 Davis, and subsequently on further search by 
 Prof. W. K. Moorehead, which aggregated 8,185 
 in number. Buried in the banks of the Illinois 
 River at Beardstown were found 1,500 well fin- 
 ished disks of black hornstone, closely laid to- 
 gether a few feel below the surface. A deposit 
 of 3,500 similar flints was sometime before un- 
 covered four miles above on the opposite side 
 of the river in Schuyler County. Two very 
 large mounds, side by side, on the alluvial bot- 
 toms in Brown County, were opened, and at 
 I lir base of "lie were found 6,199 oval disks of 
 glossy black flint, and at the bottom of the other 
 
6-20 
 
 HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 the enormous number of 5,316 completely fin- 
 ished lance-shaped Implements, from three to 
 eight inches in length, of the same black Hint. 
 This stone is nowhere in situ in Illinois, bul oc- 
 curs in southeastern Indiana and in portions of 
 Kentucky. These buried flints, therefore, must 
 have been transported by canoe, down the Ohio 
 and up the Mississippi and Illinois rivers 1'or 
 the special purpose of final interment on the 
 banks of the latter stream. 'If they were placed 
 there as an offering.' says Mr. Squier, 'we can 
 form some estimate, in view of the fact that 
 they must have been brought from a great dis- 
 tance and fashioned with great toil, of the de- 
 votional fervor which induced the sacrifice, or 
 the magnitude of the calamity which that sac- 
 rifice was, perhaps, intended to avert . . . 
 The Illinois River 'altar' mounds examined were 
 certainly very old. but further investigation will 
 be required to determine their relative age in 
 comparison with that of other systems of mounds 
 on the Mississippi and in other parts of the 
 State. At the time of their erection their build- 
 ers had not yet become adepts in the ceramic art, 
 the few pottery vessels found, with the original 
 deposits, being coarse, rude and without decora- 
 tion. The human skeletons among the primal 
 burials in these mounds exhibited anatomical 
 characteristics of very low order. The builders 
 of these mounds had low. retreating foreheads 
 with enormous supraorbital ridges; prognathous 
 jaws; perforations of the humerus: elongated 
 coccyx and platycnemism of the tibia;. They 
 were ape-like and hideous, but exceedingly skill- 
 ful artisans." 
 
 When Joliet and Father Marquette first vis- 
 ited Illinois in 1673, they found the country bor- 
 dering on the Illinois River in possession of a 
 confederacy of Indian tribes under the general 
 name of Illiuois or "Illini." Marquette describes 
 them as composed of remarkably handsome men. 
 well mannered and kindly. The confederacy con- 
 sisted of five tribes: The Kaskaskias, Cahokias, 
 Tamaroas, Peorias and Mitchigamis. Under a 
 simple, but complete, fabric of Indian construc- 
 tion, the power of these tribes extended over all 
 the fertile territory from Lake Michigan to the 
 Ohio River and to the Mississippi on the west. 
 
 These aboriginal Illinoisans greeted the first 
 explorers kindly, and Joliet and Marquette were 
 graciously received by the chiefs of the tribes. 
 They were passionately fond of grand assemblies 
 and feasts, and the wily Frenchmen were quick 
 
 to take advantage of the proffered pipe of peace. 
 Marquette's labor among the Indians and his 
 holy devotion to lead them to the ways of Chris- 
 tian civilization, is one of the brightest pages in 
 the whole of American history: and. had his 
 policy of peaceful conquest been followed by 
 those who came after him, the annals of Illinois 
 history would not record the many deeds of atro- 
 cious cruelty and warfare that occurred within 
 the succeeding century. 
 
 Passing over the period of internecine warfare 
 of the Indian tribes .and their frequent combats 
 with explorers, we come to the period just pre- 
 ceding the occupation and settlement of the Illi- 
 nois Country, of which Schuyler County is a 
 part. In the year 1813 the Pottawatomies and 
 the Kickapoos occupied the central part of Illi- 
 nois, and from their headquarters on Lake Peo- 
 ria and the Sangamon River, they sent out ma- 
 rauding parties to harass the frontier settlers. 
 In the summer of that year an army of some 
 900 men was collected from the settlements of 
 Illinois and Missouri to march against the war- 
 ring Indians. Passing up the Mississippi Rivet- 
 to Quincy, they struck out eastward and across 
 the prairies to the Illinois, which was reached 
 near the Spoon River. From there the march 
 was continued to Lake Peoria, but the Indians 
 had taken flight at the approach of so large a 
 force and no battles were fought. 
 
 In the following year a large force was dis- 
 patched up the Mississippi River as far as Rock 
 Island, to dislodge the Indian and their English 
 allies, who were taking advantage of the war 
 between the two countries to excite the savage 
 to war and rapine. The first expedition met 
 with disaster, the Indians, under Chief Black 
 Hawk, killing a number of the force and caus- 
 ing them to retreat to St. Louis. A second ex- 
 pedition under command of Major Zachary Tay- 
 lor, afterwards President, made an assault on an 
 Indian force at Rock Island and, after driving 
 the Indians back, was defeated by the British. 
 A fort built on the present site of Warsaw by 
 • 'apt. Zachary Taylor, in 1814, and named Fort 
 Edwards, was assaulted by the Indians so vig- 
 orously that the Americans evacuated and the 
 fort was burned. The treaty of Ghent, Decem- 
 ber 24. 1814, closed the war between the Ameri- 
 cans and British, and there was jieace among the 
 Indians until Chief Black Hawk again started 
 upon the war path in 1830. The invasion of the 
 country between the Mississippi and Illinois Riv- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 621 
 
 ers had been the primary cause of driving the 
 Indians northward, and there is no record of 
 any encounter with the aboriginals within the 
 borders of Schuyler County. 
 
 When the first settlers came to Schuyler 
 County in 1S23 there were still roving bands of 
 Indians to be seen, but they were peaceful and 
 soon afterwards departed to the north never to 
 return. These Indians were of the Kickapoo 
 tribe, who had villages on the Spoon River, in 
 Fulton County, and at Elkhart Grove, on the 
 Sangamon River. They were more civilized, in- 
 dustrious and cleanly than the other tribes in 
 Illinois, and their warriors were far famed for 
 valor and bravery. For more than a century they 
 had an implacable hatred of the whites and com- 
 mitted many atrocities on the settlers in the 
 southern part of the State, and were the last of 
 the Indian tribes of Illinois to accept the treaty 
 of peace, which, may it be said to their credit. 
 they ever afterwards observed. 
 
 In his notes of "Travels in Illinois." published 
 in 1823, Ferdinand Ernst wrote of the Kickapoo 
 Indians sojourning at Edwardsville in July, 1820, 
 where they met the plenipotentiaries of the 
 United States, and by treaty renounced all rights 
 and claims to lands in Illinois, ceding the same 
 to the Government. 
 
 In describing the Kickapoos, Mr. Ernst says : 
 '•Their color is reddish brown : their faces irreg- 
 ular, often horribly colored with bright red paint ; 
 their hair is cut to a tuft upon the crown of the 
 head and painted various colors. Very few are 
 clothed. In summer woolen cloth, and in winter 
 a buffalo skin, is their only covering. They 
 seem to be very fond of adornments, wearing 
 silver rings about the neck and arms. They 
 likewise carrying a shield before the breast." 
 
 When the first little band of settlers in Schuy- 
 ler County crossed the Illinois River in Febru- 
 ary, 182.".. and located on the southwest quarter 
 of the southeast quarter of Section Sixteen, in 
 what is now Kushville Township, they were vis- 
 ited the second day after their arrival by about 
 one hundred Kickapoo Indians, who were 
 returning from their southern winter hunt. 
 Their regular camping ground was a mile to 
 the south, and it was here they always stopped 
 in their semi-annual migrations between the 
 north and south. 
 
 Rev. Chauncey Hobart, a member of this first 
 settlers' colony in Schuyler County, gives the 
 following interesting account of the visit of the 
 
 Indians: "These Kickapoos gave us their idea 
 of aristocratic rank by saying: 'A Pottawatomie 
 lives on the river, rides in a canoe, and eats 
 muskrats and mud turtles, while a Kickapoo 
 lives on high lands, rides on horseback and eats 
 venison.' 
 
 "The Indians were very friendly with us from 
 the first. They called my father 'Postonie,' or 
 Boston man, to distinguish him from the men 
 from the South, whom they called 'Chemo-ko- 
 mon,' or 'Long Knife.' These people were 
 around us more or less every day while they 
 were in camp, and many of them were present 
 and witnessed our exit from camp to cabin. 
 
 "During the illness of my mother our Indian 
 friends were down from their village on their 
 summer hunt and camped near our house and. 
 of course, came to visit us. We had been greatly 
 annoyed by the injury of our garden by deer, 
 whose depredations were committed in the night. 
 Knowing the skill of the Indians in detecting 
 trails, my father took two of our Indian visitors 
 to the garden and pointed out to them the dam- 
 age done. The two men walked through the 
 garden looking carefully at the tracks, consulted 
 together a moment, and said : "There are two ; 
 one has gone north, the other east,' pointing in 
 the different directions. Mounting their ponies, 
 they rode away in the directions indicated and, 
 in less than an hour, each had returned with a 
 deer. 
 
 "The day following the head of the clan, a sub- 
 chief called Be-kik-a-nin-ee, came bringing a deer 
 just killed. After selling us one quarter, he 
 carefully took out the tenderloin, and presented 
 it to my father, saying: 'It for sick squaw.' He 
 directed that it be should be well boiled and 
 some of the soup made from it given to a j 
 mother, remarking in a plaintive way: 'Maybe 
 she get well.' This Indian had been in the 
 British army and had been wounded in the bat- 
 tle of the River Raisin. This accounts for his 
 being able to speak English. 
 
 "The following fall, while my father was in 
 the woods bee-hunting, and about three miles 
 from home, he met our old friend Be-kik-a-nin-ee 
 on horseback hunting deer. As soon as they 
 came in sight of each other the Indian wheeled 
 his pony and came dashing up rapidly, jumped 
 off and saluted, by extending both hands, and 
 exclaiming: 'How-te-too! How-te-too;' He then 
 asked: 'Keene-squaw, Xepoo?' (Did your wife 
 die?) 
 
622 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 " 'No,' " replied my father, 'she is nearly 
 well.' 
 
 " 'Yup ! Yup ! Yup !' he shouted. 'Me go see 
 her;' and. mounting his pony, he laid whip for 
 our house, which he reached on a quick run. 
 When he saw my mother up and busy around the 
 house, this manly fellow appeared as much 
 pleased as if he were conscious of some rela- 
 tionship between them." 
 
 We give place to this interesting account of 
 the meeting between the first settlers in Schuyler 
 and the Indians to show the cordial and peace- 
 ful relations existing between them, and this 
 continued up to the time the Indians left for the 
 northwest some years later. 
 
 The site of the present city of Rushville, and 
 the wooded country adjacent to the north, must 
 have been a favorite camp ground for the In- 
 dians ; for. long after the country was settled, 
 there were to be found many fine specimens of 
 arrow-heads and stone axes along Town branch 
 ami McKee branch. On the McKee farm we may 
 yet see the trace of a cleared path through the 
 woods, which is known as the old Indian trail. 
 
 In what is now the site of Rushville there was 
 probably an Indian village or camp located be- 
 tween West Washington and Lafayette Streets, 
 on the east side of the Town branch. A monu- 
 ment which marked this location was a gnarled 
 and knotted oak tree, which stood on the south- 
 west corner of the intersection of Jackson and 
 Washington Streets. Here in after years were 
 found scores of stone arrow-heads buried under 
 the bark of the tree, where they had been im- 
 planted by the young Indian warriors or chil- 
 dren while at practice or at play. 
 
 As late as 1826 the Indians had their camp in 
 Woodstock Township, but with the coming of the 
 settlers they moved northward and westward to 
 the frontier. Old settlers in this region tell of 
 their dramatic exit from the land which had long 
 been their favorite hunting ground. For days 
 before the northern march was begun, the In- 
 dians enjoyed a season of feasting and pleasure. 
 Their dances continued through the long hours 
 of the Dighl and. as the settlers looked out from 
 their cabin doors on the wooded knolls at day- 
 break, they saw the Indians mount their ponies. 
 and ride away through the valley, closely fol- 
 lowed by the squaws with the tents and camp 
 equipage, never more to return to the beautiful 
 valleys and plains of Western Illinois. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EVOLUTION OP COUNTY ORGANIZATION. 
 
 PREHISTORIC INHABITANTS OF THE ILLINOIS COUN- 
 TRY — REGION COVETED DY SPAIN, FRANCE AND 
 ENGLAND THE DE SOTO DISCOVERY OF THE MIS- 
 SISSIPPI THE BASIS OF THE SPANISH CLAIM 
 
 ITS DESTINY' DETERMINED ON EUROPEAN BATTLE- 
 FIELDS, ON THE PLAINS OF ABRAHAM AND BY THE 
 
 GEORGE ROGERS CLARK CONQUEST KASKASKIA, 
 
 CAHOKIA AND PRAIRIE DU ROCHER THE CENTER 
 OF FRENCH COLONIZATION — COUNTY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 CREATED BY' ACT OF VIRGINIA IN 1778 THE 
 
 NORTHWEST TERRITORY' ORGANIZED BY' ORDI- 
 NANCE OF 17S7 — SUBSEQUENT GEOGRAPHICAL 
 CHANGES — ILLINOIS ADMITTED AS A STATE IN 
 
 1818 NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION — WON- 
 
 DERFFUL FORESIGHT SHOWN BY DELEGATE NA- 
 THANIEL POPE THE MILITARY TRACT COUNTY" 
 
 ORGANIZATIONS — SCHUYLER COUNTY' SUCCES- 
 SIVELY' PARTS OF PIKE AND FULTON COUNTIES 
 
 THE COUNTY' CREATED BY' ACT OF THE LEGISLA- 
 TURE JANUARY 13. 1S25 ITS BOUNDARIES AND 
 
 AREA — BROWN COUNTY' DETACHED IN 1839 
 
 MC DONOUGH COUNTY' CREATED BY' ACT OF 1826, 
 BUT REMAINS UNDER JURISDICTION OF SCHUY'- 
 LER COUNTY' UNTIL 1S30. 
 
 From the standpoint of the archaeologist, Illi- 
 nois has a history that extends far back into the 
 dim unknown past, when, even before the com- 
 ing of the Indians, the hills and valleys were 
 peopled by a race that left enduring monuments 
 of their occupancy. The savage, who, for gen- 
 erations, had occupied the country before the 
 coming of the first explorers, had noted the curi- 
 ous evidences of an earlier race, but their igno- 
 rance of any history or tradition of the strange 
 antiquities only adds to the mysticism that sur- 
 rounds them. 
 
 By reason of its accessibility by the great 
 water courses of the inland lakes and the mighty 
 rivers that form its southern and western boun- 
 daries, Illinois was destined to play an important 
 part in the history of the nations; and, even 
 while the east Atlantic States were but sparsely 
 settled, it was looked upon with covetous eyes 
 by the rulers of empires in Europe. With rare 
 
*N 
 
 
 /EKY 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 623 
 
 foresight they realized the vast importance of 
 Illinois as the key to military possession of the 
 new and as yet unexplored county ; and with 
 the ever-changing fortunes of war, as played 
 upon the battlefields of the old world, there were 
 corresponding epochs in the history of Illinois. 
 To get a clear understanding of the history of 
 Schuyler County and its evolution from the ear- 
 liest time, it is eminently important that we 
 should know of these historic events iu their 
 natural sequence. 
 
 Illinois was first claimed by Spain, by reason 
 of discovery by Ferdinand DeSoto, in 1541, who 
 laid claim to all the country drained by the great 
 Father of Waters. Spain, however, made no 
 attempt to explore the vast territory and the 
 written history of Illinois begins iu 1673 when 
 Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette paddled up 
 the Illinois and Des Plaines Rivers, and made 
 the portage at Chicago. To them fell the honor 
 of adding this princely domain to the mother 
 country under the name "New France." It was 
 not. however, until April 0, 1082, that La Salle, 
 with due form and ceremony, unfurled the flag 
 of France on the east bank of the lower Missis- 
 sippi, and took possession of the country in the 
 name of his royal master, Louis XIV. Kaskas- 
 kia. Cahokia and Prairie du Rocher later became 
 the centers of French colonization, and for a 
 period of ninety-two years, beginning with the 
 i-oniing of Joliet and .Marquette, Illinois was a 
 loyal subject of the crown. 
 
 The ancient struggle for supremacy between 
 France and England subjected Illinois to the 
 fickle fortunes of war, and when on the thir- 
 teenth of September, 1759, Wolfe won his vic- 
 tory on the Plains of Abraham, the country, of 
 which Illinois of the future would be a part, 
 passed from under French to English dominion. 
 Six years elapsed before England came into un- 
 disputed possession of Illinois, and from the bat- 
 tlement of old Fort Chartres peacefully lowered 
 the flag of France, which, for more than a cen- 
 tury, had been the emblem of her sovereignty. 
 
 Britisb dominion in the Mississippi valley was 
 destined to be short lived. At the time the Brit- 
 ish took possession the spirit of unrest was upon 
 the colonies east of the Alleghanies. and events 
 were shaping that were once more to change the 
 map of the new world. In the midst of the Rev- 
 olutionary War, which began in 1776, Gen. George 
 Rogers ('lark, of Kentucky, planned an invasion 
 of Illinois, and his conquest of Kaskaskia. on 
 
 July 4, 1778, and subsequent capture of Fort 
 Vincennes, is one of the brightest chapters in the 
 whole of American history, and eventually re- 
 sulted in shaping the destiny of the new nation. 
 
 The conquest of the Illinois country in 1778 
 by George Rogers Clark was the beginning of the 
 American occupation, but it was not until 17S7 
 that, by congressional action, it came under the 
 control of the General Government of the United 
 States. Gen. Clark took possession of the coun- 
 try under authority of the Governor of Virginia, 
 and the period immediately following is known 
 as the "Virginia Occupation." 
 
 In his memoirs Chirk says: "I inquired par- 
 ticularly into the manner the people had been 
 governed formerly, and much to my satisfaction 
 I found that it had been generally as severe as 
 under the militia law. I was determined to 
 make an advantage of it, and took every step in 
 my power to cause the people to feel the bless- 
 ings of an American citizen, which I soon dis- 
 covered enabled me to support, from their own 
 choice, almost a supreme authority over them." 
 
 The Assembly of Virginia passed in October, 
 1778, an act to establish a civil and military gov- 
 ernment in the territory, which was christened 
 the County of Illinois, and a County Lieutenant 
 and other minor officials were appointed. Col. 
 John Todd, of Kentucky, was appointed County 
 Lieutenant by Governor Patrick Henry, and he 
 reached Kaskaskia in May, 1779, and under his 
 direction courts were established and a regular 
 system of government inaugurated. 
 
 The transfer of sovereignty was made to the 
 United States on the part of Virginia in 1781, 
 but it was not until March 1. 1784. that the offi- 
 cial cession was completed. Iu the meantime 
 the County of Illinois had no positive form of 
 government, and delegations were sent to Vir- 
 ginia and to the Congress of the United States 
 asking the establishment of a proper government. 
 Settlers were crowding into the new country and, 
 with no system of government or land titles, 
 great confusion prevailed and extensive frauds 
 in land grants were perpetrated that were later 
 ratified and made good by the General Govern- 
 ment. In time each village had a separate sys- 
 tem of government of its own, which regulated 
 local affairs as a matter of protection to its cit- 
 izens, but without being subject to any higher 
 authority. 
 
 The next epoch in the history of Illinois was 
 the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787, which 
 
624 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 forever dedicated the State to freedom and gave 
 to Illinois the proud prestige which removed it 
 from the influence of Southern domination, and. 
 in the prophetic words of Nathaniel Pope, who 
 made the appeal for an extension of the northern 
 boundary, became "the keystone of the arch of 
 perpetual union." 
 
 By the passage of the Ordinance of 1787 the 
 Northwest Territory was formed, and President 
 Washington appointed General Arthur St. Clair 
 its first Governor. In the spring of 1790 the county 
 of St. Clair was formed and the first courts were 
 held at Kaskaskia and Cahokia. In 1800 the 
 Northwest Territory was divided, the portion 
 lying east of a line extending north from a point 
 on the Ohio River opposite the mouth of the 
 Kentucky River to the Canada line constituting 
 the Territory of Ohio, while the region west of 
 that line and embracing the hulk of the present 
 states of Indiana, Illinois. Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin, was organized as Indiana Territory. Febru- 
 ary ". 1809, Congress created a territory out of 
 all the country lying "west of the Wabash River 
 and a direct line drawn from the said Wabash 
 River and Post Vineennes, due north to the ter- 
 ritorial line between the United States and Can- 
 ada," to be known as Illinois Territory. This 
 included the present State of Wisconsin and a 
 small portion of Eastern Minnesota, and Ninian 
 Edwards was appointed the first governor of the 
 new Territory. On April 7. 1818, a bill was 
 introduced in Congress enabling the people of a 
 portion of the Territory t • ■ organize the State 
 of Illinois. As presented the bill designated the 
 northern boundary of the State to be "an east 
 and west line drawn through the southerly bend 
 or extreme of Lake Michigan, west a lung the 
 north parallel of -11 degrees 39 minutes to the 
 center of the Mississippi River." Nathaniel Pope 
 was then the Delegate from Illinois in Congress 
 and through bis efforts t lit' northern boundary 
 was extended to 42 degrees and 30 minutes, and 
 thus the territory now embracing fourteen coun- 
 ties in the northern part of Illinois, including 
 the present city of Chicago, was added to the 
 new State. Wisconsin made repeated protests 
 against this action, and it was not until that 
 territory was admitted as a State in 1848, that 
 the northern boundary line of Illinois was thus 
 finally confirmed and forever settled. (See 
 "Northern Boundary Question." pp. 4M-4o2. of 
 this work.) 
 
 The Military Tract. — Previous to the admis- 
 
 sion of Illinois as a state, Congress on May 6, 
 1812, set apart a section of her territory as 
 bounty land for the soldiers of the War of 1SI2, 
 and it became known as the Military Tract. 
 This tract lay between the Mississippi and Illi- 
 nois Rivers and extended as far north as the 
 present northern boundary of Mercer County. 
 It contained o.3G0,000 acres of what is now the 
 finest agricultural country in the United States, 
 and from its territory the following counties 
 have been formed: Calhoun, Pike, Adams. 
 Brown. Schuyler, Hancock, McDonough. Fulton, 
 Peoria. Stark, Knox. Warren. Henderson and 
 Mercer, with parts of Henry. Bureau, Putnam 
 and Marshall. 
 
 The first act passed in 1812 granted 100 acres 
 to each soldier, and a subsequent grant extended 
 the quantity to a half-section. The land thus 
 appropriated was divided by lot among the sol- 
 diers and the patents issued to them a rdingly. 
 
 Millions of acres of the finest land in Illinois 
 were disposed of in this way. The soldiers did 
 nothing with the land, most of them selling their 
 titles for a trifle to speculators residing in East- 
 ern States, while the land remained unoccupied 
 year after year. After the organization of the 
 State government in 1818, the State began to 
 sell these lauds for taxes and, for a considerable 
 period, the principal revenue of the State was 
 derived from this source. The greater portion 
 of these lands thus went into the possession of 
 parties who held them under these tax-titles. 
 The grantees of the soldiers, who were the orig- 
 inal patentees, brought suits of ejectment for 
 their lands. A strong, but unsuccessful effort 
 was made to sustain the tax-titles, but the prin- 
 cipal reliance of the settlers was not so much 
 upon the tax-titles as upon certain limitation 
 laws of the State. The growth Of this section 
 of Illinois was greatly retarded by the contest 
 over land titles. Many of the settlers purchased 
 quit-claim deeds for $1.25 an acre, while thou- 
 sands of others purchased lands, which now sell 
 for from $100 to $150 an acre, for fifty cents per 
 acre, ami risked the security of their titles. 
 Emigration was rapid to the Military Tract in 
 the early 'twenties and soon afterwards several 
 counties were organized therein. 
 
 County Organizations. — Pike County was the 
 first to be organized in the Military Tract. It 
 was set apart from Madison County in 1821, and 
 at that time embraced the whole of the country 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 625 
 
 north and west of the Illinois River, Including 
 what are now the Counties of Cook and Will. 
 
 By the art of the Legislature, approved Janu- 
 ary 25, 1823, Fulton County was organized out 
 of that portion of Pike County lying east of the 
 Fourth Principal Meridian, and south of the 
 township line between Townships o and 10 
 North, and extending east to the Illinois River 
 on township line between 5 and C East. This 
 included two townships in the southwest corner 
 of Peoria County, the southern tier of townships 
 in Knox County and the townships of Frederick, 
 Browning and Hickory in the eastern part of 
 Schuyler County. For the next two years Ful- 
 ton County had jurisdiction for governmental 
 purposes, as Pike County previously had, over 
 the region east of the Fourth P. M. and north of 
 the Illinois and Kankakee Rivers to the Indiana 
 State line. 
 
 Schuyler County Organized. — By an act ap- 
 proved January 10, 1825, the County of Calhoun 
 was created with its present limits, from the 
 southern portion of Pike County, and three days 
 later (January I.'!. 1825) an "omnibus hill," 
 authorizing the organization of eight new coun- 
 ties from the northern portion of Pike County 
 became a law. These included the present coun- 
 ties of Schuyler, Adams, Hancock, Warren. Mer- 
 cer, Henry. Putnam and Knox, and were all 
 embraced wholly within the Military Tract ex- 
 cept Henry and Putnam Counties, which in part 
 consisted of Military Tract territory. 
 
 The portion of the act creating Schuyler 
 County designated the boundaries of the new 
 county as follows : 
 
 "Beginning at the place where the township 
 line between two and three south touches the 
 Illinois River, thence west on said line to the 
 range line between ranges four and five west ; 
 thence north on said range line to the northwest 
 corner of township three north, range four west ; 
 thence east on said township line to the merid- 
 ian; thence down the meridian line to the south- 
 easl corner of township three north, range one 
 west : thence cast on said township line to the 
 Illinois River, thence down the said river to 
 the place of beginning." 
 
 The county was named in honor of Gen. Philip 
 Schuyler, who was a soldier of the Revolution, 
 also served as a member of Congress from New 
 York during a part of the war period, and was 
 later a United States Senator from the same 
 state. 
 
 As originally organized Schuyler County was 
 thirty miles north and south by thirty-six east 
 and west, including all of Brown County. In 
 1S39 Brown County was set off and Crooked 
 Creek was made the boundary line from the Illi- 
 nois River to the northeast corner of Township 
 One North, Range Two West, where the dividing 
 line between the two counties ran west on the 
 township line, thus leaving the county, as at 
 present, six townships east and west and three 
 and a fraction north and south. 
 
 By an art approved January 25, 1826, the 
 County of MeDonoogh was created with its pres- 
 sent dimensions out of portions ol Pike and Ful- 
 ton Counties, although it was not formally or- 
 ganized until 1S30, in the meantime being at- 
 tached to Schuyler County for governmental pur- 
 poses. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PHYSICAL FEATURES— TOPOGRAPHY. 
 
 NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERAL LAND 
 SURFACE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND TOPOG- 
 RAPHY AULA AND ELEVATION EXTENT OF TILL- 
 ABLE AND UNTILLABLE LAND THE ALLUVIAN 
 
 BOTTOM LANDS — RICH SILT DEPOSITS MADE BY 
 ISLAND STREAM — NATURAL BEAUTY' AND FERTIL- 
 ITY OF THE SOIL — INLAND LAKES AND MARSHES 
 
 RECLAIMING THE PRAIRIES WATER COURSES 
 
 HISTORY OF CROOKED CREEK — CLIMATIC CONDI- 
 TION S HA I N FALL. 
 
 In considering the physical features and char- 
 acteristics of Schuyler County, we realize that 
 Nature is most in earnest when least dramatic, 
 and. that here, where there is no indication of 
 her terrible power, she has stored up wonderful 
 and varied resources amid the homely, yet not 
 montouous, landscape. Man was anticipated and 
 amply provided for within her bounds, and a 
 fair survey of her physical features discloses a 
 richness of soil and mineral desposits that is 
 well calculated to sustain a prosperous people. 
 
 Geographically located midway of the State, 
 north and south, and almost wholly to the west 
 
626 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 of the Fourth Principal Meridian, which inter- 
 sects the base line at her southern extremity, 
 the topography and climate of Schuyler County 
 are typical of the State. The county occupies a 
 space of 430 square miles, and is bounded on the 
 south and west by the counties of Brown. Adams 
 and Hancock ; on the north by McDouough and 
 Fulton and along its southern and eastern boun- 
 dary it is washed for twenty-five miles by the 
 Illinois River. Its high, level prairies have an 
 elevation of 720 feet above the sea-level and are 
 more than 250 feet above the contiguous valley 
 of the Illinois. 
 
 The 274,1114 acres of tillable land included 
 within the bounds of Schuyler County and broken 
 tracts that are in wooded forests give an idea 
 of the diversified physical features at a glance. 
 Along the banks of the Illinois the alluvian bot- 
 toms vary greatly In extent. In some places the 
 rugged bluffs rise to a height of one hundred 
 feet in gradual slope from the water's edge, while 
 along the streams that drain the uplands, the 
 flat bottom-land extends back for miles. 
 
 More than three hundred years ago, when the 
 early French voyageurs. traversing the Illinois 
 River in their adventurous journey of explora- 
 tion and discovery, referred to the valley as the 
 elysium of the native Indians, they had but 
 caught a glimpse of the grandeur that lay be- 
 yond. From the bluffs of the Illinois the land 
 surface of Schuyler County appears rough and 
 broken, but to the northward there spreads out a 
 vast expanse of prairie land, fertile, rich and 
 well drained by the streams that flow southward 
 to the river. Appreciation of the beauty and 
 bounty of this laud led to the early settlement 
 of Schuyler, and made its development first 
 among the counties in the Military Tract. Here 
 the pioneer settlers found rich, fertile soil with 
 an abundance of clear, sparkling water that bub- 
 bled up from the gravel beds of the streams or 
 spouted out from the crevices of the rocky 
 cliff on the steep hillside, and close by were the 
 heavily wooded forests that furnished the mate- 
 rial for his cabin home, his furniture and his 
 fences. Thus it was that all his frugal needs 
 were amply supplied by nature, and it was to 
 him the ideal "promised land." 
 
 Along the valley of the Illinois, and adjacent 
 to the streams that flow into it. there lies a 
 broad expanse of low land that, in early times, 
 was either a miry bog or a tangled forest. In 
 the spring of the year it was covered with water, 
 
 and for several decades was deemed utterly 
 worthless. There came a time, however, when 
 all the uplands were occupied and it was then 
 that the swamps were reclaimed and drained, 
 and now in many cases are the most fertile and 
 productive lands in all the country. 
 
 A striking illustration of the action of the 
 streams that flow into the Illinois River, in work- 
 ing over the material along their courses, is to be 
 found in many parts of the county. These now 
 narrow streams, fringed along their entire course 
 by heavily timbered banks, have ranged in the 
 course of centuries from one bluff to the other, 
 obliterating old curves and forming new ones, 
 but never moving in a straight line for a dozen 
 rods. With every change of the flowing stream, 
 the alluvial deposit has been worked over, time 
 and again, and greatly added to as the rich black 
 silt from the prairie uplands has been spread, 
 as a deposit, when the water receded or the 
 stream changed its course. This ever-adding of 
 new rich loam has made the bottom lands won- 
 derfully productive, and they still receive re- 
 plenishing, though in a less degree, by the occa- 
 sional spring floods that swell the narrow 
 streams into mighty rivers. 
 
 Three large streams, with their many 
 branches that spread out and ramify in every 
 direction, drain the entire land surface of Schuy- 
 ler County to the Illinois River. These streams, 
 as they wind tortuously between clay banks, 
 have, through the long centuries, cut deep chan- 
 nels from which the land slopes gradually, mak- 
 ing large areas of broken country which is heav- 
 ily wooded with valuable timber and unsuited 
 for cultivation. In this broken country where 
 the timber has been cleared, all kinds of grasses 
 grow, making rich pasture land for the adjacent 
 farms. Back from the wooded hill-tops the land 
 becomes richer and better, and here we find a 
 rich black loam, which is from twenty to thirty 
 inches in thickness, and which is underlaid by 
 clay, making an ideal soil for the staple agricul- 
 tural crops for which Illinois is famed. Within 
 the bounds of Schuyler County there are no 
 vast unbroken prairies, but rather a continued 
 succession of gentle sloping ridges, wide in ex- 
 tent and easy of cultivation. This undulating 
 surface approaches nearest to the prairie on the 
 water-shed in the central part of the county be- 
 tween Crooked and Sugar Creeks, and reaches 
 northward into McDouough County. 
 
 Compared with the flower bedecked and grass- 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 627 
 
 grown knolls in the timber lands, the open prai- 
 rie presented a dreary contrast to the early set- 
 tlers. Covered with tough prairie sod and over- 
 grown with wild grasses that reached above a 
 man's head, these rich and fertile lauds were 
 little better than impenetrable swamps. Shallow 
 marshes aud shallow lakes were numerous, the 
 latter often having neither inlet nor outlet, and 
 varying in size from small ponds to acres in 
 extent. It was for many years supposed that 
 the grass-covered prairies were unsuited to 
 agriculture, and it required the actual experi- 
 ment to prove the utter fallacy of the generally 
 accepted theory. 
 
 In a country where there is such a diversity 
 of soil and land surface, it is interesting to trace 
 the course of the streams which are primarily 
 the controlling element in the make-up of the 
 topography of the country. Crooked Creek, 
 which enters the county on the north side of Bir- 
 mingham Township and flows through Brooklyn 
 and Camdeu Townships, and from there forms 
 the southwest boundary of the county until it 
 empties into the Illinois River, is rich in his- 
 torical lore. It was first known as Le Mine 
 River, and was so designated by the government 
 surveyors in their field notes, but this name was 
 changed by the early settlers to La Moine River. 
 At that early day it was regarded as a navigable 
 stream and well bore the dignity of being called 
 a river. But by slow degrees the volume of 
 water that flowed through its course was less- 
 ened by the cultivation of the land aud the di- 
 verting of minor tributaries, and the settlers 
 gave it the good old Anglo-Saxon name of 
 Crooked Creek and. as such, it is known on the 
 maps of Illinois today. It has its source in 
 Hancock County and, in its devious course 
 through Schuyler, traverses a distance of more 
 than lift)' miles. 
 
 Missouri Creek, the main tributary of Crooked 
 Creek, enters the county on the west side of 
 Iluntsville Township and flows through Hunts- 
 ville. Camden and a part of Brown County. 
 
 The eastern tributaries of Crooked Creek are 
 Homey, Stony and Brushy Creeks, which rise 
 in Littleton Township. 
 
 Crane Creek and Coal Creek have their source 
 in Rushville Township, and flow by widely di- 
 verging courses to the Illinois River, where they 
 empty within three-quarters of a mile of each 
 other. 
 
 Horney branch rises in Buena Vista Township 
 
 and empties into Crooked Creek in Woodstock 
 Township. 
 
 Town Branch has its source in Rushville 
 Township and empties into Crooked Creek. 
 
 Sugar Creek rises in Littleton Township, flows 
 through Littleton and Oakland and the south- 
 west part of Fulton County, then enters Schuy- 
 ler again and flows through Browning and Fred- 
 erick Townships to the Illinois River. 
 
 Dutchman Creek rises in Browning Township 
 and empties into the Illinois River at the vil- 
 lage of Browning. 
 
 Harris branch is a tributary of Sugar Creek, 
 and has its source in Fulton County, thence flow- 
 ing through Browning Township. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 GEOLOGY AND FLORA. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL REPORTS OF THE COUNTY COMPILED BY 
 
 A. H. WORTHEN, STATE GEOLOGIST, IN 1858 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS — MINERAL RESOURCES 
 OF SCHUYLER COUNTY" INCLUDE COAL AND ZINC 
 — THE LATTER NOT DEVELOPED VALUABLE DE- 
 POSITS OF STONE AND CLAY — LIST OF TREES, 
 SHRUBS AND FLOWERS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Schuyler County, with its diversified land sur- 
 faces, which include the alluviau bottoms and the 
 high bluffs adjoining, with the outcropping of 
 rocky ledges ; the deep black soil of the prairie, 
 which, in many places, is underlaid with a rich 
 vein of coal ; the more broken land areas, with 
 their valuable clay deposits, offer a fruitful field 
 for the study of the geological formations of the 
 country. 
 
 We are dependent for our geological knowl- 
 edge of Schuyler ('canity largely upon the reports 
 of A. H. Worthen, who, in 1S58, gathered the 
 material that forms the basis of the economical 
 geology survey recorded in the Illinois Report 
 published in 1870, which is now out of print. 
 The researches made by Mr. Worthen were, in 
 a manner, superficial and, while probably correct 
 in a general sense, were not sufficiently extensive 
 to give a complete record of the geological for- 
 
628 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 mations as they really exist. His report, bow- 
 ever, covers the general scheme of geological for- 
 mation, from which we quote as follows: 
 
 "The geological structure of Schuyler County 
 includes the quaternary system, the lower por- 
 tion of the coal measures, and the upper divi- 
 sions of the lower carboniferous limestones, with 
 sullieienl thickness of the coal measures to bring 
 in another coal seam. No. 5, which is uot found 
 in any county south of this on the west side of 
 the Illinois River. The following section exhib- 
 its the formations to be found in the couuty in 
 their relative order of superposition aud thick- 
 ness: 
 
 Strata. Feet. 
 
 Quaternary, comprising Alluvian, Loess 
 
 and Drift 100 
 
 Coal Measures 20 to 250 
 
 St. Louis Group 30 to 40 
 
 Keokuk Group GO to 70 
 
 "The three lower groups belong to what are 
 called stratified rocks: that is, to those that have 
 been formed in regular strata or layers, and also 
 to that division of geological lime termed paleo- 
 zoic, because the embedded fossils represent only 
 ancient forms of animal and vegetable life, while 
 the upper division belongs to the most recent 
 geological age. and the fossils which it contains 
 are the remains of animals now living or but 
 recently become extinct. 
 
 "If the geological series was complete we 
 should have above the Coal measures, and inter- 
 vening between that formation and the Quater- 
 nary, the whole of the Secondary and Tertiary 
 series, embracing many thousand feet in thick- 
 ness of strata, and representing in their fossil 
 contents all the missing links in the great 
 chain of organic life which connects the paleo- 
 zoic age with the present. But as the Qua- 
 ternary is the most recent of all geological sys- 
 tems, it may be found resting directly upon any 
 of the above deposits, from the Tertiary to the 
 most ancient stratified or igneous rocks that out- 
 crop on the surface of the earth. This system 
 included the alluvian deposits of our river val- 
 leys, usually termed alluvion; the Loess, a de- 
 posit of buff-colored marly sands and clays, most 
 conspicuous in the vicinity of the river bluffs, 
 and the Drift, which usually consists of brown 
 or bluish-gray gravelly clays, with water-worn 
 boulders of various sizes, from an inch to several 
 feet in diameter. 
 
 "There is probably no locality in the county 
 
 where these deposits exceed a hundred feet in 
 thickness, and they attain their greatest devel- 
 opment in the vicinity of the river bluffs, where 
 the Loess attains its greatest thickness, aud 
 rests upon the Drift clays. In the interior of 
 the county the Loess is generally wanting, and 
 the Drift deposits generally range from thirty 
 to fifty feet in thickness, aud consist of uu- 
 stratifled clays, with sand and gravel, enclosing 
 water-worn boulders of granite, sienite, gneiss, 
 porphyry, horn-blende and quartzite. and also the 
 rounded fragments of limestone and sandstone 
 of the adjacent region. Fragments of copper, 
 lead ore, coal, iron and other minerals are often 
 found in the Drift, but their occurrence in this 
 position is no indication of the proximity of any 
 valuable deposits of these minerals, and the frag- 
 ments which are found in this position are far 
 removed from the beds from which they orig- 
 inally came. 
 
 "The most important and valuable mineral 
 resource of Schuyler County consists of the de- 
 posits of bituminous coal, which underlie the 
 greater portion of the county lying east of 
 Crooked Creek. The coal measures of the county 
 may be illustrated by the following section, show- 
 ing the general arrangement and comparative 
 thickness of the strata: 
 
 Strata. Feet. 
 
 Brown sandy shale 10 to 15 
 
 Compact gray limestone ... 3 to 6 
 
 Bituminous shale 2 to 4 
 
 Coal seam No. 5 4 to 6 
 
 Fire clay and septaria S to 10 
 
 Sandstone and shale 60 to SO 
 
 Bluish gray arenaceous limestone 2 to 6 
 
 Bituminous and argillaceous shales 4 to 8 
 
 Coal seam No. 3 2 to 3 
 
 Sandy aud argillaceous shale 12 to 1.1 
 
 Gray limestone 4 to 6 
 
 Sandy and argillaceous shale 1.1 to 30 
 
 Coal seam No. 2 C. to 2 
 
 Sandstone and shale 30 to 40 
 
 Coal seam No. 1 
 
 Fire clay 1 to 3 
 
 Sandy shale and conglomerate sandstone . 15 to 25 
 
 "The beds comprising the upper part of the 
 foregoing section are found well exposed in the 
 vicinity of Rushville, and also on a small braueh 
 which beads near Pleasantview, and runs east- 
 wardly into Sugar Creek. They enclose coal 
 seam No. 5, one of the most persistent and valu- 
 able in the Illinois coal fields. This seam ranges 
 
ELIZABETH AVERY 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 629 
 
 in thickness from four to six feet. The roof is 
 generally a bituminous shale, which often eon- 
 tains large nodules of dark blue or black lime- 
 stone filled with marine shells, among which are 
 Product us Muricatus, CUnopistha Loevis, PJeu- 
 rophorus Solenifommis, Gardiomorpha Missouri- 
 ensis, Discina \itiiln. ScMzodus Ciuliis, etc. 
 Above the Mack shale there is usually a bed of 
 bluish-gray limestone, containing joints of crin- 
 oidea and a few small brachiopods, among which 
 the Spirifer lineatus and a small variety of 
 Athyris subtilita are the most eommou. 
 
 "The lower division of the coal measures, em- 
 bracing the horizon of three lower coal seams, 
 underlies nearly all the highlands in the central 
 and eastern portions of the county, and are 
 found outcropping on all the principal streams 
 and their tributaries. In tbe western part of the 
 county, on Crooked Creek and the region lying 
 west of that stream, tbe beds rise so that the 
 lower carboniferous limestone and the conglom- 
 erate sandstones form tbe principal outcrops in 
 the bluffs of the creeks, while only a few feet 
 in thickness of tbe lower coal measures. Some- 
 times including coal seam Xo. 2. are found un- 
 derlying the adjacent highlands. 
 
 "The height of the coal seam Xo. 5. at Pleas- 
 antview, is 202 feet above tbe river bank oppo- 
 site Beardstown, and 190 above high water level 
 of 1844; and, on account of its great elevation, it 
 is only found underlying the highest lands form- 
 ing the water shed between Sugar Creek and 
 Crooked Creek, and consequently extends over 
 a limited area in Rushville and Bueua Vista 
 Townships." 
 
 "St. Louis Group. — The outcrop of the lower 
 carboniferous limestones in Schuyler County is 
 restricted to the valleys of the principal streams, 
 and to the Illinois River bluffs between the 
 mouth of Sugar Creek and the south Hue of the 
 County. The St. Louis group, which comprises 
 tbe upper division of the series, consists of a 
 gray concretionary limestone of variable thick- 
 ness, ranging from five to twenty feet, forming 
 the upper member of the group, below which we 
 find a brown magnesiaii limestone, sometimes 
 quite massive, and in regular beds. and. at 
 other localities intercalated with shales or pas- 
 ing into a thin-bedded or shaly limestone. The 
 concretionary limestone is not very regular in 
 its development, but often occurs in isolated 
 patches or outliers, and is a rough, gray lime- 
 stone, presenting no regular lines of bedding. 
 
 but usually concretionary or brecciated in its 
 structure. It outcrops at intervals along tbe 
 bluffs of ('rooked ('reek through its whole course 
 in this county, ami also along the bluffs of the 
 Illinois River, as far north as Browning, where 
 it disappears. In the vicinity of Birmingham 
 this limestone is found eighteen feet thick and 
 overlaid by the conglomerate sandstone of the 
 coal measures. It is underlaid by a bed of cal- 
 careous sandstone, and also a magnesiaii lime- 
 stone about ten feet thick, which forms the base 
 of the St. Louis group in this locality. The rnag- 
 ncsian limestone is far more regular in its devel- 
 opment than the concretionary limestone, and is 
 usually of a rusty brown color on the 1 surface 
 from the oxidation of the iron which it contains. 
 This limestone occurs at the base of the bluff at 
 Frederick and along the river to Sugar Creek. 
 
 "Keokuk Group. — Only the upper portion of 
 this group is exposed in this county, and its 
 greatest development appears to lie in the vicinity 
 of Birmingham. The greatest thickness exposed 
 here is about fifty feet, of which the lower fif- 
 teen feet is a thin-bedded lime-stone containing 
 many of the characteristic fossils of this group, 
 above which there is aliout thirty-five feet of 
 ealeareo-argillaceous shales, containing geodes of 
 quartz and chalcedony. The easterly dips of the 
 strata are considerably more than the fall of the 
 creek in that direction, and these beds dip below 
 the bed of the creek before it strikes the north 
 line of MeDonough County. 
 
 "Clays. — Clays suitable for fire-brick and the 
 manufacture of pottery are usually abundant in 
 the lower portion of the coal measures, and the 
 bed of clay-shale below coal No. 2 is also found 
 here. The fireclay below coal No. 2 is usually 
 of good quality and may be profitably worked in 
 connection with the coal, when it is two feet or 
 more in thickness. 
 
 "Building Stone. — Good building stone is tol- 
 erably abundant in Schuyler County and is ac- 
 cessible on nearly all tbe streams. The sand- 
 stone below the main coal seams furnishes a 
 free-stone of good quality, which has been used 
 considerably. Tbe strata vary in thickness from 
 one to three feet and the rock is even textured 
 and is easily cut and dressed. The brown mag- 
 nesian limestone of the St. Louis group furnishes 
 the best material for culverts, bridge abutments 
 and similar purposes where the rock is required 
 to withstand the combined influences of frost 
 and moisture. The Keokuk limestone affords 
 
630 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 good building stone, but its outcrops are limited 
 to the bed of Crooked Creek iu the northwest 
 part of tbe county. 
 
 "Sand anil Clay. — Tbese deposits are abundant 
 in all parts of tbe county and may be readily 
 obtained at nearly every locality wbere tbe man- 
 ufacture of common brick is desirable. The 
 brown clay, forming the sub-soil over a large 
 portion of tbe surface, answers a good purpose 
 for brick making, and sand is abundant in tbe 
 valleys of the streams, and in tbe eastern por- 
 tion of the country in the Loess which caps the 
 river bluffs. 
 
 "Zinc Ore. — On the farm of J. A. Donaldson, in 
 Bainbridge Township, there is a vein of zinc ore, 
 and tests that have been made show its com- 
 ponent parts are: sulphuret zinc, .64; iron, .07; 
 sulphur, .2!). This vein is about thirty feet under 
 the ground surface, and has never been devel- 
 oped. Mr. William Hindman, in an examination 
 of tbe vein, found that the zinc was in tbe proper 
 formation for a good vein and it may some day 
 be developed. Mr. Hindman also found on this 
 farm kidney-shaped nodules of carbonate of iron 
 ore that, when smelted, yield the best quality of 
 ip>n for commercial use. Tbese nodules will 
 weigh from 500 to 1,000 pounds, and there seems 
 to be no end of them." 
 
 Definite knowledge regarding the rock stata 
 of tbe county at Uushville, is furnished by tbe 
 following log of the dec]) well at the city pump- 
 ing station : 
 
 Strata. Feet. 
 
 Top soil and clay 7 
 
 Mixed shale and stone 142 
 
 Grey shale 1 ~> 
 
 Shale ami sandstone "1 
 
 Shale 68 
 
 Limestone 110 
 
 Grey shale 211 
 
 Limestone 4-"i 
 
 Shale 100 
 
 Trenton limestone 56 
 
 White shale lis 
 
 Trenton limestone 121 
 
 St. Peter's limestone 170 
 
 Red sandstone 65 
 
 St. Peter's limestone Mo 
 
 Total depth 1.510 
 
 FLORA OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 With its wooded hills, alluvian bottoms and 
 upland prairies, the flora of Schuyler County 
 presents a most interesting study, and we trust 
 that tbe classifications here given will aid Lu 
 disseminating a more general knowledge of our 
 trees and plants. For the preparation of this 
 list of trees and shrubs we are indebted to 
 William Hindman. a former resident of Schuyler 
 County, who now resides in La Salle, 111. Mr. 
 Hindman has made a lifetime study of the won- 
 ders of creation, as shown in botany and geology, 
 and, in a letter to tbe writer, says : "We give 
 this information for tbe benefit of those who will 
 come after us and take our places. May tbe 
 Good Giver of all be their guide, as he has been 
 mine in studying his great work." 
 
 Trees and Shrubs. 
 
 Acer rubrum — Red or Swamp Maple. 
 
 Acer dasycarpum — White Maple. 
 
 Acer saccharium — Common Sugar Maple. 
 
 Acer saccharium, car nigrum — Black Sugar 
 Maple. 
 
 Aesculus — Common Buckeye. 
 
 Asiniina triloba — Pawpaw. 
 
 Betiila nigra — Red or Black Birch. 
 
 Bet ula lenta — Cherry or Sweet Birch. 
 
 Carpinus — Ironwood or Hornbeam. 
 
 Carya, olivaeformis — Pecan Nut. 
 
 Carya, alha — Shellbark, or Shagbark Hickory. 
 
 Cariia. microcarpa — Small Nut Hickory. 
 
 Carya, tomentosa — Mockernut, White Heart 
 Hickory. 
 
 Carya, procina — Pignut or Broom Hickory. 
 
 Carya, amara — Bitternut, or Swamp Hickory. 
 
 Carya, sulcata — Thick Shell-bark Hickory. 
 
 Celtis occidental^ — Blue Hackberry- 
 
 Cercis Canadensis — Red-bud, or Judas-tree. 
 
 Diaspyros Virginiana — Cameron Persimmon. 
 
 Fraximus Americana — White Ash. 
 
 Fraximus pubescens—HeA Ash. 
 
 Fraximus viridis — Green Ash. 
 
 Fraximus quadrangulata — Blue Ash. 
 
 Fraximus nigra — Black Ash. 
 
 Gleditschia, triaciiutlias — Three - thorned 
 Honey-Locust. 
 
 Gymnocl-adus, Canadensis — Coffee Tree. 
 
 Hydrangea, arborecens — Wild Hydrange (a 
 shrub). 
 
 Juglans, cincrea — White Walnut. Butternut. 
 
 Juglans nigra — Black Walnut. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 631 
 
 Hants rubra — Red Mulberry. 
 
 ~N eg undo acervedes — Box-elder. 
 
 Ostrya Virgin ien — Hop-hornbeam, Lever-wood. 
 
 Platanus occidentalis — Sycamore : Plane-tree. 
 
 Populus h eteropli ylla — Cottonwood. 
 
 Populus momlifera — Necklace Cottonwood. 
 
 Populus tremulides — American Aspen. 
 
 Populus grandidentata — Large-toothed Aspen. 
 
 Primus scrotinu — Wild Black Cherry. 
 
 Primus Virginana — Choke Cherry. 
 
 Pyrus coronaria — Sweet-scented Crab Apple. 
 
 Pyrus angustifolia — Narrow-leaved Crab Ap- 
 ple. 
 
 Qucrcus alba — White Oak. 
 
 Quercus alba pinnatifida — Feather Leaved 
 White Oak. 
 
 Qucrcus obtusiloba — Post Oak. 
 
 Qucrcus macrocarpa — Overeup Bur Oak. 
 
 Quercus macrocarpa, var Lyrata — Lyre-leaved 
 Bur Oak. 
 
 (,) in reus prinus — Swamp Chestnut Oak. 
 
 Qucrcus bicolor — Swamp White Oak. 
 
 Quercus castanea — Rock Chestnut Oak. 
 
 Quercus tinctora — Black Chestnut Oak. 
 
 Quercus coccinca — Scarlet Oak. 
 
 Quercus rubra — Red Oak. 
 
 Qucrcus jiulustris — Pin Oak. 
 
 Quercus nigra — Black-Jack Oak. 
 
 Qucrcus imoricaria — Laurel, or Water Oak. 
 
 Solix tristois — Dwarf Gray Willow, Sage Wil- 
 low. 
 
 Soli.r nigra — Black Willow. 
 
 Snli.r longifolia — Long-leaved Willow. 
 
 Solix conliiUi — Heart-leaved Willow. 
 
 Soliw angustata — Narrow-leaved Willow. 
 
 Soli.r criocephala — Silky-headed Willow. 
 
 Siissiifrii.r officinale — Sassafras. 
 
 Tilia Americana — Basswood. Linden. 
 
 Til in heterophylia — White Basswood. 
 
 II in us folva — Red, or Slippery Elm. 
 
 I hints Americana — American, or White Elm. 
 
 Shrubs or Small Trees (Bushes). 
 Alnos — Smooth Alder. 
 Cephalanthus — Button Bush. 
 Corniis florida — Flowering, or Red Hoc-wood. 
 ('omits sericea — Silky Cornell, or Dogwood. 
 Corniis paniculala — Panicled Dogwood. 
 Cornus alternifolia — Alternate-leaved 1 >ogwood. 
 Cm !/l us Americana — Alternate-leaved Hazel- 
 nut. 
 
 Corylits rostrata — Beaked Hazelnut. 
 Crateagus, tomentosa — Black Thorn. 
 
 Crateagus Crus-gttlti — Cockspur Thorn. 
 
 Crateagus, coccinca — Red Thorn, Red Haw 
 Thorn. 
 
 Eronyinus, atropurpuretiB — Wahoo, Indian Ar- 
 row. 
 
 Euonym us, Aincricanus — Strawberry-bush. 
 
 Prinus rcrtirilltiln — Black Alder. 
 
 Prunus Americana — Red Plum. 
 
 Primus insitita — Slow Plum. 
 
 Pctcla trifoliata — Wofer Ash, Hop tree. 
 
 Rhus ti/jihina — Stagburn Sumach. 
 
 Rhus, glabra — Smooth Sumach. 
 
 Rhus aromantic — Fragrant Sumach. 
 
 Sambucus Canadensis — Common Elder. 
 
 Stophylea trifolia — Badder-nut. 
 
 Viburnum priinifolitini — Black Haw. 
 
 Viburnum nudum — White Rod (a haw). 
 
 Zaiitlio.riiliim Amcriciinum — Prickly Ash. 
 
 Vines — Climbers, Etc. 
 
 Celastrus scandens, solanwm Dulcamara — Bit- 
 tersweet. 
 
 (This is the best antidote for the three-leaved 
 Poison Ivy.) 
 
 Lonicera parvifolia — Small honey-suckle. 
 
 Rhus tad ica us— (This is the three-leaved Poi- 
 son fry that clings to trees, fences, etc.) 
 
 Ampelopsis guinguefolio — Virginia Creeper. 
 (The Virginia Creeper has fire leaves, and in this 
 way can be distinguished from the Poison Ivy.) 
 
 Grape Vines. 
 Vitis aestivolis — Wild Summer Grape. 
 Vitis Vitlpina — Wild Winter Grape. 
 
 Botanical Plants. 
 Tlialictrnm diricitm — Meadow Rue. 
 Ranunculus reptans — Buttercups. 
 Ranunculus acris — Buttercups. 
 Caltha palustris — Marsh Marigold. 
 Aquilegia Canadensis — < iolumbine. 
 Cimiercifuga racemosa — Black Snake-root. 
 Aetaea spieuta — Red Baneberry. 
 Caulophyllum — Blue < lohash. 
 Podopliylum peltatum — Mandrake (May Ap- 
 
 >• 
 
 Vymphaea oderata — Water Lily. 
 Xuplitir advena — Yellow Pond Lily. 
 
 Sanguinaria Canadensis — Blood Root. 
 Dicentra cucullaria — I mtchman's Breeches. 
 
 < 'unit/mine liirsitlu — Bitter Cross. 
 
 A mi, is Canadensis — Sickle Pod. 
 
 Li piil in m Virginicum — Tongue Grass. 
 
632 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Viola cue a II tit a — Violets. 
 Viola sagetata — Violets. 
 I iuIu pendata — Violets. 
 \m ostemma, aitli'itiiir — Corn Cockle. 
 r, rust in in 1 ulgatum — Chiekweed. 
 
 <_' era strum nutans — Chiekweed. 
 ( 'erastrum oblongifolium — Chiekweed. 
 Stettarid media — Star Weed. 
 Arenuriu I uteri /lorn — Sand worth. 
 Mollugo n rtieittuta — Carpet Weed. 
 Olaytonia Virginica — Spring Beauty. 
 Portulaca oleracea — Purslane. 
 Amhulilon Avicennwa — Indian Mallow. 
 Hibiscus — Marsh Mallow. 
 (i.rniis Acetasella — Wood Sorrel. 
 (i.i til is Violacea — Wood Sorrel. 
 I in ptilt us- pallida — Touch-me-not. 
 Polygala senega — Seneca Snake-root. 
 Polygala polygama — Seneca Snake-root. 
 Polygala sanguined — Seneca Snake-root. 
 Boptisia leucopwa — Wild Indigo. 
 Trifolium repens — White Clover. 
 Amorpha fruitcasa — Lead Plant. 
 Amorpha rants-ecus — Lead shoestring. 
 Petolostemon rtiutl ill inn — Thimble Weed. 
 /- it it ir in ia palustris — Bastard Loostripe. 
 Circma Luletrana — Enchanters Nightshade. 
 Spiraia lobata — Queen of the Prairie. 
 Eryngium yuccaefolium — Rattlesnake Master. 
 Cirutu marnlata — Water Hemlock. 
 Erigena bulbusa — Pepper and Salt. 
 A rut iu nutlriruulis — Wild Sarsaparilla. 
 Araliu rrrrmtisu — Dwarf Ginseng. 
 Triitsrtum perfoliatum — Feverwort. 
 Vuh riunrlla I inliilieota — Lamb's Lettuce. 
 Vernonia fasciculota — Iron Weed. 
 Eiipattiriiim perfoliatum — Boneset. 
 Eiipatorium agraloides — White Snake Root. 
 Aster corymbosus — Aster. 
 \sirr cordifolius — Aster. 
 Aster potens — Aster. 
 Aster unit itla tits — Aster. 
 Aster srrirrus — Aster. 
 Erigeron Canadense — Flea Bane. 
 Erigeron Bcllklifolium — Robin's Plantain. 
 Erigeron annum — White Weed. 
 Solidago len it ifolia — Goldenrod. 
 St it itt a tin lot ifolia — Goldenrod. 
 Solidago < 'anadensis — Goldenrod. 
 Silphium luriniutuin — Prairie Burdock. 
 sit nli iu in perfoliatum — Cup-plant. 
 Ambrosia artemisiaefolia — Hogweed. 
 . I m brosia trifida — Ilorseweed. 
 
 Ilrliautli us rigidus — Sunflower. 
 H el in nth us lomentoros — Sunflower. 
 EcUanth us tuberosus — Sunflower. 
 lit ii tin th us ticcitlt utulix — Sunflower. 
 Mar lit a eotulu — May Weed, or dog fennel. 
 Erechtites hit racifolius — Fire-weed. 
 Lappa major — Burdock. 
 Krigia Virginica — Dwarf Dandelion. 
 Taraxacum — Dandelion. 
 I. at iiea elongata — Trumpet Milkweed. 
 Lobelia cardinalis — Cardinal Flower. 
 Lobelia inftata — Lobelia. Indian Tobacco. 
 Lobelia sylphilitica — Blue Cardinal Flower. 
 Dadecatheon Media — American Cowslip. 
 Plantago lancolota — riantain. 
 Verba st ■um tit ops us — Mullen. 
 Scrophularia nodosa — Figworth Carpenter's 
 Square. 
 Dasystoma tiara — Yellow Foxglove. 
 Isaut litis eoeriileus — False Pennyroyal. 
 Mentha Canadensis — Horsemint. 
 Lycopus Europwiit, — Water Hoarhound. 
 Hedeoriia polcgroides — American Pennyroyal. 
 Britiitlla vulgaris — Blue Curls. 
 Scutellaria versicolor — Skull Cap. 
 Scutellaria canescens — Skull Cap. 
 Scutellaria porvula — Skull Cap. 
 Marriiliiim riilt/are — Hoarhound. 
 Phlox acuminata — Phlox, Sweet William. 
 Phlox pilosa — Red and Purple Sweet William. 
 Phlox boflda — Blue Sweet William. 
 Apocyn um. androsaemifolium — Dog-bane. 
 Asclepias cornuti — Milk-weed. 
 Asclepias phijtolaccoides — Poke Silk- weed. 
 Asclepias tuberosa — Butterfly Weed. 
 Asariim Canadense — Wild Ginger. 
 Rittnt ./• crispus — Yellow Dock. 
 Rune .i rt rtirultittis — Water Dock. 
 Polygonum aviculare — Birds Knot Grass. 
 Polygonum convolvulus — Birds Knot Grass. 
 Polygonum Hydropiper — Water Pepper. 
 Chenopodium hybridum — Pigweed (pursly). 
 Euphorbia corollata — Flowering Sparge. 
 A risaema triphylliim — Jack-in-the-pulpit. 
 Symplocarpus foetidus — Skunk Cabbage. 
 I'ota inot/i ton natans — Water Plantain. 
 Cypripedium pubescens — Lady's Slipper. 
 Cypripedium parviflorum — Yellow Slipper. 
 Cypripedium spectabile — Moccasin Flower. 
 Cypripedium Candium — White Lady's Slipper. 
 Hiipti.tis t recta — Star-grass. 
 Iris versicolor — Blue Flag. 
 Trillium rceiirrntitnt — Wake-robin. 
 
Polygonatum multifliiriiin — True Solomon's 
 Seal. 
 
 Smilacina rancemosa — Cluster Solomon's Seal. 
 
 Majanthemum bifolium — Two-leaved Solomon*s 
 Seal. 
 
 Pontederia Cardata — Pickerel Weed. 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 633 
 
 WILD ANIMALS. BIRDS AND REPTILES. 
 
 List of Small Shrubs and Vines Not Given Under 
 
 Forest or Botanical List — Most of These 
 
 Have Flowers. 
 
 Phaseolus perennis — Wild Bean Vine. 
 
 Rosa getigera — Wild Rose. 
 
 Rosa Wanda — Wild Rose. 
 
 Rosa lucida — Shining Rose. 
 
 Rubus villasus — High Blackberry. 
 
 Rub us Ca nadens is — Dewberry. 
 
 Rubus Occidentals — Black Raspberry. 
 
 Fragaria Virginirana — Wild Strawberry. 
 
 Ribcs rotundifolium — Wild Gooseberry. 
 
 Ribcs floridum — Wild Black Currant. 
 
 Sicyos angulatus — Single-seed Cucumber. 
 
 Convolvulus arvensis — -Bindweed. 
 
 Phurbits purpurea — Morning Glory. 
 
 Pharbits Nil — Morning Glory. 
 
 Impomaea panduratus — Wild Potato. 
 
 Physalis' vislosa — Ground Cherry. 
 
 Hyascyamus niger — Henbane. 
 
 Datura stramonium — Jimson Weed. 
 
 Xanthiuni strumarium — -Cockle Burr, Clot 
 Weed. 
 
 Rhus radicans — Three-leaved Poison Ivy. 
 
 Aralia medicalus — Wild Sarsaparilla. 
 
 Lonicera flava — Wild Honeysuckle. 
 
 Phytolacca dccudra — Pokeberry. 
 
 Vtrica droica — Stinging Nettle. 
 
 Ulrica procera — Stinging Nettle. 
 
 Hum ul us liipiilus — Common Wild Hop. 
 
 Ti/pha latifolia — Cat-tails (flags). 
 
 Lilium Canadensis — Yellow Lily. 
 
 Lilium Philadelphicum — Tiger Lily (intro- 
 duced ) . "" 
 
 Scilla esculenta — -Humash. 
 
 Arisaematripli yll um — Indian Turnip. 
 
 Smilax rotundifolia — Creenbrier. 
 
 Smilax quadrangularis — Greenbrier. 
 
 INDIAN TRADITION OF THE DESTRUCTION OF MANY 
 SPECIES OF ANIMALS THAT ONCE BOAMED THE 
 PRAIRIES OF SCHUYLER — EABLY SETTLERS FOUND 
 DEEB, WOLVES AND FUE-BEABING ANIMALS PLEN- 
 TIFUL CONSTANT WABFABE EXTERMINATED 
 
 MANY SPECIES BEPTILES WEBE A SCOUBOE THAT 
 
 THE PIONEEBS HAD TO CONTEND WITH— SNAKE 
 DENS BAIDED AND THOUSANDS OF BEPTILES KILLED 
 — BIBD LIFE IN SCHUYLEB COUNTY — SONG AND 
 GAME BIRDS. 
 
 That there once existed in the valley of the 
 Illinois many species of animals that had dis- 
 appeared before the coming of the white set- 
 tlers, is evident from the remains that have since 
 been unearthed. Not that all the bones of ani- 
 mals that have been found here were native to 
 the country, for it is more than probable that 
 .-ome of them were carried down from the far 
 north during the glacial period, and deposited in 
 the villages, where they have since been found. 
 But there were many other animals naturally 
 indigenous to the country, that were no more 
 to be seen when the white men came. The In- 
 dians, in accounting for their disappearance, told 
 of an unusually severe winter long years before, 
 when the snow covered the country to a great 
 depth, and the wild beasts, being unable to ob- 
 tain their natural sustenance, perished before 
 the snow melted in the spring. There are many 
 reasons for believing this tradition of the In- 
 dians, for unquestionably this country was once 
 the habitat of the bison and the elk. Pere Mar- 
 quette and others of the early explorers, men- 
 tioned them in their reports of the country, and 
 the early settlers found indubitable proofs of 
 their former presence in the decaying skulls, 
 horns and bones of these animals which re- 
 mained, and also in the numerous paths and 
 "wallows," which were said to have been made 
 by the buffalo. Each of these evidences indicated 
 that the living animals had vanished many years 
 before. Pere Marquette, in his journal describ- 
 ing the Illinois country, says : "Nowhere else did 
 we see such ground, meadows and woods, with 
 
634 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 sta^s, buffalo*, deers, wildcats, bustards, swans, 
 ducks, parroquets, and even beavers." Tbe entire 
 absence of these animals when the settlers came, 
 in a land peculiarly adapted to their production, 
 and furnishing in bounteous profusion the food 
 necessary for their support, indicates their exter- 
 mination in some sudden and unusual manner. 
 
 The fauna of Schuyler County, as noted by the 
 early settlers, did not embrace those animals 
 which delight in the seclusion of the dense forest, 
 and if there were occasional reports of a bear 
 or panther, it was simply the case of a tran- 
 sient visitor to these parts. Deer, however, 
 were abundant, and they were in such large 
 number as to prove a nuisance to the settler, 
 and in the winter would eat the limbs of the 
 young fruit trees, to the great disgust of the 
 pioneer settler who was waiting patiently for 
 his first apple. In these early days the pioneer 
 depended almost entirely upon deer for his fresh 
 meat, and the skins were tanned and used for 
 many purposes, clothing even included. The 
 constant slaughter and the rapid settlement of 
 the country meant the ultimate extermination of 
 the deer, and the last one to be killed in the 
 county was shot on Brushy Creek in 1SG5. The 
 large gray wolves were not numerous, even in 
 the early day ; but the prairie wolves were num- 
 bered by the thousands. They were cowardly and 
 lied before the approach of the hunter, but after 
 night made stealthy raids on the young lambs 
 and pigs, and it took years of constant warfare, 
 aided bya county bounty, to reduce their number, 
 and they are now almost wholly exterminated. 
 
 The badger, Canadian lynx and bay lynx were 
 more or less numerous, but are known no more 
 in their old haunts. Not so, however, with the 
 opussom, the only American 'marsupial ; the 
 
 imc n. the ground hog, the skunk, the red and 
 
 gray fox, squirrels and rabbits, which today, 
 furnish sport for the hunter, as they did in the 
 pioneer times. 
 
 Of the fur-bearing animals, the otter and bea- 
 ver were reported as habitats of this locality by 
 the French explorers, but seldom were seen when 
 the first settlers came. The mink, the weasel 
 and musk-rat, whose furs were legal-tender in 
 the early days of the country, have survived af- 
 ter eighty years of constant warfare, and are 
 prolific enough to hold their own. even in the 
 present day. The fur-bearing animals of Schuy- 
 ler formed a constant source of revenue for the 
 pioneer settler, and, even as late as I860, we find 
 
 that $2,752 was paid by one dealer for furs in 
 this county, and there were many others buying. 
 The list of furs purchased by James Beard in the 
 winter of 1850-00, as furnished to the Rushville 
 papers, was as follows : Opossum. 2.238 ; coon, 
 1,884; mink. 1,323; muskrat. 816; deer, 122; 
 grey fox. 45: skunk, 33; otter, 17; weasel. 12; 
 wild cat. 10: ground hog, 9; mole, 8; swan, 3; 
 coon, 3 ; beaver, 1 ; gray wolf, 1 ; silver fox, 1. 
 
 The black rat, so common seventy years ago, 
 left soon after the gray or Norway rat came, 
 Now they come and go. at times swarming like 
 the locusts in Pharaoh's time in Egypt. The 
 common mouse was a native of the prairie, and 
 soon took up bis abode in the houses, and seems 
 at home there to this day. The long-tailed, or 
 jumping mice, are found in the timber, but are 
 not numerous. The meadow mice are numbered 
 by thousands. 
 
 The marvelous abundance of snakes in tbe 
 early pioneer days is almost past belief, and 
 were it not that the stories are told by some 
 of our most reputable citizens of that period, 
 we might doubt their authenticity. Robert A. 
 Glenn, an early resident of Schuyler County, 
 foresaw the importance of the snake in local 
 history, and has handed down to us a tale that 
 is worthy of being preserved among the historical 
 incidents of the county. Mr. Glenn was one 
 of the pioneer editors, and wielded a. ready pen, 
 and we here give the story as he has told it : 
 
 "When I arrived in Schuyler County, which 
 was in the year 1831, there were but a few set- 
 tlers south of Crooked Creek, the whole terri- 
 tory now constituting the populous townships of 
 Ripley and Cooperstown in Brown County, then 
 containing only about ten or twelve families. 
 The attention of the settlers had been drawn to 
 the amazing number of rattle-snakes abounding 
 in the woods, and also the fact that, at the com- 
 mencement of winter, they congregated at cer- 
 tain localities known as 'snake dens,' where they 
 hibernated in a state of torpor. One of the most 
 famous 'snake dens' was located on Section 15, 
 1 N., 2 W., near the Indian ford on Crooked 
 Creek, and known as the 'Rocky Branch snake 
 den.' Another was located about one and one- 
 half mile south-east of Ripley, on Section 3, in 
 the same township, and was called 'Logan's 
 Creek snake den.' 
 
 "These dens were situated in cliffs of rocks, 
 and were, from their situation, almost impreg- 
 nable to human force. I say almost, for the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 635 
 
 sequel will show that they were not quite so. 
 1 think these dens were discovered by the settlers 
 observing the snakes entering them iu great 
 number in the fall and leaving again in the 
 spring. The den having been located, it was 
 resolved to start a war of extermination; and a 
 day in the middle of winter having been agreed 
 upon, and due notice given every man and boy 
 in the neighborhood, they assembled at Rocky 
 Den armed with such mining tools as the county 
 afforded, and very 'deliberately went to work 
 mining for snakes. 
 
 "After several hours of hard and persevering 
 lal mi', the mining party succeeded in forcing an 
 entry to the rock chambers where the reptiles 
 lay, all twined together in a hideous mass, but 
 in that state of torpor in which they invariably 
 spend the winter season. Rattlesnakes, black 
 snakes, copperheads, and every variety of snakes, 
 all mixed together indiscriminately, but by far 
 the largest number being rattlesnakes. Of 
 course the party had no difficulty in destroying 
 all they could get at; but, as the entry had only 
 been made to the ante-room, as it were, and 
 the main hall was entirely inaccessible by any 
 means within reach, by far the larger part of 
 this frightful community of reptiles escaped 
 destruction. However, something over five hun- 
 dred of the creatures were dragged from their 
 winter quarters and destroyed — most of them 
 rattlesnakes, and some of them as much as six 
 feet long and as thick as a man's leg. They 
 were all thrown into one vast pile, and for many 
 years their bleaching bones sufficiently marked 
 the spot. A few days afterwards a similar at- 
 tempt was made at the other den referred to, 
 but with less success, though still resulting in 
 the destruction of two or three hundred of the 
 reptiles. 
 
 "Another mode of destroying them adopted by 
 the settlers, was to watch their dens on the first 
 warm days of spring, when the snakes began to 
 revive from their torpor, and seek the enlivening 
 rays of the sun, and kill them as they emerged 
 from the den — which could be easily and safely 
 done, as, at that time, they were incapable of 
 escape or resistance. Many hundred snakes were 
 destroyed in this way, the boys counting it fine 
 sport, and after the county became more settled, 
 many were destroyed by hogs, who are the nat- 
 ural enemies of the snake, and by their peculiar 
 physiological structure, are protected from injury 
 by the reptiles. 
 
 "It may be supposed that, where snakes were 
 so numerous, there must necessarily have been 
 many instances of persons being bitten. This, 
 although sometimes occurring, was not so fre- 
 quent as might have been expected. The rattle 
 snake, although a fearful reptile to look at. and 
 very venomous, is peaceable in its disposition, 
 and will rarely bite unless compelled to in self- 
 defense. I have, however, known a number of 
 persons bitten, and, never knew a case that re- 
 sulted fatally. The early settlers were ac- 
 quainted with several remedies, some of which 
 were always applied, and, in every instance 
 within my knowledge, it was successful. In 
 some instances which I have known, the patient 
 suffered from the effects of the virus more or 
 less for several years, and finally recovered en- 
 tirely, but in one case total blindness was the 
 result." 
 
 Jonathan D. Manlove, another early resident, 
 tells how the snakes were fought in Birming- 
 ham township at what is known as "Round 
 Prairie." "The first settlers one spring left 
 the grass unburnt ; it was barrens and the grass 
 was high. The grass extended for half a mile 
 around a snake den, and when they had come 
 out pretty thick, the grass around the edges was 
 fired and the settlers followed the fire, armed 
 with clubs, and. I think I am right in saying, 
 that in one day they destroyed well on to a 
 thousand. There were grooves worn in the sand 
 rock there of truly serpentine courses, from a 
 quarter to half an inch thick, showing this to 
 be an ancient den, perhaps as old as the pyra- 
 mids of Egypt." 
 
 BIRDS OB 1 SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 At an early day a large part of Schuyler County 
 was covered with dense timber, which afforded 
 a welcome home for countless numbers of birds, 
 many of which are seen in their old haunts no 
 more. Various reasons are assigned for the 
 disappearance of some of our song birds, and 
 the pugnacious little English sparrow is, no 
 doubt, partly to blame for it. but not altogether 
 so, for the settlement of the country has, no 
 doubt, driven away many birds that delighted in 
 the seclusion of the forests, but have sought other 
 homes, where they could raise their little broods 
 without molestation. In the discussion of the 
 birds of the county, we will consider them under 
 separate classifications, that they may be more 
 easily studied. 
 
636 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 Turdae Family, or Song Birds — The robin, 
 probably the most common of our birds, was not 
 generally seen bere for several years after tbe 
 first settlement of tbe county. Tbe orchard and 
 garden, their favorite borne, did not tben exist, 
 but when they did, the robin -came and soon be- 
 came plentiful. Robin redbreast is sometimes 
 persecuted for tbe few cherries he eats, but be 
 does good by destroying grubs and insects that 
 are injurious to crops. 
 
 The Brown Thrush, the sandy mocking-bird, 
 is a good singer. He came a little earlier than 
 the robin. 
 
 The Cut Bird came in later. He is a sweet 
 singer and a great scold, building his nest in the 
 thickets and groves, and there raises his numer- 
 ous family. 
 
 Family Saxicolidae — Everybody knows the 
 blue bird that comes to us on tbe first warm 
 days of February and March. The note of the 
 blue bird, though not musical, is to most ears 
 grateful. 
 
 Family Paridae — The titmice, or chickadees, 
 are a hardy bird, and can stand tbe coldest win- 
 ters, and for this reason, none of them are mi- 
 gratory. There are a large number of species. 
 The plumage is beautiful, often gay. They are 
 bold, extremely active, flitting from branch to 
 branch in quest of insects, and often cling to 
 the underside of branches with their back down- 
 ward. They feed not only on insects, but on 
 grain and seeds. They are musical after their 
 fashion, chirping a ditty on a cold winter's day, 
 when no other birds are to be heard. Most of 
 these birds lay at least six eggs, and some of 
 them as high as ten. The young are fed chiefly 
 on caterpillars, and are useful in preventing the 
 increase of noxious insects. 
 
 Family Nuthatch — The nut-batches are very 
 nimble, running up and down trees with great 
 agility, with equal ease in either direction, and 
 without hopping, so that the motion is rather 
 like that of a mouse than of a bird. They feed 
 on insects, also on seeds. 
 
 Family Troglodytidae — The wren family is 
 very numerous. It is a bold and very pugnacious 
 bird; is spiteful toward tbe martins, oft driving 
 them from their nests. Tbe song of the house- 
 wivn is very sweet. The marsh wren is found 
 in the vicinity of water. They live on insects, 
 and cheer the solitude with their sweet songs. 
 
 Family Sylviacoi.idae. or Wabblebs — These 
 are small birds, embracing a large number of spe- 
 
 cies — are migratory, and spend the winter mouths 
 in southern regions. They live mostly in .the 
 thick woods, build their nests on the ground, 
 and are sweet singers. The summer yellow bird 
 belongs to this class. 
 
 Family Tanagridae — Of Tanagers there was 
 but one kind, the scarlet tanager, a bright red, 
 except the wings and tail, which are black. They 
 belong to warm regions, but come north in the 
 spring and return early in the fall. They are 
 good singers. 
 
 Family Hibundindae — Of swallows there are 
 numerous varieties. The barn-swallows build 
 their nests in barns and outhouses. The cliff- 
 swallow builds on high overhanging cliffs, and 
 sometimes under the eaves of barns, nearly cover- 
 ing the sides of the building. They live on flies 
 and other insects. The bank swallow, or sand 
 martin, makes boles for its nest in some bank 
 or river bluff. The blue or forked tail martins, 
 make their nests in boxes, or under the eaves of 
 buildings — are a noisy set of birds, and feed on 
 insects. The chimney swallow builds its nest 
 in unused chimneys, and like the martin, leaves 
 for the south soon after the breeding season is 
 over. Of the waxwings, there are the Carolina 
 waxwing, cedar bird and cherry bird. They do 
 not remain here, but come to visit only once in 
 awhile. They are very destructive to cherries; 
 a flock will clean a cherry tree in a short time 
 without saying "by your leave." 
 
 Greenlets ob Vibeas — These birds are like the 
 warblers in their habits. They love to make 
 their home and rear their young in the thick 
 woods. Their dress is in contrast to the verdure. 
 Standing on a still summer day in the deep 
 woods, "that heart must be callous to emotion 
 that does not, while listening to tbe wild notes 
 of the songster, echo thoughts be can never ex- 
 pect to clothe in words," The Shrike, or Butcher- 
 bird, is a bold, quarrelsome bird. They feed on 
 insects and small birds, and have a habit of im- 
 paling their prey on thorns and in other ways. 
 They kill and impale many insects they never 
 eat. leaving them to dry in the sun. 
 
 The Family Fringillidae embraces the spar- 
 rows, finches, buntings, linnets, etc. They are 
 very numerous; in fact, compose about one-fourth 
 ■ if all our species of birds. They live mostly on 
 seeds, and are not migratory. The song sparrow 
 and field sparrow are plentiful, and some are 
 fine singers. The snow bird, lark, bunting or 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 637 
 
 white-winged blackbird, red-bird, towhee or cbe- 
 wink, all are of tbe samp family. 
 
 Family Icterioae — These embrace tbe bobo- 
 link of the north or rice bird of the south, crow 
 blackbird, field or meadow lark. They were 
 bore in early days and remain still. The or- 
 chard oriole, golden robin, firebird, or hangnest, 
 are of a fiery, red color, with black wings and 
 tail, are good singers, and bang their nests to 
 the end of small branches. 
 
 Family Cokvidae — This embraces the crow, 
 jay and raven. The raven is known from the 
 crow by larger size and its croaking voice. A 
 homesick woman said : "Everything here in the 
 West was changed, even the crows were so hoarse 
 they could only croak." Crows like to pull up 
 young corn, and will pick up and carry to their 
 nests any small article that is bright. They live 
 mostly on insects, and do a great deal more good 
 than harm to the farmer. All know the jay, with 
 its blue dress and topknot on its head. He is a 
 noisy fellow, and he sometimes eats an apple, 
 and has a bad habit of killing the young of other 
 birds. He lives on insects, seeds and grain, is 
 hardy, and lives with us the year round. 
 
 Family Tryanias — The fly-catcher, king bird 
 or bee-martin is always at war with other 
 birds, will even tackle the hawk, and has few 
 friends. It is charged with killing and eating 
 bees, but is unjustly accused. He is a good fly- 
 catcher, and destroys a thousand noxious insects 
 to one bee, but on the church dogma, that a good 
 deed done by a sinner is yet a sin, so the poor 
 king-bird will receive no credit for any good 
 work he may perform. The pewee, or pewit, 
 is a small bird of brown color. It comes north 
 in April and hatches a brood by the middle of 
 May, and another by the first of August. In 
 October it returns to the south, migrating at 
 night. Like tbe barn swallow, it makes its nest 
 of mud, grass, etc., lining it with down and other 
 soft materials. This bird has been seen in Ne- 
 braska by Prof. Aughey, who found in its stom- 
 ach locusts and other insects — in one instance 
 finding 43 locusts. Its flight is rapid when dart- 
 ing after its insect prey, which it pursues in the 
 night. 
 
 Family Coprimulgsdae (Goatsuckers) — The 
 whip-poor-will is the most noted of this family. 
 It receives its name from the fancied resem- 
 blance of its notes to the words. "Whip-poor- 
 will." This bird is seldom seen during the 
 day, but seeks its food by night, catching moths, 
 
 neetles and other insects on the wing. Its flight 
 is near the ground, zigzag and noiseless. Its notes 
 are heard only during the night, and are clear 
 and loud. The night hawk belongs to the same 
 family as the whip-poor-will, but not to the same 
 genus. The night hawk flies by day toward 
 evening, catching insects for its food. 
 
 Humming Bibds — There are said to be 500 
 species of this beautiful bird, all American. It 
 does not, as was long supposed, feed on honey 
 alone, but some feed on insects, not rejecting 
 spiders. It is very small, and if stripped df 
 Its feathers, is not larger than a bumble-bee. 
 
 Family ALCiniNinAE (Kingfisher) — This bird 
 Is not much larger than the sparrow. It 
 frequents tbe banks of rivers and other streams, 
 and is often seen flying near tbe water. Its food 
 icinsists of small fishes, such as minnows, leeches 
 and other water insects. When it has caught a 
 tisb. it often kills it by beating it on a branch. 
 Shakespeare makes repeated allusion to the 
 popular notion that if the stuffed skin of a king- 
 fisher is hung by a thread, the bill will always 
 point to the direction from which the wind 
 blows. 
 
 Family Cuculidae (Cuckoo) — The yellow- 
 billed cuckoo is common, is a shy bird, and is 
 seldom seen, except on the wing. It frequents 
 orchards, where its note, sounding like "Cow, 
 cow," is heard. 
 
 Family Picidae (Wood-peckers) — There are 
 several varieties of these birds. We have the 
 red-headed wood-pecker, known to all ; also the 
 golden- wing wood-pecker, the highloder, flicker or 
 yellow hammer. There are several other varie- 
 ties, and they are all useful, living on the larvae 
 of beetles, which they get out of tbe trees. They 
 have tbe tongue fitted to serve as an important 
 instrument in obtaining their food ; a peculiar 
 arrangement of muscles, enabling tliem to ex- 
 tend the tongue beyond the bill. Its tip being 
 horny and furnished with barbed filaments, is 
 thrust into the hole made by tbe grub or borer, 
 as be is sometimes called, and the bird draws 
 out and eats the precious morsel. There is a 
 smaller variety, called tbe sap-sucker, whose 
 tongue is not sharp, but broad and covered with 
 fine sharp papillae. These birds sometimes prey 
 upon evergreens by drilling a row of round holes 
 entirely around tbe trees. 
 
 Family Strigidae (Owls) — The owls are all 
 birds of the night. Tbe little screech-owl is the 
 smallest of this family, and is quite common. The 
 
638 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 long-eared or cat-owl. is of medium size, and is 
 the only variety that breeds here, except the 
 above. The great gray owl and the white owl 
 are natives of the far North, but travel south 
 in the winter in search of food. 
 
 Family Falconidae (Hawks) — It is said that 
 there are in round numbers, 1,000 species of 
 hawks in all parts of our globe. But of these 
 large numbers, but three or four varieties make 
 their homes iu Schuyler County. The red-tailed 
 buzzard, or hen-hawk, is common and well known 
 by all. It will grab up a chicken and doesn't 
 seem to mind the women who try to scare him 
 away by shaking their aprons at him, when he 
 makes a raid on the chicken yard. The falcon 
 or sparrow hawk, is small and feeds upon small 
 birds. Prairie hawks were common in early 
 days. They were on the wing and came close 
 to the ground in search of mice and insects. 
 Fish hawks are common along large streams, and 
 live mostly on small flsh. 
 
 Bald Eagles — These were not numerous, and 
 no one regrets it. They were regular pirates, 
 and lived by robbing some other bird of its fish 
 when caught. 
 
 Vultures — The turkey buzzard is the only 
 member of this family. It is a land scavenger, 
 filthy but otherwise harmless, feeding on the 
 carcasses of dead animals. 
 
 Pigeons — The wild pigeons were only visitors. 
 They come and go, like all wild birds, where 
 food is most plentiful. The turtle-doves are 
 common, and remain here all the time; they have 
 a peculiar note, but are not musical. 
 
 GAME BIRDS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 We get the following list of game-birds of 
 Schuyler County from a list arranged "by Junius 
 P. Leach, and published in "Forest and Stream." 
 Mr. Leach was an experienced hunter and an 
 amateur naturalist of marked ability, and his 
 classification, made iu 1SS6, is here given: 
 
 Sandhill Crane (Orus americana) — A large, 
 snowy-white bird, with black wing tips. 
 
 Trunipter Swan ( Olor bucinnator). 
 
 Blue-Winged Goose (Chen coerulesceus), 
 known by western hunters as bald brant. They 
 are easily recognized by their white heads and 
 upper part of the neck. The rest of the plum- 
 age is somewhat the color of a blue heron. 
 
 American White-Fronted Goose (Anser albi- 
 frous gambcli) — This is the standard and uni- 
 versally known brant of the West They are 
 
 very much like a tame goose in color, except the 
 black on the breast. 
 
 Canada Goose (Bernicla canadensis) — A very 
 common species along the Illinois River. 
 
 Hutchin's Goose (Beruicla canadensis hutch- 
 insi) — These birds are marked like the Canada 
 goose, of which they are a variety. 
 
 DUCKS 
 
 Mallard (Anas bosclias), sometimes called 
 greenhead. 
 
 Black Mallard (Anas obscura). 
 
 Gadwalls (Chaulelasmus streperus), locally 
 known as gray duck. 
 
 Pintails (Daflla acuta), known universally in 
 the West as sprigtails. This duck often crosses 
 with the mallard, producing a hybird, partaking 
 of the qualities of both in an equal degree. 
 
 Baldpate (Mareca americana), generally 
 known as widgeons. 
 
 The Shoveller (Spatula chjpcata), always 
 called spoonbill by hunters. 
 
 Blue-Wiuged Teal (Anas discors). 
 
 Green-Winged Teal (Anas carolinensis) . 
 
 Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula oyanoptera). 
 
 Wood Duck (A ix sponsa) is the only species 
 which breeds in the vicinity in any considerable 
 number. 
 
 The Scaup Duck (Fulix marila) aud Little 
 Blackhead (Fulix affirm) are both known locally 
 as blue bills. 
 
 Ring-Billed Blackheads (Fulix collaris) would 
 not be recognized here under any other name 
 than ''blackjack." 
 
 Canvasback (JEthyia vallisneria) is the prince 
 of ducks, and is frequently seen along the Illi- 
 nois River. 
 
 Redhead (Aithyia americana) occasionally 
 called redneck. 
 
 Barrow's Golden Eye (Glangula islandica) 
 not at all common in the West. 
 
 American Golden Eye (Olangula glaucium 
 americana) generally known here as whistler. 
 
 Butterball : Bufflehead (Clangula albcola). 
 
 Ruddy Duck (Erismatura rubida). 
 
 American sheldrake (Mergus merganser amer- 
 icanusq, Red-breasted sheldrake (Mergus serra- 
 tor) and Hooded sheldrake (Lophodytes cuculla- 
 tus), three species of fish-duck, all visit this sec- 
 tion, but are not pursued by regular hunters. 
 
 Wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) now rarely 
 seen, except in extreme southern counties of the 
 State. 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 639 
 
 Ruffed grouse (Bunasa itmbclliis), coinrnonly 
 called pheasant. 
 
 Pinnated grouse (Tympanuchus americanus) , 
 or prairie chicken. 
 
 Quails (Col inns rirtjinianits). 
 
 American Golden Plover (Ckaradriits domin- 
 ion* ) . 
 
 Kill-dee Plover (JUgialitis vocifera). 
 
 American woodcock (Philohelo minors). 
 
 Wilson's snipe {Gallinago dclicuta), generally 
 called jacksnipe. 
 
 Sandpiper (Tringa minutilla). 
 
 Yellow legs (Totaniis flavipes). 
 
 Bartrain's sandpiper (Bartramia longicanda) , 
 or Upland Plover. 
 
 Spotted sandpiper {Actitis macula/Ha), com- 
 monly called Tip-up or River snipe. 
 
 Long-billed curlew (Numenius longirostis) . 
 
 American coot (Fulica americana), or mud 
 hen. 
 
 Florida gallinule (Oallinnla galeata). 
 
 Virginia rail (Rallus virginianus) . 
 
 King rail ( Rutins elegans). 
 
 Sora rail (Por~ana Carolina). 
 
 passenger pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius) , 
 now extinct. 
 
 .Mourning dove (Zcnaitlnra niacroura). 
 
 These were at one time plentiful in Schuyler 
 County. In addition to these, the State is now 
 stocking the county with various kinds of pheas- 
 ants, quails and partridges supplied from the 
 State Game Farm, at Auburn. 111. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 PIONEER SETTLERS. 
 
 JOLIET AND MARQUETTE FIRST WHITE VISITORS TO 
 SCHUYEER COUNTY IN 1673 — FIRST RECORD OP 
 WHITE MEN IN THE COUNTY FURNISHED BY' 
 GOVERNMENT SURVEYORS IN 1815-17 — SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY A HONEY AND BEES-WAX PRODUCING 
 REGION — FIRST PERMANENT SETTLEMENT MADE 
 BY CALVIN HOBART, FEBRUARY 19, 1823 — STORY 
 OF HIS MIGRATION TO SCHUY'LER COUNTY — PIO- 
 NEER HOSPITALITY IN A CROWDED CABIN — SIX 
 CABINS BUILT IN THE COUNTY IN 1823 COMING 
 
 OF A BACKWOODS METHODIST PREACHER AND 
 FIRST RELIGIOUS SERVICES — SETTLERS WHO AR- 
 
 HIVEH IN 1824 AND 1S25 THE FOREIGN SETTLERS 
 
 IN THE COUNTY — INDIANS STILL IN THE COUN- ' 
 TY, BUT PEACEFUL — THEY ARE DRIVEN OUT BY 
 
 SETTLERS WITHOUT COMBAT SOME FIRST 
 
 EVENTS. 
 
 From the time that Schuyler County was first 
 visited by civilized men to the date of actual 
 settlement there elapsed a century and a half, 
 and this period is forever a hidden mystery, so 
 far as the historian is concerned. Situated as 
 it was upon the great natural waterway between 
 the lakes and the Mississippi River, the county 
 was first visited by Louis Joliet and Father Mar- 
 quette in their memorable voyage of exploration 
 in 1673 and. long before the land trails crossed 
 the prairie, Schuyler's border land was familiar 
 to the hardy French voyageurs and the ever- 
 zealous friars, who penetrated deep into the 
 wilderness to carry the gospel to the savages. 
 No palisaded forts were built in Schuyler Coun- 
 ty by these early French explorers, and there is 
 no more record of their coming than of the 
 migratory birds that come for a season and are 
 gone. 
 
 The first authentic record of white men in 
 Schuyler County is furnished through the gov- 
 ernment survey, which was begun in 1815 and 
 completed two years later. And, even then, the 
 only record is the work that was accomplished 
 and the names of the hardy pioneer surveyors 
 who braved the danger of the trackless wilds to 
 lay out land boundaries in this portion of the 
 Military Tract. For years afterwards very little 
 was known regarding Schuyler County and the 
 date of actual settlement did not begin until 
 1823. 
 
 Early in February of that year Samuel Gooch, 
 Orris McCartney and Samuel Bogart crossed the 
 Illinois River on the ice at Downing's Landing 
 (now Eeardstown), with about three hundred 
 hogs, to give them the benefit of the range which 
 was very abundant. They had come from the 
 Swinerton neighborhood, six miles west of Mt. 
 Pleasant (now Jacksonville) and brought with 
 them only such things as were essential for their 
 camp. Gooch and McCartney remained to look 
 after the hogs and built a camp of logs with 
 walls on three sides and open in front, on the 
 southeast quarter of Section Sixteen in Rush- 
 ville Township. They remained in the county 
 
640 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 during the summer of that year tending their 
 hogs and gathering honey, and in this they were 
 assisted by Thomas Beard, who had previously 
 built a cabin on the present site of Beardstown. 
 As a result of their bee-hunting during the sum- 
 mer of 182?., they sent to St. Louis, then the 
 nearest market point, twenty-seven barrels of 
 strained honey and several hundred dollars' 
 worth of wax, and counted the season's work a 
 profitable one. Gooch, McCartney and Beard 
 afterwards became permanent residents of 
 Schuyler County, and took a prominent part in 
 the administration of affairs in the early days. 
 While these men were first to arrive in Schuy- 
 ler County, the first actual settlement dates from 
 February 19. 1823, when Calvin Hobart came 
 with his family from the bleak hills of New 
 Hampshire, to build for himself a home in the 
 West. Even in that far-away State he had 
 heard of the richness of the Illinois Country, 
 where crops could be grown without laborious 
 effort and cattle and hogs would fatten and 
 thrive on the range. And so it happened that 
 he sold his farm in St. Albans, N. H., in 1820, 
 and bought three quarter-sections of land in the 
 Military Tract. In the month of August, 1821, 
 he loaded his family and property possessions 
 into a wagon and started westward. Thence the 
 route led to Buffalo, N. T., and along the shore 
 of Lake Erie to Portage County, Ohio, where 
 the winter was spent. Here the journey was 
 delayed until September. 1822, on account of ill- 
 ness, when the little caravan of two teams again 
 moved westward. William Hobart Taylor, then 
 a young man of twenty-one, joined the party 
 here and, in addition to Calvin Hobart and bis 
 family, there were his aged parents and their 
 granddaughter, Ruth Powers. On to Cincin- 
 nati, and then west to Terre Haute. Ind., they 
 traveled, and Illinois was- entered near where 
 Paris, 111., has siuce been built. Crossing the 
 Sangamon liiver north of Springfield, they 
 camped at "Job's Settlement." in what is now 
 Cass County, where they found a colony of four 
 families (-(insisting of Archibald Job. Thomas 
 and David Blair and Jacob White, and of these 
 all but Mr. Job afterwards became residents of 
 Schuyler County. 
 
 Six miles beyond "Job's Settlement," at the 
 foot of the Illinois bluffs and six miles east of 
 the Illinois River, they came to the cabin of 
 Timothy Harris, beyond which no settler had 
 ventured westward. The hospitality of the 
 
 home was tendered them and, in addition to Mr. 
 Harris and his wife, and a Mr. Brown, Ephraim 
 Eggleston, his wife and six children were quar- 
 tered there and, two days after their arrival, 
 Nathan Eels, wife and seven children appeared. 
 Mr. Harris' cabin was only twelve feet square, 
 but it afforded shelter for the women and the 
 men slept in the wagon. Other cabins were built 
 and, while the family rested, Calvin Hobart set 
 out to find the land he had purchased. Three 
 months were spent at the Harris settlement and 
 on the morning of February 18, 182.3, the wag- 
 ons were again loaded and a start made for- the 
 new home in what was afterwards to be Schuy- 
 ler County. The Illinois River was crossed at 
 Downing's Landing, and from there the little 
 party journeyed to Section Sixteen in Rushville 
 Township. It was here, on the southwest quar- 
 ter of the section, that the first home was erected 
 in the county. Calvin Hobart, wife and children. 
 Samuel Gooch and William H. Taylor were the 
 first occupants of the rude log-cabin erected, 
 and they were joined two weeks later by Mr. 
 Hobart's parents and Ruth Powers, who had 
 remained in the Harris settlement until a home 
 had been provided for them. 
 
 On the first arrival of this little colony of 
 homeseekers. they set to work to build a cabin 
 and it was completed within three days ; and. 
 it goes without saying, that no time was wasted 
 in ornamentation. After Mr. Hobart's parents 
 arrived another cabin was built, more preten- 
 tious than the first, and in the years to follow 
 it served as home, school house and sanctuary. 
 While yet a resident of the Harris settlement, 
 Mr. Hobart had planned for the making of a 
 home in Schuyler County, and had gone down 
 the State some fifty miles to an older settlement, 
 where he traded a wagon, watch and other 
 things brought from the East for a yoke of oxen, 
 plow, chains, two cows and seven hogs, and 
 enough grain and meal was laid in store to last 
 until mid-summer. 
 
 As soon as the weather permitted, ground was 
 broken with a plow drawn by a team of oxen, 
 and that year the Hobarts cultivated fifteen 
 acres of timber land and about twenty-five acres 
 of prairie soil, which produced a bountiful crop 
 of corn, pumpkins, melons and turnips. In April 
 of that year Ephraim Eggleston and family of 
 six children arrived in the settlement and lo- 
 cated near the Hobarts, where they broke land 
 and planted a crop. Samuel Gooch, Orris MeCart- 
 
JOHN A. BALLOT" 
 
HISTORY OP SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 641 
 
 uey and Isaac M. House — all unmarried men — set- 
 tled on Section 27 that same summer, but did 
 not get their crop planted until June, and before 
 harvest time it was nipped by the frost. 
 
 Following closely after the Eggleston family 
 came Samuel and James Turner, who migrated 
 from St. Clair County in the southern part of 
 the State. They had traveled northward to find 
 a more healthful climate, for while residents of 
 the American bottom death had claimed all the 
 remaining members of their family. They built 
 a cabin, but never occupied it, returning to St. 
 Clair County with the expectation of returning 
 the succeeding spring. While there James Tur- 
 ner died and, in the spring of 1825, Samuel re- 
 turned alone and located on the southwest quar- 
 ter of Section 25, Buena Vista Township, and he 
 ever afterwards made his home in this neigh- 
 borhood, where his children and grandchildren 
 still reside. 
 
 Late in the fall of that first year of settlement 
 in Schuyler County, a stranger appeared at the 
 home of the Hobarts. He was attired in the 
 garb of the backwoodsman, with deer-skin moc- 
 casins and coon-skin cap, and carried a rifle with 
 the ease of an experienced hunter. This stran- 
 ger was Levin Green, and his coming brought 
 keen joy to the hearts of the settlers, for he was 
 a licensed .Methodist preacher, and the Hobarts, 
 who were a deeply religious people, looked upon 
 his coming as a direct response to earnest prayer. 
 Green had happened upon the settlement while 
 on a hunting expedition, and volunteered the 
 information that his family and his brother-in- 
 law, George Stewart, and his family were camped 
 on Dutchman Creek, sixteen miles above on the 
 Illinois River, and that they were looking for a 
 location. They had traveled by canoe from below 
 St. Louis and, after the chance meeting with the 
 Hobarts, the entire party joined the settlement 
 and took possession of the cabin that bad been 
 built that summer by the Turners. 
 
 On the first Sabbath after Levin Green's ar- 
 rival, it was planned that religious services 
 should be held at the cabin of Calvin Ilohart. 
 Of that meeting Rev. Cbauncey Hobart, in the 
 "Recollections of his Life," says: "On that first 
 Sabbath, in November, 1S23, the whole settle- 
 ment of thirty souls turned out, and we had a 
 warm, earnest, pointed sermon. This was the 
 first sermon preached west of the Illinois River. 
 I well remember, that my. heart was much moved 
 under that sermon, and when after it Levin 
 
 Green began to sing, 'There is a fountain filled 
 with blood.' and pass around, shaking hands 
 with all in the bouse, I ran out of doors, fearing 
 that my emotions would overcome me should I 
 remain." 
 
 The only other settlers to arrive in Schuyler 
 County in the year 1823 were Thomas McKee, 
 who erected a cabin on the northeast quarter of 
 Section 20, Bainbridge Township, and Willis 
 O'Neal, who settled near by on Section 16. They 
 were both Keutuckians aud had come to Illinois 
 from Indiana. McKee was a fine mechanic and 
 gunsmith and, soon after building his cabin, he 
 erected a workshop, and this was the first black- 
 smith shop in the county. He remained in Bain- 
 bridge until 1S26, when he removed to Littleton 
 and was one of the first settlers in that town- 
 ship. Willis O'Neal was later a resident of what 
 is now the city of Rushville, and built a cabin 
 just east of the square on the south side of East 
 Lafayette Street. He later removed to Brown 
 County and was one of the early pioneers in that 
 locality. 
 
 Early in the spring of 1824 the settlement was 
 still further increased by the arrival of Nathan 
 Eels and family, who had been living on the 
 east bank of the Illinois River. Mr. Eels' family 
 consisted of six boys and two girls, and they 
 were given a most cordial welcome, especially 
 by the youngsters of the settlement who found 
 life rather monotonous with so few playmates. 
 Accessions to the settlement were now becoming 
 more numerous and, during the summer of 1S24. 
 the following named persons took up their abode 
 in the county: I (avid and Thomas Blair. Jacob 
 White. Riggs Pennington and his nephews. 
 William, Joel and Riley; Henry Green, Jr.. John 
 Ritchey, John A. Reeve, George and Isaac 
 Naught. Some of these made their home near the 
 Hobart settlement, while others located in Bain- 
 bridge and Woodstock Townships. 
 
 The year 1825 marked the arrival of a number 
 of men who were afterwards to take a prominent 
 part in public affairs. In February of that year 
 Jonathan D. Manlove, the first Surveyor of the 
 county, became a resident of Rushville. Soon 
 afterwards came Samuel Horney, one of the first 
 County Commissioners. Mr. Horney was a na- 
 tive of North Carolina and had served as a 
 volunteer in the War of 1812. He had moved 
 to Illinois in 1818 and, until coming to Schuyler 
 County, had made his home in St. Clair County. 
 
 John B. Terry, the first County Clerk ot 
 
642 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Schuyler County, came that same year, as iliil 
 also Hart Fellows, who was the county's first 
 Recorder and Rushville's first Postmaster. Rich- 
 ard Black settled on what is now the site of 
 Rushville in 1825, but was "entered out" of his 
 improvement by the county and was forced to 
 seek a new location, and he removed with his 
 family to Woodstock Township. His son Isaac, 
 who was a babe when the family first arrived in 
 Schuyler, ever after made his home in Schuyler 
 County and died in Rushville, October 2, 1907. 
 
 Benjamin Chadsey. who was one of the three 
 Commissioners appointed to select the location 
 of a county-seat for Schuyler County, was one 
 of the pioneers of 1825. His arrival in the 
 county is thus described in an article which ap- 
 peared in the Schuyler Citizen of February 5, 
 1S80: 
 
 "Late in the summer of 1824 two men (Ben- 
 jamin Chailsey and bis father-in-law, Mr. John- 
 son) started from the neighborhood where the 
 city of Danville now stands, on a journey west- 
 ward. One, Benjamin Chadsey. had been a sol- 
 dier in the War of 1812 and had received as his 
 bounty from the Government lands laid off in 
 1S16, and set apart as a military tract for the 
 soldiers of that war. the southeast quarter of 
 Section 17 (now Rushville Township). His 
 business was to find the land and see if it would 
 make a home for him and his little family. They 
 traveled west, following an Indian trail, until, 
 not far from Bloomington, on the Mackinaw, 
 they found an Indian village, where they rested 
 a night. The next day they followed the trail 
 until they reached the Illinois River, opposite 
 Fort Clark, now Peoria. After another night 
 spent in tile hospitable cabin of a settler on the 
 bank of the river, they struck out on a trail 
 leading to the southwest. They finally reached 
 Sugar Creek, where they lost their bearings, but 
 at last came out of the timber on the prairie 
 near the center of Rushville Township, and near 
 there found rest and refreshment in a cabin re- 
 cently built, in which lived one of the thirteen 
 families constituting the entire population of 
 the county. With the early morning the young 
 man hastened further west over the prairie, and 
 soon rejoiced in the rich, luxuriant grasses that 
 waved in all their primitive wildness on the 
 beautiful piece of land that was to be his future 
 home. After he had resolved to locate perma- 
 nently, he hastened back to Eastern Illinois and. 
 
 in the spring of 1825. settled on the farm, where 
 he lived to a hale and hearty old age." 
 
 The first family from a foreign country to 
 take up their residence in Schuyler County was 
 that of Hugh McCreery's, who had come from 
 Ireland and, in 1828, ascended the Illinois River 
 on the first steamboat to traverse that historic 
 waterway. The family consisted of Hugh Mc- 
 Creery and Sarah McCreery. his wife, and their 
 children — William, the oldest, and his wife, 
 Mathew, John, Margaret. Sarah and James. On 
 reaching Rushville Mr. McCreery took possession 
 of the old log court-house on the north side of 
 the square in Rushville, for a temporary home, 
 and his son William built a log cabin that now 
 forms part of Mrs. John Ruth's residence on 
 North Congress Street, the only one of the pio- 
 neer homes that has escaped destruction and 
 oblivion from natural causes of decay or the ever 
 ceaseless march of progress. 
 
 William McCreery was the first person in 
 Schuyler County to take out naturalization pa- 
 pers and claim his rights as a citizen of the 
 United States. His first papers were taken out 
 in Morgan County, Alabama, in 1S20. and it was 
 therein stated that he had landed in New Or- 
 leans on February 7, 1825, and had renounced 
 his allegiance to the King of Great Britain and 
 declared his intention of becoming a citizen of 
 the United States. On June 14, 1830, his appli- 
 cation for citizenship was approved by the Cir- 
 suit Court of Schuyler County. Mr. McCreery 
 and his parents died during the cholera scourge 
 of 1834. 
 
 During the early years of settlement in Schuy- 
 ler County the Indians were frequent visitors, 
 and we have noted in a previous chapter that 
 their greeting was a pleasant one, and that no 
 barbaric outrages marked the history of the 
 county. The only clash between the settlers 
 and the Indians is recorded by Jonathan D. Man- 
 love, who. in writing of early times in Schuyler, 
 says : "It is recollected by the pioneers that 
 there were wild hogs in the county, and that 
 the Indians and their dogs were very trouble- 
 some, running hogs as any other game; there- 
 fore, about the commencement of 1S26, nineteen 
 of the boys — and that was about all there were 
 in the county — went to their camp on Crooked 
 Creek, near the mouth, and ordered them off, 
 giving them a certain time to do so, under a 
 penalty of having their goods wet with the 
 Illinois River. There were some things done 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 643 
 
 that did not meet with the approval of all, to-wit; 
 two of them were slightly sprouted aud several 
 of their dogs were shot. But lew of them vis- 
 ited us afterwards. Our principal object was to 
 remove the traders — white men who were en- 
 camped on the Illinois, just below the mouth of 
 Crooked Creek, and traded them ammunition and 
 whisky for furs and peltry — and the threaten- 
 iugs were more particularly to and for them. 
 They left soon afterwards and never came back." 
 
 In concluding this chapter on the early pio- 
 neers of Schuyler County, we will add a few dis- 
 connected facts of interest pertaining to this 
 period : 
 
 The first birth in the county was that of a 
 daughter born to Mr. and Mrs. Ephraim Eggles- 
 ton, iu the spring of 1824. 
 
 The first death was that of a son of Jonathan 
 Reno, in the summer of 1826 — a lad some nine 
 or ten years of age. The first death of an adult 
 was that of Solomon Stanberry, who died of 
 typhoid fever in the winter of 1S2T, at the home 
 of John Ritehey, north of Rushville. In review- 
 ing the events of pioneer times, Jonathan D. 
 Manlove writes that he rode to Jacksonville to 
 secure a physician to attend Mr. Stanberry, but 
 that he was dying when they returned. 
 
 The first child born in Rushville was Anna 
 Fellows, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fellows, 
 who now resides in Bloomiugton. 
 
 The first marriage was that of Samuel Gooeh 
 and Miss Ruth Powers, which was solemnized by 
 Rev. Levin Green, at the Hobart cabin in Novem- 
 ber, 1824. This was previous to the organiza- 
 tion of Schuyler County, aud the record of the 
 marriage is in Pike County, where the groom had 
 to journey to secure his license to wed. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 CIVIL HISTORY. 
 
 TEN NEW COUNTIES IN THE MILITARY TRACT CRE- 
 ATED BY ACT OF JANUARY 13, 1S25 ORIGINAL 
 
 AREA AND BOUNDARIES OF SCHUYLER COUNTY — 
 TERRITORY' UNDER TEMPORARY' JURISDICTION OF 
 THE NEW COUNTY FIRST COUNTY-SEAT NAMED 
 
 BEARDSTOWN — FIRST ELE( TION AND FIRST BOARD 
 
 OF COMMISSIONERS OTHER COUNTY OFFICERS 
 
 COUNTY-SEAT CHANGED TO RUSHVILLE IN 1826 
 
 EARLY COUNTY' REVENUES FINANCIAL STATE- 
 MENT OF 1827 FIRST ELECTION PRECINCTS 
 
 ELECTIONS IN 1828 — BROWN COUNTY SET OFF IN 
 1830 A COUNTY-SEAT CONTEST CHANGES UN- 
 DER CONSTITUTION OF 1848 — COUNTY" COURT 
 HOLDS JURISDICTION OVER COUNTY FROM 1S49 TO 
 1854 — TOWNSHIP ORGANIZATION ADOPTED IN 1833 
 — LIST OF TOWNSHIPS. 
 
 Illinois had been but seven years a sovereign 
 State when the geographical boundaries of 
 Schuyler County were determined in 182.j. Up 
 to this time there were but thirty-one counties 
 in the State and, with the exception of Pike and 
 Fulton Counties, all of these were south of the 
 Illinois River. In the early 'twenties the tide 
 of emigration turned northward for the reason, 
 perhaps, that land speculators had been buying 
 up soldiers' claims in the Military Tract and 
 were interesting Eastern people in the Illinois 
 Country. To facilitate this emigration, and pro- 
 vide for civil government in the country already 
 settled, the General Assembly in January, 1825, 
 created ten counties in the Military Tract. The 
 counties set apart for civil organization were : 
 Calhoun, Adams, Hancock, Knox, Mercer, Henry, 
 Peoria, Putnam, Warren and Schuyler. 
 
 The geographical boundary of Schuyler in- 
 cluded an area of S64 square miles, and so re- 
 mained until Brown County was detached in 
 1839. The civil boundary of the county was even 
 more extended, as may be noted from the fol- 
 lowing section of the legislative enactment : 
 
 "All that tract of country north of the counties 
 of Schuyler and Hancock, and west of the Fourth 
 Principal Meridian, shall be attached to the coun- 
 ty of Schuyler for all county purposes, until oth- 
 erwise provided for by law: Provided, however, 
 that when it shall appear to the satisfaction of 
 the Judge of the Circuit Court that any of the 
 above name counties shall contain three hundred 
 and fifty inhabitants, he is hereby required to 
 grant an order for the election of county officers, 
 as described in the ninth section." 
 
 By this act the civil government of Schuyler 
 County was extended to include what are now 
 the counties of McDonoui;h. Warren, Hendersou, 
 Mercer and a portion of Rock Island, but in the 
 county records it appears that McDonough was 
 the only one of the five counties that shared iu 
 
644 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 the civil government of Schuyler. The organiza- 
 tion of McDonough County was authorized by 
 an act of the Legislature approved January 25, 
 1826, and by June 14. 1830, the required popula- 
 tion having been attained, a separate county was 
 organized; Warren obtained the same in 1830; 
 Rock Island was organized in 1S31, and Mercer 
 and Henderson some few years afterwards. 
 
 Of the ten counties created from the Military 
 Tract in 1825, Adams. Peoria and Schuyler were 
 the only ones that had the required population 
 necessary for immediate organization, and, in 
 the legislative enactment of that session, we find 
 the following provision made for the civil organ- 
 ization of Schuyler County : 
 
 "Be it further enacted, That for the county of 
 Schuyler, John Adams, Stephen Olmstead and 
 James Dunwoody, of Morgan County. . . . 
 be and they are hereby appointed Commissioners 
 to select the permanent seat of justice for said 
 county, who shall meet in the county of Schuy- 
 ler, at the house of Calvin Ilobart. on the first 
 Monday of April next, or within seven days 
 thereafter, and after taking and subscribing an 
 oath before a Justice of the Peace, to locate the 
 said seat of justice for the future convenience 
 and accommodation of the people, shall proceed 
 to fix and determine upon the same, and the 
 place so selected . . . shall be the perma- 
 nent seat of justice of the same, and the Com- 
 missioners shall receive for their compensation 
 the sum of two dollars per day for each day by 
 them spent in the discharge of their duties, aud 
 for going to and returning from the same, to 
 lie paid out of the first money in the county 
 treasury after the same shall be organized." 
 
 In accordance with this act of the Legislature, 
 John Adams and Stephen Olmstead came to 
 Schuyler and located the county-seat about a 
 mile west of the present village of Pleasantview, 
 and for this service they were paid $20 each. 
 with $8 additional to John Adams, who took the 
 records of the proceedings to Pittsfield. the 
 county-seat of Pike County, where they were 
 recorded. 
 
 The seat of justice having been established, 
 an election was called for July 4. 1825, and 
 James Vance, Cornelius Vandeventer. and Abra- 
 ham Carlock were named as judges, and Hart 
 Fellows and Jonathan I). Manlove clerks, and 
 they were allowed one dollar each for this work 
 by the County Comn-issioners fourteen months 
 afterwards. 
 
 At this election Thomas McKee, Samuel Hor- 
 ney and Thomas Blair were elected County Com- 
 missioners. They took the oath of office before 
 Hart Fellows, who had been appointed Clerk of 
 the Circuit Court by Gov. Edward Coles, and 
 within the next twelve mouths met eight times 
 to attend to the business necessary in the organ- 
 ization and administration of county affairs. 
 The first meeting of the County Commissioners 
 was held at the cabin of Jacob White on July 
 7, 1825. and at this session the new county-seat 
 of Schuyler County was named Beardstown. 
 John Terry was appointed Clerk of the County 
 and served until December 3, 1827, when he re- 
 signed and Hart Fellows was named as his suc- 
 cessor. At this first meeting of the Commis- 
 sioners grand and petit juries were drawn 
 and were served with summons by Sheriff Orris 
 McCartney, to appear at the first term of Circuit 
 Court held November 4, 1825. The records do 
 not show who was elected chairman of the Com- 
 missioners' Court, but it is inferred that Thomas 
 Blair held this position, as he signed the clerk's 
 record of the proceedings. 
 
 The Commissioners met again on July 22, 1825, 
 and at this meeting the first county order was 
 issued to Jacob White, which called for seventy- 
 five cents for the use of his cabin as a meeting 
 place. At this meeting of the board a petition 
 was presented to set off a school district and this 
 was done. 
 
 When John B. Terry filed his bond as Clerk of 
 the County, with Nathan Eels as security, he 
 took the oath of office to support the constitu- 
 tions of the United States and the State of 
 Illinois, and a supplementary oath required by 
 the "Act to Suppress Dueling." 
 
 In the organization of the county it was nec- 
 essary to have three Justices of the Peace, and 
 Hart Fellows. James Vance and Willis O'Neal 
 were recommended to Gov. Coles for appointment 
 to this office. Later appointments made by the 
 County Commissioners in 1825 were: William 
 H. Taylor, as Census Commissioner: Jacob White 
 and Joel Pennington, Constables ; Kiggs Penning- 
 ton and Nathan Eels, Overseers of the Poor, and 
 Samuel Gooch, John Richey and Jonathan Reno, 
 Fence Viewers. 
 
 The sessions of the Commissioners were after- 
 wards held at the cabin of Samuel Turner and 
 a county order for $2 was issued him for four 
 meetings of the Commissioner's Court. For three 
 days' services as Commissioners, Messrs. Blair, 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 645 
 
 Homey and McKee each drew $7.50, and John 
 B. Terry, Clerk, was paid .$10 for four days' 
 service. 
 
 In locating the county -seat the Morgan County 
 Commissioners apparently did not respect the 
 wishes of the residents of Schuyler County, as 
 we find in the records that a petition to the Gen- 
 eral Assembly was formulated asking that a new 
 commission be appointed. This was done and 
 Levi Green, Thomas Blair and Benjamin Chad- 
 sey were named to select a new seat of justice. 
 It was at this time intended to locate the county- 
 seat a mile or more north of the present site 
 of Rushville, on the fine, high prairie land, but 
 the quarter-section of land most desired had 
 been entered and the Commissioners realizing 
 that the county was short of funds, selected the 
 southwest quarter of Section 30, Town 2 North, 
 Range 1 West, and entered it at the Laud Of- 
 fice at Springfield. Their report to the County 
 Commissioners made March 0. 1826, reads as 
 follows : 
 
 "We, the undersigned Commissioners, appoint- 
 ed by an Act of the General Assembly of Illi- 
 nois to locate a permanent seat of justice for 
 Schuyler County, do certify that, after hav- 
 ing been duly sworn before James Vance, 
 Esq., we proceeded to view the county for the 
 purposes aforesaid, and have located the same 
 on the southwest quarter of Section thirty, town- 
 ship two north, range one west. Given under 
 our hands this 20th day of February. 1826. 
 (Signed) Levin Green. 
 
 Thomas Blaih. 
 B. Chadsey. 
 
 One may judge how strongly the financial con- 
 sideration influenced the location of the county- 
 seat, when it is stated that the east half of the 
 quarter-section entered by the county for a town 
 site, was sold to Jacob White for $150. and that 
 the county was not able to make payment to the 
 State and secure the United States patent to the 
 land until December 20, 1S20, when, with the 
 .$150 paid by Mr. White, and $43.00— the with- 
 drawal of which almost depleted the county treas- 
 ury — the county came into full possession of a 
 clear title to its seat of justice. Much as the 
 county needed the money generously advanced 
 by Mr. White, it was in the end an expensive 
 bargain, for within a few years afterwards it 
 was necessary to buy more land to allow for the 
 growth of the little city. Even today we yearly 
 see the folly of their economy, for the land 
 
 owned by Mr. White came within eighty feet of 
 the east side of Liberty Street and on the tax- 
 books, it is necessary to carry the names of the 
 property owners on the east side of the square 
 in different additions, as the business block ex- 
 tends east 112 feet and into the William Man- 
 love addition, afterwards platted on the land sold 
 by the county to Jacob White. 
 
 Thomas McKee, Samuel Homey and Thomas 
 Blair, who had been elected County Commis- 
 sioners in 1825, served until August 4, 1828, 
 when Thomas Davis succeeded Thomas Blair. 
 Other early officers were : Cornelius Vandeven- 
 ter, Thomas McKee, Jesse Bartlett and Levin 
 Green, Justices of the Peace ; Jacob T. Reno and 
 Jacob White, Constables ; John B. Terry, Judge 
 of Probate ; Hart Fellows, Clerk of Circuit 
 Court; Orris McCartney, Sheriff; David E. 
 Blair, Treasurer ; Jonathan D. Manlove, Surveyor, 
 and Levin Green, Coroner. 
 
 .Much of the time of the Commissioners when 
 they met for the transaction of business was 
 taken up with passing upon petitions for roads 
 and arranging for the platting and sale of town- 
 bits of the county-seat, and these subjects will 
 be dealt with more fully in succeeding chapters. 
 
 The question of revenue was an all important 
 one with the County Commissioners, as there 
 was little money coming into the treasury from 
 taxation and it was a difficult matter to collect 
 cash for the town lots sold. The first tax-levy 
 was ordered March 0, 1820, on the assessment 
 made by Jesse Bartlett. who was allowed $6 for 
 his services. All taxable property in the county 
 was subject to a rate of one per cent, and the 
 total tax collected in the county in 1820. was 
 $118.90. On March 4, 1828, property liable to 
 taxation was listed as follows: Slaves, inden- 
 tured or registered negro or mulatto servants, 
 all wheel carriages, stills and distilleries, stocks 
 in trade, horses, mules, mares and asses, meat 
 cattle, sheep, goats and lings, watches with their 
 appendages, and clocks. At the same time the 
 Treasurer was instructed to make a list of "all 
 resident laud" subject to taxation. On March .3, 
 1832, the Commissioners specified household 
 gocids, furniture and farming utensils as subject 
 to taxation, and also town-lots, except in incor- 
 porated towns. The owners of ferries also paid 
 taxes varying from $3 to $20. 
 
 When the Commissioners met on December 4, 
 1S26. Orris McCartney was authorized to re- 
 ceive the money appropriated by the State, under 
 
646 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 the act relating to tbe revenues of Calhoun, County Commissioners, when they created five 
 
 Pike, Adams, Schuyler, Fulton and Peoria coun- election precincts. In this civil division of the 
 
 ties, to replenish the depleted treasury. He was county McDonough County was considered as 
 
 intructed to make the journey to the State cap- one election precinct, and was the fifth in the 
 
 ital at Vandalia and. while there, to exchange list. In issuing a call for election the place of 
 
 the State paper for specie, provided it could lie voting and the names of the judges were speci- 
 
 done at reasonable discount. Schuyler County's tied by the County Commissioners as follows : 
 
 apportionment under the State revenue act, was District 1, House of Isaac Naught. Judges — 
 
 $225, and Mr. McCartney brought home the sum .Julm A. Heeve, Willis O'Neal and Isaac Veude- 
 
 of $157.50, which was deposited in the county venter. 
 
 treasury. The first financial statement of Schuy- District 2, House of Henry Hills. Judges — John 
 
 ler County is found in the report of the Com- Ritchey, Henry Hills and Manlove Homey. 
 
 missioner's Court for the December term, 1827. District 3, House of Joel Pennington. Judges — 
 
 It is as follows : Joel Pennington, Joel Tuliis and Garrett Wyck- 
 
 Cr. off. 
 
 By amount of county tax for the year 1820 $11S.90 District 4, House of Daniel Robertson. Judges 
 
 By amount of specie received from State — Daniel Robertson, Andrew Vance and Thom- 
 
 treasury in 1826 157.50 as Wilson. 
 
 By amount received from Jacob White District 5, House of James Vance. Judges— 
 
 for E% S. W. 30, 3 N., 1 W 150.00 Riggs Pennington, Stephen Osburn and Hugh 
 
 By amount received for lots in town of Wilson. 
 
 Rushville 133.50 The year 1828 was prolific in elections and the 
 
 By amount received for fines, assessed in Commissioners' record shows a general election 
 
 Circuit Court 21.00 was held August 4, and ou November 3 came the 
 
 By amount turned into county treasury presidential election, to be followed November 15 
 
 out of the tax for the year 1827 48.44 by a special election, at which time Joel Pen- 
 
 — ■ ningtou was elected Sheriff of the county. At 
 
 $629.34 the general election of August 4, 1S28. Thomas 
 
 To amount of county orders issued in Dr. Davis was chosen County Commissioner to suc- 
 
 1825, 1826 and 1827 $467.78 ceed Thomas Blair and Willis O'Neal was named 
 
 To amount paid into land office for the as Treasurer. 
 
 S. W. 30. 2 N. 1 W 103.00 On June 1, 1829, the Board of County Coin- 
 
 missioners indulged in the luxury of employing :i 
 
 $001.38 counsel for the court, and John Steel, Esq.. was 
 
 Amount due ou Rushville town selected. As a natural consequence Mr. Steel 
 
 lots, available $251.25 wished to make a showing, and cases in court 
 
 Amount due for fines assessed in became more numerous. A year before the 
 
 circuit court 7.00 county had paid Jacob T. Reno $9 for caring for 
 
 Balance due on tax of 1827 after William Lammy, and Mr. Steel brought suit in 
 
 deducting the 7 1 _. per cent . . . 27.42 the name of the county against his father, James 
 
 Amount in treasury 6.10 Lammy, to compel him to aid in the support of his 
 
 son. The court decided in favor of the county, 
 
 $291.77 and an entry is made in tbe Commissioners' 
 
 Balance in favor of county $259.73 record where James Lammy paid $9.50 into the 
 
 Until June 4. 1S27. there had been no appor- county fund, 
 
 tionment of election precincts, but the county Quo warranto proceedings were also brought 
 
 had been considered as a whole in the selection against Benjamin Chadsey and Jesse Bartlett, 
 
 of minor offices, such as Justices of the Peace Trustees of the school land on Section 10. Rush- 
 
 and Constable. The rapid immigration, and the ville Township, and they were removed and John 
 
 general tendency of the settlers to penetrate to Ritchey and Henry Hills appointed in their 
 
 every part of the county, made it necessary to stead. At this day it cannot he determined what 
 
 divide the county into minor political subdivi- the animus back of this proceeding was, but it 
 
 sions, and this was done June 4, 1827, by the did not in the least divert from the popularity 
 
MRS. JOHN A. BALLOl' 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 64? 
 
 of these two gentlemen, for we later find them 
 taking an active part in the affairs of the county. 
 
 As compensation for his services in these two 
 cases John Steele. Esq.. was allowed the munifi- 
 cent sum of .$4.50, and soon afterwards the of- 
 fice of counsel to the Commissioners' court was 
 abolished. 
 
 The first physician to present a bill to the 
 county for professional service to a poor person 
 was Dr. B. V. Teel, who was allowed $17.62 on 
 September 7, 1S20, for medicine and attendance 
 upon Stephen Palmer. At the same session 
 George Jones was allowed $2 for making a cof- 
 fin for the said Palmer. On December 23, 1829, 
 John Ritchey was authorized to purchase of 
 Abraham Louderman one or two acres of land 
 in some suitable and convenient place for bury- 
 ing ground, and the site chosen has since been 
 enlarged to forty acres, comprising the Rush- 
 ville cemetery of today. 
 
 On March 1, 1830, an election district was 
 made of the territory now known as the county 
 of Brown, and it was specified that the elections 
 should lie held at the home of Bentley Ballard. 
 At the same time McDonough County was sep- 
 arated into two election precincts. Crooked and 
 Drowning Creeks being the dividing line. The 
 elections in the east precinct were ordered held 
 at the home of James Vance and in the western 
 precinct at the home of William Job. At this 
 time McDonough County was arranging for the 
 establishment of a civil government of its own. 
 and on the petition of James Vance and James 
 Clark, that county was permitted to retain one- 
 half of the taxes collected, the petitioners stand- 
 ing good for the amount due Schuyler. Settle- 
 ment was not made, however, until March 0. 
 1S32. when $21 was paid into the Schuyler treas- 
 ury. 
 
 As originally formed Schuyler was the largest 
 of the ten counties created in the Military Tract 
 by the General Assembly of 1S25, and it so re- 
 mained until 1830. when the territory lying south 
 of Crooked Creek was detached and the county 
 of Brown organized, thus reducing the area of 
 Schuyler County from S64 to 430 square miles, 
 and making it, next to Calhoun, the smallest 
 county in the Military Tract. 
 
 As early as 1835 the people living south of 
 Crooked Creek began the agitation for separa- 
 tion, but Schuyler's representative in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly prevented any action being taken. 
 It was then proposed that a compromise be ef- 
 
 fected by removing the county-seat to Ripley, 
 which was nearer the geographical center of the 
 county, and this seems to have been the master 
 stroke on the part of the agitators for separation, 
 as the people in and about Rushville were will- 
 ing to suffer the loss of half the territory of the 
 county rather than relinquish the prestige which 
 was associated with the seat of justice. And so 
 it happened that Brown County was given a gov- 
 ernment of its own by act of the General Assem- 
 bly in 1830, and John M. Campbell of Schuyler. 
 John B. Curl of Adams and William W. Baily 
 of McDonough were named to select the seat of 
 justice, which was afterwards located at Mt. 
 Sterling. This settled for all time the location 
 of the county-seat at Rushville, and Schuyler has 
 been spared the bitter internecine warfare that 
 has marked the history of county-seat contests 
 in many neighboring counties. 
 
 After the organization of Schuyler County had 
 been effected and the machinery of civil govern- 
 ment put in force, things ran along smoothly for 
 more than a decade and the records of the Com- 
 missioners' court are monotonous with routine 
 proceedings. This is especially true from 1S31 
 to 1S38, but in the latter year there was a shak- 
 ing up in county affairs that would do credit to 
 the most ardent reformers of the present day, 
 and as a result, the business affairs of the county 
 were thoroughly investigated. 
 
 Thomas Broekman, Edward Doyle and Peter 
 C. Vance were the Commissioners during the 
 years 1838-39, and they started in early on their 
 reform administration. County officials, School 
 Treasurers and Supervisors of road districts 
 were brought into the lime-light of a public in- 
 vestigation, with the result that one county offi- 
 cer was removed from office, a School Treasurer 
 was called upon to make good a shortage of more 
 than a thousand dollars, and other officers were 
 forced to make settlement with the Commission- 
 ers to avoid the notoriety of publicity. 
 
 At that time, and for years afterwards, the 
 fee system of paying county officers was in 
 vogue and, while the officials might have had 
 honest intentions in appropriating certain fees, 
 it required ceaseless vigilance on the part of the 
 County Commissioners to get what was due the 
 county. This difference of opinion as to fees 
 apparently disappeared, when an honest investi- 
 gation was ordered, as in every case the officers 
 made good the deficiency. It is a fact worthy of 
 note that, during the eighty years of Schuyler's 
 
648 
 
 HISTORY' OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 civil history, but one county officer has been 
 convicted and punished for criminally appropri- 
 ating county funds. 
 
 The new Constitution of Illinois, in force in 
 1848, made a change in the governmental affairs 
 of the county, and it was provided that a County 
 Judge and two Associates should administer 
 county affairs. These officers were to be chosen 
 at the general election to serve for a term of 
 four years. The first county court of Schuy- 
 ler County convened on the third day of Decem- 
 ber, 1840, with William Ellis as County Judge 
 and Joseph N. Ward and John M. Campbell, 
 Associates. 
 
 At the time these officials were elected a vote 
 was taken in Schuyler on the question of town- 
 ship organization, and of the whole number of 
 votes cast (1495), there were 673 in favor of 
 township organization and 205 against. It was 
 at the time supposed that the plan of township 
 organization would be put into effect at once, 
 but the Supreme Court decided that a majority 
 vote was necessary to make the change and this 
 had not been secured in Schuyler County. At 
 the election of 1850 the question was again 
 voted upon, and there were but 459 votes favor- 
 able to township organization out of a total of 
 1214. The advocates of township organization 
 were persistent in their, efforts and. in 1853, the 
 question was again submitted and this time 
 carried at the polls ; 7S0 of the 1537 votes being 
 favorable to the new plan of government. At 
 the December meeting of the County Court John 
 C. Bagby. I. N. Ward and Jesse Darnell were 
 appointed Commissioners to divide the county 
 into townships and, with minor changes, the 
 boundaries so fixed are in force today. The 
 townships so named and located were: 
 
 Oakland 
 
 Littleton. 
 
 Brooklyn. 
 
 Birmingham. 
 
 Huutsville, 
 
 Camden. 
 
 Township 3 
 Township 3 
 Township 3 
 Township 3 
 Township 2 
 Township 2 
 
 Buena Vista, Township 2 
 Rushville. Township 2 
 
 Browning. 
 Hickory, 
 Frederick, 
 Bainbridge, 
 
 Woodstock, 
 
 Township 2 
 Township 2 
 Township 1 
 Township 1 
 Township 1 
 
 Tile two townships last 
 
 North, 
 North, 
 North, 
 North, 
 North. 
 North. 
 North, 
 North, 
 North. 
 North. 
 North, 
 North. 
 North, 
 named 
 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 
 Range 2 
 Range 1 
 Range 1 
 Range 2 
 have frac 
 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 West 
 East 
 East 
 East 
 West 
 West 
 tional 
 
 parts lying south' of the base line, and Iwunded 
 by the Illinois River and Crooked Creek. 
 
 Under the plan of township organization, as 
 effected in 1854, Schuyler County has continued 
 to be governed and the Supervisors are elected 
 for a term of two years, six townships electing 
 one year and seven the next. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 LAND TITLES— SURVEYS AND SUR- 
 VEYORS. 
 
 METHODS UNDER FRENCH AND BRITISH CONTROIj — 
 ORIGIN OF LAND TITLES IN AMERICA FRAUDU- 
 LENT LAND GRANTS — DATS OF BRITISH RULE A 
 
 DISCREDITED INDIAN LAND GRANT OF 1773 
 
 LAND TITLES MADE A POLITICAL ISSUE IN ILLI- 
 NOIS IN 1828 THE MILITARY TRACT BOUNTY 
 
 LANDS ORIGINAL SURVEY' MADE IN SCHUY'LER 
 
 COUNTY IN 1815-17 LITIGATION OVER LAND 
 
 TITLES — STATE LAWS PASSED TO MAKE TITLES 
 VALID — LOCATION OF RECORDS SYSTEM OF GOV- 
 ERNMENT SURVEY' — EARLY SURVEYORS AND 
 
 HARDSHIPS THEY MET ERRORS IN ORIGINAL 
 
 SURVEY'S PERPETUATING MONUMENTS SWAMP 
 
 LANDS — SURVEYS AND SALES — PLANS FOR DRAIN- 
 AGE AND PRESENT CONDITIONS. 
 
 In taking up the subject of land titles, it will 
 be of interest, and not a little historical worth, 
 to consider how the title to the rich country of 
 Illinois passed successively from France to Eng- 
 land and to the United States, and finally to 
 the individual owner. To do this it will be nec- 
 essary to go back to the period of discovery, when 
 Columbus opened to the Old World the myste- 
 rious and inviting treasures of the West. It was 
 in that period "the right of discovery" was ac- 
 cepted as a settled policy among European na- 
 tions. Each country was eager to possess a por- 
 tion of the new world, and the basis of their 
 claims during the century following was "the 
 right of discovery." While the title to the land 
 was nominally vested in the Indians who were 
 in possession, it was regarded as subordinate to 
 "the right of discovery," inasmuch as the mon- 
 archs of the old world claimed and exercised the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 649 
 
 right to grant the soil while yet in possession of 
 the natives, subject to treaty purchases. This 
 policy was universally acquiesced in, and it gave 
 to each country absolute control of the land titles, 
 and the Indians were permitted to sell or trans- 
 fer it to the discoverers, and to no others. 
 
 France laid claim to the whole Valley of the 
 Mississippi by right of discovery. Under the 
 accepted European policy her title was perfect 
 until 1763. when, as the result of the defeat of 
 Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham, the region 
 embracing Illinois and other States afterwards 
 formed from the Northwest Territory, was ceded 
 to England. To preserve to the crown this rich 
 territory George III., on October 7, 17G3. issued 
 a proclamation stating that no Governor or com- 
 mander-in-chief was authorized to grant war- 
 rants of survey or pass patents, as the lands, 
 which had not been ceded to or purchased by 
 the government, would be reserved for the In- 
 dians. English residents were also strictly for- 
 bidden to make any purchase from the Indians 
 without license from the crown. 
 
 Notwithstanding this proclamation, deeds were 
 made by the Kaskaskia and Cahokia Indians on 
 July 7, 1773, and by the Piankesbaw tribe on 
 October 18, 1 T7o, the latter grant extending from 
 a point opposite the Missouri River to Chicago, 
 and including the greater portion of the present 
 State of Illinois. After the United States had 
 acquired title to the land in Illinois by the 
 treaty with England, dated July 20, 17S3, an ef- 
 fort was made to sustain the Indian grants in 
 the courts. The case was passed upon by the 
 United States Supreme Court, Chief Justice John 
 Marshall presiding, and it was there maintained 
 "that discovery gave an exclusive right to ex- 
 tinguish the Indian title to occupancy, either by 
 purchase or conquest : and gave also a right to 
 such a degree of sovereignty as the circumstances 
 of the people will allow them to exercise." This 
 decision being final, all claims under the Indian 
 deeds were abandoned. The United States fur- 
 ther perfected its title to the lands of Illinois 
 and the Northwest Territory, by securing from 
 the States of New York, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut and Virginia, a release of all their 
 interests under patents from the crown of Eng- 
 land, thereby making the United States land- 
 patent one of clear title from the time of dis- 
 covery. 
 
 That gross frauds were committeed in the 
 assignment of land titles in the early years of 
 
 the ocupancy of the State by the United States 
 Territorial Governors is a matter of record. The 
 most notorious of these was a grant made by 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Wilkins, Governor and Com- 
 mandant over the Illinois country during the 
 period of British occupancy. One grant of 36,000 
 acres was made to his personal friends, and the 
 claim was confirmed and United States patents 
 issued them by Gov. St. Clair, while Illinois was 
 a part of the Northwest Territory, and the title 
 was afterwards ratified by Congress. In writing 
 of this incident, one of the early historians re- 
 marks : "The office of Governor in Illinois might 
 have been, and probably was (laying principle 
 aside), more lucrative in former times than at 
 present." 
 
 The question of land titles was first raised as 
 a political issue in 1S20 during the administra- 
 tion of Gov. Edwards, and it was one of such 
 apparent importance or necessity, that it had no 
 opposition, even though it afterwards proved a 
 hollow sham. 
 
 When the State Legislature met in the session 
 of 1826-27, a resolution was offered memorializ- 
 ing Congress to reduce the price of public lands. 
 This awakened the interest of Gov. Edwards, 
 who, in a message to the Legislature, recom- 
 mended that the State ask the Government to 
 relinquish the public lands, which would be sold 
 to actual settlers, the State to maintain the cost 
 of the land offices, and pay to the Government 
 twenty-five cents for each acre sold. The Leg- 
 islative committee, to which the communication 
 was referred, went the governor one better, and 
 reported a resolution asking for the uncondi- 
 tional surrender to the State of all government 
 land. 
 
 Gov. Edwards was not heard from again on 
 the public land question at that session of the 
 Legislature, but he was far from vanquished, as 
 later developments show. Realizing that the 
 question of government lands was one that 
 might be used to popular advantage, he made a 
 master stroke. In his message to the Legisla- 
 ture of 182S he laid down the general principle 
 that the public lands could not be controlled by 
 the Government, as they were the property of 
 the State. Voluminous argument was offered by 
 Gov. Edwards in support of this proposition. It 
 was contended that the United States Government 
 was exceeding its rights under the constitution in 
 retaining control of the lands in a sovereign 
 State, and that the true title was vested in the 
 
650 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 State. This was a bold position on an entirely 
 new Question in Illinois, and the members of the 
 Legislature sought to share the honors with the 
 Governor by giving it their almost unanimous 
 support. It was not long until the illusion of the 
 Slate ownership of public lands was dispelled, 
 and the resourceful Governor was the only one 
 that profited thereby for the presentation of the 
 question had proved a serious embarrassment 
 to his enemies and brought peace among the 
 warring factions in the Legislature. It goes to 
 show, however, that political intrigue was not 
 unknown to the pioneer politicians, and that they 
 were resourceful in formulating issues, to attain 
 their ambitions. 
 
 Land titles in Schuyler County are founded on 
 an act of Congress, passed May 6, 1812. which 
 set apart as bounty lands for the soldiers of the 
 War of 1812, that portion of the State lying be- 
 tween the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, and 
 extending to the northern boundary of Township 
 Fifteen North of the Base Line, which now di- 
 vides Mercer and Rock Island Counties. This 
 wedge-shape area of land was ninety miles wide 
 at its northern boundary, and extended south 
 16ft miles, and it has since been known in his- 
 tory as the Military Tract. [See Military Tract, 
 in encyclopedia portion of this work.] 
 
 Before this land could be allotted, it was nces- 
 sary to make a survey, anil it was not until Oc- 
 tober, 1817, that patents were issued to the sol- 
 diers. Every volunteer in the War of 1N12 who 
 served an enlistment of nine months was en- 
 titled to a quarter-section of land, and the own 
 ership of this garden spot of Illinois thus came 
 into possession of men who regarded the laud 
 of little worth, and did not cave to leave their 
 homes in the East lor the privations of the fron- 
 tier. And so it was. that land patents in the 
 Military Tract were traded as boys swap jack- 
 knives, '•sight unseen." The records show that 
 many of the soldiers disposed of their land even 
 before the allotment was made, by granting 
 power of attorney to others to receive Hie patent. 
 In this manner the greater portion of the land 
 was secured by wily speculators and land com- 
 panies, and the consequent result was that set- 
 tlement in this territory was retarded and liti- 
 gation as to land titles frequent. In the early 
 'twenties, settlements began to be made in the 
 Military Trait, and many of the pioneers, after 
 making improvements and breaking the new 
 ground, had to give way, and to relinquish their 
 
 land to others who produced a United States 
 patent as their title. Then. too. many of the 
 eastern speculators who had large bodies of land, 
 would not sell to the settlers, anticipating that 
 the development of the country would add to 
 their land values. To reach this particular class, 
 the Illinois Legislature passed laws taxing non- 
 resideut land-owners, and by thus burdening their 
 land with taxes, make them more willing to sell. 
 
 Gov. Ford, in his "History of Illinois." says: 
 "A very bad state of feeling existed toward the 
 non-resident land owners; the timber on their 
 land was considered free plunder, to be cut and 
 swept away by every comer ; the owners brought 
 suits for damages, but where the witnesses and 
 jurors were all on one side, justice was forced 
 to go with them. The non-residents at last be- 
 thought themselves of employing and sending out 
 ministers of the gospel, to preach to the people 
 against the sin of stealing, or hooking timber, as 
 it was called. These preachers each had a dis- 
 trict or circuit of country assigned to them, and 
 were paid by the sermon ; but I have never 
 learned that the non-resident landowners suc- 
 ceeded any better in protecting their property by 
 the gospel, than they did at law." 
 
 As a matter of protection to the actual set- 
 tlers, and to make good their title to the land 
 occupied, the Illinois Legislature in the early 
 'thirties passed what are known as "The Quiet- 
 ing Title Acts." Under these acts, valid deeds 
 could lie secured to land sold for taxes by seven 
 years' possession and paying taxes on same, and 
 much of the land in Schuyler County was ac- 
 quired under such titles. 
 
 The first records of laud titles in Schuyler 
 County were made at Edwardsville, where the 
 original government land patents were recorded. 
 Afterwards, when the State capital was located 
 at Vandalia. the records of government patents 
 and transfers were made there, and the original 
 State records are now in the vault of the Schuy- 
 ler County Circuit Clerk, but for convenience in 
 reference the county records have been tran- 
 scribed in a separate volume. Other early records 
 of transfers in Schuyler are recorded in Pike 
 County, which, prior to 1S23, included all of the 
 Military Tract. 
 
 By the system of tract indexes in use in this 
 county, all the transfers to any parcel of land 
 can be readily determined by an examination of 
 the records and a true abstract of title obtained. 
 
 During the years that this country was a col- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 651 
 
 ony of England, land was granted, sold and 
 described by metes and bounds, and tbis system 
 is still in vogue in tbe Eastern States ; but ow- 
 ing to the liability of monuments to be oblit- 
 erafed, and tbe constant variation of the mag- 
 netic needle, tbe system was looked upon witb 
 disfavor by tbe founders of our Government wben 
 they were called upon to divide tbe Northwestern 
 Territory and arrange tor a system of govern- 
 ment survey. 
 
 A committee of the Continental Congress, of 
 which Thomas Jefferson was Chairman, was ap- 
 pointed to draft a system of government survey, 
 and their first report was made May 7, 17S4. It 
 was first decided to divide the public lands into 
 parcels one hundred miles square, to be sub- 
 divided into lots one mile square, but this report 
 was amended April 2<i, ITS,"., and surveyors were 
 required to divide the territory into townships, 
 seven miles square, aud sub-divided into sec- 
 tions one mile square. The ordinance as finally 
 passed, however, on May 20. 1785, provided for 
 townships six miles square, containing thirty- 
 six sections of one mile square, aud the first sur- 
 vey of public lands was made under this system, 
 which is in use at the present time. 
 
 After this system of government survey was 
 inaugurated, it was found necessary to establish 
 corrected Meridian Lines, owing to the conver- 
 gence of exactly due north lines as they proceed 
 toward the North pole, and to insure greater 
 accuracy and aid in description, Base Lines were 
 run at right angle to the True Meridian. 
 
 All the land in the Military Tract is sur- 
 veyed with reference to the Fourth Principal 
 Meridian, which intersects the Rase Line in 
 Schuyler County about one-half mile south of 
 tbe Beardstown wagon bridge. In describing 
 lands, tbe townships are referred to as east or 
 west of the Fourth Principal Meridian, according 
 to their numerical relation, and in the same man- 
 ner their position north of the Base Line is 
 designated. Then, again, each township is di- 
 vided into thirty-six sections, numbered consec- 
 utively, first from right to left, beginning on the 
 first tor northern) tier of sections in the north- 
 east corner of tbe township; then alternating 
 fmni left to right on the second tier, tbe third 
 ami fifth tiers being numbered in the same direc- 
 tion as tbe first, and the fourth and sixth (or 
 even tiers) like the second — thus making it pos- 
 sible to give a concise and accurate description 
 of parcels of land by tbe numbering of sections, 
 
 within specified townships whose location may 
 be determined by reference to the Meridian and 
 Base Line. This system of land surveying is 
 theoretically perfect, but when it came to prac- 
 tical operation, it was found impossible to make 
 each township exactly six miles square, and the 
 same held true in the division of the townships 
 into sections. To remedy this in part, correc- 
 tion lines were run, which accounts for the jogs 
 on section corners, and, in the subdivision of 
 the townships, the surveyors had instructions to 
 place the excess or deficiency in the north and 
 west tier of sections. 
 
 After tbe lands of the Military Tract were set 
 apart as bounty commissions for the soldiers of 
 the War of 1812, a survey was ordered. It was 
 the intention to locate the Base Line for the 
 Military Tract on the fortieth parallel, but an 
 error in the computation fixed it one and a half 
 miles to the north, and the mistake was not 
 discovered until all tin- land had been laid off. 
 Alter the Base Line and Fourth Principal Meri- 
 dian were established, government contracts were 
 let for the division iuto townships and, later, 
 other contracts for the subdivision into sections. 
 From the record of the original government 
 surveys, we find that the first township sur- 
 veys iu Schuyler County were begun in Novem- 
 ber, 1S15, and the work continued for two years. 
 J. Milton Moore and Enoch Moore, afterwards 
 prominent citizens of Monroe County, had a 
 large contract for surveys, as did also John I». 
 Whitesides, afterwards a General in tbe Black 
 Hawk War and State Treasurer. 
 
 At this time all the country north of the Il- 
 linois River was in possession of the Indians, 
 ami the surveyors labored under many hard- 
 Ships. Most of tbe work was done during tbe 
 winter months, when the streams and swampy 
 prairie land was frozen, ami at that season there 
 was less danger from roving Indians, who 
 looked with suspicion upon the invasion of their 
 hunting grounds by tbe white man. Of the 
 early surveyors in the county John McKee is 
 the only one who lost his life in the service. 
 He was killed by the Indians in what is now 
 Brown County iu 1815, and McKee Creek was 
 named by his associates in his honor. 
 
 In making tbe contract for surveys the Gov- 
 ernment paid its surveyors by the mile, and the 
 natural result was they sacrificed accuracy for 
 speed, which accounts for the many errors that 
 have since l n noted in the resurveys. The 
 
652 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 original government survey, however, is the one 
 recognized by the courts, and all resurveys must 
 be made in conformity thereto, notwithstanding 
 the error is apparent. 
 
 It will be interesting to note a few of the 
 most apparent of these mistakes in the govern- 
 ment surveys, which no doubt have mystified 
 the land-owner who looks upon surveying as an 
 exact science. A story told by one of the County 
 Surveyors well illustrates this point. He had 
 labored' long and diligently in establishing a gov- 
 ernment line, with its deviations, crooks and 
 turns, when finally one of the irate land-owners 
 turned upon him and exclaimed: "See here! I 
 want to know if you are not sworn to survey this 
 tract by running straight lines." The weary sur- 
 veyor, whose patience had already been sorely 
 tried, turned upon him and, in his wrath, replied : 
 
 "No. by G ; I'm swore to make just as many 
 
 mistakes as the infernal government surveyor, 
 who laid out this tract." 
 
 It was intended that the Base Line should be 
 a reckoning point for all other surveys, and it 
 was supposed to have been accurately laid off. 
 but, running west from the intersection with the 
 Fourth Principal Meridian, there is a decided 
 crook on the south side of Section thirty-four in 
 Bainbridge Township. In the original survey of 
 Bainbridge Township, none of the east and west 
 section lines were accurately run. althou-ch they 
 are platted iu the notes, and this accounts for 
 the in. my crooked lines in that township. The 
 government surveyors likewise reported full sec- 
 tions, when a resurvey shows that the quarter- 
 sections lying next to the Base Line in sections 
 thirty-two. thirty -three and thirty-four in Bain- 
 bridge Township contain only one hundred 
 acres. The opposite condition exists in Birming- 
 ham Township, where we find the northwest 
 quarter of Section 6 contains 270 acres. 
 
 Browning Township is another section where 
 the mistakes of the government surveyors are 
 apparent in crooked section lines. In the origi- 
 nal work the surveyors lost twenty rods at the 
 southwest quarter of Section 4. and continued the 
 error to the south line of the township. A simi- 
 lar mistake was made in surveying the west 
 portion of the county, which resulted in locating 
 the southwest quarter of Camden Township forty 
 rods too far north. In Hickory Township, on the 
 southeast quarter of Section IS, the surveyors 
 lost entirely a tract of land which includes 29.31 
 acres. No record of this land exists, it is not 
 
 listed in the tax books, and apparently it has no 
 government title, but it has been occupied and 
 farmed for the last fifty years. In an effort to 
 establish a title the matter was brought before 
 the Government Land Office, but as there was 
 no record of such land existing in the original 
 field notes, nothing could be done and the present 
 owner has obtained title by possession alone. 
 
 These and a multitude of lesser errors in the 
 original surveys, have made the work of the 
 County Surveyor extremely difficult, as he must 
 take the government survey as a basis for his 
 work. The fact that this county was heavily 
 timbered and that witness trees were clearly 
 defined monuments to the corners, has facili- 
 tated the work of the resurveys, but in many 
 localities there now exists a decided variation 
 between the commonly accepted property lines 
 and the government survey. The statute of 
 limitations has fixed these division lines, even 
 though at variance with the government survey, 
 and the County Surveyor must be governed there- 
 by, which adds to the errors already on record 
 in the original field notes. 
 
 Even after the old government corners have 
 been relocated from witness trees, it is a diffi- 
 cult matter to perpetuate them, especially if they 
 are in the highway, for the road workers are 
 ruthless destroyers of all such monuments. Prob- 
 ably ten per cent, of the old government witness 
 trees are still standing in Schuyler County, and 
 the greater portion of all quarter section corners 
 have been accurately located, and all that is now 
 required is that these monuments be preserved 
 together with the witness trees that have been 
 marked by the County Surveyor. 
 
 In following descriptions from deeds as well 
 as in relocating original lines, the surveyor finds 
 that he must exercise to a considerable extent, 
 certain judicial functions. He usually takes the 
 place of both judge and jury, and acting as ar- 
 biter between adjoining proprietors, decides both 
 the law and the facts in regard to their boundary 
 lines. He does this not because of any right or 
 authority he may possess, but because the inter- 
 ested parties voluntarily submit their differences 
 to him, as an expert in such matters, preferring 
 to abide by his decision rather than to go to 
 law about it. But sometimes the surveyor is 
 asked to interpret deeds that would puzzle a 
 Supreme Court Justice. To illustrate, we produce 
 the following deed, copied from the records in 
 the Circuit Clerk's office : "All that part of 
 
<7M^ £ '(/M^tUc^ 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 653 
 
 the N. W. % ."..">. 3 N. 1 YV. as lies east of and 
 upon a branch running from the north into Mc- 
 Kee branch, the west line to be west and adjoin- 
 ing where said Harris has cleared and piled up 
 rails, and between the improvements of said 
 Harris and James Abbott on the said quarter, 
 the same part to be conveyed, being supposed to 
 leave ninety acres from off the east side of said 
 quarter." 
 
 SWAMP LAND SURVEYS. 
 
 The last government survey of lands in Schuy- 
 ler County was made in the year 18.42-4:'., when 
 the swamp lands along the Illinois River and 
 creeks tributary thereto were platted. D. A. 
 Spaulding was the Surveyor-in-chief, and he 
 asked permission of the government officials to 
 correct the many apparent errors in the original 
 survey, but he received peremptory orders to 
 make his survey in accordance with the field-notes 
 furnished. This was anything but pleasing to a 
 man of Mr. Spaulding's ability, who, if given 
 an opportunity, would have straightened out the 
 crooked lines in Bainbridge. Frederick, Brown- 
 ing and Hickory Townships. As it was, he fol- 
 lowed the crooks and turns of the old original 
 survey, even when the meander lines of the Il- 
 linois River mounted the tops of the high bluffs. 
 
 The swamp lands surveyed and platted by 
 Spaulding were turned over to the State, and 
 by legislative enactment in force June 22, 1852, 
 these same lands came into possession of the 
 county. On September 3, 1855, the first public 
 sale of swamp land was made, and prices ranged 
 as low as ten cents an acre. It was thought that 
 better prices could be secured if an effort was 
 made to drain the lands and, in 1S57, Leonidas 
 Horney was appointed Drainage Commissioner. 
 At the meeting of the Board of Supervisors on 
 May 20, 1857, he made a report advocating the 
 drainage of several tracts, claiming that they 
 could thereby be increased in value five hundred 
 per cent., which would well pay the county as 
 an investment. In accordance with this recom- 
 mendation a contract was let, September lit. 
 1857, which specified the following tracts sub- 
 ject to drainage: Sections 17 and 32, Brooklyn; 
 Section 32, Bainbridge; Section 3, Frederick; 
 Sections 24 and 25, Browning ; and Sections 14, 
 17 and 19, Hickory. This drainage contract cost 
 the county $1,137, and was followed by others 
 equally as large. Whether the results secured 
 justified the expenditure, we have been unable 
 
 to determine. Swamp land continued to be sold, 
 however, until some years after the war, and 
 many of the first purchasers realized handsome 
 profits on their investments. 
 
 Drainage Schemes — 1'kesent Conditions — ■ 
 In the following supplementary pages will be 
 found a more detailed history of the swamp 
 lands and their present condition : 
 
 The reclaiming of the overflowed lands of 
 Schuyler County to cultivation forms an inter- 
 esting chapter in the industrial development of 
 the agricultural resources of the county, and the 
 history of the movement is but little known. 
 
 The land originally designated "swamp land" 
 along the Illinois River and Crooked Creek, were 
 not listed for entry in the government land of- 
 fices at the time the Military Tract was thrown 
 open for settlement, and it was not until 1842 
 that the tracts were surveyed and platted. This 
 work was done by David A. Spaulding, under di- 
 rection of the Department of the Interior, and 
 by act of Congress, under date of September 28, 
 1S50, these lands were patented to the State of 
 Illinois. By an act of the Legislature the title 
 of the swamp lands was placed in the county 
 where said lands were located, and they were 
 soon afterward disposed of at public sale. 
 
 Schuyler County in this manner obtained own- 
 ership of 4,344.81 acres of swamp (or over- 
 flowed) lands, and on December 9, 1853, Charles 
 Neill was appointed Drainage Commissioner by 
 the Board of Supervisors. The land was divided 
 into three classes, and a basis of valuation fixed 
 by the Board. Land in the first class was valued 
 at 90 cents an acre; second class, 50 cents, and 
 third class, 10 cents, and the first public sale of 
 the lauds was held September •".. 1855. 
 
 On March 12, 185G, Leonidas Horney was ap- 
 pointed Drainage Commissioner, and the Board 
 of Supervisors voted to apply .$2,000 derived from 
 the sale of swamp lands, to the county jail fund, 
 which was in need of replenishing on account 
 of the erection of a new county building. 
 
 Under direction of Mr. Horney a survey was 
 made of the swamp lauds owned by the county, 
 and in a report made by the Commissioner to 
 the Supervisors, under date of March 12, 1860, 
 it is shown that $1,015.94 was expended for this 
 purpose. At this meeting of the board, $500 from 
 the swamp land fund was ordered turned into 
 the County School Fund, and apportioned among 
 the several townships. 
 
 Charles Neill was again appointed Drainage 
 
654 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Commissioner, March 13, 1862, and the report 
 made at that meeting of the hoard showed that 
 there yet remained unsold 1.700 acres, and the 
 amount of $708.48 in the sawinp land fund was 
 ordered used for general county purposes. In 
 after years all of this land was disposed of, and 
 even the third class land, which was valued in 
 1856 at 10 ceuts an acre, and which is today 
 largely covered with Mater, sells for from $15 to 
 $25 an acre, and is used for hunting and fishing 
 purposes. 
 
 The first determined effort to reclaim a large 
 oody of the rich alluvian land in Schuyler County 
 by means of levees and internal drainage, was 
 made in the fall of 1896, when the Coal CreeU 
 Drainage and Levee District was formed under 
 the laws of Illinois. Messrs. Christie & Lowe, 
 two Chicago contractors, secured by purchase of 
 the owners in this county some 5,000 acres of 
 land in lower Bainbridge Township, and they 
 formed a drainage district, which included about 
 T.oiiii acres. This tract is hounded on the east 
 by the Illinois River, and in its natural state 
 was cut through the center by Coal Creek. In 
 the development of the drainage scheme, the 
 river was held back by a levee that extended 
 from the mouth of Coal Creek to the railroad 
 embankment below r Frederick, and Coal Creek 
 was deflected >to a channel outside the levee 
 district on the west. A large pumping plant 
 was erected at the lower end of the district, but 
 the overflow of Coal (reek at flood seasons has 
 rendered futile the efforts of the promoters to 
 reclaim this rich land to cultivation, and for 
 live years past, it has been practically aban- 
 doned. Xew impetus has lately been given to 
 the enterprise, and the District Commissioners 
 arc now planning to spend $40,000 in additional 
 improvements to control the flood water of Coal 
 Creek and provide internal improvements., 
 
 A second drainage and levee district was or- 
 ganized in the same township this year, and at 
 the May term of the County Court the Crane 
 Creek Drainage and Levee District was created, 
 and George Hanna, 11. V. Teel and Henry Kirk- 
 ham were named as Commissioners. This dis- 
 trict Includes about .".nun acres, and the plan 
 is to carry Crane Creek outside the district, and 
 levee against the Illinois River and Crooked 
 • 'reek. Work will commence as soon as the pre- 
 liminary court proceedings are completed. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 PIONEER LIFE. 
 
 HARDSHIPS AND PRIVATIONS ENCOUNTERED BY 
 THE EARLY SETTLER — WHENCE HE CAME AND 
 ROUTES OF TRAVEL — ST. LOUIS THE NEAREST 
 CASH MARKET — NEAREST POSTOFFICE AND PHYSI- 
 CIAN IMPORTANCE OF THE RIFLE IN PIONEER 
 
 LIFE — BEE-HINTING AS A SOURCE OF REVENUE 
 
 EARLY INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS ENTERPRISES 
 
 FIRST SETTLERS SHUN THE PRAIRIES — FIRST 
 STEAMER ASCENDS THE ILLINOIS IN 182S FARM- 
 ING AS THE FIRST INDUSTRY FURS AND PELT- 
 RIES AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR MONEY — EARLY - FARM 
 IMPLEMENTS — METHODS OF CULTIVATION AND 
 HARVESTING OF CROPS — DAYS OF THE CORN 
 GBATEE AND WOODEN MORTAR — WHERE THE FIRST 
 MILLS WERE LOCATED — PART BORNE BY THE PIO- 
 NEER WOMEN IN EARLY DOMESTIC AND INDUS- 
 TRIAL LIFE — TWO TYPES OF SOCIETY — SPORTS AND 
 
 PASTIMES AN EARLY WEDDING AND THE IN- 
 
 FAIR — COMING OF THE PREACHER AND DAYS OF 
 THE CAMP-MEETING. 
 
 It is a matter of common knowledge that the 
 present generation knows but little of the labors, 
 the privations, the hardships and the countless 
 dangers dared by the pioneers who first settled 
 and improved Schuyler County. Their struggle 
 with natural conditions was enough to try the 
 most courageous and the most hopeful, and that 
 they did succeed and did triumph, goes to show 
 they were animated by a mighty zeal, and sus- 
 tained by a backing of the toughest moral fiber. 
 
 Too often in the days of our prosperous times 
 we forget how the sturdy pioneeers pushed into 
 the wilderness of the Military Tract, even while 
 the Indian yet roamed over the country, and 
 built their cabins along what was then known 
 as tlie northwestern frontier. They came from 
 the settlements of Xew England, from the middle 
 ami southeastern coast Stales, and from the 
 border lands of Kentucky and Missouri, and met 
 on common ground as countrymen and neighbors. 
 
 There were two great routes of communication 
 open to Schuyler County in those early days, 
 (in,, was by means of the overland trail, which 
 wound its devious way southward across the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 655 
 
 Illinois River, and then eastward to Terre Haute. 
 The other was by way of the Illinois River, and 
 many of the settlers from Missouri and Ken- 
 tucky chose this route. 
 
 Under the most favorable conditions, it was a 
 dreary, tiresome journey, fraught with many 
 dangers and privations, especially by the over- 
 land route, where the only road was a trail 
 through the prairie, and where streams had to 
 be forded at all seasons of the year, save dur- 
 ing the winter season, when crossing was made 
 on the ice. Yet hundreds so came, even from 
 distant Xew England, Texas and North Carolina. 
 
 Even after the toilsome and perilous journey 
 was made in safety, great courage was required 
 to brave the dangers and trials incident to build- 
 ing a home in the trackless wilds. The life of 
 the pioneer — and by this we mean the noble 
 women as well as the men — was one of unceasing 
 vigilance and activity. It involved every possi- 
 ble danger from exposure, illness or accident, and 
 called for the highest quality of courage and en- 
 durance. To some, no doubt, the element of 
 constant adventure was a great inducement to 
 settle here, and fully were they realized : and. 
 even after the country began to fill with home- 
 seekers, we find thai love of adventure, yet un- 
 satisfied, stirred some of the early settlers to 
 move farther westward onto the new frontier. 
 
 It is a well known sociological fact that hu- 
 mans are molded by environment and the rug- 
 ged life, and the scenes of the primitive wilder- 
 ness, inculcated in the pioneers courage, patience, 
 self-reliance and an abiding faith in God. They 
 were, in brief, an intelligent, honest and hardy 
 race. Their private virtues were hospitality. 
 courage and fidelity, their public virtues were 
 patriotism, love of order and readiness for the 
 most arduous public service, and the stamp of 
 their qualities, modified by the lapse of years, 
 may still be observed. « 
 
 In that first year in the county, the little col- 
 ony of settlers, less than two score in number, 
 must have been depressed by the solitude of the 
 wilderness that everywhere surrounded them. 
 Distances were mighty and means of communi- 
 cation slow and laborious. The nearest market 
 was St. Louis: the nearest blacksmith shop at 
 Carrollton : the nearest postoffiee, Sangamon, 
 sixty miles away, and the only physician known 
 to the settlers lived at Diamond Grove, m tr 
 where Jacksonville is now located. It lias been 
 said by some Illinois historians that ague became 
 
 a habit with the early pioneers, and that the 
 only medicine known or prescribed in the settle- 
 ment was calomel and whisky, with an occasional 
 blood-letting when a physician was called. As 
 for luxuries, there were none; and ceaseless, 
 toilsome labor was the only pastime, if we ex- 
 cept hunting. 
 
 The rifle was an important adjunct in the 
 equipment of the pioneer, and for many years 
 after their arrival, the forest supplied the set- 
 tlers with the greater part of their subsistence. 
 Furs and peltry were the circulating medium of 
 the country, and they had little else to give 
 in exchange. Constant practice, and the fact 
 that their means of support depended upon it. 
 made every man a marksman. In those pioneer 
 days, each gun was hand-made, and while they 
 look crude compared with the perfect mechanical 
 excellence of the present day, they were often- 
 times costly weapons, for the hunters took pride 
 in their guns and had them made to their special 
 order. 
 
 Another source of revenue that the pioneers 
 were quick to take advantage of, was bee-hunt- 
 ing. This was followed as a regular business by 
 some of the young unmarried meu. and, during 
 the year 1N2.", a joint company, composed of 
 Thomas Heard. Samuel Gooch and Orris Mc- 
 Cartney, shipped twenty-seven barrels of strained 
 honey to St. Louis, in addition to a large quantity 
 of wax. Bees were then so abundant that it was 
 no unusual thing to find ten swarms in one day. 
 and the yield ran as high as thirty to forty 
 gallons per tree, but such a rind was an unusual 
 one. This product found a ready market in 
 St. Louis and was one of the main sources of 
 supplying the early home seekers with the neces- 
 sities of life. 
 
 Rafting logs, staves and hoop-poles down the 
 Illinois River to the St. Louis market was an- 
 other of the early business enterprises of pioneer 
 days which yielded good returns, and it was 
 continued long after the country became thickly 
 settled. The great majority of the early settlers 
 shunned the rich, flat prairie land, now the very 
 finest in Illinois, because it was wet and "boggy." 
 and in looking for an ideal location for a home, 
 chose the timbered country. Here many years 
 of their lite were spent in clearing off the heavy 
 timber and grubbing stumps in their cultivated 
 Belds. Rut while thus engaged in clearing their 
 homestead, they were getting a little ready money 
 from the sale of logs and staves, and the cooper 
 
656 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHXYLEK COUXTY. 
 
 shops gave employment to men who otherwise 
 would not have been able to establish a home 
 of their own. 
 
 It was not until 1828 that the first steamboat 
 came up the Illinois River to Beardstown from 
 St. Louis, but in the years preceding that the set- 
 tlers carried on a regular traffic with St. Louis, 
 which was in fact their only market. The young 
 men of the settlement looked forward with great 
 glee to the trip down the river on the log-rafts 
 and keel-boats, and it had a fascination sufficient 
 to cause many of them to leave the settlement 
 and engage in rafting as a business. It was a 
 rough, hard life, full of danger and privations, 
 but the sturdy youths were accustomed to no 
 other mode of living, and chose it in preference 
 to the routine work of the farm. 
 
 Farming was engaged in by all the settlers, 
 as their purpose in coming here was to establish 
 permanent homes, but during the early years 
 of their occupancy, the products of the farm 
 were almost worthless, save for home consump- 
 tion. The ground was easily cultivated and the 
 yield abundant, but there was no cash market 
 for grain and vegetables of any kind. Corn was 
 valued in trade at five cents a bushel, and oats 
 were so abundant nobody wanted them. Good 
 cows, with calves at their side, sold for $8, and 
 hogs ran wild in the woods and were hunted like 
 other wild game. Money there was none, and, 
 as we have said before, the circulating medium 
 of the country consisted of furs and peltry. 
 
 Cultivating the soil and harvesting the crops 
 was accomplished with the crudest implements, 
 and the work was all done by hand. The first 
 plows used were made with an iron share and 
 a wooden mold-board, and they were heavy and 
 cumbersome. In breaking the native sod, the 
 plow was usually drawn by a yoke of oxen, and 
 it would throw a furrow from twenty to thirty 
 inches wide and three to five inches deep. Corn 
 was oftentimes planted in the sod without culti- 
 vation, and good crops were thus harvested. 
 Grain was (tit with the cradle, bound by hand 
 and threshed with a flail of the fanner's own 
 manufacture. All the smaller agricultural tools 
 were hand-made, and were limited to the hoe, 
 rake, spade and pick, and. as a rule, they were 
 heavy and unwieldy, and productive of many 
 back-aches for the lads who were called upon to 
 do their full share of farm work. At harvest 
 time the farmers joined together in garnering 
 their crops, and gaiety and good fellowship 
 
 abounded on every hand. The harvesters always 
 expected the farmer for whom they worked to 
 have a jug of whisky in the field, and it was 
 handed about as freely as water. Whisky in 
 those days sold for eighteen to twenty cents a 
 gallon, and, while there were occasional excesses, 
 the pioneers as a rule were not addicted to 
 drunkenness. The evolution of mechanical ap- 
 pliances on the farm has been so rapid and won- 
 derful as almost to exceed belief, and it has 
 been accomplished largely within the memory 
 of the present generation, many of the older 
 residents of the county being familiar with the 
 primitive methods by actual experience. 
 
 With no mill less than fifty miles distant, the 
 first settlers in the county were dependent upon 
 hominy mortars and tin graters for their meal. 
 The former was constructed by scooping out a 
 dish-like hollow in top of a stump, and di- 
 rectly above it suspending a huge wooden pestle 
 that was operated by a sweep, much the same as 
 used for drawing water. Corn or wheat was 
 placed in the improvised mortar and crushed by 
 the operation of the suspended pestle. The 
 finer particles of corn were thus available for 
 meal, and the coarser particles for hominy. Even 
 more primitive was the tin-grater, whereby the 
 corn in the ear was reduced to edible proportions. 
 To meet the growing demands of the settlement, 
 Calvin Hobart constructed a band-mill, driven 
 by horse-power, which would grind two or three 
 bushels of corn an hour. In 1820 another mill 
 was erected on the southeast quarter of Section 
 17 by Mr. Hobart. and it was successfully oper- 
 ated by him for several years. The mill-stones 
 were manufactured from boulders found in the 
 neighborhood, and while at work dressing down 
 the stones, it was necessary to travel six miles 
 to the nearest blacksmith shop, where tools could 
 be sharpened. This mill was operated for several 
 years, and settlers living forty and fifty miles 
 to the north, brought their grain to the Hobart 
 mill. Some years afterwards, when advantage 
 was taken of water-power for the operation of 
 mills, the old hand-mills were abandoned, but they 
 had served their purpose well, and were a great 
 convenience to the early settlers. 
 
 In considering the home life of the early set- 
 tlers, the pioneer woman should most surely be 
 extolled, for her life was one of hardship and 
 self-denial, and building a home in the unde- 
 veloped West meant many privations to her that 
 did not affect the stronger sex. In the long. 
 
niSTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 651 
 
 wearisome journey from the Eastern States, only 
 the most essential household furnishings were 
 brought along, and while some of the settlers 
 could boast of a bureau and bedstead, in the 
 majority of the early homes even these necessi- 
 ties were provided for on the spot. Cooking 
 stoves were unknown, and all the baking and 
 cooking was done in the big fire-place that was 
 built in one end of the cabin. Here the venison 
 and fowl were roasted on a spit, and hoe-cakes 
 were baked on the hearth, and while the daily 
 diet may have been monotonous, the appetite of 
 the pioneer needed no coaxing, and cornbread 
 and side-meat were relished as a daily fare. 
 
 In addition to her regular household duties, 
 the pioneer mother had to "break" the water for 
 washing, for no one enjoyed the luxury of a 
 cistern ; also make her own soap, and dip or 
 mold the candles, and during the summer and 
 fall, she dried the fruit for winter use and ren- 
 dered out the lard at butchering time. The 
 women also brought with them from the eastern 
 settlements their spinning wheels, with which 
 yarn was made, and it was not long until rude 
 looms were improvised to weave cloth. Not 
 every cabin, however, in which spinning was done 
 had a loom. But there was always someone 
 in each settlement, who, besides doing her own 
 weaving, did work for others. Nearly all the 
 clothes worn by the men and women were home^ 
 made. The men and boys wore butternut-colored 
 jeans, and linsey-woolsey was a popular fabric 
 for both sexes. Deer hides were also tanned, 
 and served the men for wearing apparel, and the 
 coon-skin caps were much in vogue. During the 
 summer season footwear was generally discarded 
 entirely, or buckskin moccasins worn, and the 
 settlers served as their own shoemakers. After 
 the country became more populous, the settle- 
 ments were visited regularly by itinerant shoe- 
 makers. \\ bo boarded with the settler while he 
 worked up the family stock of cow-hide into 
 footwear. 
 
 Among the early settlers of Schuyler County 
 there existed two distinct types of society. The 
 Yankee brought with him the Puritan ideas of 
 the East, while the Southerner was of that 
 jovial, generous disposition, with a fondness for 
 fun and frolic. While this social distinction was 
 clearly marked, there was no diminution of the 
 neighborly spirit that so perfectly characterized 
 the pioneer, and they met together on a plane 
 of equality in the social activities of the settle- 
 
 ment. Notwithstanding their cabins were widely 
 separated, whenever there was a "house-raising," 
 a "log-rolling," or a "husking-bee," the entire 
 settlement, including men, women and children, 
 took part. And, even though the serious minded 
 and deeply reiigious settlers did not join with 
 the Southerners in their horse races and revels, 
 the conditions of the times demanded that there 
 be no serious estrangement, for all were mutually 
 dependent upon each other. Individuality counted 
 for much more in those days than now, for the 
 people were brought into closer contact one with 
 another, and were wont to gauge a man's stand- 
 ing and capabilities accurately from their own 
 observation. As in every new country, physical 
 prowess was held in higher esteem than mental 
 endowments, and about the fireside the familiar 
 topics of conversation were the exploits of the 
 chase and of the border warfare. Then, too, in 
 all their gatherings, the common amusements 
 were wrestling, foot-racing and shooting matches, 
 and. when difficulties arose, it was the common 
 practice to settle them by personal combat. 
 
 At the "house-raisings" and corn-huskings, the 
 women vied with the men in the festivities. 
 These gatherings usually ended in a dance, and 
 greatly prized in the settlement was the cheerful 
 fiddle that enlivened the long winter evenings, 
 and relieved the tedium of their lonely life. 
 For those who could make music with their fa- 
 vorite instrument there was always the heartiest 
 welcome, and the choicest seat near the great 
 log-fire that supplied alike heat and light. 
 
 A true glimpse of pioneer life is afforded us 
 in the following account of the second wedding 
 in the county, written by Jonathan D. Manlove, 
 one of the early pioneers : 
 
 "In the spring of 182G, Mr. Samuel Green and 
 Miss Caroline Trainer were married at the cabin 
 of the bride's father, James Trainer, in Littleton 
 Township. The cabin was small — say sixteen 
 by eighteen. The company was some dozen, be- 
 sides the family. There were two beds and a 
 table in the house, leaving but little room for the 
 guests, 'fbe night was stormy. The chimney 
 was but little above the jambs, and the smoke 
 found vent in the house. Chairs then were not 
 fashionable, and there was no room for them 
 if they had been so. All went off well. Plenty 
 to eat — venison, turkey, honey and metheglin, 
 besides other luxuries. Songs were sung and old- 
 fashioned plays were the order of the night ; but, 
 as all things come to an end, so did the night. 
 
658 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 The past was a reality, but the infair was in 
 the future, and its events unknown. 
 
 "Readers, did you ever see 'the bottle run for?' 
 I have, often ; and on this occasion the first and 
 last time in Schuyler. This is the way it is 
 done — this case will illustrate : On leaving the 
 bride's home for the home of the groom, John 
 Green and Mr. McAllister made tracks for the 
 residence of the groom's father, Henry Green, 
 which was just where Mr. Vail lives above Rush- 
 ville. The person who could first reach there 
 got the bottle, and in triumph returned to meet 
 the delighted party and give them a dram. John 
 Green, to use his own language, took a bee-line, 
 and was far in advance of his competitor (who 
 was not a woodsman), and met the party some 
 miles back. When the party arrived it was 
 raining, and continued incessantly most of the 
 evening and night. The cabin here was smaller 
 than the other and the crowd larger." 
 
 In every phase of life the pioneers entered heart- 
 ily into the spirit of the occasion, ami while 
 their sports and recreation may now seem 
 rough and uncouth, the same hearty zeal that 
 was noticeable in their pleasures was a predomi- 
 nating trait of their religion as well. 
 
 The first settlers were hardly settled in their 
 rude log-cabins in 1s_'.".. when the itinerant 
 prea her appeared, and. as the settlement in- 
 ereased in number, almost every denomination 
 was represented by ministers, who, with untiring 
 zeal, had consecrated their lives to the Divine 
 .Master. As a rule, they were men of little 
 education or refinement, but they possessed the 
 earnestness of deep conviction, and their pas- 
 sionate utterances moved the people mightily. In 
 their travels, which sometimes included a cir- 
 cuit of fifty or sixty miles, they married the 
 lovers, baptized the converted, christened the 
 children and spoke words of consolation above 
 the still forms of the dead. 
 
 But it was at the camp-meetings that their 
 greatest power was shown, and. with fiery zeal, 
 they enthused the multitude. These meetings 
 often lasted for a week or more, and were held 
 in the open air beneath the big forest trees. Here 
 such intellectual giants as Peter Cartwright were 
 often heard, and as often a whole community 
 was wrought up and converted by the unmeas- 
 ured force that leaped from uneducated, un- 
 polished backwoods preachers. These men were 
 tyt.es of a civilization that, in the rapidly chang- 
 ing and marvelous development of the country. 
 
 has passed away ; but their influence in guiding 
 public sentiment and action aright in that forma- 
 tive period can hardly be overestimated. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 SOME PIONEER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY — HAT AND CHAIR FACTORIES 
 TANNERIES AND IMPORTANCE OF THEIR PRO- 
 DUCTS TO THE EARLY - SETTLER — FIRST CARDING 
 MILL IN RUSnVILLE A WAGON FACTORY ESTAB- 
 LISHED IN THE EARLY" 'FORTIES — THE RAMSEY- 
 FLOURING MILL THE COOPERING INDUSTRY' — 
 
 WOOLEN MILLS. KNITTING AND SPINNING FAC- 
 TORY — ERR K-MAKING CIGAR FACTORIES COAL 
 
 MINING A PROSPECTIVE INDUSTRY — FISHERIES 
 AND THEIR PRODUCTS — MANUFACTURES FROM 
 MUSSEL-SHELLS A GROWING INDUSTRY. 
 
 While agriculture, as the method of securing 
 means of support for the pioneer and his family, 
 was necessarily the first industry receiving at- 
 tention of tiie early settlers of Schuyler County, 
 yet in the decade beginning witli 1830, we find 
 that many small mercantile industries flourished 
 in Rusbville, and it will be interesting to review 
 the history of the most important ones. 
 
 A. La Croix established a hat factory on what 
 is now known as the B. C. Gilliam property, in 
 the early 'thirties, and for many years, main- 
 tained a flourishing business. 
 
 William Sneider's chair factory, established 
 about the same time, was located near where H. 
 B. Roach's residence now stands. There was 
 a good demand for household furnishings at that 
 time, as the pioneers were prospering, and they 
 had brought little if any furniture with them 
 to the settlement. The Sneider chairs were of the 
 split-bottom, hickory kind, but were substan- 
 tially made, and there are a few of them to be 
 found in Rusbville today, and. perchance, be- 
 decked with white enamel and a velvet cushion, 
 and occupying a place of honor in the front 
 parlor 
 
 There were cabinet-makers in those early 
 
^tr/j^v , O . /j^^T-JLtf 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY, 
 
 659 
 
 days who also turned out furniture that now, 
 after a lapse of seventy-five years, is brought 
 out from the garrets and refurnished anew. Of 
 these cabinet-makers. E. H. O. Seeley is the 
 most widely known. He established his business 
 in 1S31, on the site of the present brick store 
 building owned by his heirs, and it is interesting, 
 in this connection, to state that he paid for the 
 two corner lots on the public square by making 
 a dresser and a set of pigeon-hole postoftiee boxes 
 for Hart Fellows. 
 
 Dr. James Blackburn established the first tan- 
 nery in the county at Rushville. in 1830, near 
 where G. H. Seripps' residence now stands, and 
 operated it until 1836, when he sold the prop- 
 erty to George Baker and removed to Brooklyn 
 to engage in the practice of his profession. 
 
 The tannery business appears to have been a 
 profitable one in the early days of the county, 
 and there were eight or ten establishments in 
 Rushville in the later 'thirties and early 'forties. 
 George Baker. George II. Seripps. John Seripps, 
 Mr. Kirkham. and Mr. Orendorf are remembered 
 by the older citizens as proprietors of tanneries. 
 In later days, Philip, William and August Peter 
 continued the tanning business on an extensive 
 scale, but it was finally abandoned as unprofit- 
 able by August and William Peter, about 1880. 
 
 Geer Brothers operated a small shop, near the 
 old Peter Fox property, in the early days, for 
 the manufacture of horn-combs, but their busi- 
 ness was a limited one, and was soon aban- 
 doned. 
 
 John Hodge established the first carding mill 
 in Rushville. and he brought his machinery here 
 from Kentucky. His first mill was located on 
 the present site of the Electric Eight building. 
 The mill was at first operated as a horse tread- 
 mill, and it had a capacity of from 90 to loo 
 pounds per day. When first established, the 
 standard price for carding wool was a picayune 
 (6*4 cts.) a pound, but in war times the price 
 was advanced to ten cents a pound. 
 
 .Mr. Hodge also installed a flaxseed crusher, 
 and engaged in the manufacture of linseed oil. 
 but the business did not prove profitable, as local 
 dealers bid up on the seed and imported the 
 manufactured product from St. Louis. 
 
 John Whorley became owner of the carding 
 mill business in the early 'fifties, and he in- 
 stalled the first steam engine used for motive 
 power in the county in 1854. This engine and 
 boiler was afterwards in use at McCabe's brick 
 
 yard, and has only lately been put out of com- 
 mission. 
 
 William H. Hodge learned the carding trade 
 under his father, and engaged in the business for 
 many years. He dismantled the plant and re- 
 tired from the business in 1878. 
 
 The financial depression following the panic 
 of 18:i7 had a wide-spreading effect on industrial 
 conditions in Illinois, and it was not until ten 
 years later that we observe any marked im- 
 provement in conditions in Rushville. In that 
 year John and Joseph Knowles established their 
 wagon-shop in Rushville. and it thrived and 
 prospered for nearly fifty years. The business 
 was started on a small scale, but grew steadily, 
 and, at one time, a force of twenty to twenty- 
 five men was employed, and machinery was in- 
 stalled lo manufacture all parts of the wagons 
 in the local shops. Then came the era of the 
 machine-made wagon, and this firm closed out 
 its business in 1804 to Corbridge & Glossop, who 
 continued the manufacture of hand-made wagons, 
 and later the business was merged into a corpora- 
 tion known as "The Rushville Wagon and Ma- 
 chine Company." 
 
 In this same year what is known as the Ram- 
 sey flouring mill was built by Little & Ray. and 
 William Hardy was put in charge as superin- 
 tendent. Samuel Ramsey afterwards operated 
 the mill for many years, and it finally passed 
 to the ownership of Kerr Brothers, ami was 
 owned by them when it was destroyed by fire. 
 
 From the earliest days of pioneer settlement. 
 coopering was one of the industries of Schuyler 
 County, and it was a productive source of 
 wealth for many of those who engaged in it 
 extensively. There was abundance of fine native 
 timber, and, as the wooded tracts were settled 
 first, coopering came to be regarded as the main 
 industry of the settlement. 
 
 Perry Telle was one of these old pioneer coop- 
 ers, and we are indebted to him for the facts 
 here presented. He says the halcyon days of the 
 cooper were from 1844 to 1852, and places the 
 number of men engaged in the business in Schuy- 
 ler County during that period, at about 1500. 
 He says there were -"".no cooper shops in the 
 county, and they would easiiy average three men 
 to the Shop. 
 
 Good wages were earned by expert i pers, 
 
 as they were paid by the piece. A whisky bar- 
 rel that sold for $1.25 netted the cooper o2'.j 
 cents, and a good man could make four or five 
 
660 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 in a day, and some could turn out six. Fifteen 
 cents was paid for flour barrels, and an average 
 day's work was ten barrels. Then there was 
 what was called "nest work." a half barrel, a 
 quarter barrel, and a keg, one inside the other. 
 
 Ham barrels, with a capacity of fifty gallons, 
 netted the cooper 37% cents each, and slack hogs- 
 heads were made for 75 and SO cents each. 
 
 White oak timber was used exclusively for 
 pork ami whisky barrels, and red or black oak 
 for the other barrels. 
 
 Broom making was another industry of the 
 early day that flourished in Schuyler County, 
 and broom corn was looked upon as a staple 
 crop. With the advancement in agriculture, 
 however, farmers found other crops more profit- 
 able, and it is now wholly eliminated as a product 
 of the county. 
 
 . Industrial disaster, rather than industrial de- 
 velopment, would more fitly describe the history 
 of the woolen mill business in Rushville, which 
 was carried on at intervals between 1S50 and 
 1SS7. The private fortunes of several well- 
 known Rushville citizens were depleted by their 
 connection with this business, which held out 
 alluring prospects of success, but always ended 
 in financial disaster. 
 
 The pioneers in the woolen mill business in 
 Rushville were George Wheelhouse, George 
 Weber and John Korstian. who established a 
 small plant about 1850. They did spinning and 
 weaving for the local trade, and put in the first 
 fulling and shearing machines brought to this 
 county. The business was continued for a 
 number of years and sucessfully managed on a 
 small scale. 
 
 In 1807 a local stock company was organized 
 to engage in the business on a large scale, and 
 the large three-story brick factory building was 
 erected that year. The eqipment was modern, 
 and the prospects looked bright for the new com- 
 mercial industry. Joseph Duncan came from the 
 East to act as superintendent, but he was in- 
 competent, and within two years the mill shut 
 down. 
 
 In 18S0 Dr. N. G. Slack and Albert L. Gavitt 
 formed a partnership and refitted the woolen 
 mill. They, too, operated for about two years, 
 and found the venture a financial burden. 
 
 Again in 1SS4 the mill was reopened, this 
 time by a local stock company, and Lester Gor- 
 don was placed in charge as superintendent. At 
 this time a specialty was made of the manufac- 
 
 ture of shawls, but the business failed to prove 
 a financial success, and it was closed out in 
 1887 and the mill dismantled, thus ending for all 
 time the effort to establish a woolen mill in 
 Rushville. 
 
 John Foote came to Rushville in 1876 and 
 started a knitting factory, and the business thus 
 established is continued by his sons, G. H. and 
 Walter Foote. For many years this factory had 
 a large output of hosiery, but in late years it has 
 been a spinning factory exclusively, and operated 
 in connection with a factory owned by Charles 
 Foote of Ipava, 111. 
 
 John McCabe, a pioneer in the brick-making 
 business in Rushville, first opened his yard here 
 in 1SG0. and he continued the business until 1905, 
 when he retired. 
 
 The manufacture of cigars is a local industry 
 of considerable importance in Rushville, and 
 there are now three factories in operation. They 
 are owned by Keeling & Sehnur, Guy Grubb and 
 Joseph McKee. 
 
 Coal Mining is one of the undeveloped indus- 
 tries of Schuyler County, and there are vast 
 coal fields adjacent to Rushville that will one 
 day furnish employment to hundreds of men. 
 Just now coal is mined for the local market 
 alone, and at this the total output will aggregate 
 some $10,000 to $50,000 annually. Round about 
 Rushville and Pleasantview, the coal vein is 
 four to five feet thick, and at Littleton a thirty- 
 six inch vein is being mined. But with this 
 wealth of coal deposits, closely adjacent to a 
 line of railroad, there will soon come a time when 
 it will be fully developed, and made a source of 
 profit to the owners. 
 
 Fisheeies. — The fisheries of Schuyler County 
 in the Illinois River and its tributaries are exten- 
 sive and profitable, but exact statistics as to the 
 business is difficult to obtain. All along the 
 river, from Bluff City in Hickory Township to 
 Crooked Creek, which tonus the southwestern 
 boundary line of the county, there are men en- 
 gaged in fishing for a livelihood. During the 
 fishing season there are probably two hundred 
 men thus engaged, and the value of their catches 
 runs into thousands of dollars. The fact that 
 Beardstown and Havana are competing fish 
 markets, with Browning for the catch in this 
 county, makes it difficult to obtain accurate sta- 
 tistics. Browning, however, is one of the im- 
 portant fish markets on the Illinois River, and 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 661 
 
 in some years more than 1,000,000 pounds of 
 fish are marketed there. 
 
 Mussel Fishing — -A rapidly growing industry 
 on the Illinois River is mussel fishing, which in 
 the past few years, has attracted hundreds of men 
 to the work. All along the eastern boundary of 
 Schuyler County there are found extensive beds 
 of mussels in the Illinois River and. to a lesser 
 extent, in Crooked Creek. These mussel beds 
 are said to be from eight to ten feet deep, and 
 since an economic use has been found for the 
 shells in the manufacture of buttons, the mussel 
 fishing industry has developed a hitherto neg- 
 lected source of wealth. 
 
 Clam fishing in the Illinois River was first 
 begun some four or five years ago, but not until 
 the summer of 1907 w 7 as it pushed vigorously. 
 With the finding of a number of valuable pearls 
 by the mussel fishermen, a new impetus was given 
 this industry, and now some 300 or 400 men are 
 at work fishing for mussels between Browning 
 and the mouth of Crooked Creek. 
 
 The price of mussel shells ranges from $4 to 
 $12 a ton, and fabulous prices are paid for pearls 
 which are oftentimes found by the fishermen. 
 The method of fishing for clams is simple, cheap 
 and effective. A flat boat, with scow-bow and 
 end, is generally used and on the gunwale are 
 placed standards from three to four feet high. 
 The utensils consist of an iron bar to which is 
 attached a succession of lines and hooks, the lat- 
 ter being made of bent wire without barbs. The 
 bar is thrown overboard and drawn along the 
 bed of the river and, at the touch of the hooks 
 the clams close their shells and hold on. and the 
 bar is drawn to the surface and rested on the 
 gunwale standards while the mussels are de- 
 tached. After the shells are unloaded they are 
 put into a large galvanized iron vessel, and 
 boiled or steamed until the shells open and the 
 flesh can be removed. In removing the flesh 
 from the shell a sharp watch is kept for pearls, 
 and they arc easily detached by the men who 
 become expert in the work. 
 
 Dr. W. S. Strode, of Lewistown, has made a 
 special study of the mussels in the Illinois River, 
 and we quote as follows from an article written 
 by him for the History of Fulton County : 
 
 "The Unionidse, or Pearly Fresh Water Mus- 
 sels, are the most important of shell-bearing 
 species of the county or state. Our rivers and 
 lakes are densely occupied with them and they 
 are destined, at no distint day. to become of some 
 
 commercial importance, as well as of scientific 
 interest. In many localities on the Mississippi 
 River, where the demand by pearl button fac- 
 tories has made a market for the shells, the sup- 
 ply has been nearly exhausted, and as it takes 
 about four years for a new crop to be produced, 
 new fields are being sought where the shells are 
 more plentiful. All our fresh water mussels 
 an- harmless. They are the scavengers of <>ur 
 water courses, and do much good in purifying 
 the streams. They furnish much of the food 
 of many fishes and water fowls and should not 
 be wantonly destroyed. 
 
 "Some of the mussels are very clannish in their 
 habits, associating only with their kind and re- 
 maining in certain localities or beds during their 
 lifetime. Others are great travelers and wander 
 far and near in search of food and their kind, 
 plowing little furrows in the sand or mud as 
 they go. The different species vary greatly in 
 size, as well as in configuration or architecture 
 of shell. Some are so small, as the donaciformis, 
 that scores of them could be put into a pint 
 measure, while the heras, the giant of the 
 family, attains a weight of two or three pounds 
 and a length of shell from eight to ten inches. 
 As an article of food they do not appeal to the 
 tastes of an epicurean, but in case of emergency 
 they would keep off starvation. Some of the 
 peasants of the old world do not disdain them 
 as an article of food. 
 
 "About twelve hundred species of mussel are 
 found in the world. Of these six hundred are 
 found in North America and about one hun- 
 dred in Illinois and, up to date, over sixty of 
 these are accredited to Fulton County. In time, 
 with a more thorough research of the waters 
 of the Illinois and Spoon Rivers, the full hun- 
 dred or more will be found in the county." 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 MERCANTILE AND BANKING INTERESTS. 
 
 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS AT AN 
 
 EARLY DAY — METHODS OF BARTER AND TRADE 
 
 ST. LOUIS EARLY* MARKET — FURS, HONEY AND 
 
C63 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 BEES-WAX AS A LEGAL TENDER — FIRST MERCHANT 
 
 IN SCHUYLER COUNTY OTHERS OF A LATEK 
 
 PERIOD THE CAREER OF THOMAS W. SCOTT — BUSI- 
 NESS HOUSES IN RUSHVILLE IN 1834 COMING 
 
 OF THE FIRST STEAMBOAT UP THE ILLINOIS IN 
 
 1830 SPANISH AND FRENCH CURRENCY — RAPID 
 
 PROGRESS BETWEEN 1830 AND 1835 — THE PANIC 
 OF 1837 — PRICES OF AGRICULTURAL PRODI < is 
 AND DRY-GOODS — STATISTICS OF THE PACKING 
 INDUSTRY BANKING HISTORY UNCERTAIN VAL- 
 UES OF PAPER CURRENCY — FIRST BANK ESTAB- 
 LISHED IN RUSHVILLE IN 18G4 ITS FOUNDERS 
 
 AND OFFICERS CHANGES AND PRESENT OFFICERS 
 
 OTHER BANKING INSTITUTIONS IN SCHUYLER 
 
 COUNTY OFFICERS AND PRINCIPAL STOCK-HOLD- 
 ERS. 
 
 In our investigation into industrial conditions 
 existing in Rushville in the early day, we Lave 
 hunted up old account books and market prices, 
 and find many things of historic value furnishing 
 light upon general business and commercial con- 
 dition of more than a half-century ago. A few 
 of the entries alluded to here are taken from 
 the cash book of Nelson & Robertson, who were 
 in business on the north side of the public square 
 in Rushville, where Nelson Brothers' store now 
 stands. The entries of produce received are not 
 numerous but they give an insight into current 
 market prices. 
 
 Dec. 20, 18-40, Wm. Weightman, 
 
 by 11SC lbs. pork S2::.72 
 
 Dec. 2(i. 1849, Sam'l MeCreery. 
 
 by 211 lbs. bam 7.3S 
 
 Dec. 20. isto. Sam'l MeCreery. 
 
 by 204 lbs. shoulders 5.10 
 
 Dec. 18, IMS. Wm. Green. 
 
 by 5 pairs venison bams 5.00 
 
 Aug. 1. 1847. Jonathan Patteson, 
 
 61 yds. flannel 30.50 
 
 Aug. 1. 1847, John Brown, 
 
 23% yds. calico 4.35 
 
 Aug. 1. 1847. John Brown, 
 
 barrel salt 2.50 
 
 Aug. 4. 1X47. .Tames Kininaii. 
 
 14 lbs. sugar 1.00 
 
 Aug. 4. 1X47. Robert Wells. 
 
 K) lbs. coffee l.oo 
 
 Aug. 22. 1S47. John Hetrick, 
 
 2 lbs. candles 25 
 
 Aug. 24, 1847, James A. West. 
 
 3 gal. molasses 1.50 
 
 Aug. 31, 1S47. David Louderback, 
 
 '- lb. powder 25 
 
 Sept. 7. 1847. David Louderback, 
 
 2 tin buckets 75 
 
 Sept. S. 1847. R. M. Worthington. 
 
 1 ' o yds. linen 1.50 
 
 Sept. 9, 1847, Sam'l MeCreery, 
 
 T.> lbs. lard 1.19 
 
 Oct. 31, 1847. Jos. N. Ward. 
 
 t; ] .j lbs. harness leather 1.75 
 
 Aug. 21, 184S, Robt. Brooks. 
 
 3 lbs. nails 125 
 
 April 13. 1840. I'. II. Walker, 
 
 1 bolt window paper 1.25 
 
 May 1, 1840. Wm. Cox, 
 
 tin dipper IS 
 
 May 1. 1840, Dennis Walker. 
 
 .". lbs. rice 25 
 
 Dec. 24. 1S49, W. A. Minshall, 
 
 3 chickens 25 
 
 Dec. 24. 1849, John C. Bagby. 
 
 15 yds. calico 3.75 
 
 Dec. 20. 1X40. Geo. W. Manlove. 
 
 5'... lbs. sole leather 1.3S 
 
 Jan. 0, 1850. E. Edmonston, 
 
 2 oz. indigo 25 
 
 Jan. 5, 1850, James A. West, 
 
 4 chisels 2.25 
 
 Mar. 14. 1S50, Jonathan I'atteson, 
 
 15 yards gingham 5.G3 
 
 Jan. 30. 1850, Abncr Mullen. 
 
 1 wash pan 35 
 
 In searching the early papers for market re- 
 ports we find that not until IMS did the papers 
 deem it worth while to give prices of local coun- 
 try produce, and these prices were doubtless 
 based upon an exchange basis, as there was no 
 cash market for grain. The market prices here 
 given are taken from Rushville papers of the 
 date mentioned : 
 
 July 13. 1818— Wheat 50e, corn 15c. oats 15c. 
 
 June 20, 1851— Wheat 50@60c, corn 20<§ 
 30c, barley 55@G0c, rye 30@35c, potatoes 60 
 @G5c; beef 5c, bacon 7c, bam 8@10c, shoulders 
 6@8c, lard ('>(</ 7c. tallow 10c. butter 12c. e^gs 5c. 
 flaxseed .$1, clover .SO. beeswax 18c, feathers 40c. 
 
 Sept. 1. 1X54— Wheat 85@$1, corn 25@35c, 
 rye 60c, oats 18fS25c, clover seed $5@$6, timothy 
 seed $2@$2.50, beans 90@$1, potatoes 75',, si, 
 butter 10<§ 15c, coffee 14c, sugar G^ic, rice S l-3c, 
 tea 60@$1.25, hams 7@9c, shoulders 5@6%c, 
 lard 7<S'Sc. eggs 614c. wool, unwashed, 14(f?17c, 
 washed. 21@25c 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 G63 
 
 June 26, 1855— Flour $S.50@$9, wheat $1.20 
 @$1.40, com 50@60c, oats 35c, corn meal 65c, 
 potatoes $1.25@$1.50, flax $1.50, clover $7.50, 
 rye 60c, beef Sc. butter 10c, cheese 10c, broom 
 corn $50 per ton, eggs 5c, chickens $1.25 per 
 dozen. 
 
 Sept. 13. 1859— Wheat 45@47c. flour $6.00, corn 
 60@75c, cats 25@30c, hams 10@12%c, hides 12c 
 dry. 5c greon, broom corn $60.00 and $75.00. 
 hoop poles 63c to $1.00, staves $8 to $10, cord 
 wood $1.50 to $2.00. coal 8c per bu. 
 
 Nov. 27. 1860— Flour $5.00@$6.00, wheat GOc 
 @80c, corn 20c, oats 15c, meal 40c, potatoes 
 20c, cheese 8c, lard 9c, whisky barrels 75c. flour 
 barrels 30c, hoop poles 50e to $1. staves $7, broom 
 corn $40. 
 
 April 7, 1864— Flour $6.50 to $7. wheat 90(§ 
 $1, corn 65c, wool 60c, hay $15. coal oil 75c, 
 coffee 40c. 
 
 Nov. s. 1865— Flour $S to $9, wheat $1.25 to 
 $2.00. oats 20c, com 30c, rye 40c, lard 20c, tal- 
 low 10c, hides 10c dry. hoop poles $1.50 per 100, 
 staves $12 to $15 per thousand. 
 
 Pork-packing was an industry of some magni- 
 tude in Schuyler County before the civil war. 
 and it was continued on a smaller scale until as 
 late as 1880. It was a business that afforded 
 labor during the winter months to a large num- 
 ber of men. and the product was hauled to the 
 Illinois River for shipment. The traffic, in fact, 
 became so constant that a plank toll-road was 
 built from Rushville to Frederick, a distance 
 of ten miles, in 1854. and was maintained until 
 probably 1866. We have found in old Rushville 
 papers a record of the amount of business done 
 by local pork-packers for certain years, which 
 is here given : 
 
 Years No. Hogs Av. Wts 
 
 1856 15,598 212 lbs 
 
 1857 9,650 199 lbs 
 
 1858 10,136 200 lbs 
 
 1859 9,486 179 lbs 
 
 1860 9,826 
 
 During the winter of 1859-60 the following 
 firms were engaged in the business and the fig- 
 ures show the extent of the business operations : 
 
 No. wt price 
 
 Ray, Little & Co 4.073 
 
 Nelson & McCroskey 336 
 
 Thomas Wilson 1,653 182 lbs $5.6] 
 
 Wells & Co 1.460 186 lbs 5.49 
 
 M. Farvvell & Co., 
 
 Frederick, 111 1,028 191 lbs 5.54 
 
 Randall & Blackburn, Brook- 
 lyn, 111 376 
 
 Total in county 9,826 
 
 A study of the industrial and commercial his- 
 tory of a community has an interest to the 
 student of affairs equal to its social or political 
 relations, but we find that even the historians 
 of Illinois have passed lightly over this interest- 
 ing phase of State history, and the facts and 
 figures here given have been obtained from 
 original sources. They are not as complete as it 
 might be desirable to make them, but they give 
 an insight into the industrial conditions that 
 have prevailed in Schuyler County from the 
 earliest time. What is more, they give a record 
 of human interest, the every day life side of 
 history, and show plainly the economic develop- 
 ment from the pioneer times, to the present day. 
 
 The early pioneers of Schuyler County were 
 mutually dependent, and having no costly tastes 
 to gratify or expensive habits to indulge, they 
 obtained by barter and trade the necessaries of 
 life that were not raised on the farm. There 
 was no market for grain and Calvin Ilobart. 
 one of the first settlers, notes the fact that corn 
 could be purchased in 1824 for five cents a bushel, 
 and a cow with calf sold for $8. 
 
 St. Louis, however, ottered a market for furs, 
 honey and beeswax, and it is a fact worthy of 
 note that the industrial development of Schuyler 
 County began before the date of the first per- 
 manent settlement, for it is a matter of record 
 that Messrs. McCartney, Gooch & Beard joined 
 together to engage in bee-hunting in this county 
 the fall previous to the coming of the first home- 
 maker. The outcome of this business venture 
 was that the firm shipped twenty-seven barrels 
 Of honey anil several thousand pounds Of bees- 
 wax to St. Louis in the fall of 182:!. which was 
 the first natural product of Schuyler County to 
 find a market. Bee-hunting was, for many years 
 afterward, a profitable business, and in the his- 
 tory of the Schuyler County Courts, attention 
 is .ailed to the fact that the first retainer fee given 
 a lawyer in a Schuyler County court was a bar- 
 rel of honey. 
 
 Five years elapsed from the time of the first 
 settlement of Schuyler County until the mer- 
 cantile era began, and the name of tin ■ first 
 merchant is lost to history. He came from 
 Jacksonville in 1828, and opened his store in a 
 log cabin Hart Fellows had erected near where 
 
66-1 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COITXTY. 
 
 H. M. Dace's brick store building now stands. 
 His stay here was a brief one, and soon afterward 
 Benjamin Chadsey started a store in the same 
 cabin. His stock was purchased in St. Louis, 
 was brought up the Illinois River by keel-boat 
 and hauled overland from the landing near 
 Frederick. Hart Fellows was his clerk, and the 
 firm was later known as Chadsey & Fellows. 
 A frame building was erected near the log cabin 
 for store purposes, and this was really the be- 
 ginning of the mercantile era in Rushville and 
 Schuyler County. Mr. Fellows set the precedent 
 that has long been followed in rural communi- 
 ties, of combining the postofflce with mercantile 
 business, as he was Rushville's first post master. 
 
 Thomas W. Scott was another of Rushville's 
 pioneer merchants, and in those early years he 
 made a start that was the foundation of the 
 largest private fortune ever accummulated in 
 Schuyler County. It was the privilege of the 
 writer to see a letter written by Jlr. Scott, under 
 date of December 4, 1830. to his brother Walter 
 D. Scott, of Kentucky, who was then associated 
 with him in business. In this letter Mr. Scott 
 states that there are four business houses in 
 Rushville, and that one can easily get rich if 
 he will only buy land and raise cattle. He was 
 wise enough to see into the future, and soon after- 
 ward bought 320 acres of school laud on Section 
 Sixteen in Rushville township, which is now 
 owned by his children, and is rated with the 
 best land in the county. 
 
 A little later on we find that Rushville had 
 grown in a mercantile way, and Rev. J. M. Peck, 
 in his "Gazetteer of Illinois," in 1834 gives the 
 following facts regarding the business enterprises 
 of the town : "Rushville has six stores, two 
 groceries, two taverns, four cabinet makers, four 
 brick-masons and plasterers, three carpenters, 
 two blacksmiths, four tanneries, four lawyers 
 and two physicians." 
 
 In those early days the merchants were mere 
 retailers of dry-goods and groceries, as they 
 purchased and shipped abroad none of the pro- 
 ductions of the country except a few peltries and 
 trend of the times was just beginning to show 
 furs, and, perhaps, beeswax. The economic 
 a gleam of hope for a mercantile career in 1830, 
 when the steamboats first began to ply upon the 
 Illinois River. But the merchants had neither 
 capital nor an extensive market for their goods, 
 and they were sustained largely by the influx 
 
 of immigrants who came to the settlement with 
 money. 
 
 It is interesting to note in this connection 
 that the coins of general circulation were of 
 Spanish denomination, and were brought to the 
 settlement from New Orleans and St. Louis. 
 There was the Spanish dollar, half-dollar and 
 quarter, and the "picayune" (6% cents) and "bit" 
 (12V. cents), and occasionally a French five- 
 franc piece (95 rents) or an English sovereign 
 ($4.85) was seen. But with the early mer- 
 chants, furs and skins were the best known legal- 
 tender, and barter and trade was the general 
 rule throughout the settlement, the gold and 
 silver coin being used almost exclusively in pay- 
 ing for government land, taxes and postage. 
 
 The years from 1830 to 1835 marked an era 
 of unprecedented activity in a commercial way 
 in Illinois, and many smaller manufacturing in- 
 dustries were established in Rushville at this 
 time. The internal improvement scheme, which 
 was to provide railroad and canal transportation 
 for all parts of the State, was the alluring dream 
 of the future, and its purposes, as viewed from a 
 politician's standpoint, is well set forth by the 
 following passage from Gov. Duncan's message, 
 in alluding to the construction of railroads and 
 canals, as "bearing with seeming triumph, the 
 rich productions of the interior to the rivers, 
 lakes and ocean, almost annihilating time, burden 
 and space." 
 
 It was a roseate dream that had an entrancing 
 fascination for the sturdy pioneers, and the wily 
 politicians of that time were quick to catch the 
 drift of public opinion and grant any and all 
 appropriations that might be asked to press for- 
 ward the scheme for internal improvements. 
 Then came the panic of 1837, with its attending 
 financial disasters, and the first chapter in 
 "Frenzied Finance" was enacted in Illinois. 
 
 BANKING INSTITUTIONS. 
 In taking up the history of the financial in- 
 stitutions of Schuyler County, we find that the 
 banking business was closely allied to the mer- 
 cantile trade in the early days, and that there 
 was a gradual evolution to the conditions and 
 systems of the splendid service of the present 
 day. Prior to 1840 there was practically no 
 money in circulation in the county and business 
 was done almost entirely by barter and trade. 
 With the development of the agricultural re- 
 sources of the county the mercantile business 
 
coUtt^^,. 
 
 l2^~l^T^^X7 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 665 
 
 expanded in proportion, and there came into vogue 
 a credit system tbat made tbe general stores of 
 tbat day a clearing house for the entire commu- 
 nity. 
 
 As an outgrowth of this system there was in- 
 augurated a primitive banking business, as it 
 were, and as early as 1S44 the firm of Little & 
 Ray made drafts on the eastern money centers 
 for the accommodation of their customers and 
 patrons. In those days financial affairs were in 
 a choatic state and the paper currency of the 
 country was known by such names as "Shinplas- 
 ters," "wild cat," "red dog," and "stumptail," 
 and the bills of the different banks had a con- 
 stantly fluctuating value that made it impossible 
 to accurately determine one's wealth in bank 
 note currency. 
 
 This variation in the value of the bank note 
 currency was such that each merchant was re- 
 quired to consult a weekly publication known as 
 "The Bank Note Reporter." before he would ac- 
 cept a bill in payment for goods, and he then 
 made proper discounts from its face value as 
 shown by the figures in his financial paper. The 
 uncertainty tbat surrounded the currency of those 
 days was. in itself, an incentive to business, for 
 the widespread distrust of its value precluded 
 any inclination to hoard and money circulated 
 freely. 
 
 The first regular banking business in Schuy- 
 ler County was established in 1S64, when the 
 mercantile firm of Little & Ray organized the 
 First National Bank. The original capital stock 
 was $100,000, but it was afterwards reduced to 
 $50,000. The first officers of the bank were: 
 President, Wm. H. Ray ; Vice President, George 
 Little : Cashier, August Warren. 
 
 On October 9, 1SS4, this bank was reorganized 
 and was changed from a national bank to a co- 
 partnership, and the capital stock fixed at $75,000. 
 The officers elected at this time were : President, 
 Geo Little ; Vice President, S. B. Montgomery ; 
 Cashier. August Warren; Assistant Cashier, 
 Dwight E. Ray. In tbe fall of tbat year the bank 
 moved from its old quarters in the Little & Ray 
 store building to tbe building now occupied, which 
 was built especially for the banking business. 
 
 Again on December 1, 1901, tbe bank was re- 
 organized and new stockholders taken in and 
 the bank capital and surplus is now $140,000, 
 with the personal responsibility of the stockhold- 
 ers amounting to $1,000,000. The officers and 
 directors of the Bank of Rushville are: 
 
 President, S. B. Montgomery ; Vice President, 
 John S. Bagby ; Cashier, John S. Little ; As- 
 sistant Cashiers, J. H. Young and H. II. Brown. 
 
 Directors: William R. McCreery, S. B. Mont- 
 gomery, L. J. McCreery, Perry Logsdon, John S. 
 Bagby, Robert Brown, D. H. Glass, John S. Lit- 
 tle, H. V. Teel. George Hanna and Charles B. 
 Griffith. 
 
 Rushville's second bank was started January 1, 
 1870. by James G. McCreery & Co., and was 
 known as the Merchants & Farmer's Bank. Mr. 
 McCreery was president and his son-in-law, S. 
 M. Hume, cashier. Thomas Wilson was one of 
 the financial, backers of the new bank, which 
 continued in business until January 1, 1874. The 
 bank was located on the south side of the public 
 square on the site of the building now occupied 
 by James V. Knapp's jewelry store. 
 
 The Bank of Schuyler County, which was or- 
 ganized by J. March Patterson, of Jacksonville, 
 111., began business in Rushville, January 4, 
 1890. It was organized as a State bank with 
 a capital stock of $25,000, and the original stock 
 holders were : J. March Patterson, Thomas Wil- 
 son, George R. Hunter, James A. Teel, John M. 
 Darnell, Edwin Dyson, S. S. Prentiss, P. E. 
 Mann, F. G. Farrell and R. W. Mills. 
 
 The officers of the bank were : President, 
 Thomas Wilson ; Vice President, James A. Teel ; 
 Cashier, J. March Patterson. 
 
 In October, 1898, the bank was reorganized 
 and A. P. Rodewald was elected Cashier and 
 George Dyson Second Vice President, and under 
 their management the bank has had a steady 
 and increasing growth. 
 
 On May 1, 1902, the capital stock of tbe bank 
 was increased from $25,000 to $40,000, and on 
 March 12, 1904, it was again increased to $50,000 
 and on January 1, 1908, the capital stock was 
 made $100,000. 
 
 Under the State banking law quarterly re- 
 ports are made to the State Auditor and. under 
 date of May 12, 190S, we note the following 
 statement of the Bank of Schuyler County: 
 
 RESOURCES. 
 
 Loans and Discounts $243,023.31 
 
 Overdrafts 1,161.31 
 
 Bonds and Stocks, 3.550.00 
 
 Banking house 7,500.00 
 
 Furniture and fixtures 1,000.00 
 
 Cash and due from banks 120,716.42 
 
 Total T. $376,951.34 
 
666 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capital stock paid in .$100,000.00 
 
 Undivided profits 6,623.66 
 
 Deposits 2T0.327.CS 
 
 Total $376,951.34 
 
 The present officers and directors of the Bank 
 of Schuyler County are : President, George R. 
 Hunter; Vice President, George Dyson; Cashier, 
 A. P. Rodewald. 
 
 Directors — Geo. P. Hunter. J. M. Darnell. J. 
 L. Sweeney, George Dyson. Fred. Rodewald, A. 
 .7. Laslnnett. Edwin Dyson, A. P. Rodewald. 
 Hiram Graff. 
 
 The first bank to be established in Schuyler 
 county outside of Rushville opened for business 
 in Littleton. December 3, 1904. It is known as 
 The Bank of Littleton, and is a co-partnership 
 bank with a capital stock of $10,000. The offi- 
 cers are: President, John F. Snyder; Cashier. 
 E. B. Dixson ; Assistant Cashier, Doan Dixson. 
 
 The Merchants & Traders Bank of Browning 
 is the latest addition to the hanking institutions 
 of Schuyler County and it opened its doors for 
 business .May 2.". 1907. 
 
 The hank was organized on a co-partnership 
 basis with a capital stock of $12,000. The offi- 
 cers are: President. ( '. B. Workman; Cashier, 
 L. II. Yeck. Stork in the bank is owned by the 
 following residents of Browning Township and 
 Beardstown: John Schultz, C. B. Workman. 
 A. E. Schmoldt, .Martin McDonough, T. K. Con- 
 dit. W. E. McCullough, J. V. Jockiseh, J. S. Nich- 
 olson, T. .1. Schweer, II. C. Meyer, Morris Wal- 
 ton. ('. W. Fowler. Ed. .McLaren. F. M. Skiies. 
 L. II. Yeck, A. D. Stambaugh, Albert Stambaugb, 
 Michael Schurnan, Raymond Walton. Peter 
 Strong, Edward A. Stambaugh, Frank W. Dodd, 
 W. F. Ilirenian. Joel Robertson, John F. Bryant, 
 J. M. Venters, W. M. Venters. W. J. Bates, 
 Charles Pates. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 COUNTY BUILDINGS. 
 
 EVOLUTION OF PRESENT COUNTY BUILDINGS — AD- 
 VANCEMENT FROM THE PRIMITIVE LOG CABIN TO 
 THE HANDSOME STRUCTURES OF TODAY — FIRST 
 
 COURT HOUSE A ONE-ROOM LOG BUILDING, 
 
 ERECTED IN 1S20 FIRST JAIL BUILDING — SECOND 
 
 COURT HOUSE ERECTED IN 1S30 — SECOND COUNTY 
 JAIL OF 1838 REPLACED BY A STONE STRUCTURE 
 IN 1857 — THE PRESENT COURT HOUSE COM- 
 PLETED IN 1SS2 — FOURTH JAIL BUILT IN 1902 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT COURT HOUSE — LIST OF 
 
 DOCUMENTS DEPOSITED IN CORNER-STONE 
 
 COUNTY FARM PURCHASED IN 1855 — ITS PRESENT 
 VALUE ESTIMATED AT $25,000. 
 
 The substantial and handsome public buildings 
 of Schuyler County, now in use, have been 
 evolved by natural degrees and at hum periods, 
 from the primitive log cabin which served for 
 the seat of justice when the county organization 
 was perfected in 1825. It was most natural that 
 the early settlers should desire a court house. 
 and soon after the town of Rushville was laid 
 out the first county building was erected. It 
 stood on the north side of the square, about 
 where the Griffith hardware store stands today, 
 and was built of logs. The specifications for this, 
 the first county building, were meager and are 
 found in tlie Commissioners' record of April 24, 
 1826. Notice was given that a court bouse would 
 be erected, occupying a ground space of 22x1s 
 feet, and one and a-half stories high. It was 
 further specified that "there should be two good 
 floors, and a good and sufficient chimney." The 
 public letting of this building was announced for 
 July 4. 1820. but we can find no record of the 
 name of the contractor or the cost of the struct- 
 ure, though it was paid for and used by the 
 county for several years. 
 
 The next record of a public building is found 
 in the proceedings of the Commissioner's Court 
 of September ::, 1827, when lot 1 on block 13 of 
 the town of Rushville was reserved for a jail 
 and stray-pen. It was specified that the jail 
 building should be 15x15 feet and the stray-pen 
 40x10 feet, and the contracts for building the 
 two structures were to be let to the lowest bidder 
 mi September 27, 1827. Isaac lander was the 
 builder of this first jail and, on March 20, 1828, 
 he presented his bill for $150. Objections were 
 apparently tiled to its payment for we note that 
 William McKee and Jesse Bartlett were ap- 
 pointed a committee to arbitrate the claim, and 
 failing to^ reach a derision. Mr. Linder brought 
 suit against the county. The stray-pen was built 
 by Elisba Kellogg, and his bill for $9.50 was 
 allowed without protest. 
 
COfRT HOUSE 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 667 
 
 While the general specifications of the jail 
 simply called for a building fifteen feet square, 
 it later appears that it was a story and a half 
 building, and that the prisoners were let down 
 into their dungeon through a trap-door in the 
 ceiling. This door was the all important part 
 of the jail building, and was let under separate 
 contract acording to the following specifications: 
 
 " The inner door of the jail shall be made of 
 plank one and one-quarter inches thick, to be 
 of two thicknesses, laid across each other and 
 spiked together with broad-headed spikes, driven 
 within three inches of each other, said spikes 
 to be driven through and clinched, the under 
 thickness of said door to be cut so as to fit hole 
 in floor, the upper thinckness to jut over one 
 inch all around, said door to be hung on two 
 iron hinges, the strap part of said hinges to be 
 one-half inch thick and two inches wide, and to 
 extend across the door, the staples to be three- 
 fourths of an inch, and drove eight inches into 
 floor; also a bar of iron one and one-half inches 
 thick and two inches wide extending across the 
 middle of the door, hung on staples at one end 
 and to fit on a staple at the other end like a 
 hasp, and a strong, substantial padlock fixed 
 thereon. The ou.ter door to be made in like 
 maimer and of material, except there is to be 
 no bar across middle of said door, and said door 
 to be hung on hooks in place of staples, also 
 there must be a good, strong stock-luck put on 
 said door." 
 
 It was further specified that the inner door 
 was to be completed May 10, 1828, and the outer 
 door September 1. 1828, contractor to give bond 
 for faithful performance of the work and accept 
 in payment therefor state paper at par. In ac- 
 cordance with these specifications Joel Tullis 
 secured the contract for the jail doors for $43.50. 
 
 Within a year after the first court house was 
 completed, the county officials were asking for 
 larger quarters and on December 3, 1828, notice 
 of letting for the construction of a Clerk's office 
 in the middle of the block on the cist side of 
 the spuare was given. This building was to be 
 1-1x16 feet and ten feet high, the joist being 
 eight feet from the lower floor. A porch six feet 
 wide was also to be built across the front. The 
 specifications called for two doors and four win- 
 dows lit' twelve lights each, and a good brick 
 chimney. The records show that James Power 
 was allowed .$110.75 for construction, and Alex- 
 
 ander Hollingsworth and Mathias Mastiu $14 
 iiiul si:., respectively, lor lathing and plastering. 
 
 This building was not completed before there 
 was a demand for a more pretentious county 
 building, and the question of a new court house 
 was discussed at the May meeting of the Com- 
 missioners in 1829, but definite action was post- 
 poned until the June meeting. When the Com- 
 missioners met on June 1, 1829, it was decided 
 to erect a new brick court house, and Hart Pel- 
 lows was appointed-a Commissioner with full 
 power lo contract for the building and also to 
 superintend its construction. 
 
 Mr. Fellows was apparently a man of action, 
 for on July 4, 182!), the Board ratified a contract 
 made with William McCreery to construct the 
 foundation for a court house for $375. Later 
 changes were probably made in the plans, for 
 he was afterwards allowed $486 for his work. 
 The brick work and enclosing were contracted 
 lor by Benjamin Chadsey, who was allowed 
 sl'.::oi>: the inside finishing was done some time 
 later by William Wright, James Hunter and 
 John Brown, at a cost of $785, which, with 
 smaller items of expense, made the total cost t>f 
 the building $3,735. 
 
 This court house stood in the center of the 
 park and was a brick building measuring 42 feet 
 square and without ornamentation or display, 
 save for a modest cupola, but it served the needs 
 of the county for more than fifty years, and was 
 ever a monument to the good workmanship of 
 those early pioneer builders. 
 
 With what was then regarded as a magnificent 
 court house the County Commissioners desired to 
 have the other county buildings in keeping and, 
 on March 11. ls::7, il was decided to build a new 
 jail. The building was designed to be 20x24 feet 
 and two stories in height. The outside wall was 
 to be of brick eight inches thick, with an inside 
 wall of timber, ten inches thick, and each story 
 ten feet in height. The plans called for a hall 
 eight feet wide and sixteen feet in length, the 
 jailor's room 18x15 feet and the kitchen 18x11. 
 In addition to the cells for prisoners, there was 
 also a debtor's room. The contract was awarded 
 to Alexander Penny for $4,000 and the building 
 was completed in January. 1838. Mr. Penny 
 had another contract to furnish locks for the 
 building and make minor improvements, for 
 which he was to receive $150, but there was a 
 disagreement as to terms and he refused to sur- 
 
668 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 render the keys to the building. The matter 
 was later amicably adjusted by arbitration. 
 
 Although this building had cost more than the 
 court house, it was deemed unsafe for the con- 
 finement of prisoners in 1855, and in July of the 
 following year the Board of Supervisors adver- 
 tised for proposals to construct a new county 
 jail. On January 17, 1S57, a contract was 
 entered into between the county and Jeremiah 
 Stumm, wherein he agreed to construct a stone 
 jail, with iron doors and window grating, for 
 the sum of $6,445. The jail was built according 
 to contract from limestone quarried along the 
 McKee branch, and it served as a county bastile 
 until 1902, when the present new jail was com- 
 pleted, and the older building now does duty as 
 a calaboose for the city of Rushville. In the 
 construction of this building Mr. Stumm met 
 with unforeseen misfortune and, on account of 
 the bad condition of the roads, the stone cost 
 him almost double what he had figured on, and 
 when the building was at last completed and 
 settlement made with the county, he was loser 
 on the contract by some $700. 
 
 The Present Court House. — Schuyler was 
 now provided with county buildings that were 
 to serve for the next twenty-five years, and not 
 until 1877 was there any movement made to se- 
 cure more modern structures. In 1879 Edwin 
 Anderson, Supervisor from Rushville Township, 
 renewed the agitation for a new court house, 
 but bis motion before the Board was voted down. 
 At the meeting of the Board in September, 18S0, 
 the motion was again renewed and this time 
 received the sanction of a majority of the Board 
 of Supervisors. It was at that meeting that the 
 initial step was taken for the construction of 
 our present handsome county building, by the 
 adoption of a resolution which called for the 
 construction of a court house to cost not more 
 than $40,000. It was also decided to apportion 
 this sum so that one-third the total amount 
 would be levied on the taxable property of the 
 county for the years 1SS0, 1SS1 and 1S82. In 
 the original resolution the location of the new 
 court house was fixed on the site of the old one, 
 in the center of the park : but on February 24, 
 1881, this action was rescinded and the site 
 of the county building fixed on the southwest 
 corner of the public square. To effect this 
 change in location, it was necessary to expend 
 $",500 for a site, and of this sum the county 
 paid one-half, the city of Rushville $1,000 and 
 
 the remaining $750 was contributed by public- 
 spirited citizens. It was further provided that 
 the county should lease the park in the center 
 of the square to the city of Rushville. 
 
 In designing a plan for the new county build- 
 ing the committee appointed for that purpose 
 were most favorably impressed with the court 
 house at Monroe, Mich., and decided to duplicate 
 it ; and, on December 17, 1880, the contract for 
 construction was awarded to Thomas Keegan, of 
 that city, for $36,000. 
 
 Work on the new court house began early in 
 the spring of the following year, and on June 
 24, 1881, the corner-stone was laid with imposing 
 ceremony under the auspices of the Masonic 
 fraternity. Deputy Grand Master DeWitt C. 
 Cregier, of Chicago, was master of ceremonies 
 and Hon. Carter H. Harrison, Sr„ delivered the 
 oration in commemoration of the event. The 
 occasion was made a gala day for Rushville, and 
 visitors from all parts of the State were enter- 
 tained and feted. 
 
 Documents and Other Articles Deposited in 
 Corner-Stone. — The following is a list of docu- 
 ments and other articles deposited in the corner- 
 stone of the Schuyler County Court House, at 
 the time of formal beginning of work on the 
 building in 1S82 : 
 
 Holy Bible. 
 
 Square and compass. 
 
 Copy of Revised New Testament. 
 
 Copy of Charter and By-Laws of Rushville 
 Lodge, No. 9, A. F. & A. M. 
 
 History of Rushville Lodge No. 9, with a list 
 of all ollicers and members since its organization 
 in 1842. 
 
 History of Huntsville Lodge, No. 465, A. F. & 
 A. M.. and Camden Lodge, No. 648, A. F. & A. M., 
 with names of officers and members. 
 
 Names of State, County, Towmship and City 
 officers. Judges of the Supreme Court of the 
 state. Judges of the Sixth Judicial Circuit, and 
 names of all Circuit Judges who have ever pre- 
 sided in the Circuit Court of Schuyler County. 
 
 List of attorneys practicing in Rushville at 
 the present time (1S82). 
 
 Draft of the First National Bank of Rushville 
 on the National Bank of New York for $10. 
 
 Copies of county papers, containing proceed- 
 ings of the Board of Supervisors relating to the 
 building of the court house. 
 
 Copy of invitation addressed to citizens by 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 66!) 
 
 Building Committee, inviting thein to be present 
 at the laying of the corner-stone. 
 
 Copies of the Rushville Times and the Schuy- 
 ler Citizen, of June 23. 1881. 
 
 History of the churches of Rushville. 
 
 History of Schuyler County. 
 
 Plat of the public square of Rushville, show- 
 ing location of all the buildings and names of 
 present occupants. 
 
 Copy of the premium list of the twenty-fifth 
 annual fair of the Schuyler County Agricultural 
 Board. 
 
 Copy of tribute of respect to the memory of 
 Josiah Parrott, Sr., deceased. 
 
 Copy of proceedings of the Grand Lodge of 
 A. F. & A. M. of Illinois, for the year 1S80. 
 
 A short sketch of the ceremony of laying the 
 corner-stone. 
 
 The erection of this county building was unu- 
 sual in many respects. For one thing it was 
 completed well within cost of the appropriation 
 voted, and was paid for when finally completed. 
 By the plan of providing for the tax-levy well 
 in advance of construction, the tax payers had 
 paid for the building ere they were aware. From 
 the standpoint of architectural appearance, sub- 
 stantial construction and convenient arrange- 
 ment, the Schuyler County court house defies 
 just criticism, and, considering the cost of erec- 
 tion, is unsurpassed by any county building in 
 the State. 
 
 County Fabm and Poob House. — The care of 
 the needy and unfortunate was a charge that 
 the County of Schuyler accepted soon after Its 
 organization, and one of the first acts of the 
 County Commissioners was to appoint Riggs 
 Pennington and Nathan Eels Overseers of the 
 Poor. As occasion demanded, aid was extended 
 by the county and the unfortunates were cared 
 for in private families at public expense. When 
 the Commissioners met in December, 1850, It 
 was decided to levy a tax of one mill on every 
 dollar of taxable property in the county and 
 provide a sinking fund for the purchase of a 
 county farm. In 1S55 this fund amounted to 
 $3,S02.56 and, in March of that year, the Board 
 of Supervisors purchased of John Micheltree the 
 southeast quarter of Section 26 in Beuna Vista 
 Township and plans were made for the county 
 to assume the care of its' indigent citizens. At 
 this time there was a frame dwelling house on 
 
 the farm and two single log cabins, which were 
 used for housing the inmates. The county farm 
 was formally opened June 25, 1855, with Michael 
 G. Sandeford as Superintendent. In 1869 the 
 large brick building, which now serves as a res- 
 idence for the Superintendent and lodging quar- 
 tes for the female inmates, was erected at a cost 
 of $12,000. Later improvements have since been 
 made in the way of two cottages for men and 
 the construction of barns and granaries. The 
 area of the farm has also been Increased from 
 160 to 310 acres, and it is so managed as to be 
 practically self-supporting. J. R. Leary Is now 
 serving as Superintendent of the county farm at 
 a yearly salary of $1,200, and in addition to the 
 farm produce raised each year, he has been able 
 to turn into the county a good revenue from the 
 sale of hogs and cattle, which are fed and fat- 
 tened there. The farm lies within a mile of 
 Rushville and, with its present improvements, is 
 conservatively valued at $25,000. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 COURTS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY ORGANIZED IN THE FORMATIVE 
 PERIOD OF STATE HISTORY — -TYPE OF EARLY' JUDG- 
 ES AND MEMBERS OF THE BAR— FIRST CIRCUIT 
 COURT HELD IN CABIN OF SAMUEL TURNER AT THE 
 
 ORIGINAL BEABDSTOWN IN NOVEMBER, 1825 
 
 JOHN YORK SAWYER FIRST PRESIDING JUDGE — 
 PROMINENT ATTORNEYS PRESENT 1 — LIST OF GRAND 
 AND PETIT JURORS — SOME OF THE CASES TRIED — 
 A BARREL OF HONEY SERVES AS LAWYER'S FEE IN 
 
 FIRST CASE COURT CUSTOMS OF THOSE DAYS 
 
 SOME REMINISCENCES OF SECOND COURT TERM 
 
 CHANGES MADE IN JUDICIAL CIRCUIT — LIST OF 
 JUDGES WHO HAVE PRESIDED IN SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY COURTS — JUDGE RICHARD M. YOUNG, 
 STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS, T. LYLE DICKEY AND OTH- 
 ERS — PROMINENT LAWYERS WHO HAVE PRACTICED 
 AT SCHUYLER COUNTY BAR — PROBATE COURT AND 
 JUDGES. 
 
 Schuyler County was organized and given a 
 civil government while the State of Illinois was 
 
670 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 yet in the formative period, and the early history 
 of her courts brings out clearly the inevitable 
 result of the experience and development of the 
 legal profession in the State. In those early days 
 the courts had few guiding precedents, save the 
 fundamental principles of the English common 
 law. which formed the basis of legal jurispru- 
 dence. The statutes of the State were not then 
 burdened by the numerous and conflicting acts 
 of an over-zealous General Assembly, and each 
 Judge was in a measure a law unto himself and 
 unto his court, and in their decisions they marked 
 the legal trail in the frontier State. 
 
 In reviewing the history of the Schuyler courts, 
 it will be noted that many of the Judges and at- 
 torneys, who played a conspicuous part in the 
 early day, were men of strong personality, ver- 
 satile scholars and profoundly versed in the law, 
 and that they afterwards attained positions of 
 distinction and honor in the State and nation. 
 
 It was the old custom for lawyers to accom- 
 pany the court and cover almost the entire State 
 in their practice. This brought to Rushville many 
 4il the brightest lights in the legal profession, and 
 their names and memory are today familiar to 
 every one. In those days there were no court 
 stenographers, no printed forms, no legal digests, 
 but the practicing lawyer had wider scope for 
 personal effort, and many of these pioneer law- 
 yers deservedly rose to high distinction. 
 
 Four months after Schuyler County was or- 
 ganized, the first circuit court was convened in 
 the cabin ol Samuel Turner at Beardstown, the 
 county-seat. This was on November 4, 1825, and 
 Judge John York Sawyer was on the bench and 
 John Turney was Attorney-General pro tern. 
 Other lawyers present were James Turney, Jon- 
 athan II. Pugh. A. W. Cavarly and David 
 Prickett. 
 
 One of the first acts of the County Commission- 
 ers when they met on July 7, 1825, was to select 
 grand and petit juries for that term of court, 
 and we find the following named gentlemen as- 
 signed for that service : 
 
 Gruml Jury — Abraham Carlock, Cornelius Van- 
 deventer, Isaac Yandeventer, David E. Blair, 
 Hezekiah M. Hobart, William Pennington, James 
 Vance, Peter Perkins, Philip Spoonamore, Eph- 
 raim Eggleston, Nathan Eels, Jesse Bartlett, 
 James H. Smith, Henry Green. George Green, 
 Henry Green, Jr., John Green. John Ritchey, 
 .Martin L. Eindsey, James B. Atwood, James 
 
 I.ammy. Amos Waddle. Charles Tracey and 
 William Spoonamoore. 
 
 Petit Jury — Lyman Tracy, John Osburn, George 
 Naught, David Wallace, Samuel Gooch, Riggs 
 Pennington, Willis O'Neal, George Stewart. 
 William H. Taylor. Calvin Hobart. Asa Cook, 
 Jonathan Reno and John B. Terry. 
 
 An indictment was returned against Oms Mc- 
 Cartney. Sheriff of the county, for selling liquor 
 without a license, and he plead guilty and was 
 fined $12 and costs. Samuel Gooch plead guilty 
 to assault and was fined $5 and costs. In the 
 ease of the People vs. Bird Brewer, indicted for 
 perjury, a jury was called, which was made up 
 as follows : John B. Terry, Asa Cook, Benjamin 
 Chadsey, John Orton, Jacob White. Willis O'Neal. 
 Oliver Lund, George Stewart, James Lammy. Ed- 
 ward White. Levin Green and Joseph Jackson. 
 They returned a verdict of "not guilty." Mr. 
 Brewer was defended in this case by A. W. Cav- 
 arly and in lieu of a cash fee, he gave his attor- 
 ney a barrel of honey. 
 
 Court etiquette was free and easy in those 
 pioneer days, as may be imagined from the fol- 
 lowing story told by Jonathan D. Maulove : "At 
 the first term of the Schuyler County circuit court, 
 held near Pleasantview, where George L. Greer 
 now resides, whilst Bird Brewer was having his 
 trial, I saw Jonathan Reno present to James 
 Turney. Esq.. a tin quart cup filled with whisky. 
 Mr. Turney took a swig, handed it to the jury 
 and they took a swigger ; he then gave it to the 
 Judge, he swiggled it ; again the jury swiggled a 
 second time and there was no more left to swig- 
 ger." Mr. Manlove further states that court was 
 held in a log cabin that measured 14xlG feet. 
 
 The second term of court was held October 12, 
 1826, Judge Sawyer presiding. Benjamin Cox 
 was admitted as Chancellor. At this term the 
 grand jury returned five indictments and Orris 
 McCartney, Sheriff, was cited to appear at the 
 next term of court to answer an indictment for 
 slander. He was twice tried on this charge, the 
 jury failing to agree. 
 
 Judge Samuel D. Loekwood presided at the 
 terms of court held in 1827 and 1828. and Jona- 
 thon II. Pugh was Prosecuting Attorney. The 
 first divorce case in the county came before the 
 court at the October term, when Stephen Osborn 
 asked to be divorced from his wife. I'hebe Os- 
 born, whom he charged with adultery. The case 
 was proven most conclusively, as the officer who 
 made the return of the service papers stated he 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 671 
 
 bad served the same on Mrs. Pbebe Toney, for- 
 merly Mrs. Pbebe Osborn, in Vermilion County. 
 
 David Wallace, who figured prominently in the 
 early court records as a litigant and defendant in 
 criminal eases, was indicted at this term of court 
 for sending a challenge to fight a duel. The ease 
 was tried twice rind eaeb time the jury failed to 
 agree. 
 
 The court records of those early days tell a 
 wonderful story of the strenuous times of the 
 pioneer settlers. The country was then sparsely 
 settled, but indictments made by the Grand Jury 
 outnumbered those of the present day and in- 
 cluded every offense known to criminal law. The 
 Grand Jury was looking for trouble in those days, 
 and many of the most prominent pipneer settlers 
 were called before the bar of justice. Even the 
 court officers did not always escape, as was shown 
 by the indictment of Sheriff McCartney and 
 again, in 1828, when Hart Fellows was indicted 
 for omission of duty. There does not appear to 
 have been any basis for this charge, as the case 
 was dismissed when presented to the court. 
 
 From 1825 until 1829 Schuyler County was in 
 the First Judicial Circuit, but in January of the 
 latter year there was a rearrangement of court 
 circuits, and Schuyler was placed in the Fifth 
 District. Richard M. Young was chosen by the 
 General Assembly as Judge of this district, and 
 be presided at the Schuyler courts until 1S37, 
 when he resigned to take his place in the United 
 States Senate, where he served one term. He 
 was afterwards one of the Supreme Court Judges 
 of Illinois. 
 
 While counted a stickler for court etiquette and 
 known as an austere and impassionate jurist, 
 Judge Young gave free vent to his convivial tastes 
 when among bis associates, and bis wit and good 
 nature made him the natural leader among all 
 classes of men. Many interesting stories are told 
 of his escapades and eccentricities, but withal he 
 seemed to have always held the confidence and 
 respect of the people. 
 
 About this same time another person appeared 
 as lawyer in the Schuyler Circuit Court, who was 
 destined to achieve high distinction. Diminutive 
 in size, and unassuming as an orator, he yet ex- 
 hibited judgment and talent of promise. He was 
 Thomas Ford. Prosecuting Attorney for Schuyler 
 County, and afterwards Governor of Illinois. 
 
 There were intellectual giants pacticing in the 
 courts of that early day, aud among the lawyers 
 who were regular attendants at the Schuyler 
 
 courts were: Abraham Lincoln, Stephen A. 
 Douglas, William A. Richardson, Orville H. 
 Browning. P. H. Walker, Cyrus Walker, T. Lyle 
 Dickey, E. D. Baker, William Minshall. Robert 
 Blackwell and others who, later, were at the head 
 of the legal profession in the State and leaders 
 in the two political parties. 
 
 When Richard M. Young retired from the bench 
 of the Fifth Judicial Circuit James II. Ralston 
 was commissioned to succeed him. In 1839 Peter 
 Lott presided and he was followed in 1S41 by 
 Stephen A. Douglas, who served from 1811 to 
 1843. In the years from 1843 to 1849 Jesse B. 
 Thomas, Richard -M. Young. Norman II. Purple 
 and David M. Woodson served as Judges of the 
 Circuit Court. In 1849 William A. Minshall, then 
 a resident of Rushville, was elected to the cir- 
 cuit bench. He was succeeded in 1852 by P. H. 
 Walker, also a resident of Rushville, who, in 
 1S58, was appointed by Governor Bissell to the 
 Supreme bench of Illinois. He was elected the 
 same year for the full nine year term, and served 
 for more than a quarter of a century in the State's 
 highest tribunal. T. Lyle Dickey, another resi- 
 dent of Rushville and a practicing attorney in 
 our courts in the 'thirties, was later elected to the 
 Supreme Court from the Northern Illinois Dis- 
 trict. 
 
 . From 1S58 to 1S61 John S. Bailey presided in 
 tlie circuit courts of Schuyler County, and he was 
 succeeded by Chauncey L. Higbee, who presided 
 over every term of court held in Rushville for the 
 next sixteen years, and whose record as a jurist 
 is an illustrious one. He was first elected Cir- 
 cuit Judge in 1861, and re-elected in 1867, 1S73 
 and 1879, and continued on the bench until his 
 death, which occurred at Pittsfield. December 7, 
 1S84. 
 
 In 1873 Schuyler County was placed in the 
 Sixth Judicial District, and Chauncey L. Higbee, 
 Simeon P. Sbope and John H. Williams were 
 elected Judges. They were succeeded in 1885 by 
 William Marsh, Charles J. Scofield and John C. 
 Bagby. The last election held in the old Sixth 
 Judicial District was in 1891, and Oscar P. Bon- 
 ney, Jefferson Orr and Charles J. Scofield were 
 chosen for a term of six years. 
 
 The General Assembly of 1S96-97 made a new 
 apportionment of the judicial districts and, while 
 Schuyler remained in the Sixth District, there 
 were many changes made. From this new dis- 
 trict in 1897 there were elected Harry Higbee, 
 Thomas N. Mehan and John C. Broady. In 1903 
 
672 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Judges Higbee and Mehan were re-elected with 
 Albert Ackers as their associate, and upon the 
 death of Judge Mehan in 1907, Guy Williams 
 was elected to fill the vacancy. 
 
 In l!)0i» two additional terms of court were 
 granted Schuyler County annually, and in June 
 and December of each year the attention of the 
 Judges is given to chancery cases exclusively, 
 while the regular jury terms are held in April 
 and October. 
 
 Probate and County Courts.— Hart Fellows, 
 who held all the county offices of Schuyler County 
 at one time or another by self-assertion and com- 
 mon consent, was the first Judge of Probate in 
 Schuyler County, and he took the oath of office 
 before Judge Sawyer of the Circuit Court at the 
 October term, 1826. The first record of business 
 in bis court begins with July 28, 1S27, when "in 
 pursuance of the statute in such cases made and 
 provided," a court of probate was begun and 
 held at Rushville in and for the county of Schuy- 
 ler. At this session the first business transacted 
 was the appointment of a guardian for Anderson 
 Walker, and the court appointed John Thompson 
 to act as such. 
 
 The first estate settled in probate was that of 
 Solomon Stanberry and the appraisement showed 
 personal property to the amount of $150.75. The 
 first will recorded was that of Roswell B. Fenner, 
 which was admitted to probate December 14, 
 1832. 
 
 Henry B-. Bertholf succeeded Hart Fellows as 
 Probate Judge and served from 1833 to 1837. He 
 in turn was succeeded by Adam Dunlap. who 
 served until 1S47, and James L. Anderson, whose 
 term of office was from 1847 to 1S49. These two 
 later judges were known as Probate Justices of 
 the Peace. By the adoption of the new State Con- 
 stitution, and on the organization of the County 
 Court, the County Judge was given jurisdiction 
 of probate matters. William Ellis' term of serv- 
 ice was 1849-1857; DeWitt C. Johnston, 1S57- 
 1861 : James L. Anderson. 1861-1865; Ephraim J. 
 Pemberton, 1865-1882 ; John C. Bagby, 1882-1886 ; 
 S. B. Montgomery, 1886-1890; H. C. Schultz, 
 1890-1894; D. L. Mourning, 1894-1898; Herscnel 
 V. Teel, 1898-1906; William H. Dieterich, 1906 
 to the present time. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 POLITICS AND PUBLIC OFFICERS. 
 
 EARLY POLITICS IN ILLINOIS — FORMATION OF NEW 
 POLITICAL PARTIES — SENTIMENT IN SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY FAVORABLE TO GEN. JACKSON IN 1828 — 
 
 WHIGS CARRY* THE COUNTY IN 1840 AND 1S48 
 
 BIRTH OF THE "KNOW NOTHING" PARTY — ORGAN- 
 IZERS OF REPUBLICAN PARTY IN SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY' SENATORIAL CAMPAIGN OF 1S58 LIN- 
 COLN'S VISIT TO RUSHVILLE — PRESIDENTIAL VOTE 
 FROM 1SG0 TO 1904 — CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENT- 
 ATIVES — STATE SENATORS AND REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 DELEGATES WHO HAVE REPRESENTED SCHUYLER 
 
 COUNTY' IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS — 
 COUNTY' OFFICERS FROM 1823 TO 1906. 
 
 When Illinois was admitted as a State in the 
 Union James Monroe was serving his first term 
 as President, and his re-election in 1820 created 
 no partisan strife among the homogeneous class 
 that made up the population of our then frontier 
 State. Little interest was taken in the principles 
 of the old Federalist and Republican parties, and 
 with national issues eliminated, we find that in 
 State affairs men and not measures were the 
 dominating force. 
 
 Events were shaping themselves, however, to 
 bring Illinois into the vortex of political strife, 
 and the election of John Quincy Adams to the 
 presidency, in 1824, marked the beginning of par- 
 tisan politics in Illinois as clearly as though it 
 had been brought about by legislative enactment 
 In that memorable contest for the presidency 
 Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay and William H. 
 Crawford were candidates opposed to Adams. 
 In the election none of the candidtes received the 
 required number of votes to elect (i. e., a major- 
 ity in the Electoral College), and the matter 
 went to the House of Representatives where John 
 Quincy Adams was chosen President. 
 
 Daniel P. Cook, the Representative from Illi- 
 nois, voted for Adams notwithstanding Gen. 
 Jackson had received two votes in the State to 
 Adams' one, and this created a storm of protest 
 from Gen. Jackson's friends, who charged that 
 their leader had been cheated out of his election 
 by bargain, intrigue and corruption. Nor did this 
 
, Hv fS-a^-yuMU 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 673 
 
 feeling diminish in the succeeding four years, for 
 in 1828 Gen. Jackson carried the State triumph- 
 antly, and Daniel P. Cook was retired from poli- 
 tics for the part he had played in the election of 
 John Quincy Adams. 
 
 The election of Gen. Jackson proved an epoch 
 in the political history of the nation, as it brought 
 about the formation of new political policies and 
 meant the total collapse of the old Federalist and 
 Republican parties. In the eight years during 
 which he dominated the policies of the country, 
 there was a new alignment of political forces 
 under the names of the Democratic and Whig 
 parties, and a majority of the people of Illinois 
 were not slow to ally themselves with their 
 favorite political leader. With the ascendency of 
 Jackson to political power, Henry* Clay became 
 the leader of the Whig party and partisan feel- 
 ing ran high throughout the State. 
 
 The sentiment of Schuyler County was fav- 
 orable to Gen. Jackson and, in the elections of 
 1S2S and 1832, he was enthusiastically sup- 
 ported at the polls, and the spirit of Democracy 
 then engendered has continued on down through 
 the years of ceaseless conflict and political mach- 
 ination to the present day. In the election of 
 1836, when Martin Van Buren was the candi- 
 date of the Democracy, the influence of Jack- 
 son was strongly felt in Illinois, and Schuyler 
 County remained true to the peerless leader and 
 voted strongly for Van Buren. 
 
 In 1840, when Van Buren and Johnson again 
 contested with Gen. William H. Harrison and 
 John Tyler for the national honors, the cam- 
 pangn in Schuyler waxed warm. Political clubs 
 were formed and the best of Illinois' brilliant 
 orators were heard at meetings held in the 
 old brick court house. The military prestige of 
 Gen. Harrison exerted a powerful influence upon 
 the hardy pioneers, and the political songs of 
 "Tippecanoe and Tyler too" reverberated from 
 Chicago to Cairo. When the votes were counted 
 in Schuyler the Whigs were wild with delight, for 
 Harrison had received 732 votes to 611 for Van 
 Buren. 
 
 There is no record of the vote in Schuyler 
 in 1S44, when Henry Clay was the leader of the 
 Whig forces, but in 1848 Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
 the hero of Buena Vista, won the hearts and the 
 votes of the Mexican War veterans and carried 
 the county by a plurality of three votes. The 
 total vote was 1,615, of which Taylor received 
 807. Cass 804, and Van Buren, the anti-slavery 
 
 candidate, 34. This was the last political vic- 
 tory won by the Whigs in Schuyler County and 
 in every election since 1848 a majority has been 
 returned in favor of the Democratic candidate. 
 
 During the decade of the 'fifties the "Know 
 Nothing" party, with its mysterious secrecy and 
 dark and hidden ceremonies, exerted more or 
 less influence on politics in Illinois and, by its 
 operations, sought to influence elections where 
 the Democratic and Whig parties were evenly 
 divided. But when the party came out in the 
 open and made nominations of its own, it soon 
 lost, power and what little influence it possessed. 
 In Schuyler County, as in all other portions of 
 the State, the "Know Nothings" flourished for 
 a time and had many adherents who were at- 
 tracted by the mysterious rites and ceremonies, 
 but greater issues than mere prejudice soon 
 caused "Know Nothingism" to be forgotten. 
 
 Gen. Scott, the Whig presidential candidate 
 in 1S52, did not arouse the same enthusiasm in 
 Schuyler as did the other military heroes and. 
 in the election. Pierce and King (Democrats) 
 received 980 votes; Scott and Graham (Whigs) 
 844, and Hale (Independent) 10. 
 
 The disintegration of the old Whig party, 
 as foreshadowed by the election of 1S52. and the 
 new issues involved through the pressing to the 
 front of the slavery question, was noted and 
 recognized in Schuyler County as the forerunner 
 of a new political party and. in the spring of 
 1856, there assembled a small company of citizens 
 to discuss the political situation. It was at this 
 meeting, held in George W. Scripps' school build- 
 ing on West Lafayette Street, that the Republican 
 party of Schuyler County came into life. There 
 were present George W. Scripps, Rev. John 
 Clarke. Wilhelm Peter, Masox Frisby and James 
 E. Scripps. The latter afterwards became 
 rounder of the Detroit (Mich.) News, but died 
 May 29, 1906. At this meeting the subject of the 
 approaching State convention at Bloomington, 
 called for May 29th, was talked over and Rev. 
 John Clarke was finally elected a delegate to 
 represent the embryo Republicanism of Schuy- 
 ler County. 
 
 Sentiment on the slavery question as the para- 
 mount political issue crystalized slowly in Schuy- 
 ler and resulted in a division of forces in the 
 election of 185G, which gave James Buchanan the 
 largest plurality ever recorded for a presidental 
 candidate in the county. It was the first political 
 landslide in the county, and makes all others seem 
 
r,] I 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 small in comparison. Buchanan and Breckin- 
 ridge were the standard bearers of the united 
 Democracy, and they received 1369 voles. Free- 
 nioni and Dayton, the candidates of the new Re- 
 publican party, received 388 votes, and Fillmore 
 .•mil Donelson, of the American or Know-Nothing 
 party. 570. This was the final effort of tlie Know 
 Nothing party as a factor in national politics. 
 though in that year it was largely instrumental 
 in the defeat of William A. Richardson, the 
 Democratic candidate lor Governor of Illinois. 
 
 In reviewing the history of the political cam- 
 paign following the organization of the Repub- 
 lican party, no effort will be made to describe 
 the hitter hate and venom that marked the part- 
 isan contests in Schuyler County. The present 
 generation can form no idea of the intense and 
 hitter excitement that characterized the mad poli- 
 tical turmoil which finally terminated in the 
 Civil War. There are, however, many facts of 
 political history of this period which can he re- 
 viewed ami that have a true place in the political 
 history of the county, ami these will he correctly 
 
 reported without bias. 
 
 The senatorial campaign of 1S58, with Abraham 
 Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas as the com- 
 manding central figures, before its close became 
 of national importance, hut it likewise is full of 
 historic interest from' a purely local standpoint, 
 as Schuyler County had tour candidates for the 
 Legislature in the field and was made a battle 
 ground by both political aspirants. 
 
 The senatorial district of which Schuyler was 
 
 a part, was c posed of the counties of Hancock, 
 
 Henderson and Schuyler. Rev. John P. Rich- 
 mond was the Democratic candidate for the State 
 Senate anil lion. L. D. Erwin. of file same poli- 
 tical party, was up for reelection as Representa- 
 tive. Hon. John «'. Bagby was a candidate lor 
 State Senator on the Republican ticket, and John 
 B. Seeley was the legislative candidate of the 
 National 1 •emocralic party. 
 
 Abraham Lincoln opened his senatorial cam- 
 paign of 1858 at Beardstown, on August 12, and 
 Schuyler Republicans were well represented, as 
 the issues of the campaign were stirring the peo- 
 ple as they had never been stirred before. 
 
 on Wednesday October 20, 1858, Lincoln came 
 to Kushville. It was a raw, cold day, but the 
 people turned out by thousands. Great prepara- 
 tion had been made to welcome him and at an 
 early hour wagons, horsemen and people on foot 
 began pouring into the town. As they entered 
 
 they were taken in charge by marshals on horse- 
 back and escorted to the rendezvous north of 
 town. The united procession, under direction of 
 Chief Marshal Levi Lusk. then moved forward 
 to the square, then down Washington Street to 
 Jackson and east on Lafayette to St. Louis Street, 
 and on returning to the square the wagons, car- 
 riages and footmen dispersed, and the horsemen, 
 headed by the Kushville hand and a martial com- 
 pany known as "The Wide Awakes." marched to 
 the home of William II. Kay, where Mr. Lincoln 
 was entertained. While Lincoln's reception in 
 Kushville was a most enthusiastic one, it was 
 marred by partisan demonstrations of the must 
 flagrant kind. As has been previously stated, 
 party feeling ran high and it showed itself in a 
 most unfavorable light at the Lincoln meeting. 
 
 On the night before Liucoln came, some one 
 climbed to the top of the old court house and 
 hung a black flag from the steeple, and during the 
 speaking the Sheriff was required to clear the 
 court house roof of boys who made such a din as 
 to drown the speaker's voice. 
 
 In one of the court house windows, directly 
 over the stand from which Lincoln spoke, was a 
 crowd of young ladies who waved aloft a nigger 
 doll, to which was attached a banner bearing the 
 inscription "Hurrah for Lincoln!" Growing more 
 bold when they saw they were detracting at- 
 tention from the speaker, they cheered for Doug- 
 las and publicly announced that he would speak in 
 Kushville in the near future. Mr. Liucoln stop- 
 ped in the midst of his great speech and, turn- 
 ing to the window, politely asked the young 
 ladies to lie still until he had finished his speech 
 when he would yield the stand to them. The 
 kindly rebuke administered by Liucoln restored 
 order, and he was allowed to finish his speech 
 Without further disturbance. 
 
 The great joiut debate between these two peer- 
 less leaders had been held when Liucoln came to 
 Kushville, and his fame had gone to the utter- 
 most parts of the Union as the one man who was 
 a worthy antagonist of Stephen A. Douglas. Both 
 candidates delayed their visit to Schuyler until 
 late in the campaign, as they wished to make the 
 most of the political situation where so many 
 direct votes in the Legislature were at stake. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas came to Kushville the last 
 week in the campaign (the exact date we are un- 
 able to give), and the welcome that was extended 
 to him was unparalleled in its enthusiasm. 
 Douglas was the idol of the Schuyler Democrats. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHTYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 675 
 
 He was known personally to every man of prom- 
 inence in the county, having frequently visited 
 Rushville while practicing at the bar and in 
 earlier political campaigns, lie was at this time 
 at the zenith of liis career and the acknowledged 
 leader of his party in State and N'ation. His 
 old friends in Schuyler had watched his meteoric 
 rise to the proud eminence he now beld, ami were 
 
 eager lo follow the "Little Giant" in political 
 
 battles thai were yet to come, tor they all looked 
 upon him as the logical successor lo .lames Buch- 
 anan as President of the United stales. 
 
 The Lincoln meeting had spurred the Democrats 
 lo even greater efforts, ami the crowd that wel- 
 comed Douglas on that fair October day was tin' 
 largest that had ever gathered in Rushville, and 
 was not to he eclipsed until many years after- 
 wards when the population of the county had 
 greatly increased. 
 
 The platform was erected on the north sjile of 
 the court house and was not completed at the 
 time set for the speaking to begin ; but when 
 Douglas appeared he was lifted by some of his 
 strong armed constituents to the speaker's stand, 
 
 His answer to Lincoln was along the same lines 
 that he had used during the long campaign now 
 rapidly drawing to a close, and was given with 
 unparalleled spirit ami eloquence. He spoke for 
 three hours and his magnetic presence and match- 
 less eloquence is remembered, even to the pres- 
 enl day, by those who heard him. 
 
 At the Douglas rally an incident occurred 
 which is worthy of note. The Democrats were 
 eager to overshadow the recent Republican rally, 
 and as an aid to this purpose, borrowed a can- 
 non at Beardstown to be fired on the day of the 
 speaking. They had planned to have a pageant 
 that would delight all spectators and fill their 
 rivals with envy. The cannon was mounted on 
 the running gears of a wagon and hauled about 
 the square, and the announcement made that it 
 would be fired at the close of the speaking. 
 
 While Senator Douglas was still talking, the 
 boys undertook to load the cannon, "Jack" Zeig- 
 ler was master of ceremouies. The old method of 
 loading by cramming down paper, to him was 
 good enough in its way, but it didn't make noise 
 enough. Me suggested wet chipped leather, and 
 there were loads of it in the rear of Ryan's 
 harness shop. 
 
 "Katn that down light ami they'll hear your 
 old cannon in every adjoining county when she 
 speaks,'' said "Jack." 
 
 The hoys did as directed. When all was ready 
 I he lanyard was jerked; the powder Hashed 
 Into a geyser of flame; there was a Hash, a pause 
 and then a shock which shook the very earth ami 
 shattered all the glass windows on the northeast 
 corner of the square. The noise was awful, the 
 result disastrous. The leather had clung lo the 
 
 min's interior, refusing ejectment, and the can- 
 non was shattered into a hundred pieces. The 
 broken parts leaped into the air and Hew sky 
 
 high, and that was the last of the Democrat's 
 
 mighty cannon. Miraculous as it seems, no one 
 was injured. A large piece of the cannon fell in 
 Hie center of the park just grazing the shoulder 
 of .lames l.awler. hut he escaped uninjured. 
 
 In the ever memorable political contest of ISUO, 
 Schuyler was again loyal to Douglas and he 
 |mi11c<1 1559 voles; Lincoln and Hamlin. 956; 
 Bell and Everett, 15; and Breckinridge and Lane, 
 8. The vote in isiu siood : Meridian ami Pen- 
 dleton, lii'.n : Lincoln and Johnson, nor,. 
 
 following is a table of the official vole Cor 
 President in Schuyler County since 1864 : 
 186S— Seymour, 1,756; Grant 1,311. 
 1872 -Greeley, 1,577; (Irani. 1,430. 
 lsTd— Tilden, 1804; Hayes, 1,522; Cooper, 115. 
 1880— Hancock, 1,937; Garfield, 1,520; Weaver, 
 69. 
 
 1884 Cleveland, 1,956; Blaine, 1,533; St. John, 
 24; Butler, 25. 
 
 1888 — Cleveland, 1,994; Harrison. 1,610; Fisk, 
 !ii': Streeter, 18. 
 
 1892— Cleveland, 1,880; Harrison. 1,563; Bid- 
 well. 1 II': Weaver. 209. 
 
 1896 — Bryan, 2,325 ; McKinley, 1,848; Levering 
 63; Palmer, 11. 
 
 1900 — Bryan, 2,167; McKinley, 1,791; Wooley, 
 7-1 : Baker, 4. 
 
 1904— Parker, 1,C82: Roosevelt, 1,636; Swal- 
 low, L'To. 
 
 Representatives in Conuress. — The first con- 
 gressional district of which Schuyler County was 
 a pari, embraced the whole State of Illinois and 
 Daniel 1'. Cook was the Representative in Con- 
 u'less. He was followed in 1827 by Joseph Dun- 
 can, who served until 1834, when he resigned 
 to accept the governorship. 
 
 In 1831 the first Congressional apportionment 
 was made and I he State was divided into three 
 districts. Schuyler was in the Third District 
 which included Pike, Morgan and Sangamon 
 Counties and all the territory to the north of 
 them. Joseph Duncan of Jacksonville, who sue- 
 
676 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ceeded Daniel P. Cook, represented this Third 
 District and he was succeeded by William L. 
 May. a Democrat, who served from 1834 to 1839. 
 John T. Stuart. Whig, of Springfield, succeeded 
 May and served two terms to be followed by John 
 J. Hardin, of the same political party. 
 
 It was during Hardin's term of office that the 
 State was again redistricted and Schuyler was 
 placed in the Fifth Congressional District witJi 
 Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Mar- 
 quette, (a part of Adams,) Brown, Fulton, Peoria 
 and Macoupin Counties. 
 
 William A. Richardson, then a resident of 
 Rushville, was elected to Congress from this dis- 
 trict in 1847 to succeed Stephen A. Douglas, who 
 had been elected to the United States Senate. 
 Mr. Richardson served six consecutive terms 
 (the first being a fractional term to complete 
 that for which Douglas had been elected in 
 1846), but during his third term he moved to 
 Quincy, where he afterwards made his home. 
 
 In 1852 Schuyler County was placed in the 
 Fifth District composed of the counties of Adams, 
 Pike, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, McDonough, 
 Hancock and Henderson, and again in 1S61 there 
 was another rearrangement when the Ninth Dis- 
 trict was formed to include the following coun- 
 ties ; Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, McDonough, 
 Brown and Pike. 
 
 The Republicans having succeeded to political 
 power in Illinois, the new Congressional Districts 
 created in 1872 were designed to be favorable to 
 that party. Schuyler was placed in the Tenth 
 District, which was made up of Mercer, Hen- 
 derson, Warren. Hancock, and Schuyler Coun- 
 ties. The first Republican convention in this 
 district nominated William H. Ray of Rusb- 
 ville. as their candidate and he was elected and 
 served one term. Two years later the Dem- 
 ocrats nominated John C. Bagby, also of Rush- 
 ville, and he too was elected, notwithstanding the 
 adverse Republican majority, and served in Con- 
 gress from 1S75 to 1S77. 
 
 Ten years elapsed before the boundary of 
 the Congressional District was changed and in 
 1882 the Eleventh District was formed with the 
 counties of Rock Island, Mercer, Henderson, 
 Warren, Hancock, McDonough and Schuyler. 
 While nominally Republican, the district was not 
 proof against Democratic victories and the elec- 
 tions were, in consequence, spirited ones. 
 
 When the Democrats once more came into 
 power in 1892. they turned their attention to 
 
 congressional districts and a new apportionment 
 was made, and the Fifteenth District was created 
 of the counties of Henderson, Warren, Hancock. 
 McDonough. Adams, Brown and Schuyler. Like 
 the Republicans they had planned a district along 
 partisan lines, but with popular candidates and 
 vigorous campaigning the Republicans were suc- 
 cessful in every campaign save the last one in 
 1900. 
 
 A typical "gerrymander" marked the last change 
 of Congressional Districts in 1901, and it was 
 planned and designed to be hopelessly Republican. 
 The new Fifteenth District is composed of the 
 counties of Henry. Knox, Fulton, Schuyler and 
 Adams, and it is ably represented in Congress 
 by George W. Prince of Galesburg. 
 
 Members of the General Assembly. — In re- 
 viewing the history of Schuyler County's rep- 
 resentation in the General Assembly, it becomes 
 apparent that the Representatives from this 
 county have played a prominent part in the legis- 
 lation for the State. From the year 1832 until 
 1900, Schuyler was represented in the General 
 Assembly by one of its citizens as a Senator 
 or Representative, with the exception of two 
 sessions in 18G4-6G and 1S82-84. 
 
 On the organization of the county in 1S26 
 Schuyler was placed in a district composed of 
 the counties of Pike, Fulton, Adams, Morgan 
 and Peoria. In 1832 a new district was formed 
 of Fulton. Knox, Henry, Calhoun, Mercer, Mc- 
 Donough and Warren Counties, and William Mc- 
 Creery was elected Senator and William A. Min- 
 sliall Representative, both being residents of 
 Schuyler County. From 1830 to 1840 Schuyler 
 was set apart as one district and elected a 
 Senator and Representative. After 1840 Brown 
 County was added to the district. 
 
 Since 1S4S, when the second State Constitution 
 went into effect, the Legislative Districts of 
 which Schuyler has been a part, have been as 
 follows : 
 
 184S — Sixteenth Senatorial : McDonough, 
 Schuyler, Brown, Highland. Thirty-sixth Rep- 
 resentative : Schuyler. 
 
 1854 — Eleventh Senatorial ; Schuyler. Hen- 
 derson, Hancock. Thirtieth Representative: 
 Schuyler. 
 
 1861 — Twelfth Senatorial : Menard, Cass, 
 Schuyler, Brown, Morgan. Thirtieth Represen- 
 tative : Schuyler. 
 
 1872— Twenty fifth Senatorial : Fulton, Schuy- 
 ler. 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 677 
 
 1882—Thirty-fourth Senatorial: Mason, Men- 
 ard, Cass, Schuyler. 
 
 1893 — Twenty-eighth Senatorial : Hancock, 
 McDonough, Schuyler. 
 
 1901 — Thirtieth Senatorial : Tazewell, Mason, 
 Menard, Cass, Brown, Schuyler. 
 
 State Senators elected from Schuyler County 
 are: William McCreery, 1832-34; George W. P. 
 Maxwell, 1834-38; William A. Richardson, 1838- 
 42; John Brown, 1S4G-4S ; John P. Richmond, 
 1S4S-52 and 1858-02; Robert Brown, 1874-78; 
 John M. Darnell, 1884-88. 
 
 Representatives elected from Schuyler County 
 are : William A. Minshall. 1832-34 ; Jacob Vande- 
 venter, 1834-30; William A. Richardson, 1830-38; 
 John Brown. 1S38-40; William A. Minshall, 1840- 
 42; P. C. Vance, 1842-44; John Brown. 1844- 
 40; Lewis D. Erwin, 1846-48; Jesse Darnell, 
 184S-50; Allen Persinger, 1850-52; Francis E. 
 Bryant, 1852-54; John P. Richmond, 1854-56; 
 Lewis D. Erwin, 1856-02; Joseph Sharron, 1862- 
 64; George W. Metz, 1866-68; John Ewing, 
 1868-70; Samuel S. Benson, 1870-72; John 
 M. Darnell. 1872-74: James DeWitt, 1874-70 ; Wil- 
 .liam T. McCreery, 1876-S0: Hosea Davis, 1878- 
 80; William C. Reno. 1SS0-S2; Perry Logsdon. 
 1884-86 and 1S88-90; William T. McCreery, 1888- 
 90; Bernard P. Preston, 1890-94; U. A. Wilson, 
 1S94-98; James A. Teel, 1S94-96; George M. 
 Black. 1898-1900; J. E. Wyaiul. 1900-1902; A. M. 
 Foster 1906-1908. 
 
 Delegates to Constitutional Conventions. — 
 In the three Constitutional Conventions that have 
 been held since Schuyler County was organized 
 as a county, the representation has been as 
 follows : 1847— William A. Minshall ; 1802— 
 John P. Richmond : 1809-70— Jesse C. Fox. The 
 constitution framed by the Convention of 1862 
 was rejected by vote of the people. 
 
 State's Attorneys— From 1825 until 1872 the 
 Prosecuting Attorney for the county was chosen 
 to represent a district rather than a county, and 
 it does not always happen that the attorney was 
 a resident of the county, though a number of the 
 attorneys who held this office and afterwards 
 achieved national reputation were members of 
 the Schuyler County bar. The attorneys who 
 have served in this official capacity are: James 
 Turney, 1825-26 ; Jonathan H. I'ugh, pro tem., 
 1826; William Brown, 1S26-31 ; Thomas Ford, 
 1831-34; William A. Richardson 1834-38; Wil- 
 liam Elliott, 1838-44; Henry L. Bryant, 1844-48; 
 Robert S. Blackwell, 1848-52; John S. Bailey, 
 
 1852-58; L. H. Waters. 1858-59; DeWitt C. 
 Johnston, pro tern., 1859-00; Thomas E. Morgan, 
 1800-08 ; L. W. James, 1808-72 ; Edward P. Vail, 
 1872-70; Sylvauus B. Montgomery, 1870-84; 
 David H. Glass, 1SS4-9G; Thomas E. Botten- 
 berg, 1890-1904; Herman II. Brown, 1904. 
 
 County Clerks — John B. Terry, 1825-27, re- 
 signed December, 1827; Hart Fellows, 1827-37; 
 William Ellis, 1837-1847; Nathan Moore, 1S47- 
 50, resigned September, 1856 ; Edward Bertholf, 
 September to December, 1856 ; Charles Neill, 1850- 
 60;DeWitt C. Johnston, 1800-64; A. L. Noble, 
 1804-68; John M. Spangler, 180S-72; John C. 
 Scripps, 1872-70; Mark Bogue. 1876-90; A. P. 
 Rodewald, 1890-98; Isaac Lewis, 1898. 
 
 Recorders— John B. Terry, 1825-27 ; Hart Fel- 
 lows, 1827-38; Richard Dougherty, 1838-46; 
 Thomas I. Garrett, 1S46-4S. By the adoption of 
 the State Constitution of 1848 the offices of 
 Recorder and Circuit Clerk were merged, and 
 since that date both offices have been filled by the 
 Circuit Clerk. 
 
 Circuit Clerks— Hart Fellows, 1825-36, resigned 
 December, 1S36; Robert A. Glenn, 1836-40; 
 Joseph Montgomery, 1840-52; Lewis D. Erwin, 
 1852-56; Joseph Montgomery, 1850-60; Thomas J. 
 Kinney, 1800-04; Simon Doyle, 1864-68; Edward 
 Bertholf, 1S0S-72; William Paris, 1S72-SO; Wil- 
 liam H. H. Rader, 18S0-S4; Charles II. Wells. 
 1884-88; Nathan S. Montgomery, 1888-90- Eli B. 
 Dixson, 1890-1904: Edward J. Ryan. 1904 to 
 date. 
 
 County Treasurers— David Blair, 1827-28; Wil- 
 lis O'Neal, 1S28-33; Edward Doyle, 1833-34; 
 Adam Dunlap, 1834-35; Harvey Lester, 1835-36; 
 Robert H. Burton, 1836-37; Marshall /Smith, 
 March, 1S37 to September, 1837; William Cox, 
 1837-38 (removed); Clark Dennis, 1838-39; 
 Joseph T. Campbell, 1839-42; John Scripps, 1842- 
 43; James DeWitt, 1843-45; Nathan Moore, 
 1845-47; E. H. O. Seeley, 1847-49; Enoch Ed- 
 monston, 1849-52; Peter L- Campbell, 1852-60; 
 Simon Doyle. 1800-02; Enoch Edmonston, 1862- 
 01; Elias D. Leach, 1864-06; Joseph N. Ward, 
 1866-68; Edwin M. Anderson, 1868-70; George H. 
 Nelson, 1870-72; Edward D. Wells, 1872-76; Ed- 
 win Dyson, 1S76-7S; August Nell. 1878-82: Ed- 
 win Dyson, 1882-S6 ; John S. Stutsman, 1886-90; 
 George Ilanna. 1890-04 ; A. H. Clark, 1S94-98 ; 
 George T. Whitson, 189S-1902 ; Charles K. Strong, 
 1902-00; William Cooper, 1906-08. 
 
 School Commissioners and Superintendents. — 
 Alexander Curry, 1826-35; Henry B. Bertholf, 
 
678 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 1835-39: William Ellis, 1839-40; Edward Doyle, 
 1S40-42; Jonathan D. Manlove, 1842-43; John 
 Scripps, 1843-17; George Little, 1847; Wheeler 
 W. Wells, 1848; John Scripps, 1848-49; Daniel 
 T. Berry, 1849-50; John 8. Bagby 1850; Charles 
 Neill. 1S50-56; William Ellis. 1856-58; George I!. 
 Benton, 1858-60; Anderson D. Da vies, 1860-62; 
 Henry Smither, 1862-64; Jesse C. Fox. 1S64-68; 
 Jonathan R. Neill, 1868-72; William A. Clark, 
 1872-76: Henry H. Foley, 1876-86; D. M. Stover. 
 18S6-94; J. G. Maroe, 1894-98; L. J. McCreery, 
 1898-1902; J. Rollo Black. 1902-06; L. J. Mc- 
 Creery, 1906. 
 
 Sheriffs — Orris McCartney, 1825-28; Joel Pen- 
 nington. 182S-:!4: Thomas Hayden. 1834-38: John 
 <i. McHatton, 183S-42; Joseph T. Campbell, 1S42- 
 44 ; Enoch Edmonston, 1844-48 : Asa Goodwin. 
 1848-50 ; Lewis D. Envin, 1850-52 ; Asa Goodwin, 
 1852-54; Charles Neill, 1854-56; John Hugh 
 Lawler. 1856-58; Enoch Edmonston, 1858-60; Ed- 
 ward Bertholf. 1S00-62 ; Joseph Dyson 1862-04 ; 
 John C. Brown, 1864-66 ; Joseph Dyson, 1866-68 ; 
 Henry J. Sapp, 1S68-70; Joseph Dyson, 1870-72; 
 George T. Whitson, 1872-74; George M. Camp- 
 bell, 1874-70; John A. Harvey. 1N70-78; John 
 C. Brown. 1878-80; John Neill. 1880-82. Jacob 
 Pruett, 1SS2-86: John Neill. 1886-90; George S. 
 Greer. 1890-94; Felix Jackson, 1894-98; John 
 Neill, 1898-1902; Felix Jackson. 1902-06; S. R. 
 Moore, 1906. 
 
 Coroners — Levin Green, 1825-29; Thomas 
 
 Raines. 1820; Alexander Penny ; John P. 
 
 Sidles, : Peter Wampler, 1848-50; A. H. 
 
 Perkins. 1850-52; Peter Wampler. 1852-54; A. H. 
 Perkins. 1854-56; Peter Wampler, 1856-58; 
 William <;. Denny, 1858-60; John R. Randall, 
 1860-62; Alexander Montgomery, 1862-64; Henry 
 J. Sapp. 1864-66; John P. Sidles, 1866-1868; 
 Adam Trone. 1868-70; Hud M. Dean.'. 1870-74; 
 C. M. Grimwood, 1S74-70 : Barnett P. Watts, 
 1876-78; llnd M. Deane 1878-80; John S. Vance. 
 1880-82; John p. skiles. 1882-86; Hud M. Deane, 
 1886-1900; Nathan Parish. 1000-1902; E. S. Chip- 
 man, 1902 . 
 
 Surveyors — Jonathan D. Manlove, 1825-29.; 
 William P. Manlove. 1829-34: Allen Persinger, 
 1834-38; F. E. Bryant, 1838-42; J. Miles Sweeney. 
 1842-46; Leonidas Homey, 1846-61; Charles 
 Prather. 1861-62; Jeremiah Stumm. 1862-64; John 
 M. Campbell, 1864-66; James W. Watts, 1866- 
 68; Jeremiah Stumm. 1S6S-74 : James W. Watts. 
 1S74-76; Jefferson Homey, 1S76-85 ; Jeremiah 
 Stumm. 18S.-.-1904; J. Clarke Graff, 1904-07; 
 
 Howard F. Dyson, appointed to fill vacancy, 
 December 13, 1907. 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 UK; 1 1 WAYS— POST ROUTES— RAILROADS. 
 
 DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHWAYS — LAYING OUT OF ROAD 
 
 FROM RUSHVILI.E TO BOCK ISLAND EARLY' ROADS 
 
 IN SCHUY'LER COUNTY' — FIRST POST ROUTES IN- 
 AUGURATION OF RURAL MAIL ROUTES — FERRIES 
 
 AND I5RIDGE SITES MILL-SEATS THEIR HISTORY' 
 
 AND LOCATION FIRST COUNTY' BRIDGE OVER 
 
 CROOKED CHEEK COMPLETED IN 1830 — FIRST RAIL- 
 ROAD PLANNED IN 1836 — COUNTY' VOTES $150,- 
 
 OOO IN RAILROAD BONDS RAILROAD BUILT TO 
 
 RUSHVILI.E IN 1S69 TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION 
 
 — LIST OF TELEPHONE LINKS NOW IN OPERATION. 
 
 In 1823. when the first settlement was made in 
 Schuyler County, there were few well established 
 roads in Illinois. In the south and central por- 
 tions of the State there were well defined lines 
 of travel, but these were little more than paths 
 or trails, ami as they approached the Illinois 
 River they grew less distinct, and when Schuyler 
 County was reached they had disappeared alto- 
 gether. Here the trail of the settler ended and, 
 to the north as far as the Hudson Bay country 
 and west to the Pocky Mountains, there were 
 none of the familiar signs to mark the path of the 
 adventurous homeseeker. 
 
 Following the trail was not as easy as the 
 name suggests, and to do it successfully the 
 settler had to exercise the keen knowledge of 
 woodcraft that he bad gained by observation and 
 experience. Animals and Indians had located 
 the fords in many instances before the coming 
 of the white man. and thus had outlined a gen- 
 eral line of travel, and the emigrants, follow- 
 ing the line of least resistance, made a well 
 beaten path through the trackless forests and 
 across the wide expanse of prairie which, in 
 time and through constant travel, became a well 
 defined highway. 
 
 When the first settlers who located in Schuyler 
 made their journey north from the southern 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 679 
 
 part of Indiana, they found only a rude trail that 
 here and there had been roughly corduroyed 
 over the worst sloughs. The trees along the 
 route had been Mazed to mark the trail, and 
 in many instances those who had gone before bad 
 written their names on the smooth barked trees, 
 telling where they were from and where they were 
 going, a message that was often read with wel- 
 come by friends who came after them. When 
 some one had found a better road leading off 
 from the trail, it was marked by setting a row of 
 stakes at the points of digression, which was a 
 sign well understood by the pioneers of the plains. 
 The roads thus improvised by the frontiersmen 
 were laid out without reference to section lines 
 and. as necessity arose, they were straightened, 
 but the first rude trail very often determined 
 the destiny of what are now flourishing cities 
 and. in a manner, affected the greater lines of 
 commerce when railroad building began. 
 
 In this connection it will not be out of place 
 to refer to the establishment of a trail, or road, 
 from Rushville to Rock Island, which afterwards 
 became a well defined route of travel when the 
 excitement over the lead mines at Galena started 
 a stream of emigration northward. This road 
 was laid out in 1827 by J. D. Manlove and 
 Thomas Beard, who were engaged in the work 
 for ten days. They left Rushville on horse- 
 back and. in their travels northward, did not 
 find a single settlement until Fort Armstrong 
 was reached. In a reminescence of pioneer times 
 Mr. Manlove writes that the road was marked 
 by stakes and buffalo bones, which were found in 
 abundance, and that after they had finished 
 their work, the first team passed through Rush- 
 ville in the spring of 1827 for the Galena lead 
 mines. 
 
 By authority of a State law the County Com- 
 missioners were given very broad, but rather 
 vague, authority to lay out roads, and in the first 
 year of Schuyler's history the question of roads 
 was one that occupied a considerable share of 
 the attention of the County Commissioners. It 
 was on December 5, 1825, that the first road 
 district in Schuyler County was laid out. and it 
 embraced a territory included within the fol- 
 lowing bounds: "Beginning at the Illinois River 
 on the Base line, along river to mouth of Sugar 
 Creek, thence with main branch to the county 
 line, thence along said line to the county of 
 Adams, thence south along said line to the base 
 line, thence east to place of beginning." 
 
 At this meeting of (lie Board a report of the 
 Commissioners appointed to lay out a road from 
 Beard's ferry to the southeast corner of Sec- 
 tion Hi, 2 N.. R 1 W., was received, and Jonathan 
 Reno appointed to supervise the construction of 
 the same. The Commissioners who had laid out 
 the road were Ephraim Eggleston, Jonathan 
 Reno and Levin Green, who had each received 
 $1 for their services. David E. Blair was the 
 first Supervisor of Roads in the county. By 
 order of the Commissioners on March 7. 1826, 
 the road from Beard's terry to Section 16, in 
 Rushville Township, was ordered straightened 
 so as to leave Beardstown, first named as the 
 county-seat, off the, route. 
 
 Frequent changes were made in the road dis- 
 tricts and. on April 5, 1827, the county was di- 
 vided in four districts and Supervisors were ap- 
 pointed as follows: Edward White, Manlove 
 Homey, William Pennington and William 
 Stephens. To keep pace with the demand for 
 road building the number of districts was in- 
 creased to ten, March 4, 1828, and Supervisors 
 named as follows: John T. Norton, Elisha Kel- 
 logg. Moses W. Pettigrew, Willis O'Neal, William 
 II. Taylor, Thomas Justus, Isaac Linder. William 
 McKee, Joel Tullis and William Stevens. Two 
 years later the number of districts was in- 
 creased to fourteen and McDonough County, 
 which was then under jurisdiction of the civil 
 government of Schuyler, constituted one district. 
 
 In laying out the first roads in the county the 
 work was accomplished without the aid of a 
 surveyor and no permanent record made. In the 
 year 1829 a petition was circulated for a new 
 road from Beard's ferry to Rushville and thence 
 west to the county line, the object being to con- 
 tinue the State road that ran through Illinois 
 from Terre Haute, Ind., by way of Paris. De- 
 catur. Springfield and Beardstown, which after- 
 wards became an important highway for west- 
 ern travel. The road was surveyed by William 
 P. Manlove, County Surveyor, and in his notes, 
 dated November 29, 1829, he stated that he began 
 at a forked maple on the west bank of the 
 Illinois River opposite Beardstown. and sur- 
 veyed to the northeast corner of the public square 
 in Rushville, a distance of eleven and a half 
 miles, and from there to the west county line, 
 j distance of twenty-five miles. The line was 
 run its entire length by courses and distances, 
 with blazed trees for witness points, and while 
 no other surveyor has ever been able to follow 
 
680 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 the original survey, the road as now established 
 follows the general course as laid out in 1829. 
 
 The list of early roads of Schuyler, in the 
 order of their establishment, is here given: 
 
 From Beard's ferry to Rushville, 1825. 
 
 From Rushviile to intersect road leading from 
 Lewistown to county line, 1827. 
 
 From Rushville to the north boundary of 
 MeDonough County, as staked by Manlove and 
 Beard in their route to Rock Island, 1S27. 
 
 From Rushville to ford on Crooked Creek, 
 Sec. 35, 1 N., 2 W., thence to intersect road 
 from Atlas, seat of justice in Pike County, 1827. 
 
 From Rushville to mouth of Crooked Creek. 
 1828. 
 
 From the Narrows in the Illinois River to 
 Six Prairie, near Mt. Sterling, 1830. 
 
 From west line of what is now Brown County 
 to cross Crooked Creek at Henley's mill-site and 
 intersect State road from Rushville, 1831. 
 
 From the southwest corner of Sec, 33, 2 S., 
 2 W., by way of Wilson's ferry at the Narrows 
 on Illinois River to Rushville, a distance of 
 thirty-two miles, 1831. 
 
 There were scores of other roads established 
 with the development of the county, but the ones 
 named were the principal lines of travel from 
 adjoining counties and they were commonly 
 designated as "State roads." 
 
 By 1S53 the development of the pork-pack- 
 ing business in Rushville created a demand for 
 highway improvement, and a local company was 
 organized to build a plank road to Frederick, on 
 the Illinois River, a distance of nine miles. The 
 road was built, toll-gates established and a 
 charge made for every vehicle or animal that 
 used the road. With the decline of the pork- 
 packing business the road was abandoned, though 
 it well served its purpose during the years it 
 was in use. 
 
 Post Routes. — In the days before the build- 
 ing of the railroads all the mail was handled by 
 contractors, and these men were usually the 
 owners of important stage-lines and had thou- 
 sands of dollars invested in their equipment of 
 coaches and horses. At Rushville previous to 
 1841, Abraham Tolle had the contract for deliver- 
 ing the mails, and he operated stage-routes to 
 Peoria, Springfield. Burlington, Jacksonville, 
 Quincy, Macomb and many near-by stations. He 
 owned four big Troy coaches, each drawn by four 
 horses, and they were regarded as the finest 
 conveyances in the West, and were operated on 
 
 a regular schedule time between the larger cities 
 named. The mail-routes were let by contract 
 and, in 1S41, an Eastern concern underbid Mr. 
 Tolle and secured the business. These men did 
 not give their personal attention to the business, 
 but sublet the route in minor divisions, and this 
 was the beginning of the government "Star 
 Routes" which, if not conceived in iniquity, soon 
 developed into the most brazen fraudulent deal- 
 ings and involved the department in endless 
 scandals. For more than sixty years Rushville 
 was a hub, as it were, for numerous "Star 
 Routes," but, with the development of the rural 
 free delivery, there has been a gradual diminu- 
 tion until there now remains but two routes out 
 of Rushville. 
 
 The first rural free delivery routes were es- 
 tablished in Schuyler County, August 1, 1001, 
 Route No. 1 was from Rushville to Littleton, 
 while Route No. 2 covered portions of Bain- 
 bridge and Woodstock Townships. New routes 
 were added in subsequent years and, in 1905, 
 a complete county system was established and 
 twenty-four routes, not all of which start in this 
 county, makes it possible for nearly every fanner 
 in the county to have a daily mail delivery. 
 Seven of these routes have their headquarters 
 in Rushville. 
 
 Ferkies and Bridge Sites. — The question of 
 licensing ferries was one that devolved upon the 
 County Commissioners and, inasmuch as the 
 county was bounded on one side by the Illinois 
 River and traversed by two large streams, there 
 were numerous applications to come before that 
 body. 
 
 The first ferry license was issued to Thomas 
 Beard, who desired to establish a means of com- 
 munication across the river where Beardstown 
 is now located. His license was issued June 5, 
 1826 and he was given authority to charge the 
 following rates : 
 
 Wagon and four horses or oxen $ .75 
 
 Wagon and two horses 50 
 
 Wagon or cart and horse 37*4 
 
 Man and burse 12% 
 
 Loose horse 06 a ,4 
 
 Footman 06% 
 
 Cattle, per head 05 
 
 Sheep, Hogs and Goats 02 
 
 Double rates were allowed when it was neces- 
 sary to take passengers to or from the foot of 
 tin- bluffs. This license proved to be a remuner- 
 ative one and a ferry was maintained until 1SS9. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 681 
 
 when a bridge was constructed over the Illinois 
 river at that point. 
 
 Other ferry-licenses granted were as follows : 
 
 Andrew Vance, September 4, 1826, upper land- 
 ing on Illinois River. 
 
 William Wilson, March 1, 1830, on Illinois 
 River at the Narrows, three miles below mouth 
 of Crooked Creek. 
 
 Willis O'Neal. March 9, 1831, on Crooked 
 Creek on Rushville and Quincy road. 
 
 David Tallman, December 5, 1S32, on Crooked 
 • reck, opposite Section 11, 1 S.. 2 W. 
 
 William Haskell. June 2. 1834, on Crooked 
 Creek, opposite Section 2."., 2 N., .", W. 
 
 Allen Alexander, March 4, 1835, on Crooked 
 Creek, opposite Section 33, 1 N., 2 W. 
 
 William Wilson. .March 7, 1836, on Crooked 
 Creek, opposite Section 13, 1 S.. 2 W. 
 
 Benj. V. Teel. June 6, 1836, on Illinois River 
 opposite Schuyler City, located near the mouth 
 of Sugar Creek. 
 
 John Knight, September 1, 1837, on Illinois 
 River, at foot of Grand Island. 
 
 Mills and Mill-Seats. — The old band-mill, op- 
 erated by horse power, did service in Schuyler 
 County for many years after the county was first 
 established, but the pioneers were not slow to 
 avail themselves of the water-power afforded by 
 Sugar and Crooked Creeks, and the first peti- 
 tion lor a mill-seat was made by John Ritchey. 
 who asked permission to build a dam across 
 Crooked Creek on northwest of Section 33. 1 N., 
 2 W., the present site of Ripley. The writ was 
 issued December 7, 1829. The next step was 
 the appointment of a commission by the County 
 Commissioners, who visited the proposed mill-site 
 and made an estimate of the probable damage 
 to adjoining property caused by the erection of 
 a dam. They also specified the height of 
 the dam. The records of the Commissioner's 
 Court give the date of establishment of the early 
 mills in Schuyler County as follows: 
 
 Benj. V. Teel, June 7, 1830. N. E. Sec. 6, 2 N. 
 
 1 E., on Sugar Creek. 
 
 David Wallace, June 7. 1S30. S. W. Sec. 
 20, 2 N., 1 E., on Sugar Creek. 
 
 Thomas Justus, June 7, 1830, S. W. Sec. 17, 
 
 2 N. 1 E„ on Sugar Creek. 
 
 Walter D. Scott and Osborn Henley, June 6, 
 
 1831, N. E. Sec. 11. 1 N., 3 W.. on Crooked Creek. 
 
 Win. C. Ralls. June 0. 1831. S. E. Vi. Sec. 20, 
 
 3 N., 3 W., on Crooked Creek, at present location 
 
 of Brooklyn. (Today the mill on this site is the 
 only one in operation in Schuyler County.) 
 
 Benj. Chadsey and John Johnson June 6, 
 1831, E % S. W. Sec. 5, 1 N., 1 E., on Sugar 
 Creek. 
 
 James A. Chadsey. March 5, 1833, N. W. 22, 
 2 N., 1 E., on Sugar Creek. 
 
 Scott & Bull, March 5, 1833, N. E. 11, 3 N., 4 
 W., on Crooked Creek, the present location of the 
 town of Birmingham. 
 
 Abel Logan. March 20, 1835; N. W. 3, 1 S.. 2 
 W., on < 'rooked Creek. 
 
 Wm. McKee and John Taggart, Dec. 8, 1835, 
 S. W. 11. 1 X. :: W. on Crooked Creek. 
 
 Wm. A. Hindman and Samuel A. Clift, June 9, 
 1836, S. W. 2, 1 S., 2 W. 
 
 Asa Benton, Sept. 6. 1836, S. W. 29. 1 S., 2 
 W., on Crooked Creek. 
 
 Robert H. Burton and Eli Ablen. June 5, 1837, 
 S. W. 29. 1 N.. 2 W.. on Crooked Creek. 
 
 Asa Benton, June 6. 1S37, S. W. 4, 1 S., 2 W., 
 on Crooked Creek. 
 
 Peter F. Jonte. June 5, 1834, S. W. 20, 1 N., 1 
 W,. on Crane Creek. 
 
 Samuel S. Claughburgh. June 5, 1838, N. W. 
 Sec. 2S. 1 X.. 1 \V., on Crane Creek. 
 
 Adam Dunlap, September 4, 1838, S. W. Sec. 
 28, 2 X., .". W.. on Little Missouri Creek. 
 
 John King. Sept. 4, 1838, N. % 15, 3 N., 4 W., 
 on Flour Creek. 
 
 First County Bbidoe. — The General Assembly 
 of Illinois having enacted a law making appro- 
 priation for building bridges, the County Com- 
 missioners on March 31. 1827, gave notice of the 
 erection of a bridge over Crooked Creek, where 
 it was crossed by the State road from Rush- 
 ville to Quincy. This is what is now known as 
 the Ripley bridge. The contract for building 
 this bridge was let to Benj. Chadsey for $400. 
 Thomas McKee constructed the abutments, for 
 which he was paid $160. The bridge was ac- 
 cepted by the Commissioners February 9, 1830. 
 and Mr. Chadsey was allowed $12 for bringing 
 the money from Yandalia that had been ap- 
 propriated by the General Assembly. 
 
 RAILROADS. 
 The history of railroads in Schuyler County, 
 if it should cover the general lines of rail- 
 roads planned and promoted for this region, 
 would require a book of itself; but for actual 
 results accomplished a paragraph would suffice. 
 Not another county in Illinois has had as many 
 
682 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COTJXTY. 
 
 alluring prospects as Schuyler, and few there 
 are that have fared worse in actual construc- 
 tion. 
 
 As early as 1S30, two years before a single 
 mile of railroad was built in the State, a com- 
 pany was formed in Rushville to build a railroad 
 from this city to the Illinois River at Beards- 
 town. Considerable money was spent on it, but 
 the panic of 1S3C caused its temporary suspen- 
 sion and the burning of the building in Rushville, 
 which contained all the books and papers of the 
 company, buried the scheme forever. The con- 
 struction of this road would have been of in- 
 estimable value to Rushville, for it would have 
 given connection with the commerce of the Illi- 
 nois River and afterwards served as a connect- 
 ing link in a great railroad system. The period 
 of financial depression that followed cut short 
 the many ambitious plans for internal improve- 
 ment in Illinois, and it was not until 1S54 that 
 Rushvillites began to have fanciful dreams of 
 being made a railroad center. It was a time 
 when railroad building had its first great impetus 
 in Central Illinois. Much was promised, but 
 little done towards fulfillment. Schuyler, like 
 many other counties, took the bait eagerly and 
 voted enthusiastically to give whatever the rail- 
 road promoters asked. 
 
 On May 1, 1S54, Schuyler County, by a popu- 
 lar vote, took favorable action towards subscrib- 
 ing $75,000 for the building of the Peoria & 
 Hannibal Railroad. Not satisfied with extend- 
 ing aid to one road, the county did the hospitable 
 act of welcoming all comers and, in 1S56, the 
 county voted $75,000 to the Rock Island & Alton. 
 In February, 1860, the people of Schuyler awoke 
 from their dream. The tax rate for that year 
 was -j:i cents lor county purposes and 37 cents for 
 interest on railroad bonds, which seemed exorbi- 
 tant to the frugal settlers of that day. There 
 immediately ensued a strong opposition to rail- 
 road bonds and talk of repudiation was rife. 
 The railroad promoters held the bonds and the 
 county was, figuratively speaking, "holding the 
 sack," for up to this time there had been no 
 actual operation of the roads. Added fuel was 
 heaped on the flame by the action of the Rock 
 Island & Alton Company in bringing suit against 
 the county, which was defended at a cost of 
 $1,042.44, and with the railroad victorious. 
 
 When the same road threatened to renew the 
 suit in 1865. Schuyler County asked for terms 
 of settlement and a compromise was effected 
 
 by refunding the old bonds on a basis of fifty 
 cents on the dollar, which were to draw interest 
 at 5 per cent. Emboldened by this success, the 
 county in 1867 brought suit against the Pe- 
 oria & Hannibal Company for the return of 
 the bonds issued in 1858. Another compromise 
 was effected and, in July, 1S68, new bonds were 
 issued to the amount of $73,000, bearing 6 per 
 cent interest. These bonds were placed in the 
 hands of a trustee, and $4,000 of the same were 
 to be delivered when two miles of road was built 
 in the county, and a given number of bonds with 
 each successive mile until Rushville was reached. 
 This hastened the building of the road, and 
 in 1S60 trains were running into Rushville on 
 what is now the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 track. 
 
 In 1SS8 the Peoria & Hannibal bonds were 
 refunded at 5 per cent interest, and were sold 
 at a premium of $2,115 to the American Ex- 
 change National Bank of New York. In the 
 meantime the Rock Island & Alton bonds had 
 been retired and, in 1893 and 1898 the county 
 took up $30,000 of the Peoria & Hannibal bonds, 
 and in 1903 another $20,000, which leaves $20,000 
 of the $150,000 lxmd issue for railroads to be 
 paid in 190S, when the county will be free of her 
 old outstanding obligation and out of debt. 
 
 The first train on the Peoria & Hannibal Road 
 came into Rushville July 4, 1869, and it was made 
 a day of great rejoicing. The taking over of the 
 road by the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, put an 
 end to further extension, however, and Rushville 
 has had to be content with a stub road. 
 
 The Rock Island & Alton Road, that was plan- 
 ned to pass through Rushville, had a roadbed 
 graded and bridges built from Frederick to 
 Littleton, and there seemed no likelihood of a 
 change in route when the promoters decided to 
 follow the river to Browning and then continue 
 northward, and Rushville was cut off entirely. 
 This road likewise became part of the great 
 • Burlington system and is known as the Rock 
 Island and St. Louis Division. 
 
 The only other railroad in the county is the 
 Macomb & Western Illinois, which has its south- 
 ern terminal at Littleton. This road was pro- 
 moted by C. V. Chandler and William A. Comp- 
 ton, of Macomb, and extends from Macomb to 
 Littleton. Train service was established from 
 the latter village on January 30, 1904. 
 
 Telephones. — The development of the tele- 
 phone from a mere mechanical curiosity to a 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 683 
 
 house-hold necessity, was accomplished in Schuy- 
 ler County within a decade, and now every por- 
 tion of the county can be reached by some one of 
 the many lines that radiate from Rushville. 
 
 The first telephone line was built in Schuyler 
 County in the early winter of 1S94 by Philander 
 Avery, of Industry, who ran a line from that 
 village to Rushville, and bad the terminal of- 
 fice in the feed-store operated by E. W. Parker. 
 At the time this line was building, Samuel Work 
 was engaged in constructing a line to Beardstown, 
 and it was in operation by January 1, 1895. The 
 terminal station at Rushville was in the Cottage 
 Hotel, and there were toll-stations at Pleasant- 
 view and Frederick. At Beardstown Mr. Work 
 met with strenuous opposition from the city 
 authorities, who did not wish to have poles set 
 in the city streets, and he was not allowed to 
 carry his line into the business district, but 
 secured an office near the wagon bridge, which he 
 used in carrying his line over the river. During 
 the time this line was maintained it paid fair 
 returns on the investment, though Mr. Work says 
 he was put to much extra expense and trouble 
 by men and boys shooting off the insulators. 
 Business men did not take up with the telephone 
 idea, and when Mr. Work approached some of 
 our prominent business men. he was told they 
 diil not want to be bothered with such a "nuis- 
 ance" as a telephone in their store. 
 
 The Rushville and Beardstown and Rushville 
 and Industry lines were operated independently 
 for eighteen months, when they were sold to the 
 Western Illinois Company, with headquarters at 
 Macomb, and made a part of that system. In 
 January. 1S97. this company established a local 
 exchange in Rushville and gave its patrons con- 
 nections with all the towns in the county, and 
 the rural subscribers of the company among the 
 farmers were now beginning to see the advantage 
 of the telephone and were eager to have connec- 
 tion with the outside world. 
 
 The demand for telephones among the farmers 
 of Schuyler County led to the formation of the 
 Grange Telephone Company, which was incor- 
 porated under the laws of Illinois on June 10, 
 1897. The first line built by the Grange Company 
 was from Rushville to Littleton, and they have 
 constantly extended their service until they have 
 lines in nine of the thirteen townships of the 
 county. These townships are Oakland. Littleton, 
 Brooklyn, Camden, Buena Vista, Rushville. Fred- 
 erick, Bainbridge and Woodstock. The company 
 
 now maintains a central office in Rushville, and 
 has about 250 miles of line in operation. 
 
 In the years 1002 and 1903 a number of inde- 
 pendent mutual companies were organized in the 
 county, and as they did not have access to Rush- 
 ville. they started an agitation among the busi- 
 ness men to construct a mutual city exchange 
 that would serve as connection point for all the 
 mutual lines of the county. This demand of the 
 farmers for city connection led to the organiza- 
 tion of the Rushville Telephone Company, which 
 began business in December, 1903. The company 
 was capitalized at $5,000 and the stock was sub- 
 scribed by business men and citizens who rea- 
 lized the need of more adequate telephone serv- 
 ice. The local exchange was built at a cost of 
 about $10,000, and now has 358 city subscribers 
 and connection with 37 rural lines, which reach 
 to every village in the county. 
 
 The Central Union Company built their line 
 to Rushville in January. 1897, and made it pos- 
 sible to reach any of the cities in the United 
 States over their long distance connections. The 
 local toll business is now handled through the 
 Rushville Telephone Company switchboard. 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 TOWN-SITK 
 
 BOOMS— ABANDONED 
 LAGES. 
 
 VIL- 
 
 TOWN-SITE BOOMF.ES IN SCHUYLER COUNTY ACTIVE 
 
 IN 1836 TOWNS PLATTED AND ADVERTISED IN 
 
 EASTERN CITIES — ATTRACTIONS FURNISHED TO 
 
 EMIGRANTS FROM TOE EAST CHECK PRODUCED 
 
 BY THE PANIC OF 1S37 — A SPECIMEN OF TOWN 
 ADVERTISING — IMPORTANCE ATTRIBUTED TO THE 
 LA MOINE RIVER AS A NAVIGABLE STREAM — THE 
 
 BROOKLY'N OF TODAY - LONG LIST OF ABANDONED 
 
 TOWNS AND VILLAGES — INTERESTING REMINIS- 
 CENCES OF SEVENTY - Y'EARS AGO. 
 
 As early as 1830 the town-site boomers in- 
 vaded the Military Tract, which was then re- 
 garded as the extreme western frontier of the 
 United States, and through their efforts this sec- 
 tion of the country was well advertised in the 
 
684 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 East and South, and many new settlers were at- 
 tracted here by the persistent land agents. Up to 
 this time there were widely scattered settlements, 
 where a lew families had kept together and made 
 their improvements, but these were not known 
 as towns, the neighborhood generally taking the 
 name of the oldest or most prominent settler, 
 and it was only the newly platted county-scats 
 that were designated by a village name. 
 
 With the close of the Black Hawk War, the 
 tide of immigration from New England and Ken- 
 tucky brought many new settlers into the Mil- 
 itary Tract, .iikI Schuyler County received its 
 full share. The settlers from the East were 
 usually attracted to the towns that they might 
 enjoy the advantages of the schools, churches and 
 social intercourse, and this brought about the 
 rapid growth of the earlier settlements and the 
 founding of many new towns. 
 
 One can fancy the bustle and activity of those 
 years: the optimism induced by the attractiveness 
 of the country and the large returns offered in the 
 advancement of land values. Richness of soil and 
 salubrity of climate made this the favored section 
 of the western frontier, and the first settlers ex- 
 ploited the excellence of the country in their 
 letters to relatives and friends in the East, and 
 urged them to locate in the new country which 
 was destined to lie both populous and wealthy. 
 
 The rapid increase in population caused towns 
 to spring up like magic, for the promoters in 
 those early days were as persistent and as elo- 
 quent as those we now meet from Texas or Okla- 
 homa, and their operations marked an economic 
 advancement in the development of the country 
 which history should record. 
 
 The spirit of speculation was rife in Illinois 
 in the early 'thirties, nor were transactions in 
 "city lots" confined to the western markets, for 
 land titles came gradually to form a part of the 
 circulating medium in New York, Boston and 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 On paper each of these new cities was des- 
 tined to become the metropolis of a dense popula- 
 tion, and where water power was available, it 
 offered an added inducement to boom the place 
 as an industrial center. Every village with the 
 smallest prospect of growth, and some uninhab- 
 ited spots in the wilderness, had a large area 
 staked off into town lots and platted in a highly 
 ornamental style for the information of pur- 
 chasers, and all the eastern papers carried the ad- 
 
 vertisements of these new towns which were 
 striving to attract the new settlers. 
 
 The years 1835 and 1836 were the halcyon 
 period for this land speculation, for in 1837 came 
 the hard times felt so generally throughout the 
 country. As a result of this economic situation, 
 town-site booming in Illinois received a sudden 
 check, and many of the towns promoted by land 
 speculators developed very perceptible signs of 
 decadence, and some were wiped off the map en- 
 tirely and now are not known as having existed, 
 save by those who search the old court records 
 in the preparation of abstracts of title to farm 
 lands, which now occupy the early town-sites. 
 
 That the early town-site promoters were ac- 
 complished in holding out great inducements to 
 prospective purchasers, and laid great stress on 
 the advantages of water-power, is shown in the 
 following advertisement of the town of Brooklyn, 
 which appeared in the Rushville Journal of July 
 30, 1836; 
 
 "1,000 lots for sale in the City of Brooklyn — 
 Sale October 27. 28 and 29, 1836. 
 
 "This city is situated on the La Moine River, 
 nearly in the center of the Military Tract, on a 
 direct line from Beardstovtn, on the Illinois River, 
 to Commerce, on the Mississippi River, by way of 
 Rushville and Carthage; from Quincy on the 
 Mississippi to Peoria on the Illinois ; from Mt. 
 Sterling to Macomb. On one of these routes a 
 state road is already established and the other 
 two are petitioned for and will be established the 
 ensuing spring. 
 
 "The City of Brooklyn in its local situation 
 with regard to other places of business, is a place 
 of very considerable importance; being 1-t miles 
 from Rushville; 23 miles from Carthage; 37 
 miles from Commerce; 40 miles from Quincy; 18 
 miles from Macomb; 25 miles from Beardstown 
 and 70 miles from Peoria. 
 
 "History has not yet given an account of a 
 country (in point of health, beauty and fertility) 
 equal to the one surrounding this city. La Moine 
 River is a most delightful stream, affording wa- 
 ter at all seasons of the year for immense ma- 
 chinery. It has been examined by competent en- 
 gineers from its mouth to this CITY, and the 
 estimated cost to construct dams, with locks to 
 make it a perpetual navigable stream, is $30,000. 
 The water-power gained by the construction of 
 said dams must, and will, pay 10 per cent per an- 
 num on the stock exclusive of tolls. The pro- 
 prietors think the stock worth a premium of 10 
 
JAMES DeWITT 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUTLEB COUNTY. 
 
 per cent. They intend having a company char- 
 tered at the next session of the Legislature of 
 this State to accomplish this great and desirable 
 object. 
 
 "The proprietors have no hesitancy in saying 
 that there is no hazard in the purchase of lots in 
 this City, as there is no city on any canal in the 
 United States, which has advantages equal to 
 Brooklyn in point of health, beauty and soil ; the 
 fanners producing from one-half to double the 
 quantity- of wheat and com over any other State 
 in the Union. 
 
 "The number of 1.000 lots will be laid off for 
 a beginning, many of which will be sold in differ- 
 ent cities throughout the United States. Agents 
 selling abroad will recollect that all numbers of 
 lots marked for sale at home, will not be of- 
 fered abroad. 
 
 "Teems — 10 per cent on all sales, cash in 
 hand. The balance in six and twelve months. 
 
 "Other sales from time to time as required. 
 The best mills in the State are now in successful 
 operation in the immediate vicinity of the City; 
 two other mills are in successful operation, one 
 five miles above, the other six miles below. 
 
 "W. C. Ralls. 
 "Jos. Duncan, 
 "Bexj. Clark. 
 "Db. Green. 
 
 "Proprietors." 
 
 This advertisement was published in The Rush- 
 ville Journal : The Saturday Courier. Philadel- 
 phia : Courier and Enquirer. New York : Adver- 
 tiser, Louisville. Ky. : Eagle, Maysville, Ky. ; Mis- 
 souri Republican. St. Louis: Courier. Palmyra. 
 Mo.: Argus. Quincy; Patriot, Jacksonville; and 
 Journal. Springfield. 
 
 This is one of the several advertisements of 
 Schuyler's boom towns, and it is reproduced to 
 show the enthusiasm that marked those prosper- 
 ous and hopeful days in the early 'thirties, when 
 every hamlet had a chance to become a metrop- 
 olis. It was not for lack of publicity, or of the 
 rich fertile country that surrounds it. that caused 
 Brooklyn to fall short of the promise of its pro- 
 moters, but rather the development of the vast 
 system of railroads which has left this com- 
 munity, abundantly favored by nature, some 
 twelve miles inland. The placid waters of the La 
 Moine River continue to flow along its border, but 
 its glory as a navigable stream and its value as a 
 source of water-power have departed. To-day 
 Brooklyn is a thrifty country village, with a rich 
 
 trade territory, and her citizens yet hope to 
 achieve that proud distinction looked for by the 
 early promoters, with the building of electric rail- 
 roads that will some day traverse the western 
 part of Schuyler County. 
 
 In our research for historical data among the 
 court records and old papers, we find towns men- 
 tioned which are now not heard of. but are of in- 
 terest, nevertheless, from a historical standi>oint. 
 Prominent among the decadent cities of the pio- 
 neer days is Atlas, once the county-seat of Pike 
 County, and well known to all the early Schuyler 
 settlers. Atlas is located in the south-western 
 part of Pike County, three miles from a railroad 
 station, and its population has now dwindled to a 
 few families. Commerce, a village on the Mis- 
 sissippi River, is also frequently mentioned in the 
 early records and its passing came with the re- 
 christening of the village by the Mormons, who 
 located there in 1S3S and changed the name to 
 Xauvoo. 
 
 But it is the story of the abandoned villages of 
 Schuyler County that will be of most interest to 
 the readers of this volume. The idea of deserted 
 or abandoned human habitations, forsaken and 
 forgotten towns and villages, has long been the 
 theme for writers of romance, but when we con- 
 template the situation from its historical stand- 
 point, intense interest is added. Xo old ruins 
 mark the sites of these now forgotten villages in 
 Schuyler County, for they were typical of the 
 times in which they were created, and the old 
 log or frame structures have long since been 
 moved away or destroyed by the owners. Only 
 the sites remain, revealing nothing of the past 
 history, and such facts as we have been able to 
 gather have been gleaned from county records or 
 the reminiscences of old settlers. 
 
 Most prominent of these abandoned villages is 
 Erie, which was located on Section 20 in Fred- 
 erick Township. Located on the river, it was the 
 landing place for all the steamboats that plied 
 upon the Illinois. Founded about 1S34. its his- 
 tory is spanned by a decade, for the great flood 
 of 1S44 forever blasted the hopes of those who 
 looked upon Erie as the river port for all Schuy- 
 ler County. But the town will always live in 
 history, for it was the landing place of many of 
 the first pioneers of Schuyler County. In locat- 
 ing the town it is probable the river landing 
 had more controlling influence than the general 
 topography of the country, for the river bank at 
 this point is low and swampy. Erie's improve- 
 
6S6 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 nients were confined to a big warehouse built by 
 Ranseilar Wells and a hotel, which was operated 
 by a .Mr. Seaman. Hon. L. D. Erwin, of this city, 
 was warehouse clerk for Mr. Wells in the early 
 'forties and. during those years, au immense 
 amount of business was transacted there, for it 
 was the shipping point for the country fifty miles 
 northward, and nearly all of the merchandise to 
 supply the Rushville stores was delivered at Erie 
 by steamboats. 
 
 Schuyler City was another river town that 
 failed to fulfill the promise of its promoter. It 
 was laid out by B. V. Teel in 1S36, on Section 4 
 in Frederick Township near the mouth of Sugar 
 Creek, and it flourished for a time as a steamboat 
 landing and shipping point. One of the old pio- 
 neers, in reciting the story of the founding of 
 Schuyler City said, the ground where it was sit- 
 uated was so low a fog on the river would cause 
 an overflow. After the flood of 1844, Schuyler 
 City was heard of no more. 
 
 While Brown County was yet a part of Schuy- 
 ler, the town of Milton was platted and exten- 
 sively advertised by William C. Ralls and Lewis 
 Gay, the proprietors. The town was laid out 
 in 1S36 on McKee Creek, five miles from the Il- 
 linois River, and in the prospectus advertising the 
 sale of town-lots, the promoters referred to it as 
 located at the head of slack water navigation. 
 Milton long ago passed from the memory of man. 
 
 With the water courses as the principal chan- 
 nels of commerce, it is natural the town-site pro- 
 moters should choose the site for their villages 
 along the inland streams, which gave promise of 
 development for water-power as well as naviga- 
 tion. And, while some of the towns so located 
 exist today, there were others now wholly aban- 
 doned and. in some cases, even their location can- 
 not be identified. 
 
 In Woodstock Township on the northwest quar- 
 ter of Section 11, Township 1 S., 2 W., Samuel A. 
 Cliff founded the town of New York in 1S3G. The 
 town-site was surveyed by Allen Persinger and 
 the improvements consisted of a store and a mill. 
 Mieha Warren, afterwards a resident of Itusli- 
 ville, erected and operated the mill. 
 
 That same locality, which in pioneer times, was 
 designated as "Ague Bend." was a favorite local- 
 ity for the promoters and the town of York was 
 laid, but never platted. York was located on the 
 Gilead road to Calhoun County and its tavern 
 afforded entertainment to many weary travelers. 
 
 Richmond is another town we find mentioned in 
 
 the early newspapers, but its history has passed 
 in mi tlie memory of the old pioneers and not un- 
 til the record of survey was found could it be 
 located to a certainty. The town was laid out by 
 Allen Persinger, March 15, 1S36, for Wm. Wilson 
 on the northeast quarter of Section 13, 1 S., 2 W. 
 Six blocks were platted and the location on the 
 north bank of Crooked Creek, and adjacent to the 
 main traveled road, was considered an ideal one. 
 G. O. Wilson advertised a barbecue to lie held at 
 Richmond in 1836, and that is the only mention 
 of the town-site in history. Another town was lo- 
 eated on Section 2, 1 S. 2 W. but even its name 
 has passed into oblivion. 
 
 Centerville was one of the inland towns of 
 Woodstock Township, ami was founded by Isaru 
 Cox on the northwest quarter of the northeast 
 quarter of Section 21. Its only history exists in 
 the county records. 
 
 Ridgeville, the voting place of Browning Town- 
 ship before township organization was perfected, 
 was located on Section If!. The village was laid 
 out by Isaac Garret. April 19, 1830, and, in 
 alter years it boasted of a store, postofflce, church 
 and school house, but when the postoffiee was dis- 
 continued, it soon lost its identity as a town site. 
 Mosco, located on the northwest quarter of 
 Section 6, Frederick Township, also gained dis- 
 tinction as a government postoffiee, and Anthony 
 Messerer was Postmaster, but the town was 
 never platted and when Frederickville was 
 founded on the river, the postofflce was moved 
 down from the bluff. 
 
 In 183G Joseph Haskell made plans to establish 
 a town just below where the old Camden bridge 
 stood, but the plat was never put on record and 
 the improvements were not sufficiently extensive 
 to attract general attention at a time when the 
 competition in town-site booming was keen. 
 
 Mt. Meacham was one of the few abandoned 
 towns that achieved sufficient distinction to se- 
 cure a postoffiee. It was laid out by W. L. Gay, 
 on the southwest of Section IT in Oakland Town- 
 ship, and a number of quarter-acre lots were plat- 
 ted. Mr. Gay had a store there and was post- 
 master. 
 
 Newburg was founded in the spring of 1S40 
 on the north-east quarter of Section 2S, in Bain- 
 bridge Township, by Joseph Newburg, and of all 
 the abandoned towns of Schuyler County, it alone 
 is designated in the plat book of Schuyler County. 
 The town was surveyed by Francis E. Bryant, 
 April 24. 1840, and twenty-four lots were platted 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 687 
 
 on either side of Main street. Two lots were set 
 aside by Mr. Xewburg for a school building site 
 and a Methodist "meeting house," but they were 
 never utilized. 
 
 In the early days, however, Newburg showed 
 thrifty signs of growth and boasted of a store, 
 blacksmith shop, grist mill, saw mill and two sa- 
 loons, but in time the town diminished in im- 
 portance and, timber by timber, brick by brick, 
 it scattered to the four winds; the town lots were 
 vacated, and even the name became a misnomer, 
 for the government postofliee, which was main- 
 tained there for many years by L. O. Huff, was 
 know n as Center. The inauguration of the rural 
 mail route removed the last vestige of even a 
 distinguishing name to the locality which, in 
 1894, gained renown as the headquarters of the 
 Populistic agitation in Schuyler County. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 CITY OF RUSHVILLE— DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 VILLAGE FOUNDED IN 1826 FIRST COUNTY-SEAT 
 
 NAMED BEARDSTOWN — SEAT OF JUSTICE CHANGED 
 
 TO RUSHVILLE FEBRUARY 20, 1826 IT IS FIRST 
 
 NAMED RUSTITON — FIRST SALE OF LOTS — TOWN IS 
 INCORPORATED AS A VILLAGE MAY 10, 1831 — 
 HEARTY WELCOME EXTENDED TO NEWCOMERS — 
 REV. JOHN SCRIPPS CONTRIBUTION TO VILLAGE 
 HISTORY* — FIRST ELECTION AND FIRST VILLAGE 
 
 OFFICERS THREE EPOCHS OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARS 
 
 EACH IN Bt'SHVILLE HISTORY FIRST RESIDENTS 
 
 AND FIRST INDUSTRIES BUSINESS HOUSES IN 
 
 1834 IMPRESSIONS OF A VISITOR IN 1833 
 
 GROWTH RETARDED BY PANIC OF 1836-37 — EARLY 
 STAGE ROUTES — FAILURE OF INTERNAL IMPROVE- 
 MENT SCHEME — MERCANTILE AND MANUFACTUR- 
 ING ENTERPRISES 1850-75 FORMER CITIZENS OF 
 
 RUSHVILLE WHO ROSE TO DISTINCTION RUSH- 
 VILLE OF TO-DAY' — MUNICIPAL HISTORY CITY IS 
 
 INCORPORATED UNDER GENERAL CHARTER LAW IN 
 MAY, 1898 LIST OF MAYORS FROM 1898 TO PRES- 
 ENT TIME. 
 
 The city of Rushville is one of the oldest towns 
 in the Military Tract and, while it has not gained 
 
 the prestige that comes from big commercial en- 
 terprises and large population, it is rich in its 
 historical relations. The city was founded in 
 1S26 by a commission appointed by the Illinois 
 Legislature to establish a county seat for Schuy- 
 ler County, and it has this honor without ques- 
 tion or contest and is, today, the only incorpor- 
 ated city in the county. 
 
 From the date of the founding of Rushville to 
 the present time there has elapsed a period of 
 eighty years, and yet there are those living who 
 remember when there were scarcely a dozen 
 houses in the city. This brings us home to the 
 fact that, while Rushville can claim prestige as 
 one of the early Illinois towns, its history is 
 spanned by a single life and its present stability 
 achieved by two generations. 
 
 Soon after Schuyler County was organized three 
 Commissioners from Morgan County selected 
 a site for a county-seat on the south half of Sec- 
 tion 35 in Rushville Township, which was named 
 Beardstown, but the location was not favored by 
 the residents of the county and a new commis- 
 sion was appointed. Levi Green, Thomas Blair 
 and Benjamin Chadsey were the new Commis- 
 sioners, and their first choice of a town-site was 
 on the prairie about a mile north of Rushville. 
 Here was an ideal location for a town-site, but 
 the quarter-section selected had already been 
 entered, and the county finances would not per- 
 mit of any extravagance, so the Commissioners 
 looked about for a cheaper tract and finally on 
 February 20, 1826. selected the south-west quarter 
 of Section 30. 2 N., 1 W. The price of this quar- 
 ter-section was only $200, but before the town- 
 site was finally agreed upon, the Commissioners 
 bargained with Jacob White to purchase the 
 east half for $150, and with the money thus ob- 
 tained the county was able to make the necessary 
 payment and on December 2G, 1S26, the govern- 
 ment patent was issued. 
 
 The report of the Commissioners selected to 
 locate the county-seat was made to the County 
 Commissioners on March 6, 1S26, and on their 
 recommendation the town was named Rushton, 
 in honor of Dr. William Rush, a celebrated Phil- 
 adelphia physician. On April 24th, however, the 
 name was changed to Rushville. 
 
 After the town site was selected and approved 
 by the County Commissioners Samuel Horney 
 drew a plan for laying out the town, and de- 
 signed that one tier of ten-acre lots lie surveyed 
 off the east side of the quarter, each to be divided 
 
CSS 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 into two five-acre lots, and ninety-six lots agree- 
 able to the plan. The first public sale of lots 
 was announced for July 4, 1S26, and notice of 
 such sale was ordered published in the Edwards- 
 ville Spectator for six weeks. Before the sale 
 took place the County Commissioners ordered an 
 additional tier of ten-acre lots to be surveyed off 
 the west side of the quarter, and on June 5, 
 Jonathan I>. Manlove was ordered to survey the 
 public square. 
 
 The first sale of town lots did not bring much 
 money into the county treasury, and a second 
 sale was announced for October 13, 1826. In the 
 records of the Commissioner's Court of April 1, 
 1828, there is notice of another sale of lots on 
 June 7, 1828, and the record states that no lots 
 are to be sold for less than $5, and bond for deed 
 will be issued to those who execute notes. There 
 were numerous sales made at subsequent date, 
 and in some instances the county had to bring 
 suit to force the payment for the lots sold as the 
 court records show. 
 
 During these early years Rushville was having 
 a steady growth as the tide of emigration from 
 the East and South was turning to the fertile 
 prairies of Illinois, and the town was on the 
 State road from Springfield to Quincy. It is a 
 fact worthy of note, that the first railroad built 
 in Illinois, from Springfield to Meredosia, had its 
 effect in shaping the destiny of Rushville. for 
 with its completion much of the travel westward 
 to Quincy was deflected to the south and, in con- 
 sequence, Rushville lost its proud distinction of 
 being one of the gateways to the West. 
 
 In 1831 Rushville had sufficient population to 
 permit of its organization as an incorporated 
 town, and, on May 10 of that year, an election 
 was held to gain the coveted distinction. In the 
 poll of those who voted to incorporate are found 
 many names familiar to the present generation, 
 for children and grand-children of these early 
 pioneers still continue to make Rushville their 
 home. The twenty voters who were unanimous 
 in favor of incorporation were: John Scripps, 
 Hart Fellows. William C. Ralls. I. J. 0. Smith, 
 Richard Redfleld, Andrew Ross. William Layton, 
 A. E. Quinby. Samuel Brazzleton, Samuel Beat- 
 tie, William Putman, Proctor P. Newcomb, 
 Thomas W. Scott. E. Grist. Joel De Camp, John 
 M. Jones. John Mitcheltree, B. V. Teel. James A. 
 Chadsey and Luke Seeley. 
 
 At this election the first Board of Trustees 
 was elected, and we find that the following gen- 
 
 tlemen were selected to administer affairs : John 
 Mitcheltree. I. J. C. Smith. William McCreery, 
 John Scripps and Benj. V. Teel. An organization 
 was effected by electing B. V. Teel Chairman ; 
 John B. Watson, Clerk ; I. J. C. Smith, Treasurer ; 
 and Thomas Hayden, Constable. 
 
 A most interesting account of the incorporation 
 of Rushville from the pen of Rev. John Scripps 
 is found in the Prairie Telegraph. It reads: 
 
 "Early in the year 1831, we of Rushville, be- 
 ginning to look up and wanting to be something 
 somewhat consequential, in appearance at least 
 among ourselves, if no farther, conceived the idea 
 of becoming a borough under the general law of 
 the State recently passed granting the boon to 
 any town, hamlet or village numbering a popula- 
 tion of 150 souls. 
 
 "Resolving to avail ourselves of the privilege, 
 we set about like men, but had close work of it 
 and much managing to make up the requisite 
 legal number ; but persevering and persistent, we 
 enlisted in our enumeration every transient strag- 
 gler, every human formed biped we could lay any 
 kind of claim to. and babies ; why every pigmy 
 spraddler, as it counted one, was an acquisition 
 as important as any adult who might shoulder 
 his rifle, swing an axe or twirl her spinning 
 wheel ; and had any lady presented her lord 
 with a pair or more of them on census day, she 
 would have been lauded to the skies, her name 
 heralded as a true patriot to the best interests 
 of Rushville. and the acquisition hailed as quite 
 a God-send. But we had nearly failed, for with 
 the most gumelastic stretching of our calculations, 
 we could only contrive 140 into our list. But 
 'fortune favors the brave.' so it does the perse- 
 vering, and s<> it did us. For just at this critical 
 juncture, while our every anxiety was on the 
 stretch to call up some forgotten identity to fill 
 that hated vacuum, down from Peoria, on their 
 way to Alton, came two pedestrian knapsaeked 
 tramps, bolting into the tavern and calling for a 
 dram I which we believe the very patriotic land- 
 lord bribed tliein with), to say they intended to 
 become denizens of the place if they could get 
 'shopped' — which they couldn't, for they were 
 tailors, and there was no shop in town. The 
 ladies, 'God bless 'em.' made our clothes in 
 those days, and every married man had a tailor 
 of his own: so our prospective citizens couldn't 
 get 'shopped.' But that was their business and 
 not ours : we took their word for it, and their 
 professed willingness to be two of us for the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 689 
 
 deed, and as none of us inquired about their 
 subsequent denizenship, or non-denizenship, we 
 didn't know and never said, and we shut our eyes 
 and closed our ears to any diminutions of our 
 150 that might be going ou between census and 
 election, at which later time, probably, we will 
 not hazard a say that it was so, but probably 
 it might have been a tighter squeeze to have 
 recognized 130 than 150 at the former, as the 
 population, as has been observed, was quite 
 loose-footed and very unsartin. 
 
 "On the 25th of May, 1831, we held our first 
 municipal election and twenty voters attended to 
 cast 100 votes for five Trustees. No candidates 
 offered ; no nominations were made ; no party 
 lines drawn; but the votings were given on the 
 true old Republican principle of every man vot- 
 ing for the identities he most approved of. The 
 polling resulted in the election of Dr. Teel, 11 
 votes; Dr. Smith. 13; William MeCreery, 13; 
 John Mitcheltree, 14; John Scripps, 14; scatter- 
 ing, 35. 
 
 "The first year of our incorporate existence 
 was singularly distinguishable for the frequent 
 meetings, parliamentary etiquette, violent debate 
 and crowded audiences, for it was the only 
 source of amusement then afforded to those who 
 didn't read to break the monotony of long nights, 
 and relieve them from the ennui of want of 
 thought and vacant mind, for we had tall speech- 
 ifying and long controversial discussions on hog 
 and dog laws, street paving and sidewalks, public 
 wells and private awnings, nuisances, and what 
 were or were not such; levying taxes, erecting a 
 town hall and, above all, what the majority con- 
 sidered of highest importance, and a minority of 
 no importance at all. or next to a nuisance as 
 a place to breed fleas in. a Market House. But 
 we excited all our utmost energies of thought, 
 displayed all our highest oratorical powers, oc- 
 cupied more time and legislated on money mat- 
 ters and concerns, and devised means for laying 
 out more dollars in improving our town, than 
 would at this day finish the Washington monu- 
 ment in the District of Columbia." 
 
 There have been three epochs in the history 
 of Rushville which mark clearly the various 
 periods of her existence. Each one stands to a 
 certain well-defined degree apart from the oth- 
 ers; each has produced its leaders and has ex- 
 erted its far-reaching influence upon the growth 
 and development of the city. 
 
 First comes the period of settlement to recite 
 
 the history of which is to tell the story of the 
 fortitude and struggles of the pioneer settlers, 
 who made for themselves a home in the wilder- 
 ness. Following this is what may be termed the 
 speculative period, when fortunes were made by 
 shrewd business men and dazzling prospects for 
 the future greatness of Rushville were indulged 
 in at a time when the industries of the State 
 were in their infancy. Then came the era of 
 slow substantial growth, when Rushville. as it 
 appears today, was builded. For the sake of 
 comparison it is most convenient to divide these 
 epochs into periods of twenty-five years, each. 
 
 Let us first consider Rushville for the years 
 1825 to 1850. This was the formative age when 
 city and county were yet undeveloped and sparse- 
 ly settled. It was a time when every village on 
 the then western frontier aspired to be the me- 
 tropolis of the West. Rushville, like other towns, 
 had her aspirations and in those early days the 
 future indeed looked bright, but in the later 
 development of railroad building the city was un- 
 fortunately located and did not come in for the 
 benefits that the great lines of transportation be- 
 stowed so lavishly. 
 
 When the Commissioners decided upon the 
 southwest quarter of Section 30, 2 X.. 1 W. for 
 the site of the county-seat, Richard Black was in 
 possession of the land. He had purchased the 
 claim of Willis O'Neal, and lived in a house on 
 the hit now owned by Mrs. E. D. Leach. Mr. 
 Black was entered out of his land by the county, 
 and lost what he had paid on his claim. 
 
 The first cabin erected within what is now the 
 bounds of Rushville was built by John B. Terry, 
 on a lot south of the Webster School building. 
 Soon afterwards Hart Fellows erected a cabin 
 where H. M. Dace's store stands, and it was here 
 the first stock of goods was put on sale, a gentle- 
 man from Jacksonville owning the stock. In 
 1828 Rushville was granted a government 
 postoffice and Hart Fellows was named as Post- 
 master. The first industry to he established in 
 the village was a tannery that was operated on 
 West Lafayette street near the town branch by 
 Dr. James Blackburn. In 1831 Hodge & Hunter 
 established a carding mill, the first to he operated 
 in the Military Tract, and they did a thriving 
 business for many years. Among the early mer- 
 chants were Bon.j. Chadsey and Thomas W. Scott, 
 who were in business here in 1830. 
 
 The first tavern in Rushville was kept by Orris 
 McCartney, and in the County Commissioner's 
 
G90 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 court of November 3. 1S25, he was granted a having traveled by way of Chicago, thence to Ot- 
 
 license and his scale of pikes fixed as follows : tawa overland, and from there down the Illinois 
 
 One Meal $0.18% River in a canoe to the Frederick Landing. In 
 
 With Horse 25 a letter written to his wife in England, he gives 
 
 Horse Feed 12% a description of Rushville of that day, which is 
 
 Lodging 0CP/4 full of interest. It reads : 
 
 Whisky i i-j pint) 12% "This is an inland town, very healthy and dry 
 
 Whisky (1 gill ) OG 1 ^ and free from inosquitos, situated on a prairie 
 
 Foreign spirits (% pint) 25 with extensive woods behind it. When brother 
 
 Foreign spirits ( 1 gill ) 12i - 2 ( j hn Scripps ) came here there were only four 
 
 Cider or beer (1 quart) 12% or five houses. Now the population is 500 or GOO, 
 
 In 1834 Rushville was credited with a popula- with a court house, steam mill, seven stores and 
 tion of 750 in "Peck's Gazetteer of Illinois." and two groceries, and is increasing in trade and 
 the following facts were given of the town's magnitude. Business to any extent could be car- 
 industries : "Rushville has six stores, two r ied on here at enormous profit. Money is in 
 groceries, two taverns, four cabinet makers, four great demand for which 25 to 50 per cent can 
 brick masons and plasterers, three carpenters, i ie obtained, and mortgage security. Twelve per 
 two blacksmiths, four tanneries, one steam saw cent is the legal interest, which is considered so 
 and grist-mill, one carding factory, four lawyers very little that capitalists despise it. 
 and two physicians." "As for living, this is a land literally flowing 
 Within the next two years the town had a with milk and honey. Fine cows cost about .$10 
 rapid growth. Churches were erected and al- each, cost nothing to keep, and scarcely any at- 
 most every denomination was represented. In tention. Honey, if bought, is about six cents a 
 1S35 a newspaper was established, and this in- pound. The finest coffee I ever tasted, brought 
 deed was a luxury that few of the Illinois towns up the Mississippi from San Domingo, retails at 
 supported. In a copy of the Rushville Journal five pounds for $1, or twenty cents a pound. 
 of 1836 we find the names of the following busi- Tea is equally good and cheap. Beef is about 
 ness firms: General merchandise — Nelson & four cents a pound, pork about half that price; 
 Robertson, Drake & Fenny. (I. II. Scripps, J. & chickens from 75 cents to .$1 per dozen; flour is 
 R. H. Burton, McCrosky & Bailey, J. & T. from $4 to $5 a barrel. In short, eating and 
 Parrott, Fellows & Burton, Dawley & Wells, drinking they consider as costing next to noth- 
 R. H. Hurblut & Co., Parrott & Olcott, Montgom- ing. But wages and clothing are very high. A 
 i t.v iV Gray; Drugs and books — J. W. Clark; journeyman carpenter or smith gets from $1.75 
 Groceries — G. W. Baker, McCabe & Ritchie; to $2 a day, besides lodging and board. I shall 
 Tin shop — Robert Dorsey and Isaac Greer ; Hat have much to say on my return. The last week 
 factory — A. La Croix ; Chair factory — Wm. Snei- or two have opened my eyes a little. The traders 
 der : Tannery — Geo. Baker ; Saddlery — True & are carrying all before them — 100 per cent 1 ! ! 
 Garrett : Cabinet-Maker — E. H. O. Seeley; Black- 12 per cent on unpaid accounts!! household ex- 
 smith — John B. Seeley ; Physicians — Dr. J. S. penses scarcely nothing." 
 
 Dunlap, Dr. G. B. Roger, Dr. J. W. Clark, Dr. While there was great prosperity in the year 
 B. V. Teel. Dr. F. J. Maloy, Dr. Hall ; Attorneys Mr. Scripps visited Rushville, the panic of 1836- 
 — \V. A. Minshall, William A. Richardson, J. M. 37 swept away many hastily built mercantile 
 McCutchen. businesses, and merchants who had large out- 
 It is interesting in this connection to record standing accounts were utterly ruined. Business 
 the impressions of a visitor to Rushville, a man stability thus shaken to its very foundation, was 
 of wide experience in the world and who had not restored for ten or twelve years to come. 
 traveled from London, England, to visit with The rapid development of Rushville in the first 
 relatives in this city. We refer to William Ar- decade of its history was such as to attract at- 
 miger Scripps, who visited Rushville in the sum- tention in the great trade centers of the East 
 mer of 1S33. To reach this city he traveled a and South, where our merchants made annual 
 distance of 1G50 miles from Xew York City by trips to purchase merchandise, and the town grew 
 boat and stage, and was thirty-six days making rapidly. The fever of speculation was rife 
 the trip. He arrived in Rushville July 25, 1S33, throughout the West, and this was augmented by 
 
IsfbuJ tf, 8z/fctf~ 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 691 
 
 a vast scheme of State internal improvement, 
 wherein the Legislature was to spend $7,500,U00 
 on river improvements and railroad construction. 
 Rushville at this time was an important station 
 on the State road from Springfield to Quincy, 
 and a great portion of overland travel to the 
 Galena lead mines also passed through the vil- 
 lage. There were stage routes to Quincy, Carth- 
 age, Beardstowu, Macomb and Lewistowu, and 
 the government mail contractor for this part of 
 the State made his headquarters at Rushville. 
 Greater things were expected when the gigantic 
 scheme of internal improvements was inaugur- 
 ated, but it was a strange stroke of fate that the 
 first railroad constructed in Illinois detracted 
 from Rushville a great portion of the transient 
 business she had heretofore enjoyed. This road, 
 running from Springfield to Meredosia, was first 
 operated on November 8, 1S38, and when trains 
 began to run regularly, much of the traffic from 
 Quincy to Springfield that had formerly passed 
 through Rushville. was turned southward to 
 Meredosia. The hard times of 1830-10, following 
 close upon the collapse of the internal improve- 
 ment scheme, was a sad blow .to the booming 
 Illinois towns, and its effect was widespread and 
 genera; throughout the State and Rushville, 
 along with other ambitious villages, suffered in 
 consequence and, in the decade from 18-10 to 1S50, 
 her growth was slow. 
 
 The second period of Rushville's history — from 
 1S50 to 187." — was, we might say, the heroic age. 
 Speculation in land was at its high tide; new 
 enterprises were inaugurated and the business 
 of the town had reached tremendous proportions 
 for an inland village. To add to the glowing 
 prospects for future growth was the certainty of 
 railroad construction. In 1S50 pork-packing was 
 the most important industry in Rushville aud, 
 during the winter months, employment was given 
 to a large force of men and big shipments were 
 made to St. Louis each spring when navigation 
 on the Illinois River opened. 
 
 Among the prominent merchants of that period 
 were George Little. William H. Ray, Thomas 
 Wilson, John Beatty. R. H. Griffith, August Nell, 
 W. W. Wells. August and Joseph Warren, G. W. 
 Met/,. James McCreery. 
 
 Among the leading manufacturing industries 
 were the following : Wagon Factory, established 
 by J. & J. Knowles in 1849 ; Schuyler Flouring 
 mill, established by George Moench in 1S07; 
 Rushville City Flouring mill, established by Lit- 
 
 tle & Ray in 1S17 ; Rushville Brick and Tile 
 Works, established by John McCabe in 1800; 
 Rushville Marble Yards, established by William 
 Crosier in 1859; Rushville Tannery, established 
 by August Peter 1S02; Rushville Woolen Mills, 
 established 1808. In 1850 Rushville's two oldest 
 papers, The Times and The Citizen were estab- 
 lished and given the names they now bear. 
 
 During these same years Rushville men in 
 public life were soaring at the top. Hon. William 
 A. Richardson was in the United States Senate ; 
 John Locke Scripps was aiding in founding The 
 Chicago Tribune; P. II. Walker was on the 
 supreme bench of Illinois, and John C. Bagby and 
 William II. Kay were representatives in Congress. 
 L. D. Erwin and John P. Richmond were promi- 
 nent members of the Illinois Legislature before 
 the war and the favorite sons of Rushville were 
 conspicuous in the affairs of State and nation. 
 Meantime the town continued to thrive and 
 prosper and many of the mercantile houses es- 
 tablished during this period still exist, and the 
 business is carried on now by another generation 
 of the same families in larger and more pre- 
 tentious buildings, but of the scores of promi- 
 nent merchants whose business was founded in 
 the year 185(1 and 1S00 none remain in active 
 business life.' Aud so it happens that, while 
 the primitive business houses have long since 
 disappeared, some of the early builders lived to 
 aid in the regeneration of the modern Rushville, 
 and have left the impress of their industry and 
 progressive ideas upon the city of today. 
 
 The story of Rushville's growth during the 
 last twenty-five years is too long to be told in 
 detail, but the main facts can be chronicled 
 briefly. In !8S0 there were four brick store- 
 buildings on the public square. Now there are 
 scores of them of a uniform style of architecture 
 and only one frame building remains as a relic 
 of the old days. The symmetrical style of the 
 buildings in the business district give hints of 
 disastrous fires and Rushville has suffered se- 
 verely in this respect, but, Phoenix-like, has each 
 time arisen from the ashes and the old build- 
 ings were replaced by fine new business blocks. 
 
 The south side of the square was the first to 
 suffer and on January 11, 1882, half the block 
 was burned; the year following the east end of 
 the north side was burned on Aug. 14. 1883, and 
 May 20, 1893, four buildings on the east side of 
 the square were destroyed. 
 
 In the residence portion of the city the im- 
 
692 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 provements have kept pace with those in the 
 business center and new additions have been 
 platted to allow the city's growth. After all is 
 said, the spirit that is abroad among the people 
 themselves ; the spirit that appreciates the 
 wealth of nature and the need for effort on the 
 part of man ; the spirit to work and do its best, 
 is more significant and important in the long 
 run than anything proved by existing facts and 
 reminiscences of the past. 
 
 First incorporated as a village May 10, 1831, 
 Rushville so continued until March 2, 1839, when 
 the Illinois Legislature granted a special charter 
 and Rushville was incorporated as a town, and 
 the municipal government was vested in seven 
 Trustees, who served without compensation. 
 
 On Monday, May 11, 1898. the voters of Rush- 
 ville decided to abandon the special charter and 
 adopt city organization under the General State 
 Law. At an election held May 10, 1898, Dr. 
 R. C. Amrine was elected the first Mayor of 
 Rushville. Since then the following Mayors have 
 served the city : George Hartman, 1S99-1901 ; 
 D. IT. Glass. 1901-1903; Dr. T. W. Scott, 1903- 
 1905; Lewis A. Jannan, 1905-1907; A. J. Lash- 
 niell, 1907— 
 
 The population of the City of Rushville. ac- 
 cording to the census of 1900. was 2.292. of which 
 629 fell within Buena Vista Township and 1.G63 
 in Rushville Township. 
 
 ships comprised within the limits of Schuyler 
 County, arranged in alphabetical order for con- 
 venience of reference : 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 TOWNSHIP HISTORY. 
 
 SKETCHES OF INDIVIDUAL TOWNSHIPS IN SCHUYLEB 
 COUNTY — BAINBRIDGE, BIRMINGHAM, BROOKLYN, 
 BROWNING, BUENA VISTA. CAMDEN, FREDERICK, 
 HICKORY. HUNTSVILLE, LITTLETON, OAKLAND, 
 RUSHVILLE AND WOODSTOCK TOWNSHIPS — GEO- 
 GRAPHICAL LOCATION AND CHARACTERISTICS 
 
 FIRST SETTLERS, WHENCE THEY CAME AND 
 
 WHERE THEY LOCATED FIRST CHURCHES AND 
 
 FIRST SCHOOLS — LOCAL IMPROVEMENTS AND IM- 
 PORTANT EVENTS — POPULATION IN 1900. 
 
 In the following pages will be found an in- 
 dividual history of each of the thirteen town- 
 
 BAINBRIDGE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Bainbridge, by reason of its location near the 
 Illinois River, was one of the first townships in 
 the county to be settled and. during the year 
 1823, it was invaded by the pioneers who built 
 their cabins and made a clearing in the timber 
 for thi' cultivation, of their crops. 
 
 Bounded on the south by the Illinois River 
 and Crooked Creek and traversed from north to 
 south by Crane and Coal Creeks, it naturally fol- 
 lows that the land surface of the township is 
 broken and rugged. Along all these streams 
 there is a rich alluvial soil that yields tre- 
 mendous crops in seasons when the land is not 
 overflowed by water. Much of the land that was 
 considered unfit for cultivation twenty years ago, 
 and carried each successive year on the delin- 
 quent tax-roll, has now been reclaimed and a 
 large portion of it is in cultivation. 
 
 Along the Illinois River a tract of land em- 
 bracing 7,000 acres has been taken into a drain- 
 age district and, by a system of levees and lateral 
 drainage ditches in the enclosed portion, an effort 
 is being made to reclaim the land. Another re- 
 clamation project was started in 1908 when the 
 Crane Creek Drainage and Levee District was 
 organized and 5.0(10 acres will be reclaimed. 
 
 Bainbridge Township is the only section of 
 Schuyler County that does not show an out- 
 cropping of coal veins of sufficient thickness for 
 mining purposes. But while this mineral vein is 
 lacking, there are others present that may prove 
 more valuable. In the neighborhood of New- 
 berry a well marked deposit of zinc has been 
 located, but whether it is present in sufficient 
 quantity to work profitably has never been de- 
 termined. In the same neighborhood specimens 
 of lead have been found, but the surface in- 
 dications are not so favorable for this mineral 
 as for zinc. 
 
 Thomas McKee am? Willis O'Neal were the 
 first settlers in Bainbridge Township. In the 
 fall of 1823 they came to Schuyler County from 
 Kentucky and built their cabins six miles south 
 of the Hobart settlement, where the entire pop- 
 ulation of the county, numbering perhaps a score 
 of people, was centered. Thomas McKee built 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 693 
 
 his cabin on the northeast quarter of Section 
 20 and Willis O'Neal located on Section 16. Mc- 
 Kee was a trained mechanic and, as soon as he 
 had erected a home for his family, he constructed 
 a workshop and this was the first blacksmith 
 shop in the county. His coming was a valuable 
 addition to the little settlement, for he was 
 a natural mechanic and gunsmith, and in his 
 little log shop be did a good business for those 
 pioneer times. Willis O'Neal later moved from 
 Bainbridge and settled on the present site of 
 Rushville, and took a prominent part in the af- 
 fairs of the county in the early years of its his- 
 tory. He afterwards removed to Brown County. 
 
 In 1824 David and Thomas Blair and Jacob 
 White settled on Sections 2 and 3, and in that 
 same year George Naught, who had come from 
 Whiteside County with bis brother Isaac anil 
 settled on Section :'!(!, Woodstock, removed to 
 Bainbridge where he afterwards made his home. 
 
 Jonathan Reno and John A. Reeve were among 
 the newcomers in is2."i who settled in Bainbridge. 
 In November. 182<>. Abraham Lemaster and his 
 son-in-law. Charles Hatfield, moved into the town- 
 ship and purchased Willis O'Neal's improvement. 
 James B. Atwood, William Mitchell, Moses .Pet- 
 tigrew, Archibald Parris. James Edmonston, 
 James. William and John Evans were among 
 those who came in 1827. Rev. Joseph Bell, a 
 Baptist minister, Isaac Briggs, George Butler, 
 Peter DeWitt, Samuel Jackson, Sanford Close, 
 Elisba Hudson, Jerre Jackson and Thomas How- 
 ell were all residents of the township prior to 
 1830. Among other early residents were: Allen 
 Tersinger, Daniel Matheny. Jonathan Reddick, 
 Harvey Phinuey, John Jacobs, John Bowling, 
 John Dougherty, James Lawler, Jonathan Pat- 
 teson. Ebenezer Grist aud Apollos Ward. 
 
 The first mill in the township was built by 
 Ephraim Egglestou on the bank of Crane Creek 
 on Section 19. The mill was erected in 1827 and 
 was barely in operation when there came a sud- 
 den flood on this now famous erratic stream, 
 that carried away the improvement down stream. 
 Zeph Tyson built the second mill in 1835 aud it 
 was operated by horse-power. 
 
 The first school building in the township was 
 on Section 15, aud John Parker. Joseph Bell and 
 William Burnsides were among the first teachers. 
 
 There is not now a town or postoffice in Bain- 
 bridge Township, the postoffice at Center having 
 been discontinued in 1004, when the rural free 
 delivery system was extended to the township. 
 
 The town of Newburg, now commonly known as 
 Newberry, was founded by Joseph Newburg and 
 was surveyed and platted by Francis E. Bryant, 
 County Surveyor, April 24, 1840. There was 
 once a store and blacksmith shop there, but all 
 semblance of a town lias long since disappeared. 
 The population of Bainbridge Township, ac- 
 cording to the census of 1000, was 1,210. 
 
 BIRMINGHAM TOWNSHIP. 
 
 The farthest outlaying township in Schuyler 
 County is Birmingham, located in the extreme 
 north-west corner.- It is bounded on the north 
 by McDonough County and ou the west by Han- 
 cock County, and its business is largely tributary 
 to Plymouth, the nearest shipping point. This 
 township is almost equally divided between un- 
 dulating and fertile prairie land in the south 
 and north, and heavy timber laud along the wa- 
 ter courses. The farms are well improved and 
 the land valuable for grain farming and stuck 
 raising. 
 
 Brummel Sapp was the first settler in Birming- 
 ham Township. He was a neighbor in North 
 Carolina of the Manlove family, who first settled 
 in Schuyler iu 1824, Their glowing accounts of 
 the new country fired his enthusiasm and, in the 
 early fall of 1831, he started on the long journey 
 to the frontier in Illinois. His family consisting 
 of his wife and children, Harmon, Jefferson, 
 Jacob, Adam. Newell, William, S. R. aud Sarah, 
 accompanied him, and they reached Rushville in 
 early winter of that year. Here the family re- 
 mained until the spring of 1832, when they once 
 more packed up their household belongings and 
 began the journey westward. Par removed from 
 all other settlements he located on the south- 
 westeru part of the northwest quarter of Section 
 3, in Birmingham Township, and there in the 
 solitude of the forest built his home, and his 
 after years were spent on the old homestead and 
 his descendants are today numerously represented 
 in the population of the township. 
 
 Soon after Mr. Sapp settled in Birmingham his 
 old neighbor in North Carolina, David Manlove, 
 removed there from the Rushville settlement. 
 He was followed soon afterward by Moses and 
 Jonathan D. Manlove, who settled nearby. Other 
 settlers who came in 1832 were Peter Popham 
 from Kentucky, aud a man named Haggard, also 
 Edward aud David Wade. Isaac Pigeon was a 
 
694 
 
 H1ST0EY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 near neighbor of Mr. Sapp in 18."..".. and William 
 and Jesse Bodenbammer and Adam Wier came 
 from North Carolina in that same year. In 
 1S34 the settlement was further increased by the 
 arrival of three brothers, Alexander, John and 
 Charles Bilderbaek, who eame from Adams 
 County. III., where their father had arrived from 
 Kentucky some years before. William H. and 
 James Bilderbaek, the remaining brothers, fol- 
 lowed in the fall of that year. About this time 
 James G. King and David Graham settled in 
 the township. Thomas Twidell and Simeon Mor- 
 ris, from Virginia, were among the settlers of 
 1834, settling in Round Prairie. In 1S36 James 
 and Harrison Graham and John L. Carden and 
 family made the long journey west from Vir- 
 ginia, in response to letters that had been sent 
 home by David Graham. William Edwards, John 
 T. Gash, Col. Geo. II. Briscoe, John L. Ewing, 
 William Noel. S. S. Walker and Edward Whipple 
 were others of the early pioneers who settled in 
 Birmingham Township in the 'thirties. 
 
 The early home-seekers in Birmingham were 
 men who had faith in the future development of 
 the rich country of Illinois, and as soon as they 
 had reared their cabins and planted their crops. 
 they turned their attention to developing the 
 resources nearest at hand. In 18::r. Robert Wil- 
 son. ,i practical mill-wright came to the settle- 
 ment, and in partnership with David Graham, 
 began the construction of a water mill on the 
 northeast quarter of Section 11. They built a 
 dam across Crooked Creek at this point, and the 
 first grist was ground in 1S3G. The mill was 
 a two-story frame building, and the power was 
 obtained from an undershot wheel. It remained 
 in service until 1882 when, on May •">, a spring 
 freshet undermined the wheel and it was car- 
 ried down stream. 
 
 The building of the mill was an incentive to 
 greater effort in the development of the country, 
 and on July 1, 1836, the village of Birmingham 
 was platted by Allen I'ersinger for David Gra- 
 ham, David Manlove and Moses Manlove. the 
 proprietors. The prospectus issued by the town- 
 site promoters, and published in all the eastern 
 papers, was a most glowing one, and the new 
 town-site was heralded as a thrifty manufac- 
 turing center at the head of navigation on the 
 La Moine River. Like many other of the boom 
 towns of 1830. Birmingham failed to fulfil the 
 expectations of its enthusiastic promoters, but 
 is today a pretty little country village along 
 
 whose boundary flows the waters of Crooked 
 Creek. 
 
 The first school in Birmingham was taught by 
 William Xoel in a log cabin in the village. In 
 1830 Birmingham was made a. government post- 
 office and William Noel was named as Post- 
 master. The first church erected in the town- 
 ship was built by the Protestant Methodists in 
 the village in 1852. 
 
 Population of the township in 1000, according 
 to the United States census, 894. 
 
 BROOKLYN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Brooklyn is in the northern tier of townships 
 that border on McDonough County and, though 
 tar removed from the first settlement made in 
 Schuyler County, not many years elapsed until 
 the homeseeker had reared his humble cabin 
 within its border. This was due, perhaps, tb the 
 fact that Crooked Creek flows through the town- 
 ship, from north to south, for the early pioneer 
 followed the water courses in his search for a 
 new home, and the earliest settlements were usu- 
 ally made not far from the stream. The timber 
 country was always first choice of the early 
 homeseekers, and Brooklyn afforded many choice 
 locations of this kind, for all the country adja- 
 cent to Crooked Creek abounded in the finest kind 
 of timber. When Brooklyn Township was first 
 settled Crooked Creek was known as La Moine 
 River, and was regarded as a navigable stream, 
 and great things were expected from the develop- 
 ment of the water power along its course. While 
 these expectations were never realized. Brooklyn 
 Township has made great progress as an agri- 
 cultural country and its people are prosperous as 
 a result thereof. 
 
 William Owens was the first settler who made 
 a home within the bounds of Brooklyn Township. 
 Reared in Kentucky, he was married in 1S28 to 
 .Miss Helen Swan and, in the fall of the year 
 following, the young couple decided to follow the 
 bride's parents to Illinois. They made the trip 
 on horseback and were six days in the saddle, 
 and, on reaching Schuyler County, found a warm 
 welcome at the home of Mr. and Mrs. George 
 Swan, who were then residents of Buena Vista 
 Township. There they spent the winter and, in 
 the spring of 1S30, pushed on farther west and 
 built a cabin in Brooklyn Township. After put- 
 ting in his crop Mr. Owen returned to Kentucky 
 
HISTORY OF SCHTJYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 695 
 
 to get his household goods, and, on his return, 
 sold his pre-emption right in Brooklyn and re- 
 turned to Buena Vista Township. 
 
 William Manlove, who came to Schuyler from 
 North Carolina in 1825, was attracted by the 
 rich prospects of Brooklyn Township and, in 1S32, 
 settled with his family on the northeast quarter 
 of Section 7. He was accompanied by his 
 brother-in-law, William Huff, who with his fam- 
 ily settled on an adjoining quarter. About this 
 time John E. Rigshy settled on the east half of 
 the southeast quarter of Section 7. He referred 
 to his claim as "Guinea Prairie," and the neigh- 
 borhood is, to this day, known by that name 
 
 William C. Ralls will always occupy a conspic- 
 uous place in the history of Brooklyn. He was 
 a man of energy and determination, and had un- 
 bounded faith in the ultimate development of a 
 great manufacturing center in the wilderness of 
 Illinois. On December 6, 1831, he was granted 
 a mill site on Crooked Creek on the southwest 
 quarter of Section 20, and was authorized to 
 build a dam not to exceed nine feet in height. 
 Before his improvement was completed came the 
 call for volunteers to fight the tribes of the In- 
 dian Chief Black Hawk, and Mr. Ralls entered 
 the service of the State as Captain of a volun- 
 teer company. He did not forget his pet project 
 of developing the water-power on Crooked Creek, 
 however, and in 1832 returned to his claim and 
 resumed work on the dam. 
 
 Another of the prominent Brooklyn settlers of 
 the early day was Rev. Samuel Dark, a Baptist 
 minister, who labored in the Lord's vineyard for 
 more than fifty years, and whose name is yet 
 honored and revered not only in Brooklyn, hut in 
 all the adjacent country. Samuel Dark was a 
 native of North Carolina, but removed to Ten- 
 nessee when a child. Accompanied by his father, 
 Samuel Dark, and two cousins, Horace and Sam- 
 uel Dark. Jr., and a brother-in-law, Hugh Hays, 
 he came to Schuyler County in February, 1830. 
 The little party first located in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship, where Robert L. Dark had builded a home, 
 and in the fall Samuel L. Dark moved to Brook- 
 lyn Township and settled on the northwest quar- 
 ter of Section 5. 
 
 William Lewis was one of the pioneers in 
 Brooklyn and, for more than fifty years, one of 
 her most prominent citizens. Mr. Lewis was a 
 native of Philadelphia, where he was born March 
 7. 18(11, and was a grand-son of Francis Lewis, 
 one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde- 
 
 pendence. In early life he was admitted to the 
 bar in Philadelphia and planned to follow a pro- 
 fessional career, but came west in 1829 for the 
 benefit of his health. He spent three years in 
 Rushville and, in 1832, in company with Samuel 
 Oliver, who had accompanied him from the East, 
 he located on the northwest quarter of Section 
 19, in Brooklyn Township. The rugged life of 
 a pioneer restored his health and he lived to a 
 ripe old age, his death occuring in 1889. 
 
 Dr. James S. Blackburn, one of the pioneer 
 physicians of the county, first located in Rushville 
 in 1830 and there erected the first tannery in the 
 county. He afterwards studied medicine and in 
 1836, removed to Brooklyn, where he achieved 
 success and honor. 
 
 Philip Chipman, a native of North Carolina, 
 located in Brooklyn in 1836 and he served as a 
 volunteer in the Mormon and Mexican wars, and 
 enlisted in the army of the North in the Civil 
 War, but was discharged on account of illness. 
 Mr. Chipman is quoted as saying that he often 
 hauled produce to Quincy. where he sold wheat 
 for 30 cents a bushel and pork at $1.23 per hun- 
 dred, and in payment therefor took calico at 25 
 cents a yard, and bull skin boots at $8 a pair. 
 
 Jackson Higgins, one of the few surviving old 
 pioneers, accompanied his lather, Daniel Higgins, 
 to Brooklyn in 1S38. Mr. Higgins, Si'., was a 
 tailor and made into clothes the cloth the wives 
 had woven from carded anil spun wool. Jackson 
 Higgins, in conversation with the writer, says 
 the old camping grounds of the Indians were 
 clearly discernible when they first located in 
 Brooklyn. At the time Mr. Higgins and family 
 took up their abode on Section 9. which is only 
 a short distance from their present home, there 
 was a class of rough characters living along the 
 creek, who made their livelihood by hunting and 
 fishing. They Were not a desirable class of citi- 
 zens anil, as tin- country settled up. they moved 
 away to other frontier points, and Brooklyn has 
 never since been troubled by such as their kind. 
 
 The town of Brooklyn has for its founder Wil- 
 liam C. Ralls, who as early as 1831 planned to 
 there build a city that would rival any in North- 
 ern Illinois. The first step in the realization of 
 this plan was the erection of a mill, which was 
 built on the northeast quarter of Section 20, in 
 the year 1832. To assist in this work Richard 
 Redfieid moved from Rushville, where he had 
 located in 1830, and he operated the first black- 
 smith shop in the township. 
 
696 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 With tbe establishment of the mill accom- 
 plished, llr. Ralls unfolded his plans for the es- 
 tablishment of a manufacturing center near by. 
 Thus it was that, on October 26, 1S3G, on the 
 south bank of Crooked Creek, on a rolling piece 
 of ground sloping gradually towards the stream, 
 Allen Persinger platted the town of Brooklyn. 
 The proprietors were William C. Ralls, Joseph 
 Duncan. Benjamin Clark and Dr. Green. They 
 did not sit idly by and wait for the town to 
 grow — that was too slow a proceeding for those 
 stirring times. Instead they spread abroad the 
 news that there was to be a sale of town lots, 
 and it was advertised in every paper of promi- 
 nence in the United States. 
 
 Brooklyn, like many other towns of that time, 
 fell short of the promised greatness. Fate did 
 not deal kindly with the village when the great 
 railroad systems girded the country and. in a 
 day, made towns where before there had been 
 a wilderness. But Brooklyn is. today, a thrifty 
 inland town, surrounded by a rich agricultural 
 country and, in its long history, no disastrous 
 storms, fires or pestilence have marred its serene 
 prosperity. 
 
 The first school in the village was taught by 
 Miss Dodds in 1S44. Brooklyn was made a gov- 
 ernment postoffice in 1840. and William Homey 
 wax, the first postmaster. On the site of the old 
 mill, erected in 1832, there stands a mill today, 
 tbe only fiouring mill operated within the bounds 
 of Schuyler County. 
 
 The census report of 1000 showed a population 
 for Brooklyn Township of 1,173. 
 
 BROWNING TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Browning is one of the fractional townships 
 lying on the eastern border of Schuyler County. 
 It was named in honor of Hon. O. H. Browning, 
 of Quincy, United States Senator from Illinois 
 and for many years a prominent attorney. 
 
 The Illinois River and Sugar Creek form the 
 southern boundary of Browning Township, and 
 a Ion'; these waterways are high bluffs. The gen- 
 eral land surface is broken and, in the early days. 
 was covered with a heavy growth of valuable 
 timber. This has all been cleared away save 
 along the streams, and the land put in cultiva- 
 tion. 
 
 William Robertson was the first settler in 
 
 Browning Township. He came to Schuyler 
 County from Kentucky in 1826 and built his 
 cabin on Section 16 beside a bubbling spring of 
 fresh, clear water. He was a young man, full 
 of energy and fond of adventure and skilled in 
 the art of woodcraft. He located there on ac- 
 count of the abundance of wild game and un- 
 mindful of the fact that his nearest neighbor 
 was six miles away. Bee-hunting was a profit- 
 able business in those pioneer days and Mr. Rob- 
 ertson was not slow to realize it. Fur-bearing 
 animals were also numerous there, and their 
 pelts found ready market in St. Louis, and fre- 
 quent trips were made down the Illinois River 
 by Mr. Robertson in his canoe. 
 
 Soon after locating in Browning Township Mr. 
 Robertson was married to Miss Elizabeth Kirklin 
 by Squire Isaac Lane, and a family of nine chil- 
 dren was born to them. One son, Joel Robert- 
 son, still resides on the old homestead and Alex- 
 ander has his home close by. Malcomb Robert- 
 son, another son, is also a resident of Browning 
 Township. 
 
 In August, 1S2S. four brothers, Thomas T.. 
 William, Henry and Hartwell Lancaster, came to 
 Browning from Kentucky and located on Section 
 22. The following year their mother and a 
 younger brother. Gabriel, joined them. They 
 made permanent homes in the township, and 
 their descendants continue to reside there. 
 
 Thomas T. Lancaster, the oldest of the broth- 
 ers, was born January 2S, 1807, and lived to the 
 ripe old age of almost ninety-nine years, his 
 death occurring January 24. 1906. He was mar- 
 ried March 1. 1S31 to Miss Elizabeth Jackson, 
 and the following year located on Section 10, 
 where he lived the remainder of his life. 
 
 Isaac Lane, also from Kentucky, settled in 
 Browning on the southwest quarter of Section 
 16 in 1828. He was accompanied by his wife 
 and their child was the first born in the town- 
 ship. , 
 
 Shelton Luttrell a veteran of the War of 1812, 
 and George W. Justus, both from Tennessee, 
 were settlers of the year 1828, and were accom- 
 panied by their families. Mr. Luttrell settled on 
 Section 1(1 and Mr. Justus near Ridgeville. 
 
 John M. Campbell, a native of North Carolina, 
 located on Section 14 in 1S29, and Stephen Rob- 
 ertson and wife, of Kentucky, also came that 
 same year, but in 1831 removed to Macoupin 
 County, 111. Other pioneers of 1831 were John 
 
A 
 
 7^ '/ 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 697 
 
 Baker of Tennessee, who settled on Section 23, 
 and George Garrison, who made his home on 
 Section 29. 
 
 George Skiles, who became a resident of 
 Browning in the early 'thirties, first located in 
 Schuyler County December 2, 1S26, when he built 
 a cabin on Section 16 in Rushville Township. 
 He was a soldier of the war of 1812 and was 
 with Gen. Jackson in the battle of New Orleans. 
 In 1S16 he located in Indiana, moved from there 
 to Kentucky, and later to Missouri in 1810, where 
 he lived until he took up his home in Schuyler 
 County. Mr. Skiles was Coroner of Schuyler 
 in 1S30, and held the first inquest in the county 
 over the body of George Everett, who was mur- 
 dered by James Morgan. 
 
 Jonathan Reno, a native of Tennessee, was one 
 of the pioneers of Schuyler County, locating in 
 Bainbridge Township In 1825. From there he 
 removed to Section 16, Rushville township, where 
 he resided until 1830, when he took up his home 
 in McDonough County. He afterward lived in 
 Iowa and finally removed to Missouri, where he 
 died. Mr. Reno had ten children, and of these 
 Jonathan Reno, Jr.. was the only one who be- 
 came a permanent resident of Schuyler County. 
 His life nas spent in the county with the ex- 
 ception of the years 1842-43, which were spent in 
 Iowa and. in 1S49, he located in Browning Town- 
 ship. Mr. Reno was married to Miss Eliza 
 Thornton, who had come from East Tennessee 
 in 1826, and she is one of the few surviving pio- 
 neers of the county who came here previous to 
 1830. Mrs. Reno makes her home with her son, 
 B. P. Reno, and has the full enjoyment of all 
 her faculties in her ripe old age. 
 
 The first school taught in Browning Township 
 was presided over by Nathaniel Grover, who 
 came from Tennessee and opened his school here 
 in 18.35. 
 
 The first mill in Browning Township was 
 erected on the east bank of Sugar Creek, in Sec- 
 tion 20, in 1820, by George Skiles, David Wal- 
 lace and Alfred C. Wallace. At first it was 
 rigged for a. sawmill, but burrs were added in 
 1831 to grind wheat and com. Thomas Justus 
 also built a mill above the site of this one in 
 1820, which was a combined saw and grist-mill. 
 
 The village of Browning, which is the only 
 incorporated village in Schuyler County, was 
 surveyed and platted by Leonidas Horney for 
 
 Robert Dilworth, and the plat on record bears 
 date of May 11, 1S4S. 
 
 John Lippencott, who located in the township 
 in 1S20. built his cabin on the present site of 
 the village of Browning, and has the honor of 
 being the first settler. refer Holmes was 
 another of the early residents, locating there in 
 1830. 
 
 The first merchant in Browning was James 
 Austin, who opened a general store there in 1840. 
 Others of the early merchants were Benjamin 
 Rirkbride, A. L. Wells, R. R. Dilworth, George 
 MeEvans, Albert and Marion Bates, G. B. and 
 Wiley Hollingsworth. 
 
 The first school in the village was taught by 
 Miss Dilworth and the first school house was 
 built in 1854. The village now has a fine brick 
 school building and employs three teachers. 
 
 The fisheries at Browning constitute one of 
 the important industries of the village and a 
 large business is done in this branch of trade. 
 Just now the village is having a business boom, 
 as it were, and a bank and a newspaper have 
 lately been established, the histories of which 
 appear in their respective chapters in this vol- 
 ume. 
 
 The village of Osceola, which has later been 
 renamed Bader, was laid out by Jeremiah Stumrn 
 for Samuel Fowler. August 5, 1870. It is sit- 
 uated on the southeast quarter of the southwest 
 quarter of Section 2, and is a thrifty and pros- 
 perous little village. 
 
 Population of the township in 1000, including 
 Browning town, 1,480, that of the village being 
 455. 
 
 BUENA VISTA TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Buena Vista Township is located near the geo- 
 graphical center of Schuyler County, and is 
 the only one of the thirteen townships in the 
 county that does not, at some point, touch the 
 outside boundary of the county. Like all the 
 other townships, Buena Vista has wide spreading 
 prairies and embraces a part of the broken tim- 
 ber country which lies along the many small 
 streams that flow southward into Crooked Creek. 
 Along these streams there is found a good qual- 
 ity of building stone that was extensively quar- 
 ried at an early day. A good vein of coal also 
 underlies a portion of the township. 
 
 Levin Green, the pioneer Methodist preacher 
 
698 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 whose history has been given in another chapter 
 of this work, was the first settler in Bueua Vista 
 Township. He caine to Schuyler County iu No- 
 vember, 1823, from Missouri accompanied by his 
 family and brother-in-law, George Stewart, and 
 his family. They spent the winter in the Hobart 
 settlement and early in the following spring took 
 up their abode in Buena Vista. They were joined 
 soon afterwards by Henry Green, Jr., and his 
 family, who had driven overland from Texas. 
 
 Levin Green selected for his home the south- 
 east quarter of Section 23 ; Henry Green, Jr., the 
 southeast half of the northeast quarter of Sec- 
 tion 20, and George Stewart the southeast quar- 
 ter of Section 13. The Greens had always lived 
 in the South and the first year they spent in 
 Schuyler they planted a crop of cotton, and the 
 yield must have been at least partially success- 
 ful, for in 1S27 Henry Green, Jr., erected a rude 
 cotton gin to handle the crop. 
 
 John Ritchey settled in Buena Vista on the 
 southeast quarter of Section 25 in 1824, but soon 
 sold his pre-emption right to Samuel Turner and 
 removed to Littleton Township. In March, 1825, 
 Samuel and Manlove Horney settled on Section 
 14. where they resided until 1S34, when they re- 
 moved to Littleton. 
 
 In May, 1S25, the Green settlement was greatly 
 increased by the arrival of Henry Green, Sr„ ami 
 wife; Philip Spohnamore and family of eight; 
 George Green, wife and six children; John 
 Spohnamore, wife and two children ; John Green, 
 wife and three children, and James Robinson, 
 wife and three children. They all came from 
 Missouri and, being related by marriage, took up 
 their home in the Green settlement and their 
 descendants are today residents of the township. 
 
 Samuel Turner, who first came to Schuyler in 
 1823, returned to St. Clair County soon after 
 building his cabin, and on his return in 1825 
 lound it occupied. He sold his improvement 
 and removed to Buena Vista Township and set- 
 tled on the southeast quarter of Section 25. Here 
 he cleared a piece of ground and made improve- 
 ments, but in 1834 a claimant with a superior 
 title appeared and the work of years was lost. 
 He then removed to the southeast quarter of 
 Section 11, and it is said had to buy off three 
 different persons who claimed to have title to 
 the land. Mr. Turner was married on May 24. 
 1S30, to Miss Rachel Robertson, ami their son, 
 
 Allen Turner, still resides on the old homestead 
 farm. 
 
 Charles Teas settled on the northwest quarter 
 of Section 23 in 1S26, and resided there until 
 1S20, when he sold his claim to Lemuel Sparks, 
 and the old homestead is now owned by J. B. 
 Sparks of Rushville, who is a son of the old 
 pioneer settler. 
 
 Alexander Ross, a native of Kentucky, settled 
 in Buena Vista in the summer of 1820, with his 
 wife and six children, and built a cabin on the 
 northeast quarter of Section 10, where he made 
 a permanent settlement. 
 
 Joel McKee came to Schuyler County in 1820 
 with his father-in-law, William McKee, and in 
 the following year he removed to Buena Vista 
 Township and built a cabin on the northwest 
 quarter of Section 2. Here he resided until 
 1847, when he made an overland trip to Oregon. 
 He returned in 1851 and again took up his abode 
 in the township where he lived to a ripe old age. 
 Mr. Tullis had the first distillery in the town- 
 ship which was built in 1833. John Tullis and 
 John Thompson were neighbors of Joel Tullis 
 and built their cabins on Section 1. 
 
 Drury Sellers, a native of Kentucky, moved 
 to Buena Vista in the spring of 1828 with his 
 family, and settled on the southwest quarter of 
 Section 2. but afterward removed to Littleton. 
 
 Other early settlers were: Robert L. Park, 
 George Swan, "William Owens, Ephraim Haines 
 and John R. Sidles,, and. in the early 'thirties, 
 there came a number of families who made per- 
 manent homes in the township. 
 
 The first wedding in the township was that 
 of 'William Hobart Taylor and Miss Elizabeth 
 Spohnamore, which occurred November 27, 1825. 
 Rev. Levin Green performed the ceremony. 
 
 The first death was that of a four year old 
 son of Henry Green, Jr., in the summer of 1827. 
 
 The first school house was built in 1S28 on 
 the northwest quarter of Section 1, and Robert 
 Sexton was the teacher in charge. There had 
 been a school taught in the Green settlement as 
 early as 1825 by William Hobart Taylor, but the 
 residents found it more convenient'to send their 
 children to the schools in Rushville Township. 
 
 The first mill in the township was operated 
 by Joel Tullis. It was supplied with power by 
 the old tread-wheel with horses for motive power. 
 It was erected in 1831 on the northeast quarter 
 of Section 2. Col. Clark, an Englishman, also 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 699 
 
 had a horse mill in operation in 1835 on the 
 northeast quarter of Section 17. The first steam 
 gristmill was built in 1S57 by George C. Clark 
 in the southeast quarter of Section 14. 
 
 A portion of the city of Rushville lies within 
 the bounds of Buena Vista Township, and this 
 tract of land was originally owned by William 
 McCreery. He purchased 160 acres lying west 
 of the original town site for $350, and the owner 
 in New York was so astonished at receiving so 
 munificent an offer, that he feared he might be 
 losing some unknown treasure, and in his deed, 
 now on record at the court house, expressly re- 
 serves all minerals to be found on the land 
 deeded. 
 
 Population of the township in 1900, including 
 part of the city of Rushville. 1,651, the portion 
 coming within the city of Rushville being <J20. 
 
 CAMDEN TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Camden Township, traversed from north to 
 south by Crooked Creek and intersected by the 
 minor streams of Cedar, Brushy and Missouri, 
 has a varied topography that includes low allu- 
 vial bottoms, upland plains and heavily timbered 
 sections, but withal it is one of the most pros- 
 perous communities in the county, and its ro- 
 mantic history dates back to the year 1829, when 
 the first permanent settlement was made within 
 its border. 
 
 In the fall of that year John and Robert 
 Brown and their brother-in-law, Luke Allphin. 
 of Morgan County, made their first trip to Schuy- 
 ler County, crossing the Illinois River at Beard's 
 Ferry, now Beardstown. and pushing on west- 
 ward past the settlements in Rushville and Bu- 
 ena Vista Townships, to what is now Camden 
 Township, where they settled on Sections 17 and 
 20; Here they made rude improvements in the 
 wilderness, and the following spring the families 
 of the three men were removed from Morgan 
 County, where they had made their home since 
 leaving Kentucky. 
 
 They were all natives of Grant County, Ky., 
 and had left that State in 1S25 to seek a home 
 in Illinois. While a resident of Kentucky John 
 Brown was married to Sarah Points, who, with 
 her two children, Lucy and Thomas B., were in 
 that first party of Camden homeseekers in the 
 spring of 1830. They settled on the northeast 
 
 Quarter of Section 20, and here Mr. Brown re- 
 sided until his death, January 10. 1871. Robert 
 Brown, a brother of John Brown, built his cabin 
 on the southwest quarter of Section 17. He was 
 accompanied by his wife, and they were per- 
 manent settlers in the neighborhood, residing 
 there until their death. Luke Allphin. the third 
 member of the party, was accompanied by his 
 wile and two children, Zebadee and Jane, and 
 they settled on the southeast quarter of Section 
 17. Mr. Allphin was a restless, adventurous man 
 and. when the settlers began to invade the re- 
 gions of Camden, he again sought the frontier 
 and, in 1837, emigrated to Lee County, Iowa, and 
 from there to California, where he died in 1849. 
 
 These families had raised only a partial crop 
 during the summer of 1830. and when the deep 
 snow came the following winter, they endured 
 great hardships, and the men had to make a trip 
 to the Rushville Settlement, at the peril of their- 
 lives, to get food ; and it is said Mrs. John Brown 
 kept her calves from starving by feeding them 
 straw and shucks taken from the bed tick. But 
 the men made the trip in safety and returned 
 with a supply of corn that was ground into meal 
 in the old hominy mortar, as at that time there 
 was no mill nearer than the Hobart settlement. 
 
 When these first pioneers came to Camden 
 Township, they followed an Indian trail that 
 crossed Crooked Creek near where the bridge 
 now stands. Two miles north of Camden, on 
 what is now the Callison farm, there were 
 plainly marked traces of an Indian village, and 
 arrow-heads and stone axes were strewn about 
 the ground in countless numbers. This had prob- 
 ably been one of the last camping grounds of the 
 Indians before they made their final emigration 
 northward. 
 
 Ephraim Eggleston, who had settled in the 
 Hobart settlement in 1823, removed to Camden 
 in 1830 and settled on the southwest quarter of 
 Section 15, and his son, William, was the first 
 child born in the township. Philander Avery 
 first visited Camden Township in the fall of 
 1830, but he migrated to Knox County and it 
 was not until in the 'fifties that he returned to 
 make his permanent home in the township. 
 
 In 1831 Thomas J. Chapman arrived in the 
 Camden settlement from Kentucky. He was a 
 brother-in-law of John Brown, and was induced 
 to come to Illinois by the glowing accounts ro- 
 eeived from his relatives. Ephraim and Ira Ow- 
 
700 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ens arrived in Camden in 1833, and that same 
 year Hensen Harlow emigrated with his wife 
 and children from Indiana, and settled on the 
 southwest quarter of Section 22. 
 
 The year 1835 marked a period of rapid 
 growth for the Camden settlement, and among 
 the new arrivals of that year we may note : 
 William Allphin. who journeyed from Indiana 
 with his family in a wagon drawn by a yoke of 
 oxen, and settled on the northeast quarter of 
 Section 31 ; Robert Points, who settled on the 
 northwest quarter of Section 5 ; Isaac Cady and 
 his son, Isaac 6., who settled on Sections 19 and 
 20 ; Benjamin West settled on the southwest of 
 Section 2G, and his brother, William West, on the 
 northeast of 35. 
 
 Among other early settlers may be mentioned 
 Robert Brooks, Hazel Dorsey, Adam S. and John 
 Corrie, M. M. Cleek, John L. Callison, George L. 
 Gray, Robert G. McHatton, R. B. Stubblefield, 
 B. F. Taggart and Joseph N. Ward. 
 
 The first pioneer who attempted to utilize 
 Crooked Creek for motive power to operate a 
 grist-mill, was John Taggart, and on December 
 8, 1S35. the County Commissioners granted a pe- 
 tition for a millsite on the south ivest quarter of 
 Section 11. and it was specified that the dam 
 across Crooked Creek was not to exceed nine feet 
 in height. Two years previous to this Mr. Tag- 
 gart and his father-in-law, Mr. Wolberton, had 
 begun the erection of a mill on Section 26, but 
 before it was completed the owner of the land 
 forced them to abandon the enterprise. But in 
 the year 1836 the second mill was completed and 
 it did a good business for many years. 
 
 Dr. B. P. Watts, in writing of the early his- 
 tory of Camden Township, gives an interesting 
 story of a Dr. Ward, a retired United States 
 army surgeon, who took up quarters in a cave 
 near the Taggart mill when he first came to the 
 settlement. He was a man of more than usual 
 ability, but very odd in his ways, and his cave 
 was filled with cages of snakes, birds and wild 
 animals that he kept for pets. That he was a 
 skilled surgeon was demonstrated on several oc- 
 casions, but he chose the free life of the pioneer 
 in preference to the thickly settled communities 
 where his talent would have been a source of 
 pecuniary profit. 
 
 We are also indebted to Dr. Watts for the 
 following description of social life in the Camden 
 settlement: "Shoes were unknown to children; 
 
 they went barefooted, winter and summer, and 
 their feet got so tough they would knock fire out 
 of a flint rock, drive a ten-penny nail with their 
 heel or chase rabbits all day in snow ankle deep. 
 
 "Those times they were accustomed to live 
 three or four days on baked squash alone. We 
 heard of one instance where the wife and mother 
 baked the last of the meal for breakfast, and 
 just as the meal was ready, a couple of neighbor 
 men came in, and being asked to partake sat 
 down (the children those days always waited), 
 and ate all the bread and the little children had 
 to go hungry until their father could go forty 
 miles to mill and, perhaps, be a whole week mak- 
 ing the trip. We were told that even the mother 
 did not get any of the bread, and that when the 
 men folks left, she sat down and cried. Poor 
 woman ! She was not the only one who suffered 
 those cruel heartaches during pioneer times." 
 
 The first school taught in Camden Township 
 was presided over by John Thornhill, a Ken- 
 tuckiau. who came to the settlement in 1836 and 
 opened his tuition school in a cabin on Section 
 17. George L. Gray was another of the early 
 school teachers, and his cabin was on Section 22. 
 
 The village of Camden, which is situated on 
 the southwest quarter of Section 17, was laid out 
 by Robert Brown and Joseph N. Ward, January 
 28, 1831, and was surveyed and platted by Sam- 
 uel McHatton, Deputy County Surveyor. The 
 first store was established in the village in 1838 
 by John and Joseph X. Ward, and the following 
 year Camden was made a government postoffiee, 
 and Alexander McHatton was named as the first 
 government official. David Campbell built a flour- 
 ing mill in the village in 1856, and it was op- 
 erated until recent years. Today Camden is a 
 flourishing inland village, with good schools, 
 churches and mercantile houses, and her citizens 
 arc looking forward to the time when they can 
 be put into closer touch with the outside world 
 through the agency of an electric railroad. 
 
 The village of Erwin, located on the northwest 
 corner of Section 26, was laid out by Columbus 
 C. Meeks, March 27, 1860. Four years previous 
 he had built a cabin and opened a store, and was 
 that year appointed postmaster. The first school 
 house in the village was built in 1S6C and James 
 Bliss was the first teacher. 
 
 The population of Camden Township, accord- 
 ing to the census of 1900, was 1, 27*. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 701 
 
 FREDERICK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Frederick is the smallest township in Schuyler 
 County and the most irregular in shape, two of 
 its triangular sides being bounded by the Illinois 
 River and Sugar Creek, a tributary stream. 
 North and south the township measures nine 
 miles, while the greatest width is three and a 
 half miles, and it contains but twelve full sec- 
 tions, although there are fractional sections lying 
 along the boundary streams. The land surface 
 is broken and a portion of the township is sub- 
 ject to overflow from the Illinois River. 
 
 Frederick Township was the gateway to 
 Schuyler County in the first years of its history, 
 and all of the early pioneers crossed its borders 
 and mounted the high bluff in their journey in- 
 land. Some of them doubtless tarried for a time 
 in temporary homes along the bluff, which makes 
 it difficult to name any one person as the original 
 settler in the township. Among the first to make 
 a permanent home within the bounds of Fred- 
 erick Township was James Lammy, who settled 
 about a half-mile north of the present site of 
 the village of Frederick in 1825. Andrew Vance, 
 Timothy Harris and Edward White were also 
 early settlers. Abraham Hollingsworth made his 
 first permanent home in the county in Frederick 
 Township, locating there in the spring of 1S27. 
 He was one of the early Justices of the Teace 
 and Hollingsworth branch was named in his 
 honor. Others of the pioneer settlers, with the 
 year of settlement, are as follows : John D. 
 Wren, 1829; Lyman Utter, 1830; Anthony Mes- 
 serer, 1832; Jesse Darnell, 1834; Thomas Bel- 
 lamy, 1835, and John Utter, 1838. 
 
 In the early 'thirties, soon after the first 
 steamboats began to ply the Illinois River, George 
 Frederick Jonte and Frederick Merchant, two 
 Frenchmen, located on Section 17 in Frederick 
 Township. Mr. Jonte took note of the natural 
 conditions, and decided to found a city that 
 would be the shipping iioiut for all the rich in- 
 land country to the north and west. Allen Per- 
 singer was employed to plat the town, which he 
 did, May 12 and 13, 1836, and in honor of its 
 founder it was named Frederickville, and is so 
 recorded on the court records, but the United 
 States Postoffice Department in 1S92 shortened 
 the name to Frederick. 
 
 Samuel P. Vail was the first storekeeper in 
 the village. In 1844 Charles Farwell & Co. es- 
 tablished a mercantile business in Frederick that 
 
 afterwards grew to large proportions. Maro Far- 
 well came from the East in 1S48 and joined his 
 brother and, in 1852, they built a large store 
 building in the village and a warehouse on the 
 Illinois River. They engaged in merchandising, 
 pork-packing and steamboating, and had probably 
 the largest business of any firm on the Illinois 
 River. In those flourishing days Frederick was 
 connected with Rushville by a plank road, and 
 was the shipping point for towns as far north as 
 Macomb. Steamboats, loaded at Pittsburg, Pa., 
 brought their entire cargo to Frederick, and on 
 the return trip carried back to the East their 
 valuable cargo of pork and lard. In those days 
 it looked as if Frederick was destined to be one 
 of big towns along the Illinois River, but when 
 railroad building began, its business was diverted 
 and the gradual decline of the river traffic made 
 unprofitable its big mercantile business, and the 
 firm of Farwell Bros, ceased to exist in 1877. 
 But while the village had its most prosperous 
 days in the early 'sixties, it is yet a thrifty little 
 town and has a number of prospering mercantile 
 houses. 
 
 The first school taught in Frederick was pre- 
 sided over by Horatio Benton in 1845. In 1871 
 a two-story brick school building was erected 
 which is in use at the present time. 
 
 Population in 1900, according to United States 
 census, 628. 
 
 HICKORY TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Hickory Township lies in the extreme north- 
 east part of Schuyler County, and is bounded on 
 the north by Fulton County and on the south by 
 the Illinois River. It contains but fourteen full 
 sections, and by reason of its location along the 
 Illinois River, the land surface is about equally 
 divided between uplands and bottom lands. The 
 narrow strip of sloping bottom land, extending 
 the entire length of the township, is wonderfully 
 rich and productive and is valued as highly as 
 any land in Schuyler County. The lower bottom 
 lands are also rich and fertile, but a crop there 
 is uncertain on account of the danger from floods. 
 In the northern part of the township there are 
 several large lakes lying inland a few rods from 
 the river, and all this country is now owned by 
 hunting clubs on account of the splendid feeding 
 ground it affords for wild game. 
 
 In the spring of 1826 a party of pioneers com- 
 
702 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 posed of Amos Richardson, Jonathan Viles, Nich- 
 olas Viles and his son-in-law, William Steven- 
 son, crossed the Illinois River at Beard's Ferry 
 and followed an Indian trail along the bluffs until 
 they reached the point where Butlersville is now 
 located. Here they built their cabins and cleared 
 the ground for the cultivation of crops. Richard- 
 son was the only one of the party who remained 
 there, and he was killed in 1830 by Burrell Bas- 
 set. 
 
 Abraham Carlock moved to the township in 
 1S27 and lived there until his death some years 
 afterwards. Jacob Guinn was another early set- 
 tler. He first cleared a farm on Section S, which 
 he afterwards sold and purchased another raw 
 tract, which he transformed into good farming 
 land. William Moss and Stephen Y. Jolly were 
 pioneers of 1830, and lived in the township for 
 many years. 
 
 In ls:'.4 William K. Jones came from Ken- 
 tucky and settled on Section 7. He was followed 
 two years later by William H. Gregory, who set- 
 tled on the bluff west of Butlersville. William 
 Sackruan was another pioneer of 1S30 and he 
 resided on Section 1 until 1S6G, when he removed 
 to Missouri. Other settlers of this period were : 
 Thomas Wilson. Philip Ruby. Mosier Alley, Ly- 
 man Tracey, Enoch Steward, William Brown, 
 Martin Crafton. William Fowell, James Stewart, 
 David Venters, Levi Sparks, Reason Prather and 
 Darius Prather. 
 
 Abraham Louderback, who settled in Schuyler 
 County in 1829 near Rushville, removed to Hick- 
 ory Township in the early 'thirties and became 
 one of the large land owners, and his descend- 
 ants are still residents of the township. 
 
 John Sharp was one of the prominent citizens 
 of Hickory in the early days, and he acquired 
 a fortune in merchandising and land speculation. 
 He located along the Illinois River near the 
 mouth of Alum Creek in 1S37, and built a large 
 warehouse and store-room there. This point be- 
 came known as Sharp's landing, and it still bears 
 that name. He was in business there for thirty 
 years and later removed to Astoria, Fulton 
 County, where he purchased 700 acres of land 
 that afterwards greatly increased in value. 
 
 Daniel Sheldon was another of the prominent 
 early settlers of Hickory. He was a native of 
 Rhode Island and located in Butlersville in 1838, 
 where he taught the first school in the village in 
 the winter of 1838. He was also the first post- 
 
 master of the village and continued in office until 
 his death, August 5. 1869. When the postofflce 
 was established it was given the name of Shel- 
 don's Grove, thereby rechristening the village 
 which, up to that time, had been known as But- 
 lersville. Noah Butler was the original founder 
 of the village and it was surveyed and platted by 
 J. M. Sweeney, November 29, 1846. 
 
 Bluff City, which is located on the northwest 
 quarter of Section 1. was laid out by Abraham 
 Louderback and was surveyed and platted by 
 Leonidas Homey. November 2, 1S60. 
 
 The first mill in the township was a saw mill, 
 built by James S. Turner, on Alum Creek in 
 1S39. 
 
 DeWitt Allen taught the first school in the 
 township in 1S34 in a cabin on Section 3. 
 
 Population, according to census of 1900, 586. 
 
 HUNTSVILLE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Huntsville is one of the townships located on 
 the extreme southwestern comer of Schuyler 
 County, being bounded on the west by Adams 
 County and on the south by Brown County. It is 
 drained by Cedar Creek in the north and Little 
 Missouri in the south, both tributaries of Crooked 
 Creek. In an early day the country was heavily 
 timbered, but where once were towering forests 
 there are now rich, cultivated fields and hand- 
 some farm residences. 
 
 Huntsville enjoys the unique distinction of 
 being the only township in the county settled by 
 a pioneer who came from the West. In all the 
 other townships the pioneers crossed the Illinois 
 River and either went direct to their destination 
 or tarried a while in the Rushville settlement. 
 But the first homeseeker in Huntsville Township 
 came from the West. This honor belongs to Wil- 
 liam Spangler, a native of Pennsylvania, who 
 had afterwards lived in Kentucky and Indiana. 
 He had reached manhood and had a wife and 
 family when he decided to push on further west. 
 Taking passage on a boat he went down the Ohio 
 River and up the Mississippi, landing at Quincy 
 in the summer of 1832. He brought with him a 
 team and wagon, and loading his household goods, 
 drove east through Adams County to the north- 
 east quarter of Section 5, Huntsville Township, 
 where he built his cabin and cleared a tract for 
 cultivation, afterwards securing title by pre-emp- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 703 
 
 tion. Mr. Spangler resided on his homestead 
 farm until 1851, when he removed to Hancock 
 County. 
 
 Before Mr. Spangler and his family were set- 
 tled in their new home, Willis G. Moffett came 
 overland from Kentucky and settled with his 
 family on the southwest quarter of Section 4, 
 and in the fall of that year John Thornhill and 
 Jamison Wilson settled on the north half of Sec- 
 tion 22. Jesse Burke, a Virginian, was one of 
 the first to settle in the south part of the town- 
 ship, and in 1832 he built his cabin on the north- 
 east quarter of Section 30. 
 
 In 1833 the settlement was further increased 
 by the arrival of Reuben Allphi-n, from Kentucky, 
 who settled upon the southeast quarter of Section 
 10; Robert Clayton built a cabin on the north- 
 west quarter of Section 13, but never acquired 
 title; David Tyree and Hamilton Anderson, with 
 their families, located on the southeast quarter 
 of Section 11, and Samuel Warren, Stephen Men- 
 denball, Alfred Jamison and Stephen Perkins 
 were others who came during that year. 
 
 Rev. William Crain, a Methodist minister, and 
 Abraham Xewfleld came from Missouri in De- 
 cember. 1834, and entered land on the northeast 
 quarter of Section 3, and also the northeast quar- 
 ter of the northwest quarter of the same Section 
 for Ezra Dorsett, who joined them the next year. 
 Among the settlers of 1S35 were: William An- 
 derson, who located on Section 12, and William 
 Nesbit and Samuel Smith, who located near by. 
 John and Thomas Allphin came that year and 
 settled on the northwest quarter of Section 16. 
 
 The first marriage in the township occurred 
 iu 1835, when Rev. William Crain joined in wed- 
 lock a Mr. Cruikshanks and Miss Keziah Perkins. 
 
 The first birth was a child of Mr. and Mrs. 
 William Spangler in 1S32. 
 
 The first school was taught by Jeremiah Bris- 
 coe in a log cabin on the southwest quarter of 
 Section 4 in 1835. 
 
 The first sermon iu the township was preached 
 by Rev. Milton Kimball, at the cabin of William 
 Spangler iu 1S33, and Rev. Peter Borin, Rev. 
 John P. Richmond and Rev. W. Pitner, Metho- 
 dist circuit riders, also held services at an early 
 day. 
 
 Among the early physicians were Dr. North. 
 Dr. John P. Richmond, Dr. Samuel Clarkson, 
 and Dr. A. J. Mead. 
 
 The first mill in the township was built by 
 
 Dr. Samuel Clarkson on the south bank of Big 
 Missouri Creek, on the southeast quarter of Sec- 
 tion 25, in 1837. 
 
 The town of Huntsville was platted February 
 21, 1836, by Allen Persinger for Willis G. Mofiitt, 
 John T. Gast, William Spangler, George H. Bris- 
 coe, Samuel Warren and John L. Ewing, pro- 
 prietors. The village is situated on the north- 
 west quarter of Section 4. T. A. Burton erected 
 the first dwelling house in 1S35, and Willis G. 
 Moffitt was the first store-keeper and postmaster. 
 John L. Ewing was the first Justice of the 
 Peace. The first church built in the township 
 was erected by the Presbyterians in the village 
 in 1841. 
 
 Population of the township in 1900, 976. 
 
 LITTLETON TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Littleton may well be referred to as the "Prai- 
 rie" Township of Schuyler County, and, with a 
 location on the watershed between Crooked and 
 Sugar Creeks, its .wide expansive prairies make 
 it one of the most populous and wealthy town- 
 ships of the county. It is one of a tier of four 
 townships which forms the north boundary of 
 the county, lying adjacent to MeDonough County 
 on the north. The south part of the township is 
 the more broken, where flows Horney Branch 
 and Brushy Creek, but even this land has now 
 reached a high price on account of its close prox- 
 imity to the rich level lands that surround it. 
 
 The first pioneer settlers in Schuyler County 
 were attracted by the richness of the virgin fields 
 of Littleton Township, and as early as 1825, Da- 
 vid Tramor located there and built his cabin on 
 the west half of the northeast quarter of Sec- 
 tion 27 and put in his first crop. 
 
 The following year Thomas McKee and his 
 son-in-law, Garrett Wyeoff, moved from Bain- 
 bridge Township to their new home on the 
 southeast quarter of Section 35. Another of the 
 first settlers of Schuyler County, who was at- 
 tracted to Littleton Township, was John Ritchey, 
 who had located in Buena Vista Township in 1824 
 and, two years later, removed to Littleton. He 
 purchased the claim of Garrett Wyeoff on the 
 southeast quarter of Section 35 and his travels 
 iu search of a home then ceased, for he was an 
 honored resident of the township up to the time 
 of his death. 
 
704 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Among other early settlers in the township 
 were David Snyder, who entered the north half 
 of the northeast quarter of Section 33 in the fall 
 of 1S30 ; Elijah M. Wilson, who came from Ken- 
 tucky in 1831 ; James Thompson, also a Kentuck- 
 ian, located in Littleton the same year. Mr. 
 Thompson had come to the county in 1S26 from 
 Kentucky in a spirit of adventure, but was im- 
 pressed with the possibilities of the country and, 
 in the fall of 1831, returned to his old home, 
 where he was married to Miss Catherine Craw- 
 ford, and they soon afterwards took possession 
 of the cabin he had built in the wilderness. 
 
 The Littleton settlement was further in- 
 creased in 1S32 by the arrival of Richard P. Ap- 
 plegate, who made the long trip overland with 
 his wife and two children. The following year 
 William II. Crawford, wife and five children were 
 attracted from their Kentucky home to Schuyler 
 County aud settled on the southeast quarter of 
 Section 20. 
 
 By this time Littleton Township was well 
 known among the settlements of the county, and 
 the rush of immigration makes it difficult to fol- 
 low the settlements in their natural order. But 
 among the settlers who came to the township in 
 those early days, and made it their permanent 
 place of abode, we may mention the following : 
 Randolph Rose, Drury Sellers, Michael Matheney, 
 Joseph Logan, Col. Samuel Horney, George Gar- 
 rison, William Lambert, James DeWitt, John S. 
 Walker. Samuel Dodds, Joseph W. Snyder, Adam 
 Walker, John Seward and D. C. Payne. 
 
 Hon. L. D. Erwin, one of the few pioneer resi- 
 dents of Littleton now surviving, in conversation 
 with the writer, says he well remembers when 
 deer and prairie wolves were plentiful in Little- 
 ton Township, and gray wolves were occasion- 
 ally seen. Mr. Erwin has also given us some in- 
 teresting facts regarding the early elections in 
 the township. It was customary to hold the elec- 
 tions at the cabin of one of the settlers, and in 
 the early 'forties the cabin of Richard Applegate 
 was chosen on account of its central location. 
 This was before the county was divided into 
 townships, and the residents of that precinct 
 agreed upon Oregon as an appropriate name and 
 it so appears on the early election records. But 
 when a postoffice was first established in the 
 township. Dr. W. H. Window filed with his pe- 
 tition to the Postmaster General a request that 
 the postoffice be named Littleton, in honor of his 
 
 father-in-law, James Little, and this was done 
 and the township was so named when it was or- 
 ganized in 1854. 
 
 The first school in Littleton Township was 
 taught by Thomas Bronaugh in the summer of 
 1835, in an old deserted log cabin on the south- 
 west quarter of Section 21, and the first building 
 erected for school purposes was built in 1S38 on 
 the southwest quarter of Section 19. 
 
 The first marriage in the township was that 
 of James Trainor and Miss Mary Shields, which 
 was celebrated on Christmas Day, 1828, Thomas 
 McKee, a Justice of the Peace, officiating. 
 
 The village of Littleton is located in the geo- 
 graphical center of the township, and was platted 
 by Leonidas Horney, County Surveyor, July 31, 
 1849. James Little and his son-in-law, Dr. Wil- 
 liam H. Window, were the townsite promoters, 
 and the latter had built the first house in the 
 village in 1S47. He also kept the first store and, 
 in 1847, was appointed postmaster. The first 
 school building in the village was erected in 
 1S49, and was replaced in 1856 by a two-story 
 brick building. On October 26, 1856, Littleton 
 was devastated by a destructive tornado, par- 
 ticulars of which are given in another chapter 
 of this history. 
 
 By reason of its location in a rich agricultural 
 country, Littleton has always been a commercial 
 center for the country round about, but with the 
 coming of the Macomb & Western Illinois Rail- 
 road, which made the village its southern termi- 
 nus, new viiror was enthused and, in late years, 
 many extensive improvements have been made. 
 The old frame business houses have been re- 
 placed with substantial brick buildings; a bank, 
 elevator and newspaper have been started, and 
 a coal company, with a capital stock of $25,000, 
 is making an effort to develop the mineral wealth 
 of the locality. In 1907 a handsome new and 
 modern church was erected by the Methodist 
 Episcopal congregation, and a four-room, two- 
 story school building, of concrete block construc- 
 tion, replaced the old frame building that had 
 done service for many years. 
 
 The village of Doddsville. located on the 
 northern boundary of Littleton Township, lies 
 partly in Schuyler and partly in McDonough 
 County. It was laid out by Samuel Dodds and 
 Paris Wheeler, July 6, 1836, and was platted by 
 Allen Persinger, County Surveyor. Samuel Dodds 
 built the first house and kept the first store in 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 705 
 
 the village. Siuce the inauguration of the rural 
 free-delivery system, Doddsville has lost its 
 identity as a government postoffice, and its busi- 
 ness is tributary to adjacent towns. 
 
 The population of Littleton Township in 1900, 
 •according to the census of that year, was 1,092. 
 
 OAKLAND TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Oakland is one of the four townships iu Schuy- 
 ler County bounded on the north by McDonough 
 County, and it is bounded on the east by Fulton 
 County. The land surface of the township is 
 broken and iu early days was covered with heavy 
 timber that has long since been cleared away on 
 the uplands where we now find expansive and 
 fertile farms. 
 
 Sugar Creek and its tributaries drain this wide 
 scope of country and the stream flows the entire 
 width of the township, entering on the west in 
 Section 7, winding its course southward and east 
 to Section 36. The stream is now an insignifi- 
 cant one, with the bluffs towering high above it, 
 and from whose sides there are numerous out- 
 cropping of coal veins that are worked profitably, 
 even though the coal is but thirty-six inches iu 
 thickness. 
 
 In the month of April, 1882, a natural phe- 
 nomenon occurred on the north half of Section 
 27 that is worthy of note. In one night a portion 
 of a hillside sank deep down into the earth, car- 
 rying with it the large trees growing on the sur- 
 face. This sunken area included a tract of laud 
 five acres in extent, and in a night it sank to 
 a depth of forty-five feet and the big trees were 
 left intact with their tops waving where only a 
 short time before was the level of their roots. 
 The walls of the depression were left as per- 
 pendicular as the walls of a house and all the 
 lateral fissures were the same. A creek running 
 at the foot of the hill was made higher than the 
 surrounding ground, and a new channel, fifty 
 yards away, was cut by the stream. The coal 
 that was pushed out with the mud and gravel, 
 and into the creek bed, showed that there was a 
 cave or chamber in the coal vein that had been 
 formed when the coal was made, probably cen- 
 turies ago. 
 
 The first settler in Oakland Township was 
 Richard Ashcraft, a pioneer of Kentucky. In 
 1832 he drove to Illinois from Indiana in a one- 
 
 horse wagon, and brought with him his wife and 
 three children, William, Abner ami Abisha. 
 Crossing the Illinois River at Beard's Ferry he 
 pushed northward and, in November, 1832, set- 
 tled on the southwest quarter of the northeast 
 quarter of Section 25, where he built his cabin 
 and prepared to make his home. Mr. Ashcraft 
 afterwards became a licensed preacher of the 
 Baptist denomination and resided in Oakland 
 until his death. 
 
 Daniel Matheney moved to Oakland from 
 Woodstock Township soon after Mr. Ashcraft set- 
 tled there, but later left the county. William 
 Burress, a brother of Mrs. Ashcraft, came from 
 Kentucky in December, 1832, and, together with 
 his wife and one child, lived with his sister uutil 
 a house could be built. In the spring of 1833 
 Josiah Downen located on Section 23, and the 
 following year Joseph Logan settled on the same 
 section, but afterwards removed to Littleton. 
 
 Prominent among the other early settlers were 
 Caleb Houston, who located on Section 27 in 
 1834; Ephraim Hills, who removed from the 
 Hobart settlement to Section 31 in 1835 ; Thomas 
 Pemberton, who arrived in the fall of 1830 and 
 took possession of the southwest quarter of Sec- 
 tion 11, and Nicholas Pittenger, who came from 
 Virginia in 1837 and located on the southwest 
 quarter of Section 13. 
 
 The first birth in the township was that of 
 James Ashcraft, September 3, 1833, son of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Richard Ashcraft. The first death also 
 occurred in this family, their son, Abisha, dying 
 in the spring of 1S33. 
 
 The first school was taught by a man named 
 Preston in the summer of 1835, in a cabin erected 
 by Frederick Noble, on the southeast quarter of 
 Section 21. Mr. Preston remained in the town- 
 ship only two years. 
 
 Rev. Thomas Kane, a Free-Will Baptist, 
 preached the first sermon in the fall of 1834 at 
 the home of Richard Ashcraft. Rev. John P. 
 Fast, Richard Ashcraft and Rev. Deacon Brown 
 were other pioneer ministers. 
 
 James Skiles was the first merchant in the 
 township and he opened a store on the north- 
 east quarter of Section 34. In 1867 a postoffice 
 known as Oil Hill was established there, and 
 Mr. Skiles was first postmaster. 
 
 When the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road built its line through Oakland Township, a 
 town was founded on the southeast quarter of 
 
;o6 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Section 20 by William Seachrist, and named Oak- 
 land, but was afterwards renamed Hay by the 
 liailroad Company. The town was platted by .1. 
 W. Watts. County Surveyor, and lies along the 
 edge of the bluff. After the town was estab- 
 lished James Skill s removed his store from Oil 
 Hill and the postofflce was transferred at the 
 same time. 
 
 Township population in 1900, 1,192. 
 
 RUSHV1LLE TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Eushville Township was the home of the earli- 
 est pioneer in Schuyler County, and it dates its 
 history from February, 1S23. Nor could those 
 early pioneers have found a more suitable loca- 
 tinn. There was timber in plenty and an abun- 
 dance of sparkling spring water, and the rich 
 prairie land had natural drainage that allowed 
 the cultivation of the deep black loam soil by the 
 first settlers, who harvested abundant crops with 
 but little labor. 
 
 These same lands where the first homeseeker 
 broke the sod are the finest in Schuyler County, 
 and more than eighty years of constant cultiva- 
 tion has not impaired their fertility. But to this 
 limited area of prairie laud has been added a 
 valuable area of land that, in those early days, 
 was thickly covered with timber. Where the 
 giant forest stood are now cultivated fields, save 
 along the streams where the marketable timber 
 has been removed and the young growth left 
 standing. 
 
 Rushville Township is underlaid almost en- 
 tirely by an excellent vein of coal. Along the 
 streams the coal seams crop out, and they fur- 
 nished coal in the early days with but little effort 
 on the part of the miner. Best results, however, 
 are obtained by the shaft mines, and coal is 
 found from forty to fifty feet below the surface. 
 The vein varies in thickness from four to five 
 feet and is of fine quality. Although extensively 
 mined near Uushville and Pleasantview, it can 
 be said that there are yet hundreds of acres of 
 the finest coal lands in Illinois yet undeveloped 
 in Rushville Township, and this great store house 
 of mineral wealth will one day add immensely to 
 the wealth of the property owners. 
 
 Inasmuch as the story of the early settlement 
 />f Rushville Township is so closely associated 
 with the general history of the county, it would 
 mean but a repetition of other chapters to go into 
 
 detail. But it can here be said that the location 
 of the county seat on the southwest quarter of 
 Section 30 was a most fortunate one, for with 
 Crooked Creek running through the center of the 
 county as originally formed, it was the natural 
 result that the county would be divided and,' 
 after this division, Rushville was almost the geo- 
 graphical center of what became known as 
 Schuyler County. 
 
 The only other town in Rushville Township is 
 Pleasantview, located on the south half of Sec- 
 tion 30. The town was laid out and platted by 
 Ebenezer Dimmick, who was the first merchant 
 and Postmaster. 
 
 Pleasantview is surrounded by a rich agricul- 
 tural country ami. in addition, there are several 
 coal mines in operation there, which add to the 
 wealth and prosperity of the village. 
 
 The total population of Rushville Township in 
 1900. including the larger part of the City of 
 Uushville, was 2,893, of which 1,663 was within 
 the city limits. 
 
 (A more detailed history of events in Rushville 
 Township will be found in the following chapter 
 on the City of Rushville.) 
 
 WOODSTOCK TOWNSHIP. 
 
 Woodstock is one of the fractional townships 
 of Schuyler County, Crooked Creek cutting off a 
 portion of the southwest corner, making the 
 township triangular in shape. The area included 
 within the township, however, is equal to those 
 six miles square, for there are fractional addi- 
 tions on the south and west. 
 
 The land surface of Woodstock Township is 
 well drained by numerous streams that flow into 
 Crooked Creek, and in consequence the greater 
 portion of the township is rolling, although there 
 is a large area of small prairies lying between. 
 The soil is rich and productive, and suited alike 
 for the cultivation of corn and wheat. The re- 
 sources of the township are wholly agricultural. 
 Coal is found in small quantity, but veins are 
 not sufficiently large to mine profitably. There 
 are no towns or postoffices in the township. 
 
 George and Isaac Naught were the first set- 
 tlers in Woodstock Township, locating there the 
 year following the first invasion of Schuyler 
 County by homeseekers. They came from White- 
 side County in 1824. first settling on Section 36. 
 Soon afterwards George Naught removed to 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 (07 
 
 Baiubridge Township, where he made his per- 
 manent home. Isaac Naught continued to make 
 his home in the township and reared a family of 
 eleven children, and his grandchildren and great- 
 grandchildren are today residents of the town- 
 ship. In 1S25 John Starr and son, Hasting Starr, 
 and Thomas Eggleston joined the Naught settle- 
 ment, locating on adjoining sections. 
 
 William Black was the pioneer settler in cen- 
 tral .Woodstock, moving there from what is now 
 the city of Rushville in 1826. Mr. Black came 
 to Schuyler in November, 1825, and purchased 
 the claim of Willis O'Neal on the southwest 
 Quarter of Section 30, Rushville Township. The 
 following spring the committee chosen to locate 
 a county -seat selected this quarter, and Mr. Black 
 was entered out, thereby losing the $200 he had 
 paid O'Neal. When thus compelled to seek a new 
 home he moved into Woodstock Township, lo- 
 cating on the southwest quarter of Section 15. 
 The Indians were then in possession of the coun- 
 try, but a few years after Mr. Black had erected 
 his cabin here a road from Rushville to Qulncy 
 was laid out. and his little cabin was the fre- 
 quent stopping place of travelers, and the locality 
 was known for years as the Black settlement. 
 Mr. Black reared a large family and his de- 
 scendants continue to make their home in Wood- 
 stock. 
 
 In 1827 Isaac Sanders located on Section 15 
 and made an improvement, where he resided un- 
 til his death some years afterwards. He was 
 accompanied to the county by Jacob Fowler, who 
 drove a flock of geese all the way from Indiana. 
 Those were probably the first domestic geese in 
 the county. James Edmonston was another set- 
 tler of 1827, and he took a prominent part in 
 county affairs in the early days. Other settlers 
 of that year were Moses Pettigrew, Benjamin 
 Colston and John Logsdon and his brothers, 
 Vaughn, Amos, Redman and Jackson Logsdon. 
 
 In 182!) Mrs. Amelia Riley, with a family of 
 six sons, Daniel, Caleb, Anderson, Martin, Isaac 
 Shelby and Pressley, and a married daughter, the 
 wife of Mordecai Fowler, drove from Indiana 
 and settled on Section 7, Woodstock Township. 
 
 Allen Alexander and family took up their 
 home on Section 28 in 1820, and for a time he 
 operated a ferry across ('rooked Creek near 
 where the wagon bridge now stands. 
 
 Timothy Harris came from the neighborhood of 
 Springfield in 1830. and settled on the northwest 
 
 quarter of Section 15, and lived in the township 
 until his death many years afterwards. Promi- 
 nent among the other early settlers were : John 
 Howell. James Beard, Pierre J. Jonte, Peter 
 Hermetet, James F. Grosclaude, and Alexander 
 Stutsman. John Brown, who represented Schuy- 
 ler County in the Legislature when the State 
 capital was at Vandalia, serving at different 
 periods in both House and Senate, first became a 
 resident of Rushville in 1S31, and eight years 
 afterwards removed to Woodstock Township, lo- 
 cating on Section 16, where he lived until his 
 death in 1S58. 
 
 The first marriage in the township was that 
 of John H. Starr and Miss Nancy E. Black. 
 
 The first school taught in the township was in 
 a cabin on Section 36 and John Taylor was 
 teacher. 
 
 The first church was built by the Baptists on 
 the northeast quarter of Section 2, Range 1 
 South, in 1831. Rev. John Logan was the first 
 preacher. Rev. John Ray, Rev. Win. Crow, Rev. 
 John Taylor and Rev. Granville Bond were 
 among the earliest preachers. 
 
 As early as 1829 a mill-seat was granted John 
 Ritchey on Crooked Creek, where Ripley is now 
 located, and on June 6, 1831, Walter D. Scott and 
 Osborn Henley were granted permission to build 
 a dam across Crooked Creek on the northeast 
 quarter of Section 11, One North, Three West. 
 Both these early mills were in what afterwards 
 became Brown County, and it was not until 1837 
 that a mill was erected in Woodstock Township. 
 This mill was erected by Robert Burton on the 
 southeast quarter of Section 2S, and was a com- 
 bination grist and saw-mill. 
 
 Population in 1000, according to United States 
 census report. 1,076. 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 GENERAL CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 CHRISTIAN CHARACTER OF EARLY SETTLERS IN 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY LEVIN GREEN PREACHES THE 
 
 FIRST SERMON IN THE COUNTY IN NOVEMBER, 
 1823 — SKETCH OF HIS CAREER — REV. JOHN 
 
708 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 SCRIPPS. ONE OF THE FIHST METHODIST MINIS- 
 TERS IN ILLINOIS. LOCATED IN RUSHVILLE IN 
 1831 — A METHODIST CHURCH ORGANIZED IN 
 
 1828 SESSION OF ILLINOIS CONFEEENCE HELD 
 
 IN RUSHVILLE IN 1S30 EPISCOPAL CONVENTION 
 
 OF ILLINOIS MEETS HERE IN 183S AND 1S42 — 
 EARLY HISTORY OF CHURCH DENOMINATIONS 
 AND PROMINENT CLERGYMEN WHO HAVE VISITED 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 The ecclesiastical history of Schuyler County 
 is of more than local interest, for the reason 
 that it is closely interwoven with the early his- 
 tory of almost every religious denomination in 
 the State. The settlers from the East and South, 
 who came to Illinois at an early day, were, as 
 a rule, devoted Christian people. Their first ob- 
 ject was to obtain a home for themselves in the 
 undeveloped Prairie State that held out such 
 rich promises of worldly wealth, but they did not 
 forget the need of spiritual teaching and, as soon 
 as they had builded a home, they joined together 
 in establishing a church in order that they 
 might worship together. Coming, as they did, 
 from every section of the country, there was a 
 wide variation of religious beliefs and, as the 
 distinction between the sects would not permit 
 of their joining together in worship, each little 
 band of settlers built their own church and es- 
 tablished their own form of worship. Thus it 
 appears that, in the early 'thirties, Rushville had 
 as many churches as she has today ; and. while 
 it meant extreme self-denial on the part of the 
 clergymen, there were noble, self-sacrificing men 
 who consecrated their lives to the work of the 
 Lord without hope or thought of any other re- 
 ward than that the teachings of the gospel might 
 be carried to all mankind. 
 
 Coming of the Pioneer Methodist. — There 
 were a number of these God fearing men, who 
 should receive their full meed of praise and 
 credit for the work they accomplished, but let us 
 first consider Levin Green, the pioneer of them 
 all. The history of Illinois Methodism affords no 
 more picturesque or romantic figure than that of 
 Rev. Green, who was on one occasion referred to 
 by Rev. John Scripps as the "Lord's Prodigy." 
 
 The first settlement had been made in Schuy- 
 ler County in 1823 and. in the fall of that year, 
 Levin Green put in appearance. He was a tall, 
 straight, gaunt man, attired in Kentucky jeans, 
 with deer-skin moccasins and coonskin cap, and 
 
 his coming brought joy to the Hobarts, who were 
 loyal Methodists. As soon as they learned the 
 stranger was a licensed preacher, they welcomed 
 him to their home and assisted in moving his 
 family from Dutchman Creek, sixteen miles 
 above on the Illinois River, whither they had 
 come from below St. Louis in a canoe. On the 
 first Sabbath in November, 182.3, Levin Green 
 preached the first sermon in Schuyler County at 
 the home of Calvin Hobart, and he had for his 
 congregation the entire settlement, numbering 
 thirty persons. Afterward services were held reg- 
 ularly every two weeks throughout the winter, 
 and here in the wilderness the corner-stone of 
 Methodism in the Military Tract was laid. 
 
 Levin Green was one of those queer products 
 of pioneer times, that cannot be gauged in the 
 standards of our present civilization. He could 
 barely read intelligently, having had no scholastic 
 opportunities, and yet he played a prominent part 
 in the evangelist work of his day. He was li- 
 censed to preach by Jesse Walker, Presiding El- 
 der of Illinois, in 1S14, and the early years of bis 
 ministry were spent in Missouri. In his Book 
 of Reminiscences, Rev. Chauncey Hobart says: 
 "Levin Green belonged to that remarkable class 
 of men, so well known on the frontier line of 
 civilization. Born where the howl of the wolf 
 and the war-whoop of the savage were well 
 known sounds ; accustomed to supply the larder 
 from the chase, and to eating bread made of 
 meal manufactured by the 'hominy mortar,' he 
 was of a race of men whose perceptive faculties 
 were keenly developed by the new and strange 
 surroundings of their exposed lives, and whose 
 resources, mental and physical, were, by the very 
 exigencies pressing upon them, always equal to 
 the demand. To him God, eternity, death, the 
 resurrection, the judgment, Heaven and hell, 
 were vivid and solemn realities. In many of his 
 discourses he spoke as if these were actually 
 present, being seen and felt by him." 
 
 At the Methodist campmeetings Levin Green, 
 attired in his buckskin breeches and coon-skin 
 cap, entranced the pioneers with his peculiar 
 style of oratory and, in civil affairs, he was ac- 
 corded honors becoming his station. The love 
 for the romantic pioneer life, however, was ever 
 present and, with the coming of the settlers and 
 homemakers, he left to seek his home anew on 
 the borderline of the western frontier, and Schuy- 
 ler County knew him no more. 
 
METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, RLSHYILLE, ILL. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 709 
 
 In every community there are men who are 
 looked upon as leaders ; men who take the initia- 
 tive and plan and build for the future. Such a 
 man was Rev. John Scripps in the religious life 
 of Rushville, and a history of the times would 
 not be complete without some reference to his 
 life and its activities. 
 
 It was in the summer of 1831 that Mr. Scripps 
 moved to Rushville, coming here from Cape Gi- 
 rardeau, Mo., where he had resided since 1809, 
 and although his object in locating In the city 
 was to engage in merchandising, he entered 
 heartily into the work of up-building the Metho- 
 dist Church, which had been established a few 
 years before. No one in the village was more 
 capable of assuming the leadership of the little 
 congregation than he, for he was then a member 
 of the Methodist Conference of Missouri and had 
 dune valiant work on the circuit in earlier years. 
 
 As early as 1S12, while a resident of Cape 
 Girardeau, Mo., he had been given a license to 
 preach, and in the fall of 1814 he had been em- 
 ployed by the Presiding Elder of Illinois to travel 
 the circuit while the ministers went to confer- 
 ence. Without his knowledge his name was 
 presented to the conference, and he was assigned 
 to the Indiana circuit. The following year he 
 was transferred to Illinois, and one of his sta- 
 tions was Kaskaskia, afterwards the first capital 
 of the State. In 1816 his circuit covered a por- 
 tion of Missouri, and to him belongs the honor of 
 holding the first Methodist service in the city of 
 St. Louis. There was no church in the city and 
 the meeting was held in an old dilapidated log 
 building used as court house, legislative hall and 
 theater. There, amid the rude scenery of the 
 theater, he preached to a large audience compris- 
 ing the entire American population. In later 
 years he traveled a circuit in Arkansas, and in 
 1S23 returned to the St. Louis circuit. In the 
 years 1820 and 1824 he was a member of the 
 General Conferences. The Methodist Conference 
 in Illinois was not formed until 1824, and Rev. 
 Scripps continued a member of the Missouri Con- 
 ference until the division of the church in 1845. 
 Refusing to go South with his conference, he 
 was transferred to the Illinois Conference in 
 184C and placed on the superannuated list. 
 
 Rev. Scripps had practically retired from the 
 ministry when he located in Rushville, but his 
 years of service had given him a knowledge of 
 affairs that was invaluable to the struggling lit- 
 
 tle church here. He entered heartily into the 
 work and was often called upon to fill the pulpit 
 in the absence of the regular pastor. Rev. James 
 Lea ton, in writing of Rev. Scripps in Rushville, 
 says: "The coming of such a man and Chris- 
 tian minister into the young society at Rushville 
 was hailed as a providence ; God's hand was seen 
 and recognized in it. His long experience In the 
 itinerancy, his intimate acquaintance with the 
 working of Methodism, his personal acquaintance 
 with the ministry, and his influence with the 
 Bishops pre-eminently fitted him for a counselor 
 and leader in the young society. How much he 
 loved, how wisely he planned, and how well he 
 built, is attested by the permanent and efficient 
 character of the church today." 
 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church. — In the 
 foregoing chapters we have noted the fact that 
 Methodist sen-ices were held in Schuyler County 
 as early as 1823, but it was not until several 
 years afterwards that an organization was ef- 
 fected. In August, 1S26, Rev. William See, of 
 the Peoria circuit, which extended a hundred 
 miles along the east side of the Illinois River, 
 came to Schuyler County and a church of twenty 
 members was formed. All united by letter ex- 
 cept W. H. Taylor, who united on probation and 
 was converted a few days afterwards, being the 
 first convert in the county. Regular services 
 were afterwards held every three weeks by the 
 circuit preacher. Rev. Levin Green filling the 
 pulpit on intervening Sabbath days. 
 
 The first quarterly meeting in the county was 
 held in 1827 by Rev. Peter Cartwright at the 
 home of Levin Green. Schuyler County was at 
 this time attached to the Atlas circuit, with Wil- 
 liam Medford as minister. In 1S28 the first 
 so< iety was organized in what is now the city 
 of Rushville, the meeting being held at the home 
 of Richard Black. Among the early preachers 
 may lie mentioned Asa D. West, 1828-30; James 
 Bankston, 1830; Barton Randle, 1830-31; David 
 B. Carter, 1831-32; Henry Summers, 1832; 
 Thomas X. Ralston and Peter Borein, 1S33 ; W. 
 II. Window, 1833-34. 
 
 In February, 1834, plans were made for a re- 
 vival meeting, and Rev. W. C. Stribling, a cele- 
 brated divine from Jacksonville, was engaged to 
 assist. Such a religious awakening had never 
 before been witnessed in Illinois Methodism and, 
 at the clnse of the conference year, 544 members 
 were reported to conference. 
 
710 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 At the session of 1834 tbe town of Kushville 
 was separated from the circuit and made a sta- 
 tion. Up to this time services had been held in 
 the court house and in the room over Rev. John 
 Seripps' store; but, with the rapidly increasing 
 congregations, there was a demand for a church 
 ediiiee and a Hue brick church was erected, which 
 at that day was the finest church building north 
 of the Illinois River. This church was com- 
 pleted in 1836 and that same year the Illinois 
 Conference met in Rushville. The preachers 
 came from Green Bay, Lake Superior, St. Peter, 
 Minn., Prairie du Chien, Cairo and Shawneetown, 
 and were accorded a warm welcome by the citi- 
 zens of the village. 
 
 The conference sessions were held in the new 
 brick church and were presided over by Bishop 
 Morris. The Illinois Conference then included 
 not only our own State, but Iowa, Minnesota and 
 Wisconsin and there were many questions of im- 
 portance to be discussed, which kept the confer- 
 ence in session from Wednesday, Oct. 5, to Fri- 
 day, the 14th. The routine business of the con- 
 ference had little interest for tbe lay members, 
 but the camp meeting held a mile north of town 
 was largely attended and great interest was 
 shown. 
 
 Among the new members admitted to the con- 
 ference in Rushville were a number of young 
 men, who later played a prominent part in the 
 church work. Prominent among these were 
 Chauncey Hohart, afterwards known as the 
 Father of Methodism in Minnesota, who spent 
 more than fifty years in active ministerial work. 
 Richard Hane.v. one of the best known and be- 
 loved ministers in Illinois, was admitted at this 
 time, as was also John P. Richmond, afterwards 
 missionary to Oregon, and Norris Hobart and 
 Wm. H. Taylor, who were both residents of this 
 county. 
 
 By this time Methodism in Schuyler County 
 was firmly established, and it has since had a 
 steady and constant growth as the city grew in 
 population. In 1807 the present church build- 
 ing was erected. 
 
 The Presbyterian Church. — The date of 
 founding of the Presbyterian Church in Schuy- 
 ler County is Jan. 31. 1830, and the first meet- 
 ing was held in a store room on the north side 
 of the public square, then owned by Thos. W. 
 Scott. Revs. Cyrus L. Watson and J. M. Ellis 
 were the leaders in this movement to establish 
 
 a church and they met with great encouragement. 
 The original members were : Wm. Blair, Thomas 
 Blair, Margaret Blair, Sarah Blair, Hugh Mc- 
 Creery, Sarah McCreery. Mathew McCreery, Jane 
 McCreery, Margaret McCreery, Sarah McCreery, 
 William Moore and Jane Moore. 
 
 Rev. Watson took keen interest in the little 
 church that he had established, and ministered to 
 its welfare until 1S35. There was no regular 
 place for holding services and the court house, 
 store buildings and taverns served for a place of 
 meeting. Mrs. Sarah Young, one of the early 
 members, once told of a meeting held in the bar 
 room of the tavern, where the sacrament of the 
 Lord's supper was solemnly celebrated. 
 
 About 183G plans were made for tbe erection 
 of a brick church, where the present edifice is 
 located, but before the structure could be roofed 
 in, winter came and the walls were damaged to 
 an extent that repairs could not be made. The 
 persons who bought the wrecked building, built 
 for the church a frame building as an equivalent, 
 and this was used until 1ST6, when the present 
 handsome church was occupied. It was during 
 the pastorate of Rev. J. M. Paige, who served as 
 minister from 1S73 to 1880, that the new church 
 was erected, the comer stone of which was laid 
 Aug. 23, 1875, with appropriate ceremony. 
 
 Among the early ministers of the church were: 
 Rev. Samuel Wilson, Rev. Breese, Rev. Alfred 
 Carrington, Rev. J. T. Tucker, Rev. Henry Ber- 
 gen, Rev. J. Haswell and Rev. L. P. Kimall, but 
 it was not until 1850 that a regular resident pas- 
 tor was chosen. A call was extended to Rev. 
 Alex. P.. Campbell in that year, and he served as 
 pastor until 1855. 
 
 Internal dissensions within the Presbyterian 
 Church, as regards general church doctrines, had 
 its effect in retarding the growth of the local 
 society. During the pastorate of Rev. Samuel 
 Wilson the Presbyterian Church in the United 
 States separated into two branches known as the 
 (ilil and the New. Rev. Wilson went with the 
 Old School, but the greater part of bis Rushville 
 congregation was not in sympathy with bis ideas. 
 The New School branch, having the majority, re- 
 tained the church edifice, but in finishing and 
 furnishing the interior they incurred a burden- 
 some debt. At this juncture the Old School 
 branch proposed to assume the debt, pay a cer- 
 tain additional sum and take the church prop- 
 erty. The offer was accepted and it passed tern- 
 
PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH. RUSHVILLE. ILL. 
 
 CHRISTIAN CHURCH, RUSHVILLE. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 711 
 
 porarily into their hands and Rev. Breese was 
 engaged to preach at stated intervals, and he was 
 followed by Rev. Carrington, and some years 
 afterwards the church property once again came 
 into the possession of the New School. During 
 these early years of the church the discipline 
 was strictly enforced, and it is recorded that 
 Elder Daniel V. Dawley was placed on trial for 
 playing chess for amusement. 
 
 The history of Presbyterianism in Schuyler 
 County should also include some mention of the 
 Cumberland Presbyterian Church, which was 
 founded here in 1834. Rev. J. C. Jewel was their 
 first pastor and a church building was erected 
 the year they organized, but the society made 
 siow growth and in after years the members 
 became identified with the Presbyterian Church. 
 Even in the early days of the church, during the 
 period of strife and contention, the local society 
 took a prominent part in affairs, and the Presby- 
 tery for this part of Illinois goes by the old name 
 of Schuyler Presbytery. 
 
 The Christian Church. — It was in 1S29 that 
 the first service of tins denomination was held 
 in Schuyler County, and the minister was Elder 
 James Hughes, who was on his way to Missouri 
 from Ohio. He stopped at the home of Benjamin 
 Chadsey, one of the prominent early settlers, and 
 was eagerly welcomed. Services were held at 
 Mr. Chadsey's home, two and a half miles north- 
 east of Uushville. and while no attempt was 
 made to found a church, the members of that de- 
 nomination were brought closely together and 
 looked forward to the time when they could have 
 a place of worship in accordance with their be- 
 liefs. 
 
 In 1830, Barton W. Stone, of Kentucky, came 
 to Rushville and held a series of meetings in the 
 old log court house. 
 
 Great interest attended these meetings, and 
 the following year Elder James W. Davis and 
 James Urbank came from Kentucky to continue 
 their work. Then it was that the first steps 
 were taken towards the organization of a church, 
 which was accomplished in 1833. In that year 
 a church was built and Elder Barton W. Stone 
 returned to perfect the organization, which was 
 accomplished December 29, 1833. In succeeding 
 years the church continued services regularly, 
 and in 1S74 the building now in use was erected 
 and was dedicated, March 1, 1875. 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South. — Dis- 
 
 sensions within the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 growing out of the slavery question, led to the 
 organization in Illinois of the Christian Union 
 Church in 1804, and two years later a church of 
 that denomination was founded in Schuyler 
 County. The first society was organized at Kin- 
 derhook school house, Rushville Township, Jan- 
 uary 1, 1867, by Rev. Rumsey Smithson. On Jan- 
 uary 17, Rev. D. T. Sherman organized a society 
 at Sugar Grove and, on April 20th, the Rushville 
 circuit was organized. 
 
 In June, 18G7, the members of the Christian 
 Union Churches of Illinois met at Clinton and 
 decided to change the name of the church to that 
 of the Episcopal Methodist Church, and after 
 being taken under the jurisdiction of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. South, the name was 
 again changed. 
 
 The church at Rushville was organized in 
 August, 1868, by Rev. William R. Howard, and 
 since that time regular services have been con- 
 ducted in this city and on the circuits. 
 
 The Baptist Church. — Just when the first 
 services of the Baptist Church were held in 
 Schuyler County is not a matter of record, but 
 the ministers of that faith were early in the 
 field and had reached Rushville in the latter 
 'twenties. A division of the church at this early 
 day tended to disorganize the evangelistic work 
 and the effects of it were felt in this county. 
 
 On October 20, 1832, a Baptist Church of 
 Christ, called Concord, was organized, and there 
 were twenty-three persons in Schuyler who 
 signed the constitution and articles of faith. 
 Elder John Logan was called as pastor and he 
 served until 1836 when he was succeeded by 
 Elder Newell. Services had been held princi- 
 pally in the country up to this time, but in 1837 
 a building was erected in Rushville. Alter a 
 short time this building was sold and a new 
 church was built on the Macomb road, four and 
 a half miles north of Rushville. Elder Davis 
 was pastor of the church from 1840 to 1847, and 
 during these years there was a great revival of 
 interest. This culminated in the building of a 
 in w church in Rushville in 1851, but for some 
 reason the church never thrived in this city, and 
 finally the congregation was unable to keep up 
 their organization, and the building was sold 
 to the Rushville Union School district and is 
 now used for the primary grades. 
 
 Episcopal Church. — In the history of the 
 
712 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Episcopal Church of Illinois Rushville stands 
 pre-eminent as one of the first towns to establish 
 a church of that denomination. Although the 
 Diocese of Illinois was not organized until March 
 9, 1S35, Christ Church Parish, Rushville, was 
 organized in February, 1834. There were then 
 but three or four other Episcopal churches in the 
 State and when Bishop Chase, the first Bishop of 
 Illinois, made his first visitation to the State, 
 Rushville was included in his itinerary. 
 
 Little is known of the early history of the 
 church in this city, but it is a matter of record 
 that a church was erected and on March 19, 
 1837, was consecrated. There is added interest 
 in the local history of the church for the reason 
 that the Annual Convention of the Diocese of 
 Illinois was held here on June 4 and 5, 1838, and 
 again in 1S42. In this latter year the church 
 records show that there were but 491 communi- 
 cants in the whole State. 
 
 It is not possible to review the early history 
 of this church, for all the old members have 
 long since passed away. In the 'forties the 
 church maintained its own building and Rev. 
 Robert .7. Walker served the parishes of Rush- 
 ville and Beardstown, giving alternate Sundays 
 to each. He was succeeded by Rev. Clotworthy, 
 who remained for a few years and sometime in 
 the 'fifties regular services ceased and the build- 
 ing reverted to the donors. About ten years ago 
 Rushville was made a station in the missionary 
 field, and regular services are now held every 
 fortnight, in a mission room which has been 
 fitted up by the local congregation. 
 
 Roman Catholic Chubch — Since early in the 
 'sixties, the Roman Catholics have had services 
 in Rushville, but the congregation was never 
 large enough to support a resident priest. In 
 the early days, when Rushville was a parish in 
 the Chicago diocese, services were held at the 
 home of Patrick Fox, and the priest made reg- 
 ular visits here to minister to the little congrega- 
 tion. About 1870 the present church building 
 was erected, and services are held once a month. 
 When the diocese of Peoria was erected in 1870, 
 Rushville parish was included in the territory 
 taken from the Chicago diocese. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 FIRST SCHOOL DISTRICT IN SCHUTLER COUNTY LAID 
 
 OUT JULY 22, 1825 FIRST FREE SCHOOL LAW 
 
 ENACTED THE SAME YEAR WM. H. TAYLOR THE 
 
 FIRST TEACHER IN THE COUNTY — ATTEMPT TO 
 ESTABLISH FREE SCHOOLS IN 1826 PROVES A FAIL- 
 URE — JONATHAN D. MANLOVE'S REMINISCENCES 
 OF AN EAKLY' PIONEER SCHOOL. — THE PERIOD OF 
 SUBSCRIPTION SCHOOLS AND OTHER EARLY 
 TEACHERS — SOME CHRISTMAS-DAY LOCKOUTS — 
 STATE CHARTER GRANTED RUSHVILLE UNION 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICT MARCH 30, 1869 HISTORY OF 
 
 RUSHVILLE SCHOOLS — LIST OF SCHOOL SUPERIN- 
 TENDENTS — TOWNSHIP SCHOOL HISTORY — THE 
 GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN 
 THE COUNTY. 
 
 The history of the public schools of Schuyler 
 County is coincident with that of the State of 
 Illinois, and it must ever be a source of local 
 pride to know that, at the first meeting of the 
 County Commissioners, held on July 7. 1825, 
 plans were made for the organization of a school 
 district, and by petition the same was regularly 
 formed two weeks later. 
 
 The wisdom and foresight of the pioneers of 
 Illinois was shown most clearly in their endeavor 
 to establish a system of public schools at a time 
 when the cause of popular education was by no 
 means popular. The foundations for free schools, 
 thus laid, commands our admiration and surprise, 
 and the names of the early supporters of popular 
 education should be unperishable in the records 
 of the county, and it is our purpose to thus aid 
 in honoring the pioneer supporters of the great 
 free school system. 
 
 Schuyler County was formed and granted pow- 
 ers of local government by the Illinois Legisla- 
 ture in 1825, and in January of that year there 
 was passed the first State School Law. under 
 which the district in this county was formed 
 some six months later. The development of 
 the most excellent school system of the State 
 renders it somewhat superfluous to cite reasons 
 for the enactment of this law, but in the pre- 
 
OLD COURT HOUSE. 
 
 OLD HTGHSCHOOL BUILDING, RUSHVILLK. 
 BURNED I89.V 
 
 W(( 
 
 : - A (f ^-4^ 
 
 WEBSTER HIOHSCHOOL BUILDING, RUSHVILLE, ILL. 
 
 1 f j » ^BiiiP'v 
 
 S, f§J% BIB 1 
 
 WASHINGTON SCHOOL, 
 RUSHVILLE, ILL. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 713 
 
 amble of the first school law of 1S25, they are 
 set forth most lucidly as follows: 
 
 "To enjoy our rights and liberties, we must 
 understand them ; their security and protection 
 ought to be the first object of a free people ; and 
 it is a well established fact that no nation has 
 continued long in the enjoyment of civil and 
 political freedom, which was not both virtuous 
 and enlightened ; and believing that the advance- 
 ment of literature always has been, and ever 
 will be, the means of developing more fully the 
 rights of man, that the mind of every citizen in 
 a republic is the common property of society, 
 and constitutes the basis of its strength and 
 happiness ; it is, therefore, considered the pecu- 
 liar duty of a free government like ours to en- 
 courage and extend the improvement and culti- 
 vation of the intellectual energies of the whole ; 
 therefore, a common school, or schools, shall be 
 established in each county of this State." 
 
 The growth and development of the schools of 
 Schuyler County may be said to date back to the 
 winter of 1823-24, for scarcely had half a dozen 
 families located within a radius of three or four 
 miles and secured indispensable shelter in their 
 primitive log-cabins, before effort was made to 
 provide a means of education for the children. 
 
 The first school taught in the county was at 
 the home of Calvin Hobart in the winter of 1823- 
 24, where William H. Taylor, then a young man 
 who had come to the count} 7 with the first set- 
 tlers, acted as teacher. His pupils probably did 
 not exceed six in number, for there was but a 
 small settlement made that year. 
 
 At the meeting of County Commissioners held 
 on July 22, 1S25, a petition was presented asking 
 for the organization of a school district, and the 
 petition was granted and the district formed as 
 follows : "Beginning at the N. E. cor. of Sec. 
 4, 2 N., 1 W., thence west to N. W. cor. of Sec. 
 1, 2 N., 2 W., thence south to the S. W. corner 
 of Sec. 36, thence east to the S. E. corner of 
 Sec. 33, thence north to place of beginning." The 
 district thus formed included the west half of 
 Rushville Township within its boundary. 
 
 Jonathan D. Manlove, one of the early pioneer 
 settlers and among the first school teachers of 
 the county, tells of the attempt to establish free 
 schools in Schuyler County in 1826. He says: 
 "The first school house in the county was built 
 near Benj. Chadsey's in 1826. A log house was 
 put up and. perhaps, covered, but no school was 
 
 ever taught in it. It was built under a very 
 imperfect law, the first in the State that was 
 called a free school law. But at that early 
 period the same difficulty in regard to the ways 
 and means and location of school houses existed 
 that too often yet exist, and the school house 
 was never finished because of ignorance and 
 prejudice then extant." 
 
 In the summer of 1826, however, a school was 
 taught on Section 16 by Miss Sophronia Chadsey 
 and another by Mr. Manlove at his cabin. In a 
 letter to the Schuyler Citizen, in 1881, Mr. Man- 
 love thus describes his pioneer school : "My 
 mind reverts back to the summer of 1826, when 
 I taught a school in a log cabin, where Mr. Lit- 
 tle's house now stands northeast of Rushville. 
 The cabin was the largest one in the county, 
 and had been occupied by a family not censurable 
 for the Godly virtue of cleanliness, and was in- 
 fested with a numerous progeny of bugs, whose 
 odorous perfume was not pleasant to the olfac- 
 tories of teacher or pupils. They had prior pos- 
 session, and had fortified and were taking pos- 
 session of the books and dinner baskets. We 
 were compelled to declare a war of extermination. 
 We procured a large iron kettle, and when ready 
 with boiling water, all hands moved on the ene- 
 mies' works, and after a long and bloody battle, 
 succeeded in destroying all their army, except a 
 very considerable number of stragglers that re- 
 turned early to their well-known and impregnable 
 hidings. Peace reigned in Warsaw, the six-inch 
 benches were again occupied, and the daily sup- 
 ply of musk melons, which was furnished by the 
 teacher, was eaten; and all were happy and con- 
 tented." 
 
 The growth of the public school system, as now 
 understood, was slow, and in a quarter of a cen- 
 tury after the settlement of the county it had 
 made but little progress in Schuyler. It is true 
 there were schools taught, but they were the 
 result of purely voluntary effort either of an in- 
 dividual or of a few associated persons, and the 
 i-iaster was paid by the parents whose children 
 attended the school, a one-room log cabin, 
 whose only furniture was a teacher's desk and 
 rude seats fashioned from the slabs of logs, 
 with pegs driven into holes near the end for legs. 
 Text books were few and did full duty where 
 there happened to be several children in one 
 family. The children went to school wearing 
 jeans and linsey, and it was not uncommon for 
 
1U 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 the boys to be attired in buckskin pantaloons and 
 eoon-skin caps. 
 
 It was in such fashion the schools were begun, 
 and they have been steadily improved in material 
 comforts, facilities and elegance, and in culture, 
 training and efficiency of teachers, until we rea- 
 sonably and justly boast a school equipment 
 throughout the county as complete and thorough 
 as that of any county in our great State. 
 
 In reviewing the history of the schools of 
 Schuyler county we will first consider those of 
 the city of Rushville. where the growth from the 
 rude log-cabin to the finely graded schools of 
 the present day present a most interesting study. 
 The evolution of the educational system was not 
 accomplished without strife and bitter warfare, 
 but this is accounted for as more a difference 
 of personal opinion than an effort to embarrass 
 the cause of education. The early pioneers were 
 men of earnest purpose and strong determination 
 and, when differences of opinion arose as to 
 public school management, there was bitter in- 
 ternecine warfare that, in some cases, lasted for 
 years to the detriment of the rapidly growing 
 system of education. 
 
 The first building erected for school purposes 
 in Rushville was a small one-story brick house 
 that stood where the Christian church now 
 stands. It was erected in the early 'thirties, and 
 one of the first, if not the first, of the teachers 
 was Levi Lusk. In the winter of 1S37-38, Up- 
 ton Smith organized a subscription school and oc- 
 cupied the attic of the old Methodist Episcopal 
 church with his classes. The attic was divided 
 into two rooms, and the boys' department oc- 
 cupied the north room, while the girls were 
 taught by a lady teacher in the south room. A 
 few years later I. S. Wright and daughter taught 
 in the same building. Another one of the early 
 teachers was a Mr. Shetland, a man of brilliant 
 mind and attainments whose career was cut 
 short by dissipation, and he died soon afterwards. 
 Miss Rebecca Davis taught a school in the early 
 'forties on the south side of Bast Washington 
 about half a block from the square. Miss Sarah 
 McMaeken, of Jacksonville, taught in a log school 
 building that was located on West Lafayette 
 Street, between where Mrs. Little's and Dr. 
 Ball's houses now stand, and Mrs. Houghland 
 taught in a log cabin located a little farther 
 west. Mrs. Joseph Haskell was another of the 
 
 pioneer teachers who had a school where the 
 court house now stands'. 
 
 Of the old pioneer teachers who taught sub- 
 scription schools in Rushville in the 'forties Ed- 
 ward Bertholf lived to see the development 
 of the present day. Mr. Bertholf taught in the 
 old Methodist Church, and among his pupils 
 was Francis Drake, who afterwards became 
 Governor of Iowa. 
 
 Following the era of small subscription 
 schools we find that Rushville had its Western 
 Seminary. Cottage Seminary, Female Academy, 
 Scripps' Academy, The Seminary, M. E. Church 
 High School, and Parrott High School, all of 
 which flourished and thrived for a time, but 
 eventually gave way before the progress of the 
 system of free schools which eventually resulted 
 in the formation of the Rushville Union Schools. 
 
 On June 25, 1845, John Clarke, Lycurgus I. 
 Kimball, George B. Rogers, Roland M. Worthing- 
 ton, James G. McCreery, Abraham Tolle, William 
 E. Withrow, Joseph Montgomery and James L. 
 Anderson purchased the lot where the Webster 
 School building now stands and built The Sem- 
 inary. The school was in charge of Alonzo J. 
 Sawyer, afterwards prominent in educational 
 work in Chicago, with Miss Amelia Dayton and 
 Miss Matilda M. Williams as assistants. The 
 rates of tuition ranged from .$2.50 to $6, for a 
 term of eleven weeks. Later teachers in this 
 school were : R. H. Griffith, Miss Sophia Barber, 
 Dr. Thomas C. Nichols, Dr. J. A. Speed. Mr. 
 Lucas. G. W. Scripps. Mr. English, George I. 
 Ramsey. Miss Lydia Ramsey, Henry Smither 
 lind others. 
 
 Rushville was not without its public schools 
 during this period, but they were small and no 
 effort was made to teach anything but the ele- 
 mentary branches, and the situation was further 
 complication by reason of the fact that the city 
 was in two separate school districts. It was 
 when an endeavor was made to unite districts 8 
 and 9, and form the present Union School Dis- 
 trict, that passion ran riot, and it had its cul- 
 mination in a pitched battle, which took place 
 at the Seminary on May 11, 1S5S, that was 
 participated in by a number of Rushville's lead- 
 ing citizens. 
 
 It appears that District No. 9 had purchased 
 the Seminary building in 1855 and that District 
 No. 8 had come into possession of the Parrott 
 School building. District No. 8 had one hundred 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 715 
 
 more pupils than district 0, while the latter 
 had $75,000 more taxable property, and they re- 
 sisted the effort made to unite the two districts. 
 
 After the two districts were united by a vote 
 of the people, some of the leading citizens of 
 District No. ',) met and resolved to regain posses- 
 sion of their property, but the Directors of No. 
 8, getting news of their intention, entered the 
 building at night, nailed down the windows and 
 barred the doors. The Directors of No. 9 gained 
 possession the day following, when the former 
 occupants decided to take the building by storm 
 and armed themselves with rails to batter down 
 the doors. This led to a general melee, and the 
 Sheriff of the county was called upon to establish 
 peace. The matter was afterwards taken into 
 court and was carried to the Illinois Supreme 
 Court, where a decision was rendered that de- 
 clared the union of the two districts legal and 
 the costs were assessed against District No. 9. 
 Eleven years later, by the union of District No. 
 3, in Buena Vista Township, and District No. 8, 
 the Rushville Union School District was formed 
 and was granted a special charter by the Illinois 
 Legislature, the same being approved March 30, 
 1869. 
 
 Thus was the foundation laid for carrying 
 forward the work of free schools in the city of 
 Rushville, and, out of the turmoil and strife that 
 had existed for a score of years, there developed 
 a united support of the public schools which has 
 ever since continued and has resulted in the 
 building up of the splendid school system of the 
 present day. 
 
 The first Board of Education in the Rushville 
 Union School District was composed of the fol- 
 lowing gentlemen : William H. Ray, Thomas 
 Wilson, W. W. Wells, R. H. Griffith and W. S. 
 Irvin. They went to work at once to provide a 
 suitable school building and, during the year 
 1870, a three-story brick building was erected on 
 the site of The Seminary at a cost of $45,000. 
 This building served for school purposes until 
 destroyed by fire in September, 1893. On the 
 site of the old building the handsome and mod- 
 ern Webster School building was erected at a 
 cost of $25,000. In the later 'eighties the growtli 
 of the city made it necessary to provide addi- 
 tional room, and the old Baptist church, in the 
 same block, was purchased and used for pri- 
 mary grades. Again in 1893 there was need for 
 still greater expansion, and a two-story brick 
 building was erected in the east part of the city 
 
 at a cost of $8,000, which is used for primary 
 grade pupils. 
 
 The Rushville Union Schools were graded by 
 John F. Gowdy, in 1869, and, in 1871, when the 
 new building was first occupied, they were 
 brought to a high standard of excellence by J. M. 
 Coyner. He was succeeded as superintendent by 
 John Hobbs. In 1875, H. A. Smith was put 
 in charge and the following year the first 
 class graduated from the Rushville High School. 
 Mr. Smith established the school on a solid echi. 
 cational basis and continued as Superintendent 
 until 18S7, when he was succeeded by Nathan 
 T. Veatch and, for fourteen years, the schools 
 made most excellent - progress under his direc- 
 tion. Henry H. Edmunds, was Superintendent 
 from 1901 to 1907, when he. resigned to go to 
 Clinton, 111. L. T. Shaw, was Superintendent in 
 1907-08. and he was succeeded by C. E. Knapp, 
 who is now in charge. 
 
 The following history of the country schools 
 of Schuyler County was compiled by Prof. H. A. 
 Smith, who was Superintendent of the Rushville 
 High School from 1875 to 1887: 
 
 The first school in Oakland Township was 
 taught by a Mr. Preston in a log cabin built by 
 Frederick Noble, on the southeast quarter of 
 Section 24, in the summer of 1S35. Scholars in 
 attendance were Abner and William, children of 
 Richard Ashcraft; Harriet, daughter of William 
 Burress ; Rebecca and Nancy, children of Josiah 
 Downer; Benjamin. Martha Ann. Sarah Jane 
 and Joseph S., children of Joseph Logan ; and the 
 three children of the teacher. The school term 
 was three months, and subscription rate was 
 $1.50 per month. Oakland Township sold her 
 school land in June, 1S37. 
 
 Thomas Bronaugh taught the first school in 
 Littleton in a deserted cabin in the summer of 
 1835. The pupils were: Julia, Margaret, John 
 and Epbraim L, children of David Snyder; 
 Martha. Nancy, Evaline and Ludwell, children of 
 Elijah M. Wilson; Eliza and Benjamin, children 
 of R. P. Applegate: Andrew Wycoff, a nephew, 
 and John. Thomas, Jacob, Daniel and Asher, 
 children of Garrett Wycoff; Jane. Eliza, Ann and 
 Tolhert. children of William H. Crawford. The 
 first school house was built on the southwest 
 quarter of Section 19, in 1S3S, and Samuel 
 Horney was teacher. Littleton sold her school 
 land in 1840. 
 
 The first school in Brooklyn Township was 
 taught by Richard Kellough in a log cabin in the 
 
il6 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 village in 1837. The first school house was 
 built in 1842. The school section was sold 
 March 25, 1841. 
 
 The first school in Birmingham Township was 
 taught in a log cabin in the village by William 
 Neill in the winter of 1S3T. The following 
 named persons were appointed by the Schuyler 
 County Commissioner's Court trustees for the 
 school land of 3 N., 4 W. ; William Dron, James 
 G. King and J. G. Graham. On petition the 
 Sixteenth Section was sold April 7, 1S47. 
 
 Mr. Kimball, an old man from Kentucky, 
 taught a school in a small cabin south of Hunts- 
 ville in 1S35-36. There were three windows 
 covered by leather, which was fastened up dur- 
 ing the day to permit the light to pass in between 
 the logs, and were closed at night. The teacher 
 permitted all to study aloud. Jeremiah Brisco 
 taught the first school in Huntsville in 1S3G, in 
 a log cabin built for the purpose that season. 
 He taught the same school for several terms. 
 
 Huntsville has had many excellent teachers. 
 Miss Mary Hart of Connecticut taught the school 
 south of Huntsville during the summer of 1836. 
 H. E. Bryant, afterwards banker at Bement, 
 Miss Eunice Kinibal, an eastern lady, and Alvin 
 Bacon, each taught several terms at Huntsville. 
 Miss Letitia Biscoe taught in a log cabin near 
 Shilo. The windows of this cabin consisted of 
 an opening between the logs, which was protected 
 by a board fastened up with a strap. The first 
 frame school house in Huntsville was built about 
 1840. The township school land was sold April 
 8, 1839. 
 
 The first school in Camden Township was 
 taught by John Thornhill in 1S36 in a neglected 
 cabin built by a squatter in 1835 on Section 18. 
 The second school was taught in the winter of 
 1838-39 by George L. Gray. On Christmas Day 
 Mr. Gray was fastened out by the big boys until 
 he would promise to treat to toddy. He finally 
 yielded and furnished the money, when a boy 
 by the name of Brown went to what is now 
 Brooklyn for the whisky. The toddy was made 
 in buckets and the teacher and pupils enjoyed it 
 together and harmony was restored. The rate 
 for tuition was $1.50 per quarter. John Ander- 
 son taught in the northern part of what is now 
 the village of Camden in 1839. A brief descrip- 
 tion of this school house, may, with very few 
 changes, apply equally well to any of our early 
 "temples of learning" in which the youth were 
 wont to woo the Goddess of Wisdom. 
 
 It was built of logs, as were all the houses at 
 that time. The fireplace occupied nearly the 
 whole of one side of the room and a recess in 
 the wall. After reaching a height of about six 
 feet, the logs were placed straight across that 
 side of the room, and the chimney of sticks was 
 continued up on the outside of the house. It had 
 a puncheon floor and seats, and greased paper 
 placed between the logs for windows. The large 
 boys cut and carried the wood for the fire. Cam- 
 den Township sold her school land in October, 
 1837. 
 
 The first school house in Schuyler County was 
 built in Buena Vista Township in 1S28 on the 
 northwest quarter of Section 1, and Robert 
 Sexton taught a two-months' term. On May 10, 
 1830, Samuel L. Dark commenced a six-months' 
 term on the northeast quarter of Section 22. In 
 1S43-44 he taught at the cross-roads. The sub- 
 scription rates were paid in various kinds of 
 produce ; one patron agreeing to pay a certain 
 number of bushels of wheat, another a certain 
 number of bushels of oats, etc. It was not al- 
 ways the easiest matter to collect in those days. 
 and the teacher employed Jacob Snyder to col- 
 lect for him. Another teacher of the same school 
 was Mr. Wheadon. Instead of the usual mottoes 
 around the room, each pupil could read the pen- 
 alty for certain offenses — so many lashes for 
 talking aloud; so many lashes for fighting; so 
 many lashes for quarreling going to or from 
 school, and other rules with the penalty. 
 
 Buena Vista has the largest school fund of 
 any township in the county, owing to the fore- 
 closing of its mortgage and reselling of a portion 
 of its school section after it had advanced in 
 price. The section was first sold in April, 1838. 
 
 The first school in Browning Township was 
 taught by a man from Tennessee in 1S35 in a 
 small log cabin built by Nathan Glover. This 
 was the second township to sell its school sec- 
 tion, which was done October 29, 1833, by Al- 
 fred Wallace and John M. Campbell, Trustees. 
 
 The first session of school in Hickory Town- 
 ship was taught by a Mr. Sheldon in 1838, in a 
 cabin built on the bluffs. There were but two 
 small fractions of Section 16 in this township. 
 
 The first school in Frederick was held in a 
 private cabin built by Horatio Benton. The first 
 school house was built in 1846. a small one- 
 story frame building, afterwards used as a town 
 hall. 
 
 The first school in Bainbridge was in a log 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 717 
 
 cabin built for the purpose on Section 22, about 
 the year 1830. The first teachers were John 
 Keeton, a Mr. Sexton, John Parker, Joseph Bell 
 and James M. Stevens. John Greene taught 
 school in the winter of 1835-36 in a log cabin 
 built on the northeast quarter of Section 1. 
 Samuel Haines, James Lawler and Nathan Win- 
 shall were appointed trustees at the June term 
 of court, 1836. The school land was sold Decem- 
 ber 5, 1S36. 
 
 The first school in Woodstock Township was 
 taught by John Taylor in 1827. The first school 
 in the northern part of the township was taught 
 by Charles Hatfield, in 1833, in a house built 
 that fall of elm poles in an elm grove near 
 Joshua Griffith's. The pupils and teacher mixed 
 the mud on the floor of the school house, after 
 school began, with which they daubed the house 
 at recesses and noon. Pupils in attendance were 
 William T. and Isaac Black, children of Richard 
 Black ; Sarah aud Rebecca, children of Jacob 
 Fowler ; Houston and Elihu, children of Allen 
 Alexander; James and Thomas, children of Isaac 
 Sanders; Anderson, Isaac S. and Pressly, chil- 
 dren of Mrs. Amelia S. Riley. The day before 
 Christmas Anderson and Pressly Riley took the 
 teacher out and wallowed him in snow aud left 
 him tied, because he would not treat to whisky. 
 The teacher treated to two gallons of whisky on 
 New Year's. 
 
 In the same school house taught Thomas 
 Binkly, Mr. Johnson, Enoch Boughton, Faunton 
 Muse and Robert Glenn. 
 
 While the strife for the Christmas treat was 
 going on, when Mr. Muse was teacher, he at- 
 tempted to descend the spacious chimney, when 
 one of the boys threw water on the coals in the 
 fireplace which nearly caused him to fall, but 
 he managed to crawl out and promised the usual 
 treat. 
 
 Robert Glenn spent much of his time in read- 
 ing law. while the pupils amused themselves. 
 One day, desiring to obtain some young squir- 
 rels in the top of a dry tree, about one hundred 
 yards from the school house, the pupils built a 
 fire around the tree in the morning and agreed 
 to run when they heard it fall. On hearing 
 the tree fall, all ran without asking permission 
 except two small boys. When they returned, 
 the teacher looked up and asked them if they 
 had got back. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 SCHUYLER PRESS— PAST AND PRESENT. 
 
 PROMINENT PART PLATED BY THE NEWSPAPER 
 
 PRESS IN CONNECTION WITH HISTORY ITS 
 
 VALUE AS A RECORD OF LOCAL FACTS AND EVENTS 
 — TYPE OF MEN WHO WERE EARLY EDITORS AND 
 DIFFICULTIES WHICH CONFRONTED THEM — 
 RUSHVILLE'S FIRST NEWSPAPER — THE RUSH- 
 VILLE JOURNAL AND T.IILITARY TRACT ADVERTISER 
 ESTABLISHED IN 1835 — ITS FOUNDERS AND FIRST 
 EDITOR — SUBSEQUENT CHANGES IN NAME, OWN- 
 ERSHIP AND EDITORIAL MANAGEMENT — TOPICS 
 WHICH ABSORBED THE ATTENTION OF THE EARLY 
 
 EDITOR PROMINENCE GIVEN TO POLITICS AND 
 
 GENERAL NEWS — PRAIRIE TELEGRAPH RUSH- 
 VILLE'S FIRST PERMANENT PAPER — ESTABLISHED 
 
 JULY' 8, 1848 ITS SUBSEQUENT HISTORY THE 
 
 TIMES AND CITIZEN FOUNDED IN 1856 HISTORY 
 
 OF OTHER LOCAL JOURNALS. 
 
 The newspapers of a county occupy a place 
 in its historical relation which makes them an 
 important factor in reviewing the history of the 
 past. They not only played a prominent part 
 in creating history, but in their columns we find 
 a faithful chronicle of the events of the period 
 in which they were published. The oldtime pio- 
 neer settler has passed away, but in the pages 
 of the old papers we have preserved for all ages 
 the records of his deeds and achievements, and 
 the editor of this history has drawn largely upon 
 the newspapers of the early days for many of 
 the facts and occurrences here related. 
 
 Rushville's first paper was established in 1835. 
 Up to this time there was no newspaper being 
 published between Peoria and Quincy, or between 
 Springfield and Rock Island, and it was not 
 until four years afterwards that the first daily 
 paper was established in Illinois, this being a 
 paper named The Chicago Daily American, 
 founded in April. 1839. 
 
 Publishing a newspaper in those early pioneer 
 days was not an easy task, for there were no 
 regular means of communication with the out- 
 side world, even the great stage-routes not yet 
 having been established throughout the State, 
 while the steamboat service on the Illinois River 
 
718 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 was in the first stages of its development. Then, 
 too, the country was sparsely settled and the 
 field for journalistic efforts surely not an invit- 
 ing one. But the pioneer editor was of a fine 
 type of brainy men who were leaders in the in- 
 tellectual life of the community, and even 
 though their efforts were not always financially 
 successful, they kept manfully at their work. 
 The mission of the early newspapers was largely 
 a political one, and the ideas and policies of 
 government rather than news was the predom- 
 inating feature. Dependent as they were upon 
 political favors for existence, it is not to be 
 wondered at that their careers were beset by 
 many difficulties and obstacles, and that there 
 should have been frequent changes in ownership. 
 But. taken as a whole, the editors of Rushville's 
 early papers were men well worthy of grateful 
 remembrance, and the historian cannot fail to 
 give high meed of praise to the intelligent, moral 
 and public spirited persons who ruled the des- 
 tiny of tbe local press in those pioneer days. 
 
 In 1835 Rushville was a flourishing town of 
 probably one thousand population. At that time 
 the prospects looked bright for a continuation of 
 rapid growth, as all the traffic northward to 
 Galena and westward to Quincy was passing 
 through Rushville. There were probably a dozen 
 mercantile establishments, and fine new brick 
 buildings and churches were being erected. Such 
 was the condition of affairs when The Rushville 
 Journal and Military Tract Advertiser, a weekly 
 newspaper, was established by G. W. Davis and 
 R. W. Renfroe. Mr. Davis was a practical 
 printer and had come to Rushville from Cape 
 Girardeau, Mo. He had purchased liis news- 
 paper outfit at St. Louis and, on May 8, 1835, 
 the first number of the paper was issued. Abra- 
 ham Marshall, a lawyer, was editor of the paper, 
 though not financially interested in the enter- 
 prise. Within the next year Mr. Davis retired 
 from the firm and the name of the paper was 
 shortened to The Rushville Journal and R. W. 
 Renfroe & Co. were publishers. 
 
 The Journal was a four-page, six-column pa- 
 per, and the typographical appearance was ex- 
 cellent, as the old copies, now in possession of 
 Edwin Dyson, of the Rushville Times, show. The 
 office of publication was in the upstairs room 
 of the old brick building which stood on the 
 site of the Bank of Schuyler. 
 
 In politics the paper was neutral and the 
 entire tickets of both Whig and Democratic can- 
 
 didates were placed at the head of the editorial 
 column. Local news was treated briefly and, in 
 some issues, not a line of local happenings was 
 recorded. Xews from Texas then was in abun- 
 dance, as that State had only recently asserted 
 her independence and was soon to become a sov- 
 ereign State of the Union. News traveled slowly, 
 however, in those days, as in The Journal of 
 July 23, 183(5, we note an announcement of the 
 death of President Madison, who had died June 
 28, 1836. 
 
 On July 30, 1836, The Journal was sold to Dr. 
 Adam Dunlap, who had been interested in the 
 publication since the retirement of Mr. Davis. 
 In that year The Journal published the delin- 
 quent tax-lists for Knox. Henry and Hancock 
 counties, as no papers were yet established in 
 these counties. Dr. Dunlap retained ownership 
 but a short time, when he sold the paper to Ben- 
 jamin V. Teel. who purchased it for J. B. Fulks. 
 Publication was suspended for a time and the 
 new editor changed the name of the paper to The 
 Schuyler Advocate, and the first number was 
 issued May 27, 1837. The paper remained under 
 Mr. Fulk's control until February, 1S38, when it 
 was sold to T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards one of 
 the Judges of the Illinois Supreme Court, and 
 R. A. Glenn, who changed the name to The Test. 
 The paper supported the Whig party, but its 
 life of usefulness was brief and it suspended 
 publication on its twenty-eighth issue. Some 
 three months afterwards tbe twenty-ninth, and 
 last, number of The Test appeared. In this 
 issue the editors state that they have been un- 
 able to collect the accounts due them, and have 
 arranged with Mr. Fulks to take the plant off 
 their bands. 
 
 Publishing a newspaper seemed to have a fas- 
 cination for Rushville politicians, and the next 
 to enter the field was A. R. Sparks, who issued 
 the first number of The Illinois Republican, De- 
 cember 14. 1S39. The paper was a six-column 
 folio, with columns sixteen ems wide, and was 
 Democratic in politics. Mr. Sparks like his 
 predecessors soon grew weary of the financial 
 burden the publication of a newspaper imposed. 
 and on April 9, 1S40, he sold the plant to James 
 L. Anderson. Mr. Sparks afterwards went to 
 Washington. D. C, where he held a Federal 
 office for many years. 
 
 The Political Examiner was the name Mr. 
 Anderson gave to Lis paper, and it continued 
 under this name until October 1, 1843. Mr. An- 
 
t^k^n^ 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 719 
 
 derson then changed the name to The Rushville 
 Whig, and placed the name of the great Whig 
 leader, Henry Clay, at the head of the editorial 
 column as presidential candidate. This ringing 
 motto of The Whig was carried at the top of the 
 first page : "Truth is the basis of all virtue." 
 The defeat of Henry Clay in 1844 was a death 
 blow to The Rushville Whig, and soon after- 
 wards it suspended publication. 
 
 In nine years Rushville had seven different 
 papers with double that number of editors, and 
 the changes had been so numerous and suspen- 
 sions so frequent that, for the next four years, 
 no one had the courage to take up the task 
 of enlightening the people of Schuyler through 
 the medium of a county newspaper. 
 
 But in the summer of 184S Benjamin F. 
 Seripps, who at that time was engaged in teach- 
 ing school, and R. R. Randall, a practical print- 
 er, formed a partnership, bought the old outfit 
 of press and type and. on July 8, 1848, the first 
 number of The Prairie Telegraph was printed. 
 This proved to be Rusbville's first permanent 
 newspaper, for since the first issue there has 
 been a continuous publication to the present time, 
 the change in name to The Times being made 
 without missing the issue of a single number. 
 
 The newspaper office at that time was located 
 in a one-story frame building on the east side 
 of the square, and here the two young editors 
 labored in the upbuilding of the city of Rush- 
 ville. And now, after a lapse of more than half 
 a century, one of these early editors, Mr. R. R. 
 Randall, a resident of Lincoln, Neb., can look 
 back and wonder at the changes that have been 
 made in the art of printing since he first put 
 The Prairie Telegraph to press on July 8, 1848. 
 
 On November 3, 1849, The Prairie Telegraph 
 passed into the hands of Rev. John Seripps and 
 his son, J. C. Seripps. From a memorandum 
 jotted down by Rev. John Seripps, we learn that 
 the circulation of the paper at that time was 
 limited to 2S0 subscribers, but under the skillful 
 management of the new editors the paper grew 
 and was a power for good in the county. Rev. 
 John Seripps was a forceful writer and he soon 
 gave The Telegraph high rank as a provincial 
 paper. 
 
 About this time a telegraph line was built into 
 Rushville. and a telegraphic news report from 
 St. Louis was one of the features of the paper, 
 and on one occasion the President's message to 
 Congress was taken off the wire and printed in 
 
 The Prairie Telegraph — a stroke of enterprise 
 which calls for admiration, even in this day, 
 but the President's annual message was read 
 with more avidity then than now. 
 
 In conversation with J. C. Seripps a number 
 of years ago, the writer was given some idea 
 of the difficulties with which the early editors 
 had to contend. It was customary to get the 
 supply of print paper from St. Louis during the 
 open season of navigation on the Illinois River 
 and bring it overland from Frederick ; but one 
 winter in the early 'fifties The Telegraph ex- 
 hausted its supply and Mr. J. C. Seripps drove 
 to Springfield, thinking he could get his paper 
 there. But be was unsuccessful, and returning 
 home started at once for Peoria, where he se- 
 cured enough print paper to last until the ice 
 went out of the river, and by driving day and 
 night reached Rushville in time to put the paper 
 to press on the regular day of issue. 
 
 Messrs. Seripps continued the publication of 
 The Prairie Telegraph until May 24, 1856, when 
 tbc paper was sold to a stock company and the 
 name changed to The Rushville Times, the first 
 issue of that paper appearing May 30, 1856. The 
 stockholders in this new company were Hon. 
 L. D. Erwin, Leonidas Horney, Peter Campbell, 
 Joseph Montgomery, D. W. C. Johnston, Charles 
 Xeill, James L., Anderson, John Seripps, Enoch 
 Edmonston, John Hugh Lawler and Charles 
 Wells. All the members of the new company, 
 with the possible exception of John Seripps, were 
 prominent Democrats, and it was their desire 
 that Schuyler should have a paper that would 
 support the policy of Senator Douglas and the 
 Democratic party, and in the first issue was pub- 
 lished the Democratic State ticket with William 
 A. Richardson as candidate for Governor. 
 
 DeWitt C. Johnston, the first editor of Thn 
 Times, was a lawyer and Methodist minister and 
 before coming to Rushville had edited three 
 newspapers in Ohio. He was not only a fluent 
 writer, but a polished orator as well, and was 
 afterwards elected County Judge in Schuyler. 
 Mr. Johnston died in Rushville January 28, 1866. 
 
 When Mr. Johnston retired as editor on Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1858, he was succeeded by Andrew J. 
 Ashton, who was editor of the paper until May 
 9, 1860, when he retired on account of his health, 
 and he died the same month at Morris, 111. 
 A. D. Davies was the next editor, and he was 
 elected County Superintendent of Schools by the 
 Democracy to aid him in maintaining his paper. 
 
730 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Mr. Davies was a talented editor and had mar- 
 ried a daughter of ex-Governor Ford, a most 
 estimable lady, but he was dissipated and dis- 
 solute, abandoned his family here and left for 
 parts unknown and was never afterwards heard 
 from. The stockholders of The Times then ar- 
 ranged with J. C. Fox to come from Missouri 
 and assume editorial charge, and he was suc- 
 ceeded as editor in 1SGG by E. A. Snively. Man- 
 aging a political newspaper to suit the whims of 
 the stockholders and. at the same time make it 
 pay, was no easy task ; and while The Times did 
 its full duty politically under the editorship of 
 Mr. Snively, it failed of reaching his expectations' 
 in a business way, and as there were several old 
 judgments against the company, the paper was 
 sold at Sheriff's sale and was purchased by 
 Edwin Dyson, the present proprietor. Mr. Snive- 
 ly afterwards published a newspaper at Carlin- 
 ville, and served for several terms as Clerk of 
 the Appellate Court at Springfield. He is now a 
 member of the Illinois Pardon Board, and, 
 though he has been out of active newspaper work 
 for many years, he still keeps in close touch 
 with the editors and has rendered them good 
 service during the years he has been at the 
 State capital. 
 
 The first number of The Times, under the 
 ownership of Edwin Dyson, was issued July 2, 
 1SG8. Fourteen years previous Mr. Dyson had 
 entered the office of The Schuyler Democrat, 
 established by D. E. II. Johnson, to learn the 
 printer's trade and. svith the exception of four 
 years spent in St. Louis, he lias been associated 
 with the newspaper business in Rushville ever 
 since. 
 
 In 185-1 The Schuyler Democrat was founded. 
 It was owned by a stock company and was edited 
 by Daniel E. II. Johnson, the first number ap- 
 pearing April 20, 1854. George Washington 
 Seripps purchased the paper in 1856 and changed 
 the name to The Schuyler Citizen, the first num- 
 ber of which was issued July C, 185C. At this 
 time The Citizen was Independent in politics and 
 remained so until 1858, when the historic cam- 
 paign of Lincoln and Douglas brought to the 
 front the newly formed Republican party, which 
 was loyally supported by The Citizen. Mr. 
 Seripps retained the ownership of the paper until 
 1870, when he removed to Detroit, Mich., where 
 he died September 21, 1S98. When Mr. Seripps 
 retired from newspaper work in Rushville, he 
 sold The Citizen to William I. Larash, who took 
 
 charge April 1, 1879, and has ever since been ed- 
 itor and proprietor. On June 1, 1895, Mr. La- 
 rash began the publication of a daily edition of 
 The Citizen, which he still publishes in connec- 
 tion with his weekly issue. 
 
 The Rushville Republican, edited by F. A. 
 Warden & Son, was established January 17, 1801, 
 and was continued by them for ten years. It was 
 Republican in iiolitics and. during its existence, 
 was the official organ of the party. 
 
 The Schuyler County Herald, owned and 
 edited by H. E. McLaren, was established at 
 Rushville February 28, 1901. 
 
 The Camden City Register, the first paper 
 to be established in Schuyler County outside of 
 Rushville, was founded by H. C. Harl, April 2, 
 1S9G. It suspended publication September 30, 
 1897. 
 
 The Littleton Leader was founded by Doan 
 Dixson and the first paper was issued December 
 7, 1905. 
 
 The Browning Riverside Review, the latest 
 addition to Schuyler County newspapers, was 
 founded April 8, 1908, by Robbins Bros. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 FRATERNAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 EUSHV1LLE LODGE A. F. & A. M. ORGANIZED IN 1842 
 
 IS THE FIRST FRATERNAL ORGANIZATION IN 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY AND NINTH OF THE ORDER. 
 
 IN THE STATE OTHER FRATERNITIES IN THE 
 
 COUNTY KNIGHTS TEMPLAR, INDEPENDENT OR- 
 DER OF ODD-FELLOWS, WILLARD ENCAMPMENT. 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, GRAND ARMY OF THE 
 REPUBLIC MODERN WOODMEN, ROYAL KNIGHTS. 
 
 MYSTIC WORKERS AND ORDER OF EAGLES DATES 
 
 OF ORGANIZATION, CHARTER MEMBERS AND FIRST 
 
 OFFICERS OTHER ITEMS OF PERSONAL AND LODGE 
 
 HISTORY. 
 
 Rushville Lodge No. 9, A. F. & A. M., was 
 instituted October 8, 1842. being the first fra- 
 ternal society to be organized in Schuyler County, 
 and the ninth lodge of the order in the State to 
 get a dispensation and charter from the Grand 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 V-l 
 
 Lodge. The first lodge in Illinois was that or- 
 ganized at the old historic town and first capital 
 of the State, Kaskaskia. The officers and char- 
 ter members of Rushville Lodge No. 9, A. F. & 
 A. M., were : 
 
 Levi Lusk, Worshipful Master. 
 
 James L. Anderson, Senior Warden. 
 
 John Todhuuter, Junior Warden. 
 
 Adam Dunlap, Secretary. 
 
 James McCrosky, Treasurer. 
 
 John B. Seeley, Senior Deacon. 
 
 William Edgar, Junior Deacon. 
 
 Thomas J. Garrett, Tyler. 
 
 Samuel McHatton, William Davis, Abner Mc- 
 Dowell, Josiah Parrott, Lewis Horton, Henry 
 Murray, James H. Chick, Ranseler Wells, Mar- 
 shal Smith, Alexander Brazelton, Nathan Brooks 
 and Hart Fellows were the other members. 
 
 At the time Rushville Lodge was instituted 
 there were eight subordinate lodges in Illinois 
 located in the following cities : Quincy, Jack- 
 sonville. Springfield, Columbus, Decatur and 
 Joliet. 
 
 Two of the charter members of the Rushville 
 Lodge took a prominent part in the early Masonic 
 work in the State, and held responsible positions 
 in the Grand Lodge. Levi Lusk was elected Sen- 
 ior Grand Warden in 1843 and Most Worshipful 
 Grand Master in 1S45, and served as Grand Sec- 
 retary from 1S40 to 1S47. 
 
 James L. Anderson was Senior Grand Deacon 
 in 1845. Grand Treasurer from 1S46 to 1847, and 
 Most Worshipful Grand Master in 1S54-55, and, 
 while in this office, issued the dispensation for 
 the first Masonic lodge in the territory of Ne- 
 braska at Bellevue, Douglas County. 
 
 The Rushville Lodge has passed through two 
 fires since it was instituted, and many of the 
 old records were destroyed ; but from Grand 
 Lodge reports and other sources, George R. Glos- 
 sop, the present Secretary of the lodge, has 
 compiled a historical record of each member, 
 and it is fairly complete. 
 
 The first destructive five sustained by Rush- 
 ville Lodge. No. !» A. F. & A. M., was in the 
 winter of 1849-50. At that time the lodge occu- 
 pied the second floor of a brick building which 
 stood on the site of the Teel brick building. All 
 the early records of the lodge were destroyed in 
 this fire and, as the Grand Lodge suffered a sim- 
 ilar loss at Peoria on February 10, 1850, it has 
 been impossible to get a complete record of the 
 lodge. Again, in 1882, when the south side of 
 
 the public square was ravaged by fire, the Ma- 
 sonic Lodge room in the third story of the E. H. 
 O. Seeley building was wiped out, and again 
 there was a loss of records. 
 
 The oldest member of Rushville Lodge, No. 9, 
 A. F. & A. M., is Thomas P. Parrott, who was 
 initiated during the year 1847. Other members 
 have gained local renown by reason of long serv- 
 ice in official positions in the lodge. Prominent 
 among these is John McCabe who was elected 
 Treasurer December 27. 1876, and served until 
 December 25, 1900, when he declined a renorn- 
 ination. John C. Seripps served as Secretary 
 from 1855 to 18S2, and N. B. Seeley was Tyler 
 of the Lodge continuously from 1S55 to 1885, and 
 was again elected in 1888 and served until De- 
 cember 27, 1S94. 
 
 Levi Lusk. the first Worshipful Master of 
 Rushville Lodge, was initiated as a Mason April 
 2, 1821, at Georgetown, Scott County. Ky. Dur- 
 ing the years he resided there he was elected 
 to practically all the offices in the gift of the 
 lodge. In 1835 he removed to Rushville and still 
 kept in touch with the Masonic work, even 
 though the nearest lodge was located at Quincy. 
 In 1837 he was called upon to assist in consti- 
 tuting a lodge at Jacksonville, which is now Har- 
 money Lodge No. 3. 
 
 (In October 3, 1842, Mr. Lusk went to the 
 Grand Lodge of Illinois at Jacksonville, and 
 Rushville Lodge having been granted a charter, 
 he was seated as the first representative of the 
 lodge, and at that session was elected Senior 
 Grand Warden and appointed chairman of the 
 Committee on Foreign Correspondence. 
 
 At the Grand Lodge session in 1843. Mr. Lusk 
 was elected Grand Lecturer, being the first to 
 hold that office in Illinois, and was directed to 
 proceed to St. Louis and there meet the delegates 
 to the Baltimore convention of May, 1N43, and 
 perfect himself in the work which he was to 
 impart to the lodges at fheir request and ex- 
 I i use. He visited St. Louis October 10, 1843, 
 and was given the work by Brothers S. W. B. 
 Carney and Joseph Foster, who had been dele- 
 gates to the Baltimore Convention, and the work 
 was duly reported and accepted by the Grand 
 Lodge of Illinois. 
 
 From this time until 1862 Mr. Lusk took a 
 prominent part in the Grand Lodge of Illinois, 
 and was honored by the highest office in the 
 lodge in 1845. and afterwards served on many 
 important committees, also being Grand Secretary 
 
;■;■; 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 from 1846 to 1847. In March, 1800, be removed 
 from Schuyler County to Mt. Sterling, and by 
 resolution was made a life member of Hushville 
 Lodge, No. 0, free of all dues. 
 
 RUSHVILLE COMMANDEBY KNIGHTS TEMPLAR. 
 
 — The charter of Rushville Commandery Xo. 
 50, Knights Templar, bears date October 25, 18S2, 
 but on February 13th preceding this date, the first 
 conclave was held in the old Masonic hall on the 
 east side of the public square by ten dispensa- 
 tion members. The first members of this now 
 flourishing lodge were : Mark Bogue, George W. 
 Baruett, John M. Darnell, William F. Lowe, R. 
 Homer Mead, S. B. Montgomery, Charles S. Nel- 
 son, Josiah L. Parrott, William H. H. Rader and 
 George C. Ray, and the date of their dispensa- 
 tion was January 24, 1882. 
 
 Soon afterward steps were taken towards tin- 
 formation of a local Commandery of Knights 
 Templar and a list of the first officers elected 
 and the first charter members is here given : 
 
 Officers. — Eminent Commander, William II. 
 H. Rader : Generalissimo. John W. Darnell ; 
 Captain General, George C. Ray; Prelate, Lewis 
 C. Seeley ; Senior Warden, Sylvanus B. Mont- 
 gomery ; Junior Warden, Mark Bogue ; Recorder. 
 John C. Scripps ; Standard Bearer, George W. 
 Barnett; Sword Bearer. Mortimer Ayers; Ward- 
 en, Josiah L. Parrott ; Captain of Guards. 
 Charles S. Nelson. 
 
 Members. — Mortimer Ayers. Mark Bogue, Geo. 
 W. Barnett, Samuel P Cunningham, Leander 
 Cassidy, John M. Darnell, David H. Glass, John 
 W. Green, Charles B. Griffith. George E. Hall, 
 John H. Hunter, John A. Harvey, Wni. F. Lowe, 
 Wm. Lambert, Daniel P. Lyon. William I. Larash, 
 Richard Homer Mead, Sylvanus B. Montgomery, 
 John McCable, Howard C. McCabe, Chas. H. 
 Nelson, James H. Parrott. Josiah L. Parrott. 
 Marcus L. Parrott, Wm. H. H. Rader. Wm. ( '. 
 Raper, George C. Ray, Dwight E. Ray, Lewis C. 
 Seeley, Nathaniel B. Seeley, John C. Scripps. Al- 
 bert T. Stodgel, Benj. D. Smith, Charles H. 
 Wells. Thos. Wright. 
 
 Friendship Lodge, No. 24 I. O. O. F. — In the 
 upper room of the old Methodist Episcopal 
 church on East Washington street, Friendship 
 Lodge Xo. 2.".. Independent Order of Od.1 Fel- 
 lows, was instituted February 24. 1S47. by 
 Thomas I. Burns, of Beardstown. There were 
 five charter members to-wit : Charles M. Ray. 
 John Todhunter, Sr., Simon Doyle. Samuel Lam- 
 bert and James L. Anderson. On the night the 
 
 lodge was instituted Samuel McCreery and B. 
 C. Gilliam were given their first degree. Within 
 the first year the membership increased to more 
 than thirty. The first Board of Trustees was 
 made up as follows : E. II. O. Seeley, James L. 
 Anderson. Nathan Moore, William Hastie and 
 James G. McCreery. 
 
 The lodge has been honored on two occasions 
 by having an officer in the Grand Lodge. B. C. 
 Gilliam was elected Inside Guardian in 1S59, and 
 II. T. Pemberton was Grand .Marshal in 1896. 
 
 In 1881 the lodge erected a two-story brick 
 building on the north side of the public square, 
 and the upper floor is used for their lodge room. 
 
 Adelaide Rebekaii. Xo. 381. — This lodge was 
 instituted in Rushville, April 4, 1901, by Special 
 Grand Master E. H. Kinney, of Table Grove. 
 
 Willard Encampment. No. 64. — I. O. O. F. — 
 Willard Encampment. No. 04, was named in 
 honor of Samuel Willard, Most Worthy Grand 
 Patriarch of the Grand Encampment of the I. O. 
 O. F. of Illinois, under whose administration the 
 charter was issued, February 22, 1S66. On this 
 charter the names of the following members 
 were inscribed: Jesse C. Fox, Harry Maxwell. 
 M. M. Prentiss, Anderson J. Goodwin, Andrew 
 Mathews, Gilbert Ingraham and Henry Korstian. 
 On April 3, 1866. the lodge was instituted by 
 Joseph Hocking, Deputy Grand Patriarch, with 
 the following officers : 
 
 Jesse C. Fox, Chief Patriarch. 
 
 Gilbert Ingraham, Senior Warden. 
 
 Harry Maxwell, High rriest. 
 
 A. J. Goodwin, Junior AVarden. 
 
 Andrew Mathews, Scribe. 
 
 M. M. Prentiss, Treasurer. 
 
 Schuyler Lodge No. 209. Knights of Pyth- 
 ias. — Schuyler Lodge, No. 209 Knights of Pyth- 
 ias, was instituted in Rushville, June 0, 18S9, 
 a lodge team from Lewistown giving the work to 
 twenty-eight charter members. The charter from 
 the Grand Lodge bears the date of October 23, 
 1890. The first officers of the lodge were : 
 
 Past Chancellor, John B. Doyle. 
 
 riiancellor Commander, Ovrin Dilley. 
 
 Vice-Chaiicellor, Martin G. Rice. 
 
 Prelate, Hugh Greer. 
 
 Keeper of Record and Seal, A. P. Rodewald. 
 
 Master of Exchequer, J. M. Harvey. 
 
 Master of Finance, Fred Jackson. 
 
 Master of Arms. Chris Peter. 
 
 Inner Guard. Clarence Nell. 
 
 Outer Guard, Geo. E. Walker. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 723 
 
 The charter members of this lodge were: 
 Amos W. Ball, George Dyson, S. S. Prentiss, M. 
 G. Rice, Frank E. Whitsel, A. P. Rodewald, 
 Geo. H. Sencenieh, Hugh W. Greer, Dwight 
 E. Lawler, Fred Jacksqn, James V. Knapp, 
 Leonidas Scott, George M. Greer, R. L. Prentiss, 
 J. Maurice Harvey. Fred Rodewald, John B. 
 Doyle. Clarence Nell, Geo. E. Walker, Orrin 
 Dilley, George Hartman, Levi Dean, Chris. C. 
 Peter, Charles D. Smith, C. B. Kennedy, Lewis 
 D. Wells, Wallie J. Wilson, Arthur M. Fassatt. 
 
 Col. Horney Post, G. A. R. — Col. Horney 
 Post, No. 151, Department of Illinois Grand 
 Army of the Republic, was organized April 8, 
 3SS2. The charter members were: George F. 
 Owen, Henry Craske, George Johnson, William 
 B. Underbill, D. S. Tetrick, John McCabe, Fred 
 Decounter, John L. Sweeney, John A. Harvey. 
 John N. Roach, Perry Lodsdon, Fred Wilmot 
 and J. L. Parrott. 
 
 The officers elected were : 
 
 Post Commander, Henry Craske. 
 
 Senior Vice Commander, Terry Logsdon. 
 
 Junior Vice Commander, John N. Roach. 
 
 Adjutant. D. S. Tetrick. 
 
 Quarter-master. J. L. Sweeney. 
 
 Outer Guard, George T. Owen. 
 
 Quarter-master Sergeant, Wm. M. Underbill. 
 
 Sergeant Major, J. L. Parrott. 
 
 T. J. Hutton was elected Post Commander in 
 1892 and lias served continuously in the office 
 since that time. J. A. Bankes has been Adjutant 
 since 1S97. The membership roll shows that 
 there was at one time 203 members, but at the 
 present time there are but forty-four. Of the 
 charter members but four remain, viz: Henry 
 Craske, J. L. Sweeney, John McCabe and Perry 
 Logsdon. 
 
 Rushville Camp No. 308 M. W. A. — A camp 
 of Modern Woodmen of America was organized 
 in Rusbville in the spring of 1S87, but the 
 charter of Rushville Camp, No. 308, bears date of 
 November 5. 1887. The lodge was instituted 
 with the following officers: 
 
 Consul, T. J. Hutton. 
 
 Worthy Advisor, M. J. Doolittle. 
 
 Clerk, Geo. P. Houek. 
 
 Banker. Aug. Fulks. 
 
 Sentry, George W. Henry. 
 
 Escort, George Mead. 
 
 Watchman, M. W. Greer. 
 
 Physician. J. A. Harvey. 
 
 Managers — N. S. Montgomery, M. W. Greer 
 and J. A. Harvey. 
 
 T. J. Hutton has been elected every year 
 since then to the office of Consul, which he now 
 holds. 
 
 Royal Neighbors. — Maple Camp, No. 1720, 
 Royal Neighbors, was instituted June 22, 1899. 
 
 Mystic Workers. — Rushville Lodge, No. 474 
 Mystic Workers of the World, was organized 
 March 10, 1902. The order admits men and 
 women on equal terms, and the social side is one 
 of the leading features of the organization. 
 
 Knights and Ladies of Security. — Rushville 
 Council, No. 487 Knights and Ladies of Security, 
 was organized in Roach's hall December 23, 
 1890. with nine charter members. In November, 
 1907, the lodge was reorganized with five of the 
 old charter members still on the roll. 
 
 Order of Eagles. — Schuyler Aerie, No. 1G62, 
 Fraternal Order of Eagles, was instituted July 
 2. 1908, a team from the Canton Lodge doing 
 the work. This lodge bad more than a hundred 
 charter members and, soon after organizing, 
 fitted up their lodgeroom in handsome style. 
 The first officers elected were : 
 
 Past Worthy President. Guy Grubb. 
 
 Worthy President. Win. II. Dietrich. 
 
 Vice Worthy President, J. Paul Moore. 
 
 Chaplain, A. M. Foster. 
 
 Treasurer, W. E. Smith. 
 
 Secretary, George Virgil. 
 
 Worthy Conductor, Carl Greer. 
 
 Inner Guard, Melvin Livingston. 
 
 Outer Guard, James Denny. 
 
 Trustees. A. E. GIossop, Nathan Spangler and 
 Walter Teel. 
 
 CHATTER XXIV. 
 
 MILITARY AFFAIRS— STATE MILITIA. 
 
 PLACE or MILITARISM in HISTORY SOLDIERS 
 
 r.OUNTY LANDS CITIZENS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 WHO SERVED IX WARS OF THE REVOLUTION AND 
 
 1812 SOME EARLY APPLICATIONS FOR PENSIONS 
 
 — SCHUYLER COUNTY MILITIA AND REMINISCEN- 
 CES OF MUSTER DAYS — SOME MILITIA OFFICERS — 
 
724 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 FIRST INDEPENDENCE DAY CELEBRATION TOASTS 
 
 AND RESPONSES — EFFORT TO ORGANIZE AN ARTIL- 
 LERY COMPANY IN 1858. 
 
 Militarism demands an important place in any 
 history, for it antedates all established forms of 
 government, and is the acknowledged connecting 
 link with the primitive tribal relations, which 
 was the first advance in our sociological prog- 
 ress. And. in reviewing the history of Schuyler 
 County, the fact presents itself that this region 
 is included within what is known as "The 
 Military Tract," a section of Illinois that was 
 set apart as bounty lands for the soldiers in the 
 War of 1S12, which makes its very inception 
 closely connected with the military history of 
 these United States. 
 
 The action of the General Government in 
 distributing this land among the soldiers is 
 worthy of commendation, but few indeed of those 
 intended to be the immediate beneficiaries ever 
 took possession of their intended allotments. 
 Some few of the early settlers of Schuyler 
 County were veterans of the Revolutionary War 
 and the War of 1S12, and many more were de- 
 scendants of patriotic heroes, who had served 
 their country in one or both of these wars, or 
 had been witli that hardy band of patriots that 
 blazed the path of civilization into Kentucky. 
 
 But the record of Schuyler's citizen soldiers in 
 every war that has been fought since Illinois was 
 admitted to the Union of States, is the best evi- 
 dence of the fine military spirit that exists 
 among her loyal and patriotic citizens. 
 
 Of the veterans of the Wars of the Revolution 
 and 1X12. and who were afterwards residents 
 of Schuyler County, there is no accurate record. 
 The names of a few of these soldiers, however, 
 have been preserved in the county records where 
 application was made for pensions. 
 
 Under an act of Congress, dated March IS. 
 1S18, pensions were allowed soldiers in the War 
 of the Revolution and the first application filed 
 in Schuyler County was presented by Henry 
 Green to the County Commissioners, June 4, 
 1827. In his petition to the court he states that 
 this was his third application for pension. 
 
 Mr. Green's army record, as shown in his peti- 
 tion, recites the fact that he enlisted in March. 
 1770, in the State of Maryland, and served in 
 Capt. John Gazway's company, commanded by 
 Col. Thomas Wolford. and that he continued to 
 
 serve until the close of the war, receiving his 
 discharge at Annapolis. 
 
 In making an application for pension, it was 
 required that the applicant should accompany his 
 application with a schedule of property owned by 
 him and Mi-. Green presented the following: 
 One debt in trade $10 ; one horse sixteen years 
 old ; one colt one year old ; one cow and calf ; 
 two yearlings; two one-horse plows; two old 
 hoes: one horse-collar; two pairs trace chains; 
 two old clevises ; one frow ; one old iron wedge ; 
 one old log chain. The property scheduled was 
 valued at $80. 
 
 There was red tape in the Pension Depart- 
 ment even as early as 1827, for we find in the 
 County Commissioners record that it was re- 
 quired of Mr. Green to appear before that body 
 on March 3, 1828, and again give an inventory of 
 property owned by him on March IS. 1818, and 
 explain what disposal had since been made of it. 
 The following statement shows how Mr. Green 
 explained his case to the inquiring government 
 official : "Loaned mare ; cow died ; the $20 re- 
 ceived from James Turner was applied to pur- 
 chase hat for myself, one tin bucket and the 
 balance for clothing for my family: sheep killed 
 by wolves; $15 applied to purchase feather- 
 bed." 
 
 In this application Mr. Green gives his age 
 as sixty-three years, and states that age and 
 infirmities forbid following the occupation of 
 farmer. Mr. Green's statement clearly estab- 
 lishes the fact that he held the honor of mak- 
 Ing the first application for pension in Schuyler 
 County, but the records do not show whether 
 or not it was granted. 
 
 On September 3, 1832. applications for pen- 
 sions were filed by William Blair, Benjamin 
 Carpenter. James Lanman and George Taylor. 
 
 Mr. Blair enlisted in May. 177S. as a sub- 
 stitute for his father. He was in a battle with 
 Indians at Tioga River, and was injured by 
 carrying an ammunition box. He enlisted twice 
 afterwards, and was finally discharged in 1781. 
 
 Benjamin Carpenter enlisted as minute-man 
 for four years at Amherst, Va.. in May, 1770: 
 was in one engagement at Long Bridge on York 
 River, and present at surrender of Gen. Corn- 
 wallis. Rev. Peter Cartwright vouched for Mr. 
 Carpenter's reputation as a citizen. 
 
 James Lanman enlisted at Charleston, S. C, 
 in July, 1770. He reenlisted March 3. 17S1, in 
 Capt. Tillman Dickson's cavalry company, and 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 725 
 
 served under Gen. Nathaniel Green. He partic- 
 ipated in the battle of Guilford and Eutaw 
 Springs, and in the latter fight was wounded in 
 the thigh. 
 
 George Taylor enlisted in September, 1777, in 
 Capt. Samuel Sehaekelford's company, com- 
 manded by Col. Broadhead, of Amherst County, 
 Ya He was tirst sent to Fort Cumberland and 
 served four months and a half. He reen- 
 listed four times and in his petition for a pen- 
 sion, states that he served under Gen. Wayne 
 and the French patriot, Gen Lafayette. Rev. 
 Peter Cartwright vouched lor Mr. Taylor's good 
 character. 
 
 Schuyler County Militia. — Of the militia 
 organization in Schuyler County we have no 
 record, and a careful examination of the his- 
 tories of the State throws no light on this phase 
 of the military history of Illinois. Nevertheless, 
 an extensive system of military organization was 
 maintained in the State from 1830 to 1840, with 
 the Governor as Commander-in-chief, but no rec- 
 ord was ever kept of the enrollment of troops, and 
 we must depend upon the recollection of old set- 
 tlers for the facts here presented. 
 
 As early as 1S30 Schuyler County had organ- 
 ized a militia company and "Muster Day" was an 
 important event in the life of the pioneer. Some 
 of those who participated in those stirring times 
 recall it, after the lapse of years, as the season 
 for a general debauch, which finally led to the 
 total abandonment of the entire local militia sys- 
 tem in 1840. 
 
 Muster Day was usually held once or twice 
 each year in every county, and at that time all 
 the local companies were gathered in battalion 
 and regimental drills. Men from distant parts 
 of the county were then brought into friendly 
 relations, and barter and trade in everything, 
 from pocket knives to horses, engaged the at- 
 tention of the citizen soldiers. Oftentimes the 
 men would be accompanied by their wives and 
 children, for Muster Day was the gala day of the 
 year to the pioneers. 
 
 In Rushville the old Muster ground was on the 
 prairie, where the new Little addition has been 
 plaited, and it was here the last regimental mus- 
 ter was held in the fall of 1S40. Col. Russell 
 Toncray was in command of the regiment. Alex 
 HoUingsworth was Lieutenant Colonel, Levi 
 Lusk Major, and Wiliam Ellis was a staff of- 
 ficer, but we have been unable to get his title. 
 
 Among the captains old settlers recall the 
 
 names of Capt Leonidas Horney, Capt. Michael 
 Ivirkham, Capt. Wiliam Berry, Capt. Peter C. 
 Vance, Capt. Ehenezer Demmick, Capt. Russell 
 Toncray, Capt. Mitch White, Capt. Archie Paris, 
 Capt. Brant Brown and Capt. A. L. Wells. 
 
 Luke Allphin, of Camden, tells us that the 
 militia in the west part of the county was com- 
 manded by Col. Doltson, of Huntsville, and that 
 once each year several companies from that 
 neighborhood attended regimental muster at Mt. 
 Sterling, where Col. Thomas Brockman was in 
 command. 
 
 First Fourth of July Celebration. — The first 
 general celebration of the Fourth of July, in 
 Rushville, occurred in 1S36, and we are fortunate 
 to have in our possession a copy of The Rushville 
 Journal giving an account of the celebration in 
 detail. 
 
 On the morning of the sixtieth anniversary of 
 the nation's independence, the patriotic citizens 
 gathered at the Cumberland Presbyterian church, 
 where Rev. Mr. McDowell opened the meeting 
 with prayer. The Declaration of Independence 
 was read by Wm. A. Minshall and orations were 
 delivered by Hart Fellows and George W. Wells, 
 From the church the citizens marched to a grove 
 west of town in the following order : 
 
 Rushville Rifle Company, under Capt. Toncray. 
 
 Revolutionary Soldiers, preceded by the flag. 
 
 Clergy. Orators of the Day. 
 
 The Ladies. 
 
 Citizens. 
 
 At the grove a basket dinner was served and 
 short toasts were given by the citizens assembled. 
 
 James S. McCreery was President of the day 
 and A. McHatton was Vice-President, Following 
 is a list of toasts submitted with responses: 
 
 "The Heroes of the Black Hawk War" — Hart 
 Fellows. 
 
 "The Judiciary of the United States" — W. A. 
 Minshall. 
 
 "Davy Crockett"— J. M. McCutchen. 
 
 "The 4th of July, 1776"— J. T. Worthington. 
 
 "Our Star Spangled Banner" — Dr. J. W. Clark. 
 
 "The Young Tree of Liberty in Texas" — David 
 Owens. 
 
 "Constitution Building" — Samuel McHatton. 
 
 "Our Constitution" — Jos. Burton. 
 
 "Patriots of the Revolution" — W. Smith. 
 
 "The State of Illinois"— G. W. Baker. 
 
 "Edsvard Livingston" — Dr. J. S. Dunlap. 
 
 "May all party spirit, founded upon the love 
 
726 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 of speculation, be buried in Rusbville" — Alex. 
 Campbell. 
 
 "( 'omforts of Pence and Blessing of Liberty" 
 — A. Maury. 
 
 "The Memory of Benjamin Franklin" — M. 
 Kirkbam. 
 
 "The Militia of the United States"— J. G. Ran- 
 dall. 
 
 "The First Settlers of Illinois"— Jobn Tod- 
 liunter. 
 
 "The Yankees" — David V. Dawley. 
 
 "The Brave Texans" — R. W. Renfroe. 
 
 "The Memory of Christopher Columbus" — 
 Lewis Robertson. 
 
 "The Heroes of Texas" — Dr. R. M. Worthing- 
 ton. 
 
 "The Memory of Col. Ethan Allen" — Andrew 
 Cruse. 
 
 "Texans" — George Henry. 
 
 "Knowledge is Power" — J. D. Manlove. 
 
 "The Fair Sex" — H. H. Anderson. 
 
 In 1858 an effort was made to raise an artil- 
 lery company in Rushville. and an organization 
 was effected by electing B. C. Gillam captain 
 The men composing this squad left no record 
 of their sen-ice. but the brass cannon furnished 
 them by the State was kept in Rushville for 
 several years and, at the beginning of the Civil 
 War. was called in by Gov. Yates and sent to 
 Cairo. The folowiug notice of the organization 
 and equipment of the company is taken from 
 The Rushville Times : 
 
 "Notice is hereby given to the Rushville Artil- 
 lery Company that Messrs. Ray, Little & Co., have 
 taken the contract for furnishing material and 
 manufacturing uniforms for said company on 
 much better terms than I have expected, viz: 
 Coat and pants of blue cloth, trimmed with yel- 
 low — the cloth to be superior to the sample fur- 
 nished by M. L. Read & Co., of Beardstown. 
 The price is $1S, to be paid in cash, cooperage or 
 any kind of produce. Should any of the com- 
 pany wish it, they can have the cloth furnished 
 ready cut out, with trimmings, so as to have them 
 made up at home. 
 
 "I wish all to be uniformed by the first day of 
 April, 1858. Our arms will consist of one or two 
 brass cannon, and several stands of arms, with 
 all the accoutrements of the !>cst pattern and 
 latest styles. Said arms and accoutrements to 
 be delivered to us in January, 1858. 
 
 "Our next meeting will be on Christmas, the 
 25th day of December next. Let all come. If 
 
 there are any who wish to enlist, there is still 
 room fur a few more good men. 
 
 "For the pride and honor of our town and 
 county, let us use every exertion to get up, and 
 keep up, a martial spirit. We have the material 
 and the ability to make a good company, and 
 that is all that is necessary. 
 
 "B. C. Gillam, Capt." 
 
 "December 11, 1857. 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 THE BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 
 THE MILITARY TRACT A FIELD OF MILITARY OPERA- 
 TIONS — THE BLACK HAWK INVASION OF 1831 
 
 IT IS BROUGHT TO A SPEEDY TERMINATION BY 
 
 PROMPT GOVERNMENT ACTION SOME CITIZENS OF 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY WHO TOOK PART IN THE 
 CAMPAIGN — SECOND COMING OF BLACK HAWK IN 
 
 1832 GOV. REYNOLDS' CALL FOB VOLUNTEERS IS 
 
 PROMPTLY MET — BEARDSTOWN THE RENDEZVOUS 
 
 OF TROOPS O. II. BROWNING'S DIARY — RUSHVILLE 
 
 ON THE LINE OF MARCH PANIC CAUSED BY THE 
 
 STILLMAN DEFEAT — REV. CHAUNCEY HOBART'S AC- 
 COUNT TWO COMPANIES FROM SCHUYLER COUN- 
 TY STORY OF THE LINCOLN-MOORE WRESTLING 
 
 MATCH — A MILITARY ORDER MUSTER ROLL OF 
 
 SCHUYLER COLTNTY VOLUNTEERS. 
 
 The history of the Black Hawk war is one of 
 thrilling interest, and especially to the residents 
 of the Military Tract, which was the scene of 
 active warfare, but inasmuch as the subject is 
 ably treated in the supplement to the Encyclo- 
 pedia part of this work (see "Encyclopedia of 
 Illinois," pages 60S-615), we will content our- 
 selves with a review of the part Schuyler County 
 soldiers played in this war, and other Incidents 
 that have a local interest. 
 
 Pioneer settlers of Schuyler indeed took a 
 prominent part in this, the only war fought by 
 United States troops in Illinois, and many there 
 were who served in both the campaigns of 1S31 
 and 1832. The pioneers were not only stirred 
 to effort by a lofty patriotism, but it was in a 
 measure a rally to protect their own homes and 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 727 
 
 loved ones, for had not Black Hawk and liis war- 
 riors been checked at the Rock River they would 
 have swooped down upon the scattered settle- 
 ments along the Illinois, for Schuyler was at 
 that day on the northern frontier for the home- 
 seekers. 
 
 And so it was that the little settlement about 
 Rushville was startled early in May, 1831, by the 
 rumors which came from the north, that Black 
 Hawk and his band of warriors had crossed 
 the Mississippi River and threatened the destruc- 
 tion of the white settlers. Then came Gov. 
 Reynold's call for volunteers, and the whole 
 Northwest resounded with the clamor of war. 
 The Governor asked for 700 men, but more than 
 twice that number responded at the date of ren- 
 dezvous, June 15, 18.31. The troops crossed the 
 Illinois River at Beardstown'from the south, and 
 met the frontiermen from the west at the camp, 
 two miles north of Rushville, and there organ- 
 ized into two regiments and two battalions. One 
 regiment elected James D. Henry, of Sangamon 
 Count}-, Colonel, and the other elected Daniel 
 Lieb, while Major Nathaniel Buckmaster was 
 elected to command the "Odd Battalion," and 
 Major Samuel Whitesides was appointed by the 
 Governor to the command of the "Spy Battalion," 
 and the whole brigade was placed under the 
 command of Gen. Joseph Duncan, afterwards 
 Governor of Illinois. 
 
 The muster roll of volunteers of this first ex- 
 pedition against Black Hawk was not preserved. 
 but we have the written record of Rev. Chauncey 
 Ilobart. an early Schuyler pioneer, and a vol- 
 unteer in this war, of the part taken by the 
 Schuyler company under command of Capt. Hart 
 Fellows and Lieut. William C. Ralls. We quote 
 as follows from Rev. Ilobart: 
 
 "Gen. Joseph Duncan took command, and. as 
 our county lay immediately on the line of march 
 to Rock Island, we were ordered to wait until 
 the brigade came, when we were made a part of 
 the Fourth Regiment. Illinois Volunteers, fifteen 
 hundred strong. 
 
 "We marched in four columns, the baggage 
 train keeping the road and two regiments on 
 either side, ours being the extreme left. 
 
 "To most of the men this going to war was 
 a time of rare frolic and nonsense. To us fron- 
 tier boys, accustomed as we had been to rough- 
 ing it, most of the time, and to all kinds of wind 
 and weather, the camping out in blankets under 
 the stars, and marching through heavy rains. 
 
 <vas not considered hardships. We vastly en- 
 joyed it. we thought it was royal fun. 
 
 "Guards and scouts, however, were regularly 
 detailed, as if there was danger near, but nothing 
 occurred to interrupt the jollity of the march to 
 Rock Island." 
 
 At Fort Armstrong the troops were met by 
 Gen. Gaines, and when the volunteer brigade 
 crossed Rock River they found the Indian vil- 
 lage deserted. Black Hawk and his warriors 
 had recrossed the Mississippi into Iowa, and the 
 raw recruits who were thirsting for battle, put 
 the torch to the abandoned Indian village as a 
 record of their displeasure. On June 30th a 
 treaty of peace was signed and the pioneers re- 
 turned home, having been in the service about 
 thirty days. Many were displeased at the fav- 
 orable terms given Chief Black Hawk, and con- 
 temptuously referred to their adventure as a 
 "corn war," instituted by the Indians to secure 
 maintenance from the Federal Government. 
 
 Notwithstanding the treaty signed in June, 
 1831. Black Hawk, with five hundred warriors 
 on horseback, again invaded Illinois in the spring 
 of 1832 and sought to influence the Winnebagoes 
 and the Pottawatomies, then stationed in Wis- 
 consin, to join him in an expedition against the 
 settlers. 
 
 On April 16, 1S32. Gov. Reynold's issued the 
 second call for mounted volunteers, to rendezvous 
 at Beardstown on April 22d. Men left their 
 plows, and. witii little or no preparation 
 hastened to respond. They all furnished their 
 own horses and firearms, and it was a motley 
 army that gathered to resist the Indian invasion. 
 but the men were accustomed to the wild life 
 on the frontier and eutered heartily into the 
 task before them. 
 
 While Beardstown was named as the place of 
 rendezvous in the Governor's call for troops, 
 the first camp of the volunteers was made on 
 the Schuyler side of the river, and it was here 
 the little army was organized into a brigade 
 under command of Gen. Samuel Whitesides. 
 
 O. H. Browning, an Adams' County volun- 
 teer, afterwards United States Senator from 
 Illinois, kept a diary during the period of his 
 enlistment, and from this record we learn im- 
 portant facts of the campaign and the movement 
 of the troops through Schuyler County. 
 
 Under date of April 25, 1832, Mr. Browning 
 writes that his company left Quincy. They had 
 no tents, and when dismounted stood ankle deep 
 
738 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 in mud. On Friday. April 27th, they reached 
 Rushville, and marched three miles east of town, 
 where the troops were collecting from various 
 places. On Monday, the 30th, the whole army, 
 consisting of 1,300 horsemen and some on foot, 
 removed seven miles and went into camp, four 
 miles north of Rushville. Here the regiment 
 commanded by Col. Jacob Fry, of Greene County, 
 was organized and minor officers elected. The 
 army was now fully organized and under the 
 command of Gen. Samuel Whitesides, and Gov. 
 Reynolds also accompanied the army on its 
 march. 
 
 From Rushville the line of march was to Tel- 
 low Ranks (now Oquawka), on the Mississippi 
 River, which was reached on May 3d. By rea- 
 son of delay in the arrival of the boat with 
 provisions, the army was compelled to remain 
 the 4th, 5th and 6th in camp. On the morning 
 of the 7th the march was continued to the mouth 
 of Rock River, which was reached about night- 
 fall. From here the army marched to Prophet's 
 Town, and then on to Dixon's Ferry. The sea- 
 son was unusually rainy and. by the time the 
 troops had reached Dixon's Ferry, they were 
 nearly exhausted with fording creeks and tow- 
 ing unmanageable keel-boats up the river, many 
 times wading waist-deep in mire and water. 
 
 It was at Dixon's Ferry that the troop first 
 heard of Stillman's defeat on May 14th, and the 
 meager news first brought in by stragglers al- 
 most caused a panic, as the number of Indians 
 swarming down upon the army was fixed at fif- 
 teen thousand. 
 
 Rev. Chauncey Hobart, a Schuyler County 
 volunteer, in "The Recollection of His Life," 
 states that they were awakened about 2 o'clock 
 on the morning of the 15th by a straggler from 
 Stillman's battalion, who stated there had been 
 a desperate fight with Black Hawk's band and 
 that Stillman and all his men had been killed. 
 
 "This aroused the camp," says Rev. Hobart, 
 "The men were sent to bring in the horses — 
 many of them miles away. Our scanty breakfast 
 was hastily eaten and by sunrise we were two 
 miles out on the prairie. During the march up 
 Rock River to the battle field, we met squads of 
 Stillman's men, who were perfectly demoralized 
 and saying we would find Indians by the thous- 
 ands just ahead of us. 
 
 "When we proceeded about twenty miles we 
 came upon the indications of the fight; dead 
 horses, blankets, guns and other articles, which 
 
 had been dropped in the flight. And before we 
 had reached Stillman's camp, we had found the 
 bodies of ten white men and two Indians, who 
 had been killed. These we buried and then 
 camped on the battle field." 
 
 The wily Black Hawk lost no time in making 
 a hasty retreat, following this slaughter of the 
 overconfident volunteer soldiers, and when the 
 main army came up he was marching across the 
 border into Wisconsin. The prospect of a long 
 campaign was disheartening to the volunteers, 
 who, for the second season, had neglected their 
 crops at a time when it meant a considerable 
 loss to them, and there was a general clamor to 
 return home. Inasmuch as Black Hawk had left 
 the State, and the federal troops were in close 
 pursuit, the volunteer army under General 
 Whitesides was disbanded and the soldier's re- 
 ceived their discharge at Ottawa, May 28, 1832. 
 
 A number of the Schuyler boys under Capt. 
 William C. Ralls, reenlisted to avenge the In- 
 dian Creek massacre, following Stillman's defeat, 
 and they served until June 15th. 
 
 In response to the second call for troops fol- 
 lowing Stillman's defeat, Capt. John Stennett 
 formed a company in Schuyler County, which 
 was attached to the Odd Battalion of Mounted 
 Rangers, and mustered into service. May 30, 
 1832. This company ranged between the Illinois 
 and Mississippi Rivers during the summer, to 
 protect the settlers from a surprise by any strag- 
 gling bands of Indians. They were mustered 
 out. September 4, 1832. 
 
 In the organization of troops for the Black 
 Hawk War, the two Schuyler companies, under 
 command of Capt. Moses G. Wilson and Capt. 
 Win. C. Ralls, were attached to the Fourth 
 Regiment, the other company being commanded 
 by Capt. Abraham Lincoln. This intimate as- 
 sociation in camp, where sports and games were 
 a feature, brought the Schuyler volunteers into 
 close contact with Lincoln, and many of them 
 were afterward his stanchest friends and sup- 
 porters, though, perhaps, they never could really 
 understand how he had outstripped them in after 
 life and won renown and imperishable fame as 
 the nation's most beloved and exalted executive. 
 
 The writer well remembers when a lad listen- 
 ing to the stories, told by John Brown, a Black 
 Hawk War veteran, and the name of Lincoln 
 was oftentimes mentioned in the recitals, which 
 filled our boyish heart with wonder and excite- 
 ment, but the details have long since passed 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 729 
 
 from memory, but there is no mistaking the fact 
 that John Brown was one of the men who knew 
 Lincoln intimately in those stirring pioneer days. 
 
 Much has been written concerning the cele- 
 brated wrestling match indulged in by Lincoln, 
 when in the Black Hawk War, and there is now 
 good authority for stating that the historic bout 
 took place in Schuyler County. 
 
 Col. Risdon M. Moore, now United States In- 
 ternal Revenue Collector at San Antonio, Texas, 
 has written an account of the wrestling match, 
 as he heard it from his father, and from Mr. 
 Lincoln himself, and the same has been published 
 in the "Transactions of the Illinois Historical 
 Society." We quote as follows : 
 
 "The place where the contest came off was 
 near Beardstown, on the Illinois River, perhaps 
 just across the river on the west side. It was 
 when the volunteers were meeting there prepara- 
 tory to taking the field against Black Hawk, in 
 the spring of 1832. The occasion of the 'wrassel' 
 was this : A company of mounted volunteers 
 from near Belleville, in St. Clair County, com- 
 manded by my uncle, Capt. William Moore, and 
 one from Sangamon County under Capt. Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, arrived at the same place at the 
 general rendezvous at about the same time, and 
 both wanted the same camping ground, which 
 was just large enough, with conveniences of 
 wood and water, for one company, but not large 
 enough for two. 
 
 "The proposition to wrestle for choice of camp 
 grounds came from the Sangamon Company, that 
 the two captains, my uncle and Mr. Lincoln, 
 wrestle for it. My uncle declined this banter, 
 and then my father, Jonathan Moore, who was 
 then Orderly Sergeant, designated Dow Thomp- 
 son to represent the St. Clair Company." 
 
 Mr. Moore then tells of a meeting with Lin- 
 coln at Springfield on August 8, 1860, when this 
 now famous wrestle was referred to, and his 
 narrative as stated by Lincoln, reads: 
 
 "Gentlemen. I felt of Mr. Thompson, the St. 
 Clair champion, and told my boys I could throw 
 him, and they could bet what they pleased. You 
 see, I had never been thrown, or dusted, as the 
 phrase then was. and. I believe Thompson said 
 the same to the St. Clair boys, that they might 
 bet their bottom dollars that he could down me. 
 You may think a wrestle, or 'wrassle," as we 
 called such contests of skill and strength, was 
 a small matter, but I tell you the whole army 
 was out to see it. We took our holds, his choice 
 
 first, a side hold. I then realized from his grip 
 for the first time that he was a powerful man 
 and that I would have no easy job. The struggle 
 was a severe one, but after many passes and 
 efforts he threw me. My boys yelled out 'a 
 dog fall,' which meant then a drawn battle, but 
 I told my boys it was fair, and then said to 
 Thompson, 'now it's your turn to go down,' as 
 it was my hold then, Indian hug. We took our 
 holds again, and after the fiercest struggle of the 
 kind that I ever had, he threw me again, almost 
 as easily at my hold as at his own. My men 
 raised another protest, but I again told them it 
 was a fair down. Why, gentlemen, that man 
 could throw a grizzly bear." 
 
 Biographers of Lincoln have given credit to 
 this celebrated wrestle with Thompson and, in- 
 asmuch as the troops were assembled and camped 
 for several days in Schuyler County, the natural 
 conclusion is that the bout occurred at the camp 
 three miles east of Rushville. 
 
 Military discipline was unknown to the raw- 
 recruits composing Gen. Whiteside's Brigade, 
 and the action of the troops on the march and 
 in camp caused Gov. Reynolds much annoyance 
 and chagrin. And so it was, that the celebrated 
 General Order of April 30th, was issued, while 
 the troops were in camp north of Rushville. A 
 manuscript copy of this order has been preserved 
 and it reads as follows : 
 
 "Headquarters near Rushville. 
 April 30, 1832. 
 (general order.) 
 
 "There is to be no firing of guns in the lines 
 or encampment without permission from the field 
 officers under whose command the applicant may 
 be placed, nor will any other disorderly conduct 
 whatever be allowed in the brigade. At 12 
 sounds of the bugle officers and soldiers will rise 
 up and prepare for the business of the day; at 
 6 sounds they will catch horses ; at 8 sounds sad- 
 dle up; at 10 sounds parade; at 3 sounds march; 
 at 4 sounds halt ; at 14 sounds officers to at- 
 tend headquarters for orders. 
 
 "By order of Brig. Gen. S. Whitesides. 
 
 "N. BUCKMASTER, 
 
 "Brigade Major." 
 This order was meant to apply to the volun* 
 teers in the ranks, but it seems as though, Capt. 
 Lincoln, while on the march, indulged in an 
 unseemly display of firearms and, in consequence, 
 was reprimanded and compelled to wear a 
 wooden sword by his superior officer as punish- 
 
r30 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 incut for the offense. No doubt there were other 
 offenders among the volunteers of the Fourth 
 regiment, of which the Schuyler troops formed a 
 part, but history has made no record of it. Of 
 the three captains in this regiment, Moses G. 
 Wilson, of Rushville, was the only one to achieve 
 the distinction of promotion, and he was ad- 
 vanced to the rank of Major. 
 
 The record of the services of the Schuyler 
 County soldiers in the second campaign of the 
 Black Hawk War in 1832 is contained in the 
 report of the Adjutant General of Illinois, pub- 
 lished in 1882. The Fourth Regiment was com- 
 manded by Samuel M. Thompson, of the Brigade 
 of Mounted Volunteers commanded by Brig. 
 Gen. Samuel Wbitesides. There were three com- 
 panies commanded by Capt. Samuel Hollings- 
 worth, who succeeded Moses G. Wilson, advanced 
 to Major, Capt. Wm. C. Ralls and Capt. Abraham 
 Lincoln. 
 
 MUSTER ROLLS. 
 
 The muster roll of the Schuyler volunteers is 
 as follows : 
 
 Captain — Moses G. Wilson, elected Major, April 30, 
 1832. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — Alex. Hollingsworth, lost horse 
 May _•-'. 1832, award. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — Harvey Slciles. 
 
 Sergeants — John B. Watson, appointed Adj't of 
 4th Reg.. April 30. 1832; G. W. P. Maxwell, ap- 
 pointed First Sergeant, April 30 : resigned May 19 ; 
 Samuel Hollingsworth, elected Captain. April 30, 
 1832 : I. G. Randall, resigned May 10, 1S32. 
 
 Corporals — Ava. Hollingsworth. resigned. April 30, 
 1S32 ; James Martin, appointed First Corporal, April 
 30, 1832; David Frayner, appointed Second Sergeant, 
 April 30, 1S32; L. B. Skiles appointed Third Cor- 
 poral, April 30, 1832. 
 
 Privates — 
 
 Abbott, Thomas, furloughed (sick). May 19. 1832. 
 
 Abbott, A., furloughed (to attend sick). May 19, 
 1832. 
 
 Bogart. Samuel, appointed First Sergeant. May 19, 
 1832. Lost horse. 
 
 Burnett. Wm. 
 
 Butler. George, 
 
 Cox, William, appointed Fourth Corporal, April 30, 
 1832. 
 
 Collins, Elijah, detailed on extra duty. 
 
 Dunlap. Adam, appointed First Surgeon's Mate, 
 April 30. 1832. 
 
 Frakes. James, 
 
 Guinn, William. 
 
 Harrison. G. H., 
 
 Hollingsworth, Abe, 
 
 [loll ingswort h, John, 
 
 Holliday. I. S., 
 
 Elobart. Chaunrey, appointed Fourth Sergeant, April 
 30. 1832. 
 
 Hills. Gamaliel, 
 
 Horney. Nowleu. lost horse May 22, 1832. 
 
 Hills, Ishmael. 
 
 Horney. Samuel, appointed Quartermaster, April 30, 
 
 Justus, G. W.. 
 
 Kirkham. Ezra, lost horse May 22, 1832. 
 
 Lockhart, William, 
 
 Lane, Rutherford, lost horse May 22, 1S32. 
 
 McFadden, John, appointed Third Sergeant, May 19, 
 1832. 
 
 Murphy, Robert, detailed on extra duty. 
 
 Morgan, John, 
 
 Moore, Willis, 
 
 Naught, George, 
 
 Riley, Daniel, lost horse May 22. 1832. 
 
 Reno, Jonathan, appointed Second Corporal, April 
 30, 1832. 
 
 Riley, Caleb, 
 
 Skiles, Benj., 
 
 Wilson, William L., 
 
 Wallace, Moses, 
 
 W i iuht . Hen iv. 
 
 Williams, Eli, 
 
 Xoung, William, lost horse May 22, 1832. 
 
 Captain — Wm. C. Ralls. 
 
 First Lieutenant — James Blackburn, resigned and 
 returned home May 13, 1832. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — John Stennet, promoted First 
 Lieutenant, May 13, 1832. 
 
 Sergeants — John M. Jones, Geo. W. Penny, James 
 Hunter, James P. Hinney, promoted Second Lieuten- 
 ant, May 13, 1832. 
 
 Corporals — Theo. Jourdan. Stephen il. St. Cyr, Jere- 
 miah White, Alfred W. McIIatten. appointed Sergeant 
 Major, May 18, 1S32. 
 
 Privates — 
 
 Ballard, Noah B., sick and furloughed, May 26, 
 1832. 
 
 Brines, Roswell. 
 
 Brisco, John, 
 
 Boothe, John, 
 
 Coonrod, Jefferson, 
 
 Combs, Stephen, 
 
 Crawford, John D., 
 
 Chapman, Johnson, 
 
 DeWitt, Gab'l., 
 
 Davis, John, 
 
 Edmonston. David, 
 
 Earnest, Aaron, detailed in wagon service. 
 
 Glenn, Robert II., 
 
 Gay, Lewis, 
 
 Hayden, Thomas, 
 
 Hambaugb, Stephen, appointed Fourth Sergeant, 
 May 13. 
 
 Hill, James, 
 
 Ives. Joll, 
 
 Killion. Michael, sick and furloughed, May 26. 
 
 Morris, William, 
 
 Moore, Daniel, 
 
 McKee. William. 
 
 Owen, Luke, 
 
 Palmer, Benj.. 
 
 Rose, Wm. B.. 
 
 Richardson, Jacob, 
 
 Richardson, Aaron, 
 
 Redick, Thomas, 
 
 Starr. John H., 
 
 Sellars, Thomas, 
 
 Seward, Luster, 
 
 Till. Flemming. sick and furloughed. May 10, 1S32. 
 
 Van Winkle, Alex., 
 
 Vandewenter, Cornelius, furloughed. May 26, 1S32. 
 
 Vanwalter, John, sick and furloughed, May 19, 1832. 
 
 Wilkerson, Jacob, appointed Fourth Corporal, May 
 18. 1832, 
 
 Wilson, Benjamin, 
 
 Odd Battalion Mounted Rangers. — The Odd 
 Battalion of the Brigade of Mounted Rangers, 
 called into the service of the United States, on 
 the requisition of Gen. Atkinson, by the Gov- 
 ernor's proclamation, dated May 30, 1832, was 
 mustered out of service September 4, 1832. The 
 company was enrolled at Rushville, June 6. 
 
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HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 731 
 
 Captain — John Stennett. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Daniel Matheney. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — Joel Pennington, absent on fur- 
 lough from Aug. 27 to this date. 
 
 Sergeants — John B. Smith, Samuel L. Dark, Norris 
 Hobart, Phillip Horney. 
 
 Corporals — Robert Martin, Eli Williams, James 
 Bell, absent on furlough from Aug. 27 to this date ; 
 Isaiah Price. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 THE MEXICAN WAR. 
 
 Privates — 
 
 Allen, William, absent on 
 furlough from Aug. 27 
 to this date. 
 
 Brown, William, 
 
 Bristow, Isaac, 
 
 Bristow, Mathew C. 
 
 Briggs, Elias, 
 
 Brakewell, Charles, sick 
 on way home. 
 
 Busan, Jesse, 
 
 Friend, Abel, 
 
 Glenn. Fielding T., 
 
 Golston. Benjamin, 
 
 Howard, James. 
 
 Hartley, Eli, absent on 
 furlough from Aug. 27 
 to this date. 
 
 Hunter, Jesse, 
 
 Holliday, Sanford, 
 
 Harrison, George II.. 
 
 Horney, Samuel, appoint- 
 ed Quartermaster of 
 battalion, June 15. 
 
 Isaac, Allen, 
 
 Jones, John M.. 
 
 Kennett, William, 
 
 Luster, Jesse, absent on 
 extra duty. 
 
 McGeehy, William, 
 
 McKee, William, 
 
 McKee, James, 
 
 Matheney, Daniel, Jr., 
 
 Martin, Richard D„ 
 
 O'Neill, Simon P., detailed 
 on extra duty. 
 
 Osbourne, Joseph, on fur- 
 lough, arm dislocated. 
 
 Pennington, Riggs, 
 
 Pennington, S. O., 
 
 Pennington, Riley, 
 
 Peckingham, Peter, 
 
 Penningham, Wesley. 
 
 Pettigrew, George M., 
 
 Rice, Nicholas, 
 
 Rose, Stephen, 
 
 Rose. John S.. 
 
 Rigg, William T., 
 
 Smith, George, 
 
 Smith. Samuel. 
 
 Smith, Hugh, 
 
 Sallie, Oliver P., 
 
 Stewart, Samuel, 
 
 Tunis. Joel, 
 
 Van Winkle, John. 
 
 Williams, Mervin, 
 
 White, Jeremiah, 
 
 Independent Company. — After the volunteers 
 were mustered out of service at Ottawa, many 
 of them reeulisted and Capt. Wm. C. Ralls was 
 put in command of one of these independent 
 companies. There were volunteers from many 
 other regiments included, and the company 
 served until June 15, 1832. 
 
 Captain — William C. Ralls. Schuyler County. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Radford M. Wyatt, Monroe 
 County. 
 
 Sergeants — John M. Jones. Schuyler County : Sam- 
 uel M. Pierce, Adams County ; Stephen A. St. Cyr, 
 St. Louis ; S. G. Bond, Monroe County. 
 
 Privates — 
 Bristow, John, Schuyler County. 
 Brooks, Stephen, Monroe County. 
 Beebe, Erastus, Adams County. 
 Crawford, John D., Schuyler County. 
 Coonrod. Jefferson, Schuyler County. 
 Chapman, Johnson, Schuyler County. 
 Eves, Joel. Schuyler County. 
 Johnson, James W.. Shelby County. 
 Johnson, Thomas, Adams County. 
 Kirkham, Ezra, Schuyler County. 
 Lane, Rutherford, Schuyler County. 
 Moore, Daniel, Schuyler County. 
 Morris. William, Schuyler County. 
 Melvan, Andrew. Missouri. 
 Owens, Luke, Schuyler County. 
 Richardson, Jacob, Schuyler County. 
 Richardson, Aaron. Schuyler County. 
 Trail, Xerxes F., Monroe 'County. 
 Turner, Eben, Adams County. 
 Wilkerson, Jacob. Schuyler County. 
 
 WAR DUE TO ANNEXATION OF TEXAS APPROVED BY 
 
 CITIZENS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY' GOV. FORD'S 
 
 CALL FOR VOLUNTEERS IS ANSWERED BY DOUBLE 
 THE NUMBER CALLED FOR — SCHUY'LER AND 
 BROWN COUNTY' VOLUNTEERS UNITE TO FORM 
 COMPANY" E. FIRST REGIMENT ILLINOIS, UNDER 
 COMMAND OF COL. JOHN J. HARDIN THE REGI- 
 MENT, AFTER BEING MUSTERED IN AT ALTON, ILL., 
 REMOVES SUCCESSIVELY TO NEW ORLEANS, MATA- 
 GORDA BAY' AND SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS — ADVANCE 
 TO THE RIO GRANDE PRECEDING THE BATTLE OF 
 BUENA VISTA — LIST OF SCHUYLER COUNTY SOL- 
 DIERS KILLED IN THAT BATTLE MUSTER ROLLS 
 
 OF COMPANY E AND INDEPENDENT CAVALRY' COM- 
 PANY MEMBERS OF THE LATTER WHO DIED IN 
 
 THE SERVICE. 
 
 Without going into a detailed history of the 
 causes that brought about the Mexican War, it 
 will interest the student of Illinois history to 
 know that the war was sanctioned by the resi- 
 dents of our own State. Such was not the case 
 in the East, but Illinois people had favored 
 Texas annexation and gave enthusiastic support 
 to the Mexican War, and her soldiers won taper 
 ishable fame and renown by their display of 
 valor on the battlefield. 
 
 The war sentiment in Illinois was shown most 
 forcibly when Gov. Ford made his call for 
 troops. Within ten days thirty-five full com- 
 panies had organized and reported, and by the 
 time the place of rendezvous had been selected, 
 the number was increased to seventy-five. The 
 full quota of this State was limited to thirty 
 companies, which meant disappointments for 
 many of the enthusiastic volunteers. It may be 
 of interest to know that the pay of these volun- 
 teer soldiers was $8 and commutation, amount- 
 ing in all to .$15.50 per month. The men were 
 required to furnish their own uniform for which 
 they later received remuneration. 
 
 At the time of the breaking out of the Mexi- 
 can War but little progress had been made in 
 military equipment since the day of the Revo- 
 lution. It is true percussion guns had been in- 
 
732 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 vented as early as 1840, but only one regiment 
 was supplied with these modern arms and, taken 
 as a whole, the Mexican campaign was fought 
 with the old fashioned flint-lock guns. 
 
 In any good general history may be found an 
 account of the Mexican War; and the campaign 
 against Gen. Santa Anna, in which Schuyler 
 troops participated, forms the most thrilling 
 chapter, culminating as it does, in the decisive 
 battle of Buena Vista. We will not however, 
 attempt to give even a summary of this war, 
 but will confine ourselves to the local history 
 connected with the organization and achieve- 
 ments of the two companies formed at Rushville 
 and commanded by men from Schuyler County. 
 
 The first call for volunteers in Illinois was 
 made by Gov. Ford under date of May 25, 1S46. 
 Inasmuch as the militia had for several years 
 been in a disorganized state, it was further 
 ordered that the Sheriffs convene the militia 
 regiments or old battalions en masse, and enroll 
 such volunteers as might offer in their respective 
 counties. 
 
 Enoch Edmonston was Sheriff of Schuyler 
 County at that time, and Lewis D. Erwin was 
 his deputy, and they posted notices of the Gov- 
 ernor's proclamation in every voting precinct in 
 the county. When the Governor's proclamation 
 was issued, Wm. A. Richardson, one of the lead- 
 ers of the Schuyler bar, was attending court in 
 Carthage, and he wrote to Mr. Erwin that he 
 would be home on Saturday of that week and 
 asked him to see a number of men who were 
 likely to enlist. 
 
 Mr. Richardson reached Rushville on the ap- 
 pointed date, and a rousing meeting was held in 
 the old court house yard, where animating 
 strains of martial music were wafted upon the 
 air inspiring the soldierly impulse in the men 
 assembled. Mr. Richardson mounted a box on 
 the west side of the court house and read the 
 Governor's proclamation, following it up with a 
 spirited, patriotic and effective appeal for volun- 
 ters. "I propose to go to Mexico to the relief 
 of Gen. Taylor." exclaimed Mr. Richardson, at 
 the close of his speech, "and would ask that all 
 the men who will go with me move to the west 
 part of the court house yard." There was in- 
 stant response to this call for volunteers and the 
 men were there formed in line and marched past 
 the south door of the court house, where Mr. 
 Erwin counted eighty-lour men in line, the full 
 quota for a company. Before the men disbanded 
 
 they were instructed to meet the following Sat- 
 urday to drill. 
 
 During the week following there developed 
 considerable opposition to the war. which was 
 led by Robert Blackwell, one of Rushville's 
 talented and popular lawyers, who afterwards 
 located in Chicago and won for himself a state 
 reputation as an authority on legal practice. Mr. 
 Blackwell was bitterly opposed to the war and 
 he used his influence to get the men to with; 
 draw their names as volunteers. This was 
 plainly evident when the men met for drill on 
 the following Saturday, as there were only fifty 
 present, and it began to look as though the pat- 
 riotic efforts of Mr. Richardson would come to 
 naught. Sheriff Edmonston had not enlisted up 
 to this time as it was the understanding that 
 Mr. Erwin would go to the war, but when Mr. 
 Blackwell incited the men to withdraw their 
 names and referred to the fact that the Sheriff 
 was enlisting men when he himself was not a 
 volunteer. Mr. Edmonston's fighting blood was 
 aroused and he insisted that Mr. Erwin should 
 take charge of his office while he went to war. 
 
 George S. Meyers, of Brown County, had en- 
 deavored to raise a company and failed, and he 
 sent word to Mr. Richardson that he would like 
 to bring his men to Rushville and join the com- 
 pany he was organizing. The offer was accepted 
 and, when the company was organized, Mr. 
 .Myers was elected Second Lieutenant. 
 
 With the addition of the recruits from Brown 
 County there was more than enough men to fill 
 Mr. Richardson's company, and regular drills 
 were held on the prairie south and west of 
 where the Methodist church now stands. The 
 most of the men had been members of the local 
 militia and knew something of the manual of 
 arms, and they entered heartily into the drills, 
 as they wished to make a good appearance when 
 mustered in with the other troops from Illinois, 
 at Alton. It was on this drill-ground that Lewis 
 D. Erwin took the names of the Schuyler vol- 
 unteers who pledged themselves to go to the 
 Mexican War. In detailing the occurrence to 
 the editor of this history. Mr. Erwin states that 
 he placed his paper on the head of a big bass 
 drum, and took the name of each volunteer as 
 they marched past. As he remembers, there 
 were about fifty-three enlisted from this county. 
 
 It is most fortunate that the editor of this 
 history has secured an interview with Luke All- 
 phin, of Camden, who has given us valuable in- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 733 
 
 formation concerning Company E, First Regi- 
 ment Illinois, which was organized at Rushville. 
 This information is all the more important by 
 reason of the fact that it corrects and supplies 
 important facts not stated in the Adjutant Gen- 
 eral's report of Illinois on the Mexican War. 
 Mr. Allphin and F. E. Davis, of Rushvile, are 
 the two survivors of Capt. Richardson's com- 
 pany. Mr. Davis' name does not appear In the 
 Adjutant General's report, but this is accounted 
 for by the fact that he received his discharge 
 from the service at San Antonio, Texas, while 
 the company was discharged, June 17, 1847, at 
 Camargo, Mex. 
 
 When Capt. Richardson's company reached Al- 
 ton, 111., the place of rendezvous, it was at- 
 tached to the First Regiment Illinois Volunteers 
 and was designated as Company E. On July 18, 
 184G, the troops embarked on three steamboats 
 and went down the Mississippi River, landing 
 July 24th, at the battle ground eight miles be- 
 low New Orleans, where Gen. Jackson had de- 
 feated the British under General Pakenham. 
 From there they were transported to Matagorda 
 Bay in Texas, and went into camp on Placideres 
 Creek, at what was known as Camp Irwin. From 
 here they marched to San Antonio, where they 
 went into camp August 24th, at Camp Crockett. 
 On October 2d orders were received to start 
 for Mexico, and after crossing the Rio Grande 
 River, a forced march of 200 miles was made to 
 get the army into position at Parras, and here 
 the troops rested until December, when the his- 
 toric campaign that preceded the battle of Buena 
 Vista was begun. 
 
 The First Regiment of Illinois troops was in 
 Gen. John E. Wool's Division, and it took a 
 prominent part in the historic battle of Buena 
 Vista, on February 23, 1847, where Gol. John J. 
 Hardin, in command of the regiment, lost his 
 life. Company E was in the thick of the fight 
 and of the forty-five men able to go into battle, 
 eight were killed in the engagement. Capt. 
 Richardson was promoted to Major three days 
 afterwards, and G. W. Robertson was elected as 
 his successor to the command of Company E. 
 
 The Adjutant General's report gives no record 
 of the killed in Company E at the battle of 
 Buena Vista, and we get the following correct 
 list from Mr. Allphin: 
 
 Randolph R. Martin. Littleton. 
 Charles Walker, Pleasantview. 
 William Goodwin. Rushville. 
 
 Silas Bedell, Rushville. 
 Samuel Thompson, Bainbridge. 
 Greenberry S. Richardson, Mt. Sterling. 
 Henry H. Clark, Brown County. 
 James J. Kinman, Camden. 
 
 MUSTER ROLL. 
 The muster roll of the company, as published 
 in the Adjutant General's report, is as follows : 
 
 FIRST REGIMENT. 
 Company E. 
 
 Captain — G. W. Robertson. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Allen Persinger. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — George S. Myers, John T. May. 
 
 Sergeants — Geo. W. Calvert, Francis R. McElroy, 
 Luke P. Allphin, James Cokenhour. 
 
 Corporals — Robert A. Lawler, Moses Llttaker, Reu- 
 ben Allphin. William Petefish. 
 
 Musician — James H. Carden. 
 
 Jones, Walter, 
 Jacobs, Daniel, 
 Kock. Isaac, 
 Littaker, Joseph H., 
 Littaker, Rowland G., 
 Lee. John I*., 
 Luttrel, Benj., 
 Luttrell, James H., 
 Lawler, Jos. T., 
 Lansdon, Richard, 
 McClelland, Daniel, 
 Ogden. Jonathan B., 
 Rose, Isaac, 
 Richardson, Wm., 
 Richardson, W. R., 
 Stapleton, Win., 
 Strahan, James, 
 Smotherman, Thos., 
 Smith. Charles, 
 St. John. Wm. II., 
 ^Stephenson, Wm., 
 Thompson. John B., 
 Turner, Berry, 
 Thorp. Levitus M., 
 Van Tossell. F. M., 
 Wilson, James O., 
 Wilson, Thomas, 
 
 Privates — 
 Allphin, Wm. R., 
 Billings, Jonathan, 
 1 Black, John, Sr., 
 Black, John, Jr., 
 Bleach, Cyrus, 
 Brooks, William, 
 Bennett, Lemuel, 
 Berry, George G., 
 Curry, Isaac, 
 Curtis, Geo. W., 
 Crane. Goodsell, 
 Clarkson, Franklin B., 
 Carter, Irvin F., 
 Davis, Moses W., 
 Dalton. Franklin, 
 Doyle, James, 
 File, Henry, 
 Garrett. John, 
 Gray, Hiram EL, 
 Gray. George L., 
 Gillett, Leonard M., 
 Horney, Leonidas, 
 Harris. James H., 
 Harris. William, 
 Hewitt, Allen O., 
 Ishmael, Geo. N., 
 Jones, Anderson, 
 1 KilIed by enemy near Cessaloo, Feb. 24. 
 2 Died of wounds received at Buena Vista, March 25. 
 
 During the second year of the Mexican War 
 four independent companies of cavalry were 
 mustered into the United States service from 
 Illinois, and one of these was organized at Rush- 
 ville under the command of Capt. Adams Dun- 
 lap. The company was recruited during the 
 month of May, 1847, at Rushville, and was 
 mustered into the United States service at Al- 
 ton on the 21st day of the same month, its en- 
 listment being authorized by the same order 
 under which Gen. Newby's regiment was re- 
 ( ruited. 
 
 Capt. Dunlap's company was never engaged in 
 any actual battle, but did considerable scout- 
 ing service, and was thus in several skirmishes 
 with the guerrillas and scouts of the enemy. 
 The command, however, lost heavily by sickness 
 
734 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 and fifteen of the members died in the service, 
 the most of them dying of yellow fever at Mata- 
 moras, Mexico. 
 
 The company was finally discharged at Alton, 
 111., November 7, 1S4S, having served eighteen 
 months in all, this being the longest term of 
 service of any company from this State during 
 the whole war. 
 
 The muster roll of the company is as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 INDEPENDENT CAVALRY COMPANY. 
 
 Captain — Adams Dunlap. 
 First Lieutenant — Samuel Lambert. 
 Second Lieutenants — Simon Doyle, Calvin Jackson. 
 
 Servants Samuel W Boring, James 1'.. Wright, 
 Geo. O. Backman, Richard W. Stephenson. 
 
 Corporals — Victor C. Putman, William Ritchey, 
 Newton D. Witt, John W. Snider. 
 
 Buglers — Theodore Smith, Charles Hynes. 
 Farrier and Blacksmith — David Duff. 
 
 Privates — Jones, Levi, 
 
 Angle, John, Kelly, Patrick. 
 
 •Allen, Mark, Lambert, Henry, 
 
 •Brown, Robert, Lamaster, Erwin, 
 
 •Brown, Alexander, 'Lincoln, Jefferson, 
 
 Bowen, James F., *Mullane. Carroll. 
 
 Bricklee, Henry, *Mauck, Abram R., 
 
 Berry, Daniel F., *McGee, Elijah, 
 
 Beals, Samuel O., * Myers, Jacob L., 
 
 Boyd, David, *Maynard, Robert H., 
 
 Boyd, Robert, *Mars, John L., 
 
 Chipman. Seth, Martin. George W., 
 
 Chapman, Wm. W., McKlnney, John, 
 
 Cummings, Alfred, McNeely, John. 
 
 Cunningham, Caleb, McMasters, William, 
 
 Chipman, Phillip, Murran, James. 
 
 Cram, Henry, Patterson, Charles R., 
 
 Carden, Washington A., Parrott, Josiah, 
 
 •Curtis, Jesse, Puler. Jefferson, 
 
 •Corbridge. Thomas, Presson, William. 
 
 •Carter. Ruthtord, Peirce, George, 
 
 •Carnes. John T., •Parker. Oscar J.. 
 
 •Duhnamell, Benj. F., *R.»berts, DeWitt C, 
 
 •Densmore, James C, *Redmon, W r illiam, 
 
 Derickson, Jos. M., Rhodes, Hinman, 
 
 Erwin. George W., Scott. George R., 
 
 Easley, William. Schott. William B., 
 
 Easley, Thomas M., Spencer. Eli.iah, 
 
 Elliot. William, Smith. Wm. E., 
 
 •Fisher. Jacob, Smith, Robert, 
 
 •Geiger, Davidson M., »Sidwell, James C, 
 
 •Gillett. Charles W„ *Seemon. Cornelius, 
 
 Gilbreth, Samuel, 'Stetson. Clinton, 
 
 Green, William. •Turnbull. Thomas. 
 
 Gitchell, Calvin L., 'Todd, Simeon S.. 
 
 Green. David, •Tucker, William. 
 
 Gordon, Franklin, *Troy, Jerome S., 
 
 Gibson, Isaac W., Thompson, James, 
 
 Haverkluft. C. H. C, Thompson. James D., 
 
 Hollowav. William, Thurman, John, 
 
 Hatfield, Abraham, Vance, John, 
 
 Hymer. George, •Vanconrt, Benj. P., 
 
 Hoyt. Albert, *Wmsor. Clark. 
 
 •Hurry. David. *Weatherbee. Wm. B., 
 
 •Hopkins. Lemuel, *Whitehurst. Willis G., 
 
 •Hopkins, David R., Ward, Alfred, 
 
 •Hanson. William B., Whitlock. George C, 
 
 •Jump, James D., Wright. Isaac S. W., 
 
 Jones. James B., *Ward. Luke G., 
 
 •Joined as recruits in Mexico. 
 
 The roilowing members of the company died In 
 the service: 
 
 Sergeant Thomas Tyre, Matamoras, Mexico, July 
 10, 1847. 
 
 Corporal Anthony Porgolio, Matamoras, Mexico, 
 Oct. 8, 1847. 
 
 Beales, Augustus F., Matamoras, Mexico, Sept. 18 
 1847. 
 
 Biggs, Henry, Matamoras, Mexico, Oct. 23, 1847. 
 
 Burton, Geo. W., Point Isabel, Texas, July IS. 1848. 
 
 Castle, Henry, Matamoras, Mexico, Oct. 28, 1847. 
 
 Clark, John, Matamoras, Mexico, Aug. 1, 1847. 
 
 Cook, William W., Matamoras, Mexico, Sept. 28, 
 1847. 
 
 Dyson, Samuel, Matamoras, Mexico. Oct. 30. 1847. 
 
 Edmondson, N. II. R., Matamoras, Mexico, Oct. 18, 
 1847. 
 
 Fletcher, James C, Matamoras, Mexico, Aug. 7, 
 1847. 
 
 Gipson, Benj. F., Matamoras, Mexico, Oct. 13. 1847. 
 
 Gillett, Plinney P., Alton, 111., Aug. 31. 1848. 
 
 Reu, Thomas, Matamoras. Mexico, July 15, 1847. 
 
 Smith, John, Matamoras. Mexico, Sept. 27, 1S47. 
 
 The following were discharged from service on 
 Surgeons' certificates : 
 
 Sergeant Marcus Serrott. Thomas J. Cross, Francis 
 Dickson. William A. Lansdon, Patterson V. Whitcher. 
 
 Deserted : William Brunt, Wm. Brooks, Simeon 
 A. Hoovey, Thomas J. Smith, David Wright. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION. 
 
 PATRIOTISM OF CITIZENS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 SHOWN IN THE STRUGGLE FOR PRESERVATION OF 
 THE UNION — CAUSES WHICH LED TO THE CON- 
 FLICT SCHUYLER COUNTY POLITICALLY DEMO- 
 CRATIC PARTY' PREJUDICE WIPED OUT BY' THE 
 
 FIRING ON FORT SUMTER — SENATOR DOUGLAS' 
 ELOQUENT APPEAL FOR THE UNION AND ITS EF- 
 FECT ON THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY THE COUNTY 
 
 FILLS ITS QUOTA OF TROOPS — ATTEMPTED ASSAS- 
 SINATION OF PROVOST-MARSHAL DR. SLACK 
 
 SERVICE RENDERED BY LADIES' SOLDIERS' AID SO- 
 CIETIES — MUSTER ROLL OF VOLUNTEERS FROM 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY. WITH REGIMENTS AND COM- 
 PANIES IN WHICH THEY SERVED — SOME THRIL- 
 LING EXPERIENCES OF THE WAR PERIOD BRIL- 
 LIANT DEFENSE OF BUZZARD'S ROOST GAP BY 
 
 CAPT. HY'MER'S LITTLE BAND COL. LEONIDAS 
 
 HORNEY'S GALLANTRY' AND HEROIC DEATH. 
 
 Schuyler County, from the earliest times, has 
 ever manifested a lofty patriotism, and this was 
 most strongly shown in the War of the Rebellion, 
 when the county more than filled its quota in 
 the ranks of the Union Army and sent forth its 
 most stalwart citizen soldiers, many of whom 
 sealed their devotion to the Union with their 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 735 
 
 lives ou the field of battle. The courage and 
 patriotism of these men has placed their uames 
 ui>ou an imperishable roll of honor, and we have 
 endeavored to record in this volume the names of 
 all the volunteers who enlisted from Schuyler 
 County, though this is a difficult thing to do 
 for the reason that many went outside the county 
 to enlist. 
 
 The history of our Civil War is familiar to even 
 the general leader, and it is needless to review 
 even the general reader, and it is needless to re- 
 view even the general causes which brought about 
 the mighty conflict. But it will be well to give a 
 few brief facts that have a purely local bearing 
 ou events prior to 1800. 
 
 Agitation of the question of slavery as a State 
 issue ended iu Illinois the year before Schuyler 
 County was organized, and by popular vote in 
 1824 the anti-slavery forces triumphed by a large 
 majority. Not until 1848, however, did this gen- 
 erally accepted policy of freedom for men of all 
 classes become a part of the State Constitution. 
 
 As a national issue slavery entered largely 
 into the political contest between Democrats and 
 Whigs, and with the organization of the Repub- 
 lican party presented its first candidate for Gov- 
 liceil and partisan feeling correspondingly bit- 
 ter. 
 
 Schuyler County, from the time of its organi- 
 zation in 1S25, bad adhered to the principles of 
 the Democratic party, and the year the Repub- 
 lican party presented its first candidate for Gov- 
 ernor, in 1850, the Democrats nominated William 
 A. Richardson, a former resident of Rushville, 
 for that office. In view of this fact, Schuyler 
 County gave a larger Democratic vote than ever, 
 and when Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. 
 Douglas were rival candidates for the presidency. 
 Judge Douglas carried Schuyler County by a 
 plurality of 603. 
 
 As this vote indicates, Schuyler County did 
 not espouse the cause of Abolition, but when 
 Southern treason culminated in open rebellion 
 with the firing on Fort Sumpter, the partisan 
 feeling, which had previously existed was swept 
 away and Democrats and Republicans alike, laid 
 aside party prejudice and rallied to the support 
 of the Union. 
 
 Stephen A. Douglas, by his memorable speech 
 in Chicago, immediately after President Lin- 
 coln's inauguration, unquestionably saved Illi- 
 nois from being a battle-ground in the Civil War. 
 for he rallied to the support of the Union the 
 
 greater part of his loyal and devoted friends 
 throughout the State. Surrounded by a multi- 
 tude that was swayed by his powerful personal- 
 ity and eloquence, Judge Douglas made plain 
 his position, when treason threatened to des- 
 troy the Union, in these ringing words: 
 
 "There are only two sides in the question. 
 Every man must be for the United States Gov- 
 ernment or against it. There can be no neutrals 
 in this war ; only Patriots and Traitors." 
 
 In 1SG0 the population of Schuyler County 
 was 14,070 and the number of men subject to 
 military duty (between the age of eighteen and 
 forty-five) was 2,529, and yet this county sent 
 more than 1,000 volunteers to the front that the 
 Union might be saved. 
 
 On December 31, 1S04, Schuyler County's 
 quota, as shown by the Adjutant General's re- 
 port, was 1.430, and the total credits 1,479 — 
 an excess of 49. Then followed other calls for 
 troops, and Schuyler's quota was increased to 
 1,055, with a total credit of 1,570. Had the 
 county, however, been given full credit for the 
 volunteers who enlisted in Missouri and other 
 parts of the State during the early years of the 
 war, the quota would have been exceeded by at 
 least 200. 
 
 During the war two townships in Schuyler 
 County voted bounties to protect their citizens 
 from the draft. P.uena Vista voted .?5,325 for 
 bounties, and Birmingham, $8,995.92. 
 
 The office of Provost Marshal during the war 
 held out no reward for advancement in military 
 honors, but it called for bravery of the truest 
 type, as the men who had left the ranks as 
 deserters would resort to any cowardly crime to 
 avoid being captured. This was shown in Rush- 
 ville, when an attempt was made to assassinate 
 Dr. N. B. Slack, who was Provost Marshal for 
 this county. The attempt to kill the oflicer took 
 place at his home in the west part of Rushville, 
 when a rifle ball was fired through a window and 
 lodged in the head of his bed. His barn was 
 afterwards fired by the marauders, in an ef- 
 fort to intimidate him in the discharge of his 
 duties, but Dr. Slack was absolutely fearless of 
 danger and served as Provost Marshal through- 
 out the war. 
 
 The women of Schuyler were no less patriotic 
 than the men in this mighty struggle for free- 
 dom, and soon after the war began a Soldiers' 
 Aid Society was organized. Meetings were held 
 once a week, and the women scraped lint and 
 
736 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 made socks, slippers and comforts for the men 
 on the firing line and in the hospitals. Then, 
 too, they looked after the soldiers' wives and 
 children, who were often in dire distress, and 
 from the society fund many a heart was light- 
 ened in homes that had been forsaken that the 
 Nation's honor might be preserved. 
 
 The complete list of Schuyler County soldiers, 
 as taken from the Arjustant General's report, is 
 here given : 
 
 TWELFTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Company B. 
 Cook, John, Stephens, Jacob, 
 
 Kiemery, Andrew, McConoughey, Austin 
 
 Company D. 
 Conner, William T.. llaynes. Austin 
 
 FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Company A. 
 
 Corporal — Gideon R. Leeds. 
 
 Trivates — Cole, Wm„ 
 
 Bell, Isaac, Day, Geo. W., 
 
 Hatfield, Andrew, Hatfield. Charles W., 
 
 Boyd. Archibald. Harris, John H., 
 
 Ho'llingsworth, Orman, Muck. Wm. J., 
 
 Randall, Josiah, Shaw, Eli. 
 
 FIFTEENTH (REORGANIZED) INFANTRY. 
 Company G. 
 Titus, John B., Wheeler, Joseph F. 
 
 Company I. 
 First Sergeant — Jab T. Lane. 
 Corporal — William J. Dawson. 
 Privates — Holdren, David, 
 
 Hyde, James W., Huling. John D., 
 
 Hough, Samuel, Melugin, Wm. J., 
 
 Lewis, Davis, McClure, Hyde. 
 
 SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Commissary Sergeant — James H. Wilson. 
 Musician — James Baxter. 
 
 Privates — 
 Odell. Alfred C, 
 
 Company A. 
 
 iloskinson, Wm. O. 
 
 Company B. 
 Baxter. James, McKinley, Charles W., 
 
 Thompson, Isaiah, Brown. Wallace, 
 
 Bowers, Marion, Cole, John, 
 
 Eifert, Philip, French, Wellington J., 
 
 McKinley. Estes, Points, Francis M. 
 
 Plymate. Benson, 
 
 Company C. 
 Seevers. Adonljah, Dodds, Webster. 
 
 Roberts, John, 
 
 Brumback. Irvine. 
 Moore. Wm. R., 
 
 Company E. 
 
 Cox. Daniel J., 
 Pennington, Isaac. 
 
 Company K. 
 Fielder, Wm. R., Fielder, John. 
 
 Fielder, Joseph W., Ledgewood, Newton G. 
 
 Company G. 
 
 Captains — William H. McAllister, William G. 
 Ritchev, Marcus D. L. Manlove. 
 
 First Lieutenants — William G. Rltchey, Marcus D. 
 L. Manlove, George W. Parrott. William S. Marlow. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Marcus D. L. Manlove, George 
 W. Parrott, Lewis E. Garrison. 
 
 First Sergeant — George W. Parrott. 
 
 Sergeants — George Barnhart, William J. Dodds, 
 John Thrush, Matthew H. Bellamy. 
 
 Corporals — William S. Marlow, John F. Smith, 
 Thomas Lashmett, Lyman Ryley. 
 
 Privates — 
 Abbott, Charles, 
 Baker, William H., 
 Berry, Frederick E., 
 Botchlett, Adam, 
 Bennett, John, 
 Bowman, Jacob S., 
 Cramer, Walter, 
 Clark, Benjamin M., 
 Curtis, Jefferson E., 
 Dimmick, James M., 
 Dimmick, Joseph W., 
 
 Veterans — ■ 
 Abbott, Charles, 
 Bowman, Jacob S., 
 Botchlett, Adam, 
 Barry, John, 
 Blackburn, Thomas J., 
 Easley, Barton W., 
 Garrison, Lewis W., 
 Kundell, John A., 
 Leonard, Orlando, 
 
 Recruits — 
 Adkinson, Daniel, 
 Blackburn, Thomas J., 
 Blair, James, 
 Boyce, John D., 
 Barnes, Wilber A., 
 Burson, Jesse A., 
 Connors, Patrick, 
 Eaves, Enoch, 
 Gapen. Eli, 
 Garrison, Lewis E., 
 Howe, James C, 
 Howe, Edward, 
 
 Ellis, William A., 
 Easley, Barton W., 
 Jordan, James M., 
 Leonard, Orlando, 
 Milby, William, 
 Naught, Charles, 
 Nelson, Andrew H., 
 Owens, Washington W., 
 Sidebotham, Isaac, 
 Stogdell, Tilman, 
 Willard, Marshall. 
 
 Lashmett. Thomas A., 
 Milby. William, 
 Marlow, James E., 
 Moriarty, John, 
 Marlow, William S., 
 Naught, Charles, 
 Sidebottom, Isaac, 
 Shaw, Samuel, 
 Wilson, Jeremiah. 
 
 McAuley, James, 
 Marlow, James E., 
 Manlove. Solon L., 
 Teel, Nelson, 
 Prickett. John J., 
 Pitman. Baird D., 
 Ridings, David A., 
 Rose. William B., 
 Rhodes, Isaac N., 
 Tolle, Reuben H.. 
 Tracy. Levi C, 
 Woods. Enoch. 
 
 Company G, Sixteenth Infantry, was the first 
 company recruited in Schuyler County, and 
 it was organized by Capt. William H. Mc- 
 Allister, of Rushville, who was elected Captain. 
 The regiment was organized and mustered into 
 service at Quincy under the "Ten Regiment Art" 
 on the 24th day of May, 1861. It first moved to 
 Grand River, Mo., in June, 1861, where it guarded 
 the railroad, and the first skirmish that resulted 
 in loss of life took place at Monroe Station, 
 when 1,600 mounted rebels made an attack. 
 Early in 1S62 the regiment was sent to Missouri, 
 and attached to the Army of the Mississippi. In 
 April, of that year, the regiment was moved to 
 Tennessee, where it participated in several bat- 
 tles and was attached to the Army of the Cum- 
 berland. 
 
 On December 20 to 31, 1863, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans and the volunteers were 
 granted a thirty days' furlough. May 5th, the 
 Sixteenth moved with Sherman's army on the 
 Atlantic campaign, and was in the advance at 
 Buzzard's Roost, where the regiment lost 18 
 killed and wounded. 
 
 After the investment of Atlanta the regiment 
 held a position on the front line and was con- 
 stantly engaged in skirmish fighting. It was 
 in the thickest of the fight at Jonesboro and 
 in the famous charge of the Fourteenth Army 
 
a/ i' 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 737 
 
 Corps at that place, in which Hardee's line was 
 broken, a large portion of it captured and At- 
 lanta won, the Sixteenth charged with fixed 
 bayonets and empty guns. Owing to the depres- 
 sion of the ground over which the regiment 
 charged, its loss was less than thirty, while regi- 
 ments to the right and left lost twice that num- 
 ber. 
 
 After the capture of Atlanta the regiment 
 was transferred to the Army of Georgia, and 
 participated in the famous march through Geor- 
 gia to the sea. Being on the most advanced post 
 at the evacuation of Savannah, it had the honor 
 of being the representative regiment of the Four- 
 teenth Army Corps to take formal possession of 
 the city. It marched north through the Caro- 
 linas. and assisted in the capture of Columbia 
 and Fayetteville, and was in the fierce fight at 
 Averysboro, where during the afternoon of March 
 16, 1865, the regiment lost 15 or 20 killed. At 
 Bentonville the Division of which the Sixteenth 
 was a part, stood for five hours the repeated 
 charges of Johnson's entire army. At this en- 
 gagement the Sixteenth, aided by the Fourteenth 
 Michigan, charged the rebel line and captured 
 800 prisoners. The second day of the battle these 
 same two regiments, through a mistake order 
 of the Colonel of the Michigan regiment, made 
 a charge into the center of the rebel force and. 
 for over a quarter of an hour, was under as mur- 
 derous a front and flank fire as ever rained on 
 troops. In this brief space of time a third of 
 the regiment fell. This was the last battle of 
 the war the Sixteenth was engaged in, but it 
 was the most terrible of them all. 
 
 The regiment then marched with General 
 Sherman to Durham Station, where General 
 Johnson surrendered, and then on to Richmond 
 and Washington, where it participated in the 
 Grand Review. May 24. 1865. The regiment was 
 mustered out at Louisville. Ky„ after a term of 
 service of four years and three months. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH (REORGANIZED) INFANTRY. 
 Company P. 
 
 Sergeant — John A. B. Shlppey. 
 Corporal — Randall Black. 
 Musician — Edward P. Vail. 
 
 Privates — ■ 
 McClure. James T.. 
 Norton, George, 
 
 Jackson, Felir. 
 
 Second Lieutenant- 
 Privates — 
 Bishop, Daniel, 
 Hangstler. Bernhart, 
 Jones, Ebenezer, 
 
 Company I. 
 -Daniel R. P. Johnson. 
 
 NINETEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Company F. 
 
 Hamilton, Thomas A., 
 
 TWENTIETH INFANTRY. 
 Lieutenant-Colonel — Richard Evans. (Killed Mav 
 12, 1863.) 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 
 Company D. 
 
 Hubbard, Albert. 
 
 Recruits — ■ 
 Hall, George W., 
 
 Company F. 
 Recruit — Standard. Charles B 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. 
 Company G. 
 
 Captains — Barclay C. Gillam, Oregon Richmond, 
 Reuben B. I'resson. 
 
 First Lieutenants — Oregon Richmond, Reuben B. 
 Presson, E. G. W. Bridgewater, John McGorie, John 
 J. Osmer. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Reuben B. Presson, Michael 
 Gapen. 
 
 First Sergeant — Michael Gapen. 
 
 Sergeants — William Thompson, William Deal, E. G. 
 W. Bridgewater. Abraham Bell. 
 
 Corporals — Calvin Boyles. William H. Bell, William 
 B. Rose, James W. Sargeant, A. J. Revarch. Resin B. 
 Strode, William F. Robbins. 
 
 Musician — Robert Zink. 
 
 Homman. Michael. 
 Klinert. Augustus. 
 
 Privates — - 
 Black, William. 
 Bouser, John M., 
 Bridgewater, James II., 
 Casteel, John C, 
 Canada, William A., 
 Clifton, George W., 
 Dixon, Charles, 
 Dupuy, George W., 
 Dodds, David, 
 Dance. Jacob, 
 Edmonston, John, 
 Fulk, Levi, 
 Flaury, Michael, 
 Frisby, Hiram, 
 Gossage, Hiram, 
 Gillett, Charles C, 
 Hardy, James M., 
 Haskell. Charles F., 
 Hamilton, William H., 
 Hurlbut, Alanson P., 
 Hill. Nathan. 
 Hamilton, Joseph, 
 Ingram, George W., 
 Johnson. Andrew, 
 Jones. Albert. 
 Keller. Joseph. 
 Kirkham. William H., 
 Kirkham. George H., 
 Lesure, William J., 
 Leslie, Albert G., 
 
 Veterans — ■ 
 Bridgewater, James H., 
 Casteel. John C, 
 Dodds, David. 
 Davis, Jesse G., 
 Frisble, Hiram, 
 Hardy, James M., 
 Hamilton, William H., 
 Kirkham. George H., 
 League, Richard A., 
 Lesure, William J., 
 
 Recruits — 
 Adams. John Q., 
 Best, Napoleon, 
 Casteel. William M., 
 Davis, Cyrus, 
 Kelley. William L., 
 McGorie, John, 
 Paisley, William W., 
 
 League. Albert R., 
 Lynch, Edward, 
 Mitchell. James M. t 
 Mason, George H., 
 Mason, Abraham T., 
 Mason. William E., 
 Masterson, Sylvester T., 
 Mann, Robert, 
 Maxwell. H. C, 
 Martin, George, 
 Osmer. John J., 
 Parker, John W.. 
 Fridmore, George, 
 Parks, Henry I., 
 Robbins, John M., 
 Roberts, Wesley E., 
 Ruark, Robert M.. 
 Seddeth, Rice D., 
 Shaw, Duncan, 
 Starr, Edward. 
 Sypes, Joseph B., 
 Stockwell, Jasper, 
 Tyson, \Villiam T„ 
 Tyson, George W., 
 Tyson. Cornelius, 
 Taylor, Duncan. 
 Tucker, Green B., 
 Vanorder, Andrew J., 
 Vanorder, John E., 
 White Jasper. 
 
 Masterson, Sylvester P., 
 Pridmore, George. 
 Ruark, Robert M., 
 Ruark, Andrew J., 
 Rabbins. Francis M.. 
 Sargeant. James W., 
 Starr, Edward, 
 Tyson, George W., 
 
 Vanorder, Andrew J. 
 Rittenhoii6e, Henry, 
 Rittenhouse. Enoch, 
 Sloat, Ansel W.. 
 Suddeth, George W.. 
 Suddeth. William II., 
 Vanormer, William A. 
 
; 38 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Corporal — Charles Potts. 
 
 Privates — Larkin, Cameron, 
 
 Harmon, Stanfield P., Ilolllngsworth. John J., 
 
 Hooker, Reuben. Milby, Edward. 
 
 Manlove. John 1: . Potts, Nelson. 
 
 Sparks, Edward B., Harmon, John P., 
 
 Potts, Wilson, Potts, James, 
 
 Potts, George, Potts, William, 
 
 Company G. Twenty-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
 was recruited in Rushville by Barclay C. Gil- 
 lam, who was promoted to Major when the regi- 
 ment was organized at Camp Butler. Lieut. 
 Oregon Richmond was elected Captain in his 
 stead. The regiment was mustered into service 
 August 10, 1861, and nine days afterwards was 
 sent to St. Louis, where it was armed. From 
 there it was moved to Thelies. and General Grant 
 accompanied the regiment to that point. After 
 doing duty in Kentucky the regiment was moved 
 up the Tennessee River, and the Twenty-eighth 
 was the first to enter Fort Heinian when it was 
 evacuated by the rebels. From there it moved 
 to Pittsburg Landing and was with General Grant 
 in the fight at Peach Orchard, where he gave or- 
 ders for the regiment to hold its position at all 
 hazards, which it did until ordered back by Gen. 
 S. A. Hurlbut. In this engagement Major B. C. 
 Gillam was badly wounded in the left shoulder 
 and his horse killed under him. The regiment 
 sustained a loss of 239 killed, wounded and miss- 
 ing in this engagement. During May. 1862, the 
 regiment was engaged in the siege of Corinth and 
 later in the battle of Metamora. On November 
 21, 1862, Major Gillam resigned, being unable 
 to serve longer from the wound received at 
 Shiloh. 
 
 On July 12, 1S63, the Twenty-eighth' Infantry 
 was with others ordered to charge an open level 
 cornfield some 600 yards, and carry a strong line 
 of the enemy's works manned by 2.000 men and 
 12 guns. The eight companies of this regiment 
 in line, lost 73 killed and wounded and 16 taken 
 prisoners. 
 
 on January 4. 1864, the regiment having re- 
 enlisted as veterans was mustered for three 
 years' veteran service. A number of Schuyler 
 men from Co. G re-enlisted, and. after their vet- 
 erans' furlough, reported at Camp Butler, May 
 20. 1864, and were sent to Natchez. From there 
 they proceeded to New Orleans and were in the 
 advance upon Spanish Fort March 27, 1S65, and 
 held a position on the extreme right dur- 
 ing the fourteen days' siege. The regiment was 
 mustered out of service at Brownville, Texas, 
 March 15, 1866, having served four years and 
 
 seven months. The total enlistment of the reg- 
 iment was 1.720 and the number killed, wounded 
 and missing was 957. and of these 83 were of- 
 ficers. 
 
 Of the 104 men of Company G who left Rush- 
 ville the following are still living: A. J. Van- 
 order. George H. Kirkham, William Kirkham, 
 James Sargent. William Kelly, F. M. Robbing, 
 Edward Starr. David Dodds and William A. Can- 
 ada. 
 
 THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY. 
 Drum Major — William C. Ralls. 
 
 THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. 
 Company B. 
 
 Marshall, Frank. 
 
 Recruits — 
 Ohmert, Jesse, 
 Upton, Geo. Y., 
 
 Davis, William R. 
 
 Quackenbush, David J., 
 Achman, Stephen N. 
 Company G. 
 
 FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. 
 Company D. 
 Wittenmeyer, John H. 
 
 FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 Company F. 
 
 Bailey, John II., McKinney, Jas. 
 
 Black, Bernard, 
 
 Recruit — Joseph Pestll. 
 
 FIFTIETH INFANTRY. 
 Company D. 
 
 Merritt, Thomas. Slater, Lewis C. 
 
 Company H. 
 First Lieutenant — John Cooper. 
 Corporal — David C. Long. 
 Privates — ■ 
 
 Friday, Geo. W., 
 Long, John P., 
 
 Bruner, Zachariah, 
 Friday, Jacob. 
 Recruits — 
 Bailey, William H., 
 Houser, Charles F., 
 Moody, James W.. 
 Wilmot. James W., 
 
 Lawson, James F., 
 Ellis, DeWitt C, 
 
 Bowman, Newton, 
 McClure, Charles W., 
 McDonald, Levi T.. 
 
 Company G. 
 
 Alexander, Seth. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Benjamin Greer, Josiah Sheesley. Aaron 
 
 Engineers- 
 Sheesley. 
 
 FIFTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. 
 Company I. 
 Dennis, Holden. 
 
 SIXTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 
 Company J. 
 
 Recruits — 
 Anderson, Samuel M., 
 Black, Samuel, 
 Duke, Abram, 
 Kirkham, Charles, 
 Londry. John W., 
 Misenheimer, Marion, 
 Spangler, Cyrus, 
 Tucker, Francis, 
 Wilson. William S., 
 
 Reed, Ami, 
 Boon, John, 
 Campbell, Lewis C, 
 Jones. John B., 
 Londry, Wm., 
 Low. Wm. A.. 
 Ryan, Chas. W., 
 Spiller, Isaac, 
 Wisdom. Granville L., 
 Misenheimer. Isaac, 
 
 SIXTY-SECOND INFANTRY. 
 Company I. 
 
 Captains — Joseph McLain. John J. Wyatt, John C. 
 Parcel. 
 
 First Lieutenants — John J. Wyatt. John C. Parcel. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — John C. Parcel, Edward P. 
 Stone. 
 
 First Sergeant — William D. Ellis. 
 
 Serjeants — Robert Thrush, Daniel Richey, D. C. 
 Pain. 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 739 
 
 Corporals — Charles Pershing, John Sites, James 
 Legg, George Ellis, Joel Cooper. 
 
 Privates — ■ 
 Ainsworth, Nelson, 
 Baker, William, 
 Barton, Elijah, 
 Bates, James, 
 Barnaby. G. W.. 
 Comberlidge, Nic'las S., 
 Caldwell. John. 
 Dewitt, George, 
 Dodge, John S., 
 Dark, Joseph, 
 Deedridge, Lewis, 
 Dowin, Aaron, 
 Freaks, John, 
 Pream, David. 
 Hatfield, Chas. W., 
 Hicks, Henry C, 
 Johnson, William, 
 John, Ferdinand, 
 
 Veterans — 
 Ainsworth, Nelson, 
 Bates, Jann is, 
 Comberlidse. Nich. 
 Cordell, James, 
 Caldwell, John, 
 Deedridge. Lewis. 
 John, Ferdinand, 
 
 Recruits — 
 Chandler. Seth. 
 Cooper, Joel, 
 Cooper. Noah J., 
 Cooper, Arthur L., 
 Devolld, James, 
 DevoIId. Samuel L., 
 
 Lowderman, Cornelius M., 
 Lowderman, Austin H., 
 Lee, David. 
 Lain, James, 
 MeKelva, George, 
 Peeler, Samuel, 
 Roberts, Thomas D., 
 Starr, Robert, 
 Stout king, David. 
 Stoneking, Samuel, 
 Towland, James W.. 
 Vanwinkle. James, 
 Vanwinkle, Moses, 
 \\ 'hiti'iiian. Mathias, 
 Whiteman, Calvin, 
 Wbeat, David H., 
 Young. John, 
 Zapp, Otto. 
 
 Lowderman, Austin H., 
 Roberts, Thos. D.. 
 Reno, Alexander, 
 Sites. John, 
 Wbeat, David H., 
 Zapp, Otto. 
 
 Fream, David. 
 Green, James W., 
 Merrick. Morris, 
 Peak, Robert, 
 Raper, Smith M., 
 Tatham, Thomas, 
 
 The Sixty-second Infantry, Illinois Volunteers, 
 was organized at Camp Dubois, Anna, 111., April 
 12. 1S62. Company I was largely recruited in 
 Littleton Township by Joseph MeLain, who was 
 elected Captain. 
 
 The regiment was first ordered to Cairo, 
 111., and from there went to Tennessee, with 
 headquarters at Kenton. At the Holly Springs 
 engagement 170 men of the Sixty-second, 
 including the Major and three Lieutenants, were 
 captured and the regiment records burned. The 
 regiment was engaged in several minor skir- 
 mishes and at Brownsville, Ark., overtook Gen. 
 Steele's army and drove him back to Little 
 Rock, compelling the evacuation of that place. 
 
 January 9, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as 
 
 a veteran organization and remained at Pine 
 
 Bluff. Ark., until July 28, 1S65. The regiment 
 
 was mustered out at Little Rock, Ark., March 6, 
 
 1866. 
 
 SIXTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. 
 Company I. 
 Archer. Lewis, Grafton, O. W., 
 
 Logue, Harrison. Parrish, Charles, 
 
 Smith. Elijah. Tracv. T. C, 
 
 Tipton. James W., 
 
 Recruits — 
 Barnes, James, Bugher, Hiram. 
 
 SEVENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. 
 Company C. 
 Flannery, John. 
 
 Company G. 
 Gobble. C, Johnson. Alonzo. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — Hezekiah Stout. 
 
 Privates — 
 Andres. Armenia, 
 Husted, Henry. 
 Jones, John G., 
 Scott, James W., 
 
 Recruits — 
 Burtis, Stephen II., 
 Cibby, Marshall L., 
 Rhodes, William II., 
 
 Brooks, G. S., 
 
 Husted, F. M., 
 Ridenour.W., 
 
 Loop, George W., 
 McCaslin, Henry, 
 
 SEVENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. 
 
 Lieutenant Colonel — William A. Presson. 
 Adjutant — Richard R. Randall. 
 Quartermaster Sergeant — Thomas .1. Window. 
 Commissary -Sergeant — Riley M. Hoskinson. 
 Hospital Steward — Butler Presson. 
 
 Company G. 
 Captain — John Sutton. 
 First Lieutenants — James F. Bowen, William II 
 
 I liiifr. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — William H. Dodge, John H 
 McGrath. 
 
 Sergeants — William H. Dodge, Jeremiah E Bailey 
 William T. Talbot. William II. Horton. 
 
 Corporal — Reuben H. Tolle. 
 
 Musicians — William R. Vaughn, Henry C. Combs. 
 
 Privates- 
 
 Hoskinson, Stewart F., 
 Lawless. Absalom H., 
 Linking, James A., 
 Little. William H.. 
 Meacham, Orland, 
 Morris, Newton, Jr., 
 McGrath, John II., 
 Pennington, Alexander. 
 Presson. Butler, 
 Purnell. William T., 
 Scott, Lev-en O., 
 Sidebotham, John H., 
 stout. Stillman, 
 Swaekhammer, Geo., 
 Talbott. Isaiah. 
 Thurman, Meriday A., 
 Thrush, Jacob J., 
 Tolle, James F., 
 Wilmot. Willard, 
 Wilson, George, 
 Window, Thomas J., 
 Worthbaugh, John W., 
 Wright, John, 
 Yaap, Karl, 
 
 Swaekhammer. John, 
 
 Agnew, Elias M., 
 Baker, John M., 
 Brown. William H., 
 Cameron. Thomas, 
 Colt, Peter H. K., 
 Colt, John \V„ 
 Criswell, Edlward L„ 
 Crooks, William H., 
 Cunningham, Joseph, 
 Davis, James W., 
 Day, Lewis, 
 Derickson, Joseph, 
 Dimmick, William II., 
 Daerfler, George C, 
 Elser, Joseph S., 
 Elser, George P., 
 Emery, William, 
 Fuller, Maroni M., 
 Goodwin, John 1'.. 
 Gorsage, < tscar, 
 Glassop. Frederick, 
 Hagle. James. 
 I looker, Jasper, 
 Horton, Thomas, 
 Hoskinson, Riley M., 
 
 Recruits — 
 Blackley, William II., 
 Thompson, James O., 
 
 The Seventy-third Regiment, Illinois Volun- 
 teers, was mustered into service at Camp Butler 
 August 21, 1862, under command of Col. J. P. 
 Jaquess, and Company G was largely composed 
 of Schuyler volunteers. Immediately upon or- 
 ganization the regiment was moved to the front 
 and was stationed at Camp Jacques, Ky. Here 
 it was assigned to Sherman's division and re- 
 mained in it until Sherman was ordered east in 
 the spring of 1S64. From the time the regiment 
 left Kentucky up to and subsequent to the move- 
 ment on Murfreesboro, it lost a number of men 
 by disability and disease, quite a number dying 
 at Bowling Green and many more at Nashville. 
 The brigade, which at Mill Creek had been placed 
 under the command of General Schafer, did not 
 participate in any of the preliminary skirmishing 
 at Stone River. On December 31, however, op- 
 
no 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 portunity was afforded for every regiment to bear 
 a part. General Schafer was killed before uoon. 
 Colonel Jaquess was with his regiment at Perry- 
 ville. so the Seventy-third was commanded by 
 Major William Presson of Rushville. Daring the 
 day the regiment was in several conflicts and 
 fully established its reputation for lira very. 
 
 During the war the Seventy-third regiment 
 participated in the following engagements : Perry- 
 ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge. Resaca, Adairsville, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain. Peach Tree Creek, Franklin, Nashville, 
 Pine Mountain, Lost Mountain, New Hope 
 Church, Marietta, Jonesboro. Lovejoy Station, 
 and Spring Hill. The total loss by death was 215 
 men. The regiment was mustered out of service 
 at Nashville June 12, 1865. 
 
 SEVENTY FIFTH INFANTRY. 
 First Assistant Surgeon — John C. Corbus. 
 Company F. 
 Dean, Henry, Hurst, Wm., 
 
 Loucks, Wesley F., Loucks, Geo. R. 
 
 SEVENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. 
 Company A. 
 Major — Robert S. Blackburn. 
 
 Captains — Robert S. Blackburn. Christian W. Hlte. 
 First Lieutenants — Philip Chipman. Archibald H. 
 Graham, George A. Brown, Christian W. Hite, Amos 
 Scott. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Archibald II. Graham. George 
 A. Brown. Nathan P. Woods. Christian W. Hite. 
 
 Privates — 
 Avery. Stephen. 
 Brown, George A., 
 Brundage, George W.. 
 Bodenhammer. Henry C, 
 Belote, James E., 
 Belote, Darwin. 
 Brundage. James, 
 Brunett. William, 
 Ball, Albin, 
 Box, John, 
 Bessell, Augustus C, 
 Bain, Alexander, 
 Corria, John D.. 
 Curtise, William II., 
 Curtise, James. 
 Curtise. Jesse, 
 Curtise, John, 
 Cor, William, 
 Driver. Samuel R., 
 Davise. Benager, 
 Davis. Philip, 
 Davis. John, 
 Ewing, Samuel M.. 
 Fugate, Martain V., 
 Fugate, Samuel H., 
 Frisby, Abraham, 
 Frakes, Joseph. 
 Graham, Shepard, 
 Groves, James M., 
 Gott. John R., 
 Gilleland. Benjamin C. 
 How. Samuel W. 
 Howell. John. 
 Hite, Abraham, 
 Husted. Talmen, 
 Hlte. Abraham I... 
 Hite. Christian. 
 Harrison. George, 
 Hellyer, George, 
 
 Hellyer, William, 
 Johnson, John, 
 Lansden, William II., 
 McKee, William. 
 Miller. JohnT., 
 Miner, Samuel J., 
 Miuts. Lorenzo. 
 Morgan, Edward T.. 
 Mullin, Martin. 
 McClain, William IL, 
 Noeli. Theodore C, 
 Peterson, Francis M., 
 Petsor, Tracey, 
 Rigsby, George W., 
 Robinson, Richard, 
 Reed. John E., 
 Record. Josiah S., 
 Robinson, Israel, 
 Robinson. Nimrod. 
 Seward. Charles W.. 
 Sapp. David M.. 
 Scott, Herman, 
 Steen. John. 
 Scott, Amos, 
 Toland. Solomon, 
 Tankersley, Andrew, 
 Toland. William. 
 Yandivier. Nelson, 
 Vandivier, John. 
 Woods. William S., 
 Walker. John II., 
 Wilson. Jasper, 
 Wykoff. Wm. II. II., 
 Wif r. William, 
 Walker, William T.. 
 White. Beniamin F., 
 Wilds. Henry H., 
 Wheeler. Joel B., 
 Wheeler. John H., 
 
 James. Samuel, 
 Lacy. John S.. 
 Mullen, John W., 
 Neida, Charles S., 
 Ruggles, William K., 
 Shamell. Alexander, 
 Scott. Richard W., 
 Sapp. John W.. 
 Stewart. James, 
 Thorp, Lorenzo D., 
 Thomas, James, 
 Yandivier, Henry, 
 Wilds, Howard. 
 Wheeler. Edward N., 
 Woods, Nathan P.. 
 Wilson, Charles L„ 
 
 Recruits — 
 Bodenhammer. Isaac II., 
 Burton. William C, 
 Burton. James E.. 
 Burmood, l'eter, 
 Bndt'iihMiiii r. < li ['is'r < ;.. 
 Brooks, Oliver, 
 Cox, Christopher C, 
 Clark. James T., 
 Curtis, Joseph, 
 Davis, John W., 
 Davis, William II., 
 Davis, Robert H., 
 Ewing, George W., 
 Frakes, Robert, 
 Granger, Robert, 
 How, Isaac C, 
 How, James, 
 
 Under Cook of A. D. — 
 
 Noah Alexander Stevens. 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Glass. Geo. H. 
 
 Company A, Seventy-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
 was recruited by Capt Robert S. Blackburn at 
 Brooklyn, Schuyler County, and upon the organ- 
 ization of the regiment at Quincy, he was elected 
 Major and Lieut. Christian W. Hite was pro- 
 moted to Captain. The regiment was mustered 
 into service September 1. 1862, and the Adjutant 
 General's report states that during the war about 
 400 men were killed and wounded. The regiment 
 participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge. Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
 New Hope Church. Kenesaw Mountain, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and 
 Bentonviile. After Lee's surrender the regiment 
 marched north through Richmond, Va., arriving 
 at Washington May 19, and participating In the 
 Grand Review May 24, 1865. The regiment was 
 mustered out June 7, 1865. and sent to Chicago, 
 where it was paid off June 12, 1865. 
 
 EIGHTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Privates — 
 Macumber, Anson, 
 Wisdon, Elijah S., 
 
 Chipman. Daniel, 
 Sellers. John A., 
 Chipman, Samuel, 
 Chipman. David. 
 Robinson, Geo. W., 
 
 Clark. Thomas A.. 
 Pendleton, James S. 
 Sprigg, Thomas C, 
 
 Clark, Victor B. 
 
 Binkley, N. A., 
 Derry. Bassil. 
 Kimry. John J., 
 Widenhammer, J. I., 
 
 Company A. 
 
 Robinson, William. 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Swink. Peter B., 
 Baker. Israel II.. 
 Chipman. Levi. 
 Moore. Benj. F.. 
 Swift. Horace W. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Pendleton. Thomas H., 
 Pendleton. Wm. B. C. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Bowker. Clark, 
 Davis, W. H., 
 Wright, Alonzo. 
 
 EIGHTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. 
 Company E. 
 Byers, Enos. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 741 
 
 Company G. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Lafayette Curless. 
 Sergeant — Lewis Post. 
 
 Corporals — J. F. Kennedy, Thomas Horton. 
 Privates — 
 
 Atkinson, Perry, 
 Brown, Perry, 
 Brown, Thos., 
 Brown, Simpson, 
 Cunningham, Alex., 
 Hays, Daniel, 
 Kelly, William, 
 Kerns, Franklin, 
 Longfellow, Daniel G., 
 Livingston, Stephen, 
 McComb, Anderson, 
 
 McKay, John, 
 Smith. Lewis G., 
 Sharge, Joseph, 
 Smith. Alford, 
 Seymour, Lewis, 
 Sandidge, Dan'l., 
 Smith, Win.. 
 Thompson, John, 
 Workman, Geo., 
 Wheeler, Thos. 
 
 Company H. 
 
 Perkins, John H., 
 Snodgrass, Robert, 
 Saffer. John M„ 
 
 Bushnell, John, 
 Gossage, Jeremiah, 
 Harris, Wm. H., 
 Hulburt, Wm. H.. 
 
 Company I. 
 
 Captain — Albert O. Collins. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Edward Curless. 
 
 Unassigned Recruits — Severns, Francis M. 
 
 EIGHTY-NINTH INFANTRY. 
 Company I. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Charles M. Carnahan. 
 
 Sergeants — William B. Carnahan. Josiah B. lie- 
 Eylaa. John MeKennett. 
 
 Corporals — James S. Quince, John Gaffney, Daniel 
 D. Carnahan. 
 
 Musician — Thurston Smith. 
 
 Privates — Vroman, Daniel R.. 
 
 Butterfield, George, Barrett, John W., 
 
 Carr, Benj. F., Carnahan. David, 
 
 Guthrie, Joseph, Graham, James, 
 
 Holden, Benj.. Hopkins. Hiram, 
 
 Holden. Wm., Holton. Densid, 
 
 Johnson, Andrew J.. Loyd, Joseph, 
 
 Malugin, Zaehariah, Mannor, John, 
 
 .May, Martin H., i tliver, Wm., 
 
 Parker. Samuel P., Ititchey, Thomas, 
 
 Rouse. Alonzo G., Smith. Samuel A., 
 
 Thompson. Wm. H., Van Campen, Daniel D. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Company D. 
 
 Captains — Stephen M. Huckstep. Samuel Hymer. 
 
 First Lieutenants — Christ C. Bridgewater, Samuel 
 Hymer, Michael P. Jones. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Samuel Hymer. Michael P. 
 Jones. 
 
 First Sergeant — Michael P. Jones. 
 
 Sergeants — Luther M. Hobart, George Frisby. An- 
 drew Bridgewater, George Gillett. 
 
 Corporals — Robert Stewart. Daniel W. Smith. Fran- 
 cis Banks. James A. Deal, Andrew Jacoby, Charles 
 Barker. Alva Bond. Perry P. Tolle. 
 
 Musicians — William Rhodes, James M. Huckstep. 
 
 Wagoner — James Buckles. 
 
 Privates — 
 
 Bowman. William. Lent, Jeremiah, 
 
 Byers. Monroe, Lenover, Alexander, 
 
 Bryant, John, Lane. Garrett, 
 
 Bridgewater. Elias, Loe, Filden, 
 
 Bennett. William R., Masterson, George, 
 
 Bryant. James M., Myers. Daniel. 
 
 Be'chtol, Squire. Moreland. John, 
 
 Boyd. Joseph E., Muck. Humphrey. 
 
 Bowling. William, Monnett. William, 
 
 Barker. Andrew J., Miller. Henry, 
 
 Buckles, Elisha. Newell. James. 
 
 Colvin. George W., Parish. John. 
 
 Colister. Joseph. Park, Overton. 
 
 Cokenour. Alfred, Pickenpaugh, John, 
 
 Cross. George W., Russell. Isaiah. 
 
 Campbell. George W., Robertson. James W.. 
 
 Dixson, William, Root, Jacob. 
 
 Dupuv, Francis M., Smedley, John M„ 
 
 Dupuy, Daniel T„ Smedley. David L., 
 
 Dupuv, James C, Smedley. Thomas I.. 
 
 Dace Michael, Smedley, William A., 
 
 Dace. Edwin. Stark. John. 
 
 Deal, Strathearn. Stoneking, Jacob. 
 
 Everhart, Samuel, 
 Eads, Samuel S.. 
 Fagan, Patrick, 
 Gory, Martin, 
 Gregory, George, 
 Harlow, William, 
 Herron, William, 
 Ishmeal, Francis D.. 
 Jackson, John D., 
 Jackson, Andrew, 
 Jones, Nathan, 
 Jacoby, Christopher 
 Kent, Asher, 
 Lamaster. Charles. 
 
 Recruits — 
 Howell. Thomas S., 
 Jackson. Jesse, 
 Julian, Milton P., 
 
 Stoneking, W. P., 
 Smith, John S., 
 Stephens, John M., 
 Sebastian, George S., 
 Terr: 11, Andrew J., 
 Thompson, James. 
 Tyson, William. 
 Tyson, George W., 
 Teeple, Jackson, 
 Thomas, James R., 
 Underbill, William B., 
 Underbill. Anson W.. 
 Welker, Stewart. 
 
 Stephens, Elias, 
 Scott. Richard, 
 Zimmerman, Patman, 
 
 Company C. 
 Sergeant — Edwin Utter. 
 
 Company II . 
 Farrar, Jasper P., Whitsel, John D., 
 
 Ward, Hiram K., . Wren. John. 
 
 Zegler, Ezra, 
 
 Company K. 
 
 Derrill, Henry S. 
 
 Company D, One Hundred Fifteenth Illinois 
 Infantry, was recruited in Schuyler County by 
 Rev. S. M. Huckstep, a Methodist minister who 
 was on the Rushville circuit at the beginning of 
 the war. The greater part of the volunteers in 
 this company were from Bainbridge and Freder- 
 ick Townships, and they were mustered into serv- 
 ice at Springfield October 4, 1862. Rev. Huck- 
 step was elected Captain and served his country 
 as gallantly as he had served the Lord, until he 
 received a mortal wound at the battle of Chick- 
 amauga September 20, 1863. The wound was in- 
 flicted by a shrapnel ball, and he was taken to 
 the hospital at Chattanooga, where the ball was 
 removed from his thigh. From there he was re- 
 moved to Nashville, Tenn., where he died Decem- 
 ber f>, 1S63. Soon after the death of Captain 
 Huckstep. Lieut. Samuel Hymer was promoted 
 to Captain and he commanded the company until 
 the close of the war. 
 
 Company D. One Hundred Fifteenth Illinois 
 Infantry, participated in the battle of Franklin 
 and Harpeth River. April 10, 1863, also in the 
 battle of Chickamauga. Ga., September IS, 1» 
 and 20, 1863. and was in the Dalton raid under 
 General Palmer from February 21 to February 
 27. 1864. They were also in the charge on Tun- 
 nel Hill, Ga.. May 7, 1864, and when General 
 Sherman started on his Atlanta campaign, the 
 One Hundred Fifteenth Regiment was in the 
 advance and took a prominent part in the battle 
 of Resaca, Ga.. May 15 and 16, 1S64. 
 
 During the summer of 1S64 Company D was 
 stationed at Buzzard Roost Gap. and it was here 
 Captain Hymer and his little band of Spartans 
 gained renown by the defense of a block house, 
 
742 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 where they held Gen. Hood's array of 40,000 
 men in cheek for nearly ten hours, thus blocking 
 the advance of the enemy and securing the safety 
 of the remainder of the regiment, as well as that 
 of the Eighth Kentucky Infantry, then stationed 
 at Ringgold and which retreated to Chattanooga. 
 
 For this conspicuous act of gallantry. Captain 
 Ilymer received the brevet rank of Major from 
 President Lincoln, and on March 28, 1S9G, Con- 
 gress bestowed upon him a medal of honor. 
 
 The defense made by Captain Hymer and the 
 brave Schuyler boys of Company D is well 
 worthy a place in the military annals of the 
 county, as it is seldom soldiers are called upon 
 to fight against such fearful odds. Of the forty- 
 one men who aided in the defense of the block 
 house five were killed, six were wounded and the 
 survivors, who surrendered after a gallant de- 
 fense, spent months in southern prisons. 
 
 Company D had been sent to Buzzard's Roost 
 Gap in July to guard that strategic point, which 
 was an opening in the valley about one hundred 
 yards wide. During the summer a block house 
 24x24 feet was built of spruce logs, one tier be- 
 ing laid horizontal and backed up by other logs 
 set perpendicular. The top was also covered 
 with logs and on top of this was placed sod and 
 dirt to a depth of three feet. Flaring portholes, 
 4x4 inches square, were cut in the logs on all 
 four sides and a firing platform was built inside. 
 The door to the block house was cut on an angle 
 so the enemy could not get a direct fire in case 
 it had to be opened, and surrounding the block 
 house was a deep ditch. The little fort was well 
 provisioned and the men were armed with rifles. 
 
 During the summer of 1804 General Sherman 
 was transporting train loads of provisions over 
 the Western & Atlantic Railroad to supply his 
 troops, and the block house at Buzzard's Roost 
 Gap was built with the idea of guarding the rail- 
 road at that point. The boys of Company D 
 patrolled the railroad two or three miles each 
 way twice a day to keep the rebels from pulling 
 the spikes and wrecking the trains, thereby cut- 
 ting off General Sherman's line of supplies. 
 
 Along in the middle of August Gen. Joe 
 Wheeler came dashing up to the block house on 
 one of his cavalry raids, but when he took in the 
 situation that wily general wheeled about and 
 retreated, as his force was not strong enough to 
 carry the block house by assault. 
 
 But it was different with General Hood. He 
 came with an army of about 40.000 men on the 
 
 morning of October 13, 1SG4, and that gap af- 
 forded him his only means of escape from Gen- 
 eral Sherman's army, which was pressing him so 
 closely he could not get through at Snake Creek 
 Gap or Rocky Face Ridge. At Buzzard Roost Gap 
 the mountains rose abruptly on either side and 
 there, in the center of the one hundred yards 
 of open space, stood the little block bouse. 
 
 It was about noon when General Hood's army 
 appeared, and then the battle was on. At first 
 it was the rebel sharp shooters who were called 
 into action, but as there was no sign of weaken- 
 in u r by the gallant block house defenders. Captain 
 Slocum's New Orleans battery was brought into 
 play. Three guns were placed on each hill at 
 a distance of from 400 to 600 yards, and an en- 
 filading fire begun. In an interview with the 
 writer Captain Hymer stated that about 130 or 
 140 shots were fired before any impression was 
 made on the block house. One solid shot hit the 
 southeast corner and tore the heavy timbers into 
 splinters. Five balls entered the port holes, and 
 with every shot a member of Company D gave 
 up his life. Nathan Jones was the first man 
 killed, a musket ball striking him in the fore- 
 head. Fielden Loe had his head shot off with 
 a cannon ball. Joseph Boyd had his left arm 
 torn off at the shoulder with a cannon ball. John 
 Parrish's left arm was shot off between the el- 
 bow and wrist. William Dixson was struck by 
 a cannon ball on the leg, which stripped the flesh 
 to the bone, and amid the carnage within that 
 little block-house, these brave men lingered, while 
 their companions continued the combat, and died 
 as bravely as they had fought. 
 
 All afternoon the artillery battle waged, and 
 solid shot and shell were rained down upon the 
 block-house by Captain Slocum's batteries on the 
 hills. With the approach of darkness General 
 Hood grew impatient, and thinking the block house 
 commander might want to surrender he ordered 
 a flag of truce sent out. Captain Hymer stated 
 that he was too busy to be on the lookout for a 
 white flag and. in the darkness, the truce bearer 
 was shot down. Then followed a charge that 
 was repulsed and the rebel forces received orders 
 to take the block house at all hazards. But be- 
 fore a final assault was made. J. B. Schneider, a 
 drummer boy in the Second Missouri Infantry, 
 who was a prisoner in the rebel ranks, volun- 
 teered to bear a flag of truce and. behind the 
 shelter of the railroad embankment, made his 
 way toward the fort. This was about 9 o'clock 
 
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HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 743 
 
 .■it night, and the moon having come out brightly 
 the lad was noted and firing ceased. Sergeant 
 Robert Stewart and Andrew Jacoby challenged 
 the flag-bearer, who stated his errand was to 
 secure the surrender of the company in defense 
 of the block house. Soon afterwards Captain 
 Hymer left the fort to confer with the Confed- 
 erate olticers and there, beneath the stars, the 
 following terms of surrender were drawn up : 
 "In the Field Near 
 "Daltou, Ga.. Oct. 13, 1S64. 
 
 "Captain Hymer, commanding fort of T T . S. 
 troops near Dalton : I am ordered by Maj. Gen. 
 Bates, C. S. A., to demand the immediate and 
 unconditional surrender of the fort and garrison. 
 Your command, your officers and men will be 
 treated as prisoners of war and with the cour- 
 tesy due their respective ranks. They will be per- 
 mitted to retain their personal property and 
 clothing. Tour defense has lteen gallant and any 
 further resistance an unnecessary effusion of 
 blood. "Respectfully, 
 
 "Theo. Carter. Capt. C. S. A." 
 
 "I accept the terms, believing further resistance 
 hopeless. "Samuel Hymer, 
 
 "Capt. Co. D, 115th 111. Vol. Inft, 
 "Commander." 
 
 As soon as the terms of surrender were signed 
 Captain Hymer's company was marched out of the 
 block house, ami some of the old veterans say it 
 was a surprise to the rebels to learn that there 
 were only forty -one in that little company. That 
 night was spent in the field and, on the following 
 morning, Pat Zimmerman. Alva Bond and Wil- 
 liam Tyson were detailed to bury the dead. The 
 five men who had sacrificed their lives in the gal- 
 lant defense were wrapped in their blankets and 
 buried in a shallow grave near the block house, 
 and after the close of the war their bodies were 
 removed to the National Cemetery at Chatta- 
 nooga, and are buried in Section K. In addition 
 to those killed at the block house, William Har- 
 low died at Jeffersonville. Ind., January 2, 1865, 
 from wounds received in the fight, and John S. 
 Smith died in Andersonville prison of weakness 
 and debility. 
 
 I'nder date of October IS. 1864, E. W. Dace, 
 writing from Tunnel Hill. Ga.. gives the list of 
 killed, wounded and captured in the battle as 
 follows : 
 
 Killed — Privates. John Parrish, Joseph E. 
 Boyd. Fielden Loe. William Dixson. Nathan 
 Jones. 
 
 Wounded — Corporals, Andrew Jackson, P. A. 
 Zimmerman, George Masterson, James Thomp- 
 son, James C. Dupuy, William Harlow. 
 
 Captured — Capt. Samuel Hymer, Lieut. Mich- 
 ael P. Jones, Sergeants, Andrew Jacobs, Alva 
 Bond and Robert Stewart. Corporals, Andrew 
 Jackson, P. A. Zimmerman, James C. Dupuy. 
 James Thompson, Overton Parks, Garrett Lane 
 and George Masterson. Privates James M. Bry- 
 ant, Squire Bechtol, Andrew J. Barker, Joseph 
 W. Campbell, George W. Cross. Joseph Collister, 
 Samuel Eads. Martin Goree, George Gregory. 
 William Ilerron, John D. Jackson, Jesse Jackson, 
 Milton P. Julian. Charles Lancaster, John More- 
 land. James W. Robertson, Thomas Smedley, 
 John Smith. John M. Stevens. Elias Stevens, An- 
 drew Terrell, William Tyson and Anson W. Un- 
 derbill. 
 
 Three of the wounded soldiers, namely : George 
 Masterson, William Harlow and Squire Bechtol, 
 were paroled, while the remainder of the officers 
 and men of Company D were taken to the army 
 prison at Selma, Ala. From there they were 
 transferred to Cahaba. about twenty-five miles 
 down the river, and then sent to Millen, Ga. Laie 
 in November a scouting party, sent out by Gen- 
 eral Sherman, drew close to Millen. and the pris- 
 oners were transferred to Savannah, and later 
 marched across country from Thomasville to 
 Andersonville prison, one of the most notorious 
 of the rebel prisons. 
 
 On December 26, 1864, the doors of Anderson- 
 ville prison closed upon the boys of Company D, 
 and they remained there until March 25, 1865. 
 They were put on board the cars and transported 
 to Yicksburg and from there went up the Mis- 
 sissippi River on the steamboat "Henry Ames" 
 to St. Louis, where they were paid by the Union 
 Quartermaster, and a thirty clay furlough was 
 granted. At the expiration of the furlough, the 
 company assembled at Springfield, where it was 
 mustered out of service June 11. 1S(;.">. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Colonel — Thomas I. Kinney. 
 
 Surgeon — Thomas Munroe. 
 
 Sergeant Majors — Edwin M. Anderson, Henry E. 
 Worsham. 
 
 Quartermaster Sergeant — Daniel O. Cross. 
 
 Commissary Sergeants — Charles H. Sweeney, Cyrus 
 YV. Graff. 
 
 Principal Musician — Tracy P. Castle. 
 Company B. 
 
 Captains — George Parker, Johnston C. Dilworth, 
 Charles II. Sweeney. 
 
 First Lieutenants — Johnston C. Dilworth, Charles 
 n. Sweeney. George F. Owen. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Ezekiel M. Bradley. Jason C. 
 Duncan, George Warren. 
 
ru 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 First Sergeant — Jason G. Duncan. 
 
 Sergeants — Abraham K. Long, George Warren, 
 George P. Owen, Abraham Vail. 
 
 Corporals — George Rebbman, George W. Brown, 
 Levi Jones, McHenry Ruark, George Willard, John C. 
 Gregory, James Maynard, Andrew H. McCormac. 
 
 Privates — 
 Anderson, Edwin, 
 Bridgewater, Levi, 
 Black, John L., 
 Brownfleld. James H„ 
 Bensley, Edwin, 
 Baker, Baxter, 
 Biggs, James P., 
 Castle, Tracy T., 
 Cbapman, Elijah, 
 Carter, Lawrence C, 
 Cox, John S., 
 Dunn, James H., 
 Daniels, Lewis B., 
 Dennis, Francis M., 
 Gain, George, 
 Gabbert. Alfred P., 
 Garrison. Henry V., 
 Garvin, Thomas, 
 Gillham, Thomas J., 
 Gardner, Henry W„ 
 Geer, John M., 
 Gruibb, Horace, 
 Gwin, John, 
 Garrison, Daniel, 
 Gorsage, Joel J., 
 Gorsage, John, 
 Gillham, David B., 
 Herbert, Cyrus, 
 Hollingsworth, Avena't 
 Hollingsworth, En'ch B., 
 Hatfield, William P., 
 Hensley, William H., 
 Huff, John, 
 Irwin, Eleazer D., 
 Johnston, James M., 
 
 Jones, Patrick. 
 Kelly, Henry P., 
 Knowles, Edwin, 
 Leger, William, 
 Leek, Wm. (Allen), 
 Livingston, Hugh, 
 Lane, Alfred G.. 
 Lane, Benton Thos.. 
 Marquis, James, 
 MeNew, Robert, 
 Meriwether, George, 
 Matheny, James, 
 McGraugh, David, 
 McCombs, Martin, 
 Morgan, Walter R., 
 Nell, Frederick, 
 Phillips. Benjamin F., 
 Price, Henry, 
 Pruet, Andrew J., 
 Rodgers. William, 
 Randell, John R., 
 Rose, James, 
 Sproul, Charles, 
 Smith, Hezekiah, 
 Shields. Joshua, 
 Sweeney. Charles H., 
 Seborn, Jacob, 
 Simpson. William, 
 Tipton, George W.. 
 Tipton. John, 
 Tate, John W„ 
 Vaughn. Jacob, 
 Worsham. Henry E., 
 Wisdom. Benton, 
 Winchel. Admiral M., 
 
 Company B. 
 
 Miller, James L., 
 Norval, Alexander, 
 Norten, John, 
 Peckenpaugh, Chris C, 
 Phelps, William, 
 Parker. Henry C„ 
 Robertson, Joel, 
 Robertson. Daniel, 
 Sweeney, John L., 
 Webster. Daniel. 
 Willard. Patrick H.. 
 
 Recruits — ■ 
 Arnold. Charles E. S.. 
 Duke, Abraham, 
 Edgar. John E., 
 Garrett. Andrew M., 
 Garrett, Patrick A., 
 Gorsuch, Joshua, 
 Hollingsworth, John, 
 James, John C. 
 Montooth. George, 
 Montooth, James, 
 Miller, Ezra, 
 Mace. Aurelius M., 
 
 Company C. 
 
 Captains — Robert L. Greer, Thomas J. Curry. 
 
 First Lieutenants — Thomas J. Curry, Adam J. 
 Bower. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Adam J. Bower, Benjamin 
 Goodwin. 
 
 First Sergeant — Benjamin Goodwin. 
 
 Sergeants — George W. Potts. Thomas McNeeley, 
 William McNeeley, James R. Cooney. 
 
 Corporals — Thomas Goodwin. Jacob Washabaufjh, 
 Perry James, Resolvo M. Lesser. William T. Simpson, 
 Alexander Simpson, DeWitt C. Ellis. 
 
 Privates — ■ 
 Anderson, Edwin, 
 Avery. Joseph C, 
 Angle, John, 
 Bellchamber, John, 
 Berry. David, 
 Boileau. Isaac G., 
 Burnett. George H., 
 Brown. William H.. 
 Beaston. Joseph, 
 Clarke. Thomas W., 
 Collasnre. William, 
 Curry. James, 
 Cross. Daniel O.. 
 Conner. Roger O., 
 
 Lewis. William H., 
 Lincoln. Charles, 
 Lewis. William. 
 Lewis. Jasper, 
 McCabe. Wilber, 
 Myers. Stephen. 
 McGraw. Michael. 
 McAmish, Thompson, 
 Owen. Jacob H., 
 Parks. Thomas, 
 rierson. John, 
 Price. John C, 
 Pitner, Washington C, 
 Quinn. Thomas 
 
 Conney. James M„ 
 Clarke. William J., 
 Coppage, James W„ 
 Cams, John B., 
 Demoss. Thomas, 
 Davis, Richard. 
 Daugherty, Harkness, 
 Easton, George, 
 Ellis, John, 
 Easton, John, 
 Graff, Cyrus W., 
 Garrison. Martin A., 
 Gillman, James. 
 Harmon, Charles, 
 Holliday, William H., 
 II organ, Dennis, 
 Jenkins. Charles A., 
 Jones. Osborne C, 
 Kendrick. John, 
 Kennedy. Jno. Quincy, 
 King. Greenberry, 
 
 Recruits — 
 Avery, David, 
 Byers, James H., 
 Berry, John J., 
 Bellomy, James W., 
 Brown. Frederick W., 
 Chadsey, Asoph N., 
 Campbell, John R„ 
 Cruise. John. 
 Curry. Matthew T.. 
 Ennis, James K. P., 
 Eades, Henry, 
 Ennis, William. 
 Grafton. Samuel, 
 Hamilton, William, 
 Hall, James, 
 
 Reno, Oris McCartney, 
 Stockwell, Jeremiah, 
 Shields, David, 
 Stevenson, James, 
 Sloat, Lucian W r ., 
 Sloat, Earland M.. 
 Sprigg, George, 
 Tharpe, James, 
 Todhunter, Washington, 
 Tweedle, William B., 
 Underwood, Benj. F., 
 Vincent, Merrick, 
 Waugh. Hiram. 
 Ward. Lewis E., 
 Woods, John, 
 Young, James A., 
 Young. William S., 
 Yoe. George C, 
 Young, William A., 
 Young, Charles E. 
 
 Irwin, Harvey, 
 Jones, George, 
 Jones, James W., 
 Lewis. Jonathan. 
 McCreery, John P., 
 McNeeley. Alexander, 
 Potts, Lewis H., 
 Price. Henry, 
 Race, William, 
 Smith. Matthew H., 
 Stoneking. Thomas, 
 Thornton. George M. D., 
 Winnans. William M., 
 Williams, Elijah, 
 Young, James A. 
 
 Company E. 
 Francis M. Bates, recruit. 
 
 Company F. 
 
 Captain — Josiah Slack. 
 
 First Lieutenants — Oliver P. Brumback, Lewis Cray- 
 craft. Charles Ward, James M. Asbury. 
 
 Second Lieutenants — Lewis Craycraft, Elisha G. 
 West. 
 
 First Sergeant — Preston E. Veatch. 
 
 Sergeants — Charles R. Ward. James M. Asbury, 
 Frank B. Clarkson, James M. Baird. 
 
 Corporals — Obed Ramsey. Green B. Brown, Robert 
 Golden. John Wilson, John Augler, Jefferson Hicks, 
 Madison Koontz. 
 
 Wagoner — Robert McKoy. 
 
 Privates — 
 Ashcraft. Eli, 
 Brooks, Christopher C, 
 Blackburn. Arthur, 
 Blackley, William. 
 Brown, Alfred, 
 Beard. John S., 
 Black. William, 
 Bowling. Silas A., 
 Biggs. Christopher C, 
 Chapman. Thomas, 
 Cady. William H., 
 Cady, Orin. 
 Clark, Henry, 
 Cornagie. George M., 
 Clayton, Henry, 
 Craxton. Sampson, 
 Caldwell, William, 
 Ewing, William, 
 Fowler. Mordica, 
 Finch. Marshall B.. 
 Oillingwater, Irving, 
 Griggs. Jacob M.. 
 Gillespie. Robert, 
 Green, James R., 
 Green. James H., 
 Haley. James B., 
 Hawkins. James, 
 Hill. Amaziah. 
 Hedrick. James M.. 
 Irvin. William T.. 
 
 McHatten, William, 
 Melvin. Samuel, 
 McCurdy, Arthur, 
 McIIaley. John. 
 McCready, William A., 
 McCready. John F., 
 Owens. Benjamin F., 
 Plunkett. Jesse. 
 Poe. Virgil D., 
 Race. Sandy, 
 Race. Robert. 
 Rosson, John J.. 
 Ridenger, George, 
 Ridenger. Wilson, 
 Starr. Isaac H., 
 Stacker. Abraham, 
 Smith. Peter. 
 Sims. Jasper. 
 Thurman. Meredith. 
 Thovnhill. Bryant, 
 Truett. John. 
 Vanormer. Jackson, 
 West. Elisha G., 
 Watts, William H.. 
 Wilson. Achilles. 
 Wilson, Lycurgus. 
 Wilson, Ptolemicus, 
 Wilson. TTlvsses. 
 Wilson. Willis. 
 Wilson. Newton, 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 745 
 
 Whitniore, John, 
 Wbitmore, Jonas, 
 Williams, Henry, 
 Wood. William, 
 
 Murphy, Patrick. 
 Snediker. George. 
 Shaver, James L„ 
 Wilson, James, 
 Whitmore, Loren, 
 Yates, Rufus. 
 
 Kepler, Francis M., 
 Lewton, William. 
 Lahman. Peter. 
 Lawson, William G.. 
 Loury, James, 
 Recruits — 
 
 Ashcratt. Harvey, 
 Buckley, Jeremiah, 
 Craycraft, Charles, 
 Gray. James B., 
 Gillespie. John B.. 
 Hills. Reuben M., 
 Irvin. Jerome B., 
 
 Company G. 
 
 Arlington. Frank J., recruit. 
 
 Company I. 
 Corporal — Shuble Huff. 
 Privates — 
 Bildenback, Willis, Granger, Wm. J„ 
 
 Harrison, Thos.. Riley, Abraham, 
 
 Company K. 
 Corporals — James M. Baxter, Wm. T. Bonannon. 
 Privates — 
 Windle. Francis, Noel. Clement, 
 
 Noble. William H.. Roberts, John, 
 
 The One Hundred and Nineteenth Infantry 
 was organized at Quincy in September, 1862. and 
 was mustered into the United States service 
 October 10th by Lieut. K. Knox of the United 
 States army. Schuyler County furnished three 
 full companies for this regiment, and Thomas J. 
 Kinney of Rushville was elected Colonel when 
 the regiment was organized. Colonel Kinney was 
 Circuit Clerk of Schuyler County when the war 
 broke out. and it was through his efforts that 
 Company B was organized. 
 
 Capt R. L. Greer recruited Company C and 
 when be resigned from the service he was suc- 
 ceeded by Capt. Thomas J. Curry, also of Rush- 
 ville. Capt. Joshua Slack recruited Company F 
 in Camden Township. When Company C met in 
 Rushville on August 9. 1862, for final organiza- 
 tion, a handsome silk flag was presented by a 
 number of Rushville ladies and it was carried 
 by the company color bearer throughout the war. 
 After the war the old comrades lost track of 
 their flag, and it was just recently returned to 
 them from Pasadena, Cal„ where it was kept by 
 Jacob Washabaugh until his death. The flag is 
 now in the custody of Capt. R. L. Greer, a treas- 
 ured memento of the great conflict. 
 
 In October. 1862. the One Hundred and Nine- 
 teenth Infantry was ordered to Columbus, Ky„ 
 and thence to Jackson, Miss., where they did 
 guard duty along the line of the Mobile & Ohio 
 Railroad, and where they came into a clash with 
 that dashing rebel cavalry olfieer. Gen, Forrest. 
 On May 30, 1863, the regiment was ordered to 
 Memphis. Tenn.. and assigned to the Fourth 
 Brigade, and its connection with the same brigade 
 was continued until the close of the war. 
 
 On August 14, 1863, Capt. George Parker, of 
 Company B, died from the amputatiou of a broken 
 leg. Captain Parker enlisted from Browning 
 Township, and was a brave and accomplished 
 oflicer. 
 
 On January 27, 1S64. the regiment moved down 
 the Mississippi to Vicksburg. From there they 
 marched under General Sherman to Meridian, 
 Miss., and engaged in several skirmishes and, be^ 
 ing far removed from their base of supplies, for- 
 aged on the country. 
 
 On March 4. 1864, began the Red River cam- 
 paign, during which the One Hundred and Nine- 
 teenth was engaged in the battle of Shreveport, 
 where the brigade in the second day's fight cap- 
 tured one of the lost batteries and several pris- 
 oners. Again at Yellow Bayou, the regiment did 
 valiant service, losing a number of men, and the 
 command of the brigade was turned over to Col- 
 onel Kinney. Moving up the Mississippi they 
 next engaged the enemy at Lake Chicot, Ark., 
 and returned to Memphis. June 24. From there 
 they again went to Mississippi, where General 
 Forrest was engaged July 14(h at Tupelo, where, 
 after several charges and retreats, a victory was 
 won. 
 
 Ordered north again, the regiment made a 
 march of 700 miles from St. Louis and on their 
 return were sent to Tennessee where they en- 
 gaged Hood's forces in a two days' fight' near 
 Nashville, where a battery of brass guns was 
 captured. 
 
 March 27, 1S65, Spanish Fort was invested 
 and. on April nth, the regiment was in the charge 
 that captured Fort Blakely, near Mobile, Ala., 
 on the day of General Lee's surrender, and when' 
 the war was practically ended. The last service 
 of the regiment was at Mobile where Colonel Kin- 
 ney was assigned to duty as Provost Marshal of 
 the department and district of Mobile. Here the 
 regiment was mustered out of service, August 
 26. 1865, and Colonel Kinney retired from serv- 
 ice with the rank of Brevet Brigadier General. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Company D. 
 
 Corporals — William Orwig. 
 
 Privates — 
 Conner. Thomas, 
 Johnson, John, 
 Warntz, Jacob. 
 
 Recruits — 
 Bloomshine. Nicholas, 
 
 Causey, James, 
 Raper. Jacob. 
 
 McCulIough, nugh, 
 Duncan, Joseph, 
 
 Baker, Abraham. 
 
 Company K. 
 
746 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 . Company H. 
 
 Rice, William B. 
 ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-NINTH INFANTRY. 
 
 Company F. 
 Reynolds, Andrew J. 
 ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 
 Company A. 
 First Lieutenant — Thomas N. Stephens. 
 First Sergeant — Samuel B. McAfee. 
 ONE HUNDRED THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. 
 Captain — Robert A. Williams. 
 First Lieutenant — Luke W. Clark. 
 Second Lieutenant — William H. Rice. 
 First Sergeant — Albert B. Clarke. 
 Sergeants — Rice D. Suddoth, Ahira G. Meacham. 
 William T. Yoe. George C. Ray. 
 
 Corporals — Finlev Chandler, John Price, Charles 
 Perkins. Nathan Montgomery, Joseph Manlove, John 
 Tharp, George II. Sargent, Robert M. Rose. 
 
 McColly, Andrew, 
 Noble. William, 
 O'Neal. Daniel, 
 Parrott, Josiah S., 
 Roberts, John, 
 Ritchey. John A., 
 Ritchey, John Q., 
 Riley, Thomas, 
 Ripetoe. Harrison, 
 Spoonemore, John H., 
 Stewart. Thaddeus S., 
 Smith. Albert, 
 Sayers, Francis M-, 
 Sbippey. John A. B.. 
 Sours, Samuel, 
 Schroder. William. 
 Swan, Amos, 
 Tolle. Leman A., 
 Teeples, George W., 
 Taylor. John. 
 Vanorder, James, 
 Vandever. Edward. 
 Whitson, William H., 
 Withrow. Philip B., 
 Wright. George T., 
 Ware. Perry, 
 Wingo. Richard, 
 Woods, Marian B. 
 
 Privates — 
 Black, Richard, 
 Beghtol, William. 
 Bertholf, John A., 
 Berry. William F., 
 Beaty, Bartley, 
 Bailey, Josiah F., 
 Boice, Wesley, 
 Bridgewaters, Jos. N., 
 Bly, Thomas, 
 Corbridge, Wm. H., 
 Dunn, Jasper, 
 Dunn. Daniel, 
 Demoss, James W-, 
 Dewitt, Theodore, 
 English. John C. 
 Ellis, Samuel E., 
 Fry, Joel, 
 Howe, Wesley W., 
 Hand. Joseph, 
 Hill. John, 
 Harrington. Geo. P., 
 Ingraham, Oliver W.. 
 Ingram. Ira, 
 Jones. John T., 
 Jewell, Thomas T., 
 Landis, Benjamin, 
 Mercer. Alfred S., 
 Mil. bell. Francis M., 
 
 Recruit — Buruham, Robert. 
 
 Company K, One Hundred ami Thirty-seventh 
 Infantry, was recruited at Rushville by Capt. 
 Robert A. Williams. The regiment was organ- 
 ized at Camp Wood, Quincy, 111., by Col. John 
 Wood, and was mustered in June 5. 1S64, for 
 one hundred days. The regiment went from 
 Quincy to Memphis. Tenn., and was later sta- 
 tioned on the Hernando road, where it did picket 
 duty. The regiment was mustered out of serv- 
 ice at Springfield, 111., September 4, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED FORTY-NINTH INFANTRY. 
 Company G. 
 Byers. John R.. Johnson, Finley G. 
 
 Trader, James, 
 
 ONE HUNDRED FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 
 Company I. 
 Blair, Jerry. 
 
 Company K. 
 Captain — John Sutton. 
 First Sergeant — Samuel Everhart. 
 Sergeant — John O. Woods. 
 
 Corporals — James J. Mason, Wm. B. Jones, James 
 E. Mathews. 
 
 Privates — 
 Bonner, James, 
 Emerson, Harlow, 
 Ingraham, Ira, 
 King. Edward. 
 O'Neal, Daniel, 
 Roberts, Chas., 
 
 Swain, Amos, 
 Spear, Bolin, 
 Sites, Henry, 
 Winters, James B., 
 Woods, Marion B. 
 
 SECOND CAVALRY. 
 
 Company II. 
 -Josephus B. Venard. 
 
 -Wm. Birdwell, 
 
 Alexander M. 
 
 Captain- 
 Second Lieutenants- 
 
 Prather. 
 
 Sergeants — Jesse O. Beale, Shobal Chitman, Clinton 
 
 L. Bissel. 
 
 Farrier — Samuel Reynolds. 
 
 Privates — 
 Angel, James M., 
 Atkinson. Joseph, 
 Berry, Moses, 
 Bowlin, John, 
 Barker, James, 
 Chitwood, James A 
 Chitwood, John J., 
 Goree, William, 
 Green, William, 
 Gregg. Wm., 
 Hill, John, 
 Lowry, Ross, 
 
 Recruits — • 
 Barnaby. Joseph, 
 Frakes, Henry H., 
 Frakes, Jacob, 
 Frakes. John E., 
 Grass, Daniel, 
 
 THIRD CAVALRY. 
 Company H. 
 
 First Lieutenant — George H. Horton. 
 
 Sergeant — John H. Reed. 
 
 Privates — 
 Bradley, John W„ 
 Beretler, John, 
 Bradley, Thomas H., 
 Bixby, Henry C, 
 Bollman. William C. 
 Edwards, William B., 
 Geer, Sidney A., 
 
 Recruits — 
 Chapman, William, 
 Chapman, John. 
 Edwards. Charles N., 
 
 Lamaster, John, 
 Montgomery, James, 
 Metts, John H„ 
 Muck. Francis M., 
 Quintin, John, 
 tjuinn, Wm. P., 
 Roberts, Wm., 
 Randall. Peter, 
 Sparks. Wm. R., 
 Tyson. Alfred D., 
 Vail, Robert. 
 
 Dill, Edmund B.. 
 Moriarity, Gilbert, 
 Owens, Peter, 
 Acres. Lock P. 
 
 Gossage, Andrew J., 
 Kingrey, Wm. H., 
 Onion, Wm. T„ 
 Williams, Walter, 
 Rucker, Eli, 
 Shaw, Liberty. 
 
 Justus, John A., 
 Phillips. Asabel M., 
 Talbott, Isaiah. 
 
 Company B. 
 Horton. John, Seward, Stephen H. 
 
 Seward. David A., 
 
 SEVENTH CAVALRY. 
 
 Company E. 
 Cook. Isaac-. Miller. Henry, 
 
 Lamb. William, Nicholas. Luzerne, 
 
 Lamb, Charles, Risley, Samuel, 
 
 Lake, Thomas, Vanderwort, Freegift. 
 
 Company F. 
 Mitchell. Charles W. 
 
 Carnahan, David. 
 
 Company K. 
 
 TENTH CAVALRY. 
 Company I. 
 Frakes, Robert. 
 
 Company K. 
 Corbridge, W. H. H., Scanland, Sidney B., 
 
 Herbert, Francis M., Williams, Wilson. 
 
 Company M. 
 Curry, John W. 
 
 ELEVENTH CAVALRY. 
 Company I. 
 Latier, Samuel W. 
 
 Company G. 
 Gregory, Geo. W., 
 
 Gregory, Milton H., Kelly, James, 
 
 Kinsey. John R., Burrell, Isaac, 
 
 Hedenricb, Ferdinand, Hunter. John S., 
 
 Jolly, Wesley, Brown, Thos. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 747 
 
 FIFTEENTH CAVALRY. 
 Company B. 
 Sergeant — David Laughlin. 
 Corporal — Fluce D. Francis. 
 Privates — 
 Branuni, James G, Patterson, Francis M„ 
 
 Lemley, John, Patterson, Thos. N., 
 
 Madden, Wm. M., 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CAVALRY. 
 Company D. 
 Corporals — James M. Bell, Martin Richardson, 
 Henry C. Rue, Edwin C. Mercer. 
 
 Privates — 
 Bouser, William B., 
 Ballen, Abijah, 
 Greenwood, W. B., 
 Hamilton, J. W., 
 Jump, Abraham, 
 Colter, Hugh, 
 Compton, Lewis, 
 Carman, James, 
 Kuch, Charles, 
 
 Keeler, Martin, 
 Lamaster, Wm. H., 
 McKee, Wm., 
 Morris, Napoleon B., 
 Martin, George, 
 Richardson, William, 
 Thurman, John, 
 Moran, Wm., 
 Stumpf, Leonard, 
 
 FIRST ARTILLERY. 
 Battery F. 
 First Lieutenant — Jefferson F. Whaley. 
 Second Lieutenant — Robert Ritchey. 
 Privates — 
 
 Doctor, Valentine. 
 Fuller. Frederick, 
 Parker, S. E., 
 Young, Albert. 
 
 Sweet, Amos, 
 Winters, John, 
 Pierce, Franklin O., 
 
 Berringer, O., 
 Berringer, Lloyd, 
 Christance, G. W., 
 Christance, Cornelius, 
 
 Recruits — 
 Aird. Frank, 
 Christianson. Wm. H., 
 Faircbilds, Samuel C, 
 Mead, Charles A.. 
 
 TENTH MISSOURI INFANTRY. 
 Lieutenant Colonel — Leonidas Horney. 
 Major — Joseph Walker. 
 
 Company A. 
 Captain — Leonidas Horney, 
 First Lieutenant — Joseph Walker. 
 Corporals — James Middleton, John McNeill 
 George W. Bell. 
 
 Drummer — Wm. Line. 
 Fifer — Moses C. Tolle. 
 
 Privates — 
 Applegate, B. T., 
 Ainsworth, Albert S., 
 Busby, Zebulon, 
 Colt, A. R., 
 Cracraft, Charles, 
 DeWitt, Edmund, 
 Daily, Michael, 
 Harbison, John S., 
 Logan, Benj. R., 
 MeCabe, Miles, 
 Odell, Alfred. 
 Abbott. Moses R., 
 Bowden, Wm., 
 Briggs, Wm. H., 
 Cross, James H.. 
 DeWitt, James A., 
 Davis, A. J., 
 Ellicott, Wm. H., 
 Legg, James M., 
 Long, Jacob ('.. 
 Nichols. G. W.. 
 Odell. D. Clinton. 
 Pitman, Sandford, 
 Sprague, Samuel, 
 Sellers, Andrew. 
 Sellers. Lafayette, 
 Snyder, William. 
 Snyder, Wm. F., 
 Thompkins, Geo. W.. 
 Toland. Howard, 
 Wyckoff. James A.. 
 Adkinson, Daniel, 
 Ashcraft, J. F., 
 
 Snyder, David H., 
 Thrush. George, 
 Thompson, Sam'l S., 
 Vosburg, Cornelius, 
 Wilson. Elijah, Jr., 
 Johnson, Samuel, 
 Line, Edmund, 
 Lucas, Wm. R., 
 McGrath, Lloyd, 
 Middleton. D. F., 
 Middleton, John M.. 
 Moriarty, G. L., 
 Moore, Henry, 
 Mclntire, Wm., 
 Melton, Samuel, 
 Parson, Jacob, 
 Peyton, A. D., 
 Reed, Samson W., 
 Roach, John W., 
 Roberts, Thomas, 
 Swim, John, 
 Cooper, Joseph A., 
 Dunlavey. Jas. G., 
 Dennis. William, 
 Holmes, Cyrus, 
 Severns, L. J., 
 Sanford, Volney, 
 Thrush. Robert A., 
 Williams. William, 
 Wimple. Minard, 
 Tare, David J., 
 Reed, John S.. 
 Rice. Thomas A., 
 Roach, Levi W„ 
 
 and 
 
 Ashcraft, Richard, 
 Ashcraft, Samuel, 
 Burnett, Enos, 
 Bird, John, 
 Belchambers, Frank, 
 Bly, Wm. F., 
 Bingham, Joseph R., 
 Jacobs, Peter S., 
 Pennington, James, 
 Sellers, Leroy, 
 Stodgel, Francis M., 
 
 Sheesley, Daniel. 
 Raper, Henry F., 
 Bell, James M., 
 Castor, Lewis, 
 Dusher. Wm., 
 Gould. John C, 
 Herbert, James W., 
 Sheppard. Robert, 
 Thrush. Wm. F., 
 Tolle, Chas. W., 
 Wilson, Parker, 
 
 Company A, Tenth Missouri Infantry, was re- 
 cruited in Schuyler County by Leonidas Horney. 
 who had been a soldier in the Mexican War and 
 had been promoted from the ranks to a captaincy. 
 The most of the volunteers in this company were 
 from Littleton Township, but others were taken 
 in to make a full company. At the time the com- 
 pany was organized. Captain Homey offered the 
 services of his volunteers to Governor Yates, but 
 the Illinois quota at that time was full, and as 
 the men were eager for military service they 
 went St. Louis, where they were mustered into 
 sen-ice at Jefferson Barracks August 9, 1861, as 
 Co. A, Tenth Missouri Infantry. This regiment 
 was made up largely from Illinois volunteers who 
 were unable to obtain admission to service in 
 their own State. 
 
 From Jefferson Barracks the regiment went 
 into service along the Gasconade River, and spent 
 their first winter at Herman, Mo. From there 
 they made an attack on General Cobb's troops at 
 High Hill, Mo., and drove the Confederates to 
 Boonesboro. Following this engagement Captain 
 Horney was commissioned Major. 
 
 From Herman, Mo., the regiment was sent back 
 to Jefferson Barracks and from there to Cape 
 Girardeau, Mo., thence to Pittsburg Landing on 
 the Tennessee River, where the regiment was tn 
 a hot skirmish May 29, 1S62. They also took 
 part in the battle at Iuka. Miss.. September 
 13-20, 1862. and in the battle of Corinth, October 
 4, 1S62, the regiment lost in killed and wounded 
 HI men. Major Horney was wounded in the 
 right leg in this engagement, but he remained 
 with his troops throughout the fight. For his 
 conspicuous bravery on the field of battle he was 
 promoted to Lieutenant Colonel October 25, 1862. 
 
 The winter of 1862-63 was spent near German- 
 town above Memphis, and from there the regi- 
 ment marched to Vicksburg. On May 8, 1863, 
 Colonel Horney received a congratulatory letter 
 from General Grant for capturing 1,000 prison- 
 ers and five guns while marching to Vicksburg. 
 On Thursday May 14, 1863. the regiment led a 
 charge at Jackson, Miss., and their loss was 85 
 killed and wounded. 
 
748 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Id the siege of Vicksburg the Tenth Missouri 
 was in the engagement at Champion Hills and 
 was held in reserve until 3 o'clock on the after- 
 noon of May 16, 1863. Orders were then given for 
 the regiment to charge, and Colonel Homey at 
 the head of his troops drove the enemy back and 
 won the victory for the Union forces. After the 
 main body had been repulsed the regiment was 
 ordered to clear the field of minor detachments 
 that had not abandoned their position. Colonel 
 Horney rode in advance of his regiment and 
 noted a squad of six or eight soldiers in blue uni- 
 form whom he took to be Union soldiers. They 
 were, however, rebels in disguise, and as he rode 
 up they fired. One bullet pierced his side and 
 another his head and he fell from his horse into 
 the arms of his devoted men, who at the first 
 sign of treachery had rushed to their command- 
 er's aid. Colonel Horney was one of the able 
 commanders in the Vicksburg campaign and his 
 death cut short a brilliant military career, for 
 he had the confidence of his superior officers who 
 had noted his fearless bravery in action and the 
 masterly manner in which he handled his men. 
 He was buried on the field of battle, and nearly 
 two years elapsed before his remains were 
 brought home. On February 15, 1S65, they were 
 interred with military honors in the old family 
 burying ground at Thompson Cemetery, Little- 
 ton Township. 
 
 After the siege of Vicksburg the regiment was 
 sent to Helena, Ark., on September 12, 1863, and 
 from there marched to Chattanooga, arriving 
 there November 20th. On November 25th the 
 regiment went into action at Missionary Ridge, 
 where a loss of 69 men was sustained. Major 
 Walker was wounded in the shoulder in this en- 
 gagement. Captain Russell killed and four Lieu- 
 tenants wounded, but Company A went through 
 the battle without losing a man killed and only 
 two slightly wounded. 
 
 Following this engagement the regiment did 
 guard duty at Brownsboro, Ala., and was mus- 
 tered out at St. Louis August 24, 1864. 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 Sl'ANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 
 
 AMERICAN SYMPATHY FOR THE VICTIMS OF SPAN- 
 ISH OPPRESSION IN CUBA DESTRUCTION OF THE 
 
 AMERICAN BATTLESHIP MAINE IN HAVANA HAR- 
 BOR RESULTS IN DECLARATION OF WAR ORGAN- 
 IZATION OF A COMPANY' OF VOLUNTEERS IN 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY — IT BECOMES A PART OF COL. 
 J. O. ANDERSON'S PROVISIONAL REGIMENT, BUT 
 
 FAILS TO SEE ACTIVE SERVICE LIST OF OFFICERS 
 
 A SCHUY'LER COUNTY - GRADUATE OF WEST POINT 
 
 WHO SAW SERVICE IN CUBA, CHINA AND THE 
 PHILIPPINES — CAREER OF LIELTT. HAROLD HAM- 
 MOND OTHER CITIZENS OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 WHO RENDERED ACTIVE SERVICE IN CUBA, PORTO 
 RICO AND THE PHILIPPINES. 
 
 Sympathy for the native inhabitants of the 
 West India Islands first drew general attention 
 of the citizens of the United States to conditions 
 in Cuba, which became more revolting under the 
 tyrannical rule of General Weyler. and finally it 
 brought about an open clash at arms. 
 
 But even though great interest was taken in 
 the cause of the revolution pressed forward by 
 native Cubans, there would have been no armed 
 intervention on the part of the United States. 
 had not the battleship Maine met with destruc- 
 tion while in Havana harbor, where it had been 
 ordered on a friendly visit. 
 
 At tl:40 o'clock on the evening of February 15, 
 1898, ilii> magnificent ship was sunk by a sub- 
 marine explosion in Havana harbor, and 264 
 brave American seamen were killed by the ex- 
 plosion or carried down with their ship. The 
 wave of horror and indignation that swept over 
 the country was instantly echoed in the halls of 
 Congress, and on April 226 following, Congress 
 passed an act officially recognizing Cuban inde- 
 pendence, demanding Spain's withdrawal from 
 the waters of the Gulf, and authorizing the Pres- 
 ident to call into service 125,000 volunteers to 
 carry the resolution into effect. 
 
 There was instant response to the call for 
 troops, and during the early period of the war 
 a company of volunteers was organized in Rush- 
 ville and formed part of Col. J. O. Anderson's 
 Provisional Regiment. They were officially 
 known as Company K. and the total strength was 
 one hundred and twenty-two men. The election 
 of officers was held April 29. 1S98. and the roster 
 was filed with the Adjutant-General at Spring- 
 field on April "0. This company was not called 
 into service by the State of Illinois, but on 
 August 5 following, they were tendered a place 
 in a South Carolina regiment then being organ- 
 ized at Spartanburg, that State, but did not ac- 
 cept, transportation being refused them. The 
 
MR. AND MRS. JACOB LOGSDON 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 749 
 
 officers of Company K, Col. J. O. Anderson's 
 Provisional Regiment, were as follows: 
 
 Captain — Warren R. Leach. 
 
 First Lieutenant — Guy Grubb. 
 
 Second Lieutenant — Sheridan Slack. 
 
 Quartermaster Sergeant — Harry B. Craske. 
 
 First Sergeant. John C. Work : Second Sergeant, 
 Ray R. Lawler ; Third Sergeant, Vail Jackson ; Fourth 
 Sergeant, Oscar E. France. 
 
 Corporals — William H. Dieterich, James N. Denny, 
 Joseph Johnston. Walter Shannon, George Moench. Jr., 
 Carl Z. Work, Lewis L. O'Connor. Clarence Snyder, 
 Charles H. Branstool. Fred W. Vanorder. Harlen Ash- 
 ley, Samuel Wbeelhouse. 
 
 First Musician. George W. Dewitt : Second Musician, 
 George B. Griffith. 
 
 Wagoner — W. D. Cooney. 
 
 Artificer — Isaac N. Skiles. 
 
 There was also a company organized at Fred- 
 erick, comprising citizens of that place and 
 Beardstown, which was a part of Anderson's 
 Provisional Regiment, and the company roster 
 was also placed on file at Springfield. The elec- 
 tive officers of this company were : 
 
 J. W. Knight, Captain. 
 
 Henry Noldeu, First Lieutenant. 
 
 John W. Fagan, Second Lieutenant. 
 
 When the war between the United States and 
 Spain was pending, and the administration at 
 Washington was talking peace while preparing 
 for war, there was one Schuyler resident who 
 was looking forward eagerly to an armed clash 
 of the nations. Harold Hammond was at that 
 time a student in the United States Military 
 Academy at West Point, and, in the course of 
 events, he was destined to serve his country on 
 the firing line in three foreign countries. 
 
 His class was graduated in April, 189S, and he 
 went into service at once with the rank of Sec- 
 ond Lieutenant, and was assigned to the Ninth 
 United States Infantry. He was sent to Cuba 
 with General Shaffer's army and was stationed 
 at Santiago. In June of that year he was sent 
 home on a furlough, having contracted fever in 
 Cuba, and remained in Rushville until October 
 when he joined his regiment at Madison Bar- 
 racks, N. Y., and was soon after promoted to 
 Lieutenant. In April, 1890, Lieutenant Hammond 
 went to the Philippines, where he participated 
 in many engagements and was recommended by 
 General Lawton for promotion for "bravery and 
 good judgment in handling his company" at the 
 Zapote River fight. Island of Luzon, in June, 1901. 
 
 In June. 1900, Lieutenant Hammond went with 
 relief army to China in command of a company 
 in the Ninth United States Infantry, and was in 
 all the fighting on the march to Pekin. At the 
 battle of Tien-Tsin the Ninth Infantry bore the 
 
 brunt of the battle and the loss of officers was 
 unusually heavy. Colonel Liscomb being one of 
 the killed. 
 
 After the "Boxer" uprising had been quelled 
 by the allied forces, Lieut. Hammond returned 
 to the Island of Samar, and was in active service 
 until June, 1902, being then promoted to Captain 
 and transferred to the Twenty-third United 
 States Infantry. 
 
 Capt. Orson Pettijohn, of Huntsville Township, 
 was commissioned Commissary Captain in the 
 early days of the Spanish-American War, and was 
 assigned to duty in the Third Brigade, Second 
 Division, Second Army Corps. He served at 
 Camp Alger, Washington, D. C, Camp Mead, 
 Ilarrisburg, Pa., and Camp Fornance, Columbia, 
 S. C. 
 
 Lieut. W. W. Colt enlisted in the United States 
 Volunteer Signal Corps, at Washington, D. C, 
 and was sent to Cuba, landing at Havana, De- 
 cember 3, 1898. He was assigned to duty in 
 Pillar del Rio Province, and remained there until 
 the following June. On his return to the United 
 States he was granted a furlough, having sus- 
 tained a broken collar-bone in camp at the Flor- 
 ida Keys, and was ordered to report at San Fran- 
 cisco, October 31, 1S99, for service in the Philip- 
 pines. 
 
 Lieutenant Colt was in service in the Philip- 
 pines almost two years, being stationed success- 
 ively at Luzon, Samar and all the southern is- 
 lands of the Philippine group. He was in com- 
 mand of a company of signal corps men that 
 accompanied General Lawton in his last fight, 
 and news of this valiant soldier's fatal injury 
 was first telephoned to General MeArthur's head- 
 quarters at Manila by Lieutenant Colt. Among 
 the treasured mementoes of the war Lieutenant 
 Colt has seven commissions signed by President 
 MeKinley. He entered the service as Second 
 Lieutenant and was later promoted and, rnas- 
 much as Congress was not in session at the time 
 he was commissioned, duplicate commissions were 
 issued for each appointment or promotion, in all 
 numbering seven. 
 
 John C. Work enlisted as a private in the 
 United States Volunteer Signal Corps in Chicago, 
 June 28, 1898. and was assigned to the Seventh 
 Company. He was later transferred to the 
 Fourth Company United States Volunteer Signal 
 Corps, and was promoted to First Sergeant. He 
 went with his company to San Juan, Porto Rico, 
 and was mustered out of service March 31, 1899. 
 
750 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Martin Moore enlisted as a musician in Com- 
 pany F. Eighth United States Volunteers, April 
 14, 1899, and was assigned to duty in Cuba. On 
 May 27, 1900. he was transferred to the ranks 
 for a two years' enlistment and was ordered to 
 China. By the time his regiment arrived the 
 allied forces had captured Pekin and the Eighth 
 Infantry was sent to the Philippines. Here they 
 made their headquarters in Laguna Province 
 and made expeditions from there to Cavite and 
 Bagtansas. His company was in fourteen skir- 
 mishes during his term of enlistment and he re- 
 received his discharge June 28, 1002. 
 
 George DeWitt, of Littleton, enlisted in the 
 Forty-second United States Volunteers, as musi- 
 cian, and saw service in the Philippines. 
 
 John Moore, of Littleton, was a member of the 
 Fourteenth United States Volunteers, and was 
 stationed in China and the Philippines during his 
 term of service. , 
 
 Fred A. Knock served in Company C, Sixth 
 Illinois Infantry. 
 
 Arthur B. Wright was a member of Company 
 M. Fifth Illinois Infantry. 
 
 Walter and Richard Rittenhouse enlisted in a 
 Colorado regiment, and served in the Philippines. 
 
 John W. Fagan, of Frederick, was Quarter- 
 master Sergeant of Company D. Forty-fourth 
 Regiment, United States Volunteers, and served 
 in the Philippine Islands. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 THE MORMONS IN ILLINOIS. 
 
 COMING OF THE MORMONS TO ILLINOIS IN 1S39 
 
 THEY LOCATE AT COMMERCE AND CHANGE THE 
 
 NAME TO NATTVOO SKETCH OF JOE SMITH AND 
 
 THE FOUNDING OF THE SECT — EXPULSION FROM 
 MISSOURI PRECEDES THEIR COMING TO ILLINOIS — 
 THEIR ENTRANCE INTO AND INFLUENCE IN STATE 
 
 POLITICS EXTRAORDINARY POWERS GRANTED IN 
 
 NAUVOO CITY CHARTER SERVE AS PROTECTION TO 
 CRIMINALS — CLASH WITH "THE GENTILES" — ■ 
 SUMMONING OF TROOPS FROM SCHUYLER AND 
 MC DONOUGH COUNTIES GOV. FORD'S ACCOUNT 
 
 OF THE SITLTATION — ARREST OF THE SMITHS AND 
 THEIR ASSASSINATION IN HANCOCK COUNTY JAIL 
 
 — PANIC IN WESTERN ILLINOIS DEPUTY U. S. 
 
 MARSHAL BENSON'S STATEMENT — GOV. FORD'S 
 EXPERIENCE AS VIOLATOR OF A RUSHVILLE VIL- 
 LAGE ORDINANCE MORMONS EXPELLED FROM IL- 
 LINOIS IN 1846, FOUND A NEW COMMUNITY AT 
 SALT LAKE. 
 
 By reason of close proximity to Hancock County, 
 the early settlers of Schuyler County were in- 
 tensely interested in the Mormon settlement at 
 Xauvoo. and this continued up to the time that 
 religious sect was driven from the State. A re- 
 view of the Mormon occupation of Illinois may. 
 therefore, bring out some interesting bits of local 
 history. 
 
 Even before Joseph Smith had decided upon 
 Nauvoo as the home for his religious colony the 
 town was well known to Schuyler people by the 
 name of Commerce, and Dr. Isaac Galland, the 
 town-site promoter, who was instrumental in lo- 
 cating the Mormons there, had gained more than 
 local notoriety by an indictment and trial for 
 perjury before a Schuyler County court. 
 
 It was in 1839 that the Mormons first located 
 in Illinois, but to give the proper historical con- 
 nection of this marvelously organized religious 
 body, that has since founded and built one of the 
 most populous cities of the west, and largely con- 
 trols the affairs and destiny of the State of Utah, 
 we go back to the first period of the church his- 
 tory, and briefly chronicle the history of the sect 
 
 prior to the time Nauvoo was selected as the 
 
 « 
 
 home of the "Latter Day Saints." 
 
 Joseph Smith, the founder and pretended 
 prophet of the Mormon church, was born at 
 Sharon, Windsor County, Vt.. December 23, 1805. 
 Early in life he gained local renown as a "water 
 wizard." professing to locate never failing sources 
 of water through the medium of the "water 
 witch," which he constructed from a forked twig 
 of green timber. 
 
 In his youth he was noted for his vagrant hab- 
 its and illusory schemes and. at Palmyra, N. Y., 
 to which place his father had removed in 1815, 
 he made the acquaintance of Sidney Rigdon, a 
 young man of ability and natural talent who had 
 conceived the idea of starting a new religion. 
 A religious romance, written by a Presbyterian 
 clergyman of Ohio, formed the basis for their 
 new creed, and they then devised the story that 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 751 
 
 Smith had discovered golden plates buried in the 
 ground near Palmyra, and that their religious 
 romance was a translation of these mystically 
 engraved plates. 
 
 Soon after this, the family removed to Kirt- 
 land, Ohio, where Joseph Smith began to teach 
 and preach the new religion. He soon aroused the 
 antagonism of other denominations, and both 
 Joseph and his brother Hiram, who aided him in 
 the work, were tarred and feathered and driven 
 out of town. 
 
 We next hear of the Mormons in Missouri, 
 where they settled in Davis and Calhoun Coun- 
 ties. Here they built the town of Far West, but 
 it was not long until they had incurred the en- 
 mity of their neighbors, and they were once more 
 the center of a vigorous strife, which became so 
 embittered that a resort to physical force was the 
 only alternative by which the quarrel could be 
 adjusted. 
 
 The Mormons, now numbering several thou- 
 sand, armed themselves for the fray and patroled 
 their villages and sent out marauding parties to 
 invade surrounding communities. So notorious did 
 they become that Governor Boggs summoned the 
 State militia, laid siege to the town of Far West 
 and took the leaders prisoners, and, had it not 
 been for the interference of General Doniphan, 
 the officer in command, the volunteers would 
 have executed them on the spot. As it was. they 
 were taken before a judicial tribunal and in- 
 dicted, charges being lodged against them for 
 murder, treason, robbery and other crimes. Jo- 
 seph and Hiram Smith, with other leaders of 
 the church, were committeed to jail, but before 
 their trial was called they made their escape and 
 fled the State. 
 
 Hence it was. that the entrance of the Mor- 
 mons was brought about by what they termed 
 their persecution in Missouri, and they were re- 
 ceived with a spirit of tolerance that was char- 
 acteristic of the early Illinois settlers. But later 
 events proved the folly of "Separatism" in a 
 Republic, and showed how utterly impossible is 
 the peaceful existence of a community governed 
 by religious and moral laws differing from their 
 neighbors. 
 
 It was in 1S39 that the Mormons first located 
 in Commerce and changed the name of the town 
 to Nauvoo. which signifies beautiful location, and 
 here they built a great city for those pioneer 
 times, the population in 1842 amounting to 30,000. 
 
 General attention was first attracted to the 
 
 Mormons in Illinois by the efforts of the poli- 
 ticians to get their votes, and this in time stirred 
 up animosity, not alone in Hancock County, but 
 in neighboring counties as well ; and it was, in 
 fact, one of the causes of the uprising which 
 brought about the death of Joseph and Hiram 
 Smith and led to the western migration of their 
 religious followers in 1S46. 
 
 The eagerness of the politicians to favor the 
 Mormons is shown in the charter granted to the 
 city of Nauvoo. It gave extraordinary powers to 
 the city authorities, even to the point of permit- 
 ting them to annul statutory enactments, when 
 not in conflict with the State Constitution, and 
 this charter was granted without any sign of op- 
 position by either Democrats or Whigs. 
 
 The Mormons were sharp enough to take ad- 
 vantage of the political situation, and as they 
 voted practically as a unit, they easily controlled 
 the political policy of Hancock County and the 
 Congressional District as well. In 1843, when 
 Cyrus Walker of Macomb was the Whig candi- 
 date for Congress, he had the assurance of the 
 Mormon vote, but just before the election Hiram 
 Smith had a "revelation" that the Mormons 
 should support Joseph P. Hoge, of Galena, the 
 Democratic candidate, and he received the full 
 church vote and was elected. The Whigs, finding 
 themselves outgeneraled, commenced a tirade of 
 denunciation of the Mormons, which, with the 
 ill advised policies of the Mormon leaders, tended 
 to create a bitter feeling towards them. One act 
 of the rulers of Nauvoo was particularly obnox- 
 ious to the settlers of adjoining counties. This 
 was under the law passed in the winter of 1843- 
 44. which provided that no writ issued from any 
 other place except Nauvoo, for the arrest of any 
 person in the city, should be executed without an 
 approval endorsed thereon by the mayor. 
 
 After this law went into operation, if robberies 
 were committed in adjoining counties the thieves 
 would flee to Nauvoo. Every crime of every 
 character which was committed in the Military 
 Tract was charged to the Mormons, and when 
 thieves were released on writs of habeas corpus, 
 it did look as though the Mormons were desirous 
 of setting up an independent government within 
 the State. About this time a band of despera- 
 does operated along Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
 County, and horses and cattle were stolen and 
 driven out of the country, which greatly incensed 
 the settlers who were quick to blame the Mor- 
 mons. 
 
752 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 This was the state of affairs in the summer of 
 1844 when a crisis was precipitated by Joseph 
 Smith ordering the destruction of the office of 
 "The Expositor," a newspaper started by anti- 
 Mormons in the city of Nauvoo. This proceed- 
 ing created intense feeling against the Mormons, 
 for Illinois settlers were quick to resent any- 
 thing calculated to destroy the liberty of the 
 press. Wan-ants were issued, but the prisoners 
 were liberated on writs of habeas corpus at Nau- 
 voo. Then a wave of excitement spread over 
 Western Illinois. Orders were sent out for the 
 State militia from Hancock, McDonough and 
 Schuyler Counties to assemble and enforce the 
 service of civil processes, and Gov. Ford hastened 
 from Springfield to Carthage, tBe county seat of 
 Hancock County. 
 
 Gov. Ford reached Carthage June 21, 1844, and 
 upon his arrival found an armed force assembled. 
 In his "History of Illinois." Gov. Ford states that 
 the General of the brigade had called for the 
 militia, en masse, from the counties of McDon- 
 o.igh and Schuyler to serve as posse COmitatUS to 
 assist in the execution of process. 
 
 On the arrival of the Governor an attempt was 
 made to perfect a military organization, but as 
 most of the volunteers had never even practiced 
 the mimic evolutions of warfare, it was a well 
 nigh hopeless task. When the troops were as- 
 sembled. Gov. Ford made an address in which he 
 pleaded with the volunteers not to take hasty 
 action or allow the mob spirit to dominate, as 
 the intense feeling against the Mormons was now 
 at fever heat. 
 
 With this assurance on the part of the troops, 
 an officer and guard of ten men were sent to Nau- 
 voo to arrest the Mayor and Common Council ami 
 bring them to Carthage for trial. S. S. Benson, 
 now a resident of Huntsville Township, Schuyler 
 County, was the officer sent to Nauvoo, and, in 
 an interview with the editor of this history, he 
 tells the story of the arrest and subsequent mur- 
 der of the Mm- n prophets. 
 
 Mr. Benson at the time of the Mormon war 
 was a deputy United States Marshal and also dep- 
 uty to Sheriff Deming, and he was in close 
 touch with the men in command of the forces 
 gathered at Carthage, and lie himself took an 
 active part in affairs. 
 
 Mr. Benson says that, on receiving the war- 
 rants for the arrest of Joseph and Hiram Smith 
 and other officials of the Mormon city, be left at 
 once for Nauvoo. Joseph Smith was placed un- 
 
 der arrest in his own house, but as it was then 
 late in the evening, be stated that he and his 
 companions would meet the Marshal the next 
 morning and accompany them to Carthage. Mr. 
 Benson took his guard of ten men to the tavern 
 to spend the night, but when morning came the 
 Smiths were no where to be found and he 
 marched his men back to Carthage. 
 
 Gov. Ford, in his "History of Illinois." seeks 
 to justify his own weak and vacillating action by 
 casting aspersion upon others and Mr. Benson 
 comes in for his full share, as the following quo- 
 tation indicates. 
 
 "Upon the arrival of the constable and guard, 
 the Mayor and Common Council at once signified 
 their willingness to surrender, and stated their 
 readiness to proceed to Carthage next morning at 
 8 o'clock. Martial law had previously been abol- 
 ished. The hour of 8 o'clock came, and the ac- 
 cused failed to make their appearance. The eon- 
 stable and his escort returned. The constable 
 made no effort to arrest any of them, nor would 
 he or the guard delay their departure one minute 
 beyond the time, to see whether an arrest could 
 be made. Upon their return they reported that 
 they had been informed that the accused had 
 fled and could not be found. . . . 
 
 "I was soon informed, however, of the conduct 
 of the constable and guard, and then I was per- 
 fectly satisfied that a must base fraud bad been 
 attempted; that, in fact, it was feared that the 
 Mormons would submit and thereby entitle them- 
 selves to the protection of the law. It was very 
 apparent that many of the bustling, active spirits 
 were afraid that there would be no occasion for 
 calling out an overwhelming militia force; for 
 marching it into Nauvoo ; for probable meeting 
 when there, and for the extermination of the 
 Mormon race. It appeared that the constable 
 and the escort were fully in the secret and acted 
 well their part to promote the conspiracy." 
 
 The truth of the matter is, Mr. Benson had a 
 better knowledge of the situation than Gov. Ford, 
 and his action in not forcing the service of bis 
 warrants at Nauvoo averted a clash that would 
 surely have terminated in bloody warfare. At 
 both Nauvoo and Carthage were large bodies of 
 men excited to frenzy, and fully armed, and any 
 overt act on either side would have precipitated 
 a conflict. 
 
 There had gathered at Carthage a force of be- 
 tween twelve and thirteen hundred men. and the 
 Mormon Legions, two thousand strong, were fully 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 753 
 
 armed and under military command. This was 
 even after the State arms and cannons had heen 
 turned over to the Governor at Carthage, and it 
 goes to show the Mormons were expecting and 
 had made preparation for an attack in force. 
 
 This was the state of affairs when Joseph 
 Smith. Mayor of Nanvoo, his brother Hiram and 
 all the members of the council came into Carthage 
 and surrendered themselves to the officers on the 
 charge of riot. All of them were discharged from 
 custody except Joseph and Hiram Smith, against 
 whom the magistrate had issued a new writ, on a 
 complaint of treason. 
 
 Mr. Benson, in telling of the arrest of the pre- 
 tended prophets, says they were at first taken to 
 Hamilton's hotel, where they were guarded by 
 six or seven men. and later were transferred to 
 the stone jail, where they were confined in the 
 jailor's quarters upstairs, which afforded more 
 commodious quarters than the prison cells, and 
 here they remained to the time of their tragic 
 death two days following. 
 
 At the first call for troops by Hancock County 
 officers the militia of Schuyler County was as- 
 sembled. Major Jonathan O. Randall took a com- 
 pany from Rushviile and Capt. Brant Brown and 
 Capt. A. L. Wells, of Camden, went to Carthage, 
 each with a company of sixty men. 
 
 On the morning of June 27, 1844. that fateful 
 day which marked the beginning of the end of 
 Mormon occupancy in Illinois. Gov. Ford called 
 a council of officers of the militia. A hue and cry 
 had gone up from the ranks to march on Nauvoo, 
 and the Governor counseled more deliberate ac- 
 tion. In his story of this military council Gov. 
 Ford says: "Many of the officers admitted that 
 there might be danger of collision. But such was 
 the blind fury prevailing at the time, though not 
 showing itself by much visible excitement, that 
 a small majority of the council adhered to the 
 first resolution of marching into Nauvoo. most of 
 the officers of the Schuyler and McDonougb 
 militia voting against it, and most of those of 
 the county of Hancock voting in its favor." 
 
 As Commander-in-Chief of the State militia, 
 Gov. Ford refused to ratify the action of a ma- 
 jority of his officers and the force at Carthage 
 was ordered disbanded with the exception of three 
 companies, two of which were retained as a guard 
 to the jail and the other for an escort to the 
 Governor on his intended journey to Nauvoo. 
 This action terminated the service of the Schuy- 
 
 ler militia in the Mormon war. so far as an ef- 
 fective fighting force was concerned. 
 
 After issuing the orders for the militia to dis- 
 band. Gov. Ford left a small detachment at Car- 
 thage on the morning of June 27th to guard the 
 jail, w'hile he started for Nauvoo eighteen miles 
 distant. A cavalry escort accompanied Gov. Ford 
 and they arrived at the Mormon headquarters 
 about four o'clock in the afternoon, and the Gov- 
 ernor addressed a large assembly and was given 
 respectful attention. A short time before sun- 
 down the return march was begun and, when two 
 miles out of Nauvoo, the little company met two 
 men who told them the Smiths had been assassi- 
 nated at Carthage between five and six o'clock. 
 Mr. Benson was a member of this cavalry escort, 
 and he says they lost no time in bundling the two 
 men into their baggage wagon, as they wanted to 
 get farther away before the news reached Nau- 
 voo, as it was suspected the Mormon Legion 
 would seek to avenge the death of their "saints." 
 This opinion was general throughout Hancock 
 County immediately following the tragedy, and 
 the community was in a state of terror and ap- 
 prehension for days. 
 
 It appears from the story told by Mr. Benson, 
 corroborated by historians of that period, that the 
 company of Carthage Greys left to guard the jail 
 were expecting an attack on the Smiths and made 
 no effort to repel it. Sergeant Franklin A. Wor- 
 rell was guarding the jail witli a detachment of 
 eight or ten men, and when the mob appeared 
 with their faces blackened and coats turned in- 
 side out. the guards made feeble resistance. Jos- 
 eph Smith, his brother Hiram, Dr. Richards and 
 John Taylor were in the jail when the raid was 
 made, the two last named being prominent Mor- 
 mons who had called to visit the prisoners. When 
 the guards gave way the mob mounted the stairs 
 and when their progress was blocked by the 
 heavy door to the debtor's room, where the Smiths 
 were confined, they began firing through the door. 
 Hiram Smith was killed in this first fusillade. 
 Taylor was badly wounded and Dr. Richards 
 sought safety behind the door when it was burst 
 open. Joseph Smith was armed with -a six barrel 
 pistol and made a show of resistance. When his 
 pistol was exhausted he ran to the prison window 
 and partly leaped and partly fell into the yard 
 below. Even had he not received a mortal wound 
 at this time, the volley fired at him as he fell 
 would have proved fatal. Four balls pierced his 
 body and before the smoke had time to clear 
 
754 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 away the Mormon prophet was dead. In a sum- 
 ming up of Smith's character. Gov. Ford says: 
 
 "Thus fell Joseph Smith, the most successful 
 impostor of modern times. A man who, though 
 ignorant and coarse, possessed some great nat- 
 ural parts which fitted him for temporary suc- 
 cess, but which were so obscured and counter- 
 acted by the inherent corruption and vices of his 
 nature, that he could never succeed in establish- 
 ing a system or policy w T hich looked to permanent 
 success in the future. His lusts, his love of 
 money and power, always set him to studying 
 present gratification and convenience, rather 
 than the remote consequences of his plans. It 
 seems that no power of intellect can save a cor- 
 rupt man from this error. The strong cravings 
 of the animal nature will never give fair play to 
 a fine understanding ; the judgment is never al- 
 lowed to choose that good which is far away in 
 preference to enticing evil near at hand. And 
 this may be considered a wise ordinance of Prov- 
 idence, by which the counsel of talented, but cor- 
 rupt, men are defeated in the very act which 
 promised success." 
 
 It was everywhere supposed that the murder 
 of the Smiths would create an outburst of ven- 
 geance on the part of the Mormons and, on the 
 night following the tragedy, women and children 
 were hastened out of Carthage to seek safety in 
 flight. It was the same in all surrounding towns, 
 and exaggerated rumors of atrocities committed 
 by Mormons added to terrors of the next few 
 days. 
 
 News of the assassination of the Smiths was 
 carried to Rushville by Abner Bacon, of Pulaski, 
 who changed horses three times within the thirty 
 miles to hasten bis speed. He reached Rushville 
 on the morning following the tragedy, anil the 
 populace was summoned by the ringing of the 
 court house bell. His mission was to raise troops 
 to repel the threatened onslaught of the frenzied 
 Mormons, and while the men burnished up their 
 old rifles the women and boys moulded bullets. 
 That afternoon an unorganized company of volun- 
 teers left Rushville for the seat of war. and so 
 great was the terror of the people in Rushville 
 that the town was patrolled by a guard during 
 the night. The Rushville company had crossed 
 Crooked Creek and were on their second day's 
 march when they were met by a courier from Gov. 
 Ford and ordered to return home. 
 
 Luke P. Allphin, of Camden, one of the very 
 few survivors of the Mormon war, gives an in- 
 
 teresting reminiscence of the campaign. He was 
 a private in Capt. Wells' company, and says the 
 men went to Carthage armed with flint-lock rifles, 
 butcher knives and clubs, and with the idea of 
 waging a war of extermination against the Mor- 
 mons. Camden Township was within the zone 
 of operation of the thieves and pillagers, who 
 claimed protection in the Mormon city, and this 
 had created intense hatred against the new re- 
 ligious sect. 
 
 Mr. Allphin's company was in Carthage when 
 the Smiths delivered themselves up to the officers, 
 and they remained there until mid-day on June 
 27th. when they were discharged from service 
 and started on their return home. That night 
 they went into camp about twelve miles from 
 Carthage and the men were in high spirits, as 
 they had secured about fifty pounds of fresh meat 
 before leaving Carthage, and at camp a farmer's 
 wife had baked for them a quantity of bread in 
 skillets. These provisions were stored in Mr. 
 Allphin's big covered wagon, drawn by a span of 
 oxen, and the men also had a quantity of liquor 
 which they had deposited there. 
 
 During the night a messenger arrived from 
 Carthage on a horse flecked with foam and noti- 
 fied the troops that the Smiths had been mur- 
 dered, and that the Mormons were marching 
 across the country murdering men. women and 
 children as they came. While at Carthage the 
 men had been regaled with stories from Hancock 
 County volunteers of the wanton ^ ickedness of 
 the Mormons, and they were in a state of mind 
 to believe the excited courier from the seat of 
 war. Then followed a rout that Mr. Allphin 
 says left only ten men at their encampment, and. 
 he adds, that if it hadn't been for his yoke of 
 oxen he would have taken to the timber himself. 
 The most of men in the company had families 
 at home, and their services to the State having 
 terminated, they felt that their first duty was to 
 protect their own firesides. The hasty departure 
 of the volunteers left an overstocked commissary 
 department, and Uncle Luke smiles in pleasant 
 recollection today as he thinks of that old cov- 
 ered wagon, with its precious load of fresh meat, 
 johnny-cakes and whisky. 
 
 The anticipated Mormon uprising failed to 
 ei.ine about, but the hatred engendered between 
 this religious body and the residents of Hancock 
 County was such that hostilities were expected to 
 break forth at any time. In the fall of 1S44 an 
 invitation was sent to prominent Schuyler County 
 
(ji^p^i c^rmfA^o^y^- 
 
 Zmr^-i 
 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 755 
 
 citizens to join in a big wolf hunt, but it was 
 generally known the movement was started sim- 
 ply to collect a force to drive the Mormons and 
 their sympathizers, known as "Jack Mormons," 
 from Illinois. This intended raid soon became 
 noised about, and Gov. Ford again left the State 
 capital for Carthage in October of that year. 
 This time he was accompanied by a Sangamon 
 County militia company, known as the Spring- 
 field Cadets. They passed through Rushville on 
 their way to Carthage and encamped for one 
 night in the court house yard in Rushville. Gov. 
 Ford did not share the discomforts of camp with 
 bis soldiers, but instead stopped at Mrs. Jane 
 Stephenson's tavern, located where the George 
 Little grocery store now stands. 
 
 An incident occurred at this time which is well 
 worth recording. While the troops were en- 
 camped in the city Gov. Ford thought he would 
 indulge, in pistol practice to perfect himself in 
 the art. and lie set up his target in the rear of the 
 tavern. It was in close proximity to the home of 
 James Little, and he resented this infraction of 
 the village laws and swore out a complaint 
 against the Governor for using firearms within 
 the corporation limits. Gov. Ford immediately 
 went before Jacob O. Jones, who was Police Mag- 
 istrate, and paid his tine and then hastened with 
 his troops to Carthage. But on the return trip 
 the soldiers of his command bad their revenge. 
 They marched into Rushville at night and while 
 the villagers slept they loaded their big brass 
 howitzers and fired them on the public square 
 and before the echo had died away they were 
 again on the march headed towards the Illinois 
 River. 
 
 For the next two years there were frequent 
 clashes between Mormons and anti-Mormons in 
 Hancock County and Major Win. B. Warren of 
 Jacksonville commanded an. armed force in the 
 winter of 1S45-46 to preserve order and protect 
 property. During that winter a convention was 
 held at Carthage, which was attended by dele- 
 gates from surrounding counties, to discuss the 
 situation, for it really amounted to a state of civil 
 war : but under the capable management of Major 
 Warren a semblance of order was restored. In 
 early spring of 184(1 the western emigration 
 of Mormons began ami, within a short time, the 
 main body had left for the new home at Salt 
 Lake and, with the wrecking of the Mormon tem- 
 ple, the last hope of an abiding place in Illinois 
 was at an end. 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 CRIMINAL TRIALS AND EXECUTIONS. 
 
 DAVID MORGAN EXECUTED FOR MURDER ON JAN. 31, 
 1832 — THOMAS FORD, AFTERWARDS GOVERNOR OP 
 ILLINOIS, FIRST PROSECUTING ATTORNEY — CHAR- 
 ACTER SKETCH OF THE MURDERER BY REV. JOHN 
 SCRIPPS — DAVID AND ELIAS M'FADDEN, OF M'DON- 
 OUGH COUNTY, EXECUTED JULY 6, 1835 — THE 
 "EXECUTION A PUBLIC ONE — PRISONERS BORNE TO 
 THE GALLOWS ON THEIR COFFINS ATTENDED BY A 
 MILITARY GtTARD — FIELDING FRAME, A SCHUYLER 
 COUNTY' MURDERER. EXECUTED AT CARTHAGE MAY 
 
 18, 1839. 
 
 In the eighty years that have elapsed since 
 Schuyler County was organized and given a civil 
 government, but three criminal executions have 
 been witnessed within her bounds, and only one 
 person executed for committing murder in this 
 county. The last of these executions was held in 
 1835 and. although there have been a number of 
 murders committed since then, punishment has 
 been limited to penitentiary sentences. 
 
 The first murder in Schuyler County was com- 
 mitted in May, 1831, when David Morgan killed 
 George Everett, in the woods at the top of Coal 
 Greek hill, on the lower road from Frederick to 
 Rushville. Morgan was brought to Rushville and 
 lodged in the old log jail, which was guarded 
 day and night by special deputies employed by 
 the Sheriff. When court met on October 5, 1831, 
 Morgan was indicted for murder, and was brought 
 before Judge Richard M. Young for trial. He 
 had made no provision for attorneys and the 
 court appointed Adolplius II. Hubbard and James 
 Turney to conduct his defense. They asked for 
 a change of venue to McDonouidi County and 
 there Morgan was tried and convicted. The ver- 
 dict of the jury was set aside by the court, and 
 Morgan was returned to Schuyler County and a 
 special term of court was called to hear his case 
 on January 2, 1832. 
 
 The brick court house was not completed at 
 this time, and the County Commissioners ar- 
 ranged for holding court in the brick school bouse, 
 but on January ."., 1832, this action was rescinded. 
 doubt having arisen whether the former order 
 
756 
 
 IIIKTOI.Y OF SCHUYLEI? COUNTY. 
 
 of the Commissioners was legal in consequence 
 of no notice having been given for holding such 
 special term. In spite of the fact that the court 
 house was not finished inside. Judge Young con- 
 vened court there and ordered a special venire of 
 grand and petit jurymen. A second indictment 
 was drawn by the grand jury and. on Wednesday. 
 January 4. 1832, Thomas Ford, then State's At- 
 torney, and afterwards Governor of Illinois, 
 called the --ase for trial. The day was spent in 
 securing a jury which was made up as follows: 
 Daniel Owens, foreman : James Blackburn, Wil- 
 liam Cox, John Davis, Alexander Penny. David 
 Jenkins, George Green, William Rose, John 
 Durall. Samuel P. Dark, Daniel Louderback and 
 Francis Albury. 
 
 After the jury was secured court adjourned for 
 one day and, on request of Morgan's attorneys, 
 attachments were issued for Polly Wallis. Widow 
 Roberts, and James Miller, who were desired as 
 witnesses. No time was lost in legal wrangling 
 when court convened on Friday, and the evidence 
 was heard, arguments made and a verdict of 
 guilty was rendered before nightfall. Adolphus 
 FI. Hubbard, one of Morgan's attorneys, entered 
 a motion for arrest of judgment, which was heard 
 by the court on Saturday morning and overruled. 
 Morgan was then brought before the bar and 
 asked if he had anything to say before sentence 
 was passed, and he answered in the negative. 
 Judge Young then pronounced sentence and 
 placed the time of execution on Tuesday. January 
 ".1. 1832, between the hours of 10 o'clock in the 
 morning and two o'clock in the afternoon, ami 
 directed Joel Pennington, Sheriff, to carry out 
 the orders of the court. 
 
 The trial and execution of Morgan was a heavy 
 drain upon the meager resources of the county 
 and in the proceedings of the commissioner's 
 court we find numerous bills presented by persons 
 who guarded the jail and accompanied the pris- 
 oner to and from Macomb. From these bills we 
 find that Ebenezer Grist constructed the gallows 
 and John Holderby was allowed $6 for a coffin 
 furnished. Robert X. Ohadsey was allowed 
 $10.50 for irons, made to confine the prisoner in 
 jail, while Joel Pennington, Sheriff, drew an or- 
 der for $32 for services at the trial and the ex- 
 ecution of Morgan. 
 
 Rev. John Scripps, while editor of the Prairie 
 Telegraph, wrote an account of the execution of 
 David Morgan, and as he was brought into close 
 association with the man as spiritual advisor, he 
 
 was in a position to know the facts and his story 
 of the murderer is here given : 
 
 "David Morgan was an old man. a grandfather, 
 and the most stupidly brutalized being we ever 
 had anything to do with. There had existed an 
 enmity between himself and a young man. whom 
 he found one day chopping in the woods ; some 
 angry words passed between them, when Morgan 
 shot him down, leaving him in his gore. He went 
 home where it appears his wife and terrified fam- 
 ily kept aloof from him, and yet within seeing 
 distance. Here he deliberately reloaded his gun, 
 and prostrating himself upon his back, he laid 
 the gun on his body and applying its muzzle to 
 bis chin he sprang the trigger with his toe. in- 
 tending self-destruction. The gun went off, but 
 ranged too much upward for his purpose, the bul- 
 let only somewhat shattering his jaw. took off his 
 upper lip and the ends of his tongue and nose, 
 and flew off into vacancy far above the, seat of 
 vitality, his brains, at which he aimed. 
 
 "He was brought to Rushville for commitment 
 the next day in a sled, exhibiting at once the 
 most disfigured and revolting features of a human 
 we ever looked upon. His face, all blackened, 
 crisped and blistered by the exploded powder, 
 his mouth (all raw flesh ) necessarily wide open, 
 the half-crimsoned slimy saliva stringing down 
 on each side, and hundreds of flies continually 
 alighting on his wounds, with most persevering 
 tenacity, wearying both himself and attendants 
 in endeavoring to fray them away. Being com- 
 mitted, he was confined in the upper room of the 
 jail, where every attention was paid to his re- 
 covery, which, in time, was effected, but he re- 
 mained awfully disfigured. 
 
 "When enabled again to talk so as to be un- 
 derstood, he charged both the murder and his own 
 mutilation on his wife ami son. and could never 
 be induced to swerve for a moment from the ab- 
 surd assertion even to the last moment. 
 
 "The Rev. Mr. Jenny, pastor of the Presby- 
 terian church in this place at the time, who occu- 
 pied an apartment in our house for his bedroom 
 and study, felt much for him, and we united in 
 our endeavors to prepare him for his change. 
 We visited him frequently. He was passive and 
 subdued, and affected regard for us and to derive 
 benefit from our efforts. But there was a mani- 
 fest ill-concealed indifference to our overtures, a 
 spirit of stupid aversion to everything savoring 
 of religion, and a deep-rooted spirit of malevo- 
 lence seated in his heart which accompanied him 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 757 
 
 to the final scene, of which he exhibited many 
 proofs. 
 
 "Two of his children attended his last hours, 
 the eldest, a youth of some seventeen or eighteen 
 who seemed to he as assiduous in kind attention 
 to his father as he knew how to be, but was in 
 every effort repulsed by him in peevish strains 
 of reproofs for his awkwardness, inattention, 
 carelessness, neglect or something else ; in short, 
 the old sinner would not be satisfied with his best 
 endeavors. The other was a child of some eight 
 or nine years whom he called his pet, and on 
 whom what little affection he had was entirely 
 centered. 
 
 "We were on the scaffold with him to his last 
 moment and. after the halter was fitted and ev- 
 erything ready, he requested us to lift up his pet 
 from the ground where he stood and hold him to 
 his face that he might kiss him before he was 
 turned off. We complied and he kissed the child. 
 It was his last act. his last thought, for the next 
 moment he was hurled into eternity, and had it 
 not been for the child, we should have thought 
 him entirely incapable of the least emotion of 
 tenderness or affection. An hour or two before. 
 While putting on his shroud and dressing him for 
 the occasion, lie reflected on his wife with a spirit 
 of vindietiveness, because she had not taken as 
 much pains as she ought in doing up some little 
 things which she had sent for his burial. We 
 continued with him from the knocking off of his 
 manacles to the end of the disgusting tragedy, and 
 were shocked and sickened at the repeated man- 
 ifestations of his malevolent feelings, particularly 
 to his family." 
 
 Execution of the McFaddens. — The second 
 criminal execution in Schuyler County was a 
 double one, and on July 6, 1835, Elias and David 
 McFadden paid the penalty for murder on the 
 gallows. They were residents of MeDonough 
 County and were convicted of the murder of John 
 Wilson, which occurred near Macomb on Novem- 
 ber fi. J832. When their case first came up for 
 trial they secured a change of venue to Schuyler 
 County and were tried separately. Judge Stephen 
 T. Logan presided in the court that found them 
 guilty and the Prosecuting Attorney was Wil- 
 liam A. Richardson, who was assisted by Cyrus 
 Walker, of Macomb, one of the foremost criminal 
 lawyers in the State. 
 
 The crime for which the McFaddens were hung 
 was a most heinous one and had its origin in a 
 dispute over payment for a suit of wedding 
 
 clothes. They lived a mile south of Macomb at 
 this time, and the tailor who had made the wed- 
 ding suit wanted his money. Failing to collect it 
 by ordinary process, he took the case into court 
 and secured judgment. In due course of time an 
 execution was placed in the hands of the Sheriff 
 and he went to the McFadden farm and levied 
 on a crib of com. John Wilson, a farmer, who 
 was to haul the corn away, accompanied him. 
 
 When the Sheriff appeared at the farm Elias 
 McFadden flew into a rage and ordered them to 
 leave at once. The officer paid little heed to his 
 incoherent threats and ordered Mr. Wilson to 
 load up the corn. Suddenly there was a sharp 
 report of a rifle, fired from the McFadden log- 
 cabin, a few rods away, and John Wilson, an in- 
 uocent party to the transaction, fell mortally 
 wounded. The officer lost no time in making his 
 escape. 
 
 The shot that killed Wilson was fired by David 
 McFadden, a son of Elias, but the old man was 
 held as an accessory to the act and one remark he 
 hi.m1i> after the shooting sent him to the gallows. 
 While the dying man lay unconscious in the yard 
 where he had fallen, two neighbors passed and 
 stopped to inquire as to the cause of his injuries. 
 To their inquiries the elder McFadden remarked: 
 "Yes, lie was a little too much powder burnt this 
 morning." 
 
 In those early times all criminal executions 
 were public and. on the day set for the banging 
 of the McFaddens, people came from a radius of 
 titty miles. Men. women and children were in- 
 cluded in the throng that came to witness the ex- 
 ecution and. though the country was then sparsely 
 settled, there were said to he 1,500 people in the 
 crowd about the gallows. 
 
 Two military companies, one from Rushville 
 and the other from Mt. Sterling, under command 
 of Capt. Toncray, were on duty to preserve order 
 and. in their bright colored uniforms and plumed 
 hats, they made an imposing spectacle as they 
 inarched and counter-marched about the streets 
 preliminary to starting for the place of execution, 
 which was on the west bank of Crane Creel;, 
 where it is crossed by the lower road to Beards- 
 town. Here the gallows had been erected, which 
 consisted of a platform about twelve feet square 
 with a large post in the center. Across the top of 
 this [>ost was a beam, and it was from the ex- 
 tremities of this that the ropes were attached. 
 
 The prisoners had been closely guarded in the 
 old log jail, which stood on the site of the present 
 
758 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 city calaboose, and as the time for the execution 
 drew near, the military companies formed in 
 front of the building and. at command of Cant. 
 Toncray, guns were loaded with powder and ball 
 while the curious crowd looked on. 
 
 In an upper apartment of the jail stood the 
 McFaddens. tall, spare looking men, who in their 
 white shrouds and with ropes already tied around 
 their necks, were waiting for the command to 
 start to the gallows. In the street below was a 
 wagon, with two rough coffins and. as the con- 
 demned men were brought from the jail, they 
 took their seat on the coffins and. with the mili- 
 tary company as a guard, and a martial band of 
 fife and drum in the lead, the procession started. 
 
 Hillsides and tree-tops were crowded with 
 people at the place of execution, and after the 
 arrival of the two condemned men. Sheriff Haden 
 permitted their friends and relatives to come 
 forward and bid them farewell. Among the num- 
 ber who accepted this privilege were the wife and 
 mother and her daughter, who then took their 
 places in the crowd a few rods from the gallows 
 to await, with breaking hearts, the execution of 
 their loved ones. 
 
 Rev. Richard Haney, who was the Methodist 
 minister at Rushville at that time, was asked to 
 give spiritual counsel to the prisoners and. every 
 day for a month, he visited them at their cells in 
 the old log jail. Speaking of the occurrence to 
 the writer when he last visited this city. Rev. 
 Haney said the men received him kindly and 
 prayed fervently for forgiveness. On the scaffold 
 he offered prayer and, as the white cap was 
 drawn over the head of the elder McFadden. he 
 cried out in despair: "A moment more and I 
 shall lie in eternity! Ob: Lord, stand liv mc" 
 At that moment William Ellis, a deputy of 
 Sheriff Thomas Haden, sprang the traps and the 
 murder of John Wilson was avenged. 
 
 Fielding Frame was the last man to be executed 
 for murder committed in Schuyler County, and 
 his trial and execution took place at Cartilage in 
 Hancock County. Frame was a deckhand on an 
 Illinois River steamboat and landed at Erie, be- 
 tween Frederick and Reardstown. iu the winter 
 of 1837-38. His boat was held in port when ice 
 closed navigation and Frame lounged about the 
 tavern. One night a contented and good-natured 
 German aroused his ire because he would not 
 stop smoking when ordered to and. in the fight 
 that ensued. Frame stabbed his victim to death. 
 
 He was taken into custody at once and con- 
 
 veyed to Rushville, where he was placed in the 
 new log and brick jail that had just been com- 
 pleted. An indictment was found against him by 
 the grand jury at the June term of court in 1838 
 and the case was taken to Hancock County on a 
 change of venue. 
 
 Judge Ralston presided at the trial of the case 
 in Carthage and Henry L. Bryant, of Fulton 
 County, was Prosecuting Attorney. Frame was 
 defended by Abraham Lincoln and T. Lyle 
 Dickey, of Rushville, afterwards a member of the 
 Illinois Supreme Court. Mr. Lincoln moved an 
 arrest of judgment for several causes and the 
 paper in his handwriting is now on file, among 
 others in the case, at Carthage. 
 
 Frame was found guilty on the 24th of April. 
 1839, and received sentence on the day follow- 
 ing, when Judge Ralston fixed the date of his 
 execution on Saturday, May 18, between the 
 hours of 12 noon and 2 o'clock in the afternoon, 
 on a gallows to be erected within a mile of Car- 
 thage, and it was done. The site selected was 
 in or near the ravine running southeasterly from 
 town and the execution, being a public one, was 
 witnessed by thousands of spectators from all 
 the couutry around. 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 PHENOMENA— CALAMITOUS EVENTS. 
 
 STORMS. FLOODS AND EPIDEMICS THE DEEP SNOW 
 
 OF 1830-31 CENTRAL AND NORTHERN ILLINOIS 
 
 COVERED WITH FROZEN CRYSTALS TO A DEPTH OF 
 FOUR FEET — HARDSHIPS ENDURED BY THE SET- 
 TLERS AND DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS ON DOMESTIC 
 ANIMALS AND WILD GAME A CONTEMPORANE- 
 OUS DESCRIPTION BY A JACKSONVILLE PAPER — 
 
 THE SUDDEN FREEZE OF 1836 THE FLOOD OP 1844 
 
 — VILLAGE OF ERIE WIPED OUT OF EXISTENCE — 
 DISASTROUS TORNADOES OF 1856 AND 1881 OTH- 
 ER EARLIER AND LATER VISITATIONS THE FALL- 
 ING STARS OF 1S33, AND A MEMORABLE METEORIC 
 
 SCENE OF 187C CHOLERA EPIDEMICS OF 1834 AND 
 
 1841 LIST OF VICTIMS OF EACH VISITATION. 
 
 An old Indian legend that told of a winter of 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 759 
 
 unusual severity was current in Illinois when the 
 first settlers came, but it was of a time in the 
 far distant past, and but little heed was given 
 to it until 1830, when the settlers had cause to 
 remember the tradition. Up to this time the 
 winters in Illinois had not been regarded as a 
 season to be dreaded by the hardy pioneers who 
 were accustomed to a rigorous life in all its 
 phases. But the winter of 1830-31 was the ex- 
 ception, and it is referred to in history as "the 
 winter of the deep snow," for never since that 
 time has the snowfall been so heavy. 
 
 Snow began falling on the night of December 
 20, 1830, and continued steadily for three days, 
 and it was not until the middle of February that 
 the skies cleared and the snows ceased. The 
 whole of Central and Northern Illinois was cov- 
 ered with snow to a depth of four feet on a level, 
 and. in places, it was banked twenty and twenty- 
 five feet high. To the isolated settlers, living in 
 their rude cabins and with only scant shelter for 
 their stock, the snow was a calamity that was 
 disheartening. Many of them were newcomers 
 in the country, and had barely provided a place 
 of abode when winter set in, and no human 
 tongue or pen can picture their trials and suf- 
 fering during that memorable winter. 
 
 With the snow 7 piled high around their little 
 cabins, the men made desperate efforts to save 
 their stock and tunnel-like paths were cut to the 
 stock shelters as soon as the storm had spent its 
 fury. Those who had pla'nted crops bad their 
 corn shocked in the field, and it could only be 
 reached by cutting out a path through the solidly 
 packed snow, and as one shock was used the path 
 was extended to another. The newcomers who 
 had no reserve crop to draw upon were indeed in 
 sore straits, and their losses were proportionately 
 heavy. Within the home the closest economy was 
 necessary, as it was weeks before trails were 
 broken that would allow communication between 
 the settlers. The abundance of wild game af- 
 forded a welcome food supply, and had it not 
 been lor this, gaunt .'amine would. have invaded 
 the pioneer homes during that cheerless winter, 
 and added horrors would have resulted. As it 
 was the suffering was intense, but as the snow 
 went off gradually with the coming of spring, the 
 settlers took renewed hope and few abandoned 
 their western home on account of the rigorous 
 winter that has never since been equaled. Along 
 with the snow came a season of extreme low tem- 
 perature and the only known record of this event- 
 
 ful winter is preserved in the files of The Jack- 
 sonville Patriot, where, under date of February 
 20, 1831, w T e find the following interesting and 
 authentic record : 
 
 "The Season. — The weather has been unusu- 
 ally severe aud invariably cold since December 
 20, the snow being so deep as to render traveling 
 almost impossible. The eastern mail by stage 
 coach from Terre Haute, Ind., has not arrived 
 for six weeks, and the northern mail from Ga- 
 lena but once in six weeks, and the other mails 
 are much retarded by the deep snow. During 
 several winters past the weather has been very 
 mild and agreeable; therefore, we trust' the late 
 immigrants to this country have too much forti- 
 tude and discretion to become intimidated at this 
 bad winter and look upon it as a criterion to 
 alarm them. Following has been the depth of the 
 snow on a level in the woods : 
 
 December 29, 1830—1 foot, 4 inches. 
 
 January 10, 1S31— 2 feet 10 inches. 
 
 January 31 — 3 feet 4 inches. 
 
 February 2 — 3 feet 8 inches. 
 
 Following is the record of temperature : 
 
 December 21 — 12 beow zero. 
 
 December 22 — 8 below zero. 
 
 January 5 — 15 below zero. 
 
 February C — 19 below zero. 
 
 February 7 — 23 below zero. 
 
 "It is supposed that more than five feet of snow- 
 fell, but it settled to about three feet. The 
 records of Illinois do not record a like deep 
 snow." 
 
 Climatic. — The climate of Illinois is most 
 erratic at all times, and, on January 28, 1ST.".. 
 the mercury fell to 40 degrees below zero, which 
 is the record for low temperature. But the most 
 remarkable freak of weather recalled by Schuyler 
 pioneers occurred on December 20, 1830, when a 
 sudden cold wave swooped down on Central 
 Illinois and caught the settlers unaware. Al- 
 though in mid-winter, it was seasonably warm 
 that day and a drizzling rain had soaked the 
 ground. It cleared up about noon and farmers 
 were about their outdoor work, when about" 2 
 o'clock, it began to grow dark and a strong wind 
 sprang up from the northwest. It was a cold, 
 bitter wind, and the temperature went down with 
 a rush. Within a very short time everything was 
 frozen solid and chickens, pigs and other small 
 animals were frozen in the muddy ground before 
 their sharp instinct prompted them to seek a 
 place of shelter. Men who had driven to the 
 
760 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 fields in the mud an hour before, hurried home 
 over ground frozen hard enough to bear up a 
 loaded wagon. 
 
 We find in Moses' '•History of Illinois." an ac- 
 count of the death of two men in this storm, but 
 are unable to verify it. The article in question 
 reads as follows: "Those caught out on horse- 
 back were frozen to their saddles, and had to lie 
 lifted off and carried to the fire to be thawed 
 apart. Two young men were frozen to death 
 near Rushville. One of them was found sitting 
 with his back against a tree, with his horse's 
 bridle over his arm and his horse frozen in front 
 of him. The other was partly in a kneeling posi- 
 tion with a tinder box in one hand and flint in an- 
 other, with both eyes open, as if intent to strike a 
 light. Many other casualties were reported. As 
 to the extent of the temperature, however, no in- 
 strument has left any record, but ice was frozen in 
 the streams, as variously reported, from six inches 
 to a foot in thickness in a few hours." 
 
 The Flood ok 1844. — As the winter of 1830- 
 31 is known as "the year of the deep snow" and 
 that of 1830 at the season of the "sudden freeze." 
 so is the year 1.844 known as the time of the 
 mighty flood. In the spring and summer of that 
 years, the Illinois River was raised to a height 
 far in excess of any period known since the set- 
 tlement of the State, and the high water marks 
 in the Illinois River valley are based on the stage 
 of the water of that year. The river valley coun- 
 try was then sparsely, settled in Schuyler, and 
 property lossess were not as heavy as they have 
 been in more recent flood years, but more than 
 one town-site along the river and creeks received 
 a deatli blow by the high water of that year. 
 Prominent among these was the town of Erie, 
 which was located about three miles below Fred- 
 erick. After the flood of 1S44. Erie was known 
 of no more, and the shipping business that was 
 carried on there was diverted to Frederick. 
 
 Storms in Schuyler County. — Devastation 
 from tornados was unknown in Schuyler County 
 in the early days, lint witli scattered settlements 
 tlie storms were less noticeable, and it would have 
 been possible for a mighty force to have exerted 
 itself, and yet have left no marks of its path 
 save in the timbered county. Such storms have 
 passed unnoticed .and there is no one to chron- 
 icle them and. for this history, we will consider 
 the first tornado as occurring October 25. 1856, 
 when the village of Littleton was destroyed. 
 Evidence of an approaching storm was first no- 
 
 ticed about 5 o'clock in the afternoon, when a 
 heavy black cloud was seen in the southwest. 
 Within an incredibly short time it reached the 
 village of Littleton and, sweeping on to the 
 northwest, left a pile of wreckage where, a 
 moment before, stores, churches and dwellings 
 
 si 1. Strangely enough, no one was killed 
 
 <mt right, though the houses and stores were 
 tumbled down with the inmates entangled in the 
 ruins. The town at that time extended along the 
 main road from Rushville to Macomb, and the 
 most complete destruction was on the east side 
 of the street. The dwelling houses of Messrs. De- 
 Witt and Brumer, and the store of James De- 
 Witt & Co. were so located and escaped destruc- 
 tion. 
 
 The following list of property losses, aggre- 
 gating $15,000. was published in The Rushville 
 Times the week following the storm : Baptist 
 church (frame), $600; Methodist Episcopal 
 church (brick), $1,500; Jacob Louis, $500; Will- 
 iam Snyder, $500 ; E. Abbott and J. C. Edmonson, 
 $100; Rev. Stewart. $800; Dr. Davis. $1,500; 
 P. B. Cordell, $150; J. O. Smith. $700; Alex. 
 Simpson, $50; R. Nichols, $200; E. M. Wilson, 
 $800; Rev. L. Shelby, $250; DeWitt & Co., $150; 
 .Tamesp DeWitt, $50; Talbert Crawford, $1,500; 
 Crawford & Cordell, $1,500; Wm. Hill, $1,100; 
 .Mrs. Dale, $000; Kennada Odell, $600. 
 
 Within an hour after the cyclone the news 
 reached Rushville, and all the physicians in town 
 went to the aid of the injured. Among the most 
 seriously injured was William Crawford, who 
 died Hie following Tuesday, and this was the 
 only fatality that resulted from the tornado. A 
 relief fund was quickly raised in Rushville and 
 was sent to Littleton to he used in caring for the 
 injured ones, many of whom lost almost all their 
 property and were left disabled and destitute. 
 
 Twenty-five years after the Littleton tornado, 
 the western part of Schuyler County witnessed 
 the most destructive storm in the history of the 
 county. September 24, 1881, is the date of this 
 storm, which left a well defined trail of ruin 
 through Adams and Schuyler Counties. It came 
 from the southwest and. as it approached Camden, 
 its path was a mile wide and its power something 
 fearful. The day had been hot and sultry, and 
 the first sign of a storm was noted in the middle 
 of the afternoon. About 3 :30, while the people 
 of Camden were engaged in their daily tasks. 
 unmindful of danger, the storm burst in all its 
 fury. Houses were demolished before the oc- 
 
MRS MARY MAXVX, AND OLD HOMESTEAD. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 761 
 
 cupants could rush to close the doors; there 
 was no time to seek safety in flight, and before 
 they had time to realize that a tornado was upon 
 them, the village was a tangled mass of ruins. Of 
 the forty buildings in the town not more than 
 six escaped being demolished, and yet .amid 
 such a mass of wreckage, only one life was lost — 
 that of Mrs. B. P. Watts, who was crushed to 
 death beneath the ruins of her home. Many 
 miraculous escapes from death occurred during 
 the few minutes that the storm lasted, and in- 
 stances are related of the power of the wind 
 that are almost incredible. While Camden suf- 
 fered the brunt of the storm, the damage to 
 property in the southwest part of Huntsville 
 Township was also severe ; many farm buildings 
 being unroofed and wrecked by the force of the 
 wind. The wide extent of the storm caused a 
 property loss of perhaps $25,000, but we will 
 not attempt to give the losses in detail. 
 
 Other storms of less violence have been noted 
 in the west part of the county, and old settlers 
 distinctly remember five that closely followed 
 the path of the Camden tornado. On June 31. 
 1860, the north part of Littleton Township was 
 swept by a tornado, but the greatest damage 
 to property at that time was in McDonough 
 County. 
 
 On July 5 1904, the village of Ray was in the 
 path of a cyclone that, like the two previous ones 
 in the county, came from the southwest. The 
 effects of this tornado were first noticed near the 
 Houston church, and from there to Ray the wind 
 carried everything before it. The storm struck 
 the village about 5 :30 in the afternoon and totally 
 demolished the two-story school building, but 
 did no other serious damage. The destructive 
 zone of this tornado varied from fifty to one hun- 
 dred yards in width. 
 
 The city of Rushville and the country to the 
 south of us have been remarkably free from de- 
 structive tornadoes in the eighty years since the 
 county was settled, but whether this is a mere 
 chance of fate, or our safety is guarded by pe- 
 culiar location or conditions, is one of the un- 
 solved meteorological problems. 
 
 Other Notable Phenomena. — Natural phe- 
 nomena, which are now accurately forecasted and 
 looked for with interest by the general public, 
 as well as astronomers and scientists, were held 
 in superstitions awe by the early pioneers, and 
 with the coming of the great meteoric shower on 
 November 1.°.. 1833, many of the pioneers looked 
 
 upon it as the end of all things earthly. In the 
 early morning hours, the heavens were ablaze 
 with a shower of meteors that seemed to envelope 
 the earth. From their rude log-cabins the set- 
 tlers looked out upon the weird scene that seemed 
 to portend the destruction of the world. From 
 every part of the heavens meteors were flashing 
 by thousands, and none who gazed upon the won- 
 derful sight could ever forget the grandeur of 
 the scene or the relief that came with the rising 
 of the sun a few hours afterwards. 
 
 An eclipse of the sun that turned daylight into 
 darkness is another event worthy of recording. 
 It occurred on August 7, 1SG9, and the eclipse 
 was total about 4:30 o'clock in the afternoon. 
 During this time the earth was in semi-darkness 
 and the chickens left their range and sought 
 the roost. There was not a cloud in the sky and 
 a splendid opportunity was had to observe this 
 marvelous phenomeon, the shadow on the sun 
 remaining distinct until about o'clock in the 
 evening. 
 
 On the evening of December 21, 1S7G. a great 
 meteor passed over the Mississippi Valley and 
 the glowing globe, looking as large as a barrel, 
 slowly coursed across the heavens, traveling in 
 a northeasterly direction. It was about 9 o'clock 
 in the evening when the meteor appeared, and all 
 at once the whole outdoor region was lighted up 
 like mid-day, and people ran to the doors and 
 windows, not knowing the cause of the sudden 
 light. The whole display extending from horizon 
 to horizon, probably did not occupy over half a 
 minute, and .vet the meteor producing it seemed 
 to move slowly and apparently dropped to the 
 earth a few miles away ; but this was only an ap- 
 parent delusion, for it was the wonder of half the 
 continent, and those who saw it have a vivid 
 remembrance of its grandeur to this day. 
 
 The Cholera Epidemic of 1834. — One of the 
 pioneers who passed through the cholera epidemic 
 of 1834 was Rev. John Scripps, who wrote the 
 following graphic account of that deadly pesti- 
 lence : 
 
 "Brightly rose the sun on Thursday, the third 
 of July. 1834. Hailed with pleasing sensations by 
 our whole community as the precursor of a day 
 of joy and festivity, which the morrow — the 
 jubilant Fourth — our national festive day was 
 appointed to be. We intended to commemorate it 
 by the first Methodist Sunday school celebration 
 ever held in the place, to which the whole country 
 was invited, and for which this was the day 
 
762 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 of arrangements, and busy hands were early 
 and late at work making due preparations. The 
 youths were particularly animated and active. 
 The place for the festival was selcted and put in 
 order, and everything arranged. The day seemed 
 to close auspiciously on our highest anticipations 
 for the morrow. 
 
 "It came. But O ! what a gloomy reverse of all 
 we had meant! The first salutations of that 
 morning announced to our ears the soul-harrow- 
 ing fact that the destroyer had come, and the 
 Angel of Death was among us. Two of our 
 halest and most robust citizens, William Mc- 
 Creery and C. V. Putrnan, had been cut down, ami 
 the insatiate foe was grasping at other victims. 
 The two had spent the evening together in social 
 converse. That they were almost simultaneously 
 attacked and sunk, no more to rise to the busy 
 scenes of life, is all that can be said of their de- 
 mise. 
 
 "Before the day closed another, a Miss Smith, 
 was numbered with them, and others had re- 
 ceived the fatal summons which, on the following 
 day, swept from us four more to the oblivion of 
 the grave — a Mrs. Withers ; James Haggarty. 
 a carpenter; Ruel Redfield. a blacksmith, and 
 his child. They yielded to the stern mandate and 
 passed away. 
 
 "< >n Sunday death seemed to pause in his exe- 
 cution. None on that day died. But this gloomy 
 pall still hung sullenly over us. and there was 
 no pause in the threatening horror that invested 
 us. The heart-rending wallings of survivors 
 lor their departed ones ; the dark presages of 
 what might yet lie before us, portending greater 
 evils: the agonizing groans and moanings of 
 yet other victims, writhing in excruciating pangs, 
 all combined to incite intensest terror. 
 
 "On Monday the venerable parents of the first 
 named victim, William McCreery, both lay 
 Shrouded in death. But to them no doubt death 
 was bereft of its terrible aspect and had lost its 
 sting, and the grave lighted up with a heaven- 
 inspiring hope of glorious immortality. They 
 were as shocks of ripened grain, ready for the 
 sickle, full of days and devotedly pious. Another 
 victim in the person of a Mr. Gay closed the 
 mortalities of that day. . . . 
 
 "On the first breaking out of the cholera our 
 town began rapidly to depopulate, not only by 
 death, but by flight : a panic seized the inhabitants 
 and some sought refuge from its ravages among 
 their more distant country friends, others in 
 
 encampments in the far off woods, by which 
 many houses became vacated and our streets 
 literally deserted. There seemed scarcely enough 
 left of human life to die or to feed the rapacious 
 maw of the 'fell monster.' We, however, fitted 
 .up for a temporary hospital the two story frame 
 building on East Jefferson street, to which were 
 conveyed all the patients who could not other- 
 wise be cared for, to be nursed and attended to 
 under the general superindentency and medical 
 treatment of Dr. VanZandt." 
 
 We omit tlie detailed description of the scenes 
 in the cholera hospital, as related by Rev Scripps, 
 but cannot leave unnoticed the valiant service 
 performed by four young men who volunteered 
 their services as nurses. Never did a soldier on 
 any battlefield show more bravery than did these 
 young men. who. without hope of reward or 
 glorious renown, went bravely to their death. 
 They were Daniel Sherwood. John R. York, 
 William Willis and a Mr. Wilson, and the first 
 three were martyrs to the cause. 
 
 Rev. John Scripps was untiring in his minis- 
 trations to the sick and afflicted, and was at the 
 bedside of the dying until he was himself stricken. 
 After the death of Rev. Jewell, who aided him in 
 the work, he was the only minister left in the 
 village. Rev. Scripps ascribes his recovery to a 
 strict observance of dietetic restrictions and care- 
 ful nursing by his devoted wife, who was a 
 valiant aid during the dreadful scourge. 
 
 The following list of deaths from cholera in 
 Rushville during the year 1834 was kept by 
 Samuel Iliudman in that memorable year, and is 
 correct : 
 
 July 4 — C. V. Putman. William McCreery, 
 Miss Smith. 
 
 July 5— Rue] Redfield. child of Redfield. Mrs. 
 Weathers. James Haggerty. 
 
 July 7 — Mr. and Mrs. McCreery, Mr. Gay. 
 
 July 8— Child of Mr. Angel. 
 
 July — Mr. Ayers, child of George Henry. 
 
 July 10— Mr. Barkhousen. Mrs. Smith. 
 
 July 11— Mr. McCabe. 
 
 July 12— Mr. Sherwood. 
 
 July 13— Mrs. Dunlap. 
 
 July 14 — A German lady. John R. York. Wi>- 
 liam Willis. Mr. Campbell. 
 
 July 17 — Mrs. Basil Bowen, Mr. Barkhousen. 
 
 July 20— Rev. Mr. Jewell. 
 
 July 30— Madison Worthington. 
 
 Aug. 1 — Major Upton. A total of 27. 
 
 Mr. E. H. O. Seeley, now living in Rushville at 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 763 
 
 the ripe old age of ninety-four years, was in the 
 undertaking business when the cholera scourge 
 of 1S34 came, and he was one of the few who 
 were brought into close contact with the disease 
 and escaped its contagion. No soldier for cross 
 or crown did more exalted service than he in 
 attending to the burial of the cholera victims, 
 and oftentimes it was a difficult matter to se- 
 cure help enough to deposit the body in the tomb. 
 According to Mr. Seeley's remembrance the 
 cholera was brought to Rushville by the family 
 of a Mr. Wilson, who emigrated here from Mary- 
 land. They came by boat from New Orleans, 
 accompanied by Basil Bowen and family, and on 
 the way up the Illinois River Mrs. Wilson died 
 of cholera. Wishing to give his wife a civilized 
 burial. Mr. Wilson and the Bowen family were 
 landed on the west bank of the river opposite 
 Beardstown and notice was sent to Mr. Seeley at 
 Rushville to prepare a coffin. Messrs. McCreery 
 and Putman assisted in the burial, and they were 
 
 the first victims of the pestilence that was 
 destined to claim more than a score of lives, and 
 bring terror into a community that had never 
 before known by experience of the cholera plague. 
 
 There was a recurrence of the disease in the 
 spring of 1841, and it continued throughout the 
 summer with a large fatality, although not equal- 
 ing that of the year 1834. From Mr. Hindman's 
 list of deaths of that year we get the following 
 names and dates : 
 
 March 18— A child of Mr. Metz. 
 
 April 16 — Mr. Blood. 
 
 May 22— J. Eads. 
 
 July 31 — Mrs. MeCroskey. 
 
 August 4— Child of D. Huff. 
 
 August 31 — Mr. Gasper. 
 
 August 31 — Mr. Brown. 
 
 September 21— Child of Hart Fellows. 
 
 October 4 — Mr. Moore. 
 
 November 1 — Mrs. Joseph Leonard. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 THE PART OF BIOGRAPHY IN GENERAL HISTORY — 
 CITIZENS OF SCHUY'LER COUNTY AND OUTLINES 
 OF PERSONAL HISTORY — PERSONAL SKETCHES AR- 
 RANGED IN ENCY'CLOPEDIC ORDER. 
 
 The verdict of mankind has awarded to the 
 Muse of History the highest place among the 
 Classic Nine. The extent of her office, however, 
 appears to be, by many minds, but imperfectly 
 understood. The task of the historian is compre- 
 hensive and exacting. True history reaches be- 
 yond the doings of court or camp, beyond the is- 
 sue of battles or the effects of treaties, and re- 
 cords the trials and the triumphs, the failures 
 and the successes of the men who make history. 
 It is but an imperfect conception of the philoso- 
 phy of events that fails to accord to portraiture 
 and biography its rightful position as a part — ■ 
 and no unimportant part — of historic narrative. 
 Behind and beneath the activities of outward life 
 the motive power lies out of sight, just as the 
 furnace fires that work the piston and keep the 
 ponderous screw revolving down iu the darkness 
 of the hold. So. the impulsive power which 
 shapes the course of communities may be found 
 in the molding influences which form its citizens. 
 
 It is no mere idle curiosity that prompts men 
 to wish to learn the private, as well as the public, 
 lives of their fellows. Rather is it true that such 
 desire tends to prove universal brotherhood ; and 
 the interest in personality and biography is not 
 confined to men of any particular caste or voca- 
 tion. 
 
 The list of those, to whose lot it falls to play a 
 conspicuous part in the great drama of life, is 
 comparatively short ; yet communities are made 
 up of individuals, and the aggregate of achieve- 
 ments — no less than the sum total of human hap- 
 piness — is made up of the deeds of those men and 
 women whose primary aim, through life, is faith- 
 fully to perform the duty that comes nearest to 
 hand. Individual influences upon human affairs 
 will be considered potent or insignificant, accord- 
 ing to the standpoint from which it is viewed. To 
 him who, standing upon the seashore, notes the 
 ebb and flow of the tides and listens to the sullen 
 roar of the waves, as they break upon the beach 
 in seething foam, seemingly chafing at their lim- 
 itations, the ocean appears so vast as to need no 
 tributaries. Yet, without the smallest rill that 
 helps to swell the "Father of Waters," the mighty 
 torrent of the Mississippi would be lessened, and 
 the beneficent influence of the Gulf Stream di- 
 
 minished. Countless streams, currents and coun- 
 ter currents — sometimes mingling, sometimes 
 counteracting each other — collectively combine to 
 give motion to the accumulated mass of waters. 
 So is it — and so must it ever be — in the ocean of 
 human action, which is formed by the blending 
 and repulsion of currents of thought, of influence 
 and of life, yet more numerous and more tortu- 
 ous than those which form the "fountains of the 
 deep." The acts and characters of men, like the 
 several faces that compose a composite picture, 
 are wrought together into a compact or hetero- 
 geneous whole. History is condensed biography ; 
 "Biography is History teaching by example." 
 
 It is both interesting and instructive to rise 
 above the generalization of history and trace, in 
 the personality and careers of the men from 
 whom it sprang, the principles and influences, the 
 impulses and ambitious, the labors, struggles 
 and triumphs that engross their lives. 
 
 Here are recorded the careers and achieve- 
 ments of pioneers who, "when the fullness of time 
 had come," came from widely separated sources, 
 some from beyond the sea, impelled by divers 
 motives, little conscious of the import of their 
 acts, and but dimly anticipating the harvest 
 which would spring from the sowing. They built 
 their primitive homes, toiling for a present sub- 
 sistence while laying the foundations of private 
 fortunes and future advancement. 
 
 Most of these have passed away, but not before 
 they beheld a development of business and popu- 
 lation surpassing the wildest dreams of fancy or 
 expectation. A few yet remain whose years have 
 passed the allotted three-score and ten, and who 
 love to recount, among the cherished memories of 
 their lives, their reminiscences of early days. 
 
 [The following items of personal and family 
 history, having been arranged in encyclopedic 
 (or alphabetical) order as to names of the in- 
 dividual subjects, no special index to this part of 
 the work will be found necessary.] 
 
 ACHESON, Alexander.— In the Achesons of 
 Bainbridge Township, are recognized one of the 
 most thrifty and progressive families of Schuyler 
 County, and no more worthy representative of it 
 could be selected than the gentleman whose name 
 heads this article. Retaining the familiar and 
 admired characteristics of the best class of Irish- 
 men, bright, shrewd and courteous, Alexander 
 Acheson has been a resident of the county for 
 forty years, and during that long period has stead- 
 ily earned the confidence and affection of his as- 
 sociates, spreading good cheer along his path- 
 way, and, in his declining years, receiving his 
 
766 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 manifold reward, in the gratitude of those whose 
 lives he has brightened and uplifted. A firm 
 Democrat ever since he became entitled to vote 
 and personally popular, Mr. Acheson has never 
 sought either political or public honors, but has 
 given his undivided attention to farming as the 
 serious business of his life, which has brought 
 to his family and himself those comforts which 
 go far to counteract unavoidable hardships. Now 
 living upon his thoroughly cultivated and highly 
 improved farm of 213 acres, his comfortable resi- 
 dence and capacious barns give evidence of past 
 years of industry and present contentment while, 
 with a good wife and filial children affording a 
 complete solace, the present days of Alexander 
 Acheson must be filled with the kindly peace of 
 the wise and faithful worker who has his reward. 
 
 Mr. Achesou is a native of County Tyrone, Ire- 
 land, born in March, 1837, a son of Charles and 
 Sarah (Condy) Acheson, both natives of that 
 county. The father died when Alexander was 
 about two years of age, leaving a family of three 
 sons and three daughters, all of whom, with 
 the widow, came to America at different pe- 
 riods. Margaret, the eldest of the family, set- 
 tled in Philadelphia, where she married John 
 Hamilton, a native of County Donegal, Ireland. 
 They afterward came to Schuyler County, 
 locating on a farm in Rushville Township at a 
 very early day, and spent the later years of their 
 lives with their son Robert, a farmer of Macomb 
 Township, MeDonough County, 111., who then 
 occupied the place now owned by Edward Thomp- 
 son. Rebecca, the second child of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Charles Acheson, also settled in Philadelphia, 
 where she died. The third of the family to come 
 to America was William Acheson. Then James, 
 Alexander, and Sarah came to Schuyler County 
 aboul Christmas, 1866, the mother making her 
 home with James for a number of years. They 
 came at once to what 'is now Section 3, Bain- 
 bridge Township, and located on the fann now 
 mi i icd by the subject of this sketch. Here James 
 married Jane Herron, a native of Ireland, who 
 came to America with an aunt, and here the wife 
 died, while he passed the period of his declining 
 years in Buena Vista Township. William, the 
 fourth of the family, was a farmer of Bainbridge 
 Township for many years, and is now a resident 
 of Rushville. Sarah, the fifth child, died at the 
 home of Alexander. The mother of this family 
 made her home with James and there died In 
 1S95. 
 
 In 1866 Alexander Acheson, the sixth child of 
 the family, then thirty years of age, came direct 
 from County Tyrone, Ireland, to Schuyler County. 
 111., and in the fall of 1867 settled on a farm of 
 sixty-seven acres, which had been purchased for 
 $1,800, saved through the united efforts of the 
 family. The land was covered with all kinds of 
 timber and brush, such as wild locust and hazel 
 bush, but a log cabin was built twenty feet 
 square and therein the family began real life in 
 the New World. To the original purchase enough 
 was added, from time to time, to bring the total 
 up to 213 acres, which was all thoroughly culti- 
 
 vated and nicely improved. This tract Alexan- 
 der Acheson finally purchased, erecting thereon 
 a modern dwelling and barns, developing a fine 
 orchard, and otherwise making it one of the most 
 highly improved and attractive homesteads in the 
 township. Here he still resides with his family, 
 the active operations of the farm and the care 
 of the live-stock being entrusted to hands which 
 have not been hardened by so many years of 
 toil as his own. 
 
 On February 15, 1SS3, Mr. Acheson was united 
 in marriage to Miss Laura Helen Demaree, the 
 history of whose family will be found in the biog- 
 raphy of W. L. Demaree, published elsewhere in 
 this work. The three children of this union are 
 as follows : Helen Raeie, who married in Octo- 
 ber, 1906, Ward Lambert, a farmer of Littleton 
 Township: Mary Nina, residing at home; and 
 Ethel, who married February 15, 1008, Samuel 
 Dean, and they reside in Oakland Township. All 
 have enjoyed the advantages of public school edu- 
 cations, and are bright, industrious and promis- 
 ing members of the community. The family are 
 members of the Presbyterian Church, and the 
 parents justly stand high in the estimation of 
 the best people of Bainbridge Township. It is 
 little wonder that the pride of Alexander Ache- 
 son is divided between his family and the adop- 
 ted country which has enabled him, through his 
 own strength of character, to bring his little 
 household to such a position of honor and com- 
 fort. 
 
 ACHESON, William. — A certain degree of suc- 
 cess usually rewards the efforts of those men to 
 whom have been given health, an energetic dispo- 
 sition and habits of industry and determination. 
 Such were the qualifications of William Acheson 
 when he started out in the world, leaving his old 
 home across the sea and coming to the new world 
 with no other capital than these. When he ar- 
 rived at Frederick, Schuyler County, 111., June 
 11, 1856, he had only $5.25 in his possession, but 
 he was young, hopeful and ambitious, and the 
 lack of money proved no discouragement to his 
 ardent mind. From that small beginning, by dint 
 of labor and good management, he has recently 
 been enabled to retire from his farm and removed 
 to a comfortable cottage in Rushville. where he 
 is surrounded by the comforts rendered possible 
 by a well-spent life. 
 
 A native of County Tyrone, North of Ireland, 
 William Acheson was born on Christmas Day of 
 1834, a son of Charles and Sarab Acheson, men- 
 tion of whom appears elsewhere in this volume, 
 in the sketch of Alexander Acheson. The father 
 died March 10, 1S17, and thereafter the son was 
 busily employed in caring for other members of 
 the family and in making his own way in the 
 world. The future, however, did not look en- 
 couraging to him as he viewed prospects in his 
 native land, and he finally determined to seek a 
 home across the sea. During the spring of 1856 
 he came to America, where he made brief so- 
 journs in New York and Philadelphia, but soon 
 came from the East to join relatives in Illinois. 
 
WILLIAM McKEE 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 767 
 
 After his arrival in Schuyler County he hired out 
 to a hrother-in-law, John Hamilton, for $70 per 
 year, and remained in his employ until Mr. Ham- 
 ilton died in August of 1860, after which he took 
 charge of the farm in the interest of his sister, 
 Mrs. Hamilton. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Acheson took place Sep- 
 tember I'll, 1864, uniting him with Miss Mary 
 E. Ward, who was born August 27, 1845, in Bain- 
 bridge Township, a daughter of Apollos and Jane 
 Ward. Mention of the family appears in the 
 sketch of James M. Ward, in another part of 
 this work. After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Acheson remained on the Hamilton farm until 
 1M',7. when he bought forty-six acres on Section 
 14, in Bainbridge Township, during the following 
 year buying sixty acres more. Later he added 
 more land from time to time until he acquired 
 172 acres. During April, 1907, he retired from 
 active cares and removed to Kushvllle, where he 
 and his wife have a large circle of warm friends 
 am I are highly esteemed lor their noble qualities 
 of heart and mind. Politically, Mr. Acheson 
 votes with the Democratic party, but has never 
 consented to accept political office. For thirty 
 years he acted as Steward of the Mount Carmel 
 church in Bainbridge Township. 
 
 Seven children blessed the union of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Acheson, namely : Margaret, born October 
 8, 1SG5, married and has one son, Archie, who 
 remains with his mother at the old homestead; 
 Annie, horn April 16, 1870, married Robert H. 
 Crozier, a farmer of Rushville Township; Grace, 
 born November 25, 1873, niaried Frederick Pel- 
 ton, a carpenter residing at Rushville, and they 
 have three children. William, Bertha and Ada : 
 Marvin, born December 14. 1870, married Xola 
 Blalock, a native of Tennessee and daughter of 
 a minister, and they have four children — Mary, 
 Harland, Mildred and Edna ; Rollin and Roy, the 
 latter bom May 11, 1SS3, and now has charge of 
 the homestead in Bainbridge Township. Two 
 died in infancy. The home of Marvin's family is 
 in Buena Vista Township, where Marvin culti- 
 vates a farm of one hundred and sixty acres. 
 
 AGANS, Stephen H.— Of the life-long residents 
 of Camden Township, who have added to its 
 wealth of character and achievement, none have 
 been more fortunately placed or more worthily 
 rewarded than Stephen H. Agans. Mr. Agans 
 has come to the front from a youth not especially 
 favored, and containing advantages in no sense 
 out of the ordinary. He was born on a fafin in 
 Camden Township April 16, 1856, a son of Thomas 
 and Annie (Jones) Agans, the former of whom 
 was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, and came 
 to America to satisfy a craving for larger things. 
 From New York he journeyed with his scant 
 assets to Cairo. 111., across prairies and by crude 
 waterways, reaching there during the summer of 
 1833. For a time he lived in Rushville, 111., 
 where he was engaged in work as an assistant to 
 Dr. Worthington. was there. July 6. 1844, mar- 
 ried, and about two years later, in 1846, moved 
 to the vicinity of Quincy, 111. In 1848 he pur- 
 
 chased sixty acres of wild land in Section 26, 
 Camden Township, and there engaged in general 
 farming until shortly before his death, which oc- 
 curred July 6, 1880, his wife surviving him until 
 February 13, 1881. They were the parents of 
 ten children, four of whim are now living, two 
 sons and two daughters, namely: (1) Stephen 
 H., the subject of this sketch; (II) Rosa, who 
 married John H. Peters, and they have one 
 child, Mary Catherine, wife of Whitney Ingles, 
 residing in Camden Township ; (III) Susan C, 
 the wife of J. H. Race, of Camden Township, 
 who has three children — ( 1 ) Delia, wife of Ed- 
 ward Briggs, having one son, (2) Bertha, wife 
 of Edward Yarbrough, of Camden Township, hav- 
 ing one daughter, and (3) Alta, at home; (IV) 
 Levi, who married Ida Avery, resides in Camden 
 Township, and has seven children. Of the other 
 children of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Agans, three 
 died in infancy. Sarah died at the age of sixteen 
 years; William is the deceased husband of Mrs. 
 Mulvania (Radinger) Agans, a resident of Cam- 
 den Township ; and Hester Ann, married, first, 
 Huston Sandy Race, who died in Meinnhis, Tenn., 
 as a soldier in the One Hundred and Nineteenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and for her second 
 husband married (Jreenbury Clayton, of Industry, 
 111. 
 
 The first happening out of the ordinary in the 
 life of Stephen II. Agans was his marriage, April 
 1, 1875, to Louise Eifert, a native of New Or- 
 leans, who came to Camden Township with her 
 parents, John and Annie Eifert, when she was 
 five years old. The Eiferts are among the early 
 and honored pioneers of Schuyler County. Mr. 
 Agans purchased the home of his wife's parents, 
 and also that of his father, and he now owns 
 260 acres in Camden Township, and one hundred 
 and sixty acres in Brown County. At the pres- 
 ent time he is making a specialty of stock-breed- 
 ing, and is owner of a herd of fifty Aberdeen 
 Angus cattle, eligible for registration. The ap- 
 pointments of his farm are modern for the most 
 part, and a large amount of money has been ex- 
 pended for buildings, fences, drainage and imple- 
 ments. The owner is a methodical and practical 
 fanner, but at the same time has a keen appre- 
 ciation of the things that make for comfort, and 
 the trees, shrubbery, gardens and vistas that 
 contribute to the pleasure of the mind and eye. 
 
 Supplementing his activity and success as a 
 farmer. Mr. Agans has rendered conscientious 
 and satisfactory political service, having been 
 elected on the Democratic ticket, to most of the 
 important local offices. He was for eight years 
 Justice of the Peace, for six years Supervisor, 
 Assessor for a like period, and Road Commis- 
 sioner several terms. He also was a member of 
 I lie Board of Review, and has held other posi- 
 tions of local responsibility. Socially he is con- 
 nected with the Mutual Protective League, and 
 in religion is a member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. Mr. and Mrs. Agans are the pa- 
 rents of four children: Annie F., wife of B. B. 
 Bowers, a farmer in Section 21, Camden Town- 
 ship, who have five childen — Herald (who died 
 
7G8 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 at age of one year), Loren and Jerald; Mary 
 Isabella, wife of J. Walter Hare, a farmer in 
 Section 35, Camden Township, and father of 
 Orville AV., Eva and Morris Hare. Mr. Agans is 
 
 a highly respected and very useful citizen, enter- 
 ing into the life of the community with intelli- 
 gence and rare good sense, and in his many-sided 
 undertakings winning the approval and appre- 
 ciation of the best element of the community. 
 
 AMBROSIUS, John C. — The wage-earning ca- 
 reer of John C. Ambrosius extended from about 
 his sixth year until his retirement to Rushville 
 in 1907. Few of the leisure class of the commu- 
 nity have so unremittingly pursued the habit of 
 industry, or so wisely utilized their opportunities, 
 as has this erstwhile fanner and stock-raiser, the 
 present worldly assets of whom consist of a com- 
 fortable town home, and 200 acres of valuable 
 land in Section 16, Woodstock Township. Mr. 
 Ambrosius was a year old when brought to 
 Schuyler County by his parents from Clark 
 County. Ind., where he was born December 22, 
 184(5. His father, Philip Ambrosius, was born 
 in Germany, and according to the time-honored 
 custom which secured early independence to the 
 youth of the Fatherland, was apprenticed to a 
 cooper at the age of fourteen years, thereafter 
 following the cooper's trade until coming to the 
 United States at the age of twenty-one. Locat- 
 ing in Clark County. Ind.. among people who 
 spoke a strange tongue and who had few inter- 
 ests in common with his own, he rapidly forged 
 to the front as a cooper, and the next year mar- 
 ried and established a home of his own. Upon 
 coining to Schuyler County in 1847, he located 
 near Frederick and there plied his trade, thence 
 removing to Pleasantview, Schuyler Couuty, and 
 from there to the State of Missouri. Returning 
 the fall of the same year, he bought eighty acres 
 of land in Rushville Township, north of the 
 farm of M. S. Strong, and here his death oc- 
 curred at an advanced age, his wife thereafter 
 making her home with her daughter, Mrs. Jor- 
 ' dan, up to the time of her death in August, lfMtt. 
 This couple were the parents of eleven children. 
 six of whom are still living: Rosalie, wife of 
 Thomas Baxter, of McDonough County, Ill- 
 Simon, a farmer of Harrison County, Mo. ; Eli- 
 jah, occupying a farm near Camden. Schuyler 
 ('. unity: Frances, wife of Jacob Swope, of As- 
 toria. 111. : Elizina. wife of Henry T. Jordan, of 
 Camden. 111.: and Philip. The parents were 
 members of the Union Baptist Church, and the 
 father was a Democrat in politics. 
 
 The hard work of his life began when John C. 
 Ambrosius should have been care free, but such 
 were the family fortunes, and so large the num- 
 ber of children, that each was compelled to con- 
 tribute to the general support as soon as their 
 strength permitted. Practically all of the chil- 
 dren acquired a knowledge of coopering, and little 
 John C. was no exception to the rule. At six he 
 had made his work of value, and from then until 
 his retirement, he knew no such thing as help 
 of a financial kind from any one. When his 
 
 strength permitted he broke prairie with an ox 
 team, cut timber, made staves which he hauled 
 to the market, and also made flour and other 
 barrels which brought in a considerable revenue. 
 Such education as he received was acquired dur- 
 ing a few winter months when he attended school 
 irregularly, but lie was keen and observing, and 
 experience and observation have been his most 
 beneficent teachers. Iu 1875 he joined his 
 brother in the purchase of a farm of 125 acres in 
 Browning Township, fifteen acres of which they 
 cleared, and May 18, 1S76, Mr. Ambrosius mar- 
 ried Nancy Serrot. a native of Sugar Grove, 
 Woodstock Township, and daughter of a very 
 early pioneer family. After his marriage Mr. 
 Ambrosius bought his brother's share in the 
 farm, improved the same until 1887, and that 
 year sold out and bought 12ti acres in Section 16, 
 Woodstock Township. To this he lias added 
 eighty acres, and now owns two hundred acres 
 of as fine and productive land as is to be found 
 in the township. Through the exercise of the 
 greatest economy while on the paternal farm ; he 
 acquired a fortune of $000, a team and wagon, 
 and some substantial wearing apparel ; and from 
 this nucleus has come a prosperity which he 
 richly deserves and has worthily won. He was 
 obliged to go in debt for a part of his land, pay- 
 ing ten per cent, interest on the same, but this 
 deficiency melted away in a short time, giving 
 place to that supreme independence which a man 
 feels who is the architect of his own success, and 
 the absolute possessor of the domain he occu- 
 pies. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Ambrosius have been born 
 seven children : Rhoda, wife of Thomas Gregory, 
 who has one child ; Lois, on the home farm ; W. 
 H. Ambrosius, whose wife died April 23, 1906 ; 
 Marion, connected with the Brown Shoe Factory, 
 of St. Louis ; Lilly, wife of Clarence Rhinehart. 
 also on the Woodstock Township farm, and the 
 mother of two children, Jemima and Chester ; 
 George, living at home : and Clarice, also at 
 home. W. H. Ambrosius is a member of the 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and the Mod- 
 ern Woodmen of the World at Ripley. The farm 
 of Mr. Ambrosius is being conducted by his capa- 
 ble sons, who have been carefully trained by 
 him. and given every advantage possible under 
 the circumstances. He is the possessor of a 
 competence sufficient to tide over any emeregncy 
 that may arise during the latter part of his life, 
 and what is of far greater value, of the kindly 
 regard and confidence of the people among whom 
 has been spent his well directed and moderate 
 life. 
 
 AMRINE, Roscoe C, D. D. S.— A type of the 
 able and resourceful dental practitioner is found 
 in Dr. Roscoe C. Amrine. who arrived in Rush- 
 ville. 111., in the summer of 1891 and opened an 
 office over the "Little" store, a location which 
 he still occupies in the new building which has 
 replaced it. 
 
 The boyhood and early manhood of Dr. Amrine 
 was spent on a farm near Vermont, Fulton 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 769 
 
 County, 111., where he w;is born May 19, 1868. 
 The stable traits of Dutch-English ancestors have 
 come a long way without losing torce, and when 
 transferred to this side of the water, have digni- 
 fied agriculture, merchandising and the profes- 
 sions. The progenitor of the Amrine family in 
 America, the great-grandfather of Dr. Amrine, 
 came from Holland and married a Miss O'Neil, of 
 the western portion of Virginia, where he settled 
 on a farm and spent the remainder of bis life. 
 Fred Amrine, the paternal grandfather, was born 
 on the Virginia farm, and married Nancy Shep- 
 herd, also of the "Old Dominion." Milton Am- 
 rine. son of Fred, and father of Dr. Amrine, was 
 born at Wheeling, W. Va., and married Roxanua 
 Litchfield, a native of Cosehocton County, Ohio, 
 and a daughter of Chauncy and Martha (Yight) 
 Litchfield, natives of Connecticut and Attica, 
 respectively. Leonard Litchfield, the maternal 
 great-grandfather, who married a Miss Spauld- 
 ing, was born in England, and settled in Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Dr. Amrine was educated primarily in the 
 public schools of Vermont, and after graduating 
 from the high school, entered the dental depart- 
 ment of the Iowa State University, at Iowa City, 
 and upon his graduation settled for a time in 
 Astoria, 111., coming to Rushville in 1S91. Not- 
 withstanding his devotion to his profession, the 
 Doctor finds time to participate in various phases 
 of municipal life, and since its organization, has 
 served as President of the Rushville Building 
 and Loan Association. Politically, he is identi- 
 fied with the Republican party, and has been 
 called upon to fill various offices of importance 
 in the community. He first became a member 
 of the City Council in 1S97, was President of that 
 body the following year, and when the town was 
 incorporated under the present charter, was 
 Mayor of the new municipality. To his artistic, 
 scientific, and mechanical attainments, Dr. Am- 
 rine adds a genial and optimistic nature, a public- 
 spirited interest in all that tends t<> the growth 
 of his city, and an earnest sympathy and good- 
 will which win him a large circle of friends, and 
 a liberal patronage. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, John, a substantial and prosper- 
 ous farmer residing in Section 3, Bainbridge 
 Township. Schuyler County, 111., was born in tins 
 township, in the vicinity of Pleasantview, July 
 12, 1859, a son of Thomas and Catherine Arm- 
 strong. A narrative of the career of Thomas 
 Armstrong may be found in the following sec- 
 tion of this work. John Armstrong received bis 
 education in the district schools of Bainbridge 
 Township, and assisted in the work of the 
 home farm until he reached the age of twenty- 
 one years. On attaining liis majority, he rented 
 a tract of land in Section 2. same township, on 
 which be remained but a short time. In the 
 spring of 1881, he rented the Thomas Wilson 
 farm, cultivating it until 1887, and afterwards 
 occupying the Riley Milby place one year. In 
 18S9, he bought 120 acres of land in Section 3, 
 Bainbridge Township, where he has since con- 
 
 tinued to live. When he took possession of the 
 property it was in poor condition, but he has 
 made many improvements and now has a fine 
 farm consisting of IN.", acres. 
 
 On September 30, 1880. Mr. Armstrong was 
 united in marriage with Emma F. Miller, who 
 was born in Rushville Township, Schuyler 
 County, September IT.. 1859, a daughter of John 
 Henry and Sarah Holland Miller, whose biogra- 
 phy appears on another page in this work. The 
 father of Mrs. Armstrong was one of the pioneer 
 settlers of Bainbridge Township. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Amstrong are the parents of two sens: Harvey ', 
 born October 11, 1SS1 ; and Owen, born July 2:»! 
 1886. Both received a good common school edu- 
 cation. Harvey married May Thompson of 
 Woodstock Township, and carries on farming in 
 Bainbridge Township. They have one child, 
 Francis. Owen married Vera Clemons. daughter 
 of William Clemons, a farmer of Rushville Town- 
 ship, and assists his father in the management 
 of the home farm. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Armstrong is a supporter of 
 the Democratic party, and for three years, ren- 
 dered faithful public service as Township Su- 
 pervisor. He is a thorough and successful 
 farmer, and a dutiful and useful citizen. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, Thomas, a prosperous farmer of 
 many years' standing and a resident of Bain- 
 bridge Township. Schuyler County, for more 
 than half a century, is of that Scotch-Irish stock, 
 to which this section is so much indebted for its 
 agricultural advancement and general progress. 
 He is new living in comfortable and well de- 
 served retirement in the pretty village of Pleas- 
 antview, bis greatest bereavement, which has 
 come upon him in his later years, being the death 
 of his wife, who passed away December 9, 1905, 
 after having borne him five children and been his 
 good and faithful helpmate for more than forty- 
 six years. Before passing away she had been per- 
 mitted to see four of her children reach ages of 
 useful maturity, and the family as a whole reach 
 a most substantial and honorable station, in the 
 community. • 
 
 Mr. Armstrong was born in County Monaghan, 
 Ireland, in the month of March, 1837. his father, 
 Robert Armstrong, being a native of the same 
 county, but unquestionably of Scutch origin. A 
 farmer by occupation, he passed his life in his 
 native land, where he was married to Jane Cro- 
 zier. of County Tyrone, Ireland, a daughter of 
 William Crozier. Mrs. Robert Armstrong emi- 
 grated to America in 1852 and first located in 
 New York, where she resided four years, and in 
 1858 became a resident of Illinois. She was the 
 mother of sixteen children. 
 
 When a youth of sixteen years, Thomas Arm- 
 strong sailed from Dundalk, Eastern Ireland, to 
 Liverpool. England, and thence embarked on an 
 American vessel for the port of New York, land- 
 ing at the place last named after a voyage of five 
 weeks and three days. There, without friends or 
 money, he started life in the New World by 
 working at the cabinetmaker's trade, and after 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 following that occupation for about a year and a 
 half, turned his attention to marble cutting. But 
 times were hard, and finding that he could earn 
 little money at manual labor in the East, he de- 
 termined to try his fortunes in the western fron- 
 tier. To that end he located in Rushville, 111., 
 where for three years he worked by the day, 
 month ei- j<ib. ami then fortunately entered the 
 broad field of agriculture by farming for a time 
 on rented land. Later he purchased forty acres 
 in Bainbridge Township, a small house being on 
 the place ami seven acres cleared; this was the 
 extent of the improvements. After living there 
 for four years and greatly improving the home- 
 stead, Mr. Armstrong sold the property at an ad- 
 vance and bought seventy-five acres in the same 
 township. From the latter farm he obtained a 
 comfortable living for some years, continually 
 adding improvements by the remodeling of old 
 buildings and the erection of new ones, and when 
 he had disposed of this place he was in position 
 to buy the 106 acres in Bainbridge Township, 
 which became the nucleus of his landed estate 
 which afterward amounted to 285 acres. His 
 retirement from active farming and location at 
 Pleasantview terminated a long and successful 
 career in agricultural pursuits, and proved con- 
 clusively the wisdom of his determination to 
 abandon the unprofitable drudgery of the handi- 
 er,! its for the healthful science of agriculture, 
 with its almost certain rewards of comfort and 
 independence following in the wake of intelligent 
 application and judicious management. 
 
 In 1859 Thomas Armstrong married Miss 
 Catherine Ryan, of Buena Vista Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, born February 1. 1840, to Charles 
 and Margaret (Strong) Ryan. The father moved 
 from his native State of Ohio to Frederick. 
 Schuyler County, where he married, and settled 
 in Buena Vista Township in 1833. There he died 
 January 9. 1891, his wife having preceded him 
 December 16. 18T9. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Arm- 
 strong have become the parents of the following 
 named children : John, whose biography appears 
 in another part of this history ; Mary, Charles. 
 Robert.' Samuel and Frank ( deceased I. As stated. 
 Mrs. Armstrong was called from her busy and 
 useful life in 1905, comforted to the last by her 
 affectionate husband and children and by her 
 unwavering religious faith. The deceased was a 
 member of the Methodist Church, as is her bus- 
 band. 
 
 ARTHUR, Abraham, (deceased), a former citi- 
 zen of Schuyler County, 111., but later a resident 
 of McDonough County, spending the last years 
 of his life in the city of Bushnell. was born in 
 Huntingdon County. Pa., November 22. 1824, the 
 son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Zimmerman) Ar- 
 thur, both natives of the Keystone State. After 
 receiving his primary education in the public 
 schools of his native State, in 1844, at the age 
 ef twenty years, he left the pa rental roof, and 
 joining the tide of emigration towards the West, 
 located at Rushville. 111., where he remained 
 until 1845, when he removed to Beardstown. 
 
 After several changes, in 1S56 he located on a 
 farm in Walnut Grove Township, McDonough 
 County, which continued to be his home for many 
 years. Mr. Arthur was united in marriage to 
 Margaret Ann Hageman, who was born in Wayne 
 County, Ohio, January 26, 1829, the daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs, Adam Hageman. Six children 
 were born to Mr. and Mrs. Arthur, namely : 
 Joseph, who died May 18. 1865; Jesse, who mar- 
 ried Harriet Atkinson and resides in Whiting. 
 Kan. : Franklin, married in November, 1877. 
 Lucinda Vertrees, and died August 4, 1879, his 
 wife having died May 4, previous: Mary J., mar- 
 ried Jacob Angle, and resides at Whiting, Kan. ; 
 Catherine Frances, married Fillmore Muruinert, 
 and resides in Bushnell, McDonough County, and 
 Margaret Jeanette, who married William J. 
 Thompson and now resides near Rushville, 111. 
 
 In the early part of 1S65, Mr. Arthur enlisted 
 in Company C, One Hundred and Fifty-first Il- 
 linois Volunteer Infantry, which was mustered 
 into service at Quincy, 111., on February 23d of 
 that year, and which was employed chiefly in 
 guard duty, hut taking part in several guerrilla 
 skirmishes in Georgia and other Southern States, 
 received its discharge at Springfield, 111., Feb- 
 ruary 8, 1866. Mr. Arthur served as First Cor- 
 poral of his company, holding this position at the 
 time of his muster-out. 
 
 While a resident of Walnut Grove Township, 
 Mr. Arthur was the owner of 191 acres of land, 
 of which 140 acres were under cultivation. He 
 also held the office of School Director and was a 
 member of the Grand Army of the Republic and 
 of the Anti-Horse Thief Association. Several 
 years before his passing away he removed from 
 the farm to Bushnell, III., where he continued to 
 reside until his death, which occurred October 15, 
 1898, at the age of seventy-four years, being then 
 survived by his wife and four children. The 
 funeral services, conducted two days later, under 
 charge of the Grand Army Post, with Rev. J. A. 
 McGaughey, of the Presbyterian Church, officiat- 
 ing, were attended by a large number of sor- 
 rowing friends, who still hold his private life and 
 patriotic service to his country in honored and 
 grateful remembrance. Mrs. Arthur died in 
 Bushnell May 2, 1905. 
 
 AVERY, James. — The Avery family, whose first 
 and second generation is welded together in the 
 common interest of stock-raising continuously pro- 
 moted since 1859, needs no introduction to the 
 people of Schuyler County, among whom it was 
 established in Camden Township in 1851. The 
 name stands for the best possible of accomplish- 
 ment in this department of agriculture, and not 
 only the question of quality, but of the large 
 numbers of stock, has contributed to its substan- 
 tial and influential standing in the State. The 
 resourceful founder, Philander Avery, who died 
 May 9. 19o7. was a man whose remarkable re- 
 sourcefulness is dwelt upon in detail in another 
 part of this work. He was the boon companion 
 and business associate of his son James, and 
 
HISTORY OF SCFTUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 771 
 
 rarely has tliere existed a more harmonious 
 blending of virile and worth while life purposes. 
 
 James Avery was born in Knoxville, 111., July 
 30, 1S45, and in 1851 accompanied his parents to 
 Camden Township. Schuyler County, where he 
 was reared on the homestead and educated in the 
 public schools. He took naturally to farming, 
 and has had no diverting ambition from the occu- 
 pation for which he is so well suited. At the 
 age of nineteen, and alter thorough drilling in 
 all departments of the farm, he became his fath- 
 ers assistant in buying, selling, shipping and 
 feeding stock, and has been thus employed ever 
 since. Few men in the county or State have a 
 more practical knowledge of the calling. Father 
 and son often disposed of as many as two hun- 
 dred and seventy-five head a year, and the busi- 
 ness, as new conducted by James Avery and his 
 son, Lafayette, makes equally creditable showing. 
 Mr. Avery owns 1,040 acres of land, and there- 
 fore has unlimited opportunity for the promotion 
 of stock-raising. His facilities are the best pos- 
 sible of acquiring, and the general impression 
 conveyed by his farm is of a management which 
 halts only at the best and maintains the highest 
 of business ethics anil methods. 
 
 Mr. Avery is one of the generally enterprising 
 men of Schuyler Clunty, and besides the faculty 
 of accumulation, is well fitted for political serv- 
 ice, as demonstrated over a course of many years. 
 He is a Democrat in politics, and has held most 
 of the township offices, eliciting general commen- 
 dation, irrespective of political creed. With his 
 son he is identified with the Camden Lodge No. 
 648 A. F. & A. M. On February 25, 1SC8, James 
 Avery was united in marriage to Martha Dixon, 
 Mrs. Avery being a daughter of Lawson Dixon, 
 anil born in Brown County. 111. Of this union 
 there was one son. Lafayette, his father's busi- 
 ness partner. Lafayette Avery married for bis 
 first wife, Louise Peters, who died December- 25, 
 1895, leaving a daughter. Ara V. For his sec- 
 ond wife Mr. Avery married Hattie Miller in 
 1897, and of this union there is a son, James L. 
 The younger Mr. Avery shares his father's en- 
 thusiasm for stock-raising, and has acquired 
 great understanding and proficiency therein. 
 
 AVERY, Philander, (deceased). — The establish- 
 ment of the Avery family in the United States 
 dates back more than one hundred years, to an 
 early period in our country's history when an 
 Irish lad crossed the ocean from his native land 
 to the new world. As he grew to manhood he 
 became a sailor and for some years followed the 
 high seas, but eventually returned to land, took 
 up agricultural pursuits, married and reared a 
 large family. After his children had been com- 
 fortably settled in life, he and his wife removed 
 from Ohio to Illinois, settling in Schuyler County, 
 where he died at the age of eighty-five years. 
 Among his children was a son. David, a native 
 of Pennsylvania but from youth a resident of 
 Ohio, where in 1S21 he married Margaret Adams, 
 likewise born in Pennsylvania. Their son. Phil- 
 ander, whose name introduces this article, was 
 
 born in Franklin County, Ohio, June 13, 1823. 
 During the year 1832 the family followed the 
 tide of migration drifting toward the Mississippi 
 valley. Settling in Illinois, they made a brief 
 sojourn at Colwell, 111., thence moved to Rush- 
 ville, and about 1840 settled in Woodford County, 
 where the father entered a tract of raw laud 
 from the Government. Later he disposed of that 
 property and moved to Missouri, where he made 
 his home for three years. On his return to Il- 
 linois he settled in Schuyler County, where he 
 died in 1851. Two months after his demise his 
 wife passed away. 
 
 Upon the return of the family from Missouri to 
 Illinois and the quickly following bereavement 
 occasioned by the father's death, Philander Avery 
 began the struggle of life for himself. As an 
 equipment he had one team and $50 in cash, a 
 small sum, indeed, with which to cope with the 
 difficulties and adversities of the world. Fortu- 
 nately, he possessed energy, indomitable will and 
 tireless perseverance, as well as a robust phy- 
 sique which forms no unimportant part of one's 
 capital. During the fall of 1852 he purchased 
 eighty acres of land on Section 27. Camden Town- 
 ship, and with the aid of his team he began to 
 till the soil of his newly-acquired possession. The 
 first taxes which lie paid amounted to thirty-five 
 cents, from which small payment the assess- 
 ments increased witli his growing riches until he 
 ranked among the largest tax-payers in the town- 
 ship. At the time of his death he owned 403 
 acres of land as fertile as any that could be 
 found within the limits of the township, and in 
 addition be left at bis death considerable per- 
 sonal property. 
 
 The acquisition of a large property by no 
 means represented the limit of Mr. Avery's ac- 
 tivities. Indeed, from the standpoint of the hu- 
 manitarian, it was the least important accom- 
 plishment of his life. Towering far above any 
 worldly success he achieved was his success in 
 the building up of a noble character, in the ac- 
 quisition of those traits which endear a man to 
 his associates and make him a benefactor to the 
 race. Legion is the name of those who bene- 
 fited by his acts of kindness, legion the names of 
 those who remember him as their benefactor. To 
 young men starting out in life he was a wise 
 counselor and practical assistant. His aid was 
 given them when they wished to buy a farm. 
 Money was readily furnished by him to energetic 
 young men whom he knew to be capable and per- 
 severing. When they came to pay him the inter- 
 est, often he would tell them to keep the interest- 
 money and use it in buying a calf or a hog. More 
 than once, when interest and a part of the prin- 
 cipal would be paid, he would return all of the 
 interest and one-half of the principal, with the 
 suggestion that the money be invested in cattle 
 or hogs. Cases were known where he would thus 
 aid a man for more than twenty years, until his 
 financial standing was established and no danger 
 of failure to discourage him. Many a substantial 
 barn and comfortable dwelling house in the town- 
 ship would not have been erected but for his en- 
 
m 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 couraging aid. 'When be was convinced of a 
 man's honesty he would loan him money without 
 requiring a note to he signed. Indeed, so broad 
 w;ix his philanthropy, so kind his heart, so open 
 his purse and so generous his disposition, that he 
 was beloved wherever known, and there were few 
 men so lost in ingratitude as to repay his kind- 
 nesses with neglect. On the contrary, few im- 
 jjosed upon his generosity or took undue advan- 
 tage of his charities. He lived and labored among 
 his neighbors, honored and beloved, and when 
 death came to him. May '.). 1907, the grief was 
 widespread and sincere, and the manifestations 
 of sympathy were many and touching. It was felt 
 that no citizen would be missed more than he, 
 for lunie bad more indelibly impressed his per- 
 sonality upon his associates. In the annals of 
 the township his name is worthy of perpetuity, 
 while in the hearts of those whom he aided his 
 memory will be kept green as long as life shall 
 last. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Avery occurred in 1842. 
 uniting him with Mrs. Elizabeth (Bryant) Meeks, 
 a widow, who was born and reared in Stokes 
 County, X. C. where she was married to her 
 first husband. Of that union three children were 
 born, only oue of whom survives, Mrs. Maria 
 I lay. of Macomb, 111. The marriage of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Avery was blessed with two children. The 
 only daughter of that union, Mary Ann, was 
 drowned at the age of fifteen years in a stream 
 near the old homestead. The son. James, who 
 owns the old home farm, is represented on an- 
 other page of this work. The wife and mother 
 passed from earth November Hi. 1891. In fra- 
 ternal relations Mr. Avery was identified with 
 ('.linden Lodge Xo. 648. A. F. & A. M„ and no one 
 better than he exemplified in life the high and 
 ennobling principles of Masonry. The Demo- 
 cratic party received his support and its candi- 
 dates counted upon bis ballot and sympathetic 
 assistance, yet partisanship never entered into 
 his acts, and devotion to his country was more 
 important to him than devotion to any political 
 party. The pioneer type of citizenship found in 
 him a splendid illustration. It is such men as be 
 who laid the foundations of our Government and 
 who brought to the eyes of the world the bound- 
 less resources of our Central States. 
 
 BAGBY, Hon. John C. (deceased).— For many 
 years the liar of Schuyler County had no more 
 able or distinguished representative than the 
 Hon. John C. Bagby, of Rushville, where lie lo- 
 cated in 1846. Mr. Bagby was born in Glas- 
 gow, Barren County. Ky.. January 24, 1819, a 
 Mm of the Rev. Sylvanus M. Bagby, and grand- 
 son of Richard Bagby. born in Louisa County. 
 Va., where the Rev. Sylvanus was born. Septem- 
 ber 2ii. 1 ,s,. The father of Richard Bagby, John 
 Bagby. was born in Scotland, and from there 
 went to Wales, married and made it bis home 
 for a number of years, but eventually he emi- 
 grated to America and founded bis family in 
 Colonial Virginia. Later he became a wealthy 
 man, owned a number of slaves, as did also bis 
 
 son. Richard, who married Sarah Kimbrougb, a 
 native of Virginia, although of Welsh descent. 
 
 Sylvanus M. Bagby was reared by John Bagby, 
 bis uncle, having been left an orphan at a ten- 
 der age, and after leaving the carpenter trade, be 
 located, iu 1828, in Kentucky, becoming one of 
 the pioneers of Glasgow. In that village, in 
 June. 1st:;, lie was married to Frances S. 
 Courts, born May 17, 1793, in Caroline County. 
 Va., daughter of John and Frances (Winn) 
 Courts, natives of England and Culpeper, Va., 
 respectively. Early in his life. Sylvanus M. 
 Bagby became converted to the Baptist faith, 
 and so strong was his conviction, that he be- 
 came a minister of that church, preaching on 
 Sunday and working as a carpenter during 
 week days. This continued until 1828, when he 
 became convinced that the teachings of Alex- 
 ander Campbell Were more iu accordance with 
 his personal views, and lie was very active in 
 organizing the first Christian Church in Bar- 
 ren County, and thereafter was a clergyman of 
 that creed. 
 
 Until 1842 lie remained at Glasgow and then 
 decided on new fields and, with his wife and 
 eight daughters, came to Rushville. 111., where 
 he embarked in a mercantile business, and also 
 engaged iu farming upon property the site of 
 the present depot. His career of usefulness and 
 piety terminated, however, in 1848. and his 
 widow only survived him ten years. Their fam- 
 ily was as follows: Albert K., Martha A. Hall, 
 Prances H„ Montgomery, Clara Ramsey. Emily 
 i'., Zorelda Van Hosen and the late Hon. John C. 
 
 Mr. Bagby bad a very liberal education, at- 
 tending not only the schools of his neighbor- 
 hood, but also Bacon College (then at George- 
 town!, from which he was graduated in 1.840 
 as civil engineer. Upon his return to Glasgow 
 he taught school and studied law. and when he 
 was admitted to the bar in 184(i lie located at 
 Rushville and entered upon an active practice. 
 A year later a partnership of a year's standing 
 was formed with William A. Minshail, ami 
 ended with the election of Mr. Minshail to the 
 circuit bench. 
 
 The political career of Mr. Bagby was varied. 
 He was elected to Congress in 1874, served as 
 Circuit Judge from 18,85 to 1S02. was a Whig, 
 voting for William Henry Harrison, then a 
 Republican, helping organize the party, and thus 
 continuing until 1872. when he cast bis influence 
 with the Democrats to vote for Horace Greeley. 
 Fraternally, lie was a member of the A. F. and 
 A. M.. Rushville Lodge Xo. 9, for forty-six years, 
 and for eleven terms was honored by election as 
 Master. Stapleton Chapter Xo. 9. R. A. M. was 
 organized by him and several other enthusiastic 
 Masons. Mr. Bagby always was interested in 
 prohibition and belonged to the Sons of Tem- 
 perance. 
 
 His marriage occurred on October 1. 1850, to 
 Miss Mary A. Scripps. 
 
 BALL, Amos Willis, M. D. — The qualities which 
 contribute to the rounding of every successful 
 
.JOHN HENRY MILLER 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 career — energy, industry, perseverance and a 
 high aim in life — find conspicuous expression in 
 Dr. Amos Willis Ball, of whose splendid skill 
 and usefulness the city of Rushville has heen a 
 witness since 18ST. Dr. Ball represents that class 
 of scientists who have an ever widening horizon, 
 and who recognize no limit to the possibilities of 
 their inexhaustible calling. His opportunities, 
 largely of his own creating, have been excep- 
 tional, and comparatively few men in the county, 
 and indeed in the State, are better equipped for 
 exercising the prerogatives of the art of healing. 
 
 Dr. Ball comes honestly by his predilection for 
 medicine, as his father, Joseph T. Ball, who was 
 a native of Morgan County, Ohio, was a practic- 
 ing physician for many years both in his home 
 State and at Ipava, Fultou County, 111., where 
 the sou was born August 21, 1861. The lad 
 proved an apt and ambitious student, completing 
 his high-school course in Ipava in 1877 at the 
 age of sixteen years, and in connection with his 
 preliminaries studies, absorbing much of medical 
 lore from the books in his father's office. In 
 1883 he entered upon the three years' course at 
 the Missouri Medical College. St. Louis, and alter 
 his graduation in the class of 1886, spent a year 
 as his father's associate in Ipava. During the 
 fall of 1887 he came to Rushville, and the people 
 of that place were not slow to recognize the 
 promise and ability of the young practitioner who 
 sought a foothold in the midst of their increasing 
 population and activities. Twenty years of prac- 
 tical experience, of unremitting research, and 
 fixity of purpose have improved a hundred- 
 fold the resources of this successful physician, 
 and he has left no stone unturned to keep abreast 
 of the progress in his line of work, and at what- 
 ever cost, to become familiar with the latest de- 
 velopments of medical science. 
 
 From time to time Dr. Ball has pursued post- 
 graduate courses at the foremost centers of pro- 
 fessional activity in this country and Europe, at- 
 tending courses at the St. Louis Post-Graduate 
 School and Hospital, studying also in New York ; 
 in London. England ; in Edinburg, Scotland ; and 
 in Belfast, Ireland, and during 1807 availing 
 himself of the unrivaled opportunities afforded 
 at Heidelberg, Germany. He has attended clin- 
 ics of the most famous physicians and surgeons 
 in all of these places, and it would seem that 
 little remains to tempt his craving for enlighten- 
 ment. The Doctor's office is equipped with the 
 most modern of medical and surgical facilities, 
 including an X-I!ay machine and Vibrator outfit : 
 and he engages in a general practice of his pro- 
 fession, leaning, however, towards the universal 
 preference for surgery and, in his ease, the dis- 
 eases of women. He is Secretary of the Board of 
 United States Tension Examiners, President of 
 the Schuyler County Medical Association, and a 
 member of the State, Military Tract and Amer- 
 ican Medical Societies. In political affiliation he 
 Is a Republican, is Chairman of the Republican 
 County Central Committee, has served as Alder- 
 man of the First Ward of Rushville. was Presi- 
 dent of theTJoard of Education for several years ; 
 
 in fact, has held about all ol the local offices in 
 the gitt of the people. Fraternally he is identi- 
 fied with the Masons, in which be lias taken the 
 32nd degree, and is a member of .Mohamet Shrine. 
 of Peoria; Independent Order of Odd Fellows, 
 Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen of Amer- 
 ica, the Mutual Protective League and the B. P. 
 O. E.. Beardstown Lodge 1007. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Ball and Anna R. Thomp- 
 son occurred November IS, 1891, and of the 
 union there is one son, John Maurice, born 
 October 18, 1808. The Doctor and his wife are 
 members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He 
 is a man of dignified and pleasing personality, 
 possessing tact, consideration, optimism, and 
 many other fine and almost indispensable quali- 
 ties which accompany the rise of the foremost 
 and most useful men of his profession. 
 
 BALLOU, John Alexander. — That adversity 
 breaks down the weak and builds up the strong 
 is a truism emphasized in the career of John 
 Alexander Ballon, than whom Rushville Town- 
 ship has no more honored and dependable farmer 
 and landowner. Cast adrift and at the mercy of 
 the multitudinous and conflicting currents of the 
 world at the early age of eight years, having but 
 a dim recollection of the saving grace of a moth- 
 er's love or a father's counsel, breathing an at- 
 mosphere which responded but faintly to the 
 innate nobility and tireless ambition which dig- 
 nified even his earliest years, and shut out, by 
 the grind of poverty and labor from eveu the 
 advantages of a crude country school, it is not 
 surprising that the advancement of this intrepid 
 landsman to a position among the wealthy and 
 influential men of his community should belittle 
 the pretensions of many of our supi>osed self- 
 made men. In the truest and highest sense does 
 this term apply to Mr. Ballou, and the rare and 
 splendid lesson of his life is, that what a man 
 expects and wisely works for he almost invaria- 
 bly achieves. 
 
 Born in Nashville, Tenn., February 17, 1851, 
 Mr. Ballou is a son of John and Jane Ballou. and 
 when two years of age he was brought overland 
 in a wagon to Brown County, 111., settling in 
 Cooperstown, where his father followed his trade 
 of barrel maker. Not finding the desired amount 
 of work, the elder Ballou sought employment in 
 St. Louis in 1856, and upon his return shortly 
 after, was stricken with cholera from which he 
 died during the second night after the attack, 
 and was the second to be buried in the little 
 cemetery at Cooperstown. His wife remained 
 in Brown County until 1858, when she married 
 William Munnett, moved with him to Frederick, 
 Schuyler County, and there died about 1860. In 
 the meantime, her four sons and four daughters 
 had found homes with the farmers in Brown and 
 other counties, and thus was enacted another 
 tragedy of a broken home and children deprived 
 of all that makes childhood beautiful and worth 
 living. Of those who were destined to survive 
 their responsibility burdened childhood. Benja- 
 min Ballou is a farmer in Bainbridge Township; 
 
774 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Mary Lucinda, a resident of Los Angeles, Cal., 
 married first to Smith Wright, and later to Wit- 
 yer; Bertie is the deceased wife of Capt. W. C. 
 Roberts; and Abijah died in Liberty, Mo., leaving 
 a large family of children. 
 
 When John A. Ballou was eight years old be 
 went to work for a Mr. Rice, who considered 
 board and clothes sufficient remuneration for his 
 services. His working day began with the rising 
 of the sun and often extended until after night- 
 fall, and he was given scarcely any chance at 
 all to acquire even the rudiments of an education. 
 At about the age of fifteen he had a change of 
 employers, and from then until attaining his ma- 
 jority, labored in many places and saw much of 
 the seamy and difficult side of existence. His 
 faith in better things never faltered, however, 
 not even when, in lieu of the horse, saddle and 
 bridle promised him for his long and faithful 
 service, he was given a colt with no trappings, 
 and of little immediate value to him. He then 
 went to work by the month for Jesse Darnell, a 
 man of justice and consideration, and in this 
 way managed to save some money, and to estab- 
 lish a home of his own by marrying, in 1S75, 
 Mary Maleomson, daughter of James Malcomson, 
 mention of whom may be found on another page 
 of this work. Mr. Ballou took hie wife to a 
 rented farm owned by his former employer. Mr. 
 Darnell, and in 1S66, bought sixty acres of land 
 which continued to be his home until 1886. Dis- 
 posing of this farm, he bought ninety-six acres 
 in Section 35, Rushville Township, which at that 
 time was practically destitute of improvements. 
 His industry soon worked a transformation in 
 this land, and he added to it until he now owns 
 136 acres, with as fine improvements as are to 
 be found on any farm in the county. Especially 
 worthy of mention is the two-story frame resi- 
 dence, fifty by thirty-two feet, with modern and 
 comfortable furnishings, and which is one of the 
 delightful and hospitable homes in the township. 
 Nor do the barns, outbuildings, machinery and 
 other aids to successful farming, fall below the 
 present standards of excellence, and notwith- 
 standing its general atmosphere of thrift and or- 
 der, the observer is impressed most of all with the 
 homelikeness and harmony of this valuable and 
 profitable farm. Mr. Ballou made a specialty of 
 Poland-China hogs for a number of years, but 
 raises general produce as well, and always has on 
 hand a number of fine horses and cattle. It is 
 doubtful if any man in the comity knows more 
 about threshing and threshing machines than he, 
 for he has operated machines every year since 
 he was about sixteen years old, and at the pres- 
 ent time is provided with the most modern facil- 
 ities for conducting this work. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Ballou is a Republican, and, 
 with his family, is a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church of Pleasantview. He has 
 never been an office seeker, but in his quiet, 
 forceful way, has done much to preserve the local 
 integrity of his party. Mr. and Mrs. Ballou are 
 the parents of four children, the oldest of whom 
 died in infancy. Dr. Jesse, th» oldest son, mar- 
 
 ried Elizabeth Barnett, and is engaged in medi- 
 cal practice in Lead, S. Dak.; Elizabeth is the 
 wife of Monroe Lenbart, a farmer of Rushville 
 Township ; and Chester, who manages the home 
 place, married Florence Caldwell. 
 
 BARNES, Franklin E.— On the farm which he 
 now owns and occupies in Section 21, Rushville 
 Township, Franklin E. Barnes was born Septem- 
 ber 5, 1SG5. Mr. Barnes represents one of the 
 early families of Schuyler County, and one which 
 has substantially contributed to its agricultural 
 and architectural upbuilding. His parents, James 
 and Amanda P. (Baker) Barnes, were natives 
 of Westmoreland County, Pa., and the former 
 was a carpenter and builder by trade, although 
 the greater part of his active life was spent in 
 combining building and farming. He was suc- 
 cessful after locating on the farm now owned 
 by his son, and here his death occurred in 1876, 
 his wife surviving him until 1900. The elder 
 Barnes was a quiet, unassuming man, devoted 
 to bis home and friends, and particularly averse 
 to any kind of show or publicity. The county 
 never had a better all around mechanic, and this 
 fact led to his being called upon to erect many 
 of the buildings in Rushville and vicinity, as well 
 as in other parts of the county. Many residences 
 and barns erected by him in the early days of 
 his career today bear testimony to his skill and 
 thoroughness, his conscientious regard for detail 
 and excellence of material. His patrons always 
 became his friends and well wishers, and it never 
 could be said of him that he built in a slipshod 
 or careless fashion. Of the four sons and out 
 daughter born to himself and wife, Preston, the 
 oldest, was killed while braking for the Bur- 
 lington & Missouri Railroad Company, in Ne- 
 braska, in 1SS2 : John A. is a farmer in Morris 
 County, Kan.; George B. is engaged in business 
 in Prowers County. Col. ; and Alice is the wife 
 of Fred Kerr, of Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 At the age of fifteen years Franklin E. Barnes 
 left his father's farm and engaged in farm work 
 for neighboring agriculturists. In this way he 
 could live frugally, spending little for his clothes 
 or other necessities. His life drifted back to the 
 old current on his father's farm, however, 
 shortly after his marriage. October 15, 1891. to 
 Carrie B. Bowen, who was born in Rushville. a 
 daughter of James F. Bowen, a Schuyler County 
 pioneer of 1S36, and now a farmer in Littleton 
 Township. Mr. and Mrs. Barnes are the parents 
 of six children : Ferdinand J., born October 17. 
 1892; Oliver E., born January 13, 1S96 ; Hazel 
 M„ born October 21, 1S0S ; Preston D.. born July 
 7, 1901 ; Orrin W., bom Aug. 9, 1903 ; and Iino- 
 gene Alice, born April 9, 1905. 
 
 To the old farm of eighty acres Mr. Barnes has 
 added until he now owns one hundred and twenty 
 acres devoted to diversified farming and stock 
 raising. He raises a popular grade of all kinds 
 of stock, has an abundance of fruit and shade 
 trees, a fine garden, and well constructed house 
 and barns. He is progressive in his methods, 
 keeps abreast of the times in agricultural im- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 775 
 
 provements and inventions, and bas a small for- 
 tune sunk in modern machinery. Broad and 
 liberal minded, well posted on current events, be 
 takes a keen interest in tbe social opportunities 
 of tbe township, is a popular member of tbe 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and an active 
 worker and generous contributor to tbe Christian 
 Church. 
 
 BARTLOW, James H. — For seventy-four years 
 of its history James H. Bartlow has been identi- 
 fied with tbe growth of Schuyler County, and in 
 the retirement of his pleasant home in Rushville, 
 be is today one of tbe most interesting and de- 
 pendable chroniclers of the events of which he 
 has been an enthusiastic and helpful witness. 
 His career evidences the value of homely, sterling 
 qualities, and of grit, determination and patience 
 as means to tbe practical purposes of life. The 
 setting of his childhood was the wilderness of 
 Buena Vista Township, Schuyler County, where 
 he was born in a log cabin May 10, 1833. His 
 father. John Bartlow, was bom in tbe State of 
 Ohio, and bis mother, Elizabeth (Morgan) Bart- 
 low, was a native of Kentucky. Both came to 
 the Central West with their parents. James 
 Bartlow, the father of John, dying in Indiana, 
 and leaving, besides James II.. a daughter, 
 Nancy, who is the deceased wife of Lemuel 
 Sparks, also deceased. Johu Bartlow left Ohio 
 with an ox-team and wagon, and stopped first in 
 Morgan County, 111., arriving in Schuyler County 
 in 182S. two years before the winter of tbe deep 
 snows. He located in tbe midst of tbe timber in 
 what now is Buena Vista Township, tbe prairie 
 land at that time being under water, and ne- 
 cessitating draining and breaking the prairie 
 sod before it was available for living and farm- 
 ing purposes. On tbe level land the wild straw- 
 berries abounded in great numbers and were de- 
 licious in quality, and tbe wild grass grew high 
 enough to hide a man, and was cut for hay by 
 the settlers. Wherever chance directed their 
 footsteps the new arrival staked off a few acres. 
 and there was no quarreling about individual 
 rights and prerogatives, all working in harmony 
 to establish homes and fortunes in the new and 
 untried country. John Bartlow's deed to his 100 
 acres of land was made out on sheepskin, and this 
 deed still is a treasured possessiou of the family. 
 He had tbe iron of determination in bis nature, 
 bore courageously the deprivations and hardships 
 which were the common lot of tbe settlers, and 
 died in 1834. a typical representative of the rug- 
 ged and resourceful straggler of the log-cabin 
 era. 
 
 tTpon tbe death of John Bartlow bis widow was 
 left with tbi' care of nine children, of whom 
 James II., the youngest, was then about a year 
 old. Tbe struggle of this pioneer mother to keep 
 her family together, to educate and train them 
 to noble man and womanhood, was but one of the 
 many proofs of heroism abounding in this county 
 in years gone by. James H. recalls innumerable 
 happenings of bis youth in the little log cabin, 
 but none more vivid and pathetic crowds his 
 
 memory than that of the flax which tbe boys 
 used to gather, and which tbe mother used to 
 spin far into tbe night when her weary children 
 were supposedly asleep. Often bas he awakened 
 at midnight to find this faithful mother still 
 spinning before the fire, and the hum of her 
 ceaseless wheel will resound in his ears until the 
 end of his days. Thomas, one of the sons, had 
 his wedding suit made of the cloth spun by his 
 mother. She was permitted to see all of her 
 children married and comfortably established in 
 homes of their own, and all were wont to dwell 
 upon her love and devotion, to recall their life 
 in the little rude house in tbe woods, and the 
 many times they were recalled from the field to 
 put out tbe fire in the big stick chimney. Of the 
 children, Sarah Ann married William McKee, 
 had a family of eight children, and for several 
 years survived her husband, who was killed 
 during the Civil War; Letba married Daniel 
 Kichey, left' four sons and four daughters, her 
 death occurring in Missouri and that of her hus- 
 band iu Littleton Township, Schuyler County; 
 Thomas M. married Miss Catherine, an adopted 
 daughter of Samuel Cooper, and is survived by 
 bis wife and six children, who live in Rock 
 Island, 111. ; Isabella is the deceased wife of 
 James Cooper and had eight children : I'hoebe is 
 the wife of Thomas J. Wilson, of Sidney, Iowa, 
 and has had ten children, all but one now living; 
 Elizabeth became the wife of Joshua Hale, both 
 now being deceased, leaving a family of eight 
 children : Margaret Jane married W. M. Biggs, 
 had a family of four sons and four daughters, 
 Mr. Biggs dying in Schuyler Couuty and his wife 
 in Hancock ; Ivan L„ also deceased, married 
 .Martha Itaper, who still survives, with one son 
 and four daughters living iu Cowley County, 
 Kan. James H., the ninth child and subject of 
 this sketch, and Mrs. Phoebe (Bartlow) Wilson, 
 are the only children of Mr. and Mrs. John 
 Bartlow still living. 
 
 About seventeen years old when he left his 
 home and started upon the road for independence, 
 James H. Bartlow in 1850 came to Rushville, 
 and in the fall engaged as a band to cut broom 
 corn on different farms in tbe county. In tbe 
 winter he worked in a broom corn factory, and 
 November 15, 1855, was united in marriage to 
 Charlotte Moore, mention of whose family may 
 In- found in the sketch of John D. Moore, on an- 
 other page of this work. The young people es- 
 tablished a home of their own on an eighty-acre 
 tract of land iu Littletown Township, the same 
 having boon purchased by Mr. Bartlow for $500, 
 of which he paid $400 down. Tbe liquidation of 
 tbe remaining debt of one hundred dollars was 
 the sorest trial in the early life of this well 
 known farmer and politician. He was obliged to 
 borrow the money in gold at fifteeu per cent, and 
 when tbe interest came due he bad to buy the 
 gold at a premium which advanced the interest 
 to about forty per cent. The log house which 
 they found on tbe land was soon torn down and 
 a larger one erected in its stead, and in it six of 
 their children were born. Additional land was 
 
776 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 purchased from time to time, until Mr. Bartlow 
 owned a farm of 270 acres, all in one body. He 
 was a practical and careful farmer, saving al- 
 ways more than he spent, and laboring in sate 
 and established agricultural grooves. He made 
 many improvements on his land, eighty acres of 
 which was originally heavy timber, and through 
 his industry it became one of the most produc- 
 tive and desirable properties in the township. 
 Owing to the illness of his wife, the owner 
 moved to the town of Rushville in 1S92, but the 
 change did not accomplish all that he hoped, 
 for the companion of his early struggles and 
 later successes died February 28, 189-1. Mrs. 
 Bartlow in early life was a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, but later united 
 with the Free Methodist Church. 
 
 February 15, 189G, Mr. Bartlow was united in 
 marriage to Laura Finch, a native of Virginia, 
 anil born January 31, 1855. John L. Finch, 
 father of Mrs. Bartlow, came to Schuyler County 
 in 1850, settling in Buena Vista Township, where 
 he died January 19, 1802. His widow became 
 the wife of William I'ickenpaugh, a fanner of 
 Buena Vista Township. Mr. Bartlow is the pa- 
 rent of nine children, and he lias thirty-six 
 grandchildren aud three great-grandchildren. Of 
 the children by his first marriage, Salvetus, a 
 farmer of Garfield County, Wash., married first 
 May J. Townsend, and later Annie Hendricks, 
 and has six sons and three daughters living ; 
 John T., a farmer of Huntsville Township. Schuy- 
 ler County, married Belle Hightower and has five 
 sons; Jeannette is the wife of William L. Scott, 
 a farmer of Riley County, Kan., aud lias six. 
 sous ; James C. is a farmer of Bueua Vista Town- 
 ship, married Olive Turner, and has two sons 
 and three daughters; Are] is the wife of James 
 Hale, a farmer of Washington, and has two chil- 
 dren ; Iven P. is a farmer of Littleton Township, 
 married Florence Snyder, and has two children ; 
 Mollie is the wife of L. L. Homey, a merchant 
 of Littleton, and has four sons and one daugh- 
 ter; Fannie M. is the widow of Fred Greer, aud 
 lives in Littleton with her two children : Bruce 
 W. married Ida Sandidge, and has a daughter 
 living, aud one deceased. Of the second union 
 of Mr. Bartlow there is a stepson, Carl A. Peek- 
 enbaugh. Mr. Bartlow is a member of the Free 
 Methodist Church and in his political relations 
 votes the Prohibition ticket. 
 
 BARTLOW, John Thomas. — Beginning his in- 
 dependent life as a renter in 1879, John Thomas 
 Bartlow, with no material assets, and no im- 
 petus save his innate pride and ambition, has 
 realized his agricultural dream, and become the 
 owner of a splendid property of 240 acres of land 
 in Huntsville Township. Mr. Bartlow represents 
 a noble early family of Schuyler County, his 
 birth having occurred in Littleton Township, 
 May 1, 1S58. Of his father. James H. Bartlow, 
 information may be found elsewhere in this 
 work. 
 
 The youth of Mr. Bartlow conformed to that 
 of other boys of his time and place, both educa- 
 
 tionally and agriculturally. He was reared to 
 farming as a fundamental and altogether worthy 
 occupation, and his inclination never has strayed 
 from the tasks and compensations of his calling. 
 He was at his majority when he rented his first 
 land in Littleton Township, a small patch for 
 corn aud grain, which netted him a small but 
 encouraging competence. October 26, 1881, he 
 married Arabella Hightower, who was born in 
 Littleton Township, October 8, 1859, a daugh- 
 ter of William Hightower, deceased, who, with 
 bis wife, was born in Missouri, aud came early 
 to Schuyler County. The wife still occupies the 
 old Hightower farm, and takes a keen interest 
 in the welfare of her children, of whom eight 
 survive out of a family of eleven. Of these, 
 Maria Angeline is the wife of James Bartlett, 
 of Buena Vista Toivnship: Mary E.. lives with 
 her mother; John is a resident of Arkansas; 
 Joseph O., of Huntsville Township ; Sarah, wife 
 of Louis M. Logan, of Montana ; James II.. of 
 the Indian Territory (now Oklahoma) ; and 
 Edith is the wife of John Kirkman, of Littleton 
 Township. 
 
 Mr. Bartlow and his young wife rented a 
 farm of eighty acres in Littleton Township, and 
 in 1S83 rented land from the elder Hightower, 
 moving thereon in 1SS4. About this time Mr. 
 Bartlow invested in forty-six acres of what was 
 known as the old Shinn Nursery, made his home 
 thereon and engaged in general farming until 
 is 1 . 12. when he sold out and bought 140 acres in 
 Section 15, Huntsville Township. In 1904 he 
 sold sixty acres in Section 10 and bought 160 
 acres in Section 15, making in all 240 acres in 
 one body. This farm formerly was known as the 
 Moses Hawkins property, and to it Mr. Bartlow 
 moved January 8, 1905. While not long asso- 
 ciated with his present home, tbe7 - e are yet many 
 evidences of his handiwork, which reflect his 
 method, system and thrift, and the property 
 bi<ls fair to become as profitable and valuable as 
 any in the county. Directing its future destiny 
 is a man who has learned his lessons in the hard 
 school of practical experience, who has received 
 the greater part of his help from within rather 
 than from without, and who gladly acknowledges 
 an unpayable debt to the faithful wife whose 
 economy and unfailing sympathy have helped to 
 tide him over many of the dark places of life. 
 About four years ago Mr. Bartlow began to spe- 
 cialize in stock, and, preferring Hereford cat- 
 tle, now has on hand a herd of twenty-one head, 
 sixteen of which are recorded. He also breeds 
 Poland-China hogs, and is an excellent judge of 
 all kinds of stock. 
 
 In spite of large responsibilities in his imme- 
 diate environment, Mr. Bartlow evinces a keen 
 appreciation of the social side of life, and his 
 genial nature and faculty for putting people at 
 ease make him a welcome addition to all social 
 gatherings in the township. He is a member 
 of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and 
 Modern Woodmen of America, and in religion 
 contributes to the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 of which his wife is a member. Politics has en- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 777 
 
 gaged considerable of his time and attention, and 
 ever faithful to the best tenets of the Demo- 
 cratic party, he has filled many positions of local 
 trust, including that of School Director, Assessor 
 and Supervisor, his last election to the latter 
 office having occurred in 1902, with a gratifying 
 majority. While previously holding this office he 
 has rendered valuable service in the interest of 
 roads, bridges and general improvements, being 
 especially interested in securing good thorough- 
 fares. To Mr. and Mrs. Bartlow have been born 
 the following named children: Harley R„ and 
 Highly E., twins, born September 1!). 1884, the 
 former of whom died in infancy, and the latter 
 is living on the home place : Archie Dwight, born 
 March 9, 1886, in Littleton Township, married 
 Gertrude Hawkins, daughter of Moses Hawkins, 
 and has a son, Glenn H., all living in Hancock 
 County, 111. ; W. Earl, born in Brooklyn Township. 
 October 22, 18S8, is living at home; Fay Welker 
 and Frederick Cleveland, twins, born in Brook- 
 lyn Township June in. 1895, and living at home. 
 All of the children have been given good common 
 school educations, and all have been reared to 
 habits of industry and thrift. The example of 
 their parents has inspired them with wholesome 
 regard for work, and through them the honored 
 name of Bartlow will continue to dignify and in- 
 fluence the history of enlightened Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 BATES, John W— Three generations of the 
 Bates family have contributed to the character 
 and purpose of Schuyler County, and the sturdy 
 faith and unfaltering industry of the founder. 
 William Bates seems to have filtered through his 
 successors to those now bearing his name, and to 
 be in large measure inherited by his grandson. 
 John W. Bates, the latter the owner and occupier 
 of a productive farm in Section 22, Browning 
 Township. Mr. Bates was born in Hickory Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County, September 18, 1855, a 
 son of Christopher C. and Serena C. (Hagens) 
 Bates, both horn in Hickory Township, the 
 former in 1832, and the latter in 1836. 
 
 William Hates was born in County Tyrone. 
 Ireland, and he had the resourcefulness and 
 adaptiveness of the representative Irish peas- 
 antry. Early in life he realized the limitations 
 of a small tenant farm, and resolved that when 
 he arrived at maturity he would join his fortunes 
 with the land of the Stars and Stripes. Subse- 
 quently he married a lady of Scotch ancestry, and 
 together they set sail for America, after land- 
 ing in New York, coining immediately to Hickory 
 Township, Schuyler County. This was during 
 the summer of 1824, and the wilderness pre- 
 sented few inducements to a strong and ambi- 
 tious Irishman. He was equal to the demand 
 upon his powers, however, and braved the dan- 
 gers by which he was surrounded, and the ar- 
 duous work which brought him but small re- 
 ward. His neighbors were few and far distant, 
 and a rude log-house offered but feeble resistance' 
 to the heat of summer and the chill of winter 
 Nevertheless, he won bis way to a substantial 
 
 competence, and to many-sided influence in the 
 general affairs of the county. He was one of the 
 best known and most successful of the pioneers 
 of 1824, and his life was an expression of ob- 
 stacles overcome, and hardships bravely sur- 
 mounted. Under his humble roof nine children 
 came into the world, attended the subscription 
 schools, and developed into hardy man ami wom- 
 anhood. One of the most successful of these was 
 Christopher, the father of John W. This repre- 
 sentative of the second generation in the county 
 in all ways fulfilled the expectations of his par- 
 ents, and lived an honored and highly useful life. 
 Not only was he a successful farmer and stock- 
 raiser, but he took a keen interest in Democratic 
 politics, was one of the strongest promoters of his 
 party in the county and filled many offices of trust 
 iiul responsibility. Especially was he a moral and 
 upright man. and one of the hardest workers 
 and most generous donators to the United . 
 Brethren Church, of which he became a member 
 in early life. Not only did he help raise the 
 money to build the present church, but donated 
 the ground upon which it stands. His death oc- 
 curred December 5, 1880, his wife surviving him 
 until March 14, 1886. The parent of five chil- 
 dren, twoof them died in infancy, those surviving 
 until maturity being Eliza, deceased wife of C. 
 C. Reno, of Browning Township; Caroline Bates, 
 wife of A. J. Reno, a farmer of Warren County. 
 111., and John W., the only son. 
 
 As the only son in the family, John W. Bates 
 early felt his responsibility as a wage earner, 
 and he continued to live on the farm in Browning 
 Township, to which the family moved when he 
 was two years old in 1S57, until his marriage, 
 in June, is, p. to Agnes Campbell, daughter of 
 George Campbell, one of the early pioneers and 
 large farmers of Schuyler County. Mr. Campbell 
 was twice elected County Sheriff, holding also 
 many other important offices, and he was one of 
 the most extensive stock-raisers in Bainbridge 
 Township, where his daughter, Mrs. Bates, was 
 born and reared. Mr. and Mrs. Bates built a 
 dwelling on the old Bates farm and occupied that 
 until after the death of the father, when they 
 moved to the homestead which they ever since 
 have occupied, and which he has purchased out- 
 right from the other heirs. He now is the owner 
 of 155 acres, all under cultivation and equipped 
 with the most practical and modern of appliances. 
 He is engaged in general farming and stock- 
 raising, hut finds time to devote to the beautify- 
 ing of his place, and to the promotion of gardens, 
 shade frees and orchard, and those general ad- 
 ditions which bespeak a refined and exacting 
 nature. 
 
 At the present time Mr. Bates is filling his 
 third term as Township Supervisor, and he has 
 been a useful member of the Committee on Roads, 
 Bridges and Claims. He is a charter member of 
 the Mutual Insurance Company, which he was 
 instrumental in organizing, and which now is 
 known as the Schuyler County Mutual Insurance 
 Company, one of the best insurance companies 
 in the State, and of enormous benefit to the ag- 
 
778 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 rieulturists. It has been incorporated with a 
 capital of one million dollars, and has a high 
 rating among other enterprises of the kind in 
 the country. Fraternally Mr. Bates is connected 
 with the Astoria Lodge No. 100, A. F. & A. M. 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Bates have been born ten chil- 
 dren, nine of whom are living: Estella, wife of 
 Luther Jones, of Riverside, Cal. ; Annie, wife of 
 Oliver Spiller, of Mitchell, S. Dak., and mother 
 of Marcella Spiller; Elina, a stenographer of 
 five years' experience ; Fannie, at home, a grad- 
 uate of the Rushville Normal, and a successful 
 teacher ; Georgie, a student at the Rushville 
 Normal ; Frederick, a prospective graduate of the 
 Normal class of 1909; Lloyd, a student; Lysle, 
 a student ; aud Lucile. at home. Winfleld Bates 
 died in October, 1905. Mr. Bates is a broad- 
 minded and exceptionally well informed man, 
 and has practical and helpful ideas regarding 
 current events. His genial and kindly manner 
 makes him a favorite among his neighbors, and 
 his support of the popular utilities, of education, 
 good roads, and social and religious interests, 
 renders him a valuable and dependable adjunct 
 to the township's best elements. 
 
 BATES, William Jefferson.— The rapid develop- 
 ment of the rich agricultural resources of Schuy- 
 ler County is due to the strenuous efforts of men 
 of brain and enterprise, who bring to their call- 
 ing excellent judgment and superior business 
 method, and who also find time to promote those 
 general agencies which make for progressive 
 and practical community conditions. Conspic- 
 uous among this number is William Jefferson 
 Bates, who was born in Hickory Township, 
 Schuyler County, September 26, 1844, and who, 
 although for the past five years making his 
 home in Browning, is still vitally interested in 
 the fundamental occupation which has brought 
 him wealth, influence and general prosperity. 
 Mr. Bates is a son of William Armstrong and 
 Elizabeth <Waid) Bates, the latter a native of 
 Missouri, from which State she came with her 
 husband to Illinois in 1835, remaining about a 
 year in Brown Count}'. The elder Bates in 
 1836 moved to Schuyler County, settling near 
 the bluffs of the Illinois River in Hickory Town- 
 ship, and there conducting general farming until 
 bis death in 1849, bis wife having died the year 
 previous. They reared in their humble home a 
 family of nine children, one child dying in in- 
 famy, and all born in Schuyler County save Mary, 
 wife of John E. Thornton, of Gallatin, Mo.; 
 and Ferby. deceased wife of W. K. Jones, a 
 farmer of Hickory Township. Albert G. Bates 
 died in Missouri ; W. F. M. died in Browning. 
 Schuyler County ; Martha became the wife of 
 Benjamin Leek, and both are deceased; C. C. 
 died in Broivning Township; Sarah is the de- 
 ceased wife of John B. Reno, of Missouri ; Eliz- 
 abeth is the deceased wife of Felix Thornton, 
 of Missouri ; and William Jefferson is the farmer 
 of whom this sketch treats. 
 
 William Jefferson Bates has but slight rec- 
 ollection of his parents, as he was left an or- 
 
 phan at the age of five years. He vividly recalls 
 the incidents that enlivened the pioneer days of 
 the county, of the church association which met 
 in his father's house, and the days when Will- 
 iam K. Jones hired a school teacher (Scott Wis- 
 dom, a cousin of our subject) for the boys of the 
 neighborhood, including the subject of this sketch 
 paying him out of his own purse the munificent 
 sum of $12 per month and board. Mr. Jones him- 
 self had a large family, and William Jefferson 
 was given a scholarship, and every winter at- 
 tended regularly. While attending school, young 
 Bates worked at various jobs, and at the age 
 of twenty-one years he began to operate a farm 
 in partnership with his brother. November 14, 
 1867, he was united in marriage with Mathilda 
 A. Reno, who was born in Browning Township 
 April 12, 1844, a daughter of Jonathan Reno, 
 an outline of whose life may be found in the 
 sketch of William C. Reno, on another page of 
 this work. 
 
 After his marriage Mr. Bates rented a farm in 
 Browning Township for five years, and about 
 INTO bought forty acres of land which they soon 
 after sold and bought 206 acres in Section 22, 
 Browning Township. This property was but 
 slightly improved, and although entirely fenced, 
 it had no gates, and the only building was an old 
 frame one that, in time, succumbed to the flames. 
 Soon after this calamity Mr. Bates erected a two- 
 story modern frame dwelling and eventually made 
 ninny fine improvements until, with his various 
 additions of land, his farm reached its present 
 proportions of 440 acres, all in Browning Town- 
 ship and in one body. On his place he has main- 
 tained the highest grades of farming, and has 
 set an example of thrift and resourcefulness 
 which members of the younger generation might 
 follow with profit. While living in the village of 
 Browning, he derives a substantial income from 
 his farm, and is able to surround himself and 
 wife with the comforts and refinements which 
 both have worked and struggled for, sometimes 
 under discouraging and strenuous conditions. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Bates have been born seven 
 children : William E., a farmer in Warren 
 County. 111., who married Annie Hoke, and has 
 six children, Grover C, Mabel, Samuel E., Henry 
 B., Zelma and Ernest; Francis B., married 
 Lina Davis and lives in South Dakota; Laura 
 is the wife of Charles Gise, a farmer of Brown- 
 ing Township ; Charles L. a farmer on the old 
 Bates homestead in Browning Township, mar- 
 ried Pearl Heffner. and has three children. Ada, 
 Lulu. Bula ; Ida J., wife of Charles Heffner, a 
 farmer of Browning Township, and mother of 
 Harold and Geneva Heffner ; Jonathan, lives with 
 his parents : and Blanche, employed by the 
 Browning Mutual Telephone Company. All of 
 the children have practical common school edu- 
 cations, and have been reared to make themselves 
 useful in their respective spheres of activity. 
 The family enjoys an enviable reputation through- 
 out the county, and is associated with high 
 ideals, integrity and public spiritedness. Mr. 
 Bates has made himself a power as an agricul- 
 
m 
 
 7£$< 
 
 FRANCES MILLER 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 779 
 
 turist and a citizen, and has won the confidence 
 and esteem of all with whom he ever has been 
 identified. 
 
 BAXTER, James M.— Just fifty years previous 
 to the fall of 1907, James M. Baxter came to 
 Schuyler County with fourteen rugged years to his 
 credit and a wealth of wholesome ambitions 
 which since have found expression in the per- 
 suit of agriculture, war. politics and religion. 
 Perhaps the latter may be considered the key- 
 note of the character of this successful farmer, 
 for he has lived it seven days in the week and 
 fifty-two weeks in a year, and now is rounding 
 out his thirtieth year as Superintendent of the 
 Sunday School of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, which he joined in the winter of 1861. 
 
 Mr. Baxter was born January 20, 1843, in Car- 
 roll County. Ohio, a son of George and Margaret 
 (Knopster) Baxter, the latter of German an- 
 cestry. His paternal grandparents were born 
 and married in Pennsylvania and settled in the 
 wilds of Ohio on what was known as "Baxter 
 Ridge," in Carroll County of that State, three of 
 the brothers of the grandfather locating in the 
 same part of the Buckeye State. John Baxter, 
 one of the brothers of George Baxter, left Ohio 
 in the spring of 1854 and settled in Section 6, 
 Huntsvillc Township, Schuyler County, but fin- 
 ally went to Brown County, Kan. In the fall of 
 1857, George Baxter brought the rest of his fam- 
 ily to Schuyler County, locating in Section 5, 
 Huntsville Township, in the Military Tract, find- 
 ing there no improvements whatever. During 
 the first winter he occupied a log house pend- 
 ing the erection of a frame dwelling into which 
 he moved in the spring, and this house, greatly 
 modified and improved throughout the years, ever 
 since has sheltered some member of the Baxter 
 family. The mother died there in 1865. and the 
 father in 1S9S. George Baxter was one of na- 
 ture's noblemen, a man of fine Christian spirit 
 and large heart, and for many years class-leader 
 and Superintendent of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Sunday School. He was no less earnest in his 
 support of local politics, and, whereas, he for- 
 merly was a Whig, he later was identified with the 
 Republican party from the time of its organiza- 
 tion in 1854. To himself and wife were born five 
 sons and five daughters, of whom Melissa and 
 Mary were twins, the latter dying in infancy, and 
 the former becoming the wife of Mr. Dusher, but 
 at present living with her brother. Harrison 
 Baxter, of Sumner County, Kan.; William lives 
 on the old home farm in Section 5. Huntsville 
 Township: Adeline is the deceased wife of Will- 
 iam Logan, and mother of Grace and George 
 Logan ; Elmer is a farmer in Logan County, Kan. ; 
 Sarah married Jonas Graham and both are de- 
 ceased; George is a fanner in Idaho; and Mar- 
 garet died in infancy. 
 
 At the school which his uncle. John Baxter, 
 had established in 1854, and which was known 
 as the Baxter School, James M. Baxter received 
 his rudimentary education, and this same school 
 has had as scholars members of the family 
 
 ever since, including the great-grandchildren, who 
 now are attending. The outbreak of the Civil 
 War found the youthful James hard at work on 
 the (arm, but he enlisted in Company K. One 
 Hundred and Nineteenth Illinois Volunteer In- 
 fantry, for three years, and served until the close 
 of hostilities. During that time he never missed 
 a day's duty, or suffered from serious illness 
 The company was first sent to Jackson. Tenu. 
 where, with Company G, it was captured and held 
 until paroled, returning then to the regiment at 
 Memphis, Tenn. It took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg. the battle of Meridian, then went up 
 the Red River to Pleasant Hill, where, during the 
 third day of a fight it gave the rebels a sound 
 threshing. At Yellow Bayou there was a severe 
 fight lasting well into the night, after which the 
 soldiers embarked by boat for St. Louis, and 
 soon after drove General Price's army out of 
 .■Missouri. They next gave General Forrest a 
 chase at Tupelo; then at Nashville, Tenn., 
 whipped Genera] Hood to a finish, entirely rout- 
 ing his army. At Eastport the army came near 
 starving to death, the One Hundred and Nine- 
 teenth being without rations for ten days, as the 
 country had beeii entirely stripped. Then going 
 South they went to Mobile, Ala., and Fort 
 Blakely, and just before the opposing army came 
 up, Mr. Baxter and some of his associates had 
 gone into the fort. After the surrender of Lee 
 at Appomattox, the company went to Montgomery, 
 Ala., and from there hack to Mobile and finally 
 was discharged at Springfield, 111., August 26 
 1865. 
 
 Again in Schuyler County, Mr. Baxter took up 
 the work of farming where he had abandoned it 
 three years before, and meeting with deserved 
 success, he married. September 20, 1866, Martha 
 J. Workman, who was born in Ohio and came to 
 Schuyler County with her parents, Samuel and 
 Harriet (Lewton) Workman, in 1854. In the 
 spring of 1868 Mr. Baxter moved to Hancock 
 County, 111., where bis wife died April 3, 1871, 
 leaving two children, of whom Mary Margaret is 
 the wife of Julius Harmon, of Superior, Neb., and 
 mother of Robert, Oscar, Effie and Ruth Harmon ; 
 and George G., a farmer of Huntsville Township, 
 married Alta Robertson, and has live children. 
 Sterling, Keith, Gladys, Oren and Warren, de- 
 ceased. The second marriage of Mr. Baxter oc- 
 curred March 18, 1874, to Sarah Beckerdite, and 
 of this union there is a daughter, Effie, who is 
 keeping house for her father since the lamented 
 death of her mother March 17, 1907. Mrs. 
 Baxter was the center of an admiring circle of 
 friends and well wishers, and her fine Christian 
 example is sadly missed from the community 
 which knew her so well and favorably. 
 
 At the present time Mr. Baxter owns sixty 
 acres of land in Section 5. Huntsville Township. 
 He still is in active management of his place, al- 
 though its arduous duties have been handed over 
 to his capable son. The years have dealt kindly 
 with him, and he retains his interest in the en- 
 terprises that contribute to the life and stability 
 of the township. No man within its boundaries 
 
780 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 is held in higher esteem, nor has any carved a 
 more enduring monument of character and work 
 for the inspiration and enlightenment of those to 
 come after him. 
 
 BELLAMY, Leslie S. — One of the influential 
 and honored families of Schuyler County is rep- 
 resented by this rising young farmer of Rush- 
 ville Township, whose home farm on Section 35 
 is also the place of his birth, which occurred Sep- 
 tember 5. 18S4. The identification of the family 
 with this portion of Illinois began during the 
 early part of the nineteenth century and its 
 members have been large contributors to the ag- 
 ricultural development of this region. The father, 
 George TV. Bellamy, one of the honored native- 
 born sons of Schuyler County, was born in Fred- 
 erick Township in 1850, and grew to manhood on 
 a farm, having few advantages for the acquisi- 
 tion of an education. Environed by the narrow 
 limits of a pioneer's home, he yet became a man 
 of broad views, wide culture, and liberal traits. 
 His marriage united him with Frances A. Greer, 
 daughter of a pioneer named Greer, who immi- 
 grated to the United States from County Tyrone. 
 Ireland, setling in Schuyler County when Rush- 
 ville was a small hamlet, and thereafter giving 
 his attention to agricultural pursuits. Prior to 
 leaving the home of his boyhood he had married 
 a young Irish girl, and they became the parents 
 of three children, namely: Mrs. Bellamy; Lucy, 
 widow of Darius Bellamy: and Isabel, wife of 
 A. V. Strong, a resident of Overbrook, Kan. 
 
 Three children were born of t lie union of 
 George TV. Bellamy and Frances A. Greer. The 
 daughter. Grace, is the wife of Albert Parks, a 
 farmer in Rushville Township, and they have one 
 child. Willard M. The older son, Herman, is 
 a locomotive engineer on the Santa Fe Railroad 
 with headquarters at Barstow, Cal. The younger 
 son, Leslie S., remains at the old homestead, ami 
 bis mother resides with him. The father, who 
 died January 21. 1004. was a man of pronounced 
 individuality, and for some time was recognized 
 as one of the local leaders of the Republican party. 
 On the regular party ticket he was elected to 
 various offices, including that of Supervisor for 
 Rushville Township, which position he filled with 
 conspicuous devotion to the welfare of the peo- 
 ple. In religion be was a substantial supporter 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Pleasant- 
 view. His citizenship proved of decided benefit 
 to his township, and no movement for the ad- 
 vancement of education, religion, agriculture or 
 commerce in the county lacked his hearty co- 
 operation. 
 
 Primarily educated in the Pleasantview school, 
 Leslie S. Bellamy afterward attended the Rush- 
 ville Normal for one term and then returned to 
 the home farm to take up the practical duties 
 of life. However, he was not satisfied to begin 
 the quiet round of agricultural duties without 
 seeing something of the world, so he traveled 
 for a year or more, anil thus learned much from 
 observation of different localities. During Jan- 
 uary of 1005 he entered the train service with 
 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- 
 pany, but a year of that work sufficed and during 
 February of the following year he was again on 
 the home farm, which he now manages, main- 
 taining an excellent class of improvements and 
 superintending its eighty acres. January 16, 
 1907, he was united in marriage with Miss 
 Bessie, daughter of Charles Ambrosius, and a 
 member of a well-known family of this locality. 
 In religious connections both are members of the 
 Pleasantview Methodist Episcopal Church, while 
 politically he has never attached himself to any 
 party, but remains liberal in his views. 
 
 BERTH0LF, Edward. — There are few men 
 who. through the blamelessness of their lives, the 
 purity of their motives and the excellence of 
 their services, have so deeply impressed them- 
 selves upon a community as has Edward Bert- 
 holf. This venerable citizen, seventy of whose 
 more than ninety years have been spent within 
 the boundaries of Rushville, has pursued his 
 wage-earning career largely in the Rushville 
 court house, where have awaited him respon- 
 sibilities calling for ability and strict integrity, 
 and the discharge of which has placed him among 
 the stable benefactors of the community. 
 
 The first impressions and moulding influences 
 in the youth of Mr. Bertholf were centered in 
 Warwick. Orange County. X. Y„ where he was 
 born April 0, 1810. His father, John Bertholf, 
 was born in the same county, and his paternal 
 grandparents, Samuel Bertholf and wife, were 
 also natives of that State. His mother, formerly 
 Elizabeth Perry, was a native of Sussex County, 
 X. J., and a daughter of William Percy. Both 
 families were represented among the Colonists of 
 Xew England, and were people of modest tastes 
 and quiet ambitions. The home in Warwick 
 tolerated no shams or false ideas of life and 
 duty. < The children were obedient at home and 
 diligent at school. Edward, in particular, made 
 great progress with his studies, and at the age 
 of sixteen was enrolled as a teacher in a coun- 
 try school of Orange County. At the age of 
 twenty he had the satisfaction of having earned 
 enough money to shape his circumstances rather 
 than be shaped by them. It pleased bis taste for 
 pioneering to move to Illinois in 1836, and to 
 settle in Rushville, where he would be aided by 
 the influence of his brother, then Judge of the 
 Probate Court. 
 
 In Rushville Mr. Bertholf earned his first 
 money as clerk in the general store of Josiah Par- 
 rott. He soon after began to assist his brother, 
 the Judge, and in time because Deputy Clerk and 
 Recorder of Schuyler County. His frank, out- 
 spoken ways and thoughtfulness inspired con- 
 fidence from the start, and in 1848 he was ap- 
 pointed Treasurer of the school funds, a position 
 which he maintained for twenty-one years, or 
 until 1869. Office holders in those days suffered 
 from none of the restrictions which now hedge 
 in aspirants for public honor, and various re- 
 sponsibilities often were discharged at the same 
 time. Thus, in 1848, Mr. Bertholf was elected also 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 781 
 
 Justice of the Peace, Sheriff and Collector of 
 Taxes, the office of Justice being held by him for 
 twenty years. In 1855 he was appointed Deputy 
 Clerk under Nathan Moon, and upon the death of 
 Mr. Moon, six months later, succeeded to the of- 
 fice of County Clerk. He was elected Sheriff of 
 the county in 1800, and in 1800 assumed charge 
 of the Circuit Clerk's office, at the same time 
 serving as Deputy County Clerk. In the mean- 
 time, when his official duties permitted, Mr. Bert- 
 holf kept books for several of the merchants of 
 Rushville, and was otherwise employed in the 
 business life of the town. His special predilec- 
 tion, however, was for polities, and in the able 
 discharge of official duties he met a growing need 
 of almost half a century. 
 
 The married life of Mr. Bertholf dates from 
 November 22, 183S, when culminated a romance 
 significant because of the fact that his wife's 
 father, Levi Jackson, came to Rushville the 
 same year as Mr. Bertholf. Mrs. Bertholf was 
 born in Huron County, Ohio, and is the mother 
 of nine children : Emily Ann, William Henry 
 (deceased), Horace E., Harriet E., Mary E., 
 Frank E., Fred L., John Jesse and Alice C. (de- 
 ceased). Mr. Bertholf is a Democrat in politics, 
 and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 The passing years have dealt kindly with him, 
 and the experiences of his life still stand out 
 clearly in his memory. He and the city have 
 grown old together, and have exchanged op- 
 portunities and honors to the permanent credit 
 of both. Few men are permitted so long a lease 
 of existence, and few are permitted so great a 
 peace and serenity of mind. 
 
 BESSELL, Charles C— There are few of the in- 
 terests associated with the material development 
 of Schuyler County that have lacked the co-oper- 
 ation and practical assistance of Mr. Bessell, 
 who, while aiding in the permanent growth of 
 the county, has also established his own for- 
 tunes upon a firm basis, so that now he ranks 
 among the moneyed men of his region and is 
 enabled to live retired free from the cares and 
 responsibilities of his earlier years. His entire 
 life has been passed within the confines of Brook- 
 lyn, Schuyler County, near which town his birth 
 occurred May 11, 1S35, the eldest of a large fam- 
 ily of children born to his parents, Frederick 
 Lewis Alexander and Jane A. (Robinson) Bes- 
 sell. The mother was a native of the East, born 
 in Putnam County, N. Y., in 1814, and at the age 
 of twenty (June 15, 1834), she was united in 
 marriage with Frederick L. A. Bessell in the vil- 
 lage of Rushville, 111. The parents of this Mr. 
 Bessell (father of the subject of this sketch) 
 lived on the island of Sumatra ; but, a war break 
 ing out, they sailed for Boston, Mass.. Mr. Bes- 
 sell being born on the voyage, and in Boston 
 and vicinity made his home until attaining man- 
 hood. While he was a mere child in years he 
 was deprived of the love and protection of both 
 parents, a loss which was later accentuated in 
 the death of his only brother. Cast upon his 
 own resources at an early age, he proved him- 
 
 self equal to the occasion by accepting any hon- 
 orable employment that came to hand, which con- 
 sisted principally of farm work in the vicinity 
 of Boston. 
 
 With such means as lie had been able to save 
 from his earnings Frederick L. A. Bessell started 
 for the Middle West in 1833, coming direct to 
 Schuyler County, 111., and after his marriage 
 during the following year he entered land from 
 the Government in Section 34, Brooklyn Town- 
 ship, which he at once began to improve, and in 
 the home which he established in the wilder- 
 ness all of his children were born. In IMS, 
 lie purchased property in Brooklyn, whither he 
 removed with his family the following year. 
 Coincident with this removal came the news of 
 the finding of gold in California, and among those 
 who left Brooklyn for the P'ar West was Mr. 
 Bessell, who made his way overland with ox- 
 teams. It was not until about 1860 that he re- 
 turned to his Illinois home, but fate did not 
 permit him to remain there long, for the tocsin 
 of war soon sounded, and all able-bodied men 
 were called to the defense of the country. Mr. 
 Bessell attempted to enlist from his home town, 
 but as the quota was then filled he went to 
 Macon City. Mo., and enlisted in the Seventh 
 Missouri Infantry. His service was brief, how- 
 ever, for be was soon taken ill with measles. 
 from the effects of which he died December 24, 
 1801. 
 
 Six children comprised the family of Fred- 
 erick L. A. Bessell and wile, Charles C. (sub- 
 ject of this sketch) being the eldest of the num- 
 ber. The next in order of birth was Joseph M., 
 who was born December 2S. 1836, and died Feb- 
 ruary 11, 1SS2. By his marriage with Miss 
 Edison he had two children. Mary and Henry. 
 Henry R. Bessell (third of the original Schuy- 
 ler County family), was born Novembers, 1838, 
 and four children wen' born of his marriage witli 
 Rosa Shamell, as follows: Jessie, at home; 
 Phoebe, the wife of Charles Sellars, of Dodds- 
 ville, and the mother of one son. Arthur; Fred- 
 erick, a farmer in Industry Township, Mc- 
 Donough County. 111., who married Mattie Wells, 
 by whom he lias two children; and Winnie, the 
 wife of Peter Peterson, also a farmer in Mc- 
 Donough County. The next child in the family 
 was Clinton L. Bessell, born March 17. 1842. He 
 married Miss Carrie Clark and three children 
 were born to them, as follows : Edna became 
 the wife of Vivian Irvin. a wholesale grocer in 
 Galesburg, 111., and they have one child, Leslie; 
 the others are Paul and Florence, both living 
 with their parents in Galesburg. For three years 
 Clinton L. Bessell gave bis service to his coun- 
 try in her hour of need, enlisting as a mem- 
 ber of the Second Illinois Cavalry, at the close 
 of his term of sen-ice returning to his home in 
 Brooklyn, where for many years he was known 
 as one of the town's most successful business men. 
 He was enabled to retire from active business in 
 1904, and the same year removed to Galesburg, 
 which has since been his home. Augustus C. 
 Bessell (the fifth son) was born November 17, 
 
782 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 1845, and therefore was still a youth when the 
 Civil War broke out, hut emulating the example 
 of his father and older brother, he too enlisted in 
 his country's cause, becoming a member of the 
 Seventy-eighth Illinois Infantry, and during the 
 three years in which he was in the service, took 
 part in all the hard-fought battles and marches 
 to which his company was subjected. After the 
 close of the war he returned to Brooklyn and 
 once more engaged in peaceful pursuits. While on 
 a trip to St. Joseph, Mo., he was taken ill and 
 compelled to return home, where he died soon 
 afterward, on January 1. 1S6S. He was the 
 first member of his company to die after the re- 
 turn of the regiment, and the company's flag 
 was buried with his body — a tribute to his 
 bravery, for he was ever ready for any duly. 
 whether on the post, picket or in camp. The 
 youngest child in the original Schuyler County 
 family was George Ward Bessell. born December 
 27, 1848. His marriage united him with Alice 
 Colt, and five children were born to them : Pross, 
 a resident of Guymon. Okla.. married Kathryn 
 Gregory: Earl, a resident of Bloomington, 111.; 
 Grace, Mrs. Clifford Morse of Berkeley, Cal.. 
 has two children, Gladys A. and Francis V. ; Anna 
 and Bessie are members of the class of 1908 in 
 the State Normal University, at Normal. 111. 
 The parents of these children are both deceased, 
 the mother dying November 24, ISO", and the 
 father December IT. 1903. After the death of 
 the wife and mother. Mr. Bessell tenderly cared 
 for the children until they grew to manhood and 
 womanhood, a devotion which was reciprocated 
 by the children, all of whom became useful and 
 respected citizens of Brooklyn, loved and hon- 
 ored by all who knew them. 
 
 Charles C. Bessell was educated in the sub- 
 scription and district schools of Brooklyn Town- 
 ship, and when not in school was performing his 
 share of the chores on the home farm. The 
 ruonotomy of this life was changed when his 
 father sold the farm in 1840 and removed into 
 town, but the necessity for continuing at work 
 was even greater than before, for the father's 
 removal to California about this time left him 
 the main support of bis mother and the younger 
 children. Though only fourteen years of age. 
 he manfully shouldered the burden which fell 
 upon him, and. securing an ox-team, engaged in 
 freighting goods from Brooklyn to Frederick, 
 the trip covering three days. After continuing 
 this business for about three years, he gave it 
 up for what seemed a better opening in Augusta, 
 111., where he engaged in work as a farm hand. 
 However, it developed that the man with whom 
 he had engaged himself had contracted to haul 
 rock and tics t<> what was then called the North- 
 ern Cn.ss Railroad, but which now is a part of 
 tin- Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. After one 
 year with this employer, Mr. Bessell returned 
 to Brooklyn, determined to carry out his plan 
 to engage in farm work. The first year he 
 hired out at $12 per month, and in 1855 en- 
 tered the employ of James Worthington in the 
 same capacity but with increased wages, re- 
 
 ceiving $18 per month during the two years he 
 remained in Mr. Worthington's employ. His ex- 
 perience thus far had covered all phases of farm 
 work and he felt justified in starting out on his 
 own behalf. Purchasing a team, he rented land 
 from his former employer. Mr. Worthington, and 
 in addition in its cultivation also took a con- 
 tract to clear a thirty-acre tract of heavy timber 
 for Mr. Worthington. He accomplished the un- 
 dertaking and from the timber made rails to 
 fence his farm. 
 
 It was about this time, in March, 1860, that 
 Mr. Bessell formed domestic ties by his mar- 
 riage with Miss Anna Bruce, a native of Mahon- 
 ing County, Ohio, and soon afterward" the young 
 people set up housekeeping in a double log cabin 
 on the eighty-acre tract rented from Mr. Worth- 
 ington. Before the little home was completed, 
 however, the wife was called home, April 6, 
 1S62, leaving a child two weeks old, to whom they 
 had given the name of Anna. The latter did 
 not long survive, her death occurring in Sep- 
 tember of the same year. After this bereave- 
 ment Mr. Bessell once more turned his energies 
 to the clearing of the land and also completed the 
 house. His second marriage, April 14, 1864. 
 united him with Mrs. Harriet (Colt) Whitson, 
 widow of the Rev. John T. Whitson. by whom 
 she had two sons, William H. and Warren C. 
 Whitson. William II. Whitson served as a sol- 
 dier in the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinois 
 Infantry. He now has a position as bookkeeper 
 in the National Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, 
 Wis. By bis marriage with Miss Anna Mason, 
 he became the father of two children. Warren M. 
 and Stella, who married James Pickering of 
 Chicago, but is now deceased. Warren C. Whit- 
 son was united in marriage with Kate Black- 
 burn, and now has charge of the Central Tele- 
 phone office at Brooklyn, Schuyler County. 
 
 After Mr. Bessell's second marriage he took 
 up his abode in the log cabin which he had in 
 the meantime finished, and soon afterward pur- 
 chased from Mr. Worthington 127 acres of land. 
 In time the log cabin gave place to a fine eight- 
 room dwelling, and he also erected good barns 
 and outbuildings for the protection of stock and 
 machinery. One child was born of Mr. Bessell's 
 second marriage, Nettie, who was born on the 
 home farm June 14, 1865. and became the wife 
 of Joseph F. White. Mr. White was born and 
 reared in Brooklyn Township, a son of W. P. 
 White, the latter one of the most honored 
 pioneers of Schuyler County. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Joseph F. White are now residents of Raton. 
 X. M. Their daughter Mabel is a member of the 
 class of loos of the Wesleyan College at Cam- 
 eron, Mo. Mrs. Harriet Bessell passed away 
 October 4. 1893, mourned by family and friends, 
 who remember her as a devoted Christian whose 
 chief happiness was in doing good to those 
 about her. She was a faithful member of the 
 Presbyterian Church. 
 
 In November. 1804. Mr. Bessell was married 
 to Mary B. Agnew, a native of Littleton. Schuy- 
 ler County, and the daughter of David and Mar- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 783 
 
 garet L. (Tucker) Agnew, natives of Erie 
 County. N. Y.. and Spencer County, Ind., respect- 
 ively. From Erie County, N. Y.. Mr. Agnew re- 
 moved to Pennsylvania, and from there came to 
 Schuyler County, 111., some time during the 
 forties. After his marriage in 1850 he made his 
 home in Rushville until 1862, in which year he 
 removed to Littleton. It was in 1895 that Mr. 
 Bessell disposed of the home farm and took up 
 his ahode in Brooklyn, and in the beautiful resi- 
 dence which he now owns is spending his later 
 years free from the labors which his former 
 years of industry have made possible. During 
 the seventy-two years of his life he has made his 
 home continuously in Brooklyn Township, and it 
 is safe to say that no citizen of his community 
 stands higher in the estimation of friends and 
 neighbors than does Mr Bessell. October 1. 
 1S59. he united with the Presbyterian Church 
 of Brooklyn, and during the intervening years he 
 has been one of the most useful members and 
 officers of that organization, since 1863 serving 
 in the capacity of elder. He also represented 
 the Schuyler Presbytery in the General Assembly 
 of the Presbyterian Church when it met in 
 Detroit in 1889. His political sympathies have 
 always been in favor of the Republican party, 
 and his first vote was cast in favor of John C. 
 Fremont. 
 
 BILDERBACK, William M.— An extensive land- 
 holder and a well-to-do agriculturist, Mr. Bilder- 
 back is prosperously engaged in his independent 
 occupation on one of the pleasantest and most 
 desirable homesteads in Schuyler County. His 
 home farm is finely located on Section 28, Bir- 
 mingham Township and comprises 183 1-3 acres 
 of as fine land as is to be found in the country, 
 all of which is under a high state of cultivation. 
 While he carries on general farming, raising the 
 usual grains and commodities to be found on an 
 Illinois farm, it is in the raising of stock that he 
 takes his chief pleasure and on his farm may 
 lie seen a fine herd of Doroc red Jersey hogs 
 which are eligible for registration. In his choice 
 of cattle he is partial to the black breed, and 
 has from twenty-five to sixty head on his farm, 
 Mr. Bilderback is a descendant of German fore- 
 Fathers, although the family, for a number of 
 generations, has been represented in America. 
 The records state that the grandfather Bilder- 
 back. died in Kentucky, where be reared a large 
 family of sons, among whom was Charles, the 
 father of William M. At the death of their 
 father the sons (Charles, Alex, William. James 
 and John) left the South to take up life in what 
 at that time (1846 i i was considered the frontier. 
 ■joining to Schuyler County, 111. Charles made 
 his choice of land in Section 28, Birmingham 
 Township, where be purchased about 300 acres 
 of wild, uncultivated prairie land, far removed 
 from any other white settler. The brothers, 
 not quite so venturesome, selected a spot close 
 to the timber, and here they worked together to 
 improve their property, all the time tearing for 
 the safety of their brother Charles, whose bleak 
 
 location in the open prairie made him an easy 
 prey to the blasts of wind and storm which were 
 no uncommon visitors even in the more sheltered 
 parts. On the land which he had selected and 
 purchased. Charles Bilderback at once began the 
 work of improvement, erecting a hewed frame 
 building, material for which he hauled from 
 Pulaski, Adams County. In the meantime he 
 had formed domestic ties by his marriage 
 with Sarah L. Crawford, who proved a help- 
 mate in every sense of the word, and together 
 they labored to make a comfortable home for 
 their children, of whom there were five in num- 
 ber, namely: Thomas, who died in infancy; 
 William M., whose name heads this article: 
 Charles E, and John F., both farmers in this 
 township: and Ida B., the wife of S. P. Foster, 
 their borne being at St. Mary, Hancocck County, 
 111. The mother of these children passed to her 
 reward in 1881, and ten years later, in 1891, the 
 father was laid to rest, after a life of many years 
 spent in the upbuilding of the community where 
 in young manhood he selected his future home. 
 
 The second child in the family, William M. 
 Bilderback was born on the home farm on Sec- 
 tion 28, Birmingham Township, October 15, 
 I860 : and, in fact, be has never known any other 
 home, for after the death of the mother, the 
 farm was placed under his management. His 
 educational training was meager, consisting only 
 of such advantages as were offered in the schools 
 of the Huntsville district, but nevertheless he was 
 alert and observing, and by well-selected reading 
 has become well informed generally, and is an 
 agreeable conversationalist. When his school 
 days were over, he turned his attention to as- 
 sisting in the duties of the farm, and upon the 
 death of his father, he purchased the old home- 
 stead property. No opportunity to improve upon 
 the older methods of farming have been lost 
 sight of by Mr. Bilderback, and as a result his 
 property is not only in appearance, but in reality, 
 one of the most prosperous and productive in 
 this part of Schuyler County. 
 
 Mr. Bilderback was married, May 5, 1885, to 
 Miss Emma Z. Harkness, who was born in Ka- 
 hoka. Mo., August 31, 1861, the daughter of 
 James C. and Elizabeth (Stauffer) Harkness. 
 natives of Pennsylvania, who as early as 1842 
 established their home in the wilds of Missouri. 
 Of the nine children born to Mr. and Mrs. Hark- 
 ness. those besides Mrs. Bilderback now living 
 are as follows: Abraham, of Clark County, Mo.; 
 John, of Lake City, Colo.; George, a farmer of 
 Clavk County, Mo.; James and Frank, both resi- 
 dents of Kahoka, Mo. : Jane, the wife of Henry 
 Strickler, of Farmington, Iowa ; and Annie, the 
 wife of Jasper Stover, of Lake County, Cal. The 
 mother of these children passed away in 1900, 
 but the father is still living in Kahoka, Mo., at 
 the ripe old age of ninety-four years. Eight chil- 
 dren blessed the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Bil- 
 derback-. as follows: Arthur Glenn, who died 
 when seven years of age ; Tivis E., who was born 
 August 18, 1888, and is now a student in the 
 State Normal University, Normal. 111.; Troy P., 
 
784 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 who was born January 10, 1800 ; William R., 
 bom April 30, 1802 ; Quintin B., born October 
 22, 1805; Herman II., born February 0, 1807; 
 Charles S.. born December 7, 1808 ; and James 
 Clifford, born December 28, 1001. While not 
 associated with any denomination, Mr. Bilderback 
 gives with a liberal hand to the support of the 
 Presbyterian Church, of which his wife is a mem- 
 ber, and in fact throughout his life has contrib- 
 uted generously to both church and Sunday 
 school work, regardless of denomination. Polit- 
 ically he is a believer in Democratic principles, 
 and carries out this belief by supporting the can- 
 didates of that party. Socially he is a member 
 of the Odd Fellows lodge at Huntsville, 111., and 
 of Augusta Camp, Modern Woodmen of America. 
 The fact that Mr. Bilderback has spent his entire 
 life in his present locality makes him guard its 
 interests with a jealous eye, and it is. safe to say 
 that no project which has for its object the bet- 
 terment of the community, fails to receive his 
 support, in fact, he has, himself, inaugurated 
 many beneficial measures. He has a hospitable 
 nature, and both himself aud wife are surrounded 
 by many friends and well-wishers. 
 
 BLACK, Franklin P.— The name of Franklin 
 P. Black is associated with successful agriculture 
 and stock raising, with education, clean pol- 
 itics and other enlightening agencies, and in 
 character with the dignity and honor and abil- 
 ity of a fine old pioneer family established in 
 the wilds of Schuyler County by'his grandfather, 
 Richard Black, in 1825. Mr. Black was born in 
 Littleton Township, Schuyler County. June 13, 
 1876, one of the family of four sons and two 
 daughters of William T. Black, who was four 
 years old when brought to Schuyler County from 
 Dubois County, Ind.. where he was born in 1821. 
 When Franklin 1'.. was a little ever eleven years 
 (.1.1 i in 1868), he came with the rest of the fam- 
 ily to the farm he now occupies in Section 11. 
 Woodstock Township, and with the exception 
 of temporary absences, has made this his home 
 ever since. 
 
 The youth of Mr. Black was devoted to work 
 on the paternal farm, to attendance at the dis- 
 trict school, and to such diversions and opportu- 
 nities as the neighborhood afforded. At the age 
 of twenty-one years he rented a farm and en- 
 gaged in produce raising on his own responsibil- 
 ity. February 2, INTO, he was united in mar- 
 riage to Sarah Kennedy, born in Woodstock 
 Township April 1, 1859, a daughter of Isaac and 
 Betty (Wheelhouse) Kennedy, the former of 
 mixed German and Irish ancestry, the latter 
 coming from Yorkshire, England, when eleven 
 years of age. Isaac Kennedy was born in 
 Ohio and came to Illinois in 1858, settling on 
 a farm in Woodstock Township, where his death 
 occurred March 20, 1883. After his death his 
 wife made her home there with her daughter, 
 Mrs. Black, and there her life came to an end 
 July 16. 1004. Of the four children in the Ken- 
 nedy family, Z. B„ is a resident of Littleton 
 Township. Schuyler County; Robert lives in 
 
 Bearilstown, 111.; and Hanna is the wife of 
 Thomas Chalkley, of Lincoln, 111. For two years 
 after their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Black occu- 
 pied the old Black homestead, then moved to a 
 farm a little to the south, in 1893 locating again 
 in Section 10, where they lived until returning 
 to the Black farm to care for the old folks in 
 1895. Their loving care of the couple who had 
 weathered the hardships of the frontier and risen 
 to affluence by reason of toil and good judgment, 
 was thoroughly characteristic of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Black, and the family circle was narrowed Octo- 
 ber 2, 1000, by the death of the father, and 
 March 10, 1902. by the death of the mother. 
 They were members of the Primitive Baptist 
 Church. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Black have been born the 
 following children : William Robert, born May 
 18, 1881, farming part of the old homestead, and 
 making a specialty of raising and breeding reg- 
 istered Poland-China hogs — is husband of Bessie 
 ( Briggs ) Black, and father of Robert Karl 
 Black; Homer, born June 16, 1884 died October 
 6, 1884; and Grover C, born February 15, 1887, 
 graduated from the medical department of 
 Washington University at St. Louis, Mo., May 
 28, 1008. and now one of the staff of St. Francis 
 Hospital at Macomb, 111. Mr. and Mrs. Black 
 have given their children every advantage in 
 their power, aud all sustain the family reputa- 
 tion for ability and general worth. William and 
 Grover C. are both graduates of the Rushville 
 Normal School and Business College. At the 
 present time Mr. Black owns 150 acres of land, 
 all of it under a high state of cultivation. He 
 has a large and comfortable rural home, ample 
 facilities for caring for products and stock, and 
 he makes a specialty of Poland-China hogs, Red- 
 Polled cattle, and roadster horses. He is a re- 
 sourceful anil practical farmer, accepting such 
 innovations as appeal to his judgment and dis- 
 cretion, and is a constant seeker after the ways 
 which broaden and refine country existence. Of 
 unquestioned integrity and more than average 
 business ability, he has received many proofs of 
 confidence on the part of his fellow-townsmen, 
 and in his immediate family he is looked up to 
 as the soul of honor, his settlement of his lath- 
 er's large estate without bond having proved per- 
 fectly satisfactory to all concerned. Mr. Black 
 is a Democrat in politics, and always has refused 
 political position. 
 
 BLACK, John Rollo — The administration of 
 no Superintendent of Schools of Schuyler County 
 has given more general satisfaction than has that 
 of John Rollo Black, the present incumbent of 
 the office. Energetic, practical, aud progressive, 
 and thoroughly alive to the needs and possibili- 
 ties of those entrusted to his supervision, this 
 young educator seems to absorb and give out in 
 abundant measure the virile spirit of the prairies, 
 from which he sprung, and over which still 
 broods the indomitable, all conquering influence 
 of the pioneers. Born at Quincy. 111., February 
 14, 1877, Mr. Black is a son of John H., and Teli- 
 
J^ui^^jU ^yrLv-vi^L 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 785 
 
 tba (Parke) Black, natives of Illinnis, grandson 
 of James P. Black, of Kentucky, and great-grand- 
 son of Richard Black of North Carolina. His ma- 
 ternal grandfather was O. II. Parke of Ken- 
 tucky. The Blacks are of Scotch-Irish descent, 
 and many of the family's numerous representa- 
 tives have heeu conspicuous in the military, po- 
 litical, commercial and educational affairs of 
 America. 
 
 Beared on a farm in the southern part of 
 Schuyler County, to which his parents moved 
 from Quincy in 18S2, Mr. Black attended the 
 district schools and the Rushville Normal, and 
 from 1897 until 1902 was engaged in school 
 teaching in different parts of the county. During 
 this time he applied himself with such assi- 
 duity that he passed, with excellent standing, the 
 examination for the State teacher's certificate 
 which he now holds. He has been a loyal sup- 
 porter of the Democratic party ever since at- 
 taining his majority, and in 1902 was elected 
 Superintendent of Schools for Schuyler County 
 by a large majority. Though the discharge of 
 this responsibility necessarily is arduous and 
 taxing, Mr. Black finds time and strength for 
 the publication of a school paper called the 
 "Schuyler County School Visitor," which, be- 
 cause of the breadth of the views expressed and 
 the comprehensive ground covered, is proving a 
 moulding factor along educational lines in the 
 county. 
 
 On December 25, 1902, Mr. Black was married 
 to Daisy M. Dennis, who was born in Rushville, 
 and educated in the public schools and at the 
 Jacksonville Woman's College. Mr. Black is 
 prominent socially, and is identified with the In- 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows and the Modern 
 Woodmen of America. The life of Mr. Black is 
 dominated by a high sense of responsibility, and 
 by unfaltering devotion to the work for which 
 nature and training have admirably fitted him. 
 He has sympathy, personal magnetism, and the 
 faculty of getting near to the hearts of the stu- 
 dent class. lie understands the youth of the 
 land, his ambitions, temptations and possibilities, 
 and therefore can be of use to him. 
 
 BLACK, William T., ( deceased ) .—From 1825 
 until his death, October 2. 1900, William T. 
 Black was associated with Schuyler County, as 
 a boy. contributing his small strength to the 
 lifting of pioneer hardships, and, as a man, gain- 
 ing that outlook and independence which comes 
 of work well done and responsibilities nobly 
 borne. Mr. Black's parents were among the first 
 permanent settlers in Woodstock Township, com- 
 ing from Dubois County. End., where the son 
 was horn March 18, 1S21. The journey was 
 made with a wagon and team during the sum- 
 mer of 1S25. and in a clearing a rude cabin was 
 erected, between the walls of which was enacted 
 a chapter of that history' w-hich, with its rude 
 accessories of existence, its demands upon the 
 courage and fortitude of the race, and its ex- 
 pressions of splendid purpose and hope, have 
 
 slipped forever into the recesses of a never-to-be 
 again, but unforgetable past. 
 
 None of the hardships, discouragements, limi- 
 tations or diversions of the early days of the 
 county were absent from the youth of' William 
 T. Black. Far from breaking his spirit or de- 
 veloping discouragement and inertia, they im- 
 pelled to a strong and reliant manhood, to a 
 character the integrity and worth of which 
 never was questioned, and developed a capacity 
 which found its sphere and reward in the hard 
 toil of the farm. During the winter season he 
 walked a long distance to a log school house, 
 where the common branches were intermingled 
 with a liberal use of the birch rod, and where 
 the pupils performed all of the tasks, such as 
 sweeping, lighting the fire and bringing in the 
 water. At the age ~oi twenty-five years Mr. 
 Black started on his independent career, renting 
 a farm in Woodstock Township for one year, and 
 then removing to Rushville Township, where he 
 was married, October 30, 1842. to Mathilda 
 Matheny, a native of Morgan County, Ohio, and 
 born March 29, 1823. Mrs. Black's parents were 
 Andrew and Sarah (Harris) Matheny. natives 
 of New England and Virginia, respectively, and 
 they came to Illinois in 1835, purchasing the 
 farm in Schuyler County upon which the balance 
 of their lives was spent. They had four chil- 
 dren and were fairly prosperous, developing one 
 of the fine farms and delightful homes in their 
 township. On both sides of the family there 
 were forefathers who bore their muskets upon the 
 battlefields of the Revolutionary War, and who 
 were closely identified with the agricultural and 
 business activities of the East and South. 
 
 In 1840 Mr. Black bought 120 acres of land, 
 built a small frame dwelling, and in 1868 sold 
 this property and purchased 280 acres in Wood- 
 stock Township. In 1SG9 he built the residence 
 which remained his home for the rest of his life, 
 and carried on geneal farming and stock-raising 
 with increasing success. Of the six children 
 who came to brighten his home. Austin, a farmer 
 of Woodstock Township, married Nancy King. 
 and had one son ; Athalinda is the wife of Rich- 
 ard Kittering. and has two sons; Harriet died 
 at the age of forty-two years: William H. mar- 
 ried Rachel Boiles. and has five sons and two 
 daughters; Richard married Jane Stevens, and 
 has two sons and one daughter: Franklin P. 
 married Sarah Kennedy, and is mentioned else- 
 where in this work. Politically. Mr. William 
 T. Black favored the Democratic party, but was 
 liberal in his views and, especially in local mat- 
 ters, believed in voting for the man irrespective 
 of party. He was honored by election to va- 
 rious township offices, and invariably discharged 
 his duties with courage and fidelity. In his reli- 
 gious views be was a Baptist and a member of 
 the Primitive Baptist Church, and was generous 
 in his contributions to the support of the church 
 and its missions. He was universally respected 
 and many people mourned the passing from their 
 ken of his fine and sympathetic personality. 
 
786 
 
 EISTOEY OF sell TYLER COUNTY. 
 
 BLACKBURN, Bryson M., one of the oldest 
 residents of Schuyler County, 111., where he has. 
 been successfully engaged in tannin- in Brook- 
 lyn Township, for nunc than fifty-live years, al- 
 ways maintaining a high standing as a fanner 
 ami as a citizen, was born in Ohio, on the dividing 
 line between Hamilton and Butler Counties. Oc- 
 tober 23, 1828. He is a son of James and Neppie 
 (Sparks) Blackburn, natives of Ohio and Ken- 
 tucky, respectively. The paternal grandfather, 
 Bryson Blackburn, was a Virginian by birth, and 
 Matthew Sparks, the grandfather on the mater- 
 nal side was born in Maryland. The Blackburns 
 are of Scotch-Irish descent, while the Sparks 
 family originated in France. James Blackburn, 
 father of Bryson M.. who was a physician and 
 surgeon, was born in 1805. In boyhood he was 
 bound out to learn the tanner's trade, and boot 
 and shoe making. This occupation not being to 
 his liking, he turned his attention to medicine, 
 fitting himself for practice under the tutorship 
 of the famous Dr. Thomas of Cincinnati. His 
 family came to Schuyler County in 1830, and he 
 soon alter acquired a patent for eighty acres of 
 government land in Brooklyn Township, but after 
 locating on it and making improvements, dis- 
 covered a defect in the title, another man having 
 a prior claim. He then entered up a tract of loo 
 acres, which included a part of the site of the 
 present village of Brooklyn, and establishing his 
 residence on it. applied himself to practice a-- a 
 physician, his practice extending from forty to 
 sixty miles from his home. In course of time lie 
 sold his farm, and bought a tract of 360 .ores h, 
 Section-; 16 and 21, all of which was covered 
 with timber. After clearing a portion of it. be 
 built a large dwelling, which was destroyed by 
 fire eleven years later. Dr. James Blackburn de- 
 parted this life in December, 1852, his wife, who 
 was born in 1804, passing away in 1ST6. Their 
 family consisted of five sons and four daughters, 
 of whom the subject of this sketch was the sec- 
 ond in order of birth. 
 
 What schooling Bryson M. Blackburn was able 
 to obtain was received in the primary schools of 
 Brooklyn Township, and he remained on the 
 home place, taking part in the work until the 
 time of his marriage. He learned the carpenter's 
 trade in his early youth, and from 1852 to 1859 
 was engaged in that occupation at Huntsville. 
 111., which was his home during this period. In 
 the latter year, he moved to a tract of eighty 
 acres in Section 20. Brooklyn Township, adjoin- 
 ing the village of Brooklyn on the north. The 
 land contained no improvements and was mostly 
 covered with brush. Mr. Blackburn built the 
 house now occupied by him. 20 by 16 feet, with 
 an ell, and has increased the extent of his 
 landed property by two purchases, adding sev- 
 enty acres in Section 17. which adjoin the orig- 
 inal eighty acres. This place he thoroughly im- 
 proved, continuing his work as a carpenter until 
 1800, after which he devoted his whole attention 
 t" operation of the farm. 
 
 tin March 18. 1852, Mr. Blackburn was joined 
 in matrimony svith Susan F. Overstreet, who 
 
 was bom in Kentucky, February 15, 1S29, a 
 daughter of Buckley and Nancy (Brumfield) 
 Overstreet. natives of that State. From this un- 
 ion nine children have resulted, as follows : 
 Kate, born December 22, 1852; James Levi, who 
 died in infancy; Frances A., born June 10, 1857; 
 William Frederick, born January 18, 1859; 
 Nancy Penelope, born October 9, 1860; Mary 
 Minerva, born September 5, 1SG2 ; Robert Ho- 
 mer, born July 11, 1864; Elizabeth, born March 
 22. 1866, who died at the age of nineteen months, 
 and Charles, who also died in infancy. Of the 
 children still surviving. Kate, the eldest daugh- 
 ter, became the wife of Warren Whitson, a resi- 
 lient of Brooklyn. 111.; Frances A. is at home; 
 William F. lives in Brooklyn Township; Nancy 
 R. was married to Charles Duell, and resides in 
 Rike County. 111.; Mary M. (Mrs. George Kreu- 
 ter) lives at Doddsville, McDonough County, 111.; 
 and Robert H. follows farming on the home 
 place. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Blackburn is a supporter of 
 the Prohibition party, and has rendered credita- 
 ble public service in the office of Road Commis- 
 sioner. He and his faithful wife, for nearly 
 three-score years the helpful companion of his 
 joys and sorrows, are communicants of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church. Both are regarded with 
 the highest respect. 
 
 BLACKBURN, Orville, still in imssession of 
 his mental and bodily faculties, with scarcely 
 perceptible impairment through waning years, is 
 one of the most vigorous and sprightly survivors 
 of the pioneer period of Central Illinois. When 
 his life began in Schuyler County, which has al- 
 ways been his home except fur a brief time in 
 childhood, the region was mainly a wilderness, 
 abounding in wild beasts and game. Wolves, wild 
 deer, prairie chickens and wild turkeys were 
 plentiful in all directions. In the years succeed- 
 ing his youthful experience, the scythe, the sickle, 
 the flail, the antique plow, and all the crude 
 contrivances whereby the tedious and laborious 
 pin. ess i if pioneer farming were carried on, have 
 vanished. These relies of primitive times have 
 given place to the most complete devices in agri- 
 cultural implements and machines that modern 
 ingenuity can design, the low lands have all been 
 drained, the timber has mostly disappeared, vil- 
 lages, schools, churches, stores, public buildings 
 and tasteful habitations brighten the landscape. 
 and still the sturdy pioneer to whom this narra- 
 tive pertains, a forceful reminder of a former 
 generation, pursues the even tenor of his way 
 near the spot where he was ushered into life. But 
 he has witnessed a wondrous transformation, 
 keeping pace with the marvelous development, 
 and doing his full share in pushing forward all 
 the movements that have made his locality what 
 it is today. 
 
 Mr. Blackburn was born in Rushville. Schuy- 
 ler County. 111.. April 2G, I8;',2, a son of James 
 and Xoppie (Sparks'! Blackburn, natives of Ohio 
 and Kentucky respectively. When he was a lit- 
 tle boy his parents moved to Plymouth, Hancock 
 
BISTORT OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 78* 
 
 County. III., returning five years later to Schuy- 
 ler County, and locating in Brooklyn Township, 
 near the village of Brooklyn. In early youth 
 Orville Blackburn attended the subscription 
 schools of those times, and grew up <>ii his fath- 
 er's fanu. The latter died in 1852, and Orville 
 remained on the home place with his mother 
 fur some years. After his marriage he still 
 took care of the homestead farming until 1866. 
 His mother passed away in lsT'i. In 1866, to- 
 gether with his brother-in-law, John Henry 
 Walker, he bought a farm, and seven years later, 
 traded his interest in it for 75 acres of land on 
 Crooked Creek bottoms, in the southwest part of 
 Brooklyn Township. To this he afterwards ad- 
 ded eighty acres, and lived there uutil 1903. 
 .Meantime, he and his two sons purchased 270 
 acres one mile south of Littleton, 111.. 50 acres ol 
 which were timber land. He worked at the ear- 
 jM'iiter's trade with his brother. Bryson, doing 
 all the building in this section in early days, and 
 carrying on his farming operations at the same 
 time. He was one of the first grain raisers in 
 this part of the county. In 1903 he sold the 
 farm on Crooked Creek Bottoms, and bought 125 
 .teres in Section 29, adjoining the village of 
 Brooklyn on the east, where he now resides. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Blackburn took place 
 June 22, 18G2, on which date he was wedded to 
 Sarah Walker, who was horn in Hardin County, 
 Ky., in November, 1837. Mrs. Blackburn, a mosl 
 faithful wife and devoted mother, is a daughter 
 of Phelix and Rachael (Watts) Walker, nal 
 of the county where her birth occurred. Three 
 children resulted from this union, as follows: 
 Edgar, born July 15. 1865, who lives on the home 
 place : Anna Belle, born in July, 1870, who be- 
 came the wife of James King, of Windom. Kan. : 
 and Ray, born January 29, 1873, who is a resi- 
 dent of Brooklyn Township. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Blackburn was identified with 
 the Democratic party until the time of the Civil 
 War. and in recent years, has acted with the 
 Prohibitionists. He has rendered creditable serv- 
 ice on the School Board, and also held the office 
 of Trustee. In religion, he and his excellent 
 wife are adherents of the faith of the Presbyte- 
 rian Church. P.oth are regarded with profound 
 respect. 
 
 BOICE, John H. — The American progenitor of 
 the Boice family, so long identified with Schuy- 
 ler County, was George Mathew Boice, an En.'- 
 lish soldier, who. upon arriving on this side of 
 the water. • 3) sed the cause of the down-trod- 
 den colonists, and carried a musket through 
 many of the hattles of the Revolutionary War. 
 Eventually he cast his fortunes with the State 
 of Virginia, and from there moved to Ohio, in 
 both States following the occupation of farming. 
 A relic of this soldier and pioneer is a bull's-eye 
 watch, which still keeps good time, and now is 
 the prized possession of his great-grandson and 
 namesake, George Mathew Boice, of Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 John Boice, son of the Revolutionary soldier. 
 
 and a native of Virginia, came to Schuyler 
 County at an early day. bringing with him his 
 family, which included George Mathew Boice, 
 then a small lad who was reared on the Rush- 
 
 ville Township farm. George Mathew had the 
 average opportunities of his time and place, and 
 upon attaining maturity, married Catherine Nel- 
 son, his childhood playmate, who also had come 
 to the county with her parents Henry and Mary 
 (Teel) Nelson, settling in Frederick Township. 
 Catherine Nelson was horn in Ohio. The young 
 couple rented a farm north of Rushville after 
 their marriage, and in 1854 bought 120 acres of 
 land in Section 2::. Rushville Township, which 
 at that time had few Improvements save a few- 
 acres of cleared land and a log cabin. Here the 
 family lived until the death of the parents, the 
 • v dying in 1879,. and his wife in 1863. They 
 were permitted to witness many changes ere they 
 took their departure, the heavy timber having 
 been cleared away, and the old log cabin having 
 been supplanted by a frame dwelling ol more re- 
 cent construction. Mr. Boice was a I temocrat 
 in politics, and with his wife, a devout member 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church. They were 
 the parents of six children: Mary C, who died 
 at the age of three years; John II.. now operat- 
 ing the old farm; Augustus R.. who died at the 
 of twenty-three years; Ella, wife of George 
 W. Trone, :i prominent farmer and citizen of 
 Rushville: I.izzie May. widow of George S. Har- 
 rington, and a resident of Ashland. Oregon, and 
 George Warren, a medical practitioner of Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 John H. Boice, operating the old Boice home- 
 l. was born within a few rods of where he 
 lives in Section 2::. Rushville Township, 
 April 1-1. 1852. As the oldest son and living 
 child in the family, he was taught to make him- 
 self useful around the farm at an aire when most 
 boys are more interested in pleasure than work. 
 .,,,',] naturally has succeeded to the entire man- 
 agement of the property. No uncertain aspira- 
 have led him away from the occupation of 
 his youth, or lessened in a single degree his ap- 
 ation of its dignity and worth. He is en- 
 gaged in general farming and stock 'raising, and 
 in the past made quite a fortune out of Berk- 
 shire hoes, which at present he raises only in 
 limited numbers. He is at present devoting his 
 attention to Angora goats, and has on hand 
 eighteen head of the finest to be found anywhere 
 in this part of the country. 
 
 As a Democrat in excellent standing Mr. Boice 
 has held many important township offices, and 
 fraternally is connected with the Modern Wood- 
 men of America. P.oth he and wife are mem- 
 he rs of the Methodist Episcopal Church, thus 
 maintaining the family precedent in re! 
 August 6, 1873, Mr. Boice was united in mar- 
 riage to Elizabeth J. Whitsee. a native of In- 
 diana, and daughter of Fred and Eliza (Souther- 
 land) Whitsee. The Whitse early to 
 Schuyler Ci unty, locating In Rushville. where 
 the : !. .and whence the mother removed 
 to her present home in Pekin. 111. Mrs. Boice 
 
788 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 has living two sisters and two brothers : Kose, 
 wife of Wesley Boice. of Coffeyville, Kan. ; .Mar- 
 garet, wile (if James Sweet, of Pekin, 111.; 
 Charles, a farmer in Chalmers Township, Mc- 
 Donough County, 111.; and Frank, of Coffeyville, 
 Kan. To Mr. and Mrs. Boiee have been born six 
 children, one of whom died in infancy; Charles 
 married Hettie Malatty. and has one child; Clar- 
 ence is a farmer in Rushville Township; Everett 
 Kay died at the age of eighteen years : Frederick 
 G. is a graduate of the Normal Business Col- 
 lege, class of 1905 ; Lysle will graduate from the 
 same institution in 1908; and Lulu Elbertiue is 
 living at home. Mr. Boiee is a conscientious aud 
 painstaking man, his heart ever open to the de- 
 mands upon its sympathy aud consideration, and 
 his purse-strings drawn iu many causes of char- 
 ity or misfortune. 
 
 BONSER, Henry.— A substantial farmer and 
 progressive citizen of Bainbridge Township, 
 Schuyler County, was born in a little log cabin 
 on the Hill, situated in Section 18. Bainbridge 
 Township, and his birthplace was also the scene 
 of his parents' death. On the home farm, which 
 he operated for many years both before and af- 
 ter his marriage, he resided until 1895, when he 
 removed to his present beautiful home iu Section 
 9< At that time, however, he bought only two 
 acres of ground, to which he has continuously 
 added until be is the owner of 181 acres, lying 
 in a body and highly improved. His pleasant 
 and valuable homestead is in both Sections 9 
 and 10, and as the fine improvements upon it 
 have been the results of his own industry and 
 forethought, he is excusable if he views the' place 
 with a large degree of pride. 
 
 Henry Bonser was born February 5, 1S52, 
 a son of William Thomas and Emeline (Ste- 
 phens) Bonser, his father being a native of Eng- 
 land who came to America when a young man 
 and settled in Schuyler County. Here he mar- 
 ried, his wife being a native of Kentucky who 
 migrated to Indiana when a child, thence com- 
 ing witli her parents to Schuyler County. After 
 their marriage Mr. Bonser and wife settled in 
 Section 10, Bainbridge Township, and upon the 
 farm there were born their eleven children, 
 namely: Kezlah. now the widow of a Mr. Wil- 
 liam Rawson, a resident of Huntsville Town- 
 ship; Eliza, wife of William Suggett, who lives 
 in Alta. Canada: William, who served in the 
 Civil War as a member of the Seventeenth Il- 
 linois Volunteer Infantry, and is now a farmer 
 of Phelps County. Neb.; John, who served in 
 Company 6, Twenty-eighth Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, for a period of three years, and died 
 in June. 1897: Nancy J., wife of A. J. Vanorder, 
 whose husband was also a soldier in the Twenty- 
 eighth Illinois (seeing over four and ;i half 
 years" sen-ice) and is now a farmer of Oakland 
 Township, Schuyler County ; James, who joined 
 the One Hundred and Fifty-first Illinoins Infan- 
 try, died while in the service of the Union and 
 was buried at Columbus, Ga. : Thomas and Mil- 
 burn, farmers of Phelps County, Neb.; Henry A.. 
 
 of this review ; Edward and Marion, also agri- 
 culturists of Phelps County, Neb. The father of 
 this family died iu the little log cabin which he 
 had erected on Section 10 during the year 1864, 
 the mother surviving him for nearly twenty years 
 and following her husband in 1893. Both "were 
 faithful members of the Union Baptist Church, 
 and were highly honored by all as good parents, 
 kindly neighbors and truly useful factors of their 
 home community. 
 
 Henry Bonser was reared to the life of a 
 farmer from early boyhood, assisting his father 
 on the home place, attendiug the district school, 
 and faithfully performing such other duties as 
 fall to him who is convinced that he has found 
 his useful place in the world, aud has no desire 
 to exi>eriineut in other fields. As the older mem- 
 bers of the family left the homestead, the girls 
 to marry and the boys to prepare homes of their 
 own. Henry A. was placed in charge of the old 
 farm, as the father had died when the son was 
 only twelve years of age. The mother continued 
 to reside on the family homestead uutil her 
 death in 1893. 
 
 Mr. Bonser was married in the fall of 1st:: 
 to Miss Sarah Quiun, a native of Schuyler 
 County, 111., and a daughter of Selathiel Quinn 
 and Elizabeth Gillespie (as she was known in 
 maidenhood). The wife and mother died June 
 10, 1907, her husband having already passed 
 away while journeying to Indiana to make a 
 visit to friends. Mr. Bouser remained upon the 
 farm where he was born until 1895, when, as 
 stated, he removed with his family to the site 
 of his present fine homestead and commenced 
 to make the purchases and improvements which 
 have resulted in its establishment. These two 
 homesteads, endeared by so many filial and mar- 
 ital associations, have witnessed the eomiug of 
 eleven children to the family circle of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Henry A. Bonser. their names, given in the 
 order of birth, being as follows: Myrtle, now 
 the wife of Earl Brewer, and herself the mother 
 of two children; Herbert and Grace, wlio live 
 at home : Etta, wife of Leonard Hodges, a farmer 
 of Woodstock Township, and mother of one 
 child ; Gertrude, residing at home : Nellie and 
 Roy. twins: and Lydia. Electa. Ruth and Curry, 
 who are also still with their parents. Lydia is 
 teacher of a school in Schuyler County. 
 
 Mr. Bonser always has been considered not 
 only one of the most progressive farmers of his 
 township, but one of its most intelligent and 
 useful citizens. A strong supporter of the prin- 
 ciples of Democracy, bis political attitude has 
 never interfered with the impartial performance 
 of the various public duties which have devolved 
 upon him. He has efficiently served as School 
 Director for many years, and has held various 
 other township offices. There are. in fact, no men 
 in his township who are better known or more 
 highly honored than Henry A. Bonser, whose life 
 of uprightness and broad usefulness have won 
 him wide and unshaken confidence. 
 
 BOTTENBERG, Thomas Edward.— Because of 
 
HISTORY OF SCT1TYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 789 
 
 natural aptitude and superior equipment, Thomas 
 Edward Bottenberg has taken a prominent rank 
 in his profession in Rushville. where he began 
 his career as a lawyer in December, 180", hav- 
 ing successively filled the offices of City Attor- 
 ney of Rushville, and State's Attorney of Schuy- 
 ler County. In his general make-up Mr. Bot- 
 tenberg embodies the sterling qualities of his 
 German-English ancestors, the earliest American 
 representatives of. whom on the paternal side were 
 his great-grandparents. Jacob and Elizabeth Bot- 
 tenberg, who came from Germany and settled in 
 Virginia, while bis maternal great-grandparents, 
 Of the name of Holmes, came from England and 
 sell led in Kentucky. His grandparents, Jacob 
 Bottenberg and Nathan Holmes, were born in 
 Virginia and Kentucky, respectively, the former 
 marrying a native of Virginia, and the latter 
 marrying Maria Miller, who was born in Ken- 
 tucky. Joseph Bottenberg and Mary Jane 
 (Holmes) Bottenberg, were born in the States of 
 which their respective grandparents were pio- 
 neers, and they were early settlers of McDori- 
 ough County, 111., where their son, Thomas E., 
 was born on a farm November 28, L868. 
 
 The Bottenberg family moved from McDon- 
 ough County to Astoria. Fulton County, in 1881, 
 and there Thomas Edward, then thirteen years 
 of age. completed his common school education. 
 Developing a liking for the profession of law. he 
 laid the foundation for the same at the Northern 
 Indiana University, at Valparaiso, and after 
 graduating from the classical course in 1SS9, 
 taught school near Vermont, 111., for one term, 
 afterward acting as Principal of the Frederick 
 school several years, in the meantime employing 
 his leisure hours in reading law, his admission 
 to the bar taking place in May, 1893, and his 
 settlement in Rushville in December following, 
 as a member of the firm of Montgomery & Glass. 
 
 Dpon the re val of Mr. Montgomery to Quincy 
 
 in 1896. the firm name was changed to Glass & 
 Bottenberg. The same year Mr. Bottenberg's 
 popularity and ability were recognized by his 
 election to the office of State's Attorney, the 
 able and conscientious discharge of which brought 
 him re-election in 1900. Besides being a leading 
 practitioner since his admission to the bar. he has 
 "stumped" the county during every Democratic 
 campaign and, in 1898, was Chairman o: the 
 Democratic Central Committee. 
 
 Socially, as well as legally and politically. Mr. 
 Bottenberg maintains high standards and counts 
 among his friends prominent and well known 
 citizens of the State. He has been elected Emi- 
 nent Commander of the Rushville Commandery 
 No. 56, Knights Templar, has served 8% years, 
 and still holds litis position. He lias woven the 
 fabric of his success with strands of lasting firm- 
 ness and strength, sacrificing nothing of principle 
 or precedent, while achieving some of the most 
 brilliant and satisfying compensations of his pro- 
 fession. 
 
 BRINES, John T. — A life spent within the lim- 
 its of one county may seem lacking in those 
 
 thrilling adventures characteristic of the careers 
 of those who travel much by land anil sea. and 
 whose varied commercial interests take them 
 into different parts of the world. Yet the pros- 
 perity of a country is dependent principally upon 
 those earnest, quiet, persevering men, who, in 
 the daily round of duties, remain optimistic, 
 courageous and generous-hearted, and who, by 
 improving their little tracts of land, make the 
 world more attractive by reason of their pres- 
 ence. Within the limits of Schuyler County John 
 T. Brines was born anil retired, anil here the 
 busy years of manhood were passed in the work 
 of an agriculturist; finally, as the shadows of 
 life's brief day have passed the high noon, he 
 has lifted from his shoulders some of the bur- 
 dens of youth and now enpoys the pleasures of 
 a pleasant country home, surrounded by the or- 
 namental trees he has planted and showing the 
 painstaking care of a man of good taste. 
 
 On Section thirty-one. Frederick Township, 
 where he now lives, John T. Brines was born 
 September 26, 1849, a son of Roswell and Delia 
 (Norton) Brines. His father was a native of 
 New York and a member of a family comprising 
 ten brothers and two sisters, all of whom left 
 the East to settle in Wabash County, 111. When 
 he came to Schuyler County Indians bad not yet 
 disappeared from their old hunting grounds, and 
 he took part in the Black Hawk War. It was 
 Itis privilege at an early day to form the ac- 
 quaintance of Abraham Lincoln, and to enjoy lie 
 honor of running races with the martyred Presi- 
 dent, lot- whom he always maintained the most 
 profound admiration. 
 
 Upon coming to Schuyler County the senior 
 Brines settled on the Greer farm in Rushville 
 Township. On selling that place he bought a 
 farm, later owned by George R. Hunter. Next 
 he bought the farm now owned by John Malcom- 
 son. and on that place he built an equipment for 
 conducting the tanner's trade, of which he had 
 gained a practical knowledge in earlier life. The 
 next property which lie acquired was situated 
 on Section thirty-one, Frederick Township; the 
 land was covered witli white, black and red oak, 
 and black and white walnut trees, and no effort 
 had been made to bring it into condition for cul- 
 tivation. On this place he remained until his 
 death, which occurred in 1S99 at the age of 
 ninety-two years; his wife passing away .just 
 four weeks later, at the age of eighty-two years. 
 Of their five sons and seven daughters, the ma- 
 jority have been called from earth. The three 
 surviving sons are Henry of California. George 
 of Rushville, and John T. The daughters are 
 Louisa Harriet, on the old homestead, and Er- 
 mine, wife of Pulaski Reeves, a retired farmer 
 living in Rushville. 
 
 Among scenes familiar to the boyhood years 
 of John T. Brines were those associated with 
 the pioneer schools, with their floors of puncheons 
 and their benches and desks of slabs. His edu- 
 cation was such as the teachers in these schools 
 furnished. In 1892 he married Miss Elizabeth 
 Jockish. who w.as born in Cass County. 111. At 
 
,90 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 the time of his marriage he was given 195 
 acres of land as his share of the estate. At once 
 he hegan to improve the land, where now he has 
 a pleasant home, with fruit, shade and orna- 
 mental trees, the whole forming one of the best 
 farms in the township. Interested in stock rais- 
 ing, he makes a specialty of Shropshire sheep, in 
 which he is deeply interested and with which he 
 has been successful, as, indeed, he has also been 
 in other departments of agriculture. He and his 
 wife had three children, but lost their only son. 
 Two daughters, Florence and Kosie, are being 
 educated in local schools. In religion the family 
 are identified with the Christian Church at 
 Pleasantview, while politically he always has 
 voted with the Democratic party. 
 
 BROWN, Clyde E. — The tremendous strides in 
 agriculture during the past few years have de- 
 veloped a science which the land tiller of a quar- 
 ter a century ago would hardly recognize. Hav- 
 ing learned all that his father has been able to 
 teach him, the young farmer of today, whose am- 
 bitions are commensurate with his possibilities, 
 sees before him an ever widening vista of in- 
 vention and experiment, and though he lias mas- 
 tered the chemistry of soils, the value of lands, 
 and rotation in crops, and the economy of 
 time, effort and space — in fact, has made his own 
 all that the student learns at the foremost ex- 
 perimental stations in the country — he knows 
 there are short cuts to good results still undis- 
 covered, and more practical and profitable meth- 
 ods that even further eliminate drudgery, and af- 
 ford ampler time for the general comfort and 
 improvement of the agriculturist. Representa- 
 tive of this far-seeing and promising class of the 
 world's workers is Clyde E. Brown, a young man 
 of twenty-seven years, son of Hon. Robert Brown, 
 mentioned elsewhere in this work, and whose 
 opportunities for advancing to the highest round 
 of the agricultural ladder have beeu enviable 
 and seldom excelled. 
 
 Mr. Brown was born in a double log cabin in 
 Woodstock Township, Schuyler County, August 
 24, 18S0, and was educated in the country schools 
 and the Rushville High School. Desiring no 
 greater honor than to do his work faithfully and 
 well as a farmer, Mr. Brown resolved to give 
 himself every chance lor advancement, and in 
 the fall of 1899 entered the live stock depart- 
 ment of the Illinois Stan- University, at Drbana, 
 completing the course and afterward studying in 
 the horticultural department, equipping himself 
 fully for all departments of farm activity. In 
 January, 1901, he became manager of the George 
 Little farms, comprising over 3,000 acres, in 
 Schuyler County, and on one of these farm, in 
 Buena Vista Township, set out over three thou- 
 sand fruit trees. He made many and extensive 
 improvements for Mr. Little, and gained an ex- 
 perience impossible under less favorable condi- 
 tions. In the meantime, being desirous of get- 
 ting into the fruit business on bis own responsi- 
 bility, in the fall of 190] he bought eighty acres 
 of land in Section 2. Woodstock Township, known 
 
 as the old Kent farm, and set out thereon four- 
 teen hundred apple and peach trees. In the fall 
 of 1906, after resigning his position with the 
 Little people, he gathered his first crop of 
 peaches and his second crop of apples, all of 
 which brought the highest market price. At this 
 time he realized his advantage in having gone to 
 Louisiana to select his trees at the Stark Nur- 
 sery. 
 
 In 1903 Mr. Brown rented an eighty-acre farm 
 of his father, and for three years ran a bachelor 
 hall, putting up with all of the inconveniences 
 and diseomlorts of having to do everything for 
 himself. October 4, 1905, he ameliorated his 
 lonely condition by marrying Bertha F. Russell, 
 daughter of D. L. Russell, formerly one of the 
 leading surgeons and physicians of this part of 
 Illinois. Dr. Russell became particularly promi- 
 nent through his invention of an instrument for 
 performing bloodless tracheotomy, the patent of 
 which be sold at a large figure. During the Civil 
 War he served in an Ohio regiment with the 
 rank of Major, and in 1903 moved from Ripley 
 to Rushville, where his death occurred in Sep 
 tember. 1905. He is survived by his wife, who 
 still lives in Rushville. Robert Russell Bro.vn. 
 the only son of Mr. and Mrs. Clyde E. Broun, 
 was born September L's. I'.mii;. 
 
 On his farm in Section 2, Woodstock Town- 
 ship, Mr. Brown is devoting his time to fruit, 
 general produce, Hereford catle and fine draft 
 and road horses. He aims always at the best, 
 and with his diversified knowledge must continue 
 to succeed, and to inspire others with his infec- 
 tious ideals and enthusiasm. While voting with 
 care and due regard for the welfare of the com- 
 munity, he has never aided the cause of Democ- 
 racy by official service, devoting his attention to 
 the promotion of the best interests of the com- 
 munity in which he resides. The coming year 
 w ill find him amply in touch with its standards 
 and demands, for the progressive mind knows 
 no resting place when collaborating with na- 
 ture and her possibilities. 
 
 BROWN, Herman H. — Agricultural, monetary 
 and legal science have enriched the experience 
 and extended the usefulness of Herman H. 
 Brown, one of the most energetic and capable of 
 the younger generation of toilers of Rushville. and 
 who at present is known to the community as a 
 general attorney, assistant cashier of the Bank 
 of Rushville, chief of the local fire department, 
 and promoter of the Farmers' Institute. Mr. 
 Brown is a native of Schuyler County, and was 
 born on a farm in Woodstock Township, June 14, 
 1875. He represents the third generation of his 
 family in this part of the State, for hither came 
 his grandfather, John Brown, of Virginia, and 
 his wife, Jane (Becket) Brown, of Kentucky, 
 and here was born his father. Robert Brown, in 
 the then small village of Rushville. The pater- 
 nal great-grandfather, John Brown, was born 
 in North Carolina. The maternal branch of the 
 family named Hoffman also was etablished early 
 in Schuyler County by Samuel Hoffman of Ohio, 
 
dt & cMtrcKJu-^ 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 791 
 
 who was lather of Mary, the mother of Herman 
 H., who married Margaret C. Nordin, a native of 
 France. The maternal great-grandparents, Jos- 
 eph and Mary (Myers) Hoffman, were born in 
 Berks County, Pa. 
 
 Notwithstanding his withdrawal from agricul- 
 ture as a direct means of livelihood, Herman H. 
 Brown continues an active promoter of that basic 
 industry of the world, lu his youth he received 
 an excellent training on his father's farm, and 
 left it only to augment his district school educa- 
 tion by attendance at the Rushville Normal, 
 from which he was graduated with honor in the 
 class of 1892. He then studied law in the office 
 of Montgomery & Glass, and., upon passing the 
 State bar examination in 1890, when less than 
 twenty-one years of age, was obliged to other- 
 wise employ himself until he had reached his 
 majority. In the emergency he became a clerk 
 in the Bank of Rushville, soon after being ad- 
 vanced to his present position of assistant cash- 
 ier. He fulfilled the active duties of cashier until 
 January 20, 1900, when he became a member of 
 the law firm of Glass & Bottenberg, and since 
 
 then has 1 n engaged in the general practice of 
 
 his profession in Rushville and vicinity. Mr. 
 Brown advanced rapidly as a counselor, and in 
 November, 1904, was elected State's Attorney 
 of Schuyler County on the Democratic ticket. He 
 has been active in local Democratic undertakings 
 for several years, and while stumping the coun- 
 try on several occasions, has evidenced strong 
 and persuasive gifts as a speaker. 
 
 Mr. Brown is a Director iu the Rushville 
 Loan & Homestead Association, and has been 
 connected with the Rushville fire department for 
 the past three years, serving as its head during 
 the greater part of that time. Fraternally he is 
 connected with the Knights of Pythias, Masons 
 ami Modern Woodmen of America. His long 
 continued interest in the Farmers' Institute is 
 an absorbing and practical one. and has infused 
 vigor and high standards into an organization of 
 more than average local usefulness. November 21. 
 1901, Mr. Brown ws united in marriage to Grace 
 P.. Hermetet, a native of Schuyler County, and 
 graduate of the Rushville High school. 
 
 BROWN, Hon. Robert.— No resident of Rush- 
 ville who has sought its advantages at the end 
 of an active life has more worthily earned the 
 right to leisure than Hon. Robert Brown. Nor 
 has any one now living been a more interested 
 or industrious observer of the growth of this 
 part of Schuyler County than the erstwhile 
 farmer and law-maker. The Rushville in which he 
 was born. October 19, 1835. and near which he 
 has spent the seventy-two years of his life, gave 
 little promise of its present thrift and cosmopol- 
 itanism. It was destined to the slow develop- 
 ment known as agricultural, presenting within 
 its boundaries no mining or other rapid fortune 
 acquiring resources. In local government and 
 legislation alone could the settlers hope for per- 
 sonal distinction other than that quiet kind which 
 comes of ordinary work faithfully performed, 
 
 and it is along the line of political services that 
 the family of which Mr. Brown represents the 
 second generation in Illinois, has been most use- 
 ful and conspicuous. 
 
 John Brown, father of the subject of this 
 sketch, was born in Fayette County, Ky., and 
 married Jane Becket, a native of Bourbon 
 County, that State. On both sides of his fam- 
 ily, John Brown inherited thrifty Scotch traits, 
 and he paved the way for success by becoming a 
 practical farmer and a skillful carpenter and 
 builder. Leaving his native State and journey- 
 ing westward in 1831, he settled on the present 
 site of Rushville, and for Schuyler County he 
 built the first court house, and later erected 
 many residences and barns within its limit. He 
 possessed marked executive aud general ability, 
 and was three times elected bo the Legislature, 
 first as Representative in 1838, Vandaiia being 
 then the State capital, a second time to the 
 House in 1844, aud to the Senate in 1846, serving 
 during one session. 
 
 For many years he was one of the three Com- 
 missioners to transact the general county busi- 
 ness, and after the organization of the county, 
 was elected Supervisor from Woodstock Town- 
 ship. He was unchangeably Democratic in his 
 convictions, recognizing no compromise for any 
 reason whatever. Of the ten children in his 
 family two died in infancy and three are living. 
 John G, the oldest son, who served two terms 
 as Sheriff of Schuyler County, is a resident of 
 Lamar. Mo.; George W. is living in Cherokee, 
 Kan., was twice elected head of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, of Kansas; Nancy J., and 
 her husband. William Hamilton, are deceased; 
 one sun is engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- 
 ness at Pittsburg, Kan.: two others whose 
 names have not been returned, are deceased; 
 Franklin died at Cherokee. Kan... in July, 1906. 
 
 Robert Brown is the second oldest in his fath- 
 er's large family. His youth was uneventfully 
 passed on the home farm, and his education was 
 acquired in the subscription schools. He recalls 
 many incidents of the early histoiy of the county, 
 especially the trouble with the Mormons, when 
 a company had been started for the seat of trou- 
 ble, which company was sent back to their homes 
 by Governor Ford. The Governor, however, 
 thinking to allay apprehension and furnish an 
 indication of what might be expected in case of 
 emergency, caused the cannon to be operated, 
 with tlie result that most of the windows in the 
 public square were shattered. At the age of six- 
 teen. Mr. Brown became self-supporting, and 
 from then until the age of twenty-three, had 
 charge of all the work on the home place. He 
 made a specialty of stock, and during the Civil 
 War. especially during 1863, bought and sold to 
 the army large numbers of both cattle and horses. 
 In October, 1866, he was united in marriage to 
 Mary M. Hoffman, and of this union there have 
 been born the following named children : Robert 
 W., and Lillian, both living at home; Herman 
 H., State's Attorney of Schuyler County : Clyde 
 E., a graduate of the horticultural department 
 
792 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 of the State University, and now the owner of a 
 splendid farm in Section 2, Woodstock Town- 
 ship. 
 
 From the ownership of eighty acres of land 
 Mr. Brown has seen his fortunes increase to 510 
 acres, 12-10 of which are in the home place. He 
 lias a large and comfortable home, well con- 
 structed barns and outbuildings. Due regard is 
 manifested for the things which contribute to 
 the pleasure, if not the financial profit, of life, 
 and such delights as shade and fruit trees, flow- 
 ers and shrubs abound on every hand. When the 
 Bank of Kusliville was organized, Mr. Brown be- 
 came one of its largest stock-holders, and he has 
 ever since been yearly elected a director in that 
 institution. He was President of the County 
 Fair Association for four years, and during that 
 time this encourager of local enterprise assumed 
 new influence and usefulness. In 1904, he handed 
 to younger hands and minds the management of 
 his farms, but still controls them, while passing 
 his days in a pleasant home in Rushville. 
 
 The beginning of Mr. Brown's political activity 
 antedated by several years his election to the 
 State Senate in 1S74, in which he served four 
 years. During this session he promoted the County 
 Mutual Insurance bill, which has lieen of such 
 invaluable aid to the people of the State, and 
 upon his return from the Senate he was elected 
 County President of the Insurance Company, a 
 position which he continued to All for six years 
 and six months. This organization now is in a 
 flourishing condition, and for the part taken by 
 Mr. Brown no charge was made whatever. His 
 senatorial career \\a~ further distinguished by 
 his attitude toward railroad rate reduction, bis 
 zeal in the matter being largely responsible lor 
 the three instead of Ave cent a mile rati 1 , which 
 prevailed tor many years. His political and agri- 
 cultural life furnish many inspiring lessons to 
 the youth who would succeed in these impor- 
 tant departments of activity, and in so well ami 
 conscientiously performing his duty he has 
 gained that which is most valued by a good man, 
 the respect and approval of his fellow-men. 
 
 BURNHAM, Frank Blair, an enterprising and 
 
 progressive farmer of Littleton Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., was born in Rushville Township, 
 Schuyler County, April 17, 1860, a son of Edgar 
 A. ami Caroline (Armstrong) Burnham, natives 
 of Vermont and Pennsylvania, respectively, the 
 latter having been born in the county of West- 
 moreland. The paternal grandfather was Solo- 
 mon Burnham, of Vermont, and the grandparents 
 on the maternal side were John and Elizabeth 
 I draff) Armstrong, of Pennsylvania. In 1854, 
 Edgar A. Burnham .journeyed from Vermont to 
 Rock Island, 111., and in the following year came 
 to Rushville. Schuyler County. Caroline Arm- 
 strong accompanied her parents to the same lo- 
 cality in 1854. The young couple were married 
 in 1857, and made their home for two years with 
 the bride's parents in Rushville Township. In 
 1859, Edgar A. Burnham bought loo acre- of 
 land in the same township, disposing of eighty 
 
 acres a year later. He and his family occupied 
 this place until the fall of 1868, when he sold 
 out and moved to Industry Township. MeDon- 
 ough County, 111., buying 100 acres of improved 
 land there, and subsequently adding eighty acres 
 more. He subsequently sold 100 acres, and 
 moved to a 160-acre farm owned by his wife at 
 Doddsville, where he passed away his last days, 
 dying on April 12, 1892. His widow still resides 
 on the place, at the age of seventy-live years. 
 They had a family of seven sons and five daugh- 
 ters, of whom one son and one daughter are de- 
 ceased. 
 
 Frank B. Burnham was the second child in 
 this family, and in early life received his educa- 
 tion hi the district schools. He remained at 
 home until he was twenty-one years old, and 
 then worked one year by the month for his 
 grandfather Armstrong. Then the latter died, 
 and Mr. Burnham rented his farm, conducting 
 it until 1894. In that year he moved to an im- 
 proved farm of 172 acres purchased by him in 
 Section 0, Littleton Township. The place is 
 known as "Locust Knoll." There he carries on 
 general farming, and raises considerable stock. 
 He is also the owner of 100 acres of Kansas land. 
 lying in the Wichita County, that Stale. 
 
 On February 1, 1894, Mr. Burnham was united 
 n marriage with Caroline Cordell, who was 
 born at Saint .Johns, Auglaize County, Ohio, Oc- 
 tober 8, 1865, and five children have resulted 
 from this union, namely: Iva A., born Novem- 
 ber 27, 1895; Ethel, born April 10, 1897; Lucia, 
 born in September. 1899; Ruth, born October 
 in, 1001, deceased May :;, 1003; and Jennie, 
 born in November, 1903. 
 
 In politics Mr. Burnham is identified with the 
 Republican party, and fraternally is affiliated 
 with the M. W. He and his family attend the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 BURROWS, Benjamin.— Prior to his retire- 
 ment to Rushville in 1903, Benjamin Burrows 
 faithfully and intelligently worked out his des- 
 tiny as a farmer and builder, in these fundamen- 
 tal and necessary occupations stamping his 
 worth upon many years of growth of Schuyler 
 County. Born in Astoria Township. Fulton 
 County, III., November 10, 1S40. Mr. Burrows is 
 a son of Benedict Burrows, a native of Kent 
 County, Md., and the son of parents whose small 
 Southern farm offered but meagre returns for 
 the energy and ambition of their offspring. In 
 consequence, Benedict, while still eomparativly 
 young, shook the dust of Maryland from his 
 feet, and with few worldly assets journeyed to 
 Ohio, where he found work as a farm hand and 
 where, in the vicinity of Freeport, Harrison 
 County, he was united in marriage to Elizabeth 
 Crider. His pioneering tendencies still unrati- 
 fied, in 1835 be moved in a wagon to Astoria 
 Township, Fulton County, purchasing land for 
 $1.25 an acre, and making thereon the improve- 
 ments known to the agriculturists of his time. 
 Among others of bis possessions brought from 
 Ohio was a churn filled with apple seedlings. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 793 
 
 which he had carefully dug and packed, and 
 which were set out on the new land to contribute 
 to the delight and comfort of the settler and his 
 successors. When this old orchard recently was 
 visited by his son, Benjamin, one of these trees 
 still was vigorous and industrious, standing 
 straight and strong beneath its eighty-odd years 
 of existence, its gnarled branches canopied with 
 leaves, and in season bending beneath its load of 
 apples. Of the children who were born and 
 grew to maturity on the Astoria farm, who 
 doubtless climbed the trees in the old orchard 
 and contributed their share towards the general 
 support, Sarah and her husband, William Brown, 
 are deceased; Jennie is the widow of Eli Sev- 
 erns. and lives in Orleans, Kan. ; William mar- 
 ried Sarah .T. Litchfield and lives on a farm in 
 Brooklyn Township. Schuyler County; Martin 
 moved to Wayne County. 111., and died there ; 
 Rachel is the wife of William Stansbaugh, of As- 
 toria ; Frank was last heard from in California ; 
 and Elizabeth, deceased, was the wife of James 
 Stansbaugh, a farmer of Brooklyn Township 
 Benedict Burrows died about 1859, and thereaf- 
 ter his wife lived with her daughter, at whose 
 home her death occurred in 1*71. 
 
 Benedict Burrows contributed to the neighbor- 
 hood fund for education, and his children, in- 
 cluding Benjamin, attended the subscription 
 school, later devoting his energy entirely to the 
 duties of the paternal farm. At the age of 
 twenty -one years, in 1861, he began to drive the 
 stage from Rushville to Lewistown. but upon the 
 building of the railroad in 1863. he turned his 
 attention to mastering the carpenter trade. In 
 the meantime, during the first year of the Civil 
 War. he was united in marriage to Rachel Ann 
 Dawson, who bore him two daughters: Melinda, 
 wife of James Sloane, of Long Beach, Cal. ; and 
 Mary, wife of Lewis Miller, of the vicinity of 
 Bowen, Hancock County, 111., and mother of a 
 son. Guy Miller, born November 15. 1800. After 
 bis marriage Mr. Burrows lived in Vermont, 111., 
 his headquarters while driving the stage, and 
 when launched in the building business, he lo- 
 cated in Bardolph. McDonough County, where he 
 erected the Presbyterian Church and other build- 
 ings. After the big fire in Chicago, of 1871, he 
 moved to that city and worked in a sash and 
 door factory until 1874. in that year returning 
 to Vermont, and in November of the same year, 
 moving to the farm in Oakland Township. 
 Schuyler County, where he made his home until 
 1801. After various land transactions and remov- 
 als, January 13, 1807, he married Mrs. Anna 
 M. (Markel i Stansbaugh, a native of Pennsyl- 
 vania, who came to Illinois with her first hus- 
 band in 1868. Mrs. Burrows has two brothers 
 and one sister in her native State of Pennsyl- 
 vania. After his second marriage Mr. Burrows 
 returned to his farm in Littleton Township mov- 
 ing from there to his present home in Rushville 
 in January, 1003. 
 
 Mr. Burrows is justly entitled to a prominent 
 place anions the industrious and capable men of 
 Fulton and Schuyler Counties, to both of which 
 
 localities he has contributed means of develop- 
 ment and progress. 
 
 CALDWELL, James T., a resident of Littleton 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., for thirty years, 
 is one of its most prosperous and substantial 
 farmers, and aside from his standing in the ag- 
 ricultural circles of his locality, bears the repu- 
 tation of a useful and influential citizen. Mr. 
 Caldwell was born in Jefferson County, Ind.. 
 October 11, 1851. His parents, Daniel and Eliza- 
 beth (Rysinger) Caldwell, were natives of Vir- 
 ginia and Kentucky, respectively. Daniel Cald- 
 well, who was a farmer by occupation, was wed- 
 ded to Elizabeth Rysinger in Indiana about the 
 year 1S40, both having been previously married. 
 Their union resulted in six sons and one daugh- 
 ter, of whom the subject of this sketch was the 
 sixth in order of birth. He had a brother, John, 
 who enlisted in an Illinois regiment in 1861, 
 serving throughout the Civil War, and dying in 
 Buena Vista Township in 1871. William Cald- 
 well, a half-brother of James T., was also a 
 soldier, having entered the army in 1863. 
 
 The father was the owner of a farm in In- 
 diana, which he disposed of in 1S56, moving to 
 Schuyler County. 111., at the time, and settling 
 in Littleton Township. He followed farming on 
 rented land until the time of his death, which 
 occurred on September 19, 1878, his wife having 
 passed away in November. 1876. By his first 
 marriage Daniel Caldwell was the father of one 
 sou and three daughters, and his second wife 
 bore her first husband one sou and two daugh- 
 ters. In polities, Daniel Caldwell was allied 
 with the Democratic party. 
 
 James T. Caldwell was reared to farm life, 
 and lived with his parents until he reached the 
 age of twenty-one years, in the meantime re- 
 ceiving his education in the schools of Littleton 
 Township. On attaining his majority he applied 
 himself to farming on his own responsibility, 
 continuing thus one year. At the end of that 
 period he went to Humboldt County, Cal., where 
 he was employed two years in the work of log- 
 ging. Returning to Littleton Township he rented 
 land on which he was engaged in farming for a 
 considerable time. In 1887 he bought 280 acres 
 in Sections 2 and 11, Littleton Township, half 
 of which was covered with timber. He has since 
 cleared eighty acres of this portion, and now has 
 a very fine farm. In addition to general farm- 
 ing, lie devotes especial attention to raising 
 Shorthorn cattle and Poland-China hogs, and has 
 been very successful with both grain and live 
 stock. 
 
 On September S. 1878. Mr. Caldwell was united 
 in marriage with S. Jennie Horton, who was 
 bora in Littleton Township. March 17, 1857, a 
 daughter of Mathias and Sarah (Wilson) Hor- 
 ton. natives di' England, who came to the United 
 States in 1854, and proceeding to Schuyler 
 County, 111., settled in Littleton Township. In 
 her maidenhood Miss Horton was a teacher, be- 
 ing engaged in teaching schools in Schuyler and 
 McDonough Counties from 1874 to 1878. Her 
 
794 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 father departed this life May 6, 1898, her mother 
 having passed away May 3, 1891. Both were 
 members of the Baptist Church. Two brothers 
 of Mrs. Caldwell's father. William and Thomas 
 Horton, were soldiers of the Civil War, William 
 dying December 25, 1SG3, while at home on fur- 
 lough, while Thomas is still living at Macomb. 
 111., at the age of seventy-six years. Mr. and 
 -Airs. Caldwell have had nine children, their 
 names being as follows: Ross D.. bom April 
 22. 1879, was married March 9, 1904, to Nellie 
 Swearingen, daughter of Hugh and Mary Swear- 
 ingen, residents of Schuyler County, and now re- 
 siding on part of his father's farm ; Ernest, born 
 August 3. 1880, and Clyde, born June 7, 1881, 
 both died in infancy; Effle, born April 5. 1883, 
 who was married, July 17. 1901, to Charles 
 Swearingen, son of Hugh and Mary Swearingen, 
 and now resides in Industry Township, McDon- 
 ough County; Clarence, born September 30, 1886, 
 died in infancy: Florence, born March 9. 18S8, 
 
 taught sel l in Schuyler County, 1906-07, on 
 
 October 28, 1906, became the wife of Chester 
 Ballon, and now resides near Pleasantview, Rush- 
 ville Township; Nellie H.. born December 15, 
 1890, who is at home: John P., burn September 
 27. 1892 ; and Harold J., born October 2, 1S95. 
 
 In politics Mr. Caldwell upholds the cause of 
 the Prohibition party. For three years he served 
 the public in the office of Road Commissioner. 
 He and bis excellent wife are members of the 
 Baptist Church, of Union Grove, in which he 
 has officiated as deacon sime 1897. and for six 
 years acted as Superintendent of the Sunday 
 School. Throughout Littleton Township, the 
 friends of both Mr. and Mrs. Caldwell are nu- 
 merous and cordial in sentiment. 
 
 CALVIN, George B., a continuous resident for 
 a third of a century on the same farm on Section 
 11. in Huntsville Township, Schuyler County. 
 was horn in Georgetown, Brown County. Ohio, 
 November 13, 1831. His'father, Samuel' Calvin, 
 was born in Kentucky ami his mother Phoebe 
 Curry, was a native of Ohio. The parents were 
 married in Georgetown, Ohio, and soon after 
 came to Warsaw, 111., where they resided a lew- 
 months, going from there to Bethel Township, 
 McDonough County, 111. He was prominent in 
 local Democratic politics, filling among other 
 offices that of County Judge, and was regarded 
 as a man of great energy, resource and adapta- 
 bility. 
 
 Here in McDonough County they improved a 
 beautiful farm, where the wife died in 1840. To 
 this union the following children were born; 
 Curry, the oldest of the family, who was a mem- 
 ber of the Filth Iowa Cavalry, during the Civil 
 War, and died in Melrose, Mont., in 1888; John, 
 who died in 1842; Mary L., who died in 1890; 
 Harvey, who died in Rushville, 111., in 1901 ; 
 George 1'.. Calvin, of Huntsville. 111., and In- 
 diana, for many years a resident of Montana, are 
 the only survivors of the family. 
 
 In 1842 Samuel Calvin was married to Mary 
 Haney. To this union were born several chil- 
 
 dren, two of whom reached maturity. Henry 
 Clay, a member of the Second Illinois Cavalry, 
 was mortally wounded at Vermillionville, La., 
 in November, 1863; and Margaret (deceased), 
 was the wife of James Brundage, of Cherokee, 
 Kan. The father passed away at the old home- 
 stead in 1865. 
 
 George B. Calvin was reared among the cru- 
 dest conditions of pioneer life in the early settle- 
 ment of McDonough County. 111., attended school 
 in a primitive log cabin school house, and studied 
 under the guidance of an early master named 
 Samuel Dark, later on becoming a teacher him- 
 self and following that profession for two years. 
 In 1852 he went to St. Paul. Minn., aud served 
 an apprenticeship under Frank Whitson, a plas- 
 terer, afterward coining back to Macomb, 111., 
 where he followed his trade until 1857. In 1858 
 he was united in marriage with Margaret Hoo- 
 ver, a daughter of Sebastian and Elizabeth (Mc- 
 Cray) Hoover, after which he settled on a farm 
 in McDonough County, where they resided until 
 1886, when he moved to his present home. Of 
 this union were born eleven children, six of 
 whom are living, namely ; Samuel residing in 
 ( 'hirago and Ida M. in Henry County, 111.; Mary 
 F.. Everett W., I'hoebe and Edith live at home 
 with their father. 
 
 A crushing blow fell upon the life of Mr. Cal- 
 vin, on occasion of the death of his wife, on 
 April 9, 1907. She was a woman of rare patience 
 and good judgment, and made a comfortable and 
 beautiful home lor her husband and children, liv- 
 ing a Christian and most unselfish life. 
 
 CAMP, Julian Edwards, M. D.— The genealogy 
 of the Camp family is traced to Isaac Camp, who 
 was born in England and. in childhood, spent a 
 brief period in Scotland, thence coming to Amer- 
 ica at the age of twelve years. Next in line of 
 descent was Daniel, whose son. Israel. Sr., was 
 the father of Israel, Jr., aud the grandfather of 
 Job Camp, born November 10, 1747. and de- 
 ceased January 17. 1822. Job's son, Israel, of 
 Camptown, Pa., was born June 21, 1794. aud 
 .li-'d May 21. 1808. Lorin Wallace, son of Israel 
 Camp, was born at Campton, Bradford County, 
 I'm.. February 2:'.. 1831, and al an early age 'lis 
 played such au aptitude for music that be was 
 given the best advantages for acquiring a musi- 
 cal education. Afterward he became a very suc- 
 cessful and scientific vocal instructor. During 
 1862 la' came to Illinois to assist in survej ing 
 and building the railroad from Clayton. 111., to 
 Keokuk, Iowa, a road that was financed by bis 
 uncle. Guy Wells, of Keokuk, together with a 
 Mr. Hornish. After the completion of the road 
 he served as conductor of the first passenger 
 train and remained in the position until 1864, 
 when he went south and. under the direction of 
 General Thomas, ran a train from Nashville to 
 Chattanooga. At the close of the war he re- 
 turned to Illinois and settled in Clayton, where 
 he remaind until 1886. During the latter year 
 he moved to Kansas, where he first made his 
 home in Wichita and later in Columbus, dying 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 795 
 
 in the last-named city November 12, 1903, at the 
 age of 72 years. 
 
 The marriage of Lorin Wallace Camp took 
 place February 27, 1855, when he was united 
 with Emma Elizabeth Edwards of Laceyville, 
 Pa., who was born in that place April 1, 1835. 
 Their son, Julian Edwards, was born at Mon- 
 trose, Susquehanna County, Pa., February 21, 
 1858, and received bis early education in the 
 grammar and high schools of Clayton, 111., after 
 which he began to read medicine under Dr. T. G. 
 Black of Clayton. His degree of M. D. be ob- 
 tained in 1SS0 from the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons at Keokuk, Iowa. After having 
 graduated in medicine he came at once to Brook- 
 lyn, Schuyler County, 111., arriving on the 23d 
 of March. 18S0, and here he has continued in the 
 practice of his profession up to the present time. 
 During 1S01 he took a course in the New York 
 Post-Graduate School of Medicine, and four 
 years later had the advantage of a course in the 
 Chicago Post-Graduate School. In point of years 
 of active practice he is the oldest physician in 
 Schuyler County. His office is equipped with all 
 necessary and desirable apparatus, and he has 
 the advantage of being a registered druggist, 
 which enables him to compound his own pre- 
 scriptions. 
 
 With the exception of the year 1806, when the 
 currency question caused the change, Dr. Camp 
 has always voted the Republican ticket. Fra- 
 ternally he is identified with Camden Lodge No. 
 ('.is, A. F. & A. M., at Camden; Augusta Chapter 
 No. 72. R. A. M., at Augusta, Hancock County ; 
 and Almoner Commandery No. 32, K. T., also of 
 Augusta. Professional organizations having his 
 membership are the Hancock County Medical 
 Society, the Military Trad Medical Association. 
 the Illinois State Medical Society. American 
 Medical Association, and the Aesculapian Medi- 
 cal Club of Augusta District at Augusta. 111. 
 With his family he holds active membership in 
 the Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, of whose 
 choir he acts as leader, besides being a generous 
 contributor to the other work of the congrega- 
 tion. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Camp took place in Brook- 
 lyn, III., April 5. 1881, .iiid united him with Fan- 
 ette Taylor, who was born in this village Octo- 
 ber 11. I860. Her parents were Henry W. and 
 Cornelia (Manlove) Taylor, the latter a daugh- 
 ter of Jonathan D. Manlove, one of the early 
 settlers of Schuyler County. Four children com- 
 prise the family of Dr. and Mis. ('amp. The 
 eldest son. Lorin Taylor Camp, born November 
 6. 1882, graduated from the Gem City Business 
 College at Quincy, 111., in March, 1003, since 
 which time he has engaged in farming, managing 
 320 acres inherited by his mother from her fath- 
 er's estate; in 1007 he won prizes on his corn, 
 anil in all of his work he displays sound judg- 
 ment and great energy. The second son. Harold 
 Manlove. born July 24. 1885, will graduate in 
 1900 from the College of Physicians and Sur- 
 geons in Chicago, and in his chosen profession 
 will do honor to the family name. The only 
 
 daughter, Ruth Estelle, born August 1, 1888, 
 will graduate in June, 1008, from the musical 
 department of Upper Iowa University at Fay- 
 ette, Iowa. As a pianist she has won many trib- 
 utes of praise. Her instrumental solos have 
 held large audiences spellbound and her piano 
 work shows talent and skill. The youngest mem 
 her of the family circle, Fred Leslie, bom August 
 26, 1894, is at the age of thirteen years taking 
 his second year in the Brooklyn High School. 
 
 CAMPBELL, James S.— With the coming of 
 John M. Campbell to Schuyler County in 1834, 
 and his settlement upon 100 acres of land in what 
 is new Section 8, Camden Township, there was 
 added to the strength and character of the pio- 
 neer class a man destined to till a large and 
 varied need in the organization and development 
 of a rich and promising section. Mr. Campbell 
 came all the way from his native State of Ken- 
 tucky with a cousin, leaving behind him his 
 lather. James Campbell, and the friends and 
 associates of his formative youth. He had the 
 grit and determination which must needs have 
 accompanied the emigration of mankind to an 
 agricultural wilderness, for it was the lure of 
 hard work and wonderful sacrifice, rather than 
 the pospects of sudden accumulation from mines 
 or other speculative agencies. In time he 
 brought to his rude habitation a wife who con- 
 tributed her fine, womanly qualities towards his 
 dawning success, Mary Ann Aldridge, who. with 
 her mother, sister, brother, and brother-in-law, 
 John Harris, started from Indiana for Iowa 
 witli ox-teams, but having halted for a time in a 
 cabin in Camden Township, later bought land in 
 Iluutsville Township. Subsequently, however, 
 Mr. Harris sold his farm and moved to Augusta, 
 111., where lie engaged in the grain and lumber 
 business, ami where he died while still in the 
 prime of his life. 
 
 Being a man with far better education than 
 the average of the early arrivals of Schuyler 
 County. Mr. Campbell at once stepped into act- 
 ive township affairs, and filled many of the im- 
 portant local offices alter organization had been 
 effected. For four years he was County Sur- 
 veyor, and before that Deputy Surveyor, and he 
 also was Supervisor, Town Clerk and member 
 of the Board of Education. In later life he wis 
 a strong advocate of the Greenback party, and 
 was abundantly able to defend his views, hav- 
 ing an eloquent tongue and great force of man- 
 ner. It would seem, at the time of his death in 
 1880. that his dreams of success and influence 
 had been realized, for the 138% acres owned In' 
 him at that time had been developed from wild 
 timber land into a farm of u'rent value, and per- 
 sonally no man in the township wielded a finer 
 influence or was more highly esteemed by his 
 fellowmen. The wife who shared both his pio- 
 neer and later fortunes, survived him until 1893. 
 She was the mother of five children, one of 
 whom died in infancy. Her son. L. C. Campbell. 
 is a resident of Astoria. 111.; Stephen Douglas 
 lives in Rogers, Ark. ; the career of James S. is 
 
706 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 written of below ; and Emma J. is the wife of 
 C. A. Loop, of Camden. 
 
 James S. Campbell was born on the old Camp- 
 bell homestead in Section 8. Camden Township. 
 October 30, 1856, and ever since has made this 
 his home. This farm has been under continuous 
 cultivation by some member of the same family 
 for seventy-three years, and is one of the oldest 
 and best known landmarks in Schuyler County. 
 James S. has never found the easy road to 
 wealth, notwithstanding his father's success, and 
 in his youth, as in his later years, he has had to 
 work for whatever he valued. While still of 
 uncertain strength, he worked hard on the farm 
 iu the summer and trudged a long distance to 
 school in the winter, and even the latter advan- 
 tage was sometimes cut short that he might ap- 
 ply all of his time to opening the sugar-camp or 
 performing other early spring work. Beginning 
 with his twenty-first birthday he rented the 
 home place for the balance of his father's life, 
 and he then rented it of his mother until her 
 death, thereafter becoming sole owner of the 
 property by the right of purchase from the other 
 heirs. 
 
 September 25, 1870, Mr. Campbell was united 
 in marriage to Fannie E. West, who was born 
 in the village of Camden in January, 1S59. a 
 daughter of E. G. and Nancy West, who, with 
 his wife, were honored pioneers of Schuyler 
 County. Grandfather West was a native of 
 Connecticut, moving from there to Kentucky, and 
 thence to Schuyler County at a very early day. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Campbell are the parents of four 
 children : Raymond W., born August 26, 18S0, 
 married May McCoy, and has a daughter. Sibyl; 
 Frank L., born November 1. 1882. bookkeeper for 
 Wells & Company, of Chicago : I'.essie V.. born 
 October 1. 1805. who is at home, and Mark M., 
 born July 26, 1898. 
 
 Inheritance and training have made of Mr. 
 Campbell one of the most scientific and success- 
 ful farmers of Camden Township. He has made 
 many fine improvements since his father gave 
 up the reins of government, and has one of the 
 most homelike and profitable farms in the local- 
 ity. He is engaged in general farming and stock- 
 raising, and has much valuable stork and many 
 fine implements. In politics, he is a Democrat, 
 and socially is identified with the Modern Wood- 
 men of America. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Joseph W.— The upward struggle 
 of Joseph W. Campbell expresses rare ability to 
 overcome obstacles and make the most of oppor- 
 tunities. This long time resident of Schuyler 
 County, who owns 180 acres of land in Section 
 13, Rushville Township, is a native of Armstrong 
 County, Pa., where he was born January 29, 
 184.".. Behind him are the advantages of excel- 
 lent birth and breeding, of practical education, 
 and family history closely interwoven with the 
 momentous events which have shaped the history 
 of this country. His parents, Joseph and Eliza- 
 beth (Hallabaugh) Campbell, also were natives 
 of Pennsylvania, and his maternal grandparents 
 
 born in Germany. John Campbell, his paternal 
 grandfather, came from Ireland, his wife being 
 born in Scotland. John Campbell shouldered a 
 musket in the Revolutionary War, and also 
 fought in the Indian War, enlisting from Penn- 
 sylvania. His son, Joseph, after acquiring an 
 education under difficulties, and because he was 
 able to pay his own way, devoted his life to 
 educational work to the end that he was recog- 
 nized as one of the ablest and most successful 
 teachers in Armstrong County. Of the family of 
 twelve children, Joseph W. was the only son 
 and is the only survivor. Nine of the daughters 
 grew to womanhood, while two died in infancy. 
 The mother subsequently became the wife of 
 Henry Rhodebush, and in 185:1 came by water 
 to Illinois, where she remained with her husband 
 for six months in Pleasantview. They then 
 bought forty acres of land in Frederick Town- 
 ship, and in the spring of 1S66 moved to Mis- 
 souri, and soon after to Kansas, where the 
 mother died. The step-father finally returned 
 to Schuyler County, where his death occurred 
 in 1001. His son, John Rhodebush, lives in Kan- 
 sas. 
 
 Joseph W. Campbell was ten years old when 
 he came with his mother and step-father to 
 Schuyler County in 1853. A year later he went 
 to work for a Mr. Edgar as chore-boy on a farm, 
 remaining in that capacity a couple of years, and 
 receiving as wages his room and board. At the 
 age of thirteen years he went to work for an un- 
 cle, and at the expiration of three years received 
 as compensation for work performed the sum of 
 fifty dollars. When sixteen years had rolled 
 over his head he received twenty-five cents a day 
 ami board during the summer, and about the 
 same during the winter. In his monotonous and 
 work-weary life, the prospects of service in the 
 Civil War was by no means disheartening, and 
 this same service proved the mettle of the boy 
 and assisted in the framing of the character of 
 the man. Enlisting in Company D, One Hun- 
 dred and Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry 
 for three years, he was sent to Kentucky and 
 marched twice through that State, and subse- 
 quently marched across Tennessee four or five 
 times. The One Hundred and Fifteenth took 
 part in the battles of Dalton and Resaca, was 
 two days at Chickamauga, and at Lookout Moun- 
 tain it was the first to climb to the top of the 
 Mountain. At the block-house fight forty-eight 
 men of the company, including Mr. Campbell, 
 were placed in the house to keep at bay Hood's 
 army of forty thousand men until the United 
 Stands forces could be rallied. During this en- 
 counter five of the forty-eight were killed, twen- 
 ty-two wounded, and twenty-one able bodied men 
 wwe taken prisoners and placed in Andersonville 
 prison. Thirteen of these managed to be paroled 
 at Millen, Ga. At the block-house Mr. Campbell 
 was among the wounded, and on that account he 
 was paroled and sent home, returning, however, 
 within thirty days to join his regiment, at Mont- 
 gomery. Ala. Finally he was honorably dis- 
 charged in June. 1SU5, and thereupon returned 
 
MRS. JOHN D. MOORE 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 797 
 
 to Schuyler County to take up the burden of 
 farming. 
 
 October 25, 1865, Mr. Campbell was united in 
 marriage to Martha Ami Teal, a native of Ohio, 
 and daughter of John Teal, one of the pioneers 
 of Schuyler County. The same year Mr. Camp- 
 bell bought twenty-nine acres of land in Section 
 13, Rushville Township, which land had on it a 
 log cabin with puncheon floor, and here the wife 
 died in 1868, leaving a daughter, Clara May, 
 who died at the age of nineteen years. For his 
 second wife, Mr. Campbell married, October 25, 
 1870, Miss Elizabeth McNeely, who was born in 
 Schuyler County in 1849, a daughter of John 
 McNeely, also an early settler of this County, 
 and long since deceased. The year of his second 
 marriage Mr. Campbell sold his twenty-nine 
 acres of land, and in 1872 bought forty acres 
 in Section 7. Browning Township, which, like 
 his former farm, had a log cabin and few im- 
 provements. In 1870 he bought thirty acres 
 in the same section, later sixty acres, ami still 
 later forty acres in Section 13, Rushville Town- 
 ship, and forty acres in Section IS, the same 
 township, and forty acres in Browning Town- 
 ship, having 180 acres in one body in Rushville 
 and Browning Townships. In 18S4 he moved 
 to his present home in Section 13, where he has 
 many flue improvements, and is conducting gen- 
 eral farming and stock-raising under the most 
 favorable conditions. 
 
 By his second marriage Mr. Campbell has 
 had nine children : Minnie, deceased wife of 
 Oliver Martin, and mother of Jerry, William 
 and Madison Martin ; Charles T., born Octo- 
 ber 9, 1S73, married Sadie Howe, has four 
 children named Ollic. Maggie, Ilanna and Shel- 
 ton, and is engaged in carpenter work; Inza 
 Ann, born August 20, 1876. wife of Oliver 
 Martin, mother of Dannie and Dora Martin, 
 and lives in McDonough County, 111. ; James 
 Eli, born June 12, 1880, a farmer on the 
 old homestead, married Grace Stephens, and 
 they live on the home farm and have two 
 children. Minnie and Homer; Ina E., born July 
 18, 1883, wife of William Reno, has one child, 
 Inza B., and is a foreman in the Macomb Pot- 
 tery Works; Austin, born April 28, 1885. living 
 at home: Valentine, horn February 14. 1887; 
 and Otis, born July 21, 1800. Few more in- 
 dustrious men have contributed to the growth 
 of Schuyler County than Mr. Campbell. He 
 has known little of the leisure or diversions of 
 life, but has made of his work an expression of 
 himself, a rendering of his character in mate- 
 rial form. He is honored because he is honest 
 and fair, loyal and obliging, and because once 
 known, he always may lie depended on to do 
 the best that the situation requires. 
 
 CARRICK, George S. — An impressive illustra- 
 tion of the results of well applied industry, 
 wisely directed energy, judicious management, 
 and the practical exercise of other superior 
 qualities inherited from a most worthy ancestry, 
 is manifest in the agricultural career of the 
 
 well known retired farmer of Rushville, Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., whose name furnishes the 
 caption of this biographical record. Mr. Car- 
 rick was born in the township which is his 
 present home, December 1, 1861. His father, 
 Barton Campbell Carrick, was a native of Scott 
 County, Ky., where he was horn January 31, 
 1828, his mother, Eliza (Bradley) Carrick, be- 
 ing born in Ohio, October 27, 1833. Barton 
 Campbell Carrick was a farmer by occupation. 
 He accompanied his parents when they settled 
 in Rushville Township in the earlier half of 
 the last century, and carried on farming there 
 from the time when he reached his maturity 
 until his death. He died March 6, 1868, his 
 wife following him to the grave January 12, 
 1875. 
 
 George S. Carrick attended the district schools 
 of his native township in his boyhood, and his 
 youth was passed on the home place. In that 
 locality he has since been engaged in the culti- 
 vation of his farm of 212 acres in Sections 26 
 and 27, Rushville Township, with profitable re- 
 sults. He has bought a very desirable building 
 site in the northeast portion of the city of Rush- 
 ville, where he has erected a flue modern home 
 for his family. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Carrick was solemnized 
 in Rushville Township, Schuyler County, 111., 
 October 1, 1885. Then he was wedded to Minnie 
 King, a daughter of Horace B. and Cornelia 
 (Coykendall) King, who was born in Buckheart 
 Township, Fulton County. 111., May 8, 1867. 
 Mrs. Carrick's father aud mother settled in 
 Fulton County at an early day, and both are 
 now deceased. Four children blessed the union 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Carrick namely : George E. 
 born July 7, 1886 ; Roy H., born November 23, 
 1889; Carl V., born June 5, 1892; aud Ruby 
 May, born July 27. 1901. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Carrick advocates the prin- 
 ciples of the Republican party, and fraternally, 
 is affiliated with the I. O. O. F. and M. W. A. 
 He bears the reputation of being one of the 
 most enterprising, thorough and progressive 
 farmers of his county. 
 
 CARRICK, William F — Among the retired 
 fanners of Schuyler County, 111., who have done 
 their full share in worthily upholding the 
 prestige of their locality as a leading agri- 
 cultural district, is William F. Carrick, now 
 living in Rushville. 111., whose farming opera- 
 tions have been carried on in Sections 26 and 
 27, Rushville Township. Mr. Carrick was horn 
 in Rushville Township. October 16, 1858, a son 
 of Barton Campbell and Eliza (Bradley) Car- 
 rick, the former born in Scott County, Ky., 
 January 31, 1828, and the latter a native of 
 Ohio, where she was horn October 27. 1833. 
 Barton Campbell Carrick was brought to Illi- 
 nois at an early period by his parents, who lo- 
 cated on a farm in Section 27, Rushville Town- 
 ship, and there he carried on farming until the 
 time of his death, which took place March 6, 
 186S. His wife departed this life January 12, 
 
.98 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 1875. At the time of his father's decease, theit 
 sou, William, was but nine years old. 
 
 In boyhood William F. Carrick attended the 
 district schools of Rushville Towuship, aud 
 spent his youth ou his father's farm. As soon 
 as he was old euough he applied himself to 
 fanning on his own responsibility, and has thus 
 continued ever since_ having had a very suc- 
 cessful experience and gained the reputation 
 of being one of the most thorough aud progres- 
 sive farmers of his township. Besides the old 
 home farm of 160 acres, he is the owner of eighty 
 acres more in Section 20, which he purchased 
 in 1893. 
 
 On October 6, 1886, Mr. Carrick was united 
 in marriage, in Balnbridge Township, Schuyler 
 County, with Mary E. Davis, who was born in 
 that township, a daughter of Charles W. and 
 Sarah (Stutsman) Davis, natives of Maine aud 
 Indiana, respectively. One child, Ruth, re- 
 sulted from this union, who has been educated 
 at the Rushville High School, graduating with 
 the class of 1908. Mrs. Carrick. a woman of 
 most amiable traits of character, who endeared 
 herself to all within the circle of her ac- 
 quaintance, passed away May 8th, 1907. 
 
 In political affairs, Mr. Carrick is a sup- 
 porter of the Republican party. lie takes a 
 good citizen's interest in public matters, and is 
 regarded as a serviceable member of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 CLEMENS, William D — Around his long 
 career as a general farmer iu Rushville Town- 
 ship, William D. Clemens has built a solid wall 
 iif confidence, and set an example of painstaking, 
 conscientious work. He is one of the men who 
 find their occupation thoroughly congenial, who 
 note the changes and improvements evolved by 
 science, and who are never slow to adopt those 
 innovations which appeal to their progressive- 
 nesK and common sense. He owes the adoption 
 of his vocation to the example of his forefathers 
 for many generations back, and he inherits 
 sterling qualities from a remote ancestor who, 
 recognizing the limitations of a small tenant 
 farm in Ireland, embarked in a sailing vessel 
 for America that he might profit by the greater 
 opportunities there offered, first locating in the 
 State of Maine. Here was born his son, Wil- 
 liam, the paternal grandfather of William D.. 
 and here also was born Joseph Clemens, the 
 latter's father. Joseph Clemens settled early 
 in Tuscarawas County, Ohio, and there married 
 Elizabeth Schwab, who bore him seven chil- 
 dren, four of whom are still living. Of these 
 William D. was born December 23, 1851. The 
 elder Clemens was a quiet, unassuming man, 
 but was ambitious withal, and in order to bene- 
 fit bis prospects left Ohio and journeyed to 
 Schuyler County, 111., locating on a farm south- 
 west of Rushville, October 15, I860. Here his 
 death oecured May 4, 1883, after he had 
 achieved success as a farmer and had filled 
 several local offices, including that of Post- 
 master of Pleasantview for several years. He 
 
 was a Republican in politics and in religion a 
 Methodist. His wife, in the meantime, has 
 made her home with her daughter, Mrs. Horace 
 Baxter of Oakland Towuship, spending a part 
 of each year with her daughter, Nora, wife of 
 William Dean, living near Roseville, Warren 
 County, 111., and with Bertha, widow of Arthur 
 Parks, of Oakland Township. 
 
 William D. Clemens was about sixteen years 
 old when he accompanied his parents to Schuy- 
 ler County, and here, as in Ohio, he attended 
 the district schools and worked hard on the 
 home farm. His independent life began in 1872, 
 when, as a sturdy young man of twenty-one 
 years, he faced the problem of self-support and 
 worked by the month in different parts of 
 Schuyler County. April 1, 1875, he married 
 Cornelia Ann Wilhnot, daughter of Nathan and 
 Cynthia (Beard) Willmot, natives of North 
 Carolina ami New York, respectively, anil early 
 comers to Schuyler County. In the beginning 
 of his local career Mr. Willmot was a country 
 school teacher, and he married upon the un- 
 certain rewards of this occupation. He be- 
 came, however, one of the wealthy and prom- 
 inent men of his township, at the time of his 
 death. January 12. 1902. leaving it better for 
 his high character and general worth. His wife 
 bad preceded him to the other world in 1885. 
 To Mr. ami Mrs. Clemens have been born four 
 children: Maud May. wife of John Dunlap. of 
 Lawrence County, Mo., and mother of Imogene 
 L. and Maxine Ethel Dunlap : Albert O., in 
 grocery business in Beardstown, 111., Vera Eva. 
 wife of Oweu Armstrong a farmer of Schuyler 
 County, to whom she was married October 16, 
 1907; and an infant deceased. 
 
 From the time of his marriage Mr. Clemens 
 occupied rented farms in Woodstock Township 
 until 18S5, when he bought 100 acres of land 
 in Section 25, Rushville Township. This tract 
 at the present time is hardly recognized by the 
 old settlers of the community, so complete has 
 l)een the transformation wrought by its present 
 owner. To it has been added an adjoining forty 
 acres, making in all as fine a farm of 140 acres 
 as is to be found in the county. Mr. Clemens 
 attributes much of his success to the sympathy 
 and co-operation of his wife, for she has proved 
 a true economist and a never-failing source of 
 inspiration when times were hard and crops 
 uncertain. On this farm a specialty has been 
 made of high-grade cattle, hogs and horses, and 
 all of the improvements are modern and practi- 
 cal. 
 
 Mr. Clemens is a Republican in politics, and 
 in religion a member of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church. He has contributed in many di- 
 rections to the general welfare of the com- 
 munity, has promoted education by his per- 
 sonal support and through the labor of two of 
 his children who became successful teachers, 
 and he is generally regarded as one of the sub- 
 stantial men of the township. ' 
 
 COOPER, William. — As youth and man 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 799 
 
 William Cooper has been identified with Cass 
 and Schuyler Counties for sixty-one years, and 
 at the age of seventy -one, finds his faculties un- 
 impaired, his usefulness nianysided, and his in- 
 dustry and faithfulness as County Treasurer 
 widely commended and appreciated. In his life 
 pursuit of agriculture, and in his political 
 and general activity. Mr. Cooper has manifested 
 the best traits of his English-German ancestors. 
 A son of Thomas and Elizabeth I Hair) Cooper, 
 his maternal grandmother, Nancy Hair, was 
 born in Maryland, the daughter of parents who 
 came from Germany, and who from Maryland 
 moved to Pennsylvania during the latter part 
 of the eighteenth century. Thomas Cooper was 
 the sun of William Cooper, a baker by trade, 
 who spent his entire life in England, and lived 
 to a good old age. The loss of his mother when 
 a mere child deprived Thomas of the usual care 
 and advantages of youth, and the idea of in- 
 dependence was thus early developed. He was 
 about sixteen years of age when the call of the 
 sea offered greater variety and adventure than 
 he thus far had known, and for three years he 
 sailed the high seas, touching at many ports 
 of the old and new world. When nineteen years 
 old he abandoned the nautical life and settled 
 down to land pursuits, spending a year in New 
 5ork and thereafter settling in Huntingdon 
 County. I 'a. Here he married in 1831, and here 
 was born Amy. the oldest of his nine children, 
 who became the wife of Aaron McKlin and died 
 in Cass County, 111. William, the next oldest of 
 the children, was born in Huntingdon County, 
 Pa., July 26, 1836; John enlisted in the Federal 
 Army during the Civil War and last was heard 
 from in Western Nebraska : Margaret became 
 the wife of Mr. Edison and both died in Kan- 
 sas; Susan is the wife of Jeremiah Hough, and 
 lives in the West : and Elizabeth died in 
 Southern Missouri. Thomas Cooper brought his 
 family to Illinois in 1845, coming by way of 
 canal and river and settling in Morgan County, 
 thence moving to Cass County, and in 1867 lo- 
 cating in Mercer County, Mo., where he died at 
 the advanced age of S2 years. He and his wife 
 were members of the Missionary Baptist Church, 
 in which he was active and prominent, and also 
 took a keen interest in the local undertakings 
 of the Republican party. He was a man of high 
 character and considerable business ability, and 
 was honored and respected by all who ever 
 knew him. 
 
 William Cooper was about nine years old 
 when the family settled in Illinois, and he at- 
 tended the public schools of Cass County, and 
 worked on the home farm. March 20, 1S59, he 
 was united in marriage to Mathilda A. Self, 
 daughter of John C. and Elizabeth (Slatten) 
 Self, natives of Kentucky, the former born in 
 Gallatin County. 111., and the latter in Greene 
 County. Mrs. Cooper was born in Morgan 
 County, III.. March 29. 1842. and later moved 
 to Cass County, where her parents both died. 
 After his marriage Mr. Cooper turned his at- 
 tention to farming with characteristic energy 
 
 and good judgment, having a comfortable bal- 
 ance to his credit upon disposing of his farm 
 in 1893, when he settled in Brooklyn Township. 
 Schuyler County. Here he lived and prospered, 
 and in 1900 was elected Supervisor of his town- 
 ship on the Democratic ticket, serving six years 
 in that capacity, and giving entire satisfaction 
 in a strongly Republican community. November 
 26. 1906, he was elected Treasures of Schuyler 
 County, again carrying Brooklyn Township by 
 a large majority, thus proving his personal pop- 
 ularity and his independence of party differences. 
 He has proved one of the most public spirited 
 and dependable public servants in the history of 
 the county, and has demonstrated the possibili- 
 ties which lie in the path of the man who is fear- 
 less and honest in the discharge of public obli- 
 gations. He cast his first presidential vote for 
 Stephen A. Douglas. Mr. and Mrs. Cooper are 
 members of the Christian Church, in which the 
 former has been a deacon for many years. He 
 has been a foremost promoter of township enter- 
 prises in general, has warmly supported educa- 
 tion, charities and sane diversions, and has con- 
 tributed generously of his means to many local 
 benevolent undertakings. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Cooper are the parents of ten 
 children; of whom James died at the age of 
 eighteen years, ami William. Howard. Alice B. 
 and Mary E. died in infancy. Of those living, 
 John T. was born in Cass County. 111., Septem- 
 ber 9. 1800, and married Elizabeth Caytvood ; 
 John is a farmer in Cass County; Lena was 
 born in Morgan County, June 7, 1.872. and is 
 the wife of John A. Lantz, a farmer of Brook- 
 lyn Township; Edward was born in Morgan 
 County. July 29, 1874, and is the husband of 
 Dora M. Pelsor, living in Cass County; Hat- 
 tie was born in Cass County, March 24, 1877, 
 and is the wife of William T. Lantz, a farmer 
 of Brooklyn Township; and Myrtle was born 
 in Cass County. March 20, ISSl.'and is the wife 
 of Frank Hite, of Brooklyn Township, Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 CORBRIDGE, Clay. President and Superin- 
 tendent of the Rushvilie Machine & Wagon 
 Shops, combines the most thorough, practical 
 and theoretical understanding of his trade, with 
 those) personal qualities which have enabled 
 him to take an active and conspicuous part iu 
 the political and social development of his native 
 town. Mr. Corbridge has advanced slowly up 
 the ladder of success, always believing in the 
 value of hard work as (veil as in the absolute 
 impossibility of individual advancement unless 
 skill and ability are accompanied by painstaking 
 application. 
 
 Authentic records connect the paternal ami 
 maternal ancestors of Mr. Corbridge with re- 
 mote periods of English history, and both fam- 
 ilies were established in America by William 
 P. and Mary A. (Boice) Corbridge, parents 
 of the subject of this sketch. His paternal 
 grandparents were John and Ann (Pedley) 
 Corbridge, and his paternal great-grandfather 
 
800 
 
 HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 was Thomas Cortn-idge. His maternal grand- 
 parents were John and Ann (Lowery) Boice. 
 Mr. Corbridge started upon his independent 
 career with a practical common school education 
 and limited material assets-. He evidenced an 
 early inclination towards mechanics, and during 
 his apprenticeship mastered the machine, wagon 
 and blacksmith trades, establishing his present 
 business in Rushville in 1897. On October 31, 
 1881, be married Calista A. Black, a native of 
 Rushville, and the family circle has been en- 
 larged to nine, the children being as follows, 
 Eletha M., born July 29, 1882; Harvey C, born 
 November 19, 1884; William F., born January 
 31, 1887; Halford F., bom October 19, 1SSS; 
 Viola M., born January 11, 1S93 ; Irma Nell, 
 born March 9, 18! to; Winnie James, born 
 October 24, 1897 ; Ona Delwin, born January 
 26, 1899, and John .Maurice, born October 24, 
 1902. 
 
 A stanch supporter of local Republican poli- 
 tics, Mr. Corbridge has held many offices of 
 trust and responsibility, including those of 
 Supervisor and Assessor of Bueua Vista Town- 
 ship, and Alderman of the city of Rushville, 
 being still the 'incumbent of the last named posi- 
 tion, to which he was elected in 1900. He is a 
 consistent and helpful member of the Presby- 
 terian Sunday School, and, fraternally is con- 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows, Eagles, Knights of Pythias, and Modern 
 Woodmen of America. He is a progressive 
 and well informed man, has the wisdom to 
 select and the means to enjoy many desirable 
 pleasures and comforts of modern life, and as an 
 employer of the labor of others, recognizes an 
 opportunity for the exercise of tact, considera- 
 tion and personal encouragement. 
 
 CORMAN, James M.— The man who starts 
 upon his wage-earning career with internal 
 rather than external assets, whose educational 
 and other chances have not been of the com- 
 manding kind, yet who in after years finds him- 
 self among the large tax-payers and prosperous 
 tanners and stock -raisers of a progressive com- 
 munity, of necessity has within him the qualities 
 which win respect and make him of value to 
 his fellow co-workers. Such a man is James 
 M. Corman, owner of a splendid farm of 320 
 acres in Sections 11 and 12 in Rushville Town- 
 ship, and for the past nine years a promoter of 
 good roads as a member of the Board of High- 
 way Commissioners. 
 
 The Corman family is of German origin, and 
 was first known in America about 1740. Its 
 members have been soldiers as well as men of 
 peace, and the great-grandfather of James M. 
 Corman on the paternal side followed the 
 martial fortunes of Washington for seven years 
 of the Revolutionary War. This patriot lived 
 for the balance of his life in Pennsylvania, where 
 was born his son, the paternal grandfather, 
 and son of the latter Wallace Corman, the 
 father of James Martin, in Armstrong County, 
 Pa., in 1837. Wallace Corman was reared in 
 
 Pennsylvania, and there married a Miss Martin, 
 daughter of James Martin. Mr. Martin was 
 born in Ireland and came to America in 1S00, 
 settling in Westmoreland County, whence he 
 removed to Schuyler County, 111., about 1854. 
 Here his death occurred at an advanced age, 
 Jerry Martin, one of his sous, is a well known 
 farmer of McDonough County, 111. 
 
 Wallace Corman came to Schuyler County 
 about 1856, and for about five years was em- 
 ployed by John Armstrong. He then bought 
 160 acres in Section 11. not an acre of which 
 was under cultivation, the sole improvement 
 being a small log house. In that log cabin were 
 born all but one of seven sons and five daughters, 
 two of the children dying in infancy. Mr. Cor- 
 man was not the kind of man to remain at a 
 standstill, so he kept adding to his acres until 
 he owned 590. He attained to great prominence 
 and influence in general township affairs, but 
 now is retired from active lite, having set an 
 example of splendid thrift and industry. He 
 has been connected with the local Grange since 
 1873, and in politics is a stanch Democrat. 
 He always attended the local political gather- 
 ings, was always enthusiastic, and was equally 
 loyal to the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, 
 which he joined in early manhood. Of his 
 children. Julia is the wife of Ross Robeson, of 
 Oakland Township.. Schuyler County ; Adelaide 
 is the wife of Charles K. Strong, a farmer and 
 ex-Treasurer of Bainbridge Township; one 
 daughter is wife of William Nelson, of 
 Frederick Township ; Wesley is a farmer in 
 Section 14, Rushville Township; Emily is wife 
 of Hugh Strong, of Frederick Township ; James 
 Newan an engineer on the Chicago, Burlington 
 & Quiucy Railroad; Frank, a farmer in Rush- 
 ville Township ; Edward is on the old home 
 place in Section 14, Rushville Township; and 
 Verne, who is living on the home place grad- 
 uated with the highest honors in a class of 
 thirty from the Rushville Normal in 1907. 
 
 James M. Corman was born on his father's 
 farm in Section 11. Rushville Township. April 
 28, 1863, and was educated in the district schools 
 of his neighborhood. When he was old enough 
 to make his services of value, there still re- 
 mained much of the old place to clear, and he 
 recalls many days spent in cutting down trees, 
 hauling logs, and making ties, staves, and rough 
 lumber. Later he learned the trade of engi- 
 neering, and spent seven years as a stationary 
 engineer. In 1S93 he entered the general office 
 of the George Scott Threshing Machine Com- 
 pany for a year, and in 1S94 returned to the 
 home place, finally becoming owner of his pres- 
 ent finely equipped farm in Section 11, in the 
 southeast part of Rushville Township. De- 
 cember 27, 1SS5, he was united in marriage to 
 Rosa Reno, who was born in Browning Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County, a daughter of Byron 
 Reno, a retired farmer of Browning Township. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Gorman have six shildren : Eunice, 
 born September 28, 1886, wife of Willard 
 Leezer, of Browning Township ; Monroe, born 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 801 
 
 September 7. 1SS7 ; Elmo, born August 3, 1889 ; 
 Annie, born August 2, 1891 ; Madison, bom 
 November 4, 1897 ; Henry, born January 2, 
 1990. The kind and indulgent mother of this 
 family died January 4, 1902, leaving a host of 
 friends and well wishers to mourn her departure. 
 She was faithful to all trusts imposed upon her, 
 and was a devout member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, South. April 7, 1905. Mr. 
 Corinan married Josephine Eales, who was born 
 in Rushville Township, and educated in the 
 common schools. 
 
 On his farm Mr. Corman has a high-grade of 
 stock, including registered Poland-China hogs, 
 Short-horn cattle, and Percheron horses. His 
 improvements express an appreciation of the 
 beautiful and comfortable, as well as profitable, 
 side of country business life, not the least com- 
 mendable of his accessories being a fourteen 
 acre orchard of the finest bearing fruit trees in 
 this part of the country. He keeps thoroughly 
 posted on the advancement of farming and stock- 
 raising, and is thoroughly scientifi c in his 
 methods. Although not soliciting the honor, 
 his worth as a member of the Board of Com- 
 missioners of Highways has been recognized by 
 his retention in office for the past nine years. 
 
 CORRIE, John, (deceased).— The life of this 
 old pioneer began in Scotland in 1S04 and came 
 to a close on his farm in Schuyler County, 111., 
 March 17. 1891. Leaving his native land when 
 only fifteen years of age, he came to America 
 in 1819 and the same year settled in Lawrence 
 County, 111., where his marriage occurred and 
 where five of his ten children were born. In 
 1S34 he became identified with Schuyler County, 
 settling in that year in the village of Rushville, 
 where in partnership with John Scripps, he con- 
 ducted a general merchandise business until 
 1S40. The association was mutually agreeable 
 and the business was all that could be desired 
 from a financial standpoint, but owing to the 
 failing health of Mr. John Scripps, the partners 
 agreed to close out the business. During the 
 same year. 1840, Mr. Corrie purchased 160 acres 
 of heavy timber land on Section 12, Camden 
 Township, only fourteen acres at that time be- 
 ing under cultivation. The remainder of the 
 land was covered with white and black oak 
 trees of large size, some of them four feet in 
 circumference. Mr. Corrie worked Industriously 
 to clear the land and prepare it for cultivation, 
 chopping down trees and clearing the under- 
 brush, all of which he was compelled to gather 
 and burn, as in those days no one valued it 
 highly enough to haul it away, even after it was 
 cut. From time to time, as his means allowed, 
 he added adjoining land to his original purchase 
 of 100 acres, until he finally laid claim to 740 
 acres of as fine land as was to be found in 
 Schuyler County. At the time the family set- 
 tled in Camden Township wild game of all kinds 
 was plentiful, turkeys being almost as common 
 a sight as chickens are today. It was no uncom- 
 mon sight to find a drove of from twelve to 
 
 twenty deer within close range, and prairie 
 chickens by the hundred were seen so fre- 
 quently as to cause no comment. All of this is 
 now a thing of the past. The birds and other 
 beautiful winged species that then filled the air 
 with then- music, have almost disappeared, even 
 the bumble bee now rarely being seen. 
 
 John Corrie was one of the leading men of 
 his time and locality, ever on the alert to in- 
 augurate and assist any project that would bene- 
 fit his fellowman, either directly or indirectly. 
 This was perhaps nowhere more noticeable than 
 in the establishment of a church and school in 
 this neighborhood, to each of which undertak- 
 ings Mr. Corrie gave liberally of both time and 
 means, and for many years was treasurer of 
 the school in Camden Township. As early as 
 1820 he united with the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and throughout his life he put into 
 daily practice the precepts of his faith. His 
 death, March 17, 1891, was mourned as a deep 
 loss to the community in which he had lived 
 for so many decades, for he stood as a link be- 
 tween the days of hardship, privation and trial. 
 and its present prosperity, his life a part of the 
 past which made today's greatness. 
 
 The first marriage of John Corrie occurred in 
 1825 in Lawrence County, 111., when he was 
 united with Mary Schrader, the daughter of 
 John Jacob Schrader. who was of German 
 descent. Mr. Schrader was a man of unusual 
 accomplishments, being able to speak fluently 
 in seven different languages, and for many years 
 he taught German, French. Latin and English, 
 besides vocal music in Baltimore. In 1845, 
 twenty years after her marriage, Mrs. Mary 
 Corrie passed away, and the following year Mr. 
 Corrie married Cyrintha Erwin. She was a 
 member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 
 the faith of which she went to her reward May 
 14. 18S8. 
 
 Adam Schrader Corrie, the eldest child of 
 John and Mary (Schrader) Corrie, was born 
 July 7. 1826, and now makes his home on a farm 
 adjoining the old homestead, the latter owned 
 and occupied by John D. — these two brothers 
 being the only living male representative of the 
 parental family. The eldest daughter, Agnes E., 
 born February 4, 1830, became the wife of George 
 W. Irwin, and both died in Littleton Township. 
 Jacob W., bom March 17. is.",:.', died September 
 s. 1801; Samuel R., born March 10, 1834, died 
 October 24. 1S35 ; Margaret Eliza born November 
 4, 1836, is the widow of Peter Beals, and makes 
 her home in Chicago. Mary Ellen was born 
 June 6, 1S41, and is now the wife of Charles 
 Collins, of Pasadena, Cal. Sarah M., born 
 February 4. 1S43. became the wife of B. F. 
 Peterson, but is now deceased. William H. S. 
 and Penelope Jane were twins, born March 23, 
 1845; the former died when six months old. but 
 the latter lived to maturity, becoming the wife 
 of George R. Hughes, a resident of Indianola, 
 Iowa. 
 
 John D. Corrie, the second child in the family, 
 was born in Lawrence County, 111., February 
 
802 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 27, 182S. As be was a child of about seven 
 years of age at the time of the removal to Schuy- 
 ler County, he well remembers the incidents 
 connected with that event and be never tires 
 of recounting them, as well as other pioneer ex- 
 periences, to the yonger generation of settlers. 
 Who in turn are entertained, not with fanciful 
 imaginations but with truthful lads regarding 
 the times and conditions of that period. Dur- 
 ing the rush to California in 1850, Mr. Corrie 
 was among the number who braved the hard- 
 ships and dangers of an overland journey, 
 making the trip with four yoke of cattle in one 
 hundred days. With the gold which he had 
 accumulated during his three years mining ex- 
 perience, he returned to Illinois in 1853 and re- 
 sumed farming on the old homestead. His 
 country's call for able-bodied men during the 
 early days of the Civil War once more interrupted 
 the quiet routine of bis rural life and in 1802, 
 he went to the front as a member of Company A, 
 Seventy-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry. 
 Among the battles in which he participated may 
 be mentioned Chickamauga, Buzzard's Roost, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Jonesboro and Nashville, 
 Tenn. At Jonesboro he was wounded three 
 times, twice in one hand and once in the shoul- 
 der. In an engagement at Jonesboro, while charg- 
 ing over the breastworks, many of the men in bis 
 company paid for their bravery with their lives, 
 and many others were wounded and compelled 
 to go to the hospital. Among the latter was Mr. 
 Corrie, but at the time of Lee's surrender he 
 was sufficiently recovered at Raleigh, N. C, to 
 take bis place with bis regiment, and from there 
 went tn Richmond and thence to Washington, 
 where in the grand review, he participated in 
 the grand pageant which has never been equaled 
 in the history of the country. After being mus- 
 tered out and receiving his honorable discharge 
 at Chicago, he returned once more to the farm. 
 where up to the present time he has continued 
 uninterruptedly the peaceful life of the agricul- 
 turist. His property consists of 250 acres of the 
 land originally owned by bis father, and adjoin- 
 ing his lies the farm of bis brother, Adam S. 
 As was bis father before him, Mr. Corrie is a 
 believer in Republican principles, and votes that 
 party's ticket at all presidential elections. Al- 
 though well advanced in years he is hale and 
 hearty, and enjoys recounting the events of his 
 long and eventful life. He holds a high place 
 in the esteem of all who know him, and who op- 
 preciate him for the qualities of citizenship dis- 
 played for over half a century. 
 
 COWDERY, Lewis.— One of the finest farms to 
 be seen on Section 25, Birmingham Township, 
 Schuyler County, is that owned and occupied by 
 Mr. Cowdery, which has been his life-time home, 
 for here he was born in a primitive log cabin 
 February S, 1840. From Vermont, his native 
 State, Roswell Cowdery began to work his way 
 to the Middle West in young manhood, going first 
 to Meigs County, Ohio. While there he was 
 married to Mercy Hoyt. a native of New Hamp- 
 
 shire, and on the farm which he owned in Ohio, 
 five of their seven children were born. Some 
 years prior to the birth of Lewis, about 1839, 
 the parents came overland to Illinois, settling 
 in Schuyler County on Section 25, Birmingham 
 Township. During the year previous (1838), 
 two of his brothers, Jacob and Cyrus Cowdery, 
 had settled in Birmingham Township, a circum- 
 stance which, no doubt, was a strong influence 
 in inducing Roswell Cowdery to locate iu the 
 same township. Jacob finally removed to Mis- 
 souri, and there died, while the other brother, 
 Cyrus, passed away in Augusta, Hancock 
 County. In 1840 Roswell Cowdery entered 160 
 acres of land from the Government on Section 
 25, erecting a log cabin for the shelter of bis 
 wife and five children. In this rude structure 
 two children were added to the number, all liv- 
 ing to years of maturity, but of this large family, 
 Lewis is the only one now living. Lucinda was 
 the wife of James Compton, and to them were 
 born four children, of whom Mercy Sarah and 
 Alice are the only ones living, two dying in in- 
 fancy : Mr. Compton is still living, making bis 
 home in Augusta, Hancock County. Sarah be- 
 came the wife of Alexander Walker, and both 
 are now deceased; their four children are. Ros- 
 well, Samuel, James and Charles. Royal and 
 Newton were both unmarried. Charles married 
 Miss Henrietta Walker and to them was born 
 one daughter, Eva, who became the wife of 
 Edgar MeWharter. Spencer was first married 
 to Miss Lucinda Phillips, who at her death left 
 one daughter, Alice, who married George Witson, 
 and resides in Thompson, Mont., and one son, 
 William, who married Elsie Shanks and lives 
 in Brooklyn. For bis second wife Spencer Cow- 
 dery married Jane King, and their four children 
 were named Minnie. Mary, Henry and Roswell; 
 bis widow still lives on the old home farm. 
 
 Personally Roswell Cowdery was a man fear- 
 less in speech and action, open and above board in 
 all of bis transactions, and it goes without say- 
 ing that he was a man well liked by the best 
 element. He was particularly fond of his 
 friends, and was never so happy as when enter- 
 taining them in his own hospitable home. Al- 
 though he was not interested in politics in the 
 sense of desiring to hold office, he was withal an 
 ardent admirer of Republican principles and al- 
 ways voted that party's ticket. To bis original 
 pre-emption claim of one hundred and sixty 
 acres he added from time to time as bis means 
 would allow until be laid claim to five hundred 
 and eighty acres of fine land all in one body. 
 To each of his children he gave a tract of eighty 
 ncres when they reached maturity. During the 
 many years which he had made his home in 
 Schuyler County he had witnessed innumerable 
 changes, he himself bearing a large share in the 
 transformation, and at his death was mourned 
 as a public loss to the community. His wife 
 died in 1880, honored and respected by hosts of 
 friends and acquaintances. 
 
 Lewis Cowdery was educated in the subsehip- 
 tion schools in vogue during his boyhood, each 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 803 
 
 pupil paying a percentage of the teacher's sal- 
 ary, and the teacher hoarding around in the 
 parent's families. Later he attended the district 
 school and the school in the neighboring city of 
 Brooklyn. As his studies would permit, he as- 
 sisted in the duties on the home farm, so when 
 his school days were over he Was well qualified 
 to take a helpful part in its management. His 
 marriage, April :'.. 1869, united him with Miss 
 .Alary Meaeham, a daughter of Seth Meacham. 
 one of the old pioneers of Brown County, 111., 
 where her birth occurred. Four children were 
 born to Mr. ami Mrs. Cowdery, hut two of them, 
 Lyman and Homer, died in childhood. Idell, 
 who was born December 22, 1875, became the 
 wife oi Sloan Homey, a farmer on Section 25, 
 Birmingham Township, and they have five child- 
 ren. Vaile, Lewis. Meriba, Laverne and Irene. 
 The youngest child. Arthur, born October 15. IS*:.', 
 still makes ins home with his parents on the old 
 farm. For one year after his marriage Mr. 
 Cowdery made his home with his oldest brother, 
 but as his father and mother wished him to re- 
 turn to the old home and live with them, he ac- 
 ceded to their wishes, the homestead of 220 
 acres falling to him at their death, this being the 
 express wish of l he parents, as be was their 
 youngest child. No allurements of public or of- 
 ficial life have ever been able to turn Mr. 
 Cowdery's thoughts away from the duties con- 
 nected with the care and management of his 
 farm, and as a reward for his devotion to its 
 interests, he lias the satisfaction of knowing that 
 he owns one of the finest farms in point of pro- 
 ductiveness in the county. Politically he easts 
 bis vote in favor of Republican candidates, and 
 in a quiet way does what he can to advance the 
 interests of his chosen party. Both himself and 
 wife are members of the Baptist Church, toward 
 the maintenance of which both contributed lib- 
 erally, as they do also to all projects, whether 
 religious or secular, calculated to advance the 
 welfare of their home community. 
 
 CRANDALL, Fred E.— One of the youngest 
 men in Rushville to conduct an independent en- 
 terprise, and by bis business sagacity and deter- 
 mination to invest it with the certainty of suc- 
 cess. Fred E. Crandall is known to the patron- 
 izing public as the owner and proprietor of a 
 successful livery and feed stable since the sum- 
 mer of 1901. Mr. Crandall comes of a family 
 liniL' identified with extensive horse and mule 
 raising, and practically all of the male members 
 have promoted branches of industry at sometime 
 in their lives. There are no better judges of 
 these animals in the State of Illinois, and their 
 knowledge along these lines is frequently drawn 
 upon by those less versed on the subject. 
 
 Mr. Crandall was born in Rushville, III., Octo- 
 ber 20. 1883, and is the youngest of the seven 
 children of Byron and Emma l Greer) Crandall. 
 natives of Ohio. Byron Crandall engaged in the 
 harness, carriage, wagon and stock business in 
 his adopted State of Illinois, but he came here 
 with but one dollar in his pocket, settling among 
 
 strangers who would favor him only as he earned 
 the right to such favor. Locating first in As- 
 toria. Fulton County, to which place he came by 
 way of I'.eardstown, he sometime later settled in 
 Rushville, ami here industry, thrift and con- 
 stancy of purpose met with their just reward. 
 He had the family fondness for stock, and de- 
 voted much of his time to its raising and pur- 
 chase. Of his children, Harvey is a prominent 
 stock raiser and dealer of Iluntsville Township, 
 .Schuyler County; Charles E. is a prominent 
 shipper of horses, mules ami agricultural imple- 
 ments at Rushville; Guy is engaged in the com- 
 mission business at Tampa, Fla., and also is ex- 
 tensively interested in the purchase and sale of 
 horses and mules; Belle is the wife of George 
 W. Winters, of Littleton. Sehuvler County; Mor- 
 timer died at the age of twenty-one years, and 
 at that time was considered one of the best 
 judges of horses and mules, having begun to deal 
 in them when he was thirteen years old; Lillian 
 is the wife of C. C. Young, a real estate aud loan 
 agent of Kansas City. Mo.; and Fred E., the 
 present liveryman of Rushville. 
 
 Fred E. Crandall is a member of one of the 
 leading families of Rushville, and has been an 
 important factor in developing the stock business 
 in Schuyler County. His livery is well supplied 
 with good horses, modern equipages, and ample 
 facilities for boarding, feeding and storing. He 
 has vehicles of various kinds for sale, and ma- 
 terially adds to his annual income by buying and 
 selling horses and mules. He is a Democrat in 
 politics, and fraternally is connected with the 
 Endependenl ( >rder of Odd Fellows and the Mod- 
 ern Woodmen of America. 
 
 CRASKE, Henry. — For generations the family 
 of which Henry Craske is a representative flour- 
 ished as agriculturists and tradesmen in Suf- 
 folk, the easternmost shire of England, where he 
 "as born at Burg St. Edmunds. September 26, 
 1845. In the same quaint town his father, 
 James Craske, was bom in 1798. and the county 
 was also the birthplace of James Craske - 's 
 father, who lived and died in the land of his 
 sires. 
 
 James Craske was the only member of a large 
 family who gave heed to the inducements that 
 invited him from this side of the water. He had 
 received the education and careful home training 
 of the English youth of the middle class, and 
 while still young had married Eliza Clark, who 
 was born at Barton Mills, England, and who, 
 upon her death at Burg St. Edmunds, in 1849, 
 left five children: Sarah, James, Caroline, Eliza- 
 beth and Henry. In 1862 Mr. Craske set sail 
 for the United States, and after various changes 
 located permanently at Little Falls, Herkimer 
 County. X. T. At that time Henry Craske was 
 thirteen years old, and was serving as the ap- 
 prentice of a man engaged in the dyeing business 
 in Ins native town. Two years later, having com- 
 pleted his apprenticeship, he joined his father, 
 brothers and sisters in New York State. On 
 April 23. 1866, he located in Springfield. HI., 
 
Sol 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 where he followed his trade until 18G8. The 
 latter year found him a resident of Rushville, 
 whence in 1870 he went to Decatur. 111., return- 
 ing soon afterwards to Rushville, however, where 
 he since has been engaged in the ice business. 
 
 While a resident of New York, on September 5. 
 1862. Mr. Craske, then seventeen years old, en- 
 listed in the Second Regiment, New York Yolun- 
 teer Infantry, and served until the close of the 
 Civil War. On December 2.".. 1865, he married 
 Ellen .Maria Jones, a native of Little Falls. X. 
 Y.. and a daughter of Elijah ami Jane Jones, 
 born in England and New York, respectively. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Craske are the parents of six 
 children, namely: Geneva A., Caroline E„ Mamie, 
 Francis ('.. Harry Barton, Lillian M. and John 
 A. Logan. 
 
 Mi'. Craske has led an industrious and useful 
 life, and in many ways has contributed to the 
 development of his adopted town. A stanch and 
 unswerving Republican, he has held many local 
 offices, but is best known for his services as a 
 member of the State Hoard of Equalization from 
 1885 to 1888. In 1885 he originated the scheme 
 in the Thirty-fourth District of Illinois of elect- 
 ing a Republican Representative to the State 
 Legislature, thus breaking the deadlock which 
 had tied up the General Assembly for months, 
 and affording an opportunity for re-election to 
 the United States Senate of Gen. John A. Logan. 
 Mr. Craske has for years been a member of 
 Rushville Lodge, No. 0, A. F. & A. M., Rushville 
 Chapter No. 184, R. A. M., and Rushville Com- 
 mandery. No. 56, K. T. He also is identified 
 with the Ancient Order of LTnited Workmen. 
 Security Lodge No. 31, I. O. M. A. and Col. Hor- 
 ney Post, No. 131, Grand Army of the Republic. 
 Mr. Craske is a self-contained, honorable man of 
 business, whose word is unimpeachable, whose 
 fidelity to the public interests is unquestioned, 
 and whose judgment of men and affairs is de- 
 cidedly trustworthy. He is the possessor of a 
 handsome competence, won solely through his 
 own efforts, and enjoys the esteem and confidence 
 of the best people in the town. 
 
 CROZIER, Robert H., a prominent and success- 
 ful farmer of Rushville Township. Schuyler 
 County. 111., was born in the vicinity of Pleasant- 
 view, in the same township. March 5. 1859. and 
 is a son of Richard and Sarah (Crozier) Croz- 
 ier, natives of County Tyrone. Ireland. Richard 
 Crozier came to America with his father. Rich- 
 ard, Sr.. and the bitter's wife, sojourning for a 
 while in Canada, and thence going to New York 
 State and locating at Ithaca. His future wife, 
 Sarah Crozier. accompanied her pai'ents to the 
 United States, the family also settling in Ithaca, 
 and there she was married to Richard Crozier. 
 About the year 1854 the young couple came to 
 Schuyler County. 111., making their home in 
 Section 35. Rushville Township. In 1856 Rich- 
 ard Crozier moved to Bainbridge Township, buy- 
 ing seventy acres of land, and adding more from 
 time to time, until he became an extensive land- 
 holder, owning 500 acres at the time of his 
 
 death. He was one of the most successful 
 farmers in his locality, and as his family grew 
 to maturity, gave each a fine piece of land. He 
 and his wife had five children, as follows: Helen 
 Augusta, wife of Thomas L. Strong, who owns 
 part of the old homestead: Frederick, born in 
 New 7 Y'ork State, who died when about three 
 years old; Robert H. : Margaret F.. wife of Ro- 
 land M. Stover, of Rushville, 111.: and Annie M.. 
 who died in Bainbridge Township at the 
 age of eleven years. Her father died Feb- 
 ruary 29, 1906. He was one of the lead- 
 ing citizens of Bainbridge Township, and a 
 strong advocate and supporter of educational 
 enterprises. In politics, he was a Democrat, and 
 ably and faithfully filled various township of- 
 fices. He was a member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, as is his worthy widow, who re- 
 sides in Pleasantview, enjoying the sincere re- 
 spect of all who know her, and the serene con- 
 sciousness of a well spent life. Robert H. 
 Crozier attended the common schools in his boy- 
 hood, and remained on the home farm until the 
 time of his marriage. He then bought forty acres 
 of land in Section 15, Bainbridge Township, 
 which in 1000 lie sold and moved to his new 
 purchase of 118 acres in Rushville Township. 
 Since then he has made many attractive improve- 
 ments on the place, especially on the dwelling, 
 and has now a beautiful home, with spacious 
 and substantial barns, and convenient outbuild- 
 ings for the care of his stock. 
 
 On January 30, 1800, Mr. Crozier was united 
 in marriege with Anna M. Acheson, a native of 
 Bainbridge Township, where she was born April 
 1G, 1870. Mrs. Crozier is a daughter of WMlliam 
 and Mary ("Ward) Acheson. and particulars in 
 regard to her father's life may be found in a 
 biographical record of Alexander Acheson, apear- 
 ing elsewhere in this work. Mr. and Mrs. Croz- 
 ier have had four children, namely: Mabel A., 
 born January 1. 1801 : Harry Earl, born Novem- 
 ber 15, 1803, deceased May 8, 1902; Clarice E., 
 born June 11, 1800; and Sarah Elsie, born No- 
 vember 11, 1003. Mr. Crozier is the only one of 
 the Croziers left in Schuyler County. Five 
 brothers of his father moved to Kansas, where 
 all but one died, leaving families. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Crozier is a Democrat, ami lias 
 for many years held the office of School Direc- 
 tor. Fraternally, he is connected with the M. 
 W. A.. Rushville Camp, No. 308. He is a man 
 of genial disposition, and he and his amiable 
 wife have many friends. 
 
 CURRY, Amos L. — The farm upon which Amos 
 L. Curry lives in Section 0. Frederick Township, 
 was the place of his birth. July 25, 1868. his 
 childish troubles, pastimes and small labors, and 
 has been the scene of his subsequent extensive 
 and successful operations as a general farmer 
 and stock-raiser. Davis H. Curry, the father of 
 Amos, was born in Memphis, Tenn.. and by trade 
 was a ship carpenter. Coming early to Schuy- 
 ler County, he settled on the farm now owned by 
 his son, and there died in 1S73 while yet the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 805 
 
 world seemed to hold much of promise and hap- 
 piness for him. To a manysided and industrious 
 career he added the service of a military man, 
 enlisting in the navy at the beginning of hostili- 
 ties, and serving until the close of the Civil War. 
 He was a man of quiet and unostentatious na- 
 ture, in no sense a politician, but a consistent 
 promoter of Republican principles. Fraternally 
 he was connected with the Masonic Order. 
 Through his marriage to Louise Messerer, daugh- 
 ter of an early pioneer of Schuyler County, there 
 were born to him five children: Burton E„ liv- 
 ing in Beardstown, and a locomotive engineer 
 for the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad 
 Company; Davis II., Jr., for many years a miner 
 in Nevada, and Superintendent of the Independ- 
 ent' Mine, at Cripple Creek, Colo.; Beulah M., 
 widow of Rev. J. W. Knight, a Christian minis- 
 ter, and a resident of Champaign, 111. ; one not 
 named ; and Amos L. The mother of this family 
 lives in Frederick Township, having married as 
 her second husband, B. F. Redman, a well-to-do 
 farmer and dairyman. 
 
 Until his twentieth year Amos L. lived at 
 borne, in the meantime acquiring a fair common 
 school education, a good constitution, and shrewd 
 business sagacity. Upon starting out for him- 
 self he worked by the day or month, but in 18S7, 
 having abandoned farming he went to Colorado, 
 where he spent a year with not very profitable 
 results in the North Star and Whale mines. 
 Not favorably impressed with the financial ad- 
 vantages of mining, lie returned to Frederick 
 Township, and for four years was employed as 
 bridge carpenter by the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad Company. September 13, 189.°., 
 he was united in marriage to Minnie M. Reno, 
 a native of Browning, 111., and daughter of 
 Hon. William C. Reno, a grain dealer in charge 
 of the grain elevators at Browning. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Curry are the parents of three children : 
 Margaret M., born September 3, 1894; Ada L.. 
 born July 5, 189P.. and Fred E.. born August 8, 
 1S9S. Mrs. Curry died November 25, 1899. and 
 was sadly missed by her devoted little family 
 and many warm friends. She was a loyal wife 
 and mother, and an active member of the Chris- 
 tian church. September 2. 1902, Mr. Curry was 
 married to Vesta (Ward) Gregg, daughter of 
 Ira and Mary (Taylor") Ward, and born in Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, April 6, 1876. 
 To their home and hearts Mr. and .Mrs. Curry 
 have taken little Ida Burrell. who has lived with 
 them four years, and this is but one of the many 
 expressions of kindness and humanity which 
 have fallen from the lives of this worthy couple. 
 
 In 1893, Mr. Curry rented the old farm in Sec- 
 tion f>, Frederick Township, containing 292 acres, 
 and here is following general farming and stock- 
 raising, raising large numbers of hogs, cattle, 
 horses and sheep, besides many kinds of general 
 produce. Besides his original farm he owns 112 
 acres in Section 32. making in all 402 acres, all 
 under a high state of cultivation, with dwellings, 
 barns, out-buildings and general improvements 
 of modern style. In addition to being one .if the 
 
 leading agriculturists in two townships, Mr. 
 Curry is prominent politically, and on the Re- 
 publican ticket has served as Supervisor for 
 three terms from Frederick Township, at the last 
 election, in 1997, receiving a majority of fifty 
 votes. For four years he was chairman of the 
 committee on roads and bridges, and in this con- 
 nection has rendered valuable suggestions as to 
 the care and improvement of these public utili- 
 ties. While not a member of any church, lie is 
 a generous contributor to the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, with which his wife has been con- 
 nected for many years, and is also a faithful 
 friend of education, and all enlightening agen- 
 cies. Possessing an interesting and engaging 
 personality, and having great social tact and dis- 
 cretion, Mr. Curry is a general favorite wherever 
 people are gathered together for mutual enter- 
 tainment, and is especially popular in the lodges 
 of the Modern Woodmen of America, Knights of 
 Pythias, and D. O. K. K. Within the limits of 
 Schuyler County there is not a man more highly 
 respected, or whose word is more readily ac- 
 cepted than is that of Amos L. Curry. 
 
 CURRY, William Jackson, one of the oldest 
 and most highly esteemed farmers of Schuyler 
 County. Ill, residing in Section 31. Buena Vista 
 Township, and long a leading citizen of his com- 
 munity, was horn in -Mercer County, Ky„ Jan- 
 uary 1. 1839. He is a son of Matthew and 
 Nancy I Simpson) Curry, natives of Kentucky. 
 and a grandson of James and Ilouora (Booth) 
 Curry, of whom the former was horn in Ireland, 
 coming to the United States in the beginning of 
 the last century, and making his way to Ken- 
 tucky. There Grandfather Curry was married 
 to Ilonora Booth, and settled in Mercer County, 
 where the rest of his lite was spent. Some time 
 after his death his son Matthew journeyed from 
 the Blue Grass State to Illinois, locating in 
 Brown County, and living there from 1842 to 
 1844. In the latter year he went back to his old 
 home, where he remained until 1849, returning 
 then to Illinois, and bringing his wife's mother 
 with him to Schuyler County, where he located 
 in Woodstock Township. In 1851. Matthew 
 Curry made an overland trip to California, stay- 
 ing until 1853. On his return be spent a short 
 time in Schuyler County, and then went to Mis- 
 souri. When he came back to Illinois he located 
 again in Brown County, moving to Schuyler 
 County in 18(11. He died at the home of his son 
 James, at Cooperstown, Brown County, in 1862, 
 his wife surviving him many years, and dually 
 passing away in Schuyler County at the home 
 of James Curry, in 1SSS. Their family consisted 
 of five sons and three daughters, as follows: 
 Henry Clay, James. William Jackson, Sarena 
 A., John W., Saraba. Matthew T., and Mary 
 Jane. Henry Clay Curry went to California in 
 is.",:;, and from there to Oregon, where he spent 
 his last days. James Curry, who is a retired 
 farmer, living in Rushville, 111., was a soldier in 
 the Civil War. serving in the Tenth Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteer Cavalry, three years. Sarena 
 
806 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 A., resides iu East St. Louis, 111., arid is the wife 
 of Asa Kent. John W., who was also a member 
 of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry, died at Pilot Knob, 
 Mo., and was buried at Cooperstown, Brown 
 County. Saraha is a widow living at East St. 
 Louis. Matthew T., whose home is at Beards- 
 town, Cass County, 111., served during the Civil 
 War in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- 
 teer Infantry, and was honorably 'discharged iu 
 1865. .Mary Jane was the wife of James White, 
 and died in .Missouri, iu 1906. 
 
 In boyhood William J. Curry attended the 
 common schools, spending his early youth iu the 
 manner common to farmers' boys. At the age of 
 seventeen years he cast bis first presidential vote 
 for James Buchanan without being challenged '. 
 Later he learned the cooper's trade, which he 
 followed until the spring of 1801. On May 24th 
 of that year, he enlisted in Company E, Six- 
 teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 serving three years. In the engagement at 
 Edgefield, Tenn., he was wounded and laid up iu 
 the camp hospital, but soon recovered and re- 
 ported for duty. On the termination of hostili- 
 ties he returned to Illinois, locating iu Vermont. 
 Fulton Comity, which was then the home of his 
 mother. There be was engaged at the cooper's 
 trade, working thus until 1865. For two years 
 be was employed on the steamboat, "Progress," 
 running between LaSalle and St. Louis. Then 
 he changed his location to Woodstock Township, 
 Schuyler County, where lie followed farming aud 
 coopering some time. Subsequently, be spent 
 sialic time in Iowa, returning from there to 
 Woodstock Township, and remaining there until 
 1SS0. Ill that year he went to Missouri, staying 
 nine mouths in that State, aud then coining to 
 Buena Vista Township. Schuyler County, 111., 
 purchasing 100 acres of land in Section 31. In 
 January. 1881. be sold sixty acres, retaining 
 forty acres as bis home. He has been a very 
 energetic, thorough and successful farmer, but 
 has now practically retired from active business 
 pursuits. He has always taken a prominent 
 part in all measures pertaining to the develop- 
 ment and prosperity of his township, and lias 
 been recognized as one of its leading citizeus. 
 
 On May 31, 1866, Mr. Curry was united in 
 marriage with Emma Avery, daughter of Wil- 
 liam and .Mai;:.' i ret Avery, who came to Illinois 
 from Ohio, and were among the pioneer settlers 
 of Schuyler County. Both of the parents of Mrs. 
 Curry are deceased. Eight children resulted 
 from this union, as follows: Rosa, Eva. William, 
 Julius (deceased), Xida E.. Estella, Myrtle, and 
 Alec. Rosa i< the wife of Robert Walker, a farmer 
 in Camden Township, Schuyler County, ami 
 the mother of three children: Eva married Jor- 
 dan Miller, of Beardstown. Cass County. 111., and 
 has three children : William is a resident of Cam- 
 den Township, and is the father of four children : 
 Xida became the wife of Thuren Noval, and is 
 living at the parental home, having two chil- 
 dren : and Estelle was married to Henry Agans, 
 a farmer in Camden Township, and has six 
 children. The grandchildren of Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Curry number twenty, and their great-grand- 
 children, three. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Curry has always been a Dein- 
 ocrat, taking an active interest in the success of 
 his party, and being influential in its local coun- 
 cils. He has twice been elected Assessor of 
 Buena Vista Township. Fraternally, he is affili- 
 ated with the I. O. O. F.. having become a mem- 
 ber of that order in 1866. He belongs to the 
 Grand Army of the Republic Post, of Rushville. 
 Iu religion, lie and his wife adhere to the faith 
 of the Latter Day Saints. Both enjoy the re- 
 spect and esteem of a large acquaintance. 
 
 CURTIS, Frank P.— Three generations of the 
 Curtis family have contributed to the agricul- 
 tural and general upbuilding of Brooklyn Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County, and at present there are 
 various representatives in this section of the 
 State, the best known being Frank P. Curtis, 
 wlio was born here March 21, 1861, and whose 
 whole life lias been spent in Brooklyn Township. 
 William Henry Curtis, father of Frank P.. was 
 born on a farm in Clay County, Tenn.. and as a 
 lad of six years, came with his father. James 
 Curtis, to Illinois, settling during the summer of 
 1842 in Brooklyn Township, where the balance 
 of his life was spent. James Curtis was a man 
 of strong character and keen appreciation of 
 duty, and when the strife between the North and 
 South culminated iu the Civil War. he and six of 
 his sons, tendered their services to the Union 
 army. He became a member of Company K. in 
 the Seventh Missouri Cavalry, and served until 
 the disbandment of the regiment. His son Jesse. 
 after more than three years service as a soldier, 
 was mustered out of Company A. Seventy-eighth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. June T. lSi',r>, ami is 
 now deceased; John Curtis wis a member of the 
 same company, and received his discharge on the 
 same day. later dying at his home in Brooklyn 
 Township: Henry W.. also a soldier in Company 
 A, and serving the same length of time, was 
 wounded in the battle of Jonesboro, September 
 1, 1863, from the effects of which he died in 
 1878; Joseph Curtis enlisted first with his father 
 in the Seventh Missouri Cavalry, and later in 
 the same regiment with his brothers, receiving 
 a gunshot wound at Kenesaw Mountain, finally 
 dying at his home in Brooklyn Township, Feb- 
 ruary 11, 1907; Jefferson also served during the 
 war. and still survives, a resident of St. Louis, 
 Mo.: and James served in Company A, Seventy - 
 eigbth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being wounded 
 at Kenesaw Mountain. The military record of 
 this family is unique, as in the history of war- 
 fare in America, few fathers have fought with 
 six sons, for the same length of time, and all 
 survived the conflict. The fact is the more re- 
 markable, as the original sympathies of the fam- 
 ily were Southern, yet they left their hard home 
 tasks and donned the acconterments of the 
 Union soldier, thus testifying to their apprecia- 
 tion of the sublime [deals of the Great Emanci- 
 pator. James Curtis had also two daughters, of 
 whom Elizabeth is the deceased wife of Louis 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 807 
 
 Frakes, also deceased ; and Mary J. is the widow 
 of Harliu Dixou. and lives in Kansas. 
 
 Frank P. Curtis is the third in order of hirth 
 of the four children of William Henry and Lydia 
 (Wiley) Curtis, the other children being Charles 
 and Louise, deceased, and Edward, a resident 
 of St. Louis. The mother of the family is still 
 living in Brooklyn. Frank P. had the average 
 advantages of farm hoys, and like all of the 
 paternal family, has a strong constitution and 
 great capacity for industry. In 1882 he was 
 united in marriage to Mary S. Mason, a native 
 of Brooklyn Township, and daughter of Aden G. 
 Mason, a pioneer of Schuyler County. For 
 sevi n years alter his marriage Mr. Curtis lived 
 ou a tract of land south of Brooklyn, but later 
 located in Littleton Township, whence he removed 
 to his present home in Section 10, Brooklyn 
 Township, where he conducts general farming on 
 a scientific basis, and with commendable success. 
 To himself and wife have been born two children, 
 of whom Jesse A. married Jessie Legg, a farmer 
 of Littleton Township; and Charles G. who is 
 at home. The family are members of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, ami .Mr. Curtis is a Re- 
 publican iu polities. He is an upright and intel- 
 ligent farmer, an obliging neighbor, and a friend 
 who may be trusted and depended on in times of 
 trial as well as of good fortune. 
 
 DACE, Wilbur M. — In no profession open to 
 the present are there larger mechanical and ar- 
 tistic possibilities than that of dental surgery. 
 What already has been accomplished is but the 
 nucleus of the knowledge of the student of a 
 few years hence, for with the growing apprecia- 
 tion of dentistry as a factor in health and good 
 appearance, the dentist's opportunities for self- 
 development are limited only by his own ability 
 and resourcefulness. It is in this spirit of pro- 
 gression and constant research that Dr. Dace 
 pursues his calling in Rushville, where he is one 
 of tlie mosl enthusiastic of the town's array of 
 professional men and the recipient of a large 
 patronage, much of it being attracted from the 
 adjoining country. 
 
 Dr. Dace was born in Ripley, Brown County, 
 111., December '-'-. 1873, a son of Henry M. Dace, 
 born in the State of Missouri, and grandson of 
 Dennis Dace, a native of Illinois. His mother, 
 formerly Katherine Delapp, was born in Illinois, 
 and a daughter of John and Kate Delapp. While 
 still young Dr. Dace moved with his parents to 
 Rushville, where he was educated in the public 
 schools, and graduated at the Rushville High 
 School in the spring of 180.",. In the fall of the 
 same year he entered the Dental Department of 
 the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111.. 
 and during bis vacation came to Rushville and 
 practiced in the office of Dr. Bettorf. At the 
 expiration of the three years' course he was 
 given a diploma, and at once entered upon an 
 independent practice in Rushville. At present 
 he is located in the Dace Building on the north 
 side of the square, where he has large, well ven 
 tilated and handsomely furnished apartments, 
 
 equipped with the latest appliances known to the 
 profession, and with books, periodicals and com- 
 fortable surroundings for those awaiting his at- 
 tention. 
 
 Ou September 10, 1001, Dr. Dace was united 
 in marriage to Fredericka Mead, a uative of 
 Huntsville, 111., and a graduate of the high school 
 of that place. Their only child is named Doro- 
 thy Mead. Dr. Dace is a Democrat in politics, 
 and fraternally, is connected with the Knights 
 of Pythias. He is a careful investigator and a 
 diligent worker, keeping abreast of the best re- 
 searches already made in dental science, and iu 
 a position to avail himself of the wonderful im- 
 provements which have marked the advance of 
 the art during the past tew years. He makes a 
 specialty of crown and bridge work, in which he 
 has been especially successful, and his general 
 skill, together with a genial manner and tactful, 
 sympathetic nature, insures him all of the pat- 
 ronage to which he can do justice, adhering to 
 his standard of thorough, painstaking and lasting 
 work. 
 
 DARNELL, Hon. John M— A representative of 
 that class of agriculturists who combine the 
 scientific pursuit of their calling with meritori- 
 ous interest in the political and general welfare 
 of the community in which they live, Hon. John 
 M. Darnell is recognized as one of the best 
 known stock-breeders and authorities in the 
 State of Illinois, as the original introducer of 
 Hereford cattle into Schuyler County, as a mer- 
 chant of extended ami successful experience, and 
 as a legislator who thoroughly understood the 
 needs and promoted the best interests of the 
 county of which he is a native son, having been 
 born on the farm which he now owns and oc- 
 cupies in Section 0, Frederick Township, August 
 1. 1843. 
 
 In its evolution from the condition of a back- 
 woods region, Schuyler County lias had the con- 
 tinuous support of the Darnell family. Pioneer- 
 ing has been a conspicuous tendency of those 
 bearing the name ever since the arrival on Ameri- 
 can shores of the first Darnell., who, presumably, 
 settled in Virginia, where Henry Darnell, grand- 
 father of John M., was born in 1767, on the 
 shores of the Potomac River. Henry Darnell 
 enlisted in the Revolutionary War at the age of 
 fifteen years, and was present at the surrender 
 of Cornwallis at Torktown. He grew to man- 
 hood in Virginia, and when twenty-five years 
 old. married Elizabeth Lee. also bom in Virginia. 
 and who became the mother of nine children. 
 Of these, Jesse M., father of Hon. John M.. svas 
 horn October 4. 1813. The family eventually 
 located in the wilds of Ohio, settling in Wayne 
 County, where the father died and whence Jesse 
 removed in 1831 to Henderson County, III. In 
 1833 he removed to Warren County, and iu .1834 
 to Schuyler County, where he engaged in the 
 manufacture of fanning mills. His business 
 grew apace, and while conducting it he roomed 
 and hoarded at the home of his future wife. 
 Louise Utter, daughter of Lyman Utter. The 
 
808 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ancestors of the t'tter family came from Scot- 
 lam!, settling in the colony of New Amsterdam, 
 which became New York after the capture by 
 the English. Rorn to Mr. and Mrs. Darnell 
 were four children, three of whom are living. 
 Louise is the wife of Mr. Kelson, of Santa Bar- 
 bara, Cal.; James K. spends his winters in 
 Seattle. Wash., and his summers in mining in 
 Alaska : and John M. is the subject of this 
 sketch. Jesse Darnell gained much prominence 
 in Schuyler County, becoming not only a compar- 
 atively wealthy tanner, but representing his dis- 
 trict in the State Legislature in 1848-49. He 
 was elected on the Democratic ticket, and during 
 his term was one of its most capable and force- 
 ful legislators. At the time of his death, he was 
 the owner of 340 acres of land, and the 'recipient 
 of the respect and good will of all who knew 
 him. 
 
 Educated primarily in the district school near 
 his home in Frederick Township, John M. Dar- 
 nell, in 1862, entered Lombard College, near 
 Galesburg, 111., at the end of two years going to 
 Ann Arbor College, Mich., where he completed 
 the four years' course in three years, graduating 
 with high honors in the class of 1867. Return- 
 int; to tin' limiie I'm rin. he remained there continu- 
 ously until 1SSO. in that year engaging in the 
 hardware business in which he continued until 
 18SS. Disposing of this business, which, in the 
 meantime, had grown to prosperous proportions, 
 he again located on the farm, and at the present 
 time owns 300 acres in the county, all of it im- 
 proved and very valuable. Few properties in 
 the county present a inure modern or thoroughly 
 up-to-date appearance, ami certainly no expense 
 has been spared to convert it into a model of 
 neatness and productiveness. For twenty years 
 the owner has been extensively engaged in breed- 
 ing Hereford cattle, the breed of which was in- 
 troduced by him into the county, and no finer 
 animals were to be found anywhere between the 
 oceans. His first importation in the early 'sev- 
 enties included an animal for which he paid 
 $1,000, unquestionably the largest price up to 
 that time paid for an animal of its kind from 
 England. Mr. Darnell continued to take prizes 
 and lead in the breeding of Herefords in Schuy- 
 ler County until January 1, 1007, when he sold 
 the last of his stock, and since has practically 
 retired from stock-breeding. His wide experi- 
 ence and exhaustive knowledge of stock has led 
 to many distinctions being conferred upon him, 
 and his advice for many years has been sought 
 and followed. In 1899 he was appointed by 
 Governor John R. Tanner a member of the Live 
 Stink Commission, and during his three years of 
 service, proved one of the most useful members 
 of the Commission. 
 
 Mr. Darnell has been prominent in Democratic 
 politics for many years, and in 1S72 was elected 
 a Representative in the State Legislature, and in 
 1884 to the State Senate, serving a four years' 
 term. Fraternally he is a member of the Ma- 
 sonic order. Broad-minded and enterprising, 
 far-sighted and public-spirited, his career has 
 
 touched many sides in the development of his 
 county, and invariably has tended to an eleva- 
 tinn of business and moral ideals, and to politi- 
 cal soundness and utility. 
 
 DAY, Richard. — It was a pleasure to feel the 
 hearty hand-shake and hear the cheery voice of 
 so good and amiable men as Richard Day, and it 
 is a pleasure to write about him. lie was 
 among the quiet and unobtrusive of life's work- 
 ers, yet he was a thorough master of an occupa- 
 tion which has interested the race since the be- 
 ginning of time, which possesses a paramount 
 creative quality and the absorbing element of 
 great and even absorbing usefulness. In the 
 companionship of carpenter's tools he found his 
 greatest delight and most practical reward, and 
 from the time of his arrival in July. 1S40. until 
 the close of his life, December 22, 1005. he bent 
 his energies to erecting houses, barns, and gen- 
 eral buildings throughout Schuyler County, 
 many of which termed the basis of important 
 agricultural activities, and remain intact and 
 usable after the lapse of almost half a century. 
 
 Mr. Day was descended from farmers and me- 
 chanics, and in his veins flowed the blood of an 
 old English ancestry. His birth occurred in the 
 little town of Norton. Norfolkshire, Eastern 
 England, June 27, 1S25, and in early youth he 
 learned the carpenter trade from his father. 
 George Day. He was reared also to farming 
 as practiced in his native country, but the farm 
 was a small one, as are all in Norfolkshire, owing 
 to the innumerable marshes and fens along the 
 si in res of the North Sea. "When all on this side 
 of the ocean was in a turmoil over the discovery 
 of gold on the Pacific coast. Mr. Day left his 
 quiet home and sailed for America, arriving in 
 St. Louis, in March. 1849. and remained there 
 until coming to Schuyler County in the following 
 July. He settled on what now is the home- 
 stead in Oakland Township, and continued to 
 make this his home for the rest of his life, going 
 into the surrounding country to follow his occu- 
 pation as a builder for a part of each year. 
 
 The first wife of Mr. Day in maidenhood was 
 Ann Booth Downing, whose death occurred in 
 1853. In 1856 he married Martha E. Garret, 
 who died in 1883, and January 20. 18S4, he was 
 united in bonds of matrimony to Mrs. Artemisia 
 (Ackman) Walker, a native of Kentucky and 
 daughter of Isaac and Nancy (Herman) Ackman, 
 curly settlers of Rushville Township. James 
 Walker, the first husband of Mrs. Day. was born 
 in Norfolk. England, and came to Schuyler 
 County, 111., in 1850. His parents. Stephen and 
 Emily (Fletcher) Walker, settled on a farm in 
 Rushville Township, where the father died, the 
 death of the mother occurring in Tarsons, Kan. 
 After her marriage Mrs. Walker settled with her 
 husband mi the farm which ever since has been 
 her home, and where Mr. Walker died February 
 18. 18S2. He was a public spirited and very 
 capable man. a stanch Republican, and the holder 
 of many important local offices. He was active 
 in church and school work, a member in good 
 

 
 
 
 
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HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 809 
 
 standing of the Methodist Episcopal Church and 
 a generous contributor to worthy charities. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Walker were the parents of six sous 
 aud three daughters : James P., a farmer of 
 Oakland Township, Schuyler County ; Stephen, 
 also a farmer of Oakland Township ; Charles, 
 occupying the old Walker farm ; Lewis, a resi- 
 dent of Pittsburg, Kan., husband of Jesse G. 
 (Robinson) Walker, and father of Paul Walker; 
 Margaret, wife of George Baughman, of Pitts- 
 burg, Kan. ; Nancy, wife of Robert .Morris, of 
 Ray, 111. ; Nellie, wife of Charles Sloane, of 
 Ottumwa, Iowa. To Mr. Day and his third wife 
 were born Richard Maurice, who married Mary 
 Mien Sargent, and farms in Littleton Township, 
 and .lames, a farmer of Schuyler County. Of 
 the other marriages of Mr. Day there were six 
 children : Mrs. Costello ; Mrs. Holson ; George 
 Edward; Richard Albert; James William and 
 William Harrison. 
 
 DEAN, David, (deceased), former retired citi- 
 zen of Rushville. Schuyler County, III., was born 
 at Kellybegs. County Donegal, Ireland, Septem- 
 ber 14, 1!S2S, spending the first twenty-four years 
 of his life in bis native country, where in his 
 youth and mature years, be was engaged in farm- 
 ing and sheep-raising. Coming to America in 
 1852, be was employed for the next ten years as 
 foreman of the yards of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
 road at Pittsburg. In 1859, he was married at 
 Rushville. III., to Katherine Montooth, whose 
 parents were also natives of County Donegal, 
 Ireland, coming to Illinois in 1851 from Pitts- 
 burg, which they made their first home after 
 leaving their native country. Mr. and .Mrs. 
 Dean came to Schuyler County in 1861, settling 
 in Oakland Township, which continued to be 
 their home until 1902, and where they reared a 
 family of eight children, six boys and two girls — 
 two other boys dying in infancy. Purchasing 
 eighty acres of land in Oakland Ton-nship, Mr. 
 Deau began farming on a small scale but finally 
 became the owner of 5f>0 acres in one body. 
 After a successful career as a farmer, he re- 
 moved to Rushville with his family, where he 
 erected a pleasant home during the following 
 year and there spent the remainder of his life 
 in comfortable retirement. His death occurred 
 suddenly, at his home in Rushville, September 27, 
 10(>7, as the result of heart-failure, just as he 
 was sitting down at the table for his evening 
 meal. 
 
 In infancy Mr. Dean was baptized into the 
 Episcopal Church, and while a resident of Pitts- 
 burg, was a cummunicant of St. James Episco- 
 pal Church of that city, but on coming to Illi- 
 nois became a member of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church. Of a singularly happy disposition 
 and plain, unassuming manners, a life of strict 
 integrity and his upright Christian character 
 won for him a large circle of appreciative 
 friends. 
 
 Of the eight children born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Dean, .Ta s died at the age of eighteen months 
 
 and Jesse aged two and a half years. Of the six 
 
 children still living, George H. married Elizabeth 
 Stanbauch. has four sons and two daughters and 
 is engaged in farming in Eldorado Township, 
 McDonough County; William R., married Inez 
 Wetzel, has one son and one daughter, aud is a 
 farmer near Astoria, Eulton Couuty ; Ettie B., is 
 the wife of Joseph Rose of Canton, 111., and 
 has four daughters and one son; John married 
 Sadie Rose, has two sons and two daughters and 
 is a farmer in Rushville Township, Schuyler 
 Count}' ; Lawrence married Nellie Wetzel, has 
 three sous and one daughter and is engaged in 
 farming near Browning, III. ; Herbert and Sam- 
 uel are on the old home place in Oakland 
 Township. David Dean was a Republican in 
 politics aud, at the time of his decease, left an 
 estate comprising 740 acres of land, besides his 
 pleasant new home now occupied by his worthy 
 widow. The following tribute to Mr. Dean from 
 a member of his family is worthy of reproduction 
 here : 
 
 "The writer has often felt his heart deeply 
 touched at the sorrows of others when grieving 
 at the loss of a parent, but it was a new revela- 
 tion to us that evening wheu our dear father 
 went away to the better land. Though by his 
 toil and frugality be had accumulated a goodly 
 heritage, yet to his children the memory of those 
 sacred hours around the family altar, his pure 
 and blameless life, his wise counsel and his 
 sacrificing love, are the most precious legacies 
 that he could have left us. He dearly loved his 
 home, and as the infirmities of age grew upon 
 him, he had an intense longing to have his child- 
 ren near him and his home was like heaven to 
 him when he could have them about him. 
 
 "But the voice we loved to hear is hushed for- 
 ever. No more shall he greet us with his genial 
 smile of welcome, nor ever again shall we feel 
 the warm grip of his great hand. The vacant 
 couch, the empty chair, the unused cane, are 
 mute witnesses that he no longer lives among 
 us. . . . The last earthly service that we 
 could render him was to bear him to the beauti- 
 ful cemetery where we left him to the guardian 
 care of the holy angels. Farewell, dear father, 
 until we meet in the morning! 
 
 "One less at home! 
 The charmed circle is broken ; a dear face. 
 Missed day by day, from its accustomed place ; 
 One voice of welcome hushed, and evermore 
 One farewell word unspoken ; on the shore 
 Where parting comes not, one soul landed more. 
 
 One more in heaven, 
 
 One less at home ! 
 A sense of loss that meets us at the gate; 
 Within, a place unfilled and desolate; 
 And far away, our coming to wait. 
 
 One more in heaven!" 
 
 DEAN, Elias. — The progenitor of the Dean 
 family in America was an Englishman, whose 
 craving for religious freedom led him to aban- 
 don his native land and sail with that intrepid 
 company which since has been immortalized in 
 
810 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 song and story as the Pilgrims of the Mayflower. 
 The immigrant Dean laid the foundation of his 
 colonial fortunes in Virginia, and one of his suc- 
 cessors, the great-grandfather of Elias Dean, the 
 latter a farmer of Birmingham Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., followed the martial fortunes of 
 Washington during the Revolutionary War. His 
 son left his peaceful fields in Virginia and enlisted 
 in the War of 1812. John Dean, son of the sol- 
 dier of 1812, and father of Elias Dean, also was 
 born in Virginia, and married Catherine Heave- 
 nor, daughter of Nicholas Heavenor, of West 
 Virginia, the latter a native of Germany. To 
 John Dean and his wife were bom fifteen chil- 
 dren, of whom Elias, the third youngest, was 
 born in Lewis County, W. Va„ April 11, 1839. 
 Of the other children in the family, Nicholas 
 died at the age of ninety-three years; William 
 attained to the same unusual age; Julian, Mary, 
 Matilda, Elizabeth and Malinda are deceased; 
 Eliza, now sixty-four years old, is the wife of 
 Allen Keissling, of Virginia; Jacob Marshall 
 lives on the old Virginia homestead; Solomon 
 lives in Buchanan. Va. ; John is a farmer of 
 Hancock County, 111.; George is a farmer of Up- 
 shur County. Va. ; Jacob farms on the old home- 
 stead on the old Virginia homestead; Elias is 
 the farmer of Birmingham Township, Schuyler 
 County ; and Perry, of Weir, Kan., served dur- 
 ing the Civil War in the Upshur County Bat- 
 tery. John Dean stanchly supiwrted the Union 
 during the Civil War, and ever was on the side 
 of the unfortunate and oppressed wherever 
 found. His heart reached out to the need of all 
 mankind, and he would share his last cent or 
 sack of flour with oue who needed it more than 
 himself. He was an ardent member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, held some office 
 therein, and contributed generously towards its 
 charities and general support. Throughout this 
 part of the country he was known as "Uncle 
 John," and was much beloved by children and 
 frequently consulted by the older class. 
 
 The early subscription schools afforded the 
 first educational advantage to Elias Dean, his 
 father paying so much a year for the schooling 
 of each of his many children, usually from three 
 to four dollars a season. He helped on the 
 home farm until his sixteenth year, when there 
 returned to Schuyler County his uncle Jacob, who 
 had made a comfortable living in Iowa, and was 
 much enthused over the prospects in that State. 
 In 185G Elias went to Iowa with his uncle, and 
 near Burlington found work on a farm at ten 
 dollars a month for two years. In 1858 he came 
 back to Schuyler County and worked for fourteen 
 dollars a month, and while taking advantage of 
 the small social diversions afforded in the neigh- 
 borhood, met Miss Electa T. Graham, daughter of 
 Win. W. Graham, whom he married August 16, 
 1SG0. The young people set up housekeeping on 
 a farm owned by Mrs. Dean's father in Section 
 22, Birmingham Township, and about 1892 pur- 
 chased 400 acres of land in Section 14, the same 
 township, making, in all, with the 520 acres in 
 the first farm, 920 acres. Of the first farm he 
 
 gave his son a quarter-section, sold to Peter 
 Greenleaf 200 acres, and bought 140 acres in 
 Section 14. Upon the 400 acre farm he had, at 
 the time of the panic of 1893, 140 head of 
 blooded cattle, for which he was obliged to buy 
 corn in Nebraska for feed, and the price dropped 
 down until he sold his stock outright for three 
 cents a pound. This farm Mr. Dean sold, but he 
 now uwns 340 acres of as fine land as the county 
 contains, well stocked and improved, and 
 equipped with well constructed and capacious 
 buildings. It is an ideal home and farming 
 property, practically insuring good returns each 
 succeeding year, and netting its owner a large 
 surplus over even the most unexpected demands. 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Dean have been born the fol- 
 lowing children : John Franklin, who is mar- 
 ried and has five children — Robert F„ Nellie, 
 Myrtle, Eltha and Harry, and who farms near 
 the old homestead ; Mary E., deceased at the age 
 of sixteen years; Catherine, wife of John E. 
 Moon, a farmer of this township, and mother or 
 four children — Bessie, Iva, Jacob J. and Ervin 
 Elias Moon ; Charles S., married to Lona Math- 
 eny, and has four children — Ethel, Raymond. 
 Mark, and Paul ; George, married to Ona Math- 
 eny, and has five children — Roscoe, Elmore, Alma, 
 May and Hazel ; Hattie, wife of Leander Hold- 
 croft, and mother of Albert, Floyd, John and 
 Electa E., and three children who died in in- 
 fancy. Mr. Dean cast his first presidential vote 
 for Abraham Lincoln, and he ever since has sup- 
 ported the Republican party, notwithstanding the 
 fact that he was born in the South, and had ab- 
 sorbed its spirit and traditions. He is socially 
 a member of the Union League, and his wife is 
 identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 The idea of progress and stability have guided 
 the endeavors of Mr. Dean ever since he began to 
 work by the month for the modest sum of ten 
 dollars. When he first began an independent 
 life he had no money to buy harness for his 
 horses, and was obliged to fashion this necessary 
 article out of pieces of rope. During the day 
 time he would grub stumps, cut down timber 
 and burn brush at night. He has come the long 
 way possible only with true determination and 
 grit; and yet Ins life has by no means been a 
 self-centered oue, but has reached out to influ- 
 ence and help all with whom he came in con- 
 tact. He is what is known as a "good mixer," 
 a genial, sociable and sympathetic gentleman, 
 and he has greatly benefited the township while 
 serving as School Director and Road Commis- 
 sioner. 
 
 DEANE, Judge Hudson M., better known 
 among his intimates, and by the general public 
 in Schuyler County, 111., as "Hud" Deane, is one 
 of the leading citizens of the town of Frederick, 
 Schuyler County, which has been his home (ex- 
 cept during a short absence) for more than half 
 a century. He was born in the city of New 
 York August 2, 1833. At an early age he re- 
 moved to Poughkeepsie, N. T., and there re- 
 ceived a liberal education. After completing his 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 811 
 
 studies, lie accepted a position as clerk in a 
 wholesale dry goods establishment in New York 
 City, and, at a later period, discharged the duties 
 of a similar connection in Albany, N. Y., for two 
 years. Returning then to New York City, he 
 resumed work in the concern where he had first 
 been employed. A short time alter he attained 
 his majority (in 1855), he met Maro Farwell of 
 the firm of Farwell & Co., Frederick, 111., who 
 was on a visit to the eastern metropolis for the 
 purpose of purchasing goods for the store then 
 conducted by them in Frederick, and was in- 
 duced by the latter to accompany him on the 
 homeward journey, and to enter their employ. 
 On April 2, 1855, he commenced work in the 
 Farwell store, continuing thus until 1858. In 
 the latter year, he embarked in the mercantile 
 trade under the firm style of H. M. Deaue & Co., 
 but in 1859, sold out the business. In 1861, Mr. 
 Deane assumed charge of the Schuyler Hotel in 
 Frederick, changing its name to the Deane 
 House. Later, he withdrew from the manage- 
 ment of this place on account of ill-health, and 
 after an interval of one year (in 1867) went to 
 Macomb. McDonough County. 111., where he was 
 proprietor of what had formerly been the Brown 
 Hotel. The name of this he also changed to the 
 Deane House, making many alterations and im- 
 provements in the establishment. There he re- 
 mained nearly two years, when he returned to 
 Frederick and there conducted the Hotel Deane 
 until March, 1902. In that year he sold the ho- 
 tel property, and retired from active business 
 responsibilities. He maintains an office, how- 
 ever, attending to legal matters and pensions, as 
 well as loans, real estate and insurance. He is 
 still agile and sprightly at the age of seventy- 
 four years, and as genial in temperament and 
 cordial in manner as in the most vigorous days 
 of his prime. During his long career as a public 
 entertainer he became exceedingly popular, and 
 no man is more widely and favorably known in 
 Schuyler County than "Hud" Deane. Mr. Deane 
 has accumulated considerable financial means, 
 and is now in possession of a handsome compe- 
 tency, being the owner of 105 acres of very de- 
 sirable land in Frederick Township, besides sev- 
 eral pieces of improved property in the town of 
 Frederick. Apart from the twenty months spent 
 in Macomb, he has lived continuously in Fred- 
 erick since 1855. and his face and figure are 
 familiar to all of its people. He has always 
 manifested a creditable public spirit, and has 
 been a diligent and useful member of the com- 
 munity. On his first arrival in Frederick the 
 business affairs of the town were in a lively con- 
 dition, as it was the freighting point for nearly 
 all the villages within a radius of forty miles. 
 Then, all the goods sold in Macomb were hauled 
 from Frederick. 
 
 On February 17. 1859. Mr. Deane was united 
 in marriage with Elizabeth Messerer, a daugh- 
 ter of Anthony Messerer, who was one of the 
 most highly respected among the pioneer settlers 
 of Schuyler County. The father of Mrs. Deane 
 was a native of Germany, and came to the United 
 
 States early in the last century locating in 
 Schuyler County about the year 1827. He was 
 tlie first man elected to represent the village of 
 Frederick, on the board of Township Supervisors, 
 after the organization of Frederick Township 
 and held that office many years, being the in- 
 cumbent at the time of his death. Seven chil- 
 dren were born to Mr. and Mrs. Deane, four of 
 whom died in infancy. A son, Will McGeorge 
 Deane. who was born in Macomb, 111., September 
 28, 1S6S, was drowned July 10, 1879; Loulena 
 •May, a daughter, is the wife of Charles E. 
 Causey, residing in Peoria; and Stella W.. an- 
 other daughter, married Walter J. Severns, of 
 Bushnell, 111., and has one son, Deane J. Mrs. 
 Deane, who was a woman of many graces, was 
 possessed with most excellent traits' of character 
 died March 3, 1902. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Deaue is a lifelong Democrat, 
 and has been very prominent and influential in 
 the local affairs of his party. He has attended 
 nearly all the Democratic State and County Con- 
 ventions for many years, and has filled various 
 township offices with credit to himself and with 
 the commendation of Ins constituents. At one 
 time, he held eleven positions by commission and 
 appointment. He was successively Assistant 
 Postmaster and Postmaster of Frederick, his 
 service in both capacities covering a long period. 
 For nearly thirty years, he discharged the 
 duties of Coroner of Schuyler County, and 
 acted as Deputy Sheriff fourteen years. He 
 had an extended experience as Justice of 
 the Peace, his incumbency in that office cov- 
 ering a period of thirty-six years, in which 
 time he became versed in legal routine and 
 performed the marriage ceremony on nearly 
 five hundred different occasions. In fraternal 
 circles, he is identified with tbe K. of P., Lodge 
 No. 207, Beardstown. III., in which he has passed 
 through all the chairs, including that of Chan- 
 cellor Commander. He is also affiliated with 
 the Knights of the Maccabees of the World, in 
 which he has likewise passed through all the 
 local chairs. In the sunset period of life, 
 "Hud" Deane enjoys the unreserved confidence 
 and hearty good wishes of the entire community 
 in which his busy and useful career has been 
 spent. 
 
 DE COUNTER, Samuel.— A lifelong resident of 
 the locality which is still his home, and still in 
 the days of his prime, one of the most vigorous, 
 successful and useful characters of Schuyler 
 County, was bom in Ripley (once a part of 
 Woodstock) Township, Schuyler County, 111., 
 October 4, 1827. He is a son of Peter Frederick 
 ami Nancy De Counter, natives of France. His 
 father was a soldier in the Napoleonic wars, and 
 was with Bonaparte when the great Emperor 
 was captured. Having effected his escape, the 
 subject of this sketch immediately came to the 
 United States, landing at New Orleans. After 
 teaching school there for awhile he went to St. 
 Louis, and then to Boone's Lick. Mo., where 
 about the year 1823 he was married to Nancy 
 
812 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Scouts, a lady of Scotch-German descent. In the 
 spring of 1827 they came to Illinois, settling in 
 Schuyler Cotmy, in the southeast quarter of Sec- 
 tion 33, Woodstock Township. Peter F. De 
 Counter cleared and cultivated a well conducted 
 farm in moderate extent, on which he remained 
 until the time of his death, in 1S55, his wife 
 having passed away in 1S33. They were the 
 parents of two children. Jeanetta and Samuel. 
 The former married Jonas Albert, by whom she 
 had three children, as follows: William Albert, 
 Ida and Samuel Albert. William A. is now a 
 resident of Kansas, living in Smoking Valley. 
 Ida first married Alpheus Eddy, and after his 
 death, Jonas Albert, by whom she had one child, 
 Sherman Dalgreen, now living at Los Angel is, 
 Cal., both of his parents being deceased, the death 
 of the mother having occurred in 18S4. Samuel 
 Albert has been for twenty years lost to the fam- 
 ily, no tidings of him having been received dur- 
 ing that period. 
 
 In early youth, Samuel De Counter had an 
 opportunity of attending school about three 
 months only. He left home when he was a little 
 more than twelve years of age, his father having 
 married a second time. When quite a young 
 man, he had some experience in riding race 
 horses, and from that drifted into teaming. 
 About the year 1850 he turned his attention to 
 farming in the vicinity of his birthplace, and in 
 I860, bought eighty acres of land in Section 27, 
 
 W Istoek Township, four acres of which had 
 
 been cleared. A log cabin with a wide fireplace 
 stood in the opening, and into this Mr. De Coun- 
 ter moved, and applied himself to the arduous 
 task of clearing the ground of timber and brush. 
 and making a comfortable home and productive 
 farm. In this effort he achieved a signal suc- 
 cess. Under careful and sagacious management, 
 all his undertakings were attended by profitable 
 results. To his original 80-acre purchase he 
 made additions amounting to 958 acres, and the 
 home farm now comprises 1038 acres, of which 
 668 acres are in Camden Township. His career 
 has l>een one of the most prosperous ever known 
 in Schuyler County. Beginning without the ad- 
 vantages of even ordinary schooling and desti- 
 tute of financial resources, he gained his educa- 
 tion through keen observation and by availing 
 himself of every opportunity of self-instruction, 
 and this, together with energy, perseverance, 
 thrift and integrity, is the foundation of his 
 present handsome competency. Naturally pos- 
 sessed of a strong mind and sound judgment, he 
 became a leader in connection with the agricul- 
 tural interests of the county, and for many years 
 was conspicuous in all enterprises pertaining to 
 its progress and development. In the period of 
 liis activity, he was always a man of genial dis- 
 position, of jovial bearing and kindly impulses, 
 and never declined to relieve the needs of any- 
 one aproaching him in distress. 
 
 Mr. De Counter has been twice married, his 
 first marriage taking place in 1850, when Cather- 
 ine Miller became his wife. Three children were 
 the issue of this union, namely : Frederick S., 
 
 Maurice and Emma. Frederick first married a 
 lady named Shull, and after her death, was 
 wedded to a Miss Ronery, residing in Camden 
 Township, Schuyler County, who is now de- 
 ceased. He was the father of seven children by 
 this marriage, as follows : one who died in in- 
 fancy ; Harriet, Anna, Dorothy and Brice, all 
 deceased ; Peter F. and Clarence of Califarnia. 
 Frederick De Counter departed this life in 1895. 
 Maurice De Counter married Minnie Houser, and 
 by her had seven children, namely: Dotty and 
 Mary, both of whom died at the age of twenty 
 years ; Nettie, who died in 1005 ; Samuel, de- 
 ceased; Susan, Leila and Lon. Maurice De- 
 Counter died in January, 1001, and his widow is 
 a resident of Camden Township. Emma, the 
 third child of Samuel De Counter's first mar- 
 riage, became the wife of Nelson Hiding, a 
 farmer in Camden Township, and they had eight 
 children, namely: Laura, Samuel, Katie and 
 Daisy (deceased), Clifford, Logan.. Raleigh, and 
 Guy. Catherine (Miller) De Counter, first wife 
 of the subject of this sketch, passed away in 
 1S54, and Mr. De Counter subsequently wedded 
 Harriet Stubbs, who died, much lamented, No- 
 vember 7, 1006. She was a faithful and de- 
 voted companion and a constant helpmeet of her 
 husband for half a century, and much of his 
 success is attributed to her invaluable assistance. 
 Her union with Mr. De Counter resulted in one 
 child, Catherine, who died at the age of nineteen 
 years. The latter became the wife of George 
 Luthey, and was the mother of one child, Clar- 
 ence. 
 
 Politically, Samuel De Counter has been an 
 adherent of the Democratic party throughout his 
 mature life, but has never entertained any ambi- 
 tion for official distinction. On numerous oc- 
 casions he has been solicited by appreciative 
 friends to become a candidate for public office, 
 but has steadfastly declined, preferring to devote 
 his whole attention to his extensive personal in- 
 terests, and to promoting the welfare of the 
 community by his earnest endeavors as a pri- 
 vate citizen. lie is profoundly respected by all 
 classes in the locality where his career has 
 spanned a period of four-score years. 
 
 DEMAREE, William L— Not the least valua- 
 ble of the legacies left Schuyler County by citi- 
 zens of an earlier generation are the sons who 
 bear their names and painstakingly maintain 
 their standards of enterprise by vigorous effort. 
 Something of the iron of this courageous band 
 has entered into the lives of their progeny, who, 
 placed in different and less exacting circum- 
 stances, fulfill their destiny with equally com- 
 mendable zeal and conscientiousness. Belong- 
 ing to this class is William L. Demaree, who 
 was born in Section 16, Rushville Township, 
 .Tune 7. 1858. and who now owns a splendid farm 
 of 280 acres in Section 22 of the same township. 
 Mr. Demaree is one of the absolutely dependable 
 men of his section, a man in touch with agri- 
 cultural science, chemistry and all needful farm 
 knowledge, a politician who has proved himself 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 813 
 
 above the petty temptations of the offices he has 
 held, and a promoter of all that tends to make 
 country life broad, enjoyable and useful. 
 
 Ludwell H. Demaree, father of William L., 
 was born in Mercer County, Ky., being of French 
 ancestry. Me was reared on a farm, and in 
 early life married Martha Yankee, a native of 
 Washington County, with whom he came to 
 Schuyler County in 1S57. Locating on Section 
 16, Rushville Township, be eventually became 
 the owner of 204 acres, the most of it under 
 heavy timber, and considerable of which was 
 cleared at the time of his death on October 10, 
 1S72. The mother of our subject died Septem- 
 ber 4, 18S8. He was a man of broad mind and 
 liberal education, and in his native state and 
 for a year after coming to Schuyler County, was 
 engaged in school teaching with considerable 
 success. He became one of the leading men of 
 the community, filled various political offices, 
 including that of Supervisor of Rushville Town- 
 ship, and was extremely active in church work, 
 for practically all of his active life associating 
 himself with the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 South. For many years he was a church official, 
 serving as delegate to District and General Con- 
 ferences, and was generous in his contributions 
 to local and foreign missions. Socially he was 
 a Mason, and of all the men in the community 
 he was one of the most genial, sympathetic and 
 approachable. One daughter of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Ludwell H. Demaree died at three years of age. 
 Of three sons and three daughters living, Me- 
 linda Bell is the wife of Leonidas Scott, of Rush- 
 ville; Laura is the wife of Alexander Aeheson, 
 of Bainbridge Township; John H. is a resident 
 of Wohurn, 111. : <;eorge L. is a conductor out of 
 Danville, 111., and Nora, wife of J. A. Harrison, 
 is now- living in Birmingham Township, and Wil- 
 liam L. is the subject of this sketch. Mrs. W. 
 L. Demaree belonged to a family of three chil- 
 dren, of whom her brother Robert is living at 
 Bardolpb, McDonough County. 
 
 William L. Demaree spent his youth on the 
 home farm, and while pierforining -many hard 
 tasks, developed great stability and strength of 
 character. That he bad initiative and resource- 
 fulness was demonstrated during his fourteenth 
 year. when, owing to the death of his father, the 
 management of the farm devolved largely upon 
 him. He left the old place at the time of his 
 marriage April 1, 1883, to Rebecca, daughter of 
 John and Margaret (Aeheson) Hamilton, who 
 was born in Rushville Township December 27, 
 1855. Her father. Mr. Hamilton, died August 
 26, 1800. ami Mrs. Hamilton on June 26. 1872. 
 Settling on a farm of 140 acres in Section 0. 
 Rushville Township, Mr. Demaree made many 
 improvements thereon, adding sixty acres and 
 having in all 200 tillable acres. Disposing of 
 this farm in 1893, he bought 280 acres in Section 
 22. Rushville Township, which be has converted 
 into one of the best farming properties in the 
 neighborhood. In 1900 he erected one of the 
 finest rural residences in the county, heated by 
 hot water and with water facilities throughout. 
 
 It is furnished in modern fashion, has eleven 
 large and airy rooms, and the best known plumb- 
 ing and ventilation. The general apearance of 
 the farm is in keeping with the home of the 
 occupants, suggesting much thought for comfort, 
 convenience and beautiful natural effects. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Demaree have been born 
 three children, namely : Dwigbt Edgar, bom 
 July 7, 1S86, and died January 27, 1902; Paul, 
 born May 30, 1890, and Morris H., born February 
 4, 1893. 
 
 Mr. Demaree is one of the most useful as well 
 as many-sided men in his township. He be- 
 lieves in bringing outside influences to the farm, 
 in keeping in touch with the happenings without 
 his boundaries, and in cultivating pleasant and 
 sociable relations with those among whom his 
 lot is cast. He is an earnest and consistent 
 advocate of temperance, a Prohibitionist in poli- 
 ties, and advocates at all times the simple, unos- 
 tentatious life. Fraternally he is a Royal Arch 
 Mason and Knight Temjilar. lie is one of the 
 most liberal and far-seeing men of his com- 
 munity, and his home is the center of a fine and 
 unfailing hospitality. 
 
 DEWITT, Allen.— In the environments in 
 which his activities are centered in Woodstock 
 Township, Allen Dewitt is approved for bis in- 
 dustry anil good judgment, and respected for bis 
 uprightness and public spirit. Tears of appli- 
 cation under somewhat discouraging circum- 
 stances have made him the owner of a farm of 
 1721/2 acres in Sections 12 and 13, all under cul- 
 tivation, and upon which he has erected a com- 
 fortable home, large barns and outhouses, and 
 added such general improvements as were sug- 
 gested by his conservative and cautious advance- 
 ment. He first became a land-owner in 1899, 
 purchasing ninety-two acres of his present farm, 
 and the best improvement on the place at the 
 time was a log cabin erected in 1820. Into this 
 the family moved and there lived until 1896, 
 when the primitive reminder of the days of the 
 frontier gave place to the present modern rural 
 home. Mr. Dewitt is engaged in genera] farm- 
 ing, raising also a high grade of cattle, hogs and 
 horses. He has done much to insure the comfart 
 and happiness of his family independent of 
 financial returns, and the place is well suplied 
 with beautiful shade trees, shrubs, gardens ami 
 an orchard bearing a variety of fruit. 
 
 Mr. Dewitt is a native of Woodstock Town- 
 ship, where he was born on Section 1:;. October 
 2. 1802. His parents. John and Rebecca 
 (Skaggs) Dewitt, were natives of Ohio and 
 Illinois, respectively, and his paternal grand- 
 father. Henry Dewitt. was born in Kentucky. 
 Both the Dewitt and Skaggs families came earlv 
 to Illinois, and John Dewitt married in 1858, 
 the same year settling in Section 13. Woodstock 
 Township, where he lived until about 1874. He 
 then bought a farm in Section 1. the same town- 
 ship, and two years later his quiet and unos- 
 tentatious life came to an end. his legacy to 
 those who survived him being well improved 
 
814 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 property, a good name and an example of hon- 
 estly and fair dealing. His wife still makes her 
 home on the old place, enjoying fair health after 
 a long and industrious life, and after rocking the 
 cradle of ten children, Ave sons and five daugh- 
 ters. Of these the following survive: Laura, 
 wife of John C. Logsdon, of Cooperstown. Brown 
 County, 111.; Allen; John, of Woodstock Town- 
 ship; Lizzie, wife of Mr. John Dieterich, of 
 Cooperstown and brother of Judge Dietrich, 
 whose biography appears on another page of this 
 work ; Elmer and Almira, twins, the former on 
 the home place and the latter the wife of F. M. 
 Bowen, of Elleuburg, Wash.: Lucy, wife of 
 Henry Kicb, a farmer of Brown County; and 
 Joseph, a farmer of Woodstock Township. 
 
 The marriage of Allen Dewitt and Cora G. 
 Snyder occurred November 22. 1888, Miss Sny- 
 der being a daughter of Jacob and Margaret 
 (Rush) Snyder, of Mount Sterling, 111. "Her 
 parents were natives of Pennsylvania and Ohio. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Snyder were the parents of nine 
 children, six of them living as follows: John B. 
 resides at Cooperstown, Brown County, 111.; 
 Ida, wife of J. H. Chute of the same place ; Mrs 
 Allen Dewitt; Charles H. of Cooperstown, 111.; 
 Oliver E„ of Mt. Sterling, 111.; Arthur L. of 
 Ripley, Brown County, 111. Those deceased 
 were : Joseph P. of Cooperstown, 111. ; Luella B., 
 wife of Shelton Hoffman, of Mt. Sterling, 111.; 
 Angie E., wife of Martin T. Howell, of Coopers- 
 town, 111. ; Mrs. Suyder, the mother of this fam- 
 ily, passed away December 1.".. 1892. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Dewitt are the parents of six- 
 children : an infant who died unnamed : Ruth 
 born Aubust 9, 1891; Margaret, born July s! 
 1893; Gladys, born October 2, 1896; Dena born 
 April .-'.ii. 11)01; Aline, born May 17, 1903. Mr 
 Dewitt is popular socially, and is identified 
 with the Independent Order of Odd Fellows of 
 Ripley. 111. In politics he is affiliated with the 
 Republican party, 
 
 DEWITT, Cyrus L.— Of the men whose half- 
 century of experience has been centered in 
 Schuyler County, none express in more forcible 
 language the value of homelv, sterling virtues 
 than Cyrus I,. DeWitt The industry, honesty 
 and public-spiritedness of this well-to-do retired 
 citizen of Rushville, has been a source of un- 
 failing pride to his fellow townsmen for many 
 years, and his rise from small beginnings, and 
 with comparatively meager early advantages, has 
 
 1 " ;'" inspiration to many of' the youth of the 
 
 present generation. Mr. DeWitt was born in 
 the then very small village of Littleton. Schuy- 
 ler County, December 20. 1857, and bis early in- 
 fluences were such as to bring out the ' best 
 traits of his character. Of his father. . Rev. 
 James DeWitt, an old time Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, mention is made elsewhere in this 
 work. 
 
 Mr. DeWitt received his preliminary training 
 in the public school of Littleton, and, what was 
 better, acquired a taste for learning which has 
 increased steadily with the passing years. He 
 
 remained on his father's farm until about twenty 
 years of age, in 1887 locating on a rented 
 farm near Littleton, where he engaged in general 
 fanning and stock-raising until his marriage, 
 February 1. 1888. to Bertha McKee, daughter of 
 William McKee, one of the successful and hon- 
 ored pioneers of Schuyler County. Mrs. DeWitt 
 was born near Rushville, 111.. July 2, 1803, and 
 was educated in the public schools. The young 
 people began housekeeping on the old McKee 
 homestead, in Section 18, Rushville Township, 
 making that their home, and devoting its 320 
 acres to produce and stock-raising until Mr. 
 DeWitt retired from farming and purchased 
 his present beautiful and costly home in Rush- 
 ville in the fall of 1906. Mr. and Mrs. DeWitt 
 are the parents of one daughter, Helen, born 
 Oct. 27, 1805. As a result of his unremitting 
 industry and good judgment, he now is the 
 owner of 160 acres in Littleton Township, 100 
 acres in Rushville Township, a part of which 
 lies in the town of Rushville. William McKee 
 died several years ago, and his wife, who now is 
 in her eighty-third year, is living with Mr. and 
 Mrs. DeWitt. Mrs. McKee retains her faculties 
 practically unimpaired, and delights in recalling 
 the pioneer days of which she was an important 
 and industrious part. 
 
 In addition to his substantial success as a 
 farmer, Mr. DeWitt has achieved notice in the 
 community in a variety of ways, and at the pres- 
 ent time is General Superintendent of the Grange 
 Telephone Company, the mo.st extensive tele- 
 phone organization in Schuyler County. He was 
 one of the organizers and a charter member of 
 this organization, and its present excellent stand- 
 ing speaks well for the enterprise and practical 
 interests of its present Superintendent. Al- 
 though stanchly in favor of Republican principles 
 and issues, he has steadfastly refused official 
 honors, preferring the duties which have lain 
 closer at hand, and which are less variable in 
 their demands upon his time and strength. He 
 is a keen appreciator of the advantages of fra- 
 ternal associations, and has been a member of 
 the Masons for many years. Education, ethics, 
 good roads, charitable organizations and county 
 interests in general, have received his earnest 
 and practical supi>ort, and his advice regarding 
 important issues in the community ever has been 
 sound, far-sighted and worthy of confidence. 
 Many good deeds and many disinterested kind- 
 nesses are attributed to him. and his name stands 
 for the strong character and worth of the com- 
 munity. 
 
 DEWITT, Rev. Jame? (deceased). — Arriving 
 In Schuyler County in the latter 'thirties as an 
 almost penniless pedestrian in search of a wider 
 field of labor, Rev. James DeWitt remained the 
 associate of the growing fortunes of this part of 
 the State until his death. September 9, 1897, 
 achieving success in the meantime as a farmer, 
 merchant. Methodist Episcopal clergyman and 
 politician. Mr. DeWitt was born in Hope, War- 
 ren County. X. J., November 5. 1817, a son of 
 
/>u-<3 A/. 7 . /W^v^. 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 815 
 
 James and Anna (Coates) DeWitt, both natives 
 of New Jersey, the former born in Sussex 
 County. The family came to Oakland County, 
 Mich., in 1842, and here the elder DeWitt died 
 at the age of ninety-six years, his wife dying at 
 the age of seventy years. They reared a family 
 of eight children, of whom Rev. James was next 
 to the youngest. 
 
 James DeWitt knew few advantages in his 
 youth, and the responsibility of self-support set- 
 tled upon his life when but thirteen years had 
 passed over bis head. He then began to clerk 
 in the store of an older brother, and about 1830 
 went to Pennsylvania, and filled a similar posi- 
 tion in the general store of another brother. In 
 the spring of 1S38 he came by canal, river and 
 rail to St. Louis, Mo., thence by boat up the 
 Mississippi and Illinois Rivers to Schuyler 
 County, where he clerked for the rest of the sum- 
 mer for Dr. B. V. Teel. Thrifty and economi- 
 cal, he saved all possible of his meager earnings, 
 expending the same on a trip back to New Jersey, 
 where he spent the summer of 1839. Returning 
 to Schuyler County in the fall of the same year, 
 he secured a position with Wilson & Greer, 
 which he held until 1S42, when bis marriage, 
 on January 25tb. to Ellen Little, became the 
 determining factor which resulted in his remain- 
 ing in Rushville as a clerk in the general store 
 of his father-in-law, James Little. Mrs. DeWitt 
 was born in Columbia, Lancaster Comity, Pa., 
 and died in Schuyler County at the age of sixty- 
 one years. She was the mother of seven chil- 
 dren : James L., John M., George W.. Euphemia 
 E., who died at eleven years of age, Elizabeth, 
 widow of John A. Young, living in Schuyler 
 County; Cyrus L.. mention of whom may be 
 found elsewhere in this work ; and William A. 
 James and Rebecca Little, parents of Mrs. De- 
 Witt, were born in Ireland, and came to the 
 United States in 1801, their deaths occurring in 
 Schuyler County at the age of seventy and eighty- 
 four years respectively. October 3, 1883, Mr. 
 DeWitt contracted marriage with Mrs. Catherine 
 H. (Pittinger) Waddell. 
 
 Leaving the employ of his father-in-law in 
 1844. Mr. DeWitt engaged in business for himself 
 with Mr. Greer, eventually having other business 
 partners, but in 1850 disposed of bis business and 
 with his brother-in-law. Dr. W. H. Window, en- 
 gaged in conducting a general store in Littleton 
 Township, with which be was connected for 
 about ten years. In 1862 be located on a farm 
 and intelligently developed its resources up to the 
 time of bis death. In the meantime, the com- 
 mercial side of life had by no means over- 
 shadowed the large moral usefulness which in- 
 spired his activity for more than half a century. 
 With but limited scholastic advantages, he yet 
 secured an excellent education, and he made 
 study one of the great objects of his life. Hav- 
 ing determined upon the ministerial life he com- 
 pleted a theological course in one year, and 
 thereafter exerted a wide influence in the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church as a local preacher. He 
 had earnestness ami enthusiasm, and compara- 
 
 tive religious breadth and tolerance, and his 
 half century in the ministry was prolific of good 
 to uncounted thousands. Politically also he was 
 prominent and influential, serving as County 
 Treasurer, Postmaster, Deputy Marshal, Census 
 Enumerator for one half of the county, as Rep- 
 resentative in the State Legislature one term 
 (1875-7G), and Supervisor for ten terms. 
 
 DIETERICH, Judge William H.— The present 
 Judge of Schuyler County and former City At- 
 torney of Rushville and Master in Chancery of 
 Schuyler County, not only is a strong and force- 
 ful exponent of legal science, but is a politician 
 of more than average influence and ability, a 
 popular member of various social organizations, 
 and a public-spirited promoter of enterprises that 
 tend to the permanent well-being of the com- 
 munity. In addition, he belongs to the pre- 
 dominating class of self-made men, and from 
 earliest youth has shown a resourcefulness in 
 keeping with his well defined and purposeful 
 ambitions. 
 
 A native of Cooperstown, Brown County, 111., 
 Mr. Dietrich was born March 31, 18TG. a son 
 of George H. and Anna K. (Berg) Dieterich, 
 both of whom were born in Germany. Mr. 
 Dieterich's home training included a knowledge 
 of the German language, which has been of great 
 help to him in many emergencies of his career. 
 His people were early settlers and farmers of 
 Brown County, where he attended the public 
 schools and evidenced tastes and abilities which 
 must needs seek other environment for their 
 proper development. At the age of seventeen 
 years in 1893, he came to Rushville and entered 
 the Normal School, returning to Cooperstown 
 the following spring. In 1895 he was appointed 
 an oflicial of the Illinois Central Hospital at 
 Jacksonville, 111., a position which he resigned 
 in September, 1896, that he might return to the 
 Normal School, from which he was graduated 
 with honor in the class of 1S97. For the follow- 
 ing four terms he served as one of the faculty of 
 his home school at LaGrange, 111., where he 
 achieved merited popularity both as a teacher 
 and associate of his pupils. 
 
 In the meantime Mr. Dieterich had planned to 
 devote his energies to the profession of law, and 
 in 1898 became a student in the law office of 
 Glass & Bottenberg, the following year entering 
 the law department of the Northern Indiana Uni- 
 versity at Valparaiso. After his admission to 
 the bar of Illinois, on June 5, 1901. he settled 
 permanently in Rushville. where he has since 
 been engaged in a general practice of law, and 
 has advanced to a degree of success rarely 
 realized by anyone in so short a time. His 
 election as City Attorney of Rushville occurred 
 in 1903, and the same year was appointed Mas- 
 ter in Chancery for Schuyler County, which 
 office he held for two terms. His allegiance to 
 the Democratic party dates from his first voting 
 days, and has been characterized by its strenu- 
 ous support as a campaigner, official and dele- 
 gate. In the former capacity he is aided by 
 
816 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 special gifts as au orator, including clear and 
 logical thinking, and perfect command of the 
 subject upon which he intends to speak. He 
 was a delegate to the senatorial convention at 
 Plymouth in 1900, and a committeeman of the 
 senatorial district, which latter position he still 
 holds, as well as thai of Chairman of the Demo- 
 eratic Central Committee of Schuyler County. 
 He was a delegate to the State Convention in 
 1902, and to the Judicial Convention at Pitts- 
 field in 1903, and was chairman of the special 
 Judicial Convention which met at Jacksonville 
 in 1906 to till vacancy caused by the death of 
 Hon. Thomas Meehan. He also has served as 
 Alderman of the Third ward, and as Treasurer of 
 the Rushville Union schools for three terms. 
 In November, 1906, he was elected County Judge 
 of Schuyler County, a position which he still 
 holds. 
 
 The family of Mr. Dieterich consists of his 
 wife. Nona J. (Runkle) Dieterich, who was born 
 in Littleton. Schuyler County, and educated in 
 the public schools of Rushville. They have one 
 child, Ruth, another daughter, Helen, having 
 died May 22. 1007, at the age of five years and 
 seven months. Fraternally Mr. Dieterich is 
 identified with the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows, Knights of Pythias and Modern Wood- 
 men of America. He is one of the most erudite 
 and capable members of the bar of Schuyler 
 County, which fact, taken in connection with his 
 predilection for public affairs, would seem to as- 
 sure him a future of great promise and useful- 
 ness. 
 
 DIXON, Robert Bruce.— No farmer of Schuyler 
 County has achieved greater success in agricul- 
 tural pursuits than has Bruce Dixon, whose 
 beautiful homestead lies on Section 2 of Hickory 
 Township and whose landed possessions com- 
 prise 852 acres. Through his unaided exertions 
 lie lias risen to prominence as a farmer. Noth- 
 ing aided him in his struggle except the fact that 
 he was born of fine pioneer parentage and in- 
 herited the splendid traits which characterized 
 the men who developed our western lands. His 
 early home was in a log cabin destitute of nearly 
 every comfort. Now his home is one of the 
 most comfortable and convenient to be found in 
 the entire county. Hot and cold water are to 
 be found in every room, while gasoline furnishes 
 li.'ht for the residence. By the aid of a gasoline 
 engine, water is forced from a spring to a tank 
 on a high hill back of the house. From the 
 tank the water is forced into the house, the barn 
 and the feedlots, sufficient being furnished the 
 latter to water :'.i«> head of stock. The stock- 
 barn. 82x65 feet in dimensions, is one of the 
 most complete in this region, in fact in all the 
 western part of the State. Every facility has 
 been provided for the prompt and easy care of 
 from one to two hundred head of stock, and only 
 the best cattle and hogs are bred on the place. 
 
 The Dixon family was founded in America by 
 John Dixon in 1832, he being accompanied by 
 his family, which included a son. James, born in 
 
 county Tyrone, Ireland, in 1816. After landing 
 in New York, the family traveled overland to 
 Ohio and settled in Coshocton County, that State, 
 where the parents died about 1S41." One of the 
 children. Jane, remained in Ohio, dying there in 
 1843. Three sons, James, Robert and Stewart, 
 came to Illinois, where James secured employ- 
 ment on the canal. Later he went to Iowa and 
 worked as a farm hand for nine dollars per 
 mouth. At the end of three years he had drawn 
 only four dollars of his wages, and with the 
 balance of the money he bought a tract of wild 
 land in Iowa. From there be came to Schuyler 
 County, 111., where he bought eightly acres now 
 known as the Fisher farm. This he sold for 
 $8,000, which, with $1,000 additional, he in- 
 vested in 202 acres of laud where his son now 
 resides. At the time of his death, on September 
 18, 1906, he owned 132 acres of as fertile land as 
 could be found in the county. 
 
 In February, 1852, James Dixon married Miss 
 Rhoda Welkes, who was born in Ohio, and ac- 
 companied her parents to Illinois, settling in 
 Canton Township. Fulton County. Of her mar- 
 riage four children were born, namely: Robert 
 Bruce, who is better known by the name of 
 Bruce: Margaret, who married William Price, 
 a farmer in Hickory Township : John of Peoria ; 
 and Frank, who is in Colorado Springs. Colo., for 
 the benefit of his health. The recollections of 
 James Dixon extended back to the days when 
 the city of Chicago was only a duck pond; he 
 remembered also one of the first steam railroads 
 in America, that being the one built from New 
 York City to Hudson, X. Y. In youth he worked 
 on the old canal at Columbus. Ohio, where the 
 work was done with the aid of shovels and 
 wheelbarrows. In politics he was a stanch 
 Domocrat. In early days he underwent many 
 privations and hardships, but his genial Irish 
 wit always saved the day and brought him 
 friends in every circle of society. 
 
 Born in Woodland Township. Fulton County. 
 III., November 5, 1853, Bruce Dixon remained at 
 home until he was twenty-one years of age. In 
 1874 lie married Mary Parker, who died in 1883, 
 leaving two children, namely: Sadie, who is the 
 wife of Lee Bollinger, a farmer near Sheldon's 
 Grove, Schuyler County: and Roy. who married 
 Miss Sackman and lives on a farm in Schuyler 
 County. The daughter has a son. Ernest, while 
 Roy has two sons. Russell and Kenneth. The 
 second wife of Bruce Dixon was Lizzie Lauder- 
 bach. who died about 1893. There were three 
 children of this union : Grove, Earl and Lizzie, 
 the last-named having died in infancy. The 
 present wife of Bruce Dixon was Miss Etta Tay- 
 lor, born July 29. 1870, in Springfield. 111., where 
 her father. James Taylor, also was born and 
 reared. The death of Mr. Taylor occurred in 
 1906. Mr. and Mrs. Dixon lost one child who 
 died in infancy, and have surviving one son. 
 Clifford, born April 29. 1897. For fifty-four 
 years Mr. Dixon has made his home in Schuy- 
 ler County and has been identified with the peo- 
 ple of Hickory Township, where he bought his 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 817 
 
 first piece of land, the same comprising 160 
 acres on Section 11. From that first purchase he 
 has built up his present posessions, becoming 
 one of the largest land-owners of the township. 
 Despite the labor connected nith the manage- 
 ment of his property he has leisure for partici- 
 pation in neighborhood affairs, keeps posted con- 
 cerning national problems and furthermore fre- 
 quently enjoys a hunt in the woods, where his 
 skilled marksmanship is brought into evidence 
 through the game that falls beneath his unerring 
 aim. 
 
 DODDS, Oren E., a farmer of enterprising and 
 progressive tendencies, and a young man of ex- 
 cellent traits of character, was born in Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, 111., his pres- 
 ent home, March 3, 1877. His parents were 
 Thomas and Emily (Ward) Dodds. natives of 
 Schuyler County, whose family history will be 
 found in a separate biographical narrative in 
 this immediate connection. Mr. Dodds grew to 
 manhood on the homestead farm, his youth being 
 passed in assisting in the routine of labor upon 
 the place, and attending the district schools of 
 the vicinity. After remaining with his parents 
 until he was twenty-five years of age, he began 
 farming on his own responsibility, cultivating a 
 farm belonging to bis lather. In 1904, Mr. 
 Dodds bought 124 acres of land known as the 
 "McCormick farm." and situated in Sections 12 
 and 13. Bainbrldge Township, to which he moved 
 in the fall of that year. The place was in a 
 neglected condition, and he proceeded to put up 
 fences, build barns, and materially improve the 
 dwelling, until he transformed the property into 
 a comfortable and attractive home. Besides 
 general farming he devotes considerable atten- 
 tion to stock raising, and breeds a good grade of 
 horses, cattle and hogs. 
 
 On March 20, 1002. Mr. Dodds was joined in 
 matrimonial bonds with Margaret L. Bellamy, 
 who was born January 20. 1884, and is a daugh- 
 ter of D. M. and Lucinda (Greer) Bellamy, both 
 natives of Schuyler County. Her father, who 
 was a well known farmer, died January 30. 1004. 
 and her mother is still living on the old home- 
 stead farm in Bainbridge Township. To the union 
 of Mr. and .Mrs. Dodds two children have been 
 born, namely : George Madison, born April 12, 
 1003; and Lucy E., born March 24, 1007. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Dodds is an adherent of the 
 Democratic party, and held the office of Tax 
 Collo , -tor from 1900 to 1002, discharging its du- 
 ties with credit to himself and to the satisfaction 
 of his constituents. Fraternally, he is identified 
 with the M. W. A.. Pleasantview Camp. Xo. 
 2040. Mrs. Dodds is a communicant of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, to which her hus- 
 band is a liberal contributor. He is also a gen- 
 erous supporter of the cause of education, and of 
 all benevolent enterprises, and both he and his 
 wife are highly esteemed throughout the com- 
 munity. 
 
 DODDS, Thomas.— For half a century the 
 
 Dodds family have taken an active and leading 
 part in the agricultural development and the 
 civic progress of Bainbridge Township, Schuyler 
 County, and their participation has never been 
 clouded by anything suggestive of weak or dis- 
 honorable conduct. Thomas Dodds, the repre- 
 sentative so well known in this section of the 
 State, was born in Canfield, Mahoning County, 
 Ohio. October 25, 1852, a son of Samuel and Mar- 
 garet J. (Wilson) Dodds. His parents were 
 both born in County Down, Ireland, the mother 
 coming to America when but a child and the 
 father when a young man. their families settling 
 in Canfield, where their marriage occurred. 
 Samuel Dodds was born June 18, IMS. and came 
 to America in 1845, first locating in Philadel- 
 phia, where be plied bis trade as a shoemaker. 
 Later he removed to Mahoning County, Ohio, 
 where he married Miss Wilson June 10, 1848, 
 and in 1858 came with his family to Schuyler 
 County, settling on a farm in Section 23. Bain- 
 bridge Township. They first arrived at Fred- 
 erick and walked to an uncle's place in Bain- 
 bridge Township, where they remaiued until the 
 father could complete a log cabin on his land. 
 He worked at his trade until he could clear the 
 farm and derive his living from its products, 
 after which he continued his improvements on 
 the land and added a 40-acre tract to his origi- 
 nal purchase. Finally he had the satisfaction 
 of establishing one of the finest homesteads of 
 120 acres in Bainbridge Township, and here his 
 widow still resides with her son Samuel. The 
 husband and father passed away October 25, 
 1004, at the age of eighty-six years. 
 
 The deceased was a strong man intellectually 
 and morally. In politics he was a Democrat, 
 and quite prominent in the public affairs of the 
 county, serving as Justice of the Peace for many 
 years] and also as Supervisor of the township. 
 While not a member of any church, he liberally 
 contributed to the support of several Protestanl 
 societies, and was always prompt to uphold 
 worthy movements of a charitable and moral 
 nature. Any public enterprise which promised 
 well for Bainbridge Township could rely upon 
 the assistance of Samuel Dodds to the full extent 
 of his means. While a man of strong and de- 
 cided character, he was free in commending the 
 work of others, and there was no one to whom 
 he gave so much credit for his own success and 
 happiness in the world as to his faithful and 
 life-long partner, bis honored wife and now his 
 widow. 
 
 The following named children were born to 
 Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Dodds: William J. Dodds, 
 born December 25, 1840, and who is a farmer 
 living near the old homestead; Thomas; Samuel, 
 born September 25. 1854. and living with his 
 mother on the home farm in Section 2:;. Bain- 
 bridge Township: Martha, now the wife of Jack- 
 son Ward, whose farm is in Section 12. Bain- 
 bridge Township: Mary E.. who married Henry 
 Drave. her husband's place being on the south- 
 west quarter of Section 11. same township: 
 Sarah J., wife of Thomas Herron, who reside on 
 
818 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 a farm in Section 13, and Elizabeth, who died in 
 infancy. 
 
 Thomas Dodds, the second child of the family, 
 came with his parents from Ohio to Schuyler 
 County when he was about six years of age. 
 In the district school of Bainbridge Township he 
 therefore obtained most of his education, remain- 
 ing on the old home farm until his marriage in 
 1874, at the age of twenty-one years. He then 
 rented a farm of Thomas Herron. making his 
 home with that gentleman's family for some 
 time. He afterward moved to the farm, which 
 he had also rented and which he successfully 
 operated until 1879, when he purchased sixty 
 acres in Section 11, Bainbridge Township, then 
 only partially improved, but which he has since 
 transformed into one of the handsomest and most 
 productive farms in this part of the county. He 
 lias made several additions to his original pur- 
 chase, so that his homestead now consists of 18G 
 acres. He has a beautiful home and surrounded 
 by his family and numerous friends, is in a posi- 
 tion to enjoy life and benefit the lives of others. 
 His public services to the community have been 
 noticeable, as he has held with honor several 
 township offices, including those of Assessor and 
 Supervisor. In politics he is a Democrat, while 
 Ins ancestry and his warm sympathies make him 
 a member of the Mutual Protective League. 
 Both he and his family are members of the 
 Southern Molho.lisl church. Although well 
 known and highly esteemed as a public man and 
 as a large breeder and shipper of live-stock. Mr 
 Dodds probably takes the most substantial' and 
 the deepest pride in the fact that he has given 
 each of his children a good education and fitted 
 them to be useful members of society, and from 
 whatever point his life is viewed, it is found to 
 be guided by a strong mind and regulated by a 
 Christian conscience. Mr. Dodds is" also a man 
 of strong physical constitution, as is illustrated 
 by a serious accident which befell him twelve 
 ago. On February 13, 1805, he was sawing a 
 large tree. and. after cutting it through, started 
 to run in the opposite direction from which he 
 expected it to fall. Through some miscalcula- 
 tion, it fell toward and upon him. crushing him 
 to the earth. At first it was thought that he 
 bad been killed, but although his injuries were 
 very severe, he has now almost recovered, and 
 his friends prophesy many more years of useful- 
 ness and honor for him. 
 
 On February 25. 1874, Mr. Dodds was wedded 
 to Miss Nancy A. "Ward, who has borne him 
 eleven children, namely: Julia, now the wife of 
 William Malcomson, a farmer of Rushville 
 Township. Schuyler County : Oren, a fanner of 
 Bainbridge Township, who married Margaret 
 Bellamy; Alma, wife of Bert Gabbert. a resident 
 of Beardstown. III.; Curtis, living on the old 
 home farm: Herbert, who died in infancy; 
 Mabel, who. with filial affection and rare judg- 
 ment, is devoting her life to the care of the 
 household and the motherless children : Law- 
 rence, a graduate of the commercial department 
 of the Rushville Normal College, class of 1907; 
 
 Margarette and Veretta Jane (twins), the latter 
 of whom died in infancy ; David and Daisy, also 
 twins, the latter dying young. 
 
 The faithful mother of this family died on the 
 loth of June, 1S96. She was a devout Christian, 
 and one of the first converts to join the Mount 
 Carmel Church at the meeting held in the Ward 
 school house by the Rev. Mr. Johnson. Mrs. 
 Dodd's character was tender, lovable and help- 
 ful. She was always anxious to assist any one 
 in trouble and never waited for an invitation be- 
 fore doing acts of kindness. In the home es- 
 pecially, the beauties of her being blossomed in 
 their fulness; it was always the abode of the 
 Christian woman, where forgiveness and loving 
 kindness overrode the rigors of stern justice ; and 
 it was here that the full measure of the loss 
 caused by her death is more thoroughly appre- 
 ciated. 
 
 DODDS, Watson, a very creditable type of the 
 younger element among the farming population 
 of Schuyler County, 111., was born in Bainbridge 
 Township, where his home is still located, on 
 August 31, 1871, He is a son of William J. and 
 Josephine (Hatfield) Dodds, natives of Ohio and 
 Illinois, respectively. The paternal grand- 
 parents. Samuel and Margaret Dodds. were orig- 
 inally from Ireland and the grandparents on the 
 maternal side, Charles and Mary (Lamaster) 
 Hatfield, born in Kentucky, were among the 
 pioneer settlers of Schuyler County, their advent 
 in this region dating back to 1824. The career 
 of Samuel Dodds and that of William J. Dodds 
 are portrayed in separate narratives, published 
 in this series of personal records. 
 
 Watson Dodds was reared upon the paternal 
 farm, receiving bis education in the district 
 schools of the neighborhood. After assisting in 
 work upon the home place until he was about 
 twenty years of age, he commenced farming for 
 himself on property owned by his father-in-law, 
 on Section 15, Bainbridge Township, where he 
 remained seven years. In 1898 he purchased 
 140 acres in Section 15 of the same township, 
 which he improved and develoi>od it into a very 
 desirable farm. This place he disposed of in 
 1906, buying eighty acres in Section 14, Bain- 
 bridge Township, the purchase price being .$110 
 per acre. It is one of the choicest 80-acre tracts 
 in the entire township, and was bought for use 
 as a permanent home. Mr. Dodds raises a fine 
 grade of horses and cattle, and a pure breed of 
 Poland-China hogs. Formerly, lie belonged to 
 the Patrons of Husbandry, and for a considera- 
 ble period, was Master of the Grange. A thor- 
 oughly practical farmer, with strong common 
 sense, and sound judgment, he combines all the 
 qualities of a successful agriculturist. He is 
 the bearer of one of the leading names in bis 
 locality, the Dodds family having been long and 
 conspicuously identified with the growth and 
 prosperity of this portion of Schuyler County. 
 
 On July 9. 1892, Mr. Dodds was united in 
 marriage with Eva A. Strong, who was born in 
 Illinois on December 15. 1872, a daughter of 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 819 
 
 Thomas Q. and Augusta Strong, natives of Illi- 
 nois and New York respectively. Two chil- 
 dren have blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Dodds, namely : Iva B., born March 1, 1893, 
 and Forrest L., born June 4, 1895. 
 
 In polities. Mr. Dodds is an earnest supporter 
 of the Democratic party, and one of the most 
 active political workers of the township. For 
 two years, be held the office of Collector and 
 served as School Treasurer eight years. He and 
 his wife are members of the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church, South, and both are held in high 
 esteem by many friends. 
 
 DODDS, William J., a farmer of sterling char- 
 acter and recognized merit., who has been a resi- 
 dent of Schuyler County, 111., for fifty years, and 
 pursues his wonted occupation in Section 23, 
 Bainbridge Township, was born in Mahoning 
 County, Ohio, December 25, 1849, a son of 
 Samuel and Margarette (Wilson) Dodds, natives 
 of Ireland. Details in regard to his father's 
 career, and further particulars relating to the 
 family history, may be found in the biographical 
 sketch of Thomas Dodds appearing elsewhere in 
 this connection. William Dodds was brought to 
 Illinois by his parents when he was nine years 
 old, and bore received his education in the dis- 
 trict schools and assisted in the work of the home 
 farm until the time of his marriage. Alter that 
 event he followed farming on rented land for a 
 number of years. In ISTli, he bought a farm in 
 Section 23, Bainbridge Township, which has been 
 his home ever since. He owns forty-two acres, 
 operates, in all, 122 acres, and is considered a 
 thorough and systematic farmer. 
 
 On August 11. 1S70, Mr. Dodds was united in 
 marriage with Josephine Hatfield, who was bom 
 in Schuyler County, August 11, 1849, a daughter 
 of Charles and Mary (Lamcaster) Hatfield, na- 
 tives of Kentucky, who were among the earliest 
 settlers of Schuyler County, arriving about the 
 year 1824. When they located in Bainbridge 
 Township, Indians were much more numerous 
 than white people in this region, and even after 
 the marriage of Mrs. Dodds, traces of the wan- 
 dering tribes were visible in every direction. 
 Charles Hatfield died at the home of his son, 
 Hugh Hatfield, in Bainbridge Township, at the 
 age of eighty-six years, while his widow died at 
 the residence of Mr. and Mrs. Dodds, when 
 eight-seven years old. Five children have been 
 born to Mr. and Mrs. Dodds, as follows: Watson, 
 Charles, Frank. Grover, and Grace A. A 
 biographical record of Watson Dodds appears 
 elsewhere in this connection. Charles Dodds, 
 who married Bertha Newell, is a stock-feeder in 
 the vicinity of Jacksonville, 111. : Frank is at 
 home ; Grover, who married Lily Herron, is en- 
 gaged in farming in Bainbridge Township, and 
 is the father of three children, Zilpha, Beulah 
 and Sarah : and Grace is with her parents. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Dodds is a supporter of the 
 Democratic party, and has rendered creditable 
 service in various township offices. He has lived 
 in Schuyler County since 1858. and has faithfully 
 
 discharged the duties of a useful citizen, doing 
 his share to promote the development of the 
 locality, and always being identified with the 
 best interests of the community of which he is 
 a respected member. 
 
 DODGE, J. Reuben, a very worthy and credita- 
 ble type of the younger element of the agricul- 
 tural class in Schuyler County, 111., who is liked 
 and respected by his neighbors in Littleton 
 Township, ami enjoys the confidence and good 
 will of all who have dealings with him as a 
 farmer and stock-raiser, was born in the same 
 Township, September 30, 1877. Mr. Dodge is a 
 son of John S. and Rachael ( Moore) Dodge, of 
 McLean County, 111., and his grandparents on 
 the paternal side were Solomon and Elizabeth 
 ( Springer) Dodge. Of the children of John S. 
 Dodge and wife, three sons and three daughters 
 are still living, the subject of this personal rec- 
 ord being the fifth in order of birth. Both 
 parents are well known and highly esteemed 
 citizens of Littleton, where they now reside. 
 
 In early youth, Reuben Dodge received his 
 education in the common schools of Littleton 
 Township, remaining at home until he reached 
 the age of twenty-one years. Shortly after at- 
 taining his majority, together with his brother 
 Truman, he rented a farm of 230 acres, on which 
 he lived five years. Subsequently, he located on 
 the home farm in Section Id. Littleton Township, 
 his father having withdrawn from active busi- 
 ness in March, 1907. The farm consists of 100 
 acres, well improved and in good condition. Be- 
 sides general farming, Mr. Dodge devotes con- 
 siderable attention to raising horses, cattle and 
 bogs, and profitable results attend his efforts. 
 
 i in October 30, 1900. Mr. Dodge was united in 
 marriage with Florence Esther Sweeney, who 
 was born in Camden Township, Schuyler County, 
 111., May 29. 1885. Mrs. Dodge is a daughter of 
 John and Lucretia (Lake) Sweeney, and her 
 father is a prominent and successful farmer of 
 Camden Township. She received her education 
 partly in Kennedy's Normal School at Rushville, 
 111., also pursuing a course of study in Michigan, 
 in the High School at Flint. For some time, she 
 was a teacher in the district schools in Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 rolitically, Mr. Dodge is a supporter of the 
 Republican party, and takes a good citizen's in- 
 terest in public affairs. He and his amiable 
 wile are regarded as among the most estimable 
 people of the locality. 
 
 DOYLE, Simon (deceased), than whom no 
 farmer of the early days in Schuyler County, 
 111., was more worthy or more deeply respected, 
 a citizen of eminent usefulness and a man of 
 blameless life, was born in Maysville, Ky.. Sep- 
 tember 30, 1821. He was a son of Edward and 
 Jane fDickson) Doyle, natives of Kentucky. 
 where bis lather was born in 1798. At an 
 early day Edward Doyle came from Kentucky to 
 Vermilion County, Ilk. during the 'thirties and 
 thence removed to Rushville. Schuyler County. 
 
820 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 In early life Simon Doyle followed the cooper's 
 trade, continuing in this occupation una] IS-ii), 
 
 except during the period in which he was en- 
 gaged in the Mexican War. On May 2<>, 1847, 
 he enlisted in an independent cavalry company, 
 of which he became Second Lieutenant under 
 Capt. Adam S. Dunlap, and saw service in the 
 field under Brig. Gen. John E. Wool, the com- 
 pany being mustered out November 7. 1S4N. 
 His widow, who still survives, is one of the few 
 pensioners for service rendered by some member 
 of their family in that war. 
 
 On September 2, 1840, Mr. Doyle, with a 
 large party from Schuyler County, left Rushville 
 for the gold fields of California, and there was 
 engaged in quest of precious metal from 1849 
 until 1852, being among the fortunate ones whose 
 labors were rewarded with success. Returning 
 to Illinois in 1852, he made hut a brief sojourn 
 in Rushville, when buying a lot of cattle and 
 horses he started to drive them through to the 
 Pacific Coast. When he reached the Indian 
 eemntry the drove was stampeded, and 12 head 
 of cattle were lost. Finally arriving at his des- 
 tination, he made a profitable sale of the re- 
 mainder of his stock, hut in the meantime had 
 bought a ranch, which he was obliged to sell 
 at a loss. In the fall of 1856, he bought out the 
 interests of the other heirs of his father's es- 
 tate. This consisted of 160 acres lying in Sec- 
 tion 1. Buena Vista Township, where he made 
 his home until the time of his death, Jan- 
 uary 14, 1885. He was a man of great force 
 of character, and while firm in his opinions, 
 was tolerant in regard to the views of 
 others, recognizing fully in all. the innate 
 right to entertain views contrary to his own. 
 He was animated by the most kindly impulses, 
 generous to the needy, and hospitable to all. 
 No one in destitution or straitened circumstances 
 was ever turned from his door empty-handed. In 
 all his relations, public and private, he illus- 
 trated the virtues proverbially characteristic of 
 tlie genial, chivalrous, sincere and honorable 
 Kentucky gentlen lan. 
 
 On August ■">. 1856, Mr. Doyle was united in 
 marriage with Mildred Bagby. who was born in 
 Glasgow, Ky., a daughter of Sylvanus M. and 
 Frances (Courts) Bagby. natives of Virginia. 
 Three children blessed this union, namely: 
 Charles M.. Fdward M. and John B. The eldest 
 son, Charles M.. was born July 30. 1857, on the 
 homestead farm, where he now resides, and 
 which has always been his home. He received 
 bis education in the district schools, the Rush- 
 ville public school, and Eureka College. Edward 
 M.. born September 27. 1840. married Carrie M. 
 Lambert, and lives in Rushville. Before his 
 marriage he and his brother had joint charge of 
 the home farm. John B. was born June 12, 18R2. 
 and died in Joplin. Mo.. September 24. 1800. 
 He enlisted in the Utah Regiment of Volunteer 
 Light Artillery during the Spanish-American 
 War and served as Corporal, being mustered into 
 service July 14, 1808. Charles M. Dovle. the 
 eldest son. has always made a specialty of 
 
 raising Shropshire sheep, and now lias more 
 than 100 head of fine, registered stock. He 
 is a prominent and influential citizen, a Deni- 
 ocral in politics, and has twice represented 
 his township on the Board of Supervisors. 
 Fraternally, lie is affiliated with the M. W. A. 
 His aged mother, a woman of the most es- 
 timable traits of character, and the object of 
 profound respect on the part of all who know 
 her. still lives with. him on the homestead and 
 is mi the honored roll of pensioners of the Mex- 
 ican War. She is a devout member of the 
 Christian Church, as was her lamented hus- 
 band. 
 
 Simon Doyle was a stanch Democrat in pol- 
 itics, and exercised a strong influence in local 
 party councils. He filled various county offices 
 with credit to himself and to the satisfaction of 
 his constituents, having successively served as 
 Treasurer. County Clerk and Sheriff of Schuyler 
 County. In fraternal circles, he was identified 
 witli the I. O. O. F., of which he was a charter 
 member. The loss of such a man was sorely 
 felt throughout the entire community, and his 
 memory is warmly cherished by those who still 
 revert to his broad philanthropy, and his fidelity 
 to the best interests of the locality where the 
 greater portion of his exemplary life was spent. 
 
 DYSON, Edwin, editor and publisher of The 
 Rushville Times, is one of the old guard of 
 Illinois editors, and for more than fifty years 
 has been engaged in newspaper work, and for 
 forty years editor of The Times. Mr. Dyson 
 was born in Shaw, Lancashire. England, July 
 28, 1838, and was the youngest child of James 
 and Hanna Dyson, who emigrated to America 
 in 1841. 
 
 James Dyson, father of the subject of this 
 sketch, was born June 12, 1S00. and was married 
 to Hannah Wilson in England, and they came 
 to America with their family of four sons, in 
 company with two brothers and two sisters of 
 Mrs. Dyson. They took passage in a sailing 
 vessel and were thirteen weeks on the water, 
 landing at New Orleans. Here they met witli 
 persons who directed them to Rushville as one 
 of the most promising towns in the new coun- 
 try, and they came up the Mississipppi and Illi- 
 nois Rivers on a steamboat, and landed at Erie, 
 Schuyler County, continuing their journey over- 
 land to Rushville. 
 
 Life on the frontier was a new experience 
 to them as in the old country. Mr. Dyson had 
 been employed in the textile mills, and soon 
 after arriving in Rushville he started on a pros- 
 pecting tour to make a new location, and visited 
 the Galena country, which was then attracting 
 large numbers of settlers. But on his return 
 he was taken ill and died August 4. 1841. His 
 widow was thus left in a new country with 
 four young children to care for. but she was one 
 of those self-reliant, sturdy women who soon 
 adapted herself to the customs and manners 
 of her adopted country. She was afterwards 
 
f v ' 
 
HISTORY OP SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 821 
 
 married to Mr. Hampton, aud died in Rushville 
 January 6, 1893. 
 
 It was in the spring of 1854, that Edwin 
 Dyson began his newspaper career, and he was 
 then apprenticed to Daniel E. H. Johnson, editor 
 of "The Schuyler Democrat," and as office 
 "devil" assisted in getting out the first issue of 
 that paper on April 20, 1S54. Two years later, 
 when the paper was sold to George Washington 
 Scripps, he remained an employe of the office 
 and eight years later removed to St. Louis to 
 take a position on "The St. Louis Republican" 
 (now the Republic). 
 
 While a resident of St. Louis he was sought 
 by local Democrats to return and take charge of 
 The Times, then owned by a stock company, 
 and in the summer of 1SGS he purchased the 
 paper al Sheriff's sale and since July 2, 1868, 
 has been editor and proprietor and has placed 
 The Times in the front rank of country news- 
 papers. 
 
 While always upholding the principles of 
 Democracy, Mr. Dyson has not figured con- 
 spicuously as a politician, and his term of po- 
 litical office-holding has been limited to two 
 terms as County Treasurer. 
 
 On April 2. L860, Mr. Dyson was united in 
 marriage to Mary Frances Irvin, daughter of 
 Mr. and Mrs. William Henderson Irvin, who 
 emigrated from Kentucky in 1845. Mr. Irvin's 
 parents. Starling and Elizabeth (Leysher) Irvin, 
 had located in Littleton Township as early as 
 1839, coming from Garrard County, Kentucky. 
 They were of Scotch descent and removed to 
 Kentucky from Nova Scotia. 
 
 Three children were born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Dyson, and they are all living. Jennie L. was 
 married to Dwight E. Ray, who died February 
 27, 1888; Orion E. was married to Miss Jessie 
 McOorkle, and now resides in Chicago; Howard 
 F. is associated with his father in editing "The 
 Tiincs." 
 
 DYSON, George. — Upon the sound judgment, 
 
 sagacity, integrity and faithful devotion to duty 
 of the directing heads of the numerous private 
 banking institutions which accommodate the 
 financial needs of the rural population, depends, 
 in a large degree, the general prosperity of the 
 sections where these institutions are located. In 
 this respect the city of Rushville. Schuyler 
 County, 111., and the agricultural district sur- 
 rounding it, are signally favored in the manage- 
 ment of the affairs of the Bank of Schuyler 
 County by one so eminently qualified for that 
 purpose as the well-known gentleman whose 
 name furnishes the caption of this personal 
 narrative, Mr. Dyson was born in Rushville, 111.. 
 March 2, 1867. He is a son of Joseph and Martha 
 (Wheelhouse) Dyson, his father having been 
 born in England, in 1831, and bis mother in the 
 State "i' Ohio, in 1844. His paternal great-grand- 
 father \\ :is (.1' Knu'lisli nativity, as was also 
 Samuel Dyson, his grandfather. On the ma- 
 ternal side, his grandparents were George and 
 Mary (Brown) Wheelhouse, the former born in 
 
 Lancashire. England, and the latter in Ohio, his 
 great-grandparents being natives of England. 
 Joseph Dyson was the proprietor of a harness 
 business. 1 Hiring the 'thirties, when a mere buy, 
 he came from England to the United States, 
 proceeding to Illinois and traveling up the Illi- 
 nois River to the town of Erie, which was then 
 located below the town of Frederick, but all 
 trace of which is now obliterated. Joseph Dyson 
 settled in Rushville, and became very prominent 
 in connection with local affairs. lie was long 
 and conspicuously identified with the develop- 
 ment and progress of the place, and served three 
 terms in the capacity of Sheriff of Schuyler 
 County. He died in 1S98. 
 
 George Dyson received his education in the 
 Rushville Union Schools, and after completing 
 his studies applied himself to teaching. For five 
 years, he taught in the schools of Frederick, 
 Iluntsville and Browning, 111., occupying the 
 position of Principal in each. During the last 
 administration of President Cleveland Mr. Dyson 
 was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rush- 
 ville, and since the expiration of his term in 
 that office, lie has served as Vice-President of 
 the Bank of Schuyler County, to the affairs of 
 which lie lias diligently devoted his attention as 
 active manager. That he discharges the re- 
 sponsibilities of this important position with 
 marked ability and fidelity', is the consensus of 
 opinion throughout the commercial ami financial 
 circles of that portion of the State, and he en- 
 joys the confidence and respect of the business 
 and agricultural elements of Schuyler County 
 to an uuusual extent. Although absorbingly 
 occupied with the duties pertaining to the man- 
 agement of the bank, he finds time to take an 
 earnest interest in the general welfare of his 
 city. In politics, he is a steadfast supporter of 
 the principles of the Democratic Party. 
 
 On March 2(1, 1908, Mr. Dyson was united in 
 marriage to Miss Marie Bassett, of Paris, Mo. 
 Mrs. Dyson is of one of the oldest and most 
 prominent families of Missouri and is a cul- 
 tured and charming lady. 
 
 DYSON, Howard F., was born in Rushville, 
 111., December 17, 1S70, and has ever since been 
 a resident of that city. He was graduated from 
 the Rushville High School in 1890, and after- 
 wards spent two years at Rose Polytechnic in- 
 stitute, Terre Haute, Ind. On returning home 
 he entered upon newspaper work, and has ever 
 since been connected with The Rushville Times. 
 
 While engaged in his newspaper work. Mr. Dy- 
 son has devoted some of his leisure time to local 
 historical research, and his "Local Remi- 
 niscences of Lincoln" was published in the Pro- 
 ceedings of the State Historical Society, of which 
 he is a member. His most important service 
 in this line lias been rendered as author and 
 editor of the "History of Schuyler County," of 
 which this biographic chapter constitutes a sup- 
 plemental part. 
 
 A graduate of the Rushville High School. Mr. 
 Dyson has ever taken an interest in educational 
 
822 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 matters, and in 1007, he was elected a member 
 of the Board of Education of the Rushville Union 
 School District. 
 
 In politics Mr. Dyson has always allied him- 
 self with the Democratic party and has served 
 on the County Central Committee of his party 
 as Chairman or Secretary since lS'JO. save in the 
 campaign of 1904. 
 
 On December 13, 1907, Mr. Dyson was ap- 
 pointed County Surveyor of Schuyler County to 
 till a vacancy, and in 1908 has been renominated 
 without opposition for the same office. 
 
 On March 27, 1S9S, Mr. Dyson was united in 
 marriage to Alice Mary Deacon, of Eastbourne, 
 England, the wedding taking place at the home 
 of the bride's brother in St. Louis, Mo. They 
 have three children : Edwin Arthur, Dorothy 
 May and Marjory Grace Deacon Dyson. 
 
 EALES, George H— The Eales family is of 
 old Southern stock, George H. being a native 
 of Ralls County, Mo., born March 19, 1858, a son 
 of James T. and Adelaide (Lowe) Eales. Both 
 the father and the paternal grandfather were 
 born in Kentucky, the former, with other mem- 
 bers of the family, migrating to Ralls County 
 when he was about six years of age. This trans- 
 fer of the family home from Kentucky to Mis- 
 souri was made in 1840, and in the latter State 
 James T. Eales was married to Adelaide Lowe, 
 who came of a Virginia stock ; in Missouri also 
 occurred the death of the father and the grand- 
 father, who for many years previous has fol- 
 lowed their agricultural occupations. 
 
 The children of James T. Eales were all born 
 in Missouri, being the issue of two marriages. 
 His first wife was Adelaide Lowe, as stated, 
 and by this union were six sons and one 
 daughter, of whom George II. was the first born. 
 Albert is living and Charles died at the age of 
 seven years. Mary J., now the wife of Isaac E. 
 Groff, "and Alfred", are both residents of Han- 
 nibal, Mo., while Justus T. is a farmer of Kails 
 County, that State, and Benjamin T. is a farmer 
 of Bainbridge Township, Schuyler County. Wil- 
 bur TV. Eales, the youngest of the family, is a 
 resident of Watertown, S. Dak., and holds the 
 position of General Agent of the International 
 Harvester Company. The mother of this fam- 
 ily died in Ralls County, Mo., in 1S7S. 
 
 Mr. Eales' second wife, whose maiden name 
 was Molly Ann Brambles, became the mother of 
 four children : Nellie, now the wife of Otis 
 Helms, who are residents of New London, Mo.; 
 Otis, who died at the age of fourteen years: 
 Harry, who died when seven years of age; and 
 Otto.' who lives in Norfolk, Va.. but is now con- 
 nected with the United States Navy, serving on 
 the battleship "Ohio." The mother is making 
 her home with her daughter, Mrs. Helms. 
 
 George H. Eales was reared on his father's 
 farm in Ralls County, Mo., was educated in the 
 district schools and remained on the home place 
 until he was twenty-one years of age, when he 
 commenced to work in the neighborhood for 
 monthly wages, continuing thus employed for 
 
 about a year. In 1S79 he removed to Schuyler 
 County, again securing work as a farm laborer, 
 and ou February 4th of that year marrying Miss 
 Sarah Kales, daughter of James Eales, who was 
 his father's cousin. Mrs. Eales was born on 
 the farm now owned by her husband, in Feb- 
 ruary. 1857, and was one of seven children, both 
 her parents being honored pioneers of the 
 county. The other members of her family 
 are: Luciana, widow of M. K. Garrison, 
 who is now a resident of Rushville 111.; Mary 
 Jane, deceased; .Madison Kelly, who lives in 
 Indiana : Ann, widow of Horatio Stover, Schuy- 
 ler County ; Josephine, wife of James Madison 
 Annan, and John, a resident of Rushville, living 
 in retirement. 
 
 After the marriage of Mr. and Mrs. George 
 H. Eales the former remained on the old home 
 farm for six years, and in 1S85 occupied the 
 Girst place in Bainbridge Township, retaining it 
 for four years. In 1SS9 Mr. Eales rented a 
 farm in Bethel Township, McDonough County, 
 which he operated for three years, and in 1S92 
 returned to Schuyler County to purchase the 
 old homestead of 200 acres in Section 5, Bain- 
 bridge Township. He has since added many line 
 improvements to the place, increasing its value 
 and beauty. 
 
 Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Eales: Stella M.. November 22, 1881, who is 
 now the wife of Harley Wilson, a carpenter of 
 Augusta, 111., and mother of Glenn, Silva and 
 Sibyl (the last two twins) ; Edna E... born July 
 4, 1883, who lives at home, and Mary A., who 
 died in infancy. They also have an adopted son, 
 Harry B. Eates. The parents are both mem- 
 bers of the Christian Church. Mr. Eales being 
 identified with the Modern Woodmen of America. 
 
 EALES, Thomas. — Among the successful rep- 
 resentatives of the agricultural element in 
 Schuyler County. 111., none is more worthy of 
 commendatory mention than Thomas Eales, of 
 Bainbridge Township. Mr. Eales was born in 
 Ralls County, Mo., February 15, 1868, a son of 
 James T. Eales and wife. Thomas Eales was 
 reared on the paternal farm in Missouri, and 
 received his education in the district schools of 
 Ralls County, meanwhile assisting his father in 
 work on the home place until he was about 
 twenty years of age, when he purchased a half- 
 interest in his father's land and live-stock, with 
 whom he jointly conducted farming operations 
 until 1801. They then divided their interests, 
 and in the spring of that year, Thomas Eales 
 came to Schuyler County, 111., renting a farm 
 which he purchased two years later, and on 
 which he has since continued to live. It is lo- 
 cated in Section 5, Bainbridge Township, con- 
 sisting of 160 acres, of which 135 acres are un- 
 der cultivation. Here he has made many import- 
 ant improvements, and now has one of the best 
 agricultural properties in the township. He is 
 very partial to draft horses, of the breeding of 
 which he makes a specialty, and has on hand 
 some of the best grades in Schuyler County. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 823 
 
 In 1888, Mr. Eales was united in marriage 
 with Miss Etiie Grist, who was born in Bain- 
 bridge Township, a daughter of Simon J. Grist 
 and wife, her father being one of the first male 
 children born in Rushville. This union has re- 
 sulted in two children, namely : H. V., born 
 March 80, 1889 ; and Vassar Paul, who died at 
 thirteen years of age. 
 
 Iu politics, Mr. Eales is a stanch adherent of 
 the Democratic party, and although he has never 
 been inclined to seek political preferment, he 
 keeps thoroughly informed in regard to the cur- 
 rent issues in local and national affairs. 
 Fraternally, he is affiliated with the I. O. O. F. 
 and M. W. A. in Rushville, and he and his 
 wife are members of the Christian Church of 
 that place. Both are highly esteemed by all who 
 know them. 
 
 EATON, Allen. — During the nine and thirty 
 years of his occupancy of the same farm in 
 Section 6, Camden Township, Allen Eaton has up- 
 held the dignity, usefulness and progressiveuess 
 of his time-honored calling, and has proved that, 
 with few advantages and little material help, 
 men of definite purpose and determination may 
 realize the dreams and expectations of their 
 ambitious youth. It is not without arduous ef- 
 fort, failure aud discouragement that Mr. Eaton 
 has come to represent a dependable element in 
 Schuyler County. This invariably must be the 
 fate of a man who starts with nothing and by le- 
 gitimate means, attains the ownership of 650 
 acres. Born in Knox County, Ohio, October 3, 
 1861, Mr. Eaton is a son of Joseph and Sarah 
 (Crider) Eaton, natives of Pennsylvania and 
 Virginia, respectively. Joseph Eaton was the son 
 of an Irish immigrant who settled in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and whose brother, General Eaton, helped 
 to make the martial history of the Civil War, 
 while adding to the fame of the enlisted men 
 from Ohio. Joseph Eaton died iu early life in 
 1842, and in 1S56 his wife, and her two sons, 
 Allen and John, moved to Vermont, Fulton 
 County, 111., in 1859 locating in Littleton, Schuy- 
 ler County, where the mother died in 1860. Of 
 her nine children, John was a soldier in the Mex- 
 ican War and died on the Schuyler County farm 
 in February, 1899 ; Jane is the widow of Henry 
 Schoonover. of Brooklyn Township; Mary is 
 the widow of John Dexter, of Pike County, 111.; 
 Catherine is tin- deceased wife of Harry Austin, 
 of Seattle, Wash. : Martha became the wife of a 
 Mr. Johnson, and both arc deceased; and Ellen 
 is the wife of L. D. Nichols, of Pike County, 111. 
 
 When the Civil War broke out Allen Eaton 
 was twenty years old. but as he was the sole 
 support of his widowed mother he was persuaded 
 not to enlist. After the death of his mother his 
 brother John, and his sister Ellen,- came to 
 Camden Township, the latter for many years 
 being a successful teacher. In 1864, Mr. Eaton 
 invested in forty-three acres of land, which he 
 soon 1 after sold to Mr. Fisher, and then bought 
 sixty-three acres in Section 22, Camden Town- 
 ship. This also was sold not long afterward and 
 
 in 1869 he bought sixty-four acres in Section 6, 
 which proved the nucleus of his present large 
 property. This land had a log cabin on it, which 
 long since has been replaced by a modem dwell- 
 ing, and the years have witnessed continued im- 
 provements in every way known to the progress- 
 ive and scientific farmer. At the present time 
 the family owns 650 acres, all but fifty of which 
 is tillable, and it is safe to say that no farm in 
 the county has more to recommend it to the 
 student of latter day agriculture. General 
 farming is conducted on a large scale, and in 
 the stock line preference is given to registered 
 Aberdeen-Angus cattle, Poland-China hogs, aud 
 high bred draft aud road horses. 
 
 April 5, 1867, Mr. Eaton was united in mar- 
 riage to Sarah McKee, who was born in County 
 Down, Ireland, and- came to America with her 
 parents when eight years old. Her father, Wil- 
 liam McKee, first stopped in the vicinity of In- 
 dianapolis, Ind., and a few years later moved to 
 Schuyler County, where Mrs. Eaton grew to 
 womanhood. She was the mother of five chil- 
 dren : William, born April 26, 1868, married 
 for his first wife Mabel McDonald, who became 
 the mother of a daughter, Rena, now eight years 
 old, and died September 24, 1903, his present 
 wife being in maindenhood Annie Lynn ; John 
 Eaton, born March 10, 1S70, married Pearl An- 
 derson, and has two children, Lena and Lester ; 
 Frank, born August 23, 1873, his father's as- 
 sistant on the home place and the comfort of his 
 mother iu her last days ; Henry, born May 23, 
 1S76, living with his father ; and Koscoe, born 
 May 31, 1879, also at home. These children have 
 all been given a practical common school edu- 
 cation, and the three sons who are at home are 
 experienced aud successful famers. The death 
 of the mother occurred February 11, 1900. 
 
 Mr. Eaton's political affiliations are with the 
 Democratic party, but aside from casting his 
 vote he has taken no active part in local po- 
 litical affairs. While not a member of any 
 church, he is a liberal contributor to churches 
 and benevolent organizations, aud no effort at 
 public, improvement, material or otherwise, 
 has failed to receive his hearty support. He 
 has established a family in the county which 
 maintains high standards of character aud worth, 
 and which, because of the largeness of its oper- 
 ations and the extent of its control, has been 
 a leading factor iu agricultural practice for 
 many years. 
 
 EDMUNDS, Henry H — One of the names 
 connected with the attainment of the present 
 and the promise of the future in Schuyler 
 County, is that of Henry H. Edmunds, a public 
 school educator for the past quarter of a cen- 
 tury, and since 1901 Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction in the city of Rushville. Mr. Ed- 
 munds is a virile example of the qualities of 
 usefulness and control which he seeks to incul- 
 cate in the hundreds of pupils within his jurisdic- 
 tion. His youth knew the weight of responsibil- 
 ity, and his professional qualifications are the 
 
834 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 result of self-sacrifice, resourcefulness and untir- 
 ing perseverance. 
 
 Born in Gardner, Grundy County, 111., April 
 28, 1N0N, Mr. Edmunds represents a family con- 
 nected with the dawn of American history and 
 the pioneering of Rhode Island, in which State 
 settled his progenitor on this side of the water. 
 Reuben Edmunds, a soldier during 1675-70 in the 
 war of King Philip, chief of the Wampanoag In- 
 dians. In Providence, R. I., James Edmunds, 
 great-grandfather of Henry II., was born in 
 1702. and while still a boy lollowed the martial 
 fortunes of Washington during the Revolution- 
 ary war. James Edmunds married Ereelove 
 Olin, a native of Vermont, and eventually set- 
 tled in Hartland, Niagara County, N. Y., where 
 his son. Henry J. Edmunds, was born, the latter 
 marrying Lucy Arnold, also a native of New 
 York. Arnold Edmunds, son of Henry J., and 
 father of Henry H. Edmunds, was born in Hart- 
 land, and became an early settler of Illinois, 
 finally locating in Gardner, and recently Los 
 Angeles, Cal., his present home. Through his 
 marriage with Julia Clague, who was born in 
 Rochester, N. Y., he became allied with a Manx- 
 man family. His wife's parents, Hugh and Mary 
 (Corris) Clague, having been born in the Isle 
 of Man. 
 
 In order to secure a higher education, Henry 
 H. Edmunds taught in the country schools for a 
 couple of years after completing his training in 
 the high school of Gardner. In the fall of L889 
 he entered the Illinois State Normal University, 
 but as lack of funds necesitated further teaching. 
 did not graduate therefrom until 1895. He since 
 has pursued post-graduate work in the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago and the University of Illinois, 
 and by examination previous to coming to Rush- 
 ville, secured a life certificate as teacher in Il- 
 linois, and was Superintendent of Schools in 
 Lovington, Moultrie County, and Atlanta, Logan 
 County. Mr. Edmunds is a Republican in poli- 
 tics, a P.aptist in religion, and a Mason socially. 
 In 1900 he was united in marriage with Emma 
 P. Washburn, a native of Danvers. 111., and a 
 graduate of the Illinios State Normal. Two 
 sons have been born of the union, Arthur W. and 
 Richard Henry. Mr. Edmunds is now located in 
 Clinton, HI., as Superintendent of the City 
 Schools. 
 
 ELLIS, James D. — To the man who has spent 
 more than half a century on the same farm, and 
 who, since earliest youth, has known no other 
 home save that afforded within its borders, or 
 any means of livelihood save that made possible 
 by the cultivation of its soil, an interest is de- 
 veloped that is scarcely possible of acquirement 
 under other conditions. James D. Ellis was 
 born in Kenton County, Ky., December 11, 1843, 
 a son of James Ellis, a native of Kentucky, and 
 grandson of Elijah Ellis, who was born in Vir- 
 ginia. For his first wife James Ellis married 
 Nancy Harmon, also of the Bourbon State, and 
 alter her death in Oakland Township. Schuyler 
 County, in 1846, returned to Kentucky and mar- 
 
 ried -Margaret Ann Harmon, sister of his first 
 wiie. lie spent the first winter of his sojouru 
 in Schuyler County in the village of Rushville, 
 and the next year settled on the farm in Oakland 
 Township, now owned and occupied by his son. 
 This farm formerly was owned by William Wil- 
 lis, and when purchased by Mr. Ellis had few 
 improvements, a large part of it being under 
 timber and brush. No effort had been made at 
 road making in the neighborhood, the public 
 thoroughfares passing in all directions across his 
 land. Mr. Ellis was enterprising and resourceful, 
 however, and before his death cleared about 200 
 acres. 
 
 At the present writing (1907) James D. Ellis 
 lies stricken with paralysis at his beautiful 
 country home, and his family and many friends 
 are greatly concerned regarding his condition. 
 His life has been full of good deeds and industry, 
 and under his wise guidance the work begun by 
 his father has continued with very gratifying 
 financial and general results. He has been a 
 careful and conscientious farmer, has carefully 
 and painstakingly reared his children, and has set 
 a moral example which the younger generation 
 would do well to emulate. In the present emer- 
 gency he is fortunate in having capable, indus- 
 trious sons to carry on his work and maintain 
 his reputation for public spiritedness and good 
 citizenship. Mr. Ellis received a common school 
 education, and in 1809 married Mary Berry, a 
 native of Rushville Township, and of the union 
 there are six children ; Edgar, a farmer of Oak- 
 land Township, who married Cora Tutt, and has 
 two children, Marie and Francis ; Arthur, also 
 a farmer of Oakland Township, who married 
 Anna Tutt, a native of Rushville Township, and 
 mother of two children, Cora and Eva ; Alice. 
 wife of Edgar Rose, a farmer of Rushville 
 Township, and mother of Ethel B. and Everet 
 Rose; Grace, wife of Charles E. Garrison, living 
 .hi the old home place; Lewis, a farmer of Sedg- 
 wick, Kan., husband' of Maude (Bosworth) Ellis, 
 and father of two children who died in infancy; 
 ami Walter, of Sedgwick, Kan., who married Ada 
 Frisby. 
 
 The perpetuation of the character and deeds of 
 the Ellis family in Schuyler County is practi- 
 cally assured, not only by the work of those who 
 represent the first and second generation, but by 
 many evidences of their forethought and gener- 
 osity shared in common with their neighbors and 
 friends in the community. For instance, out of 
 respect to the life of the first Ellis, who estab- 
 lished the family here, there has been built upon 
 the Ellis farm a church and school house, both 
 of which have been in active use for many years, 
 the ground having been donated by the present 
 owner of the property. Mr. Ellis never has been 
 active in politics, but he has earnestly supported 
 the Republican party, and always has stood for 
 clean local government and office. He was just 
 ;: year old when he came here in 1S44. and the 
 changes which have led up to the prosperity of 
 the present are all vividly impressed upon his 
 memory. 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 825 
 
 ERWIN, Lewis D.— During the summer of 1839 
 Lewis D. Erwin came overland from Toledo, 
 Ohio, to Schuyler Count} - , 111., which since has 
 been his home, and -where for many years he was 
 engaged in general farming and stock raising. 
 He was born in Plattsburg, Clinton County, N. 
 Y.. July 1, 1815, and was educated in the public 
 schools of New York, Ohio and Illinois. He is of 
 a generation of whom there are now few living 
 in any part of the country, for in 1906 he had 
 passed the ninety-third mile post of his earthly 
 pilgrimage, and few survived with whom he 
 could renew the incidents which crowded his 
 youth and early manhood. For the past fifty-five 
 years he has lived in the same house in Rush- 
 ville, and his pleasant face and kindly manner 
 have been as familiar to the people of the town 
 as are the many landmarks which indicate the 
 transformation which has passed before his eyes. 
 
 The remote ancestors of Mr. Erwin were 
 Scotch-Irish on the paternal side and presuma- 
 bly German on the distaff side of the house. His 
 paternal great-grandfather came from the North 
 of Ireland in 1730, and located in Newark. N. J., 
 where David Erwin, the paternal grandfather 
 was born, and where the latter married Cather- 
 ine Munson. Cornelius M. Erwin, son of David, 
 and father of Lewis B., was born after his pa- 
 rent's removal to Fairhaven, \"t.. and there he 
 married Lucinda Fairman, a native of Rutland, 
 Yt.. and daughter of James Fairman, supposed 
 to be of German ancestry. Both sides of the fam- 
 ily were represented in the great struggle for 
 American independence begun in 1776. David 
 Erwin enlisted under the banner of Washington 
 at the age of eighteen, and among his martial ex- 
 periences crossed the Delaware with the great 
 commander on that memorable Christmas night. 
 James Fairman also was a soldier in the Revolu- 
 tion, enlisting from Vermont, and serving in 
 three different regiments of the Colonial army. 
 
 Lewis D. Erwin established a home of his own 
 in Schuyler County, November 112. 1843, marrying 
 Elvira Wells, who was born in Henrietta, Loraine 
 County. Ohio, and educated in the public schools 
 of Illinois. Mr. and Mrs. Erwin are the parents 
 of the following children : David Douglas. Cath- 
 erine P.. Mathilda, Eliza. Elizabeth L.. Emma, 
 Lewis D.. Jr.. George Lemuel. Anna E., Sophia 
 Bessie and Edward H. Mr. Erwin is a Demo- 
 crat in politics, a Presbyterian in religion, and 
 fraternally a Mason. His heart still is young, 
 his interests many sided, and his outlook upon 
 life broad and hopeful. He has walked always 
 close to the heart of truth and integrity, and his 
 richest legacy to those who shall succeed him is 
 the confidence and good will of his fellow men. 
 
 F00TE, George H. — The manufacture of woolen 
 goods constitutes an important, if not extensive, 
 commercial resource of Schuyler County, and the 
 promotion of the Industry has enlisted the brain, 
 energy and lifelong activity of some of its fore- 
 most citizens. Chief among tho^e who. at pres- 
 ent, sustain an enviable reputation as manufac- 
 turers of this commodity is George H. Foote. a 
 
 man of broad general experience, and thirty-two 
 years of whose life has been devoted to his pres- 
 ent business. Mr. Foote is the manager of the 
 Rushville Woolen Mills, and one of the best 
 known, most progressive and dependable com- 
 mercial factors in the community. He comes 
 honestly by his ability and inclination, for his 
 father, John Foote, the establisher of the pres- 
 ent mills, was an early and very prominent local 
 manufacturer, and a resume of his life may be 
 found elsewhere in this work. 
 
 George H. Foote was born in Eastern New 
 Hampshire, July 9, 1861, and as a lad was taken 
 by his parents to Charlestown, same State, 
 where he acquired his primary education in the 
 public schools. Subsequently removal was made to 
 Otsego. Mich., and later to Rock Island, 111., and 
 from there to Rushville, where in 1874 George 
 H. went to work in the Rushville Wooleu Mills, 
 of which his father was boss corder. In 1876 
 John Foote established the Rushville Hosiery 
 Mills, in which his son was installed as mana- 
 ger and bookkeeper, a position which he since 
 has maintained with credit to himself and the 
 community. The nulls are in a prosperous con- 
 dition, and their products are known and used 
 throughout a large area of country. They are 
 equipped with the best modern machinery, and 
 give employment to about twelve people the 
 year round, extra hands being required iu rush 
 seasons. 
 
 By his marriage, in 18S4, to Susan Weber. Mr. 
 Foote became allied with another woolen manu- 
 facturing family, John Weber, the father of 
 Mrs. Foote, being the pioneer of the business in 
 Schuyler County. Mr. and Mrs. Foote became 
 the parents of two children : George, who died 
 at the age of eight years; and Edna, wife of 
 Peter Olson, of Rushville, who has one child. 
 Mr. Foote has taken a keen interest in Repub- 
 lican politics for many years, and has served as 
 Alderman of the Third Ward. Rushville. several 
 terms. He is socially connected svith the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, the Knights of 
 Pythias and the Modern Woodmen of America. 
 With his wife he is a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and for several years has been 
 an official in the same. He is regarded as a 
 man of business integrity and sound judgment, 
 and as a friend of education, progress, social 
 purity and honest municipal control. 
 
 FOOTE, John, C deceased. 1 ) — The Rushville 
 
 Hosiery Factory was in continuous operation 
 under the same management from the time of its 
 establishment, in 1876. by John Foote. until the 
 date of his death in 1906. The results achieved 
 were such as might have been expected from a 
 man of extended experience and thorough knowl- 
 edge of the details of his husiness. Behind the 
 success of Mr. Foote were the thought and labor 
 of generations of his family as weavers and 
 manufacturers of fabrics. He was born Jan- 
 uary 17. 1827. in Leeds. Yorkshire. Eng., the 
 fifth city in population, and the chief woolen 
 manufacturing center of England. While still 
 
826 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 a student in the public schools, he began to learn 
 from his father, John Foote, the trade Of cloth- 
 dressing. The elder Foote also was born in 
 Yorkshire, and from his father, in turn, learned 
 the trade of weaving, which he followed during 
 his entire active life. He married Margaret 
 Hiues. also born in England, and reared a large 
 family, of whom three of his children, Frank, 
 Mary and John, came to America. 
 
 John Foote followed the cloth-dressing trade 
 in England until 1844, when he came to Boston, 
 Mass., and later, in the interests of his business. 
 made brief visits to Millbury, Cherry Valley. 
 Foxboro, Oxford and Winchester. At Bridgewa- 
 ter, Mass., he broadened his knowledge by work- 
 ing at the boot and shoe trade until the begin- 
 ning of the Civil War, when he moved to New- 
 port. N. H. On March 20. 1805 Mr. Foote en- 
 listed in Company K, Eighteenth Regiment, New 
 Hampshire Volunteer Infantry, and served until 
 the close of the war, being honorably discharged 
 on May 6, 1S65. He then spent a year in 
 Charlestown, Mass.. and thence went to Michi- 
 gan, where he lived three years. He next be- 
 came foreman of the Rock Island Woolen Mills, 
 at Rock Island, 111., and in 1S74 came to Rush- 
 ville. where two years later he established the 
 Rushville Hosiery Factory. 
 
 At Foxboro. Mass., in 1846, Mr. Foote v% as 
 united in marriage to Martha A. Childs. a native 
 of Maine, and a daughter of Amos Childs. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Foote were the parents of four sons 
 and one daughter, namely : Charles F., Alfred 
 A.. Ada, John W. and George H. Charles F. is 
 connected with the fpava I 111.) Woolen Mills. 
 George H. is a young man of exceptional prom- 
 ise, who, having been his father's business part- 
 ner and right hand man. continued into another 
 generation the occupation with which his family 
 lias so long been identified. John Foote was a 
 typical representative of the English-American, 
 whose inherent and substantial traits of charac- 
 ter remained in full strength during more than 
 half a century spent in another than his native 
 clime. His career in this community constitute. 1 
 an impressive lesson in perseverance, upright 
 living and high regard for the rights of his fel- 
 lowmen. Mr. Foote died February 2S, 1000. his 
 excellent and faithful wife having passed away 
 October 18, 1903. For many years both were 
 active ami useful members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, in which Mr. Foote long acted 
 in an official capacity, ami was influential in all 
 the branches of church work. In political action, 
 he was an ardent supporter of the principles of 
 the Republican party. Fraternally, he was af- 
 filiated with the I. O. X. W.. and was held in 
 high regard by his comrades of the Grand Army 
 of the Republic. 
 
 FOSTER, Hon. Alrick Mann.— -An interesting 
 study in early development and large usefulness 
 is forthcoming in the career of Hon. Alrick Mann 
 Foster, who. though only twenty-six years of 
 age. has caused his fellow-citizens of Schuyler 
 County to speculate upon his practical accom- 
 
 plishments and promising possibilities as an edu- 
 cator, law-maker and scientific farmer and stock 
 raiser. Principally, however, Mr. Foster's claims 
 to distinction rest upon his efforts as a stock- 
 raiser, and Woodview Farm, whose many sided 
 interests he controls, is unsurpassed among en- 
 terprises in the State devoted to the stock indus- 
 try. 
 
 That Mr. Foster has reached his present emi- 
 nence with surprising rapidity is due largely to 
 the fact that the man and his work are boon 
 companions, and each the complement of the 
 other. He likes stock, has unbounded faith in 
 its possibilities, cherishes ideals of accomplish- 
 ment which will keep him unsatisfied with any- 
 thing but the best, and delights in the health- 
 giving and soul-satisfying compensations of ru- 
 ral existence. Born on the farm he now owns 
 and occupies in Littleton Township. Schuyler 
 County, January 15, 1881, he is the sou of Al- 
 rick Mann and Susan (Dorinda) Foster, the 
 former of whom swelled the brief list of cabin 
 builders of 1832, and mention of whom may be 
 found elsewhere in this work. Three-quarters 
 of a century in the same county has developed 
 no diminution of the popular regard for the 
 honor and ability of the family, but on the con- 
 trary the character and labor of its members re- 
 mains the encouraging goal of the rising gener- 
 ation. 
 
 After the death of the elder Foster in 1885, 
 the son remained on the old place until moving 
 with his mother to Rushville in 1S00. Here he 
 supplemented his earlier country school training 
 by attendance at the high school, thereafter tak- 
 ing a course at the Rushville Normal and the 
 Rushville Business College, graduating from the 
 latter in the class of 1898. In the meantime his 
 mother had returned to the farm in 1895, and 
 after completing his education he joined her, 
 and for three years combined agriculture with 
 school teaching, achieving marked success in the 
 latter capacity, and building up a reputation 
 which brought him many practical inducements 
 to continue as an educator. However, the call of 
 the country rose above all other voices. He be- 
 gan to engage actively in stock raising, especially 
 in the breeding of Ohio Improved Chester hogs, 
 ami along this line he has achieved more than 
 anticipated success. Each year Mr. Foster cata- 
 logues his hogs, and each year witnesses a 
 marked improvement in both the quality and 
 quantity of bis herd. Probably no one in this 
 part of the State is better prepared to furnish 
 hogs of this kind for breeding purposes, or is 
 more thoroughly conversant with the many ad- 
 vantages credited to them. He has spared neither 
 time nor expense in making his business a suece s. 
 and the result has surpassed his most sanguine 
 hopes. He also has a well-bred herd of regis- 
 tered Aberdeen-Angus cattle. Every department 
 of his farm is considered from a scientific and 
 business standpoint, and bis facilities for main- 
 taining high standards and continuous increase 
 are unsurpassed. His hogs have a reputation far 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 827 
 
 beyond the boundaries of the State, and are ship- 
 ped to all parts of the Union. 
 
 By the seasoned veteran politicians concerned 
 in the Democratic outlook in Schuyler County, 
 Mr. Foster is regarded as promising official tim- 
 ber.. His capacity for public service was em- 
 phatically endorsed in 1900 in his election, by 
 an overwhelming majority, as a member of the 
 lower house from the Thirtieth Senatorial Dis- 
 trict, comprising Tazewell, Mason. Menard, Cass, 
 Brown and Schuyler Counties. In the House 
 Mr. Foster developed rare gifts as a public 
 speaker, championing not only the principles of 
 his party, but showing thorough familiarity with 
 the needs of the district which he represented. 
 He is prominent socially as well as commer- 
 cially, and is identified with the Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows, and Benevolent Protective 
 Order of Elks. November 28, 1900, he was 
 united in marriage to Anna Lee, a native of 
 Schuyler County, and they are the parents of 
 two daughters, Anita, born in 1904, and Lncile, 
 born in 1907. Mr. Foster is a well informed 
 and progressive man, energetic, resourceful, and 
 filled with strong enthusiasm, the conqueror of 
 many of life's obstacles, and an appreciator of 
 the refinements and compensations of existence. 
 He is a trustee of the National O. I. C. Swine 
 Breeders' Association, the largest white hog 
 breeders' association in the world, and is at 
 present a candidate for re-nomination as Repre- 
 sentative in the General Assembly. 
 
 FOWLER, John C— At an early period in 
 Schuyler County history, James Fowler, grand- 
 father of John C. Fowler, the latter now one of 
 the well known fanners of Brooklyn Township, 
 came to this then heavily timbered and game 
 filled region and built himself a cabin in a clear- 
 ing. He had the sterling traits of the people of 
 New England, among the early representatives 
 of which were some of his ancestors, and he 
 himself had imbibed his first impressions and 
 early training from Massachusetts, where he 
 was born and spent the impressionable years of 
 his life. Journeying westward in search of 
 larger oppotunities, he pioneered first in Ohio, 
 where he was married and started housekeep- 
 ing, and where some of his children were born, 
 among them John Fowler, the father of John C. 
 The former was a small lad when the family 
 located in Brooklyn Township, and in the year 
 1849 was united in marriage with Julia Ann 
 Higgins. and of this union four children were 
 born, of whom two died in infancy. Mrs. Mary 
 J. Higgins another child, died on January 17, 
 1902, and Harrison, the only one of the four still 
 surviving, is a resident of Oxnard, Cal. The 
 mother of these children died April 15, 1856. 
 During the year 1857 Mr. Fowler was married 
 to Susannah Mason, and of this second union 
 were born six children, namely : James A., who 
 is a farmer in Morton County, Kan.; William H., 
 John C. and H. Pinkne.v, who are farmers in 
 Brooklyn Township; Henry Taylor, who died 
 at the age of sixteen, and Dora May, who is the 
 
 wife of John Higgins, of Brooklyn Township. 
 Botl) the paternal and maternal grandparents of 
 this family are now deceased, the former resting 
 in Blackburn Cemetery and the latter, who died 
 within a week of each other, about 1804, resting 
 in Scott's burying ground. 
 
 After his marriage, John Fowler and his wife 
 located in Brooklyn Township, and remained 
 there for the balance of their lives. The elder 
 Fowler was a quiet and industrious man. attend- 
 ing well to his oivu affairs and never meddling 
 with those of other people. He was persistently 
 industrious and reaped his reward accordingly, 
 ami was honored and respected for his upright- 
 ness and kindliness of character. Politically he 
 was an uncompromising Republican, and was act- 
 ive and helpful in the Methodist Protestant 
 < ihurch. 
 
 The usual tasks, diversions and advantages 
 contributed to the development of John C. Fow- 
 ler, and at the age of twenty-three years, in 
 1887, he was united in marriage to Alice Glan- 
 don, daughter of John Glandon, one of the pion- 
 eers and prominent farmers of. Brooklyn Town- 
 ship. Mrs. Fowler was born on her father's 
 farm in 1862, and is the mother of three chil- 
 den : Minnie Maude, born January 24, 1888; 
 Serena May. born June 3, 1891 ; ami Dwight L., 
 horn July 19. 1895. Mr. Fowler settled after his 
 marriage on a farm he had previously purchased 
 in Section 16. Brooklyn Township, and for twelve 
 years was increasingly successful at general 
 farming and stock raising. In 1899 he moved 
 to what was known as the Glandon farm, also 
 in Section 16. and which at that time had a 
 small frame house but no barns. He at once 
 began the improvement of this property, renewed 
 the fences, erected shelter for his stock, aud in 
 1907, having prospered in the new location, put 
 up one of the finest and best equipped rural resi- 
 dences in Brooklyn Township. With his wife he 
 now is the owner of 225 acres of tillable land, 
 provided with the best of modern improvements 
 and facilities for raising the stock and produce 
 best adapted to this part of Illinois. From the 
 time of bis birth on the old Fowler farm in 
 Brooklyn Township. February 4, 1864, Mr. Fow- 
 ler has known no other field of activity than his 
 present surroundings, and in them he has found 
 ample opportunity for working out a sane and 
 wholesome destiny. For many years he lias 
 been a supporter and trustee of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church and a conscientious voter of 
 the Republican ticket. 
 
 GARRISON, George.— The State of Illinois is 
 noted throughout the country for its thorough- 
 bred live stock, its Durham cattle having even 
 more than a national reputation. The day has 
 long passed since the live stock industry was 
 conducted in a bap-hazard manner: when the 
 cattle, horses, sheep and swine were turned 
 loose to get their living at their own sweet will, 
 and land which was too poor to cultivate was 
 given up to them. Their wants are now fore- 
 stalled and met almost as if they were human 
 
828 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 beings, and their breeding and raising are con- 
 ducted along carefully considered and scientific 
 lines. There are few citizens of Illinois to whom 
 this grand development in agriculture can more 
 justly be attributed than to the late George 
 Garrison, the pioneer of Littleton Township. 
 Schuyler County, who, through his sturdy labors 
 and rare management, became one of the leading 
 tanners and live stock men of Central Illinois. 
 He was the first to introduce thorough-bred Dur- 
 ham cattle into Schuyler County, and was also 
 very prominent in improving the breed of horses 
 and hogs. 
 
 Mr. Garrison was born in Butler County. Ohio, 
 on the 16th of June, 1800. the seventh child of 
 Jonathan and Mary Garrison. He remained at 
 home only until he was ten years of age. when 
 his mother died, and as the family was large and 
 the father in poor rireumstances, George com- 
 menced to earn his own living at an age when 
 most boys have not long been in the school room. 
 While still in his 'teens, he applied to a man by 
 the name of Giphart for work of any kind, and 
 was assigned the task of chopping wood and 
 clearing land at four dollars per month. He 
 clung to this task until something better offered, 
 which proved to be chopping wood at twenty 
 rents per cord, and at this, and similar work, he 
 continued until he was about sixteen years of 
 age, when he abandoned it for labor on the 
 Miami Canal. After being thus employed for a 
 year, he obtained a situation in a distillery at a 
 salary of eight dollars per month, and during 
 the two years of his work there saved a small 
 sum of money, which he laid aside for further 
 use. His farm work for the succeeding two years 
 lirought him nine dollars per month, and his next 
 employment as superintendent of a distillery 
 was at an advance to eleven dollars per month, 
 the young man holding his position during the 
 life of the business, which proved to be eighteen 
 months. Through bis persistent labor and self- 
 denying economy he had now saved enough 
 money for the purchase of two colts, but after 
 keeping them for seme time he abandoned this 
 first live stock venture in favor of a patent right, 
 of which he finally lost complete control, leaving 
 him experience as his only asset. This proved to 
 him of the utmost value, as he never thereafter 
 ventured into the ways of speculation in an un- 
 familiar field. 
 
 At this epoch in his life Mr. Garrison decided 
 upon the course which has anchored so many 
 other young men in a bright and prosperous 
 haven : he determined to get married and settle 
 down to found a home and household. To this 
 end he borrowed twenty-five dollars for the pur- 
 chase of his wedding suit, and on March 19, 
 1830, was united to Miss Sarah Vaile, like him- 
 self a native of Butler County. Ohio. She was 
 a daughter of Henry and Permelia Vaile, and 
 born en the 15th of November, 1S10. After his 
 marriage. Mr. Garrison rented land. and. through 
 a friend, procured a team of horses, thereby har- 
 vesting two crops. But his progress was too slow 
 in such a conservative and thickly settled State 
 
 as Ohio., and, hearing many favorable reports of 
 the prosperity of Illinois, concluded to seek a 
 home in the prairies of that new country, where 
 land was cheap and where energy and enterprise 
 were at a premium. Accordingly, in September, 
 is.;:;, with his family, consisting of his wife and 
 two children, he started overland for Central 
 Illinois, and on the oth of the following October 
 arrived on the banks of Sugar Creek, Schuyler 
 County, and drew up his team in prepara- 
 tion for a permanent residence. At this time 
 he possessed two horses and a wagon and $363 
 of hard-earned cash. He immediately traded 
 one of his horses and his wagon, with one hun- 
 dred dollars in money, for a claim of 240 acres 
 on Sugar Creek, and established his household 
 in a little log cabin, and in the succeeding fifty- 
 four years saw his family circle expand by the 
 addition of nine children (only one of whom 
 died), reared his sons and daughters to ways of 
 industry and morality, and. with the continuous 
 improvement of his property and the splendid 
 growth of his live stock interests, became one of 
 the most prosperous and prominent men of Cen- 
 tral Illinois. Mr. Garrison entered this first 
 tract of land at one dollar and twenty-five cents 
 per acre, borrowing the purchase money of Jacob 
 Sharp, of Fulton County, 111., and paying him 
 thirty per cent interest for the loan. He re- 
 mained there for seven profitable years, after 
 which he sold the property and bought a farm in 
 Section 26, Littleton Township, Schuyler County, 
 adding to it, periodically, until he was the owner 
 of 840 acres in a body, and all within the town- 
 ship. For many years before his death this was 
 considered one of the finest farms in Central 
 Illinois, especially for live stock. His busy and 
 useful life ended June <;, 1SS7. and the good 
 wife, to whose womanly care and faithful man- 
 agement he gratefully accorded much of his suc- 
 eess in life, followed him to the Great Beyond on 
 the 6th of October. 1SS8. For many years they 
 had been earnest members of the Christian 
 Church. 
 
 On the 10th of March. 1880. the popular and 
 venerable couple had celebrated their golden wed- 
 ding, upon which occasion they received many 
 testimonials of affection from children, grand- 
 children and old-time friends. Perhaps the most 
 unique feature of the anniversary was the pre- 
 sent,! t ion by tin 1 white-haired bridegroom to his 
 great-grandson. Ebenezer Cordell, of the coat, for 
 which he paid in borrowed money but in which 
 he so proudly stood when he was married to the 
 faithful woman of his choice, fifty years before. 
 
 Mr. Garrison was a life-long Democrat, casting 
 his first vote for Andrew Jackson in 1S36. He 
 was a consistent voter, but never engaged in 
 politics as an office-seeker. Except to be known 
 as a thorough and progressive agriculturist, he 
 was unambitious in life, and that aim he accom- 
 plished to the full. He was a moral and helpful 
 character in all the walks of life, and his domes- 
 tic relations were ennobled by the most earnest 
 solicitude for the comfort and general well-being 
 of those dependent upon him. In a word, he was 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 s-.".i 
 
 a large hearted and strong minded man. whose 
 conduct was always guided by the moral princi- 
 ples of Christianity. 
 
 During their long and happy married life 
 ten children were born to Mr. and Mrs. George 
 Garrison, the first two being natives of Butler 
 County, Ohio, and the other eight of Schuyler 
 County, 111. They were as follows : Mary, now 
 the wife of David Fox, a resident of Coffee 
 Count}-, Kan. ; Amy, who became the wife of 
 Ebenezer Vaile, both of whom are deceased ; Per- 
 nielia, Mrs. James Beck, of Brooking, S. D. ; 
 Henry, who lives at Industry, McDonough 
 County, 111.; Margaret, wife of Aaron Shusley. 
 of Lewistown, 111. ; George, who also lives in In- 
 dustry. 111. ; Rebecca, wife of John Forsyth, who 
 resides in Missouri ; Amelia, who became the 
 wife of George KirUhani, farmer of Littleton 
 Township ; Frances, who died at the age of nine 
 years ; and William E., whose sketch is elsewhere 
 published. At the time of the writing of this 
 work (fall of 1907) there were eight living 
 children, sixty-nine grand-children and eleven 
 great-grand-children. 
 
 GARRISON, William E„ one of the most suc- 
 cessful and best-known farmers and stock raisers 
 of Schuyler County. 111., is a native of the county, 
 having been born in Section 26, Littleton Town- 
 ship. March 25, 1851. He is a son of George and 
 Sarah (Vailei Garrison, the latter born Novem- 
 ber 15, 1S10, and died October 6, 1888. The ca- 
 reer of George Garrison is portrayed in a sep- 
 arate record appearing in this connection, and 
 details concerning bis family are therein given. 
 The youth of William E. Garrison was passed on 
 the home farm, and his education was received 
 in the district schools of Littleton Township and 
 in the Rushville school. On January 15, 1873, 
 he was married to Elnora Leggy, who was born 
 in Lincoln County, W. Va., February 26, 1852, a 
 daughter of Lewis and Melvina (Finch) Leggy. 
 In 1S50, her parents went from West Virginia to 
 Ohio, and subsequently located in Missouri. 
 Thence, in 1871, the family came to Schuyler 
 County, 111., settling in Littleton Township, and 
 moving some time afterwards to Bueua Vista 
 Township, and there her mother died. 
 
 After their marriage, Mr. and Mrs. Garrison 
 made their home on the old homestead until 
 1890, and there the births of all their children 
 occurred, as follows : Delia, born August 10, 
 1873; Charles, bom November 9, 1871; James 
 W., born September 14. 1S77; Nora A., born Jan- 
 uary 19, 1886 ; and George L., born April 2, 1S89. 
 Delia is the wife of Charles W. Young, a farmer 
 in Buena Vista Township, and they are the pa- 
 rents of two children — Edmond Dewey and El- 
 nora L. ; Charles, who is also engaged in farm- 
 ing in the same township, married Grace Ellis ; 
 James W. married Mary Grier, by whom he had 
 one child. Maurice J., born on the paternal farm 
 in Section 25, Littleton Township ; Nora A., is 
 the wife of Harry Settles, a farmer in Rushville, 
 and has two children — Madeline Clarice and 
 Harold G. ; and George L. is at home. In 1890, 
 
 Mr. Garrison bought a tract of land adjoining 
 Rushville on the north, where he has since lived. 
 He is now the owner of 341 acres of some of 
 the best land in Littleton Township, lying in 
 Section 25, besides having a number of town 
 lots in Marshall. Logan County, Okla. He has a 
 very fine home, and is one of the leading farm- 
 ers and stock-raisers of Schuyler County, his 
 specialties in breeding being Shorthorn and Red- 
 Polled Angus cattle, and full blooded Duroc Jer- 
 sey hogs. He also keeps a number of fine Jersey 
 cows for dairy purposes. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Garrison has always been a 
 supporter of the Democratic party, and while en- 
 tertaining no ambition lor public office, takes an 
 intelligent and earnest interest in civic affairs. 
 In all enterprises intended to promote the wel- 
 fare of the township and county, he has taken an 
 active part, discharging faithfully the duties 
 pertaining to citizenship. Socially, he is affilia- 
 ted with the Knights and Ladies of Security. He 
 and his worthy helpmate are members of the 
 Christian Church, and both are recognized as 
 very useful members of the community. 
 
 GEER, Benjamin F. — Through the course of a 
 life covering a span of more than one-half cen- 
 tury, Mr. Geer has made his home in Schuyler 
 County, and has risen to the rank of one of the 
 most prosperous and progressive farmers of 
 Browning Township, where he was born in No- 
 vember of 1852, and where the responsibilities 
 of patriotic citizenship have been efficiently dis- 
 charged. In the course of his life it has" been 
 his privilege to witness many changes in his lo- 
 cality. When he was a boy he attended school, 
 first in the Sackville district^ and later in the 
 Haivkeye district, iu Browning Township. The 
 schools of those days were far inferior to those 
 of the present time. Text-books were few, meth- 
 ods of instruction were crude, teachers were 
 often illy prepared for their duties, and the 
 equipment of the school was meagre. Along 
 other than educational lines be also has witnessed 
 remarkable changes. Methods of agriculture have 
 been revolutionized since his boyhood. Hand la- 
 bor has been largely superseded by machinery, 
 anil now- a farmer has need of a fair knowledge 
 of mechanics in order to conduct his work with- 
 out exasperating delays. The telephone and the 
 rural free delivery have brought the world to 
 the farmer's door. All of these improvements he 
 has seen, besides many others scarcely less Im- 
 portant. 
 
 On the farm on Section 2S. Browning Town- 
 ship, where he now resides, Benjamin F. Geer 
 was born, a son of Dyer A. and Anna Eliza 
 (Arnold) Geer, natives of Hamilton County, 
 Ohio. The father was born in 1811 and, at the 
 age of twenty-one years, came to Illinois, settling 
 in Schuyler County in 1832 while the country 
 was yet a wilderness of heavy timber from which 
 the Indians bad but recently disappeared. After 
 a time he was joined by his brothers. Sidney and 
 Orvis Geer, and he took up 200 acres of congress 
 land on Section 28, Browning Township. On his 
 
830 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 claim lie put up a cabin and hither brought his 
 bride, who had been orphaned in childhood and 
 had accompanied an oider brother and sister 
 from Ohio to Illinois. She was spared to a good 
 old age, passing away October 6, 1001, sustained 
 to the last by the hrm Christian faith which 
 had been the anchor of her earlier years. The 
 father died in February of 1875. He, too, had 
 been a sincere believer in the doctrines of Chris- 
 tianity and had endeavored in his life to exem- 
 plify the teachings of the Savior. During young 
 manhood he had been converted in the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, but later he identified 
 himself with the Christian Church, in which for 
 years he officiated as Sunday School Superinten- 
 dent, and to whose missionary enterprises he 
 was a generous contributor. During the exist- 
 ence of the Whig party he supported its tenets. 
 On the organization of the Republican party he 
 endorsed its principles and ever afterward sup- 
 ported its men and measures. 
 
 In the family of Dyer A. Geer there were nine 
 children, two of whom died in infancy. Those 
 who attained mature years were as follows : 
 James, who is engaged in farm pursuits in Ful- 
 ton County. 111.; Sidney A., who settled at At- 
 lanta, l'helps County, Neb. ; and there died 
 about 1901 ; Melinda, wife of F. M. Skiles. a 
 fanner in Browning Township; Milton, who en- 
 listed in the One Hundred and Nineteenth Illi- 
 nois Infantry during the Civil War and died in 
 the service at Memphis, Tenn. ; Hiram, who died 
 .in the old homestead in 1SS2 ; Benjamin F., of 
 Browning Township; and Louisa, who married 
 James Brines and resides at Ukiah, Cal. After 
 completing the studies of the district schools 
 Benjamin F. Geer attended college at Abingdon, 
 111.: and on his return home taught two terms 
 of school in Union district. With his brother he 
 bought the interest of the other heirs in the old 
 homestead ami shortly afterward established 
 domestic ties, being united in marriage, Septem- 
 ber 20, 1875, with Miss Delilah A. Rebman. who 
 was born March 30, 1857. a daughter of John 
 Rebman. i See sketch of Adam Rebman for the 
 family record). 
 
 The family of Mr. and Mrs. Geer comprises 
 the following children: Alena.. who was born 
 September 18, 1876, and married Ray Walton, a 
 farmer of Browning Township, by whom she has 
 one child. Dail ; Frederick, who was born Jan- 
 uary 7, 1S79. who married Jessie Spiders, and 
 has four children. Burton, Bernice, Clifford and 
 Floyd, their home being on a farm in Browning 
 Township : Homer S., who was born January 13, 
 1881, and married Lusetta Walton, by whom he 
 has two children, Pearl and Ansel ; Hiram, who 
 was born August 11, 1883. and married Ada 
 Kloker, by whom he has two children. Dorothy 
 and Neil : Leroy, who was born November 10, 
 1885, and married Mabel Haffner; Milton, who 
 was born April 20. 1887; Harland, born De- 
 cember 15, 1S90: Annie F.. born January 3, 
 1895; and Eugene, born October 15. 1S98. Dur- 
 ing 1883 the family erected a large residence on 
 their farm, and thither they removed from the 
 
 old cabin home that had been the scenes of many 
 happy gatherings and much quiet enjoyment. The 
 farm originally comprised 157 1-3 acres, but a 
 part of this Mr. Geer has sold to his children, 
 and now owns eighty-six acres, on which he has 
 ornamental and shade trees, also an orchard oi 
 one hundred peach and three hundred apple 
 trees. In former years he was a Republican, 
 but tioiv gives his influence to the Prohibition 
 party. With his wife he holds membership in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in the up- 
 building of which he has been actively interested. 
 His conversion took place many years ago when 
 he embraced the United Brethren faith, but he 
 soon united with the denomination' to which he 
 now belongs. In the twilight of his busy life, 
 sustained by the recollection of an honorable 
 career, cheered by the hope which religion gives, 
 and esteemd by the people in whose midst he 
 has always lived, lie is enjoying the fruits of the 
 busy years of the past and is reaping the reward 
 of a well-spent life. 
 
 GLAND0N, John A., (deceased).— Substan- 
 tially and prominently identified with the history 
 of Schuyler County from the time of his arrival 
 there in 1856 until his lamented decease on June 
 22, 1906, John A. Glandon is recalled as a man 
 of great energy and of peculiar ability as a trader 
 and speculator, and unquestioned courage and 
 good judgment in pushing his projects to a suc- 
 cessful issue. His varied aud many sided career 
 is indelibly stamped upou the affairs of his en- 
 vironment, and his unique and forceful personal- 
 ity will not soon be forgotten by those who were 
 privileged to share his friendship or enthusiasm. 
 Mr. Glandon was born in Moorefield, Harrison 
 County, Ohio, February 5, 1824. and therefore 
 lived to be eighty-two years, four months and 
 seventeen days old. 
 
 The son of William Glandon, who was born in 
 17so. and of the hitter's wile, Nancy Magdalene 
 i Peacock i Glandon, Mr. Glandon' s maternal 
 grandfather was a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 War who had laid his claim warrant for 160 
 acres of land on the historic Mount Vernon 
 home. William Glandon had eleven children, all 
 of whom attained maturity, aud one of whom. 
 William, his father's namesake, lives in .Mount 
 Pleasant John A., in youth had but a limited 
 education, but be developed ingenuity of a high 
 order, and was especially cut in the mold of a 
 trader. Left fatherless at the age of twelve 
 years, and the sole support of his widowed 
 mother, he contracted for employment by a mail 
 carrier, near Moorefield 1 , Ohio, at five dollars 
 per month — a princely sum for toil in those days 
 and for that kind of occupation. At the same time 
 he delved into everything that promised finan- 
 cial returns, and at one time bought a drove of 
 a hundred turkeys, which he drove to market at 
 Louisville, Ohio, a distance of eighty miles. He 
 was fortunate in this venture, notwithstanding 
 that he lost quite a number of birds on the way. 
 When his powers were more matured the trading 
 instinct was still uppermost, and he contracted 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 831 
 
 to build two miles of the Pan Handle Railroad 
 in Harrison County, Ohio, and then went to the 
 mouth of the Big Sandy River, in Kentucky, and 
 built two miles of the Lexington & Big Sandy 
 Railroad in each instance making a success of 
 his large undertaking. 
 
 Mr. Glandon came with his mother to Schuy- 
 ler County in 1856, and the mother made her 
 home with him until 1866, when during a visit 
 to McDonough County, she sickened and died at 
 the age ol seventy-two years. In Schuyler County 
 Mr. Glandon bought 125 acres of land iu Section 
 21, Brooklyn Township, paying therefor $13 per 
 acre, the land having on it a rude log cabin but 
 no other improvements. He cleared practically 
 all of this land, built a barn forty by seventy 
 feet with basement, and also cattle barns, hav- 
 ing stalls for a huudred head of stock. In 1S82 
 he bought the Brooklyn Mills, which he rebuilt 
 and fitted with modern grist machinery, and 
 which proved a fine success. Previous success 
 enabled him to invest in almost any enterprise 
 in the county, and all of his means were gotten 
 legitimately and without the sacrifice of princi- 
 ple or encroachment on the rights of his fellow 
 men. At one time he owned 900 acres of land, 
 and was a large raiser of sheep, having, during 
 the Civil War. 1.700 head of Merinos, the wool 
 of which netted him a dollar a pound. In 1865, 
 iu company with William Horney, he went to 
 Graystone, Texas, with a team of horses after 
 an "Id couple that had become stranded, travel- 
 ing without a murmur a distance of 2,000 miles. 
 '1 he task was arduous and the way dangerous in 
 those days of civil strife, and the men heaved a 
 deep sigh of relief when they again landed in 
 the county with the old couple in safety. Nor 
 did this venture represent the extent of his 
 thoughtfulnss and kindness to others, for his 
 hand was ever in his pocket, and he gladly gave 
 whenever the cause had the least semblance of 
 justifiability. 
 
 In Tuscarawas County, Ohio, Mr. Glandon 
 married Delilah Bannister, who preceded him to 
 the other world about seven weeks before his 
 own death, or June 3, 1906. This couple jour- 
 neyed together in great harmony, aud it was con- 
 sidered providential that their exit from the 
 stage ol' affairs left neither desolate for long. 
 They were the parents of four children: Belinda 
 J., wile of Samuel McKelvin, a fanner of the 
 vicinity of Lincoln, Neb. ; James W., on the old 
 home farm; Alice, wife of John C. Fowler, rep- 
 resented elsewhere in this work; and Edgar D., 
 a telephone manager of the plant at Pittsfield, 
 111. 
 
 GLASS, David H. — Many of the superior com- 
 pensations which lie in wait for the capable and 
 learned exponent of legal science have fallen to 
 the lot of David H. Glass, whose professional 
 association with Rushville dates from 1878. Mr. 
 Class was born on a farm in Ripley County. Ind.. 
 in 1854. a son of John and Ann (Major) Glass, 
 the former a native of Washington County. Pa.. 
 and the latter born in County Waterford, Ire- 
 
 land. Craving a broader life than that prom- 
 ised as an agriculturist, Mr. Glass devised means 
 of securing the necessary higher education, aud 
 from the public schools of Crawfordsville entered 
 Wabash College, lnd. He came to Illinois in 
 1S71 aud began the study of law, entering the 
 law department of the University of Iowa, at 
 Iowa City, from which he took his degree in 
 1878. Upon locating in Rushville in 1S7S he be- 
 came the partner of S. I',. Montgomery, an asso- 
 ciation amicably and profitably continued for 
 nearly twenty years, until the removal of his 
 partner to Qulncy, HI. Since then he has con- 
 ducted an independent practice, and has been 
 connected, on one side or the other, with many 
 of the important suits which have come up for 
 adjustment iu the city and couuty. 
 
 For years Mr. Glass has been active iu connec- 
 tion with Democratic politics, his first office be- 
 ing that of State's Attorney, to which he was 
 elected in 1NS4, aud in which he served three 
 terms. In 1901 he was elected Mayor of Rush- 
 ville, and his administration resulted in many 
 improvements in the municipal governmeut. He 
 is a member of the Masonic fraternity. Decern 
 ber 21, 1881, occurred the marriage of Mr. Class 
 to Sarah G. Worthingtou, of Rushville, and of 
 this union there have been born two children, 
 Ruth W. and Charles, the latter now being de- 
 ceased. To bis professional practice Mr. Class 
 brings the combination of tact, ripe experience 
 and unswerving integrity, and as such he is 
 highly honored in a community which has prof- 
 ited by more than quarter of a century of his 
 citizenship. 
 
 GREENLEAF, Peter.— The name of Greenleaf 
 first became known in Illinois iu 1S36, through 
 the advent of Joseph and Peter Greenleaf, sons 
 of Peter Greenleaf of New Jersey, a participant 
 iu the War of 1812. One of the brothers, Peter, 
 settled near White Oak Springs. Brown County, 
 111., and at his death there in 1857 left two sons 
 and two daughters, but only two of the number 
 are now living, Joseph, a resident of Steamboat 
 Rock. Iowa, and his sister, Mary, who lives near 
 Whitehall, . The elder of the two immi- 
 grating brothers, Joseph, settled in Astoria. Ful- 
 ton County, 111., locating on a soldier's claim on 
 Section 0. The warrant for this claim was made 
 out in favor of Peter Greenleaf, the grandfather, 
 as a partial compensation for services rendered 
 in the War of 1812. It was about this time, 1S40, 
 that Joseph Greenleaf was married, and to- 
 gether the young people set up housekeeping in 
 the rude log cabin which Mr. Greenleaf had 
 erected on the land. Though crude on the exte- 
 rior and lacking in many comforts in its inte- 
 rior furnishings, the genial, happy home-life 
 within made up in generous measure for the lack 
 of material things. This continued to be the 
 family home until 186S, when the father sold the 
 
 old 1 ie place and came to Schuyler County, 
 
 purchasing 160 acres of land from Tom Mc- 
 
 r i ry on Sections 13 and 14. in Birmingham 
 
 Township. Here he built a comfortable resi- 
 
835 
 
 HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 deuce for bis family and brought tbe land to a 
 bigb state of cultivation, and here, too, bis 
 earthly life came to a close in 1904. His death 
 was looked upou as a public loss, not only to tbe 
 community in which he was then living, but also 
 in Fulton County, where so many years of bis 
 younger life bad been passed. To all he was 
 known as the embodiment of generosity and lib- 
 erality, for none who appealed to him were ever 
 known to leave bis door without assistance. Dur- 
 ing his younger years he had joined the Masonic 
 order, was lor many years a member of the 
 Christian Church, and politically was a sup- 
 porter of Democratic principles. He was born 
 in Hoboken, X. J., April 0, ISIS, came to Illi- 
 nois in 1836, and for sixty-eight years gave tbe 
 strength of his sturdy manhood in assisting in 
 the reclamation of this commonwealth and mak- 
 ing it the peer of States in the Middle West. Be- 
 fore her marriage his wife was Miss Sarah Dale, 
 a native of Indiana, *vho came to Illinois with 
 her mother, her father, Samuel Dale, having 
 given bis life for his country's cause in the War 
 of 1S12. 
 
 Seven children were born into this family on 
 the Fulton County homestead, their names in or- 
 der of birth being as follows : Nathaniel of 
 Centralia, Wash. ; Damaris Rose, tbe wife of 
 James H. Rose, of Lamar, Mo. ; Samuel, of Cen- 
 tralia, Wash.; Alice, of Table Grove, 111., the 
 widow of George R. Sellars ; Alonzo, of Joplin, 
 Mo. ; and Stephen, also a resident of Table Grove. 
 The mother of these children died on the Fulton 
 County homestead June 27, 1867, leaving a be- 
 reaved family and many friends whose acquaint- 
 ance dated back to pioneer days. She was not 
 permitted to see all of her children grow to ma- 
 turity. 
 
 The second child in his pareuts' family, Peter 
 Greenleaf, was born in Astoria Township, Ful- 
 ton County, 111., December 2, 1845. With con- 
 siderable irregularity he atteuded the district 
 school adjacent to his boyhood home and, when 
 not in school, be was kept occupied with the 
 duties which fell to his lot on the home farm. 
 Notwithstanding the hardships which came with 
 life on the frontier, Mr. Greenleaf looks back 
 upon those days as the most joyous of his whole 
 life, parents and children all contributing to the 
 good humor and happy atmosphere which always 
 filled the little home. His marriage on Septem- 
 ber ::, 1808. united him with Miss Sarah E. Cook, 
 the daughter of Peter Cook, of Oakland Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County. For some years after bis 
 marriage he worked as a farm hand in the em- 
 ploy of others, but in the meantime he laid by 
 from bis earnings all that could be spared after 
 furnishing necessities for the family and in time 
 was enabled to purchase land on bis own account. 
 This consisted of sixty-two and a half acres on 
 Section 8. Emniett Township, McDonongh County, 
 111., where for twenty-two years — or until 1904 
 — he made his home continuously. It was in tbe 
 year just mentioned that he returned to his boy- 
 hood home, Schuyler County, and bought 202 
 acres on Section 24. Birmingham Township, a 
 
 farm which embodies some of the finest land in 
 Schuyler County, and on which he raises all of 
 the grains common to a well-established Illinois 
 farm. 
 
 Eleven children were born to tbe marriage of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Greenleaf, but of this number 
 three died in infancy. The eldest living child, 
 Joseph, married Miss Nona Sells, by whom be 
 has lour children — Pauline, Joseph, Alice and 
 Sterling. Annie became the wile of John W. 
 Gleason, of Birmingham Township, and is the 
 mother of five children — Roy, Pearl, Mary. 
 Charles and Ethel. Eva, the wife of Joseph 
 McGee, of Chattaroy, Wash., has two children — 
 Frances aud John. Samuel is a resident of Rush- 
 ville. 111. John S. is tbe next in order of birth. 
 Alice, the wife of Allie Morrell, is tbe mother of 
 two children — \ ernot aud Dorothy E. Ross C. 
 and Frank M. complete the family. The latter 
 married Lottie Saultz, and they have two chil- 
 dren, Peter and Henry. Mr. Greenleaf is nom- 
 inally a Democrat, but is liberal iu his views, 
 and votes for the man best suited to the office in 
 question, regardless of party. Fraternally he is 
 affiliated with the Masonic Order and with tbe 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 HABER, Daniel F.— The name of Daniel F. Ha- 
 
 ber is associated with all that is substantial in 
 character, excellent in farming and admirable in 
 social life in Rusbville Township. His claims to 
 consideration are further increased by worthy 
 political services, not the least important of 
 which is bis tenure in office as Highway Commis- 
 sioner. To this office he was twice elected, and 
 his unceasing activity resulted in marked im- 
 provement of the public thoroughfares, and an 
 increase of local pride in their hardness, smooth- 
 ness and adaptability to all weather conditions. 
 By a student of nations it is declared that no 
 public utility so faithfully indexes the character 
 of a people as its arteries of travel, and the pres- 
 ent condition of the roads in Rusbville Town- 
 ship would seem to indicate a very high standard 
 of citizenship. 
 
 Bom on a farm in Littleton Township. Sehuy- 
 ler County, November 1(5, 1865, Mr. Haber is a 
 son of Thomas Haber, mention of whom may be 
 found elsewhere in this work. His boyhood was 
 spent after the fashion of most farmers' sons in 
 average circumstances, and he combined tbe 
 many-sided work of tbe farm with irregular at- 
 tendance at the district school, and being nat- 
 urally studious, he readily devoured such books 
 as came within the range of his using. At the 
 age of twenty-two his life shifted into a groove 
 of larger responsibility through his marriage, in 
 February, 1SS7, to Lotta Griffith, daughter of 
 Mayland Griffith, and a native of DeWitt County, 
 111. The young people continued to live on the 
 Haber farm until 1888, when Mr. Haber rented 
 property in Bethel Township, McDonough County, 
 tbe following year moving to Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County, where he rented land until 
 1892. He then moved to the farm which he now 
 owns and occupies, containing 150 acres In Sec- 
 
MR. AND MRS. MADISON O. SNYDKK 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 833 
 
 tion 21, Rushville Township. He is an extensive 
 breeder, feeder and shipper of stock, especially 
 hogs and cattle, and raises on an average be- 
 tween 100 and 150 acres of corn yearly, the en- 
 tire amount being used in his business. He ships 
 from fifty to seventy-five head of cattle, and 
 from 200 to 400 hogs every year, and is one of 
 the most successful men in this line in the county. 
 Since 1892 he has made steady progress in his 
 life, has acquired influence and authority in the 
 community, and has reason to regard as fortu- 
 nate the incentive which led him to settle in this 
 part of Schuyler County. 
 
 Mr. Haber subscribes to Democratic principles, 
 and he was elected Road Commissioner on that 
 ticket. He is socially connected with the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, having joined the 
 order in 1S98, and is also a member of the Rush- 
 ville Lodge of Modern Woodmen of America. 
 Both he and his wife are members of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, and to this, as to many 
 other causes, be is a generous contributor. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Haber are the parents of the following 
 children : Carl, born November 28, 18S8 ; Mabel 
 P., born December 29, 1891 ; Paul, born March 
 24. 1S93; Clark G., born April 18, 1894: Daniel 
 G., born April 9, 1S96, died August 1, 1S96 ; Vera, 
 born June 2, 1897; Mary, born August 6, 1898; 
 Harold, born October 4, 1903 ; and Margaret, 
 born March 23, 1905. 
 
 Mrs. Haber was born April 19, 1869, and rep- 
 resents an early family of Schuyler County. Her 
 father, Mayland Griffith, and her mother, Isa- 
 bella (Shoe) Griffith, were natives of Muskin- 
 gum County, Ohio, and came early to DeWitt 
 County, 111., where Mrs. Haber was born. The 
 Griffiths arrived in Schuyler County in 1873. The 
 mother died in Cass County, the father being 
 also deceased. They were the parents of thir- 
 teen children, nine of whom are living ; John, a 
 resident of California ; Newton, a farmer of 
 McDonough County, 111. ; Joseph, a resident of 
 Bloomington. 111. ; Parlet, of Hancock County, 
 111.; Grant; Dora, wife of John Whitehead, of 
 Grand Bluff, 111.; Nancy Jane; Maretta; and 
 Anna. 
 
 HABER, John C. — Schuyler County is fortunate 
 in the possession of many native sons whose con- 
 tinued loyalty to its institutions and opportuni- 
 ties make for its permanent and most substan- 
 tial well being, and who, in the same occupa- 
 tion as their sires, are realizing the advantages 
 of latter day methods of operation. To this class 
 belongs John C. Haber, owner of 100 acres of 
 land in Section 19, Camden Township. Mr. Ha- 
 ber was born in Bnena Vista Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, April 28, 1879. a son of Thomas Ha- 
 ber. mention of whom may be found elsewhere 
 in this work. 
 
 Mr. Haber early made himself useful around 
 his father's farm, devoting such time as he 
 could spare to attendance at the district school, 
 and sharing the common diversions of the youth 
 of the neighborhood. September 12, 1891, he mar- 
 ried Emma Miller, a native of Brown County, 
 
 111., and daughter of Thomas and Amanda 
 (Mounee) Miller, pioneers of Brown County, the 
 former of whom is deceased. Mrs. Miller, who 
 still makes her home in Brown County, is the 
 mother of six children, one of whom died in in- 
 fancy. Of those living, Nettie is the wife of 
 William Rigg, of Brown County; Hattie. wife 
 of Lafayette Avery (see sketch of James Avery) ; 
 Edsel, living on the old place in Brown County ; 
 Pearl, wife of Fred Kerr, a farmer of Brown 
 County; and Mrs. Haber. Mr. and Mrs. Haber 
 rented a farm for a year after their marriage, and 
 in the fall of 1S92 bought 100 acres of land in 
 Camden Township, known as the old Eugene 
 Cady farm, and located thereon in the spring 
 of 1893. Under the wise control of Mr. Haber 
 his farm has developed great resource and fer- 
 tility, and is practically demonstrating the ad- 
 vantages of a man at the helm who thoroughly 
 understands the science of farming. He keeps 
 on hand a high grade of horses, cattle and lings, 
 has excellent bams and outhouses and a com- 
 fortable dwelling. Mr. Haber is one of the farm- 
 ers who recognize no limit to their advancement, 
 and who, through the medium of periodicals and 
 conventions keep pace with the ideas of men 
 prominent in the world of agriculture. He is the 
 parent of one son, Thomas C, born in January, 
 1903. Mr. Haber is a Democrat in politics, and 
 in religion is a member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. 
 
 HABER, Thomas.— The sturdy, ■ indomitable 
 spirit, unflagging industry and thrifty frugality 
 characteristic of the German-American, is every- 
 where conspicuously manifest in the industrial 
 activities of the United States, and of the vast 
 number of honest, clear-headed and enterprising 
 sons of Germany who have helped to promote 
 the welfare of the land of their adoption, Thomas 
 Haber is one of the most worthy representatives 
 of the agricultural class, and has won a world- 
 wide reputation in the raising of hogs. In har- 
 mony with the general character of Mr. Haber 
 is the fact that, when he arrived in Schuyler 
 County, bis last cent had been spent for lodging 
 lor a friend who accompanied him from Ohio. 
 From this meagre and discouraging beginning he 
 has advanced to one of the foremost farmers and 
 stock raisers of the United States. He was 
 horn in Tragelhochstadt. Germany. July 25, 1841, 
 ,i son of Andrew and Margaret (Milburger) Ha- 
 ber, natives also of the Fatherland and fanners 
 by occupation. He received his preliminary edu- 
 cation in his native land, and in 1852 accompa- 
 nied the rest of the family to the United States, 
 locating on a farm in the vicinity of Dayton, 
 Ohio. Here the father died at the age of seventy- 
 nine years, the mother surviving him until her 
 eighty-ninth year. 
 
 Thomas Haber was about twenty-three years 
 old when he left Ohio with a friend and came 
 to Illinois in 1S64, locating on a farm in Little- 
 ton Township, Schuyler County, which he rented 
 for two years. He then moved to Buena Vista 
 Township, which has since been his home, and 
 
834 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 where he now owns 200 acres in Section 13, also 
 forty-four acres In Section 18, Rushville Town- 
 ship, and forty acres in Littleton Township, mak- 
 ing in all 284 aires, lie has a modern farm 
 house, well constructed barns and outbuildings, 
 mid the most practical of agricultural imple- 
 ments. He is a stanch believer in progressive ag- 
 riculture, and leaves no stone unturned to im- 
 prove his methods, his farm and his oportuni- 
 ties in general. In this way he has come to be 
 regarded as one of the most thorough, painstak- 
 ing and substantial fanners in Schuyler County. 
 The marriage of Mr. Ilaber to .Mary Bovey 
 occurred October 6, 1S04, Mrs. Haber being a na- 
 tive of Greene County, Ohio, born August 15, 
 1844. She is a daughter of Joseph and Eliza- 
 beth (Miller) Bovey, natives of Maryland and 
 Pennsylvania, respectively, who moved from 
 Ohio io Illinois in 1863, locating in the vicinity 
 Of Littleton where they improved a fine farm, 
 and where both died at ail advanced age. To 
 Mr. and .Mrs. Haber have been horn eight chil- 
 dren : Daniel, born November 16, 1S65, married 
 Lota Griffith, is a farmer in Rushville Town- 
 ship, and has eight children — Carl, Pearl, Paul, 
 Clark. Vera, Mary, Harold and Margaret: Mar- 
 garet J., born November 13, 1867, wife ofl'arely 
 Griffith, a farmer "l Hancock County, 111., and 
 mother of Bessie Griffith; Fannie E.. bom April 
 18, 1870, and died at the age of one year; Grace 
 M.. born January IS. 1S75, wife of Albert Tom- 
 linson, a farmer of Huutsville Township, and 
 mother of six children — Ruth, Cecil, Derward, 
 Roy. Mary and Francis; John, born April 28, 
 1879, married Emma .Miller, has one child. 
 Thomas, and is a farmer in Camden Township: 
 Allie. born October 10, 1882, the wile of George 
 Logan, a farmer of Littleton Township, and has 
 one child. Raymond: Edna, liorn August 0. 1882, 
 living at home; and William, born September 6, 
 
 ISSN. 
 
 In political affiliation Mr. Ilaber is a Denio- 
 crat, but is liberal in bis political ideas. He is 
 fraternally connected with the Rushville Lodge. 
 No. 24, I. O. O. P., and in his religious views is 
 a Presbyterian. He is considered an exemplary 
 and useful citizen, and his children have been 
 trained to fashion their lives along broad and 
 practical and noble lines. 
 
 Mr. Ilaber is one of the most successful breed- 
 ers of hogs in the world. In 1906. he exhibited 
 bis hugs at the Fat Stock Show in Chicago, and 
 won the third prize for the best carload lot. In 
 1907. at the same exhibition he won the first 
 prize lor the best carload lot. and also the cham- 
 pionship of the world. He also has won many 
 prizes on stock and horses at the county fairs. 
 
 HALE, Elam Bliss. — In considering the ances- 
 tral connections of Elam Bliss Hale, an honored 
 farmer living in Section 12. Birmingham Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County, one's memory again re- 
 verts to that greatly admired hero and courage- 
 ous patriot. Nathan Hale, a graduate of Tale Col- 
 lege, a Captain under General Washington in the 
 Revolutionary War. and who. upon being sent 
 
 by bis chief to secure information concerning the 
 British in New York, was captured as a spy and 
 at twenty-one years of age, executed, September 
 22. 1776, by order of Sir William Howe. Nathan 
 Hale's successors and relatives have been scat- 
 tered to the four corners of this great country, 
 but each and all gladly avow their connection 
 with him. and their admiration for his intrepid 
 loyalty and high character. Thomas, William and 
 Timothy Hale came to America about Mayflower 
 time, settling in New England, and from them 
 descended three branches, Elam Bliss tracing 
 his descent to William Hale. Josiah. son of Wil- 
 liam, brother of Nathan Hale, and grandfather 
 of Elam. was born August 21, 1756, and died 
 April 13, 1S41. He married Abigail Joslin. born 
 March 6, 1761, and died May 24, 1841. To 
 Josiah and Abigail Hale were born the following 
 children: Nathan, July 4, 1781; Josiah, Feb- 
 ruary 3, ITS: 1 .; James L., February 20, 1785; 
 Nathan, Jr., October 13. 1786; Esther, September 
 24. 1788 ; Jessie, April 4, 1791 ; Acbsab, January 
 18, 1793; and Abraham, January 26, 1799. 
 
 Abraham Hale, father of Elam Bliss Hale, 
 first saw the light of day in Tyringhain, Mass.. 
 and married Fannie M. Bliss, who was born in 
 Towanda, Pa.. February 26. 1810, and died in 
 Bernadotte, Fulton County. 111., August 2o. inch. 
 Mr. Hale came to Bernadotte about 1840. but 
 eventually went to Missouri, where he died July 
 20. 1S72. Of his six children, Egbert C. born 
 October 14, 1829, was the first Sheriff of Los 
 Angeles County. Cal., who served through his 
 entire term, went from there to the City of Mex- 
 ico, married a Mexican woman, and for twenty- 
 four years was connected with the office of the 
 American Consul, finally dying there March 22. 
 1898, leaving a family of five children — Charles 
 F., Abraham F., Adelaide, Matilda ami Edmond 
 R. ; Abigail Hale, born March 2. 1831. died March 
 10. 1842: Lambert Hale, born in Westfield, N. 
 Y.. January 2, 1834, drove the first stage over 
 the southern mail route from Santiago. Cal.. to 
 San Antonio. Texas, about 1856 or '57, died 
 December 5. 1871. while serving as Chief of Po- 
 lice at Chetopa, Kan. ; Elam Bliss Hale, subject 
 of this sketch, born March IS, 1841 ; George 
 Hale, born January 1. 1844, died September 6. 
 1S45 ; and Mary A., born in Fulton County. 111., 
 November If.. 1850, and died September 22. 1S51. 
 The youth of Elam Bliss Hale passed after 
 the manner of the average country boy, and 
 April 25, 1861, he married Mary Markey. a na- 
 tive of Harrison County, Ohio, born April 26, 
 1843,. Mrs. Hale came with her parents to Illi- 
 nois in 1859. (For further particulars regarding 
 the Markey family, see sketch of Harvey B. 
 Markey.) Mr. and Mrs. Hale have a son. Charles 
 E., born in Birmingham, Schuyler County, Au- 
 gust 2. 1867. and married, for his first wife. Ad- 
 die Toland, born in March, 1879. Of this union 
 there is a son. Charles E.. who was born January 
 16. 1891. The second wife of Charles Hale for- 
 merly was Nora Mitchell, of Littleton Township, 
 and of their union there are three children: 
 Fannie L.. Ruth L., and Forest Bliss. For his 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 835 
 
 entire active life Mr. Hale has engaged in farm- 
 ing, but he has not led a narrow or inactive life, 
 but by travel and reading has kept in touch with 
 the general happenings the world over. In the 
 'sixties he spent some time in Colorado as a 
 cow-boy, returning to Beruadotte Township, Ful- 
 ton Count}-, in December, 1865. For a time he 
 combined farming and working in a saw-mill, 
 and finally bought forty acres of land in Section 
 -'■',, Birmingham Township, Schuyler County, to 
 which he added until he was owner of 107 acres, 
 which lie sold in 1880. He then bought 120 acres 
 in Sections 12 and 13, with the dwelling on Sec- 
 tion 12, and here has since made his home. He 
 has the original deed to his property signed by 
 President James K. Polk. 
 
 Mr. Hale lias filled a large need in the town- 
 ship, and besides setting an inspiring example of 
 honesty and well directed industry, has filled 
 many important local offices, including that of 
 Clerk for eleven years, Assessor six terms, and 
 member of the School Board twenty years. He 
 is an uncompromising Republican, as was his 
 father before him. Indeed Abraham Hale was 
 so strong an Abolitionist during the war. that 
 the K. K. K.'s set the night to kill him, but 
 failed to hit their mark. Mr. Hale preserves 
 well the traditions of his time-honored family, 
 possesses the courtesy and consideration of true 
 breeding and birth, and values as above price 
 the qualities of honesty and fairness in dealing 
 with his fellow men. 
 
 HALE, Jesse, a well known and prosperous 
 farmer and stock raiser in Section 27, Littleton 
 Township. Schuyler County, 111., was born in 
 Buena Vista Township, same county, June 14, 
 1856, a son of Joshua and Elizabeth (Bartlow) 
 I laic, the father, born in New Madrid County, 
 Mil. and the mother in Sangamon County, 111. 
 When a boy Joshua Hale was brought to Schuy- 
 ler County by his parents, who were among the 
 early settlers of the county. The family settled 
 on a farm in Buena Vista Township, where 
 Joshua Hale afterwards became the owner of 
 160 acres of land. This he sold in 1S65. moving 
 to Fremont County, Iowa, and there purchasing 
 a hotel. In the following year, disposing of the 
 hotel property, he returned to Schuyler County, 
 and bought 160 acres on the site of the present 
 village of Littleton. Several years later, he sold 
 out and moved to Hancock County, 111., where 
 he afterwards bought a farm of 200 acres near 
 Augusta. There he died May 18, 1895. His wife 
 hail preceded him to the grave, August 20, 1S82, 
 while living in Littleton Township, Schuyler 
 Count}-. They bad a family of eight children, 
 four of whom are deceased. Those surviving are 
 as follows : Letha, who married George Ross, 
 and is now a widow, living in Hancock County. 
 111.: Jesse; Sadie, who became the wife of John 
 Deweese, a resident of Hamilton. Hancock 
 County: and Cora (Mrs. Marshall Randle), 
 whose homo is also in that county. Jesse Hale 
 was brought up on the home farm, receiving his 
 education in the common schools. Remaining 
 
 with bis parents until he reached the age of 
 Bweuty-one years, be then bought eighty acres 
 of improved land, but selling this three years 
 later, purchased eighty acres in Section 27, of 
 the same township, which he also retained three 
 years. His next purchase was a farm in the 
 vicinity of Pulaski. Hancock County, which be 
 disposed of after living on it two years, when 
 returning to Littleton Township, he bought 200 
 aires of improved land which is still his prop- 
 city. Alter living there until 1903, he bought 
 forty acres in Section 27, upon which he has 
 since made his home. He has been quite success- 
 ful in his business enterprises, and besides gen- 
 eral farming, has raised many head of Black- 
 Polled Angus cattle, as well as horses and hogs 
 in considerable numbers. 
 
 Mr. Hale has been twice married. The mai- 
 den name of his first wife was Abbie E. Davis, 
 who was bom in Worcester, Mass., and to whom 
 he was wedded November 24, 1881. Two 
 children were the result of this union, namely : 
 Lelia S., born August 30, Issu. who became the 
 wife of Asa Bartlett, and lives on her father's 
 200-acre farm; and Blanche E., who died in 
 infancy, March 28. 1891. The mother of these 
 children passed away in January, 1893. In 
 October. 1894, .Mr. Hale was united in marriage 
 with Luella M. Wheat, who was born in Little- 
 ton Township, August ::. 1864, a daughter of 
 John and Julia (Snyder) Wheat, natives of Ken- 
 tucky, and a granddaughter, on the maternal 
 side, of David and Lucinda Snyder. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Hale is a supporter of the 
 Democratic party, and fraternally is affiliated 
 with the I. O. O. F. Lodge No. 24, of Rushville. 
 He is classed among the substantial farmers of 
 bis township, and is regarded as a useful citizen. 
 
 HALE, John Wesley. — The early associations 
 of the subject of this sketch cluster around 
 scenes in Schuyler County, whither he came with 
 his parents at the age of three years. Since 
 then he has risen to a position as one of the ca- 
 llable agriculturists of Camden Township, where 
 he makes his home on Section 12. In connection 
 with his first purchase of laud it may be stated 
 tli il he paid $100 for eleven acres, forming the 
 nucleus of his present possessions. To raise the 
 purchase money he sold a spotted mare for $80 
 and two calves for $8 each, thus raising $00, and 
 with the balance of money he had on hand, he 
 acquired a little tract with a primitive log cabin. 
 During 1883 he erected a frame building. 16x26 
 feet, and now, by subsequent addition, he has a 
 modern and commodious country home. At first 
 he rented land adjoining his home place, but 
 gradually he added to his possessions until now 
 he owns altogether 215 acres on Sections 12 and 
 13, in Camden Township. In September, 1907, 
 he added to this 120 acres more in Section 13, 
 Camden Township. 
 
 The Hale family was established in Schuyler 
 County by the grandfather of John Wesley Hale, 
 who came here from New Madrid, Mo., and se- 
 cured about 500 acres in Buena Vista Township. 
 
s:;c 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 The lather, Jesse Hale, was born in Schuyler 
 County, and married Rebecca Wardrup, who died 
 in 1883. The last heard of the father was by 
 letter written from Ottumwa, Iowa, in which 
 he stated that he was about to go to the mining 
 district of the Black Hills. Of his four children, 
 James is living near Adams County, 111. ; John 
 Wesley remains in Schuyler County ; Drusilla, 
 dei eased, was the wife of James Bartlett, a 
 farmer in Buena Vista Township ; and Mary, de- 
 ceased, was the wife of Charles Warrington. 
 
 Born near Salem. Iowa, January 13, 1850, John 
 Wesley Hale was three years of age at the time 
 the family returned to Schuyler County, and 
 here he received his schooling in Buena Vista 
 Township. In March of 1SS0 he married Miss 
 Vina P. Warington. a daughter of Isaac M. War- 
 ingiou, and a native of Kushville, 111., born in 
 June, 1858. They are the parents of seven chil- 
 dr, u : Maude, Jessie, Bertha, Dwight, Ruth, Ho- 
 mer and Bessie, all of whom are at home. Po- 
 litically a Democrat, Mr. Hale has filled various 
 offices with credit to himself and satisfaction to 
 all concerned. In 1006 he was the Democratic 
 nominee for Supervisor for Camden Township 
 and was elected by a gratifying majority. In 
 addition, for some years he filled the office of 
 County Central Committeeman from his town- 
 ship. With his wife he holds membership in 
 the .Methodist Episcopal Church, South, while 
 fraternally he belongs to Camden Lodge No. 4S, 
 A. F. & A. M. The success with which he has 
 met proves him to be a man of large powers of 
 mind, rugged determination of character and 
 judgment in his business transactions. All in 
 all, he furnishes an illustration of the type of 
 progressive farmer and loyal citizen whose pres- 
 ence in the county and commonwealth is of the 
 highest importance to the permanent prosperity 
 of the nation. 
 
 HAMMOND, Charles Henry.— Occupying a lead- 
 ing position among the business men of Rushville 
 is the gentleman whose name stands at the head 
 of this article and whose birth occurred October 
 26, 1SG8, in the county where he now resides. 
 The genealogy of the family is traced back sev- 
 eral generations in America, the great-grandpar- 
 ents of the subject of this sketch being Henry 
 and Mary i Russell I Hammond, natives of Penn- 
 sylvania. The grandparents. Jacob and Eliza- 
 beth i lit! i Hammond, were born respectively, in 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania, and the father. Ja- 
 cob. Jr.. was a native of Knox County, Ohio. The 
 last-named, who retired from business in 1003, 
 and who is represented elsewhere in this work, 
 married Sarah Margaret Lawler, who was born 
 in Schuyler County, 111., being a daughter of 
 George Edward and Caroline (Hymer) Lawler, 
 born respectively in Virginia and North Carolina. 
 The grandparents of Sarah Margaret Lawler 
 were Alexander Lawler, of Virginian birth, and 
 Margaret Buckner (White) Lawler. also born in 
 the Old Dominion. 
 
 The education of Charles Henry Hammond 
 was received in Rushville, 111., and in Kirksville, 
 
 Mo. From the spring of 1883 to the fall of 
 1893 he was Assistant Postmaster, first with his 
 father, who was Postmaster from 1882 to 1886, 
 then with Postmaster Albert H. Seeley, 1886 to 
 1890, and then with Postmaster Hutton until 
 the fall of 1803, when he and his father, Jacob 
 Hammond, embarked in the furniture and un- 
 dertaking business as successors to Harvey 
 Brothers on the south side of the square. In 
 September of 1000 he entered the American 
 School of Osteopathy at Kirksville, Mo., where 
 he received an education in that profession un- 
 der its founder, Dr. A. T. Still. After graduat- 
 ing in June of 1902 he returned to Rushville and 
 in May of the following year sold the furniture 
 and undertaking business to H. W. Graff, after 
 which he devoted himself to the practice of os- 
 teopathy for some years. In February, 1006. he 
 purchased his lormer business, which he now 
 conducts under the firm title of Charles H. 
 Hammond. The business was founded by E. H. 
 O. Seeley in January of 1831 and is one of the 
 oldest of its kind in this section of Illinois. For 
 the undertaking business he is well qualified by 
 a course of study in Clark's School of Embalm- 
 ing, Chicago, and his knowledge of osteopathy, 
 with its careful training in anatomy, further 
 qualifies him for efficient work as an undertaker. 
 Although not connected with any denomination 
 Mr. Hammond is interested in religious work 
 and attends services at the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. Politically be has been a stanch sup- 
 porter of Republican principles ever since at- 
 taining his majority. In 1894 he was made a 
 Master Mason and is a member of Rushville 
 Lodge No. 9, A. F. & A. M. In 1905 he became 
 identified with Rushville Chapter No. 184, R. A. 
 M., in the following year was initiated into 
 Rushville Commaudery K. T., No. 56, of which 
 in June 190S, he was chosen Eminent Com- 
 mander. In 1002 became associated with Moila 
 Temple, Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the 
 Mystic Shrine at St. Joseph, Mo. His fraternal 
 relations further include membership in Kirks- 
 ville Lodge No. 4G4, Benevolent Protective Order 
 of Elks, at Kirksville. At Rushville, October 
 12, 1892, he was united in marriage with Miss 
 Harriet G. McCreery, who was born near that 
 city May 22. 1871. Her father and her grand- 
 parents on both sides came from the North of 
 Ireland. Two daughters bless their union, 
 namely : Geneva Beatrice, born September 13, 
 1894; and Virginia McCreery. June 12. 1900. both 
 of whom are receiving the advantages offered by 
 the excellent schools of their home city. 
 
 HAMMOND, Captain Harold, of the Twenty- 
 third Regiment, United States Infantry, whose 
 military record is surpassed by that of few. if 
 any, of the younger officers of the regular army, 
 was born in Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., Oc- 
 tober 21, 1874, a son of Jacob and Sarah Mar- 
 garet (Lawler) Hammond, the former a native 
 of Knox County, Ohio, where he was born No- 
 vember 28th. 1S34. The maternal grandfather 
 and the great grandfather on the paternal side 
 
HISTOBY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 837 
 
 fought under Washington during the Revolution- 
 ary War. The occupation of the father while in 
 active life was that of a merchant, and he is now 
 living in retirement. 
 
 The boyhood of the subject of this sketch was 
 occupied with school studies, and otherwise 
 passed in the recreations and diversions common 
 to youth of vigorous physical development, such 
 as skating, swimming, rowing, etc. He attended 
 the Rushville High School and was afterwards 
 a student in the Illinois College at Jacksonville. 
 In 1893, and tor a portion of 1894, he acted in 
 the capacity of Assistant Postmaster at Rush- 
 ville. In the summer of 1894, he entered the 
 I'nited States .Military Academy at West Point, 
 from which he was graduated in April, 1898, be- 
 ing assigned to Gen. Shatter's army to Cuba in 
 lS'.is. saw active service at Santiago, was sta- 
 tioned at Madison Barracks, N. Y., in October 
 of the last named year, and was promoted to 
 First Lieutenancy in the winter following. In 
 April, 1899. his regiment was sent to the Philip- 
 pines, where he took part in many engagements, 
 being in command of his company. He com- 
 manded a company of the Ninth Regiment when 
 ordered with the relief army to China in July, 
 1900, participating in all of the fighting on the 
 way to Peking, and in the capture of that city. 
 which resulted in the relief of the foreign lega- 
 tions. From China, he was sent to the Island of 
 Samar in the spring of 1901, returning to the 
 United States in June. 1H02. From August, 
 1902, until June. 1906, lie was instructor in 
 drawing in the United States Military Academy 
 at West Point, having been promoted in Octo- 
 ber, of the former year, to a captaincy, and 
 transferred to the Twenty-third Regiment. 
 United States Infantry. His promotion as Cap- 
 tain was recommended by Gen. Lawton, for 
 "bravery and good judgment in handling his com- 
 pany" in the Zapote River fight in the Island 
 of Luzon, in June. 1901. At the Jamestown Ex- 
 position, at Norfolk. Va., in the summer of 1907, 
 he was in charge of the Army and Navy Club, 
 and In December of the same year, was detailed 
 for duty as Paymaster, being stationed at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. He is a member of several mili- 
 tary orders, among them being the Order of the 
 Dragon. 
 
 On July 9. 1902, at Des Moines, Iowa, Capt. 
 Hammond was united in marriage with Mary 
 Pierce, a native of that State, and a niece of the 
 late Hon. Edwin H. Conger. United States Min- 
 ister to China, and afterwards to Mexico, of 
 whose family she was n member for several 
 years, rapt. Hammond first met Miss Pierce 
 during the Boxer insurrection in China, while 
 she was residing at the American Legation, pre- 
 sided over by her uncle. Mr. Conger, and besieged 
 by hosts of murderous fanatics which the allied 
 forces were dispatched by their respective gov- 
 ernments from various points in the Orient to 
 subdue. Mrs. nammond passed through all the 
 woful experience of the Boxer siege, until saved 
 from a terrible death by the timely arrival of the 
 
 long and anxiously awaited troops of the foreign 
 powers. 
 
 Capt. Hammond is the author of numerous 
 articles published in standard magazines, and 
 lor three years has contributed a serial to "St. 
 Nicholas," entitled "Pinky Perkins." The "Cen- 
 tury Company" has also issued two volumes of 
 his sketches. 
 
 HAMMOND, Henry G— At the age of seventy- 
 eight years Henry G. Hammond finds himself an 
 active factor in the management of his well ap- 
 pointed farm in Rushville Township, upon which 
 he settled in 1883, and where he is surrounded 
 by innumerable evidences of his industry, prog- 
 ress and refinement. As a boy, Mr. Hammond 
 shared in the labor of a farm in Knox County, 
 Ohio, where he was born in 1828. and upon which 
 his parents, Jacob and Elizabeth (Uhl) Ham- 
 mi md, had settled at an early day. The father 
 was a native of Maryland, and born in 1801, and 
 the mother bom in Pennsylvania in 1800. 
 
 During the first year of the Civil War Mr. 
 Hammond left Ohio and came to Rushville Town- 
 ship, occupying another farm until he settled on 
 his present one in 1883. He has been twice mar- 
 ried, his first wile having been Marilla Walker, 
 and his present wife, Maud Campbell, both na- 
 tives of Ohio. The only daughter in the family, 
 Lena B., is the wife of Ross Briggs, a farmer of 
 Woodstock Township. Aside from the formality 
 of casting his vote, Mr. Hammond has never been 
 actively interested in politics. In years past he 
 was a constant attendant at the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, and contributed generously to- 
 wards its support, and now, the weather permit- 
 ting, lie is seen in bis pew. and takes a lively 
 interest in music and sermon. Mr. Hammond is 
 «il' genial and optimistic disposition, and this, 
 taken in connection with the physical exercise, 
 temperate habits, and wholesome diversions 
 which have filled his life, tend to the assurance 
 that many years more of usefulness ami prosper- 
 ity are in store for him. 
 
 HAMMOND, Jacob. — Previous to his permanent 
 location in Rushville, 111., in 1873, Lieutenant 
 Jacob Hammond had rounded out his thirty-nine 
 years with farming, soldiering and school-teach- 
 ing, and had developed a strength of character 
 ami resourcefulness which made him a valuable 
 and much needed citizen. The forty-five inter- 
 vening years have witnessed an increase in the 
 variety and extent of his capacity for usefulness, 
 and he has unceasingly contributed to the wel- 
 fare of the city as educator, office-holder, mer- 
 chant, fraternalist and church-worker. Of late 
 years little has happened in the community of 
 vital interest that directly or indirectly has not 
 been influenced by his opinion. 
 
 Jacob Hammond was born in Knox County, 
 Ohio, in November. L834, and on both sides of 
 his family is of German descent. His father, 
 Jacob Hammond, came of a family which early 
 settled in the eastern part of Pennsylvania, later 
 moving to the western part of that State, whence 
 
*,;s 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Jacob iu early life journeyed to Knox County, 
 Ohio, and there purchased land during the sum- 
 mer of 1824. The family of Elizabeth Uhl, his 
 wife, also was identified with the pioneer his- 
 tory of Pennsylvania, and Mrs. Hammond's 
 grandfather followed the martial fortunes of 
 Washington during the Revolutionary War. From 
 this remote sire probably is inherited the dis- 
 tinctly military tendencies of certain of his pres- 
 ent day descendants. While, in the Fatherland, 
 "Han. (Hid" was the common spelling of the fam- 
 ily name, which since has been changed to Ham- 
 mond. Jacob Hammond, Sr., followed farming 
 for many years of his life, but he had strong re- 
 ligious convictions, and not only was ordained to 
 the Methodist Episcopal ministry, but preached 
 for many years without pay, and solely for the 
 good of his fellow men. He was known as one 
 of the most genial and lovable of men, and his 
 memory is cherished by a host of people to whom 
 he pointed out the wise and happy ways of life. 
 He had eight brothers and sisters, and with the 
 exception of two brothers who died in Iowa, all 
 spent the greater part of their lives in Ohio. Mr. 
 Hammond cultivated a fine farm in Knox County. 
 Ohio, and upon it was platted the now thriving 
 town of Millwood. Here his death occurred at 
 the age of eighty-seven years, bis wife attaining 
 to seventy years. 
 
 Jacob Hammond. Jr., was surrounded by fine 
 and Christian early influences, and was encour- 
 aged to a studious and practically useful exist- 
 on, c. In the district schools and through his 
 home application, he acquired an excellent edu- 
 cation, and beginning with 1S5S taught two terms 
 ol' six months each in his home district. He 
 also taught one term in Medina County, Ohio, 
 during the winter of 1859-60, and from this 
 peaceful occupation and that of farming, turned 
 in October, 1861, to test the fortunes of war. En- 
 listing in Company A. Sixty-fifth Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry, for three years. In- was mustered in 
 as Second Lieutenant, having bellied to organize 
 the company. The regiment became a part of the 
 Sherman Brigade which John Sherman, then a 
 member of the United States Senate, assisted to 
 organize, and showed deep interest in the com- 
 pany. From December. 1861, Mr. Hammond 
 served in Kentucky and Tennessee, participated 
 in the battles of Shiloh- and Pittsburg Landing, 
 at the latter battle being on the brigade staff as 
 ordnance officer under Genera] Harker, who was 
 killed at the battle of Kennesaw Mountain. Ow- 
 . ing to failing health he was advised to resign 
 during the second year of his service, and in 
 June 1862, was honorably discharged, when he 
 returned to his former borne in Ohio. 
 
 In the fall of 1862, Mr. Hammond went to 
 Marengo County. Iowa, to visit a brother, and 
 during that winter taught a district school for 
 one term. In April. 1863, he came to Rushville, 
 and then visited another brother living in the 
 southern part of Schuyler County. June 2o. 1865, 
 he was united in marriage to Sarah M. Lawler. 
 daughter of Ceorge E. Lawler. mention of whom 
 may bo found elewhere in this work. The 
 
 young people settled on a farm in Schuyler 
 County, made that their home until 1871, and 
 in 1873 located permanently in Rushville, where 
 Mr. Hammond taught school until appointed 
 Postmaster of the town in 1882. He continued 
 to administer satisfactorily the local affairs of 
 Uncle Sam until 1886, and in that year engaged 
 in the grocery business until disposing of the 
 same in 1893. He then established a furniture 
 and undertaking business with his son. Charles 
 II., in which he since has engaged, controlling a 
 large patronage, and sustaining a reputation as 
 one of the foremost merchants of the community. 
 
 Mr. Hammond's devotion to the Republican 
 party has brought him many honors besides the 
 Postmastership. He was elected Justice of the 
 Peace in 187S. holding the same for five years, 
 was for nine years member of the School Board, 
 and for one year City Treasurer. His services 
 have been characterized by strict integrity and 
 stanch devotion to the public welfare, to the end 
 that he has received the support and approbation 
 of even his political enemies. In 1S58 he became 
 a member of the Masonic fraternity in Ohio, 
 and is also one of the charter members of 4he 
 Grand Army of the Republic. With his wife he 
 is an active and helpful member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, to the support of which he 
 is a liberal contributor. No man in Rushville 
 has led a cleaner, more upright life than Mr. 
 Hammond, and his contribution to its moral, 
 educational and commercial stability is an en- 
 viable and lasting one. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Hammond are the parents of 
 two sons, Charles II. and Harold. The Ham- 
 mond boys have been given the best of educa- 
 tional and general advantages, and their lives 
 have rounded out to wide and interesting pro- 
 portions. The martial strain in the family is 
 well sustained by Harold Hammond, a graduate 
 of West Point, class of 1S9S, who was born in 
 Rushville October 21. 1874. Mr. Hammond en- 
 listed in the Ninth Cuited States Infantry dur- 
 ing the Spanish-American War. serving first 
 in Cuba, and in the spring of 1899 going to the 
 Philippine Islands, where he was advanced to 
 the position of First Lieutenant. Subsequently 
 the Ninth was sent to China, and Lieutenant 
 Hammond was one of the first to aid in the 
 rescue of tlie American legation at Pekin. After 
 this heroic adventure, and partially because of 
 it. he soon after won the heart and hand of 
 Miss Mary Pierce, a niece of United States Min- 
 ister to China. Conger, and the marriage was 
 solemnized in I'es Moines, Iowa, in 1902. Upon 
 his return to this country Lieutenant Hammond 
 was commissioned Captain, and for four years 
 was an instructor in a military school. He is 
 an expert tactician, well grounded in all that en- 
 gages the attention of military men. and his 
 family and friends are justly proud of the 
 honors and distinctions which have rewarded his 
 efforts. 
 
 HARDING, William M.— Not only is the Ken- 
 tucky- family of Harding one of the earliest, as 
 
£>fr-r#5L AJuulX- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 839 
 
 it is one of the most numerous of any connected 
 with the upbuilding of the Bourbon State, but 
 from its strong and dependable stuck have 
 sprung hundreds of men and women who have 
 taken a distinctive and even conspicuous part 
 in the development of many and widely sepa- 
 rated communities. For the most part agricul- 
 turists, their ambitions frequently have led them 
 into the unfrequented parts of the country, and 
 indeed the pioneering instinct has been a chief, 
 if not a leading, family characteristic. Schuy- 
 ler County has profited richly by this courageous 
 and sturdy element, and in the person of Wil- 
 liam McKee Harding, a farmer of Section 11, 
 Buena Vista Township, the qualities most prize,! 
 and cultivated by the Kentucky progenitors are 
 in no sense abated. 
 
 The infant wail of William M. Harding re- 
 sounded against the walls of a rough log cabin 
 near Cameron, Warren County, where he was 
 born on March 19, ls::;i. His parents were 
 Aaron and Nancy (McKee) Harding, and his 
 paternal grandfather was John Harding, a na- 
 tive of Kentucky. (The McKee family record 
 may be found elsewhere in this volume.) John 
 Harding was a man of strong character, who loved 
 danger and adventure, and whose nomadic spirit 
 craved the excitement and opportunities of the 
 frontier. When our subject's father was but a 
 boy he went with bis father and others of his 
 family to the present site of Indianapolis. Ind. ; 
 but when that region began to take on a sem- 
 blance ef civilization, he moved on again, this 
 time to Hancock County. 111., where he took up 
 government land mi Bear Creek. The Indians 
 at that time were on the war path, game 
 abounded, and danger lurked on every hand. 
 John Harding took a hand in eliminating these 
 conditions, but the very lameness lie helped to 
 bring about had no charm for him. and in 1853, 
 be moved to the Territory of Oregon, with his 
 daughter and son-in-law, his wife then being 
 deceased. Here his death occurred at the age of 
 seventy-live years. 
 
 Born in 1803, Aaron Harding led a life 
 scarcely less adventurous than that of his father. 
 II" inherited the Harding grit and courage, and 
 the time and place in which be lived bore a 
 heavy strain upon these qualities. Settling on 
 government land in Buena Vista Township, he 
 laid aside bis implements of peace in 1832 to en- 
 list in the conflict with the Sac and Fox Indians, 
 known as the Black Hawk War. serving as a 
 
 private in the c pany in the same regiment in 
 
 which Abraham Lincoln was captain of a com- 
 pany. When peace was restored .Mr. Harding 
 moved to Warren County, 111. where he im- 
 proved a farm until 1835, in that year returning 
 to Schuyler County, where he died October 0. 
 1845. In Schuyler County he improved a farm, 
 and planted an orchard, the country then be- 
 ing in a primitive state. One day he killed three 
 deer, which be pursued on horseback, striking 
 them on the head with a poking pole after the£ 
 had been run down by hounds. His wife, who was 
 born in Crawford County, 111., in 1810, came to 
 
 Schuyler County in 1826 at the age of sixteen 
 years. She nobly shared the dangers and trials 
 of her husband, at his death being left with a 
 family of eight children, all of whom attained 
 years of maturity, and five of whom were mar- 
 ried. Of these, but two survive, William M. anil 
 Cassie, the latter the widow of Newton Atkinson. 
 of Industry Township. McDonough County. Mi's. 
 Aaron Harding died on January 25, 1892, at the 
 age of eighty-one years. 
 
 A heavy weight of responsibility rested upon 
 the youth of William McKee Harding, as he was 
 only six years old when his father died, and the 
 resources of the family were at very low ebb. 
 His attendance at the subscription school of the 
 neighborhood was at best irregular, but he was 
 able to make good use of his time, and he ac- 
 quired an average education. He remembers 
 putting in much of his time grubbing hazel and 
 other bushes. Later as there were no longer 
 Indians or game to pursue, his love of adventure 
 found vent in a trip to Texas, where he bought 
 a herd of cattle and drove them across the 
 plains to the State of Kansas. The sale of this 
 herd was so successful that during the follow- 
 ing year (ISTIi he made another journey to the 
 South and bought a much larger herd, consisting 
 of 400 head. These he fed and shipped to St. 
 Louis, and in 1ST: 1 , returned to Schuyler County 
 just in time to go under with the panic of that 
 year. Nothing daunted, he resumed grubbing 
 anil farming, and in September. 1S75. married 
 Louise Selmltz, with whom he settled on Section 
 
 I. Buena Vista Township. Mrs. Harding was a 
 native of Missouri, in which State her mother 
 died, her father's death occurring at Baders. 
 Schuyler County. To Mr. and Mrs. Hardin.' 
 were born two children, of whom John A. died 
 at the age of two and a hall' years, while Carrie, 
 who was born in December, 1876, is the wife 
 of William Kirkham. in charge of tin- old Hard- 
 ing homestead. Mr. and Mrs. Kirkham have 
 three children: Francis Harding, born December 
 
 II, 1001 ; Lvle Raymond, born December 24, 
 100.,: and Robert H.. born April 10, 1905. The 
 passing of Mrs. William (McKeel Harding. May 
 3, 1SS0. left a void in the hearts of her husband 
 and daughter and of many friends. She was n 
 gentle, lovable woman, and an earnest mem- 
 ber of the Christian Church. 
 
 The rise from comparative poverty of Mr. 
 Harding furnishes an encouraging lesson to those 
 who struggle with adverse circumstances. He 
 settled mi his present farm in 1851, finding it all 
 crude and uncultivated, and even without a log 
 cabin in which the family might have temporary 
 shelter. He earned the money to pay for his 
 first small cabin, and this in turn was succeeded 
 by another house which eventually gave place 
 to the present substantial structure in which 
 Mr. Harding lives with his daughter and her 
 family. All of the buildings which now house 
 the stock, products and machinery were erected 
 by Mr. Harding, and few farms in the township 
 are better supplied with all that tends to 
 progressive and successful farming. More than 
 
840 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 half a century ago lie set out au orchard which 
 attained maturity, bore fruit in season, and 
 passed into the gnarled and useless period of its 
 existence. This was succeeded by the orchard 
 which now gives shade and food to the home- 
 stead dwellers. To his first hundred acres he 
 has added until he now owns 200 acres, 160 of 
 which are in Buena Vista, and the remainder in 
 Littleton Township. Mr. Harding has been a 
 careful and painstaking farmer, living always 
 within his income, and studying scientifically 
 the diverse possibilities of his land. The gen- 
 erous and kindly impulse is noticeable in all his 
 walks of life, and in his relations with the 
 Christian Church, of which he is a devout and 
 active member. Politically he is identified with 
 the Republican party, which he has aided with 
 a conscientious vote if not with official service. 
 He is honored as a conservative and capable 
 citizen who reflects credit upon the family from 
 which he springs and the community whose 
 best agricultural and general interests he rep- 
 resents. 
 
 HARRISON, Benjamin Chadsey, for many 
 years one of the leading farmers in Brooklyn 
 Township, Schuyler County, Hi., a man of high 
 character and upright life, respected by ail, 
 and recognized as one of the must useful citi- 
 zens of his community, was burn in Brooklyn 
 Township, February 9, 1846, a sou of Benjamin 
 and .Mary (Riggs) Harrison, natives of Indiana 
 and Kentucky respectively. The paternal grand- 
 father was one of the early settlers of Brooklyn 
 Township, Schuyler County, and Sheldon Riggs, 
 the grandfather on the maternal side, spent 
 ■a portion of his early lite cm the ocean as a 
 sailor, finally becoming one of the pioneer resi- 
 dents of the same township, where he entered 
 up a tract of government land thickly covered 
 with timber. Some time previous to the Civil 
 War he went to Texas, add remained in that 
 State until the conflict was over, returning then 
 to Brooklyn Township, where he spent the re- 
 mainder of his days, dying about the year 1866. 
 The death of Grandfather Harrison occurred in 
 Brooklyn Township in 1840. Benjamin Harrison. 
 father of Benjamin C, was the owner of some 
 land in the locality of the hitter's present home. 
 He went to California in 1S4S, living there for 
 twenty years. On his return to Illinois, he made 
 a visit to Brooklyn Township, and then located 
 in Henry County. Mo., where he departed this 
 life, his wife having passed away on the home 
 place in 1867. Their family consisted of three 
 sons, the two others being John and William 
 Henry, both deceased. The mother, having been 
 judicially separated from the father, was mar- 
 ried to William Justus, by whom she had a 
 daughter, who died when quite young. In early 
 youth. Benjamin C. Harrison attended the dis- 
 trict schools in his vicinity, and grew to manhood 
 inured to farm life. He has always lived on the 
 homestead, which became his by inheritance. 
 It consists of 140 acres, located in Section 36, 
 Brooklyn Township, and in addition to this he 
 
 has bought 110 acres in Sections 1 and 12, 
 Camden Township, the purchase including about 
 fifty acres of timber land. Besides general 
 farming, he is engaged in raising horses, cattle 
 and hogs, and has met with success in all his 
 operations. 
 
 On December 15, 1870, Mr. Harrison was 
 united in marriage with Emma Peterson, who 
 was born in Camden Township, Schuyler County. 
 April 1, 1853. Mrs. Harrison, a woman of 
 most excellent traits of character, is a daughter 
 of Samuel and Almira (Davis) Peterson, na- 
 tives of Indiana, her grandparents being John 
 and Edith (Clifton) Peterson, and Ward and 
 Martha (Utter) Davis. Pour children have 
 blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. Harrison, 
 as follows: Mary, liorn September 22, 1872, who 
 became the wife of Frank L. White, of Camden 
 Township: Wallace B., bom April 7, 1874, who 
 lives in Brooklyn Township; Jessie, born Sep- 
 tember 20, 1875, who married Fleming Homey, 
 and is a resident of Littleton. 111.; and Dwight. 
 born June 6, 1881, who follows farming on the 
 home place. 
 
 In political action. Mr. Harrison is a supporter 
 of the Republican party. His religious con- 
 nection, as also that of his wile, is with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, iu which he of- 
 ficiates as trustee and steward. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Harrison are held in warm regard by all their 
 friends, who are many in number. 
 
 HARTMAN, George, a well known and pros- 
 perous plumbing contractor of Rushville, 111.. 
 and one of the most prominent and influential 
 citizens of that place, was born in Columbus, 
 Ohio. September 17, 1S56, a son of Henry and 
 Louise Hurt-man, natives of Germany and 
 France, respectively. His parents came to the 
 United States in-lS51 and proceeding to Ohio, 
 located in the capital city of that State. They 
 were the parents of a family of twelve children. 
 
 In boyhood George Hartman attended the 
 public schools of Columbus, and at the age of 
 15 years, applied himself to the task of learn- 
 ing the trade of a tinner and plumber. In this 
 occupation he became very efficient, and has 
 followed the business of tinning and plumbing 
 ever since, with the best of success. From 
 Columbus he moved to Toledo, O.. where he re- 
 mained three years. In 18S1 be became a resi- 
 dent of Rushville. 111., and in a comparatively 
 short period built up a very profitable patronage, 
 taking a position at the head of his trade, and 
 ranking as one of the leading citizens of the 
 community. He secured the contract for the 
 tin. iron and slate work on tin 1 new court house 
 in Rushville. and also that on the county jail. 
 Besides his work in these lines, he has es- 
 tablished a business in pumps and well-dicginc, 
 which has assumed considerable proportion. The 
 apparatus used in his well-boring operations is 
 of his own invention, and not only greatly facil- 
 itates- the process, but has given him no little 
 prestige of mechanical ingenuity. 
 
 On February 3, 1881, Mr. Hartman was united 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 841 
 
 in marriage with Carrie Peltou, who was born 
 in Bowling Green, Ohio, where in girlhood she 
 enjoyed the advantages of a good common school 
 education. Three interesting children were the 
 result of this union, namely: May, Louise and 
 Lillian. 
 
 In i>olitics Mr. Hartman is a stanch adherent 
 of the Democratic party, and is prominent in its 
 local councils. He was elected Mayor of Bush- 
 ville in 1899, and gave the city a most creditable 
 and satisfactory administration. Fraternally he 
 is identified with the I. O. O. F.. M. W. A." and 
 K. of P. Socially he is very popular and the 
 range of his personal acquaintance includes many 
 warm friends. 
 
 HERRON, Thomas W.— Among the most pros- 
 perous and worthy representatives of the agri- 
 cultural element in Schuyler County, 111., and 
 one who is respected by all tor his good qual- 
 ities, is the well known farmer of Baiubridge 
 Township whose name stands at the head of this 
 personal record. Mr. Herron was burn on the 
 "Darnell farm," in Rushville Township, Schuy- 
 ler County. 111.. February 20, 1860, a son of 
 David and Mary (Hull) Herron. David Herron 
 was born in County Down, Ireland, June 27, 
 1S20, and came to the United States about the 
 year 1850, locating in Mahoning County, Ohio, 
 v where he was married to Mary Hull in L857. 
 Not long after his arrival in this country lie had 
 made a trip to Schuyler County, HI., returning 
 in a short lime lo Ohio, and subsequently coming 
 back to his permanent home in Illinois. Be- 
 Eore leaving his native land he had learned the 
 trade of a weaver, but abandoned that occupa- 
 tion on locating in ( >hio. After making his home 
 in Schuyler County, he worked for some time by 
 the day and month, and then followed farming 
 on rented laud until 1 St '..">. In that year, he 
 bought Kin acres in Section 13, Baiubridge Town- 
 ship.' The tract had been heavily timbered, 
 and the only dwelling on it was a log cabin, in 
 which he and his wife settled down to house- 
 keeping. He applied himself to the task of 
 grubbing the slumps and clearing the ground. 
 and in course of time made many substantial 
 and attractive improvements on his property. 
 He died May 6, 1904, at that time being the 
 owner of 440 acres of land, 240 of which con- 
 sisted of the home farm, the other 200 being lo- 
 cated in Frederick Township. His widow is still 
 living on the homestead place at the age of sixty- 
 six years, in the enjoyment of unimpaired health 
 and of the sincere respect and cordial regard of 
 many friends. He and his wife became the 
 parents of six children, as follows: Martha J., 
 who died at the age of forty -one years : Thomas 
 YV. : Mary A. and Robert, who died when four 
 and two years old. respectively; Blanche, wife 
 Of John R. Strong, a farmer of Frederick Town- 
 ship, and Lulu E., who married Grover Dodds. 
 a farmer on Section 13, Baiubridge Township. 
 
 Thomas W. Herron was reared on the paternal 
 farm, receiving his education in the district 
 schools of that vicinity. He worked on the home 
 
 place until the time of his marriage, at the age 
 of thirty-two years. Soon after that event he 
 took charge of the 240 acres comprising the 
 homestead, continuing thus until lSUG, when he 
 bought eighty acres, on which he has since 
 lived. At the time he look possession of this 
 land, it contained no dwelling place except an 
 old log cabin. He built a fine residence of eight 
 rooms, and put up outbuildings, and substantial 
 and convenient barns lor the care of his stock. 
 He now owns 160 .ores of hind under a good 
 state of cultivation, and is looked upon as one 
 of the enterprising and progressive farmers in 
 his township. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Herron took place March 
 24, 1892, on which date he was wedded to Sarah 
 J. Dodds, who was born in Baiubridge Township. 
 Schuyler County. 111., February 9, 1869, and is 
 a daughter of Samuel and Margarette (Wilson > 
 Dodds, natives of County Down, Ireland. 
 (Further particulars in regard to the Dodds 
 family may be found in a biographical record of 
 Thomas Dodds, which appears on another page 
 of this volume.) .Mr. and Mrs. Herron have one 
 child, Lottie Myrtle, born August 2.".. 1894. Mrs. 
 Herron, a woman of many amiable traits of 
 character, is a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. In politics, Mr. Herron is 
 identified with the Democratic party, although 
 taking no active part in political contests and 
 entertaining no desire lor public office. 
 
 HIGGINS, Henry.— Few residents of Brook- 
 lyn Township are so closely in touch with the 
 progress made in Schuyler County during the 
 past halt' century as Henry Iliggins, who was 
 horn in Brooklyn Township in the early 'forties. 
 and has known no other home. He is a son of 
 Daniel and Sarah I Brewer) Higgins, natives of 
 Ohio and Morgan County, Pa., respectively. His 
 paternal grandfather. Higgins. died in Ohio, 
 while the maternal grandfather. Brewer, passed 
 away in Pennsylvania. As early as 1838 Daniel 
 IliL'L'ins came as a pioneer to Schuyler County, 
 111., and 'on the farm which he had purchased in 
 Brooklyn Township, his earthly life came to a 
 close about 1892, having reached the venerable 
 age of ninety years. His wife had died in 1880. 
 When Daniel Higgins located in this Township 
 it was a vast wilderness, presenting little of 
 encouragement to clear the land and prepare it 
 for planting. However, he lacked none of the 
 qualities necessary in the make-up of the true 
 pioneer, and was undismayed by the formidable 
 task which lay before him. Probably one of the 
 most trying experiences during the early days 
 was what was known as the high water of 1844. 
 In common with all the other farmers, Mr. 
 Higgins lost his entire crop, the only one who 
 had anything to show for his season's work being 
 William Brickman, who succeeded in saving his 
 corn. 
 
 The eldest child born to Daniel and Sarah 
 Iliggins was Julia A., who became the wife of 
 John Fowler, but both are now deceased; the 
 next child in order of birth, John W., also is 
 
842 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 deceased ; Jackson is a resident of Brooklyn 
 Township ; Christopher died in Reno. Nev. ; and 
 James is a farmer of Brooklyn Township. 
 Henry was born on his father's farm in Brook- 
 lyn Township, May 17, 1842, and here his en- 
 tire life has been passed. He clearly recalls 
 the experiences, of his boyhood while endeavor- 
 ing to glean an education in the primitive schools 
 at Center Ridge, which was distantly located, 
 aud which he attended with as much regularity 
 as the home duties would permit. The building 
 in which the children gathered to receive their 
 meager instruction was a rude log structure, 
 and its only furniture consisted of slab seats 
 and desks. Here the children conned their les- 
 sons aud ate their lunches, which consisted prin- 
 cipally of a corn cake baked in the old Dutch 
 oven of early days. Mr. Higgins well remem- 
 bers the time during his boyhood when this 
 primitive fireplace was supplanted by the more 
 modern cook stove, the one which his father pur- 
 chased being the first one to make its appear- 
 ance on Center Ridge. The day after its pur- 
 chase neighbors from far and near came to see 
 the wonderful invention. The mother used the 
 stove continuously until the marriage of her 
 son Henry, when she gave it to him and for 
 five years thereafter it was in constant service. 
 
 The marriage of Henry Higgins occurred 
 October 9, 1873, uniting him with Sarah 
 Gossage, who was born aud reared in Brook- 
 lyn Township. Mrs. Higgins is a daughter of 
 Thomas and Mary Jane (Edmonson) Gossage. 
 the former still living and making his home with 
 his children. Mrs. Gossage died November 2, 
 1905. After his marriage Mr. Higgins con- 
 tinued to make his home on the old home farm 
 until 1S85, when he purchased 151 acres of land 
 on Section 6, Brooklyn Township, and in the log 
 cabin which he erected in a clearing, the family 
 made their home for five years. In 1S00 he 
 moved the cabin back aud in its place erected 
 the present commodious residence now occupied 
 by the family. In keeping with this he has also 
 built excellent farm buildings, and, taken as a 
 whole, it would be hard to find a more up-to-date 
 farm equipment than that owned by Mr. Higgins. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Higgins have become the parents 
 of two children, Charles and Ira E. Charles 
 was born January 18, 1875, married Miss Chick- 
 woimI. by whom he has one child, Artie Ray, 
 and is now established as a farmer in Brooklyn 
 Township : Ira was born April 6, 1883, is a resi- 
 dent of Schuyler County, and is employed in 
 carrying the mail from Birmingham. He mar- 
 ried Inez Manlove, who was born in Schuy- 
 ler County, the daughter of Jacob Manlove, and 
 two children have been born to them. Both 
 Mr. and Mrs. Higgins are ardent members of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and politically 
 Mr. Higgins is a Democrat. 
 
 At the age of nineteen years Henry Higgins 
 was converted to Christianity through the 
 preaching of a Methodist minister, who in 1861 
 held a series of revival services in the old Center 
 Ridge school house. In January of that year 
 
 forty were converted, including Mr. Higgins. On 
 May 30 following he was taken ill and uutil 
 June 9 the doctor remained by his bedside con- 
 stantly. On the day last mentioned about three 
 o'clock in the afternoon, while Mr. Higgins was 
 entirely alone, he had a vision in which he 
 saw a man standing in the room who introduced 
 himself to the sick boy as his Heavenly Father. 
 In his hands he carried a large book, which he 
 gave to the boy saying "Be thou healed, be 
 thou whole." Imnmediately afterward the pa- 
 tient turned himself in bed, the first time he 
 had done this unassisted since his sickness be- 
 gan. As he took the open book in his hands he 
 read aloud from the right hand page the names 
 of Christian friends, and on the left hand page 
 he saw the names of friends that were not 
 professing Christians. He also saw his brother 
 Christopher standing between him and the other 
 friends, aud thereafter six children with angels 
 came into the room. At the request of his 
 friends Mr. Higgins joined in the song with the 
 angels and children, aud those who were 
 gathered in the room said they never had heard 
 a clearer or sweeter voice. After the song was 
 finished he thought he was in heaven and there 
 (•unversed with Job and the Heavenly Father, 
 the latter saying to him that he was going to 
 send him (Mr. Higgins) back to earth with a 
 message, which he was to deliver just two weeks 
 from that day, June 9, to those friends whose 
 names had appeared in the left hand page of 
 the book. He then began to sink and his father 
 and friends who were watching thought he was 
 dying. He rallied, however, and just two weeks 
 from that day, he went to Center Ridge and de- 
 livered the message to those of his friends 
 still unconverted. The news of his wonderful 
 healing caused widespread comment and was 
 published in the papers of Schuyler County. 
 
 HILLYER, Henry. — No retired citizen of 
 Huntsville. Schuyler County, has contributed 
 more to the making of his architectural sur- 
 roundings than has Henry Hillyer. In this in- 
 dustrious and capable builder and contractor 
 of other days, Schuyler County recognizes a 
 scion of one of its very early and prominent 
 families, one who has left the impress of his 
 character and work upon its progress and devel- 
 opment for sixty-eight years, and who invariably 
 has stood for the best commercial, industrial, 
 political, religious and social conditions. Mr. 
 Hillyer was born in the City of New York, 
 August 15, 1831, and in that same city were born 
 four daughters out of the fourteen children 
 of William and Sarah (Earwicker) Hillyer, 
 natives of Portsmouth, England, and who came 
 to America with two of their children about 
 1819. In Norfolk, Va., where the family lived 
 for a time after arriving in America, two other 
 children were born, and in Baltimore, which 
 was their home for a time, a daughter was born. 
 In Cincinnati, whither they moved after sev- 
 eral years in New York, a girl was added to 
 the family, and in the same city the mother died. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 si:; 
 
 the father surviving her until 1858. Of this 
 large family three members now are living, 
 Isaac M. and Edward N., both of Ciueiunati, 
 and Henry, of Huntsville, 111. 
 
 William Hillyer and bis son, James, came to 
 Schuyler County in 1S39, the father later re- 
 turning to the east, while James went west in 
 the early 'fifties to seek his fortune iu the mines, 
 and as far as is known is still a resident of 
 California. Henry Hillyer was educated in the 
 public schools of Ohio, and iu 1S49 went to 
 Chamllerville, ('ass County. 111., where he fol- 
 lowed the carpenter trade uutil 1855. He then 
 came to Schuyler County and took the contract 
 for a large two-story frame building for Lewis 
 F. King, thereafter continuing his trade of car- 
 penter and builder with growing success. He 
 erected many barns and dwellings in this part 
 of the county, and many still are standing in 
 excellent condition, a tribute to his thoroughness 
 and conscientious workmanship. At times he 
 was a large employer of labor, and he had the 
 gift of securing from his employes the best serv- 
 ice of which they were capable. 
 
 January 24, 1861, Mr. Hillyer was united in 
 marriage to Henrietta Sanford, who was bom 
 in New York. April 20, 1840, a daughter of Syl- 
 vester and Maria (Redfield) Sanford, arrivals 
 in Huntsville Township in 1S54. For many 
 years Mr. Sanford followed farming, then re- 
 tired and built a beautiful home in Huntsville 
 village, where bis death occurred iu 1880. and 
 that of his wife in 1895. Of the five children of 
 this couple three are still living: Henrietta, 
 widow of James Seeley, of Rushville ; George 
 Sanford of Hampton, Iowa ; and the wife of 
 Mr. Hillyer. Mr. and Mrs. Hillyer are the 
 parents of four children: Herbert, born October 
 1, 1801, a painter and decorator of Beardstown, 
 111.: Florence, wife of J. V. Smith, au oculist of 
 Bloomington, 111., and parents of one son. 
 Bernard; Minnie wife of Alexander Alters, 
 of Huntsville, who has four children : Edith, 
 Russell, Ralph and Carroll ; and Dr. Warren E. 
 Hillyer, of Huntsville, who has a son, Ernest, 
 and who is represented elsewhere in this work. 
 
 Mr. Hillyer' s is the only family left of those 
 established in Huntsville in 1861. He has been 
 an integral part of the community, and his labor 
 has netted him a comfortable competence. For 
 many years he has been a stanch promoter of 
 the Presbyterian Church, and socially is con- 
 nected with the local lodge of Masons. He be- 
 gan to handle the tools of the carpenter when 
 fourteen years old, and has always sought to 
 make his work of value to his fellow men. No 
 man in the township is held in higher esteem, 
 nor has anyone a larger number of devoted and 
 appreciative friends. 
 
 HILLYER, Warren E., M. D.— A career deeply 
 In tune with the humanities, and of inestimable 
 value to the community of Huntsville, is that of 
 Dr. Warren E. Hillyer. a young physician and 
 surgeon of recognized skill and ability, and a na- 
 tive son of the town in which are centered his 
 
 professional labors. Bom July 22, 1872, Dr. 
 Hillyer is a sou of Henry Hillyer, and his 
 preliminary education was acquired in the dis- 
 trict school, and completed in the local high 
 school iu the class of 1893. Soon after leaving 
 his school days behind him. the youth eutered 
 the office of Dr. Smith, of Mt. Sterling, and for 
 eighteen months bad a varied experience in 
 study and supplementary practice. In 1S95 he 
 entered the Keokuk Medical School, at Keokuk, 
 Iowa, graduating therefrom iu the three years' 
 course iu March, 1898. 
 
 In Fowler, Adams County, 111.. Dr. Hillyer 
 made his professional begnning, remaining there 
 and succeeding beyond his largest expectations 
 until returning to his native town of Huntsville, 
 January 1, 1899. In the meantime he has worked 
 up a large and paying practice, has demon- 
 strated a high degree of efficiency, and has been 
 especially successful in the diagnosis and treat- 
 ment of complicated and seemingly hopeless cases. 
 He has a large and well equipped office, supplied 
 with electrical and other expensive apparatus, 
 and he avails himself of journals, conventions 
 and post-graduate work to increase his efficiency 
 .nil I capacity for usefulness. A pleasing per- 
 sonality is not the least of his professional, as 
 well as social assets, and an impression of sin- 
 cerity invariably is backed by the most trust- 
 worthy and dependable service. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Hillyer and Orpha Caine 
 was solemnized April 23, 1899, in Adams County. 
 111., the home of the bride, Mrs. Hillyer being 
 a daughter of Philip Caine, a prominent aud 
 wealthy citizen of that couuty. Dr. Hillyer and 
 his wife have one son, Ernest, born September 
 12, 1901. The doctor affiliates with the Pres- 
 byterian Church, and fraternally is connected 
 with the Masons, Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows and Home Fraternal League. In pol- 
 itics he is a Democrat. 
 
 HODGE, William Hamilton.— The city of Rush- 
 ville, has produced many men of sterling char- 
 acter, superior intelligence and progressive 
 spirit, whose lives have contributed largely to 
 the increase of its prosperity and reflected signal 
 credit upon the place of their birth. Among 
 these. William H. Hodge, who spent a long and 
 honored life in that locality, always conspicu- 
 ously indentified with its best interests, is sec- 
 ond to none. Mr. Hodge was born in Rushville, 
 111., January 12, 1834. His father. John Hodge, 
 who was a carpenter by trade, was born in the 
 vicinity of Mt. Sterling, Ky.. March 26. 1800. 
 Louisa (McClure) Hodge, his mother, was bom 
 in the same neighborhood, March 24, 1814. John 
 Hodge moved from his native State to Illinois 
 in 1831, establishing his home in Rushville. He 
 was a conspicuous factor in the early activities 
 of the place, and constructed the running gear 
 of the well-known carding mill which was then 
 put in operation. He departed this life in 1S69. 
 his wife dying the same year. They had seven 
 children, of whom the venerable gentleman to 
 whom this record pertains is the sole survivor. 
 
8-1-i 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Four died in infancy ; of the two others de- 
 ceased, who reached maturity, John passed away 
 at the age of twenty-one, and Alice married a 
 grandson of the Confederate General Price and 
 left one child. 
 
 William II. Hodge passed his youthful years 
 in the parental home, and made diligent use of 
 the opportunities afforded by the common schools 
 of Rushville. After finishing his studies he 
 fitted himself for the work of telegraph oper- 
 ator, and continued in that occupation several 
 years. Subsequently he became a wool-carder, 
 and was thus engaged until 1869, from which 
 period his time was variously occupied until 
 1887. 
 
 (in October 25, 1S65, Mr. Hodge was united in 
 marriage, in Oakland Township, Schuyler 
 County, with Matilda T. Clupper, who was bom 
 in Pennsylvania, a daughter of Jacob and Mary 
 Clupper, 'natives of that State. On coming to 
 Illinois, they first located in Pulton County. 
 The marriage of Mr. and Mrs. Hodge resulted 
 in seven children, five of whom are living, 
 namely: John W., a resident of Mosier, Ore., 
 who married Effie Jack, and is the father of 
 one daughter and three sons; Etta E., wife of J. 
 S. McKinzie, their children being Hazel and 
 James Hodge; Lewis C, who lives in Mosier. 
 Ore., and Ora H. and Olie M., twins, of whom 
 the latter is at home. 
 
 HOOD, James E., a leading citizen of Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, 111., whose 
 farming operations, conducted on a very ex- 
 tensive scale, have made him favorably known 
 throughout the county, was born in Cass County. 
 111., May 15, 1855. Mr. Hood is a son of James 
 ami Almeda Hood, natives of Beardstown, 111. 
 ( Further details in regard to the life of the 
 senior .lames Hood, and particulars concerning 
 his family, may be found in a narrative of the 
 (itver of W. C. Hood, appearing in this connec- 
 tion ) The birth of James E. Hood occurred on 
 the farm of his father, a little southeast of 
 Beardstown. 111., and he helped the latter in the 
 work of the place until he was fifteen years old, 
 meanwhile attending the district schools of the 
 neighborhood. Then he was employed in the 
 blacksmith shop with his father for the next 
 three years, and afterwards followed farming 
 several years in Cass County. In 1S83, he 
 bought 220 acres of bottom land in Bainbridge 
 Township, Schuyler County, and in the spring 
 of the ensuing year, took possession of the new 
 place, moving with his wife into a small log 
 cabin that he had made ready for occupancy, 
 ami soon building a two-room frame dwelling. 
 The land vvas covered with stumps and brush, 
 and he at once applied himself to the task of 
 grubbing and blasting, and clearing the brush 
 away. The first 220 acres thus prepared for 
 tilling now constitute one of the most fertile 
 and productive pieces of land in Central Illi- 
 nois. To the original purchase he has added 
 150 acres, and the entire property is in a high 
 state of cultivation. All the fences and other 
 
 improvements on this extensive farm are the 
 result of Mr. Hood's unremitting toil, his 
 preliminary work largely consisting in removing 
 a great mass of elderberry and ash sprouts. In 
 1007, he had 115 acres of wheat and 00 acres of 
 corn on the ground formerly covered with thick 
 brush and timber. The farm is well stocked, 
 the accommodations for the shelter and care of 
 his stock are substantial and convenient, as is 
 also the present family residence, and the owner 
 of this superb property is recognized as one of 
 the foremost agriculturists of Schuyler County. 
 
 Mr. Hood has been twice married. His first 
 wife was Mary E. Hyde, to whom he was 
 wedded March 3, 1881. She was born in South 
 Dakota, a daughter of John and Mary Hyde. 
 Four children were the issue of this union, 
 namely : James William, Grace Almeda, Le 
 Roy and Frank. William is at home; Grace is 
 the wife of Robert E. Lawler, a sketch of whose 
 life appears elsewhere in this volume: Le Roy 
 married Ruth Persinger, and is the father of one 
 child, Vivian A., and Frank is at home. The 
 mother of this family died August 15. 1SS0. On 
 July 10. 1891, Mr. Hood was united in marriage 
 with Mary N. Lawler, whose birth occurred 
 April ::. 1800. Mrs. Hood is a daughter of 
 John Hugh Lawler, mention of whom is made 
 in the sketch of Robert E. Lawler, above re- 
 ferred to. The offspring of the second marriage 
 is five children, as follows: Jessie A., born April 
 1.".. 18.92; Mary Ruth born September 19, 1893; 
 Robert E., born March 19, 1895; John Albert, 
 born June 7, 180S; and Harriet Lucile. born 
 May 27, 1000. 
 
 On political issues, Mr. Hood has always 
 acted with the Democratic party, although never 
 taking an active interest in party campaigns, 
 ami being wholly without ambition for public 
 office. He and his wife, together with the other 
 members of both families, are the objects of 
 cordial regard from a wide circle of friends. 
 
 HOOD, William C— One of the finest home- 
 steads and most sociable households in Schuyler 
 County is that presided over by Mr. and Mrs. 
 William C. Hood, on Section 13, Bainbridge 
 Township. The large farm is thoroughly culti- 
 vated and very productive, and improvements 
 are modern and carefully maintained, while the 
 residence itself is convenient, comfortable and 
 cheerful in appearance. The chairs are easy 
 and inviting, good literature is scattered through 
 the house, and the presiding geniuses of the 
 place see to it that their friends are made to 
 have a pleasing consciousness of welcome and 
 good cheer. The result is that the sons and 
 daughters have found their society at home, 
 until they were ready to go out into the world 
 and establish households of their own. If there 
 were more homes founded on this model there 
 would be many happier children, husbands and 
 wives ; and if this good, substantial couple had 
 never accomplished more in their lives than 
 this, their success and final reward would still 
 be great. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 845 
 
 William C. Hood was born two and a half 
 miles southeast of Beardstowu, Cass County, 111., 
 on the lGth of January, 1S53, a son of James 
 and Alneda (Knapp) Hood, the father being 
 a native of Scotland, where his parents passed 
 their lives. James Hood, however, had listened 
 with impatient eagerness to glowing tales told 
 by those who knew of the opportunities af- 
 forded a capable young man in America, and in 
 1S42, when be had just passed his majority, lo- 
 cated in New York to work at bis trade as a 
 blacksmith. Thence be traveled westward to the 
 raw. brisk young city of Chicago, and to its 
 older competitor, St. Louis. Finally deciding 
 that bis prospects would be better in a smaller 
 place, he removed to Beardstown, and after 
 following his trade there for a time returned to 
 New York for a wife. Soon after bis marriage 
 he again located in Beardstown, where he con- 
 ducted a blacksmith's shop in connection with 
 his farm until 1902, when be reached the age of 
 seventy-one years. He then retired from active 
 work, and now resides with a son, who is work- 
 ing at his father's trade, and a widowed daugh- 
 ter, all of Beardstown. His wife who became 
 the mother of eight children, died on December 
 6. 1906, having borne five sons and three daugh- 
 ters, namely: William C. ; James Edward, a 
 fanner of Bainbridge Township ; Charles, who 
 is a blacksmith at Beardstowu ; John Henry, 
 who died in infancy ; Frank, residing ou the 
 home farm in Cass County : Martha G., who 
 died at the age of eighteen ; Hattie, the widow 
 of William Harrison, who is keeping house in 
 Beardstown for her father and brother; and 
 Mary, who married David Methlaud, a con- 
 fectioner of Salina, Kan. 
 
 James Hood, who has now reached the ven- 
 erable age of eighty-six years has been one of 
 tile busiest and most respected citizens of 
 Beardstown : and the high honor still abides 
 with him. When he first located in the county 
 he purchased a farm near the city, upon which 
 he resided, walking to his blacksmith shop in 
 the morning and back to his homestead in the 
 evening, lb- afterward added to his real estate 
 until the borne farm amounted to 200 acres, and 
 he also owned 250 acres in the northern part of 
 Frederick Township. Besides managing his 
 farm and running his blacksmith's shop, Mr. 
 Hood took an active and not unimportant part in 
 political issues. He served in the City Council 
 of Beardstown for a number of terms, and was 
 well in the advance in all public enterprises. 
 As to the secret fraternities, he lias long been 
 a mmber of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. 
 
 William C. Hood was reared on the homestead 
 less than three miles southeast of Beardstown, 
 Cass County. 111., and received bis education in 
 the schools of that place. Prior to his marriage 
 in 1877 he removed to Bainbridge Township. 
 Schuyler County, and immediately commenced 
 the improvement of his land in Section 13. He 
 cleared off the heavy timber, brought the land 
 to a state of fine cultivation, and made all the 
 
 material improvements which now make his 
 homestead so noticeable. Mr. Hood owns not 
 only 307 acres in Bainbridge Township, but 153 
 in Frederick, making a large and valuable es- 
 tate of 400 acres of some of the choicest land 
 in Schuyler County. For the realization of this 
 success he by no means claims entire credit, 
 gratefully according the sharer of his joys and 
 sorrows the honor also of winning for himself 
 and family a high and substantial place in the 
 home community. 
 
 On December 29, 1877, Mr. Hood was united in 
 marriage to Miss Mary C. Drawve, a native of 
 Bteardstown, Cass County, born June 21, 1800, 
 and a daughter of Henry and Mary (Schweer) 
 Drawve. Both her parents were natives of 
 Germany, her mother, w-ho was born in Essen, 
 October* S, 1S32, coming to America in 1850. 
 She was married to Henry Drawve in 1858, 
 when they moved to Bainbridge Township and 
 lived upon a farm there until the death of the 
 husband July 7, 1S93. The widow died Novem- 
 ber 1, 1897, leaving the following children: Mrs. 
 W. C. Hood; Mrs. F. B. Crawford, of Rock 
 Island, 111.; Henry and Herman, farmers of 
 Bainbridge and Frederick Townships, respect 
 ively ; Mrs. N. Brenner, who married a Frederick 
 Township farmer; Mrs. J. H. Shaw, of Havana, 
 111.; and Mrs. Emma L. Heiniugway, a resi- 
 dent of Rock Island. 111. 
 
 The children born to Mr. and Mrs. William C. 
 Hood have been as follows: Jennie A., born 
 September 9. 1S77, who married Joseph P. 
 Quigley, January 29. 1901, and has one child — 
 Raymond W., born November 7, 1902, the family 
 home being in St. Louis, and the husband, be- 
 ing a boot and shoe manufacturer : Harry W., 
 born October 27. 1880, who married Miss 
 Lucinda Loring August 31. 1899. and by her 
 lias had two children— Burdett, born September 
 1.-,. 1900. ami Margaret. November II, 1906 — 
 the husband being a fanner of Frederick Town- 
 ship; John II.. born October 5, 1882. and died 
 October 30, 1884; Oscar J. born October 16, 
 1881; Grover, born March 18. 1888; mid Floyd J. 
 born June 13, 1892, the last three children liv- 
 ing at home. Both Mr. Hood and his wife are 
 members of the Royal Neighbors, with which 
 they arc very appropriately identified. Mrs. 
 Hood is a leading factor in the German Lutheran 
 Church, and. while her husband is not associated 
 with any denominational body, he is an earnest 
 and liberal supporter of educational and moral 
 movements, lb' also belongs to the Beardstown 
 Camp X". 579, Modern Woodmen of America. 
 In politics he is a Democrat, lias filled various 
 township offices, and is a man to whom prom- 
 inence in many fields of endeavor has never come 
 at the sacrifice of his honorable manhood or the 
 public interest. 
 
 H0RNEY, Cyrus, one of the oldest residents 
 of Schuyler County, 111., of which he was for 
 many years an enterprising and prosperous 
 farmer and leading citizen, was born in Guil- 
 ford County, N. ('.. September 30, 1825, a son of 
 
sir, 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCH.UYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 Jonathan and Lydia (HorneyJ Homey, whose 
 birthplace was in that same locality. The 
 paternal grandparents, Manlove and Lydia 
 (Smith) Homey, as well as the grandparents on 
 the maternal side, Jeffrey and Elizabeth 
 (Pidgeon) Horney. were also natives of North 
 Carolina. In 1829, Jonathan Homey and his 
 wife journeyed by team across the country to 
 Schuyler County, 111., stopping in Buena 
 Vista Township, where Grandfather Manlove 
 Horney had located some time previously, 
 and thence proceeding to Brooklyn Town- 
 ship, there spending the winter of the "big 
 snow," of 1S30-31. Early in the latter 
 year, they settled in the northwest quarter of 
 Section 6, Littleton Township, where Jonathan 
 Horney entered up 100 acres of land on the edge 
 of the timber. This tract he improved, putting 
 a large part of it under cultivation. In 1856 he 
 sold his land, moving to Adams County, 111., 
 where he bought another tract containing 130 
 acres. There he died in 1SS5, at the age of 
 eighty-two years. His wife, Lydia (Horney) 
 Horney. had passed away in 1831, and he had 
 married Agnes (Dark) Noble, who departed this 
 in 1S97. Gyrus Horney remained with his father 
 and step-mother until he reached the age of 
 twenty-one years, assisting on the farm and re- 
 ceiving his education in the primitive subscrip- 
 tion schools of the vicinity. After his marriage 
 he located on a farm of eighty acres in Section 
 12, Brooklyn Township, which was partially 
 improved. To this he added at intervals, until 
 he became the owner of 245 acres, lying in 
 Sections 1, 2, 11 and 12, in that township. At 
 the outset there was no dwelling on the place 
 but a log cabin, and deer, wolves and wild turkey 
 were plentiful. Mr. Horney made some im- 
 provements, putting all his land under cultiva- 
 tion except forty acres of timber, besides general 
 fanning, raising considerable stock. In course 
 of time he built a six-room frame house, and 
 had good barns and outbuildings. II is successive 
 purchase of land included tracts of 108, G5 and 
 36 acres, which he retained until 1S97, when he 
 disposed of a portion, selling the remainder in 
 1900. The 65 acres were traded for property in 
 the village of Brooklyn, consisting of twelve lots, 
 of which he has since sold two. In town, he 
 has a large frame residence of eight rooms and 
 a summer kitchen, and in this home he and his 
 wife have lived since he withdrew from active 
 pursuits. 
 
 Mr. Horney has been twice married. On 
 March 28. 1846, he w .is joined in matrimonial 
 bonds with Eliza Hayes, a native of Tennessee. 
 by whom he had five children, namely : Lean- 
 der, who died at the age of eight years; William, 
 who died when twenty-one years old; Jeffrey, 
 who lives in Decatur County, Iowa ; John Frank- 
 lin, who was born in January, 1852, and died at 
 Russell. Kan.. March 20, 1907; and Ann Eliza, 
 who died in infancy. The mother of this fam- 
 ily departed this life July 24, 1854. On July 
 14. 1S56. Mr. Horney was united in marriage 
 with Meriby Abercrombie, born in Shelby 
 
 County, Ohio, June 30, 1839, a daughter of 
 Thomas B. and Mary (Dey) Abercrombie, na- 
 tives of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, respec- 
 tively. The grandparents of Mrs. Horney were 
 John and Mary (Cree) Abercrombie, and Louis 
 and Mary (Beard) Dey, the paternal grand- 
 parents having been born in Pennsylvania, and 
 those on the maternal side in New Jersey. Four 
 children resulted from the latter union, namely: 
 Clare (Mrs. Thomas Lantz) a resident of Brook- 
 lyn, 111. ; Jonathan B., of Bloomington, 111., 
 Presiding Elder in the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church ; Mary B., wife of Rev. Robert Hart- 
 rick, D. D., of Ashland, 111., a well known 
 Methodist divine ; and Cyrus Sloan, who carries 
 mi farming in Brooklyn Township, Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 In politics Mr. Horney is an old-time Republi- 
 can, and has been prominent and influential 
 in local affairs. He has filled the office of Road 
 Commissioner and served twelve years as Just- 
 ice of the Peace. He and his wife are members 
 Of the Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he 
 has been a classleader many years. Both are 
 proioundly respected. 
 
 HORNEY, Samuel Madison, who is known from 
 one end to the other of Schuyler County, 111., 
 as one of its. most prominent and prosperous 
 farmers, is a native of the same county, having 
 been born in Littleton Township, May 20, 1844, 
 a son of Leander and Jane (Crawford) Homey, 
 North Carolinians by birth. Samuel and Amelia 
 (Charles) Horney. the paternal grandparents, 
 were also natives of North Carolina. Samuel 
 Horney was a soldier in the War of 1812, and 
 as a result of such services received a land 
 warrant from the Government, under which he 
 obtained 160 acres of land in Buena Vista 
 Township, Schuyler County. He served also in 
 the Black Hawk War, thereby securiug land in 
 Littleton Township. The grandparents on the 
 maternal side, William and Melinda (Thomp- 
 son) Crawford, were Kentuckians by nativity, 
 and came from that State to Schuyler County, 
 111., early in the 'thirties, settling in Littleton 
 Township. Leander Horney, father of Samuel 
 M., was an infant when brought to Schuyler 
 County by his parents. He grew to manhood on 
 the home farm, and in 1846 took part in the 
 Mexican War, being wounded in the hip at the 
 Battle of Buena Vista. Returning home in 
 IMS. he settled down to farming in Littleton 
 Township, and in course of time became the 
 owner of 1,300 acres of land in different parts 
 n!' Schuyler County. Five hundred acres of 
 this property were in Littleton Township, mostly 
 covered with timber, some of it being swamp 
 land along the river. He served as County 
 Surveyor previous to 1801. holding that office 
 twelve years. On August 6, 1861. he enlisted for 
 the Civil War. becoming a member of the Tenth 
 Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Infantry, at St. 
 Louis, and rising to the rank of Lieutenant 
 Colonel. He was killed in battle at Champion 
 Hills, Miss., near Vicksburg, in May 1863, and 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 847 
 
 was buried there, his body beiug removed after 
 the war and laid in Thompson Cemetery, Lit- 
 tleton Township. His widow made her home in 
 the same township until the time of her death, 
 February 20, 1907, at the age of eighty-three 
 years. They reared a family of three sons and 
 four daughters. 
 
 Samuel M. Homey was the second of the 
 seven children born to his parents. He re- 
 mained at home until he reached the age of 21 
 years, attending the district schools, and being 
 for eight months a pupil in the select school of 
 Mr. Marpel, at Rushville. On attaining his 
 majority, he began farming for himself. Two 
 years later he bought eighty acres in Section 
 30, Littleton Township, a part of it being prairie 
 land and the rest covered with brush. This he 
 improved, and occupied from the spring of 1867 
 until the spring of 1891, selling it iu the latter 
 year and moving to a farm of eighty acres, par- 
 tially improved, which he had purchased in 
 Section 18, of the same township. Subsequently, 
 he bought eighty acres more iu Section 10, and 
 has since thoroughly improved the entire prop- 
 erty. His residence is 10 by 28 feet in dimen- 
 sions, with a story-and-a-half ell, and has 18- 
 feet posts. In the spring of 1907 ,he bought 
 from his mother eighty acres of land in Section 
 20, which adjoins the home place. Besides gen- 
 eral farming, he is engaged in raising horses 
 cattle and hogs, his labors being attended by 
 profitable results. He feeds and ships two car 
 loads of stock each year. 
 
 Mr. Homey has been twice married, his first 
 wife being Elizabeth Sellers, to whom he was 
 wedded in September, I860. She was born iu 
 Littleton Township, Schuyler County, 111., a 
 daughter of John and Elizabeth (Ritchie) Sell- 
 ers, respectively natives of Tennessee and Penn- 
 sylvania. Four children resulted from this union, 
 as follows : Loren L.. who is engaged in the gen- 
 eral mercantile business in Littleton, 111.: 
 Harlan E.. a physician residing in Van Alstyne, 
 Tex. : S. Fleming, who is connected with a 
 grocery store at Littleton, 111.; and Eva Pearl, 
 wife of Fred Scott, a farmer, of Littleton Town- 
 ship. The mother of this family died in March 
 1S85. In May 1887, Mr. Homey was united in 
 marriage with Frances L. Raper. bom in Little- 
 ton Township. Schuyler County, and a daughter 
 of Cyrus and Emily (Irvin) Raper. the former 
 being born in North Carolina and the latter, 
 in Kentucky The issue of the second marriage 
 was seven children, namely: Verna, who mar- 
 ried Wallace Winters, a liveryman, of Little- 
 ton, 111.: Clifford. Dana, Athel, Speed M.. Merle 
 and Clara R.. who are with their parents. In 
 politics, Mr. Homey is identified with the Dem- 
 ocratic party, and he and his wife maintain 
 a high standing among the citizens of Schuy- 
 ler County. 
 
 HUNTER, George R., most favorably known 
 throughout Central Illinois in connection with 
 the Raid; of Schuyler County, of which be is 
 President, as well as identified with many im- 
 
 portant commercial interests elsewhere, and 
 widely popular by reason of the sterling traits 
 of his character, was born iu Rushville, 111., July 
 27, 1S3C. Mr. Hunter is a son of James and 
 Johanna (Dougherty) Hunter 1 , the father born 
 near Lexington, Ky., and the mother at New 
 Ross, County Wexford, Ireland. The former 
 died August 20, 1S83, the latter having passed 
 away February 9, 1882. James Hunter was 
 reared in Kentucky, and in the early 'thirties 
 located iu Rushville, 111., where his marriage 
 with Johanna Dougherty took place. In Decem- 
 ber, 1818, on account of failing health, he moved 
 to Pleasant View, 111., where he devoted his at- 
 tention to agricultural pursuits, and besides his 
 general farming operations, developed a fine 
 orchard. There his death occurred, as also that 
 of his wife, the brother of the latter, Richard 
 Dougherty, dying the same year as his sister. 
 Another brother, John Dougherty, who was a 
 prominent real-estate dealer in Rushville, de- 
 parted this life in the "seventies. James Hun- 
 ter's farm comprised eighty acres of laud and 
 was nicely improved. In politics, he was a Dem- 
 ocrat, but averse to seeking public oflice. In re- 
 ligion his wife was a strict Catholic, and her 
 husband became a convert to that faith. Both 
 led exemplary lives and enjoyed the respect of 
 all who knew them. 
 
 George R. Hunter, the only child of his par- 
 ents attended the public schools of Rushville, 
 and the district schools of Schuyler County, and 
 afterwards became a student in the Jesuit Col- 
 lege at St. Louis, Mo. (The St. Louis Univer- 
 sity), where he took a four years' course. Then 
 he settled on the home farm, and for a number of 
 years derived a consideable profit from the prod- 
 uct of his orchard already referred to, his fruit 
 crops sometimes yielding from $4,000 to $5,000 
 per year. 
 
 At the time of the oganization of the Bank of 
 Schuyler County, Mr. Hunter took some of its 
 stock, and having persistently declined the presi- 
 dency of the bank, Thomas Wilson was chosen 
 for that position, Mr. Hunter becoming Vice- 
 President. On the death of Mr. Wilson, Mr. 
 Hunter succeeded him as President, and has 
 since continued in that position. He is a saga- 
 cious and conservative financier, and his mdivid- 
 uil investments of large amounts have been judi- 
 cious and profitable. He is doubtless one of the 
 wealthiest men in Central Illinois, and own* 
 stock in quite a number of commercial enter- 
 prises in different parts of the country. Al- 
 though liberal to a fault, he is utterly devoid of 
 ostentation, shunning publicity in his benefac- 
 tions and not letting "his right hand know what 
 his left hand doeth." No one was ever denied 
 assistance who came in distress to George R. 
 Hunter and were the facts revealed, more than 
 one man in Schuyler County has been saved by 
 bis timely aid from financial ruin. Mr. Hunter 
 is a man of superior intelligence and wide in- 
 formation. Although of a retiring disposition 
 and modest bearing, his temperament is genial, 
 and his manner towards all affable and pleasing. 
 
818 
 
 HISTOBY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 His friends are numerous, not being confined to 
 Schuyler County or the State of Illinois, but lo- 
 cated in every part of the country. He was 
 never married, but extends a graceful hospitality 
 to all guests who visit his country residence at 
 Pleasantview, Schuyler County. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Hunter is a Democrat, and in 
 religion is a devout Catholic, being a member of 
 the Roman Catholic Church of Kushville, to the 
 support of which he has contributed most liber- 
 ally, lie is an honored member of the Knights 
 of Columbus. 
 
 HYMER, Samuel.— The years 1840-47 were pro- 
 lific of arrivals in Schuyler County, and a gen- 
 eral impetus in farming, merchandising and 
 tradesman ship . se enis to have been the result. 
 These were hardy souls who left comfortable 
 homes in the East, and allied their fortunes with 
 a religion sustained chiefly by hope and the as- 
 surance of remarkable fertility of soil. In 1837 
 came John and Sarah (Jackson) Hytner. the for- 
 mer horn in Guilford County, N. C, and the lat- 
 ter a native of Randolph County, the same State. 
 John Ilymer had much to recommend him to 
 the setters who had preceded him. for he was 
 experienced as a farmer and also had a thorough 
 knowledge of blacksmithing. He had been an 
 early settler of Harrison County, Iml.. where he 
 had combined farming and blacksmithing. and 
 where his son, Samuel Hynier. the present repre- 
 sentative of the family in Rushville Township 
 was born May 17. 1829. The elder Hymer lo- 
 cated on land in Kushville Township, and for 
 years followed farming and blacksmithing, his 
 death occurring in 1862. 
 
 Samuel Hymer was reared to farming, and as 
 opportunity offered attended the district school 
 during the winter season. He married at the 
 early age of twenty, January IS. 1849, Mary J. 
 Thompson, of .Maryland, and an early arrival in 
 Schuyler County. Mr. Hymer enlisted in the 
 Union Army. September 13, 1862. in the One 
 Hundred and Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infan- 
 try, and served until he was mustered out May 
 15, 1865. His martial record was a highly com- 
 mendable one, and showed him a man of cour- 
 age and patriotism. Mustered in as Second 
 Lieutenant, be soon after became First Lieuten- 
 ant, anil upon retiring from the service was 
 brevetted Major. Returning to his home in 
 Schuyler County, Mr. Hynier the following year 
 removed to Kansas, where he engaged in general 
 farming ami stock-raising, and where, in 1871. 
 he was ordained to the ministry of the Metho- 
 dist Church. He still continued to farm, how- 
 ever, and also became prominent in politics, be- 
 ing elected to the Kansas Legislature on the 
 Republican ticket in 1869. 
 
 In 1904, Mr. Hymer returned to Rushville. and 
 since has lived in retirement. He has a pleas- 
 ant home, and his days are brightened by asso- 
 ciation with many of the pioneers who knew him 
 in the old days. He is a member of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, and fraternally is con- 
 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. 
 
 IRVIN, William G., known throughout Schuyler 
 County. 111., as the proprietor or the hotel at 
 Brooklyn, 111... was born near Stanford, Shelby 
 Couuty, Ky., January 10, 1830, a son of George 
 Washington and Beersheba (Elmore) Irvin, aiso 
 natives of that couuty and a grandson of Star- 
 ling Irvin. George W. Irvin and his family 
 moved from Kentucky to Schuyler County, 111., 
 early in the last century, traveling by wagons 
 and settling at Rushville. The father died on his 
 farm near Rushville about the year 1S40, and 
 five years after his death, his widow was married 
 to John Spoonamore, and continued to reside in- 
 this vicinity. Both are long since deceased. 
 The first marriage resulted in two sons and four 
 daughters, and the second, in two sons and one 
 daughter, all of whom are dead, with the excep- 
 tion of Zachariah T. Spoonamore, who is a resi- 
 dent of Cooperstown, Brown County, 111. Wil- 
 liam G. Irvin attended school in Littleton Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County, remaining at home with 
 liis mother and step-father until he was fourteen 
 years old. when he hired out on a farm. In 
 1863, he secured employment in the Randolph 
 Hotel at Macomb McDonough County, 111., where 
 he remained until 1870. Following this, he 
 worked two years as a clerk in a Littleton (111.) 
 store, and subsequently carried on farming for an 
 equal period, then purchasing a general store in 
 Doddsville. McDonough County, which he con- 
 ducted until 1890, serving also as Postmaster of 
 that town for twenty years. In the year last 
 mentioned, he sold out his business interests in 
 Doddsville, moving to Rushville. Schuyler County, 
 and taking charge of Peters' Hotel, which he 
 kept a year. On relinquishing this, he again 
 went into the mercantile business, locating in 
 Brooklyn. 111., and later, building the hotel which 
 he has since continued to operate. It has a ca- 
 pacity of eleven rooms, and is the only house of 
 public entertainment ever conducted in Brook- 
 lyn. 
 
 On March 10, 1868, .Mr. Irvin was united in 
 marriage with Frances M. Brown, who was bom 
 in the vicinity of Industry. McDonough County. 
 111., May 23. 1851. and is a daughter of Amos and 
 Mary iRolph) Brown, natives of Dayton, Ohio. 
 Eight children resulted from this union, as fol- 
 lows: Estella. and Idella. twins, who were born 
 December 20. I860, and died January 26, 
 1S70 : Lulu May. horn February 20. 1871 : Maude, 
 born June 20. 1873, deceased August 26.1873; 
 Vivian Randolph, born August 17, 1870; Jennie, 
 born May 1.".. lssfi; William F., born November 
 2. 1883; and Mary Hulda. born December 9. 
 1889. Lula M. married James Merriweather. of 
 Xew London, Iowa ; Vivian It. is engaged in the 
 wholesale grocery business at Galesburg. 111., 
 under the firm name of the Galesburg Grocery 
 Company: Jennie is the wife of Frank Manlove. 
 of Augusta. 111.: William F. is in the mercantile 
 trade in Brooklyn, 111., and holds the office of 
 
HISTORY OP SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 849 
 
 Postmaster of the town, residing with his par- 
 ents; and Mary II. is also at home. 
 
 Mr. Irvin joined the Baptist Church at Dodds- 
 ville in 1882, but is now a member of the Pres- 
 byterian Church, of Brooklyn, there being no 
 church of the former denomination in the vil- 
 lage. In politics, he has long been a Republican. 
 Hi- and his wife, together with the other mem- 
 bers of the family, are highly respected. 
 
 JARMAN, Lewis A. — For many years public 
 opinion has accorded Lewis A. Jarman a fore- 
 most place among the citizens and legal practi- 
 tioners of Schuyler County, and so stable a fix- 
 ture has he become in the affairs of Rushville 
 that his election to his present position as 
 Mayor, in April, 1905, would seem a natural and 
 expected continuation of the many honors grow- 
 ing out of his ability, integrity and large capacity 
 for useful citizenship. 
 
 Of Southern ancestry on both sides of his fam- 
 ily, Mr. Jarman was born in Greensboro, Md.. 
 September 28, 1S58, a son of Thomas H. and 
 Mary E. I Lewis I Jarman.. natives of Maryland 
 and Delaware, respectively. His grandparents, 
 Thomas II. and Elizabeth Jarman, were born in 
 Maryland, and his maternal grandparents, 
 Thomas II. and Sabra Lewis, were natives of 
 Delaware and Maryland, respectively. Com- 
 pleting his preliminary education at the Western 
 Maryland College, at Westminster, he then en- 
 tered the Maryland University, at Baltimore, 
 and after graduating therefrom in the class of 
 
 1881, spent a year acquiring the rudiments of 
 law in a law office in Baltimore, and has been 
 in the active practice of law in Rushville since 
 
 1882. building upon the foundation of splendid 
 personal qualities, a reputation for reliable, con- 
 servative and dependable professional service. 
 
 An abiding belief in the best tenets of the Re- 
 publican party has led Mr. Jarman to espouse 
 its cause with vigor and enthusiasm, and through 
 various local official channels he has labored to 
 promote the besf interests of the community. 
 Mr. Jarman was a delegate from the Fifteenth 
 Congressional District to the Republican Na- 
 tional Convention in June, 1904. and in April, 
 1905, was elected chief executive of the city of 
 Rushville. His marriage to Lizzie B. Ray, a 
 native of Rushville and graduate of the North- 
 western University, at Evanston, 111., occurred 
 June 26, 1889. The distinguishing characteris- 
 tics of Mr. Jarman are force of character, in- 
 domitable energy and executive ability, potent 
 agencies for the advancement of men to import- 
 ant stations in life. 
 
 JONES, Elward J. — Although a resilient in 
 other sections of the country for brief periods, 
 Air. Junes has always been anxious to return to 
 Schuyler County, and here practically all of his 
 active life has been passed. At this writing he 
 resides on North Maple Avenue. Rushville. where 
 he owns two residence properties, and in addi- 
 tion is the owner of an improved farm of 100 
 acres in Oakland Township. The latter town- 
 
 ship is the place of his birth, April 12, 1842, be- 
 ing the date thereof. His father, James Thomp- 
 son Jones, was one of the honored pioneers of 
 Schuyler County, whose memory long will re- 
 main green in the hearts of those bound to him 
 by ties of kinship or friendship. In physique 
 he was very tall and finely proportioned, and his 
 height led to his selection as color-bearer in the 
 days when military feeling ran high and when 
 preparations for war were being made on every 
 hand. The son of a Whig, he himself was an 
 ardent Democrat and never failed to give his 
 allegiance to the principles and candidates of 
 that party. 
 
 A native of Havre de Grace, Md., James 
 Thompson Jones was bom June 19. 1812, and in 
 boyhood went to Pennsylvania with his father, 
 Edward J., (also a native of Maryland). The 
 family settled in Washington County, where his 
 father died and was buried in the Bethel Church 
 Cemetery. Upon starting out to make his own 
 way in the world he came to Illinois and took 
 up land in Oakland Township, Schuyler County, 
 where he began the clearing of his land. After 
 the death of his first wife he returned to Penn- 
 sylvania and there married Mary Ferine, born 
 in 1816. While they were living in Pennsyl- 
 vania, a son, Stephen P., was born in August of 
 1840. Later they came to Illinois and the sec- 
 ond son, Edward J., was born in Oakland Town- 
 ship, which also was the birthplace of the third 
 son, David, who died at the age of twenty-one. 
 The wife and mother died on the home farm 
 February 6, 1844. Later the father went back 
 to Pennsylvania and in 1846 married Don-as 
 Gorsuch, who was born in Virginia, and accom- 
 panied her father. Nicholas Gorsuch, a Virginian 
 by birth and ancestry, to Pennsylvania. Dur- 
 ing 1852, James T. Jones again came to Schuy- 
 ler County and took up farming pursuits in Oak- 
 land Township, where lour children were born 
 of his union with Miss Gorsuch, namely: Eliza- 
 beth, now the widow of Abram Bly and a resi- 
 dent of Oakland Township; Mary, wife of New- 
 ton Edmonstou, a farmer of Oakland Township ; 
 George W.. who is represented elsewhere in this 
 work: and John Jones, a carpenter living in 
 Rushville. The father died September 7, 1871, 
 and was buried in a cemetery near Vermont. 
 111. For years he had served as Justice of the 
 Peace, besides which he had been Road Commis- 
 sioner and a member of the County Board of 
 Supervisors. A natural mechanic, his skill with 
 tools led him to do considerable carpentering and 
 he also was engaged at the trade of brick-mason 
 to some extent. 
 
 Fpon leaving the old home farm at the age of 
 twenty-five years. Edward J. Jones went to Mis- 
 souri and there worked for eighteen months. 
 However, he was not satisfied to remain in that 
 country and returned to his early home. No- 
 vember 2s. 1894, he married Ella Tutt. who was 
 born in Rushville Township January 24, 1867, 
 being a daughter of James anil Marietta Tutt. 
 natives of Kentucky but pioneers of Schuyler 
 County. Here Mr. Tutt died in October, 1893, 
 
,s:,u 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 and here his widow still makes her borne in 
 Rushville Township. After remaining on the 
 home farm for some years., in 1899 Mr. and Mrs. 
 Jones removed to Uushville, their present home. 
 They have two children, namely : Lolla Edna, 
 born February S, 1896 ; and Herman, born De- 
 cember 3, 1901. The family attend the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, of which Mrs. Jones is 
 an active member. Three times Mr. Jones was 
 elected Supervisor from Oakland Township, and 
 in addition he filled the oflice of Road Commis- 
 sioner during his residence in that township. 
 
 JONES, George W— It is significant of the en- 
 ergy and judgment of Mr. Jones that he has 
 risen to a position of independence without the 
 prestige of capital or influence to aid him in 
 starting. When he became a land-holder in 
 Schuyler County, he acquired the title to eighty 
 acres on Section 34, Oakland Township, but he 
 lacked $200 of having sufficient money to pay 
 for the land at the time of its purchase. A part 
 of the tract was not cleared and he at once be- 
 gan to remove the heavy timber, thus placing the 
 land in condition for cultivation. The first in- 
 debtedness was soon paid. Then he purchased 
 additional land, and from time to time he ac- 
 quired other tracts until now he owns 490 acres 
 in one body in Oakland Township, this repre- 
 senting the energy and wise management of his 
 active years. 
 
 The record of the Jones family, which appears 
 iu the sketch of Edward J. Jones on another 
 page, shows that they came from Maryland, the 
 grandfather, Edward J., and the father, James 
 T„ having both been natives of that State, hut 
 subsequently residents of Washington County, 
 Pa., from which the latter migrated to Illinois 
 in an early day and settled in Schuyler County. 
 Among the children born of his marriage to 
 Miss Gorsuch was George W., whose birth oc- 
 curred August 1G, 1S53. on the farm in Rush- 
 ville Township now owned by F. P. Richey. 
 During boyhood he accompanied the family to 
 Oakland Township, where he attended school and 
 learned the rudiments of agriculture, to which 
 his life has been devoted. After the death of his 
 father in 1872, be left the home roof and began 
 working for others, receiving if IS per month, 
 which was at that time the very highest wages 
 paid to farm hands. 
 
 The marriage of George W. Jones and Phoebe 
 Jane Rose was solemnized March 6, 1STS. Mrs. 
 Jones was horn in Chelsea, Washtenaw County. 
 Michigan, October 22, 1854. being a daughter of 
 Warren P. and Maty (DePeuw) Rose. The 
 family came to Illinois about 1857 and settled in 
 Schuyler Couny, where Mr. Rose cleared a tract 
 of hind in Rushville Township and improved a 
 good farm. After the death of his wife in 1893, 
 he removed to Iowa, dying there in 1S96. All of 
 his seven children survive him. namely: Hardin 
 C. of Ray, 111. ; Henry P... a farmer in Littleton 
 Township; Mrs. Jones; Richard, of Reardstown. 
 111.: Edna, wife of Charles E. Chipman, of 
 Davenport, Thayer County, Neb. : Mira, wife of 
 
 Gilbert McMillen ; and Annie E., Mrs. Samuel 
 E. Simpson, of Oakland Township. The chil- 
 dren of Mr. and Mrs. Jones are as follows : Mary 
 F., who was born December 1, 1878, and died 
 March 1, 19U7 ; David P., born August 15, 1880 ; 
 Edna V., who was born November 20, 1882, and 
 is now Mrs. TJ. Sowers, of Oakland Township ; 
 Annie E., who was born March 26, 1885, and 
 married Lewis Heaton, of Vermont, 111. ; Maude 
 l:.. born May 29, 1888; George E. and James E. 
 (twins) bora March 24, 1891; Carrie, June 10, 
 1893; and Ura Glenn, October 26, 1896. In 
 workiug to improve his farm Mr. Jones had the 
 assistance of his children until they, one by one, 
 started out to earn their own way in the world, 
 but the younger still remain to bless the home 
 with their cheerful presence and brighten the 
 lives of their parents with their sympathy and 
 ready aid. Politically Mr. Jones has always 
 been a stanch Democrat and on that ticket, has 
 been elected to various local ollices ; the Chris- 
 tian Church, of which he is an earnest member, 
 has had the benefit of his generous contributions, 
 as well as the co-operation and aid of his family. 
 
 JUSTUS, Moses L. (deceased), for many 
 years connected with the milling business in 
 Schuyler County, HI., but who spent his last 
 years in retirement at Browning, same county, 
 was born in Hancock County, 111., December 12, 
 1831, a son of George W. and Susan (Bates) 
 Justus. The birth of Moses L. Justus occurred 
 while his parents were traveling by wagon to 
 the west. George W. Justus was born in Middle 
 Tennessee about the year 1795. and in 1S28 was 
 married to Susan Bates, a daughter of Mr. and 
 Mrs. William Bates, of Kentucky. When a 
 young man he followed the occupation of a 
 teacher, but in later years devoted his attention 
 to agricultural pursuits. They settled at Grand 
 Island. Browning Township, Schuyler County, 
 but later, for some time lived at Summum, Ful- 
 ton County. George W. Justus.became the owner 
 of considerable tracts of land. He died at the 
 home of his son, F. M. Justus, at the age of sixty- 
 six years, his wife having passed away one year 
 previous to the decease of her husband. 
 
 The early life of Moses L. Justus was passed 
 in Schuyler County, where he received his edu- 
 cation in the common schools. His marriage 
 took place in 1857. when he was united with 
 .Martha A. Steppe, a daughter of John L. Steppe 
 and wife, natives of Tennessee. In politics, Mr. 
 Justus was a supporter of the Democratic party. 
 He was a habitual abstainer from all intoxicat- 
 ing liquors, and a strong advocate of temperance 
 principles. His decease occurred January 30, 
 1908. 
 
 JUSTUS, Dr. William F., a well-known, effici- 
 ent and popular physician of Littleton, Schuyler 
 County, III., was born in Browning, Schuyler 
 County. May 20. 1872 a son of Moses L. and 
 Martha A. (Steppe) Justus. (A sketch of the 
 father, with other facts of ancestral history, ap- 
 pears in a preceding section of this biographical 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 s:. I 
 
 portion of the work.) William F. Justus re- 
 ceived bis education iu the public schools of 
 Browning Township, and in the Illinois State 
 Normal University, at Normal. At the age of 
 nineteen years, he entered the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons, at Keokuk, Iowa, from 
 which he was graduated in 1892. He then began 
 the practice of medicine at Industry, McDonough 
 County, 111., where he continued in practice un- 
 til 1897. In the spring of 1898, in company with 
 a party of six residents of Rushville. 111., he 
 made a trip to Alaska. Returning after a so- 
 journ of four months in that region, he located 
 in Littleton, 111., there resuming the practice of 
 his profession on January 1, 1899. Since then, 
 through skillful methods and close attention to 
 duty, Dr. Justus has succeeded in acquiring a 
 substantial patronage in Littleton and the sur- 
 rounding country, and has gained an enviable 
 reputation as a practitioner of solid attainments 
 in medical science and as a strict adherent of 
 the highest ethics of the healing art. 
 
 On April 7, 1894, Dr. Justus was united iu 
 marriage with Anna M. Garrison, who was born 
 in Littleton Township, February 2S, 1874. Mrs. 
 Justus is a daughter of Henry W. and Anna M. 
 (Justus) Garrison. Her father is a native of 
 Ohio, while the birthplace of her mother was 
 Brooklyn Township, Schuyler County. One 
 child is the issue of this union, Ansel Howard, 
 born May 26, 1895. 
 
 Politically, Dr. Justus is a supporter of the 
 principles of the Democratic party, and has 
 served one term in the office of Supervisor of Lit- 
 tleton Township. In fraternal circles, he is iden- 
 tified with the M. W. and the M. W. A., of Little- 
 ton, the I. O. O. F., of Rushville, 111. ; and the B. 
 P. O. E., of Macomb, McDonough County. Dr. 
 Justus has won the confidence of those who have 
 availed themselves of his professional services, 
 and of the public in general, and socially he and 
 his estimable wife maintain a deservedly high 
 standing. 
 
 KELLY, James M. — The present high social 
 and financial standing of James M. Kelly among 
 his acquaintances in Schuyler County is a trib- 
 ute to his indomitable energy and to the perse- 
 verance with which, unaided, he has fought the 
 battle of life ever since he was a lad of tender 
 years. As a soldier in the Civil War he took 
 part in many sanguinary engagements and faced 
 many business interests: is a stockholder and 
 ties he has also had many struggles, but in both 
 he has been victorious. Through much of his ac- 
 tive life he followed agricultural pursuits, but 
 of recent years he has retired to some extent 
 from the manual labor connected with the devel- 
 opment of a farm. However, he still retains 
 many business interests, is a stockholder and 
 director in the People's State Rank of Astoria, 
 and is President of the Deep Water Commission 
 of Brown and Schuyler Counties. Kelly lake 
 and branch, were named in his honor, and in 
 many ways he has left the impress of his force- 
 
 ful personality upon the locality where for years 
 he has been a leading citizen. 
 
 In Vermont Township, Fulton County, 111., 
 James M. Kelly was born September 7, 1844, the 
 third child .if Franklin B. and Elizabeth (Hol- 
 lingsworth) Kelly. The former was born in 
 Fleming County, Ky., December 25, 1812, a son o 
 Francis F. Kelly. About 1830 he migrated to 
 Fulton County, 111., and secured a claim near 
 the village of Vermont, where he died about 
 1853, when James M. was nine years of age. 
 The members of the family were as follows : 
 Francis M., who was a member of the Fifty- 
 first Illinois Infantry during the Civil War and 
 died in Fulton County about 1875; Caroline, who 
 married Titus Andrews, of Hollenberg, Washing- 
 ton County, Kan. ; James M. ; Emily, wife of 
 John Swink, of Washington, Kan. ; Cynthia A.. 
 Mrs. Evert Bingham ; Sarah, Mrs. Harlow Pal- 
 mer: and Margaret, who died in girlhood. 
 
 Had the life of Franklin B. Kelly been spared 
 to old age, undoubtedly he would have attained 
 flattering success, as at his death in middle age 
 he owned a farm of 100 acres, the fruits of his 
 unaided efforts. This he left to his sons, Fran- 
 cis M. and James M., they to operate the land 
 and support the other members of the family. 
 The mother remained at the old homestead until 
 her death, and the sisters also grew to woman- 
 hood there, leaving the old rooftree for homes 
 of their own. The younger son, James M., not 
 being old enough at his father's death to assist 
 greatly in the development of the farm, started 
 out in the world to earn his own way. At the 
 age of eleven years he went to Macomb, where 
 he worked tor his board. His employer was a 
 drover and the boy thus' had an opportunity of 
 working with horses, an occupation of which he 
 was fond. In 1850 he returned to the old home. 
 Two years later, in the fall of 1858, he came to 
 Schuyler County and began to work by the 
 month for his mother's father, with whom he 
 lived until his enlistment in the army. 
 
 When the call came for soldiers to aid in the 
 preservation of the Onion, the patriotic spirit of 
 James M. Kelly was aroused, and on October 
 20. 1861, lie enlisted at Peoria, 111., as a private 
 in Company O. Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, com- 
 manded by Colonel Robert G. Ingersoll. The 
 regiment rode on horseback to Benton Barracks. 
 In the spring of 1S02 they went from St. Louis 
 to Pittsburg Landing. The Eleventh bore an ac- 
 tive part in many sanguinary engagements. 
 Their record was one of which their friends felt 
 proud, and which even to this day brings its 
 members many flattering testimonials. Their 
 baptism of fire came at Shilob, where at sunrise 
 they saw the enemy's colors waving in the dis- 
 tance as they approached for action. About 
 eleven o'clock General Prentiss was captured. 
 All day the battle raged fiercely and the brave 
 Eleventh fought desperately to defend the Infan- 
 try. On Hi,- second day relief came ami about 
 twelve o'clock on the 7th of April, the enemy 
 was driven back and the field was left to the 
 dead and the dying. Again at Corinth the 
 
853 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Eleventh defended the Infantry amid great peril. 
 Other and later battles brought them added 
 laurels of lame. The arduous campaign with 
 Sherman to the sea found them ever at their post 
 of duty. After the surrender of the Confederacy, 
 Company G proceeded to Washington and took 
 pair in the grand review as escort to General 
 Frank P. Blair, being honored with that posi- 
 tion in recognition of meritorious conduct at the 
 battle of Hatchie's Run. Through much of the 
 active sen-ice Mr. Kelly acted as Orderly and 
 carried messages long distances from one Gen- 
 eral to another, or from the officers to his com- 
 rades. 
 
 After having been honorably discharged at 
 Louisville, Kentucky, in July of 1805, James M. 
 Kelly returned via Springfield to Fulton County. 
 111., anil from there again came to Schuyler 
 County. Going back to Fulton County in 1S6S. 
 he rented a farm and in March, 1869, married 
 .Miss Emily, daughter of Joseph Kelly and a na- 
 tive of Illinois. Though bearing the same fam- 
 ily name, the two were not blood relations. 
 Subsequent to his marriage Mr. Kelly rented a 
 farm in Browning Township, Schuyler County. 
 In 1879, he bought 128 acres on Section 17, Hick- 
 ory Township, where he and his wife lived in a 
 log cabin until they accumulated the means nec- 
 essary for erecting a better house. From time 
 to time he added to his possessions and now owns 
 378 acres, all in one body. 
 
 The eldest child of Mr. and Mrs. Kelly is 
 Laura, born March 18. 1S71 ; she married Charles 
 Harmon, of Canton. 111., and has two children. 
 Clarence W. ami Emily Ethel. The second child 
 in the Kelly family is Abhie. born September 2S, 
 1S75. who married James D. Woolley, and has 
 two children. Fay. born July 10. 1805. and Mae. 
 born May 3, 1S07 ; they reside on the old home- 
 stead. The third child, Helen, born June 11, 
 1S77, married Fred A. Schultz of Peoria, 111., 
 and has one child, born February 12, 1807. The 
 fourth child of Mr. Kelly is James Francis, born 
 August 20, 18S0. and now managing the old 
 home farm on Section 17, Hickory Township. 
 The youngest child. Bertha, was born August 
 26, 1882. anil is now the wife of Edward Sack- 
 man of Peoria. For twenty-five years Mr. Kelly 
 served as School Director and meanwhile accom- 
 plished much for the upbuilding of the schools of 
 his district. Politically he is a stanch Republi- 
 can. Though living in a Democratic township, 
 he has been three times elected on the Republican 
 ticket as a memlier of the County Board of Su- 
 pervisors, and the fact that he overcame the 
 usual large majority of the opposite party speaks 
 much for his personal popularity. As a member 
 of the hoard he proved useful and efficient and 
 assisted in promoting the interests of his town- 
 ship as well as the general welfare of his county. 
 
 KENNEDY, Maxwell (deceased), wis born in 
 Logan County. Ky.. near the Tennessee line. July 
 4. 1847. His parents removed to Canton. TIL. 
 in the year 1840. where they resided six months, 
 going from there to McDonough County and lo- 
 
 cating on a farm near Vermont. Here Mr. Ken- 
 nedy grew to manhood, receiving his early educa- 
 tion in the country district schools, and later 
 attended the Vermont school. When sixti n 
 years of age he began his career as a teacher, 
 his first school being at Foster's Point. lie later 
 attended Eastman's Business College at Chi- 
 cago, where lie laid the broad foundation for his 
 future successful work along similar lines. After 
 returning from school he decided to take up 
 mercantile work, and secured a position as 
 bookkeeper for a Mr. Ravenscroff. at Ver- 
 sailles, but he soon gave this up to resume 
 teaching, His next position being at Quincy, 
 where he taught several years. From Quincy 
 he went to Industry and later to Macomb, re- 
 moving to Rushville in 1SS5, where he resided 
 until a few days before his death. 
 
 He was twice married. His first wife was 
 Miss Jennie Greenup of Industry, and they were 
 married in March, 1874. She accompanied him 
 to Rushville, and died in this city. January 10, 
 1889, leaving one son, Charles, now a resident of 
 San Francisco. Cal. Prof. Kennedy was married 
 to Miss Elizabeth Ellison of Vermont. December 
 30. 1800, and she survives with one son, Lloyd, to 
 mourn the loss of a devoted husband and father. 
 
 He was a member of the M. E. church, and 
 in his private and public life he met the full 
 responsibilities that devolve upon the true teach- 
 er, who has in his charge the moral as well as 
 the mental training of the young mind. 
 
 Prof. Maxwell Kennedy, former President of 
 the Rushville Normal and Business College, at 
 Rushville. and also proprietor of a similar school 
 in Macomb, Til., died suddenlv at Vermont. 111.. 
 July 0. 1008. 
 
 KERR, John. — An instructive example of what 
 may be accomplished by fixed purpose, tenacity 
 of will, diligent exertion and strict honesty, may 
 he found in the life of the worthy retired farmer 
 of Rushville, Schuyler County, Til., whose name 
 appears above, and who. although beginning his 
 active career with no extraneous aid. started out 
 as a young lad in the struggle for self-support, 
 and won success bv untiring perseverance and 
 thrifty economv. Mr. Kerr was born in County 
 Tvrone. Ireland, in 1840. His father. John 
 Kerr was a native of the same county in Ire- 
 land, and the birthplace of his mother. Rebecca 
 TWeirl Kerr, was in Scotland. Neither of them 
 ever came to the T'nited States. 
 
 John Kerr, to whom this personal record per- 
 t-'in«. attended the grammar schools of Countv 
 Tvrone during his boyhood, and accompanied his 
 brother to this country when he was about twen- 
 ty -one years of age. His first location was at 
 Newark. N. J., where he was employed for a few 
 years in the milk business. Following this he 
 obtained work in a woolen mill in the same citv. 
 remaining in that connection until 1869, when he 
 moved to Illinois, settling at Rushville. There 
 he was engaged in general farming, with uniform 
 success until his retirement from active pur- 
 suits. He devoted considerable attention also to 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 853 
 
 the operation of coal mines on his land, with 
 profitable results. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Kerr took place in his 
 native country in 1850, being then wedded to 
 Eleanor Bell, a daughter of Robert and Anna 
 (Mayne) Bell, who spent their entire lives in 
 Ireland, where they were born. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Kerr became the parents of the following chil- 
 dren, namely : Catherine B. ; Joseph A. ; Annie 
 E. ; Robert J.; James F. : William T. ; Charles 
 A. ; and May L. In religious belief, Mr. Kerr is 
 an earnest and consistent Methodist, and is a 
 member of the official board of the local church 
 to which he belongs. Politically he is a stead- 
 fast supporter of the policies of the Republican 
 party, is looked upon as one of the most sub- 
 stantial members of the community and one of 
 its most exemplary citizens. 
 
 KING, Arthur C. — During the entire half cen- 
 tury of his life, Arthur C. King has lived on the 
 farm in Section 4, Huntsville Township, where 
 he was born August 12. 1857. As a boy. when 
 general conditions were cruder and less pros- 
 perous, he bent bis strength to small and unim- 
 portant tasks, and as a man of wide experience 
 ami worthy ambitions, he is the sole owner of 
 this tine property, with its stretch or 280 acres, 
 and its adaptation to all the needs of the Cen- 
 tral Western fanner. His enviable reputation 
 rests principally upon his success as a stock- 
 raiser, for it is this branch of farming that he 
 finds most congenial, and to which he brings to 
 bear his greatest research and most untiring 
 industry. Mr. King owns a large and comforta- 
 ble country residence, well constructed barns and 
 outbuildings and well considered facilities for 
 caring for stock. During a year be disposes of 
 at least 200 head of Short-horn cattle for butch- 
 ering, and many more for milking and breeding 
 purposes, besides 150 head of hogs, and a large 
 number of horses. His opinion regarding stock 
 bears great weight in the community, and his 
 advice and counsel are often sought by those of 
 less experience along these lines. 
 
 Mr. King was reared to farming by his father. 
 Lewis King, and his education was acquired in 
 the public schools. He evidenced early business 
 sagacity, and was keen at a trade long before he 
 settled down to the serious responsibility of 
 self-support. He has always made his work 
 count, a fact which enabled him to buy out ten 
 heirs to the old homestead in 1888, and in the 
 future to pay his own taxes and direct his own 
 farming enterprise. February 22. 1S00, he was 
 united in marriage to Louise Stahman, at Car- 
 thage. Ohio, the home of the bride's brother. 
 Charles Stahman, Mrs. King having been born 
 in Weisberg. Ind.. November 0. 1800. She is a 
 daughter of Henry Stahman. and Dora CKeeher) 
 Stahman, natives of Germany, who died when 
 she was a small child, the mother in 1875 and 
 the father the following year. There were seven 
 children in the Stahman family, of whom Caro- 
 line. Henry and Minnie are deceased, as is also 
 Laura, twin of Frederick, the latter of whom 
 
 survived until his sixteenth year. Mrs. King 
 lived with a sister alter the death of her par- 
 ents, and tvhen nineteen years old began to make 
 her nun living as a clerk in the general merchan- 
 dise store of F. M. King, of Augusta, brother of 
 her husband, and it was there that she met the 
 man who subsequently became her husband. 
 Three children have been born to Mr. and Mrs 
 King; an infant, deceased; Harriet Dorotbv' 
 born July 15, 1902; ami Theodore Henry, born 
 September 27, 1007. .Mr. ami Mrs. King are 
 active members of the Presbyterian Church, of 
 Huntsville. Mr. King is a Republican in politics 
 but is not active except at the polls. He is 
 highly esteemed for his ability, public spirited- 
 ness and integrity, and well deserves the success 
 and influence which have gathered around bis 
 life. 
 
 KING, Louis F.— The ancestry of the King 
 family is traced to French-Canadian lineage and 
 became identified with the development of 
 New York. Lewis R. King, who was the son of 
 Jonas King, a soldier of the War of 1S12 was 
 born and reared in New State. Upon starting 
 out as a farmer he and a brother, C. D. King, 
 bought land in Schuyler County near the village 
 of Brooklyn. During 18:'.'.) be visited his old 
 home in New York, but returned in a few 
 months to his farm work in the West. In 1841 
 occurred his marriage to Harriet McKee, who 
 was born in Manchester, Conn., of English an- 
 cestry, and about 1S36 came to Illinois" with an 
 uncle, Elisha Olcott, who became a prominent 
 pioneer merchant of Hancock County. During 
 the Mormon disturbances in Hancock County, 
 
 Mr. King, acting as a citizen, joined i ve uenl 
 
 which had for its object the suppression of dis- 
 order and the preservation of law, ami while 
 thus engaged witnessed the arrest and imprison- 
 ment of the two Sintilis (Joseph and Ilvruin) 
 which preceded their assassination by shooting, 
 at the Hancock County jail in Carthage, on June 
 27, 1844. 
 
 Immediately west of Brooklyn, on land now 
 owned by Jonas King, was the first home of 
 Lewis p. King after bis marriage, but about 
 1849, he purchased 300 acres of wild land in 
 Huntsville Township, where afterward he im- 
 proved a valuable farm, erected substantial 
 buildings and placed the land in a good state of 
 cultivation. On his farm there was a burying 
 ground i now abandoned), aud here may still be 
 sen a marble slab that marks the last resting- 
 place of A. W. Dorsey, the only teacher whom 
 Abraham Lincoln ever had. On one occasion 
 when that famous President was traveling 
 through Western Illinois, he stopped at Hunts- 
 vile in order that he might visit the grand old 
 man who had been the instructor of his early 
 days. After his visit be proceeded to Macomb, 
 where he held one of the memorable debates of 
 1858 with Douglas. 
 
 The family of Lewis R. King comprised ten 
 children, all hut one of whom are yet living. 
 Milton is a farmer in Hancock County, III. : 
 
S54 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Elizabeth and Frederick live in Augusta, Han- 
 cock County, across the line from Schuyler 
 County; Sophia married J. M. Reed, of Bir- 
 mingham; Adelaide was lor a few years a lead- 
 ing merchant of Camp Point, Adams County ; 
 Henry H. died in 11)00 near Mountain Grove, 
 Mo.; Arthur C. occupies the old homestead in 
 Huutsville Township ; Mrs. Louise Stahl resides 
 at Fowler, 111. ; Harriet makes her home in 
 Augusta : and Louis F. is the owner of Oak 
 Mound farm on Section 1C, Huntsville Township. 
 The last-named was born at the old homestead 
 near Huntsville May 2, 1SCS, and was about 
 twelve years of age when he was bereaved by 
 the death of his mother, April 20, 1SS0. The 
 father survived for many years passing away 
 January 14, 1901, deeply mourned by family and 
 friends. In the Presbyterian Church of Hunts- 
 ville his loss was felt, for he long was a leader 
 in the work, an elder of the church, and Super- 
 intendent of the Sunday school. The Bible was 
 ever his favorite book, aud many hours were 
 spent each week in the study of its pages. Thus 
 he acquired a thorough knowledge of its contents 
 and became a ready and fluent speaker upon re- 
 ligious subjects. It was always his endeavor 
 to live up to the precepts of the Scriptures. His 
 life was patterned after the great example given 
 us in the life of the founder of Christianity. 
 During the existence of the Whig party he voted 
 that ticket, but upon the disintegration of the 
 party he became identified with the Republicans. 
 The holding of office was averse to his tastes and 
 invariably he declined political honors. 
 
 Excellent educational advantages were given 
 to Louis F. King, who attended the country 
 schools in Huntsville Township, the high school 
 in Augusta, and Knox College in Galesburg, 
 where he was a student for four years during the 
 presidency of Hon. Newton Bateman, enjoying 
 the opportunity of study under the preceptorship 
 of that cultured scholar. At the expiration of a 
 four-years' course he was given the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science. On his return to his home 
 he took up agricultural work. November 17, 
 1903, he was united in marriage with Miss Mar- 
 tha F. Whetstone, daughter of Marcus Whet- 
 stone, a well-known pioneer farmer of Schuyler 
 County. After his marriage Mr. King brought 
 his bride to a farm he had purchased in 1S0S. 
 comprising 220 acres mi Section 10. Huntsville 
 Township, and here he has since engaged in gen- 
 eral farming. He and his wife have a son, Paul 
 Whetstone, born December 2. 1904. In religion 
 they are identified with the Presbyterian Church 
 at Huntsville. in which he officiates as an elder. 
 Politically he is a stanch Republican. 
 
 Five hundred and twenty acres of land are un- 
 der the control of Mr. King and his wife. A be- 
 liever in scientific agriculture. Mr. King puts 
 his theories into actual practice and ever has 
 been a leader, not a follower. In his own county 
 he has officiated as Vice-President of the 
 Farmers' Institute, ticsides which he has been 
 called frequently to other counties to participate 
 in institute work, and many of his articles have 
 
 been published in agricultural papers, thus giv- 
 ing to other tanners the benefit of his progres- 
 sive ideas. One of his theories is that only first- 
 class stock can profitably be kept on high-priced 
 farm land, and on his own place a visitor sees 
 none but the gest grades. As early as 1900 he 
 began to experiment with alfalfa,' at a time when 
 most farmers believed it could not be grown as 
 far east as this. His success proved that its 
 cultivation could be prosecuted with profit, and 
 in the last season (1007) he secured three cut- 
 tings from his 20 acres of alfalfa, besides which 
 he could have cut a fourth crop, had he not con- 
 sidered it advisable to allow it to be pastured by 
 the stock. The fact that this kind of hay can be 
 raised successfully is of decided benefit to the 
 farmers of the county, many of whom have taken 
 up the work, encouraged by the success of those 
 who were pioneers in the movement. 
 
 KINSEY, William Harrison.— The life record 
 of William Harrison Kinsey has been one of ob- 
 stacles overcome, opportunities turned to good 
 account, and obligations discharged with credit 
 and discretion. In the past this prosperous 
 farmer boy of Woodstock Township was known 
 as a struggling farmer boy with few opportuni- 
 ties to promote his rising interests, or encourage 
 him when thrown much earlier than the aver- 
 age upon his own responsibilities. He has suc- 
 cessfully weathered many storms of adversity, 
 and has demonstrated the ability of strong 
 natures to see beyond their immediate horizon, 
 and to endure and hope when others fall by the 
 wayside. Born in Woodland Township, Fulton 
 County, 111.. April 13, 1861, he is a son of John 
 and Frances (Boyd) Kinsey, the former born in 
 Pennsylvania and the latter in Ohio. The pa- 
 ternal grandparents of William Harrison came 
 to Pleasant Township, Fulton County, 111., about 
 1S29, finding few there to greet them, or share 
 with them the hardships of a frontier existence. 
 Their farm in the vicinity of Ipava largely was 
 covered with timber and underbrush, but this 
 eventually was cleared, and the family assumed 
 a proud and commanding position in the com- 
 munity. Being among the very earliest settlers, 
 they kept pace with the advance of community, 
 and were respected both for their financial abil- 
 ity and their many fine personal qualities. No 
 exception to the character and ability of this 
 family was found in John R. Kinsey, father of 
 William Harrison, who in youth learned the 
 blacksmith trade, and followed the same after 
 moving to Sheldon's Grove in 1S61. When the 
 war called his attention from accustomed labor, 
 he enlisted in Company F. Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and served three years as a Union sol- 
 dier, or until his honorable discharge at the end 
 of the war. Returning to his home, he again 
 worked at blacksmithing, and later accepted a 
 position as watchman on one of the boats plying 
 between Peoria and St. Louis, on the Missis- 
 sippi River. It is supposed that he was drowned 
 while on one of these trips, as he never since 
 has been heard from. The wife who survived 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 855 
 
 him married Henry Swan, and died in Beards- 
 town in February, 1875. There were two chil- 
 dren born of her first marriage, William Harri- 
 son and George H., the latter of whom died at 
 the age of twenty years. By her second marriage 
 there was a sou, David, uow deceased. 
 
 At Sheldon's Grove, William Harrison Kinsey 
 worked at farming, and practically began his 
 wage-earning career at the age of thirteen years. 
 His first school teacher was Quiun Harrison, 
 aud to the kindly interest and good judgment of 
 this early master does he attribute much of the 
 success which has come his way. When very 
 young Mr. Kinsey went to work for his uncle, 
 Warren Spiller, receiving for the first two years 
 fifty dollars a year, and for the last three years 
 thiteeu dollars a month. Leaving his uncle in 
 1S82, he went to Cass County, 111., and worked 
 there for a Mr. Strubble, and in December of 
 the same year returned to Schuyler County, 
 where on September 11, 1S84, he was united in 
 marriage to Delia M. Miller. Mrs. Kinsey was 
 born in Rusbville Township, Schuyler County, 
 May 22, 1866. a daughter of John Henry and 
 SaraJi F. (Holland) Miller, natives of Germany 
 and Tennessee, respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Mil- 
 ler were married in Frederick, III., and soon 
 after settled in Kushville Township, where they 
 became prominent and wealthy general farmers. 
 Mr. Miller died February 13, 1902, and his wife 
 died February 28. 1905. Both were devout Chris- 
 tians, and both were active in their respective 
 churches, Lutheran and Methodist Episcopal. 
 
 After his marriage Mr. Kinsey settled in Rush- 
 ville Tosvnsbip, and there lived until moving to 
 Woodstock Township, and to the farm he now 
 owns in 1888. He has been successful beyond 
 his most sanguine expectations, now being the 
 owner of 346 acres of valuable land, is:; aires in 
 Woodstock, and 163 acres in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship. This property is highly cultivated and de- 
 voted to general farming. Mr. Kinsey has spared 
 no pains to surround himself and family with 
 the best possible influences, and few country 
 homes furnish evidence of more regard for re- 
 finement and the better things of life. 
 
 Formerly Mr. Kinsey was a Democrat, but he 
 now is a stanch supporter of the Prohibition 
 cause. He is a devoutly religious man, a mem- 
 ber of long standing of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and a great worker in the Sunday 
 school. He is a member of the Mutual Patriarch 
 League. Mr. and Mrs. Kinsey are the parents 
 of seven children: Winnie F., born August 4. 
 1885; George H., born September 26, 1887, a 
 graduate of the Rusbville Normal Commercial 
 School, class of 1906-07 ; Uriah L., born January 
 29. 1888. died in infancy : Frederick J., born 
 April 18. 1889; John, born January 29, 1891; 
 Margaret, born July 27, 1S94; and Elizabeth. 
 born October 3. 1906. 
 
 KIRKHAM, George H., well known in connec- 
 tion with "Sunny View Stock Farm," in Sec- 
 tions 35 and 36. Littleton Township, Schuyler 
 County, 111., and long a man of prominence and 
 
 influence in his locality, was born in Schuyler 
 County April 22, 1841, a son of Henry and Eliza- 
 beth (.llenkle) Kirkbam, and a grandson of 
 Henry Kirkham, whose birth occurred in Vir- 
 ginia, September 2, 1769, aud great-grandson of 
 Michael Kirkham, a native of Ireland. Henry 
 Kirkham, father of George H., was born in But- 
 ler County, Ohio, and was married in that State 
 to Elizabeth llenkle, coming with his wife to 
 Schuyler County, 111., in the early 'thirties. He 
 first bought 100 acres of land in Woodstock 
 Township, which he cleared of timber and im- 
 proved, living there until 1864. In that year he 
 sold this farm, and purchased eighty-two acres 
 of prairie land in Buena Vista Township, on 
 which he followed farming until the time of his 
 death, in September, 1898. His wife passed 
 away in 1S47. 
 
 George H. Kirkham remained with his father 
 until he was twenty years old, attending the dis- 
 trict schools up to that period. On August 15, 
 1861, he enlisted in Company G, Twenty-eighth 
 Begiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, under 
 Capt. B. C. Gillam, the regiment being assigned 
 to the Army of the Tennessee. The first battle 
 in which he took part was that of Shiloh, and he 
 afterwards participated in the Siege of Corinth; 
 the engagement at Hatcbie Bridge, Miss. ; the 
 Siege of Vicksburg; the engagement at Jackson, 
 Miss. ; and the capture of Fort Blakely near 
 Mobile. At the Siege of Vicksburg, he was 
 struck on the shoulder by a spent bullet. On 
 the termination of hostilities in that quarter, bis 
 regiment was sent to Texas, where he served 
 from April, 1865, until April 6, 1866, when he 
 was mustered out' as a non-commissioned otiicer, 
 to which grade he had been appointed in 1863. 
 After arriving at home he worked for his father 
 one season, and subsequently followed farming 
 on rented land in Woodstock and Buena Vista 
 Townships. He continued thus for four years 
 after his marriage, and then obtained from his 
 father-in-law. 200 acres of land lying in Sections 
 35 and 36, Littleton Township. Of this, 140 
 .mics are cleared and under improvement, and 
 the rest is in timber and pasture. He has 
 greatly improved the property. For the first sea- 
 son, he and his family occupied a log cabin, and 
 then lie bought a small dwelling a mile distant 
 and moved it on to his place. The residence in 
 which the family now lives was built by him in 
 1882. He is engaged in general farming, and 
 besides growing small grains, devotes considera- 
 ble attention lo raising horses, cattle and hogs. 
 The marriage of Mr. Kirkham took place No- 
 vember 6, 1869, at which time he was wedded to 
 Annie E. Garrison, who was born in Littleton 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., and is a daugh- 
 ter of George and Sarah (Vail) Garrison, both 
 natives of Ohio. Eight children have been the 
 issue of this union, as follows: Charles Lewis, 
 born January 0. 1872. and is engaged in the prac- 
 tice of osteopathy, at Newcastle. Pa.; Elizabeth 
 Lorena, born March 27. 1873, and became the 
 wife of William Blodgett, of Rusbville. 111.; Iva 
 Frances, born November 16, 1874, and living at 
 
S56 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 home : William Ray. of Bueua Vista Township. 
 Schuyler County, horn December 14, 1876; 
 Myrtle Grace, horn August 14, 1878, and married 
 \V. C. Crawford; George Henry, horn May Hi, 
 1882, who is employed in a wagon manufactory 
 at Quincy, 111. ; Anna Bessie Maude, horn Sep- 
 tember 4, 1SS4, who married L. Doan Dixsou, of 
 Columbus, .Mont.; and James Orrin, bom Jan- 
 uary 4, 1888. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Kirkham has been long identi- 
 fied with the Republican party, and served one 
 year as Township Collector. lie and his wife 
 are communicants of the Christian Church, in 
 which he has officiated as deacou since 1882. 
 Fraternally, he is affiliated with the A. F. & A. 
 M., having joined the Littleton (111.) lodge of 
 that order, in 1890. He is a member of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Post No. 131, of 
 Rushville. No loan in Littleton Township is 
 more sincerely respected than George H. Kirk- 
 ham, and he and his wife enjoy the cordial es- 
 teem of a wide acquaintance. 
 
 LAMBERT, William, in duration of residence, 
 one of the oldest citizens of Schuyler County, 111., 
 and formerly one of the most substantial and 
 prosperous farmers of Littleton Township, is 
 now spending the evening of his life in com- 
 fortable retirement ■ in the village of Littleton. 
 Schuyler County. .Mr. Lambert was born in Mer- 
 cer Comity, Ky., January 1. 18o2, a son of Wil- 
 liam and Catherine (Dennis) Lambert, natives 
 ol' that State. His maternal grandfather, Rich- 
 ard Dennis, was a Virginian by birth. William 
 and Catherine i Dennis) Lambert moved with 
 their family from Kentucky to Rushville, 111., in 
 the fall of 1836; and the father kept a hotel 
 there until the time of his death in April. 1844. 
 After his decease, his widow sold the hotel, con- 
 tinuing to reside in Rushville until she passed 
 away in 1852. He had been perviously married, 
 and had three sons by his first wife, namely : 
 Samuel, who was a soldier in the Mexican War, 
 holding the rank of Lieutenant ; Henry, also a 
 soldier in the Mexican War under Capt. Dunlap 
 of Rushville, and John, all of whom are deceased. 
 William Lambert rras the eldest of the offspring 
 of the second marriage, the others being, Robert, 
 who dieil in Littleton Township, in 1891 ; anil 
 Mary .lane, wife of M. O. Snyder. Postmaster of 
 Littleton, Schuyler County. 
 
 William Lamberl received his education in the 
 sch..., Is of Rushville, 111., to which place he was 
 brought by his parents when four years old. At 
 the age of fifteen years he began working for 
 himself, and continued thus, on different farms, 
 until he reached the age of twenty years. Shortly 
 alter this period, having married, he acquired, 
 together with his brother Robert, a quarter sec- 
 tion of wild prairie land, which they improved. 
 In 1854, Mr. Lambert sold his interest in this 
 property to his brother, and bought from his 
 father-in-law eighty acres in Section 22. Little- 
 ton Township. After the death of the latter, 
 the other eighty acres of his farm, which was 
 improved land, became tbo inheritance of Mrs. 
 
 Lambert. A few years later, Mr. Lambert 
 bought 160 acres of unimproved land, lying in 
 Sections 11 and 12 of the same township. He 
 now owns 320 acres iu Schuyler County besides 
 city property iu Littleton. Forty acres of this 
 second purchase he fenced and improved, putting 
 it under cultivation and leaving the remainder 
 for pasture. Here he was successfully engaged 
 iu farming until 1904, when he abandoned active 
 labors, moving to the village of Littleton, where 
 he purchased a commodious residence now oc- 
 cupied by himself and wife, together with a 
 young lady, Florence Snyder, whom they reared 
 from childhood. 
 
 .Mr. Lambert has been twice married, his first 
 wile having been Josephine Rose, to whom he 
 was wedded April 8, 1852. She was horn in Lit- 
 tleton Township, Schuyler County, in June, 1834, 
 a daughter of Randolph and Sarah (Tullis) 
 Rose, natives of Kentucky. Six children were 
 the issue of this union, as follows : Mabel, who is 
 the widow of George Little, and resides in Lit- 
 tleton, 111. ; William, a resident of Galeshurg, 
 111.; Ella (Mrs. Richard Leach), of Piano.. 111.; 
 Josephine (Mrs. Henry Jackson) whose houle is 
 in Wisconsin; Edward, who operates the home- 
 stead farm: and Fannie (Mrs. John P. Walker), 
 who resides in Chicago. Josephine (Rose) Lam- 
 bert passed away in April, 1895. On November 
 30, 1st IT, Mr. Lambert was united in marriage 
 with Anna Little, who was born in Adams 
 County, Pa., April 13, 1S3S, a daughter of Robert 
 and Eliza (Cunningham) Little, natives of Ire- 
 land, where the father was born in County Ty- 
 rone, and the mother in Belfast. The parents 
 of Mrs. Lambert came to Rushville, 111., in 1850, 
 settling in the vicinity of the town. Her pater- 
 nal grandfather was James Little, and the grand- 
 father on the maternal side was Henry Cun- 
 ningham. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Lambert has always been an 
 adherent of the Democratic party, hut never an 
 aspirant lor public olliee. lie attends religious 
 worship at the Christion Church. In fraternal 
 circles, he is affiliated with the A. F. & A. M. 
 He and his wife are the objects of high regard 
 throughout the community. 
 
 LANCASTER, William.— It has been the for- 
 tune of the Lancaster family to be identified with 
 the agricultural development of Schuyler County 
 lor a period of eighty years. The founder of 
 the name in this part of Illinois was Thomas T. 
 Lancaster, a native of Kentucky, who in 1S28 
 left the home of his boyhood and came to Schuy- 
 ler County, entering a claim on Section 12 of 
 Browning Township. At that time he and Wil- 
 liam Robertson were the only two white men in 
 all that region. Roving hands of Indians were 
 wont to traverse the country on their annual 
 hunting trips and frequently he met them in the 
 woods. On one occasion, after his clothing had 
 been worsted in an encounter with a wolf dog, 
 the Indians offered him a pup to pay for dam- 
 ages done. In 1829 he was joined by a sister 
 and three brothers. William, Henry and Hart- 
 
&/J-^/. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 s:,r 
 
 zell, all of whom settled in Browning Township. 
 After four years on Section 12 he moved to Sec- 
 tion 10, where he remained for seventy-four 
 years, until his death. 
 
 When the "Deep Snow" of 1830 came, Thomas 
 T. Lancaster had been in Illinois for two years 
 and had his rude cabin well stocked with pro- 
 visions for the winter, but, like other pioneers, 
 he suffered severe hardships before the storm 
 abated. The snow began to fall on the 28th of 
 December and the ground was covered to a depth 
 of lour feet on the level. Had it not been for 
 an abundance of wild game, many of the settlers 
 would have starved before spring. The pioneers 
 depended upon game for a large share of their 
 support and the necessities of the times made 
 him a skilled hunter. By constant toil he trans- 
 formed a wilderness into an improved farm, and 
 the place upon which his youthful energy >vas 
 spent afforded him a home for his declining 
 years. When he was still a few months less 
 than twenty-one years of age, he east his first 
 presidential vote for Andrew Jackson during the 
 latter's tirsl candidacy for the office. From that 
 time he never wavered in support of the Dem- 
 ocratic party, whose candidates he supported 
 from Jackson to Bryan. For sixty-seven years 
 he was a member of the Church of Christ, in 
 which he was baptized by Rev. Beverly Curry. 
 Possessing strung religious faith, he took pleas- 
 ure in doing his duty as a church-member and for 
 many years served as an elder in his congrega- 
 tion. A thoughtful student of the Bible, as long 
 as his eyesight permitted he loved to read the 
 precious promises of the Book, and he died in 
 the full assurance of a happy home beyond the 
 grave, lie was born January 28, 1807, and had 
 he been spared four days longer, lie would have 
 been ninety-nine years of age. Seventy-eight 
 years of that period had been passed in Schuyler 
 County, where he was one of the oldest resi- 
 dents at the time of his deeth. His last days 
 were passed amid peace and plenty, surrounded 
 by loyal children and affectionate grandchildren. 
 
 The marriage of Thomas T. Lancaster and 
 Elizabeth Jackson, a native of Kentucky, was 
 solemnized by Squire Isaac Lane. March 1. 1831. 
 Their happy union was severed by the death of 
 the wife iu 1866. There smis and seven daugh- 
 ters had been born of their union, namely: 
 Nancy, who married Samuel Burrows, a farmer 
 in Rushville Township: Mary, widow of George 
 Seward, and now living at the old home- 
 stead; Emeline, who married George Wood and 
 was last heard from in the Indian Ter- 
 ritory; Hannah, deceased wife of J. F. 
 Skiles. of Browning, Hi.: Thomas J., a farmer in 
 Industry Township, McDonough County. 111.: 
 Elizabeth, deceased wife of Leonard Sherrell ; 
 William, a farmer of Browning Township; Se- 
 lina. Emma and Sarah, deceased. 
 
 The gentleman whose name introduces this 
 article was born on Section 10. Browning Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County, April 6, 1N-14. In neigh- 
 boring schools he received his education. I lur- 
 ing 1866 he married Miss Elizabeth Walton, a 
 
 native of the same township as himself aud 
 daughter of a pioneer. After his marriage he 
 rented the old homestead and, upon the death 
 of his father, bought sixty acres of the estate. 
 Here he has since made his home. Like his 
 father, he ever has upheld the principles of the 
 Democratic party, and. like him, also enjoys the 
 esteem of acquaintances. Of his four children 
 two died in infancy. Benjamin T., who was born 
 at the old homestead, October 21, 1869, married 
 Miss Wealthy Perkins, who died May 16, 1904. 
 Two children blessed their union, namely : 
 Harold, who died in infancy; and Clarice E„ 
 who was born July 9. 1898, and who resides with 
 her father and grandfather on the old homestead 
 originally pre-empted by her great-grandfather. 
 The only daughter of William Lancaster is 
 Mary, wife of David Royer and a native of 
 Browning Township, born July 12, 1872. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Royer and their children, Pauline and 
 Lawrence, reside upon a farm in Browning 
 Township. The Lancaster family have done 
 much to assist in the growth of their township 
 and county, and its members enjoy the highest 
 regard of a large circle of friends. 
 
 LARASH, William Isaac, editor and proprietor 
 
 of Tlie Schuyler Citizen, established in 1856, and 
 The Rushville Daily Citizen, has been more or 
 less closely identified with newspaper work ever 
 since tile close of bis school-days. He was born 
 October 2, 1851, at Allentowu. Pa., a son of Isaac 
 and Esther Ann (Kildarel Larash. On the mater- 
 nal side Mr. Larash comes of Revolutionary 
 stock, his maternal grandfather, William Kildaiv, 
 having served under General Washington. Isaac 
 l.arash, father of William Isaac, was born in 
 February, isu:;. at Upper Milford. Lehigh County. 
 Pa. For a score of years he resided at Pekin, 
 Tazewell County, 111., to which place be moved, 
 with his wife, in November, 1852. There he en- 
 gaged in merchant tailoring, but later purchased 
 n farm in Spring Lake Township, Tazewell 
 County, where he still resides. He married 
 Esther Ann Kildare, who has been deceased sev- 
 eral years. She was born at Frankfort, Pa., near 
 the city of Philadelphia. Both parents of Mr. 
 Larash were fervent Methodists and family 
 prayers were daily offered. > 
 
 William Isaac Larash spent a happy boyhood 
 on the home farm. He has always been fond of 
 out-door sports and. when occasion offered, has 
 indulged his fondness for hunting. After com- 
 pleting his school attendance at Pekin. he entered 
 the printing office of W. W. Sellers, who con- 
 ducted The Tazewell Republican, and served an 
 apprenticeship of two years, in all that period 
 losing hut one-half day. From 1S69 to 1870 Mr. 
 Larash was in the West and. during this time, 
 had an opportunity to hunt large game. He 
 worked as an all round printer at Omaha and 
 other Missouri River cities, and then returned to 
 Illinois and soon after engaged in publishing 
 the Peoria Evening Review, the enterprise being 
 a co-operative company composed of four practi- 
 cal printers, with Robert J. Burdette and Jerry 
 
858 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Cochran as editors. In March, 1875, Mr. La- 
 rash located in Rushville and in 1879 purchased 
 and engaged in the publication of The Schuyler 
 Citizen. Its tounder was the late George W. 
 Seripps. On June 1, 1895, Mr. Larash issued 
 the first edition of The Rushville Daily Citizen, 
 which has continued without interruption to the 
 present time. For twenty-nine years he has been 
 editor and proprietor of The Weekly Citizen and 
 for thirteen years of The Daily Citizen, and thus 
 is surely entitled to the name of one of the lead- 
 ing journalists of the State. In his newspaper 
 work he has ever striven to upheld the right, 
 espi chilly in his own community, and his columns 
 have been open to both sides of many controver- 
 sies. Occasionally his attitude has been misun- 
 derstood, but this public criticism comes to every 
 man who stands above his fellows. In 1902, Mr. 
 Larash launched out into a scheme to extend the 
 circulation of The Citizen by means of a guessing 
 contest, offering, in the aggregate, property 
 valued at $50,000, which included in the presents 
 for the successful estimates on the State election, 
 the Electric Light plant in the city of Rushville. 
 and the large brick building known as the 
 Woolen .Mills building, besides town lots and 
 $2,500 worth of other articles, including a piano 
 worth $350. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Larash has ever 
 been an ardent Republican. He cast his first 
 presidential vote for General Grant, and has 
 never failed to give support to the same party in 
 both State anil National elections ever since. 
 In 1903 lie was appointed postmaster at Rush- 
 ville. Mr. Larash is prominent in Masonry. He 
 became a member of ftushville Lodge, No. 9, A. 
 F. & A. M.. passeil and raised Master Mason in 
 1N77. was elected Worship ul Master and served 
 in that chair in 1902 and 1903. He is a member 
 of Rushville Chapter, No. 184 Royal Arch Ma- 
 sons, and Rushville Commandery Knights Temp- 
 lar. N<>. oil. For fifteen years he served the 
 latter branch as Prelate. 
 
 (in March 21. 1S7S. in Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County. Mr. Larash was married to 
 Emelia Ann Horney, who was born in Littleton 
 Township. July 1(1, 1857, a daughter of the late 
 Col. Leonidas and Jane Horney. Col. Horney 
 \\;i- killed at the battle of Champion Hills, Miss., 
 while in e n land of the Tenth Missouri Volun- 
 teer Infantry, on May 16, ISO: 1 .. Mrs. Larash 
 is a graduate of the Rushville High School in 
 the class of 1876, the first .lass graduated after 
 the establishment of the high school system, and 
 subsequently became a public school teacher. To 
 this marriage have been born three daughters 
 ami one son. namely: Leonidas Horney. born 
 December 7. 1883; Elizabeth Lou. born November 
 17. 1886; Winnifred Lucile, born October 24. 
 1888; and Esther Jane, born January 10. 1895. 
 
 Mr. Larash has been a member of the Metho- 
 dist Church ever since early childhood. In 1877 
 he united with this body at Rushville and served 
 for many years as class leader and on the 
 official board, and at present is Recording Secre- 
 tary of the same. Noting personal attributes 
 
 and tendencies, Mr. Larash is a lover of home 
 and family surroundings. He has been a factor 
 in molding public opinion on many questions in 
 his, section, but is of retiring disposition, never 
 seeking for himself those places of prominence 
 he gladly sees his friends occupy. He is a man 
 of generous impulses, of hopeful spirit and takes 
 a large measure of satisfaction in what he has 
 been able to accomplish. 
 
 LASHBR00K, Samuel, of Schuyler County, 111., 
 where he resides on Section 2, Woodstock Town- 
 ship, besides being one of the most successful, 
 well-to-do and favorably known farmers of the 
 county, is one of the fast diminishing number of 
 honored veterans of the Civil War. He was 
 born in Orange County, Ind., March 7, 1844, a 
 son of William and Rebecca (Taylor) Lash- 
 brook, the father being a native of the State of 
 Maryland and the mother of Indiana. The lat- 
 ter, of whom her son Samuel has but a faint rec- 
 ollection, died when he was four years of age. 
 She was of English ancestry. John Lashbrook, 
 the paternal grandfather, was born on the At- 
 lantic coast. The great-grandfather on the pa- 
 ternal side was born in England, as was also 
 the great-great-grandfather, who came to America 
 about the time of the Revolutionary War. John 
 Taylor, the maternal grandfather, was a soldier 
 in the War of 1812. William and Rebecca 
 Lashbrook, the parents of Samuel, reared a fam- 
 ily of seven children, as follows: John Wesley. 
 Mary. Samuel. Solomon. Elizabeth. Jeremiah 
 and William II. The eldest son. John W.. served 
 during the Civil War as a member of Company 
 II, Ninety-third Regiment Indiana Volunteer In- 
 fantry, and died in 1863 on a hospital boat at 
 Memphis, Tenn. ; Mary is the wife of William 
 H. Kirby, of Beardstown. 111.; Solomon carries 
 on farming in the vicinity of the old homestead 
 in Orange County, Jnd. : Elizabeth was marri,ed 
 to Frank Moore, a farmer living near French 
 Lick, Ind.: Jeremiah is a builder and contractor 
 located in Terre Haute. Ind. : and William H. 
 is a farmer in Indiana, located near his father's 
 former place in Orange County. Some time after 
 the death of Rebecca (Taylor) Lashbrook. Wil- 
 liam Lashbrook was married a second time wed- 
 ding Nancy M. Morene. of Sullivan County, Ind.. 
 and of this union, three children were born. 
 namely ; Hiram W., Terre Haute. Ind., where he 
 has been a Methodist minister for twenty years ; 
 James W.. a carpenter and builder, residing in 
 Terre Haute. Ind.. and Ellen, who lives in Texas, 
 where she is the wife of C. H. Baxter, of Dallas. 
 William Lashbrook died November 15. 1SSS. and 
 Nancy M. Lashbrook lives in Terre Haute, Ind., 
 making her home with her son. James W. The 
 father in early life. learned the trade of a black- 
 smith, following this occupation, together with 
 farming, and being so proficient in blaeksmithing 
 that no kind of repair work could be taken to 
 his shop which was too difficult for him to un- 
 dertake. For some years, when a comparatively 
 young man. he taught school, and later, was a 
 local preacher of the Methodist Episcopal 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 859 
 
 Church. He was one of the leading citizens of 
 his locality. Warm in his impulses, he was gen- 
 erous to the needy, and liheral in his support of 
 all charitable enterprises. His home was always 
 open to the weary and distressed, and no one in 
 trouble was ever turned away from his door. 
 When the Civil War was raging, his house was the 
 neighborhood headquarters for news from the 
 field of combat, and being a good reader, he 
 read aloud to those gathered to hear, the tidings 
 from the front. By one and all he was famil- 
 iarly known as "Uncle Will," and during those 
 trying days, many who had sons, lathers or hus- 
 bands fighting in defense of the Union, called on 
 him for sympathy and advice. He was tenderly 
 kind to the widows and orphans of those who 
 were slain in battle or perished in the hospitals, 
 and scores of people still remember him with 
 deep gratitude and profound respect. 
 
 Samuel Lashbrook was reared on the farm, 
 and received his education in the district schools. 
 Remaining at home until 1S62, he enlisted on 
 December 2d, of that year, being mustered into 
 service at Indianapolis, Ind., as a private in 
 Company F, Thirteenth Regiment Indiana 
 Volunteer Cavalry, bis regiment going thence to 
 Louisville. Ky.. and from there to Nashville, 
 Temi.. supplied only with infantry arms. For 
 this reason it was sent back to Louisville to be 
 properly armed, and after receiving Enfield 
 rifles, etc.. proceeded to Paducab. Ky. ; Nashville, 
 Tenn. : and Huntsville. Ala., returning in the fall 
 of 1863 to Louisville, via Nashville, where the 
 command was mounted and furnished with 
 cavalry accouterments. After taking part in 
 some guerrilla skirmishes. Mr. Lashbrook par- 
 ticipated in the Battle of Franklin, marching on 
 thence to Huntsville. In 1864 he was sent again 
 to Nashville, and spent five weeks in Camp Edge- 
 field, whence the Thirteenth Indiana was or- 
 dered to Chattanooga, but being cut off, went 
 down the Tennessee River, thence to Vicksburg 
 and to New Oilcans, where it remained until 
 spring. The regiment was engaged in the battle 
 at Spanish Fort, being under fire for about ten 
 hours, and afterwards was sent to Mobile, 
 skirmishing on the march. Mr. Lashbrook has 
 a lively remembrance of a feast of sweet pota- 
 toes and other relishable edibles, which the 
 "boys" enjoyed after the Battle of Spanish Fort, 
 the Rev. Mr. Kirby. who was visiting the camp 
 of the Thirteenth, being present on the occasion. 
 That night, the Thirteenth "went after" Gen. 
 Kirby Smith, having a brisk skirmish with a 
 portion of his command. The regiment was then 
 sent to Greenville, Ala., where the cheer- 
 ing news was received of Lee's surrender to 
 Grant, which caused great rejoicing among the 
 men. From Greenville the regiment moved to 
 Montgomery. Ala., skirmishing with the re- 
 treating enemy. At Montgomery, the command 
 did garrison duty. Mr. Lashbrook being detailed 
 as a messenger to Jackson. Miss., and thence to 
 Vicksburg, where he was mustered out of serv- 
 ice November 16. 186.". going then to In- 
 dianapolis, for his final discharge. Returning 
 
 home he again turned his attention to farm 
 work, continuing thus one year on the old home 
 place. In 1867 he moved to French Lick, Ind., 
 where he was engaged in carpenter work four 
 years. About the year 1871, he went into a 
 partnership in the undertaking business, the 
 firm manufacturing coffins and cases for their 
 trade. Selling out his interest in this concern in 
 1873, he moved to Schuyler County, 111., and 
 went to work on a farm for Overton Barks, in 
 Section 11, Woodstock Township, moving into a 
 log cabin and remaining on the place eighteen 
 months. In 1874, he rented land from Hon. 
 Perry Logsdon, which he occupied until 1S80. 
 when he bought 131 acres of unimproved land 
 in the same section, known as the "old Cliff 
 farm," and established himself in his own home. 
 He built a basement barn, measuring 36 by 44 
 feet, and two sheds, afterwards erecting a fine, 
 two-story frame residence, with a cellar 16 by 
 32 feet in dimensions. In 1S95, he rented the 
 Briggle farm, which he cultivated four years, 
 and in 1900, purchased 17'.> acres in Section 2, 
 
 W Istock Township, on which he has since 
 
 lived. On his first arrival in Woodstock Town- 
 ship, his cash capital was limited to 25 cents. 
 and now, 300 acres of good and finely improved 
 land in the township belong to him. Through 
 indomitable resolution, unwavering persistence 
 and sagacious management, he has become one 
 of the most prosperous farmers in Schuyler 
 County. Although confronted sometimes by ad- 
 versity, he lias overcome all obstacles and is 
 now enjoying the well merited rewards of his 
 arduous labors. 
 
 On April 16, 1866, Mr. Lashbrook was united 
 in marriage with Nancy J. Wilson, a most ex- 
 cellent woman, who was born in Orange County, 
 Ind., a daughter of William and Biddy (John- 
 son) Wilson, natives of Orange County. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Lashbrook have reared eight children, as 
 follows: William F.. Andrew J., Mary Alice, 
 Frederick, Melissa, Cora, Nettie and Earl. The 
 eldest son. William F., lives on the home place; 
 Andrew .1.. who is engaged in farming in Brown 
 County, 111., married Miss Annie Cooper; Mary 
 A. is the wife of Cyrus Bell, a farmer in Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County: Melissa was 
 married to Edward Flindt, whose parents were 
 among the earliest settlers of Schuyler County; 
 Cora became the wife of Loren Serrott. of Win- 
 field. Kan. ; Nettie was married to Oscar L. Lear, 
 a farmer in Woodstock Township; and Earl lives 
 with his parents. The family are members of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Politically. Mr. Lashbrook lias always acted 
 with the Republican party, taking a good citi- 
 zen's interest in public affairs, but never seek- 
 ing the distinction of local office. Fraternally, 
 he is a member of Col. Horney Post, No. 131, 
 Grand Army of the Republic, of Rushville. He 
 is a man of genial temperament and cordial man- 
 ners, a most hospitable and interesting enter- 
 tainer, and has a wide circle of acquaintances, 
 among which he numbers hosts of friends. 
 
860 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 LASHMETT, Andrew J., the subject of this 
 sketch, was born on a farm in Schuyler County, 
 111., in 18GL His father, John Lashmett, was a 
 native of the Old Dominion, and the birth of his 
 mother, Lucretia (Rueker) Lashmett, occurred 
 near Lexington, Ky. The paternal grandparents, 
 both of whom were French by nativity, settled 
 in Virginia shortly after the beginning of the 
 last century, and were closely identified with 
 the early development of that State. 
 
 Air. Lashmett received his early education in 
 the district schools of Schuyler County, taking 
 advantage of the limited opportunities which he 
 had for improving his mind until he was com- 
 pelled to give up his studies in order to earn a 
 competence for himself. In 1891, he came to 
 Rushville. and established a musical instrument 
 business, which he conducted successfully Cor a 
 period of four years. lie then accepted a posi- 
 tion with a large music house located at Bur- 
 lington, la., for which he traveled two years, his 
 reputation as a musician, together with his busi- 
 ness qualifications, making him a valuable sales- 
 man in this line. Afterwards, he returned t<> 
 Rushville and established the concern which lie 
 is now conducting. For the past ten years he 
 has occupied the large store building on Fast 
 Washington Street, near the northeast corner 
 of the Public Square, where he has successfully 
 carried on the department store, familiarly 
 known as "Little Chicago." His business has 
 so increased that he has been compelled from 
 time to time to add new lines to his stock 
 and this, as a matter of course, necessitated new 
 additions to his store building, until today he 
 occupies over 15,000 square feet of floor space, 
 His stuck consists of the following complete 
 lines: furniture, undertaking goods, pianos, or- 
 gans, vehicles ( including wagons, surreys, bug- 
 gies, stanhopes and runabouts), harness. 'saddles, 
 robes, blankets and whips, stoves and ranges! 
 carpets and rugs, matting, window-shades and 
 curtains, sewing machines, etc. etc. 
 
 Air. Lashmett is a musician of more than 
 local reputation, his execution upon the violin 
 having attracted special attention. Having a 
 deep interest i n music, he devotes special at- 
 tention to this musical instrument department. 
 In this stock are included pianos, organs, phono- 
 graphs and a large assortment of other musical 
 instruments. Such is the demand for these that 
 some of the. best makes are here represented. 
 Anion- the pianos. Air. Lashmett favors the 
 Emerson as a leader, but carries also in stock 
 the Lakeside, Schuman anil Schiller pianos. He 
 has done much to stimulate an interest in high 
 grade music in this section. The variety and 
 reliability of the instruments handled by him 
 have satisfied a demand equal to that in the 
 larger cities. One room of this large establish- 
 ment is devoted to the needs of musicians, and 
 has proved a popular meeting place for those of 
 the city who are musically inclined. In all 
 other lines carried by Air. Lashmett. the best 
 is always to be found. His close application 
 to business, together with his thorough knowl- 
 
 edge of its details, assures his patrons of fair 
 treatment, good values and honest dealings. 
 
 Notwithstanding his absorbing business re- 
 sponsibilities. Air. Lashmett has always taken 
 a deep interest in the social and civic welfare of 
 the community. He has been prominent in 
 local politics and has served the city and county 
 in various capacities. By virtue of his excellent 
 service in connection with the public trusts com- 
 mitted to his care, he has reflected signal credit 
 upon himself, as well as upon the party he rep- 
 resents. He has served as Alderman of the Sec- 
 ond Ward, and in the spring of 1902 was 
 elected Supervisor of Rushville Township, be- 
 ing re-elected in 1904. In the spring of 1907 
 he was elected to the office of Mayor of the City 
 of Rushville. 
 
 Air. Lashmett belongs to that class of men that 
 have attained success solely through their in- 
 dividual effort. His rise in the business world 
 may be attributed, for the most part, to his reso- 
 lute purpose to give the public the best of which 
 lie was capable. In his association with the 
 commercial and political affairs of Rushville, he 
 has proved himself to be a public spirited and 
 enterprising citizen. By reason of his honesty, 
 integrity and ability, he is recognized as one of 
 the most reliable and substantial men of the city, 
 and well does he deserve this distinction. 
 
 On January 15, 1902, Mr. Lashmett was 
 united in marriage with Rosa Cowan, a native 
 of Virden, 111., and one son has been bom to 
 them, James Andrew, a most interesting and 
 promising child. 
 
 LAWLER, Charles E.— Among the leading 
 farmers of Schuyler County. III., who have 
 largely assisted to impart to the agricultural in- 
 terests of that region the tone and prestige 
 which they admittedly possess, and whose enter- 
 prise and public spirit have won for him an 
 individual standing second to none in his lo- 
 cality, is the gentleman whose name introduces 
 this personal record. Mr. Lawler was born in 
 Bainbridge Township. Schuyler County, Sep- 
 tember 26, 1851. His father. George E. Lawler, 
 was a Virginian, having been born in that State 
 December 30, 1847, while his mother. Caroline 
 (Hymer) Lawler,' was a native of Xorth Caro- 
 lina. The paternal grandfather followed farm- 
 ing in the old Dominion, and when quite young, 
 George E. Lawler accompanied his parents to 
 Ohio, whence at an early period the family 
 journeyed to Illinois, locating in Woodstock 
 Township. Schuyler County. Subsequently, 
 George E. Lawler settled in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship in the same county, where he carried on 
 farming during the remainder of his active life. 
 He died in 1898. A detailed narrative of his 
 career, together with particulars in regard to his 
 wife and family, will be found in an adjacent 
 section of this work. 
 
 In boyhood, Charles F. Lawler attended he 
 district schools of Bainbridge Township, and 
 passed his early youth on bis father's farm. On 
 reaching manhood he commenced farming for 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 861 
 
 himself, and continued in this occupation with 
 invariable success until the time of his abandon- 
 ment of agricultural pursuits in 1903, when he 
 established his residence in Rushville, 111., in 
 order to secure better educational facilities for 
 his children. He lias since lived in retirement', 
 having a "very attractive home on East Adams 
 Street. 
 
 Mr, Lawler has been twice married. His 
 first marriage occurred at Rushville, in 1st:;. 
 when he was wedded to Maria Greer, a daugh- 
 ter of James L. and Martha (Wilson) Greer, 
 who was bom in Rushville Township in 1853. 
 Two sons resulted from this union, — Clyde E. 
 and William R. The elder of these, while ex- 
 hibiting a fine horse at a local county fair in 
 1898, was kicked by the animal, and died from 
 the injury thus received. William R., the 
 younger son, is a graduate of the Normal School. 
 and also completed a course of commercial study. 
 In 1SS0. his first wife having passed away, Mr. 
 Lawler was joined in matrimony with Nora 
 Kirkliam. a daughter of Silas and Mary (Gar- 
 rett) Kirkham, who was born in Kansas in 
 1858. The issue of the second marriage was 
 three children, namely : Orrin H., Mildred and 
 Frances. The first named, having finished his 
 preparatory course by graduating in 1905, is now 
 a student in the Illinois State University, being 
 a member of the class graduating in 1909. On 
 his removal to Rushville. Mr. Lawler turned 
 over the management of his farm of 165 acres 
 to his son. William R.. who keeps a fine grade 
 of horses, cattle and hogs, especial attention be- 
 ing given to Shire horses. In politics, Mr. Law- 
 ler is allied with the Democratic party, and 
 has served the public as Township Assessor. He 
 is one of the most prominent citizens of Rush- 
 ville. and for many .veal's has been closely identi- 
 fied with the agricultural interests of Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 LAWLER, George Edward (deceased).— 
 Among the worthy pioneer settlers of Schuyler 
 County, 111., upon whose resolute minds and 
 sturdy bodies rested the herculean task of de- 
 veloping a wilderness into a civilized commu- 
 nity, none is entitled to a greater meed of praise 
 than George Edward Lawler. To ascribe to him 
 and his contemporaries the credit which is justly 
 their due. to recount their arduous labors, de- 
 pict their noble traits of character, and perpet- 
 uate in enduring form the record of their 
 achievements, is a grateful task for those of a 
 succeeding generation, who are the fortunate 
 beneficiaries of the great work accomplished by 
 them. In the ranks of these honored pioneers, 
 George E. Lawler, is one of the foremost, as 
 typifying all those qualities that enter into the 
 composition of perfect manhood. Mr. Lawler 
 was a native of the "Old Dominion." where his 
 birth occurred in Fauquier County December 30, 
 1817. He was a son of Alexander and Mar- 
 garet B. (White) Lawler, the father having 
 been born in Warrington, Fauquier County, Va„ 
 in 1794, and the mother also in Virginia in 1798. 
 
 Alexander Lawler was of Irish descent, his an- 
 cestors coming to America in the colonial period. 
 His wife was of Swiss descent. The former died 
 in 1853, the latter surviving him until 1874, 
 when she passed away at the age of 76 years. 
 Grandfather James Lawler was private sec- 
 retary of General Washington, serving in that 
 capacity during the Revolutionary War, in 
 which he took part in many of the most san- 
 guinary battles. After the termination of that 
 memorable conflict, he returned to his home, and 
 resumed his occupation of farming and survey- 
 ing. He surveyed and platted the farm and 
 home grounds of General Washington, at Mount 
 Vernon. 
 
 He was considered as one of the best educated 
 and most polished gentlemen of his day. George 
 E. Lawler was brought to Schuyler County, in 
 1839, by his parents, who settled in Bainbridge 
 Township, on a farm which is still in possession 
 of the family, lb' remained on the home place 
 until the time of his marriage, which took place 
 in 1841. The wife of Mr. Lawler, who died 
 June -~, 1N7!J, was formerly Caroline Hyiner, 
 :i daughter of John Ilymer, one of the most es- 
 teemed of the early settlers of Schuyler County. 
 Mr. Lawler then bought his first property, six- 
 teen acres of laud, and built a log cabin, at that 
 period the best one in his section of the country. 
 He had the first cook-stove and carpet in use in 
 that locality. His family ultimately consisted 
 of eleven children, nearly all of whom were 
 reared to maturity. Their names are as follows: 
 Sarah Margaret. Wife of Jacob Hammond, a 
 narrative of whose career appears in this vol- 
 ume : George W., who is engaged in the grocery 
 business at Rushville, 111. ; Zerilda J., married 
 Samuel Wheelhouse, of Rushville ; John W., a 
 retired farmer and merchant, whose life is also 
 portrayed in this work : Josephine, wife of A. 
 B. Lawler. a farmer located near Rushville; 
 James A., who operates a grist mill at Rush- 
 ville : Charles E.. a retired farmer, residing at 
 Rnshville; Henry, who died in 1864, at the age 
 of eight years ; Oliver F., who occupies the old 
 homestead farm in Bainbridge Township; 
 Ernest J., who died in March, 1865, when five 
 years old: ami Dwight E., a merchant at River- 
 dale, Kan. The father of this family was long 
 one of the leading farmers and citizens of Schuy- 
 ler County. Beginning with sixteen acres of 
 land, he gradually increased his possessions 
 until he became one of the most extensive land- 
 holders in the county, owning at one time 803 
 acres. As the children grew to years of ma- 
 turity, he gave each a goodly portion to start 
 thrin in active life, providing liberally for all, 
 after equipping them with a thorough educa- 
 tion. He was extremely public-spirited, and 
 unselfishly active in promoting the best interests 
 of the community. He was always ready to ex- 
 tend a helping hand to the needy who deserved 
 assistance, bestowing his charities without os- 
 tentation, and the number of those whom he 
 has succored when in temporary straits, and 
 who owe their subsequent success to his broad 
 
862 
 
 HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 minded philanthropy, will never be fully known. 
 He was a member of the Baptist Church, and 
 his wife belonged to the Methodist denomina- 
 tion. Mr. Lawler died August 24, 1S9S. His 
 memory will long be cherished for the shining 
 virtues of his character and for his beneficent 
 deeds. 
 
 LAWLER, John W., one of the most sub- 
 stantial and favorably known citizens of Rush- 
 ville. 111., was born in Bainbridge Township, 
 Schuyler County, October 4, ISlfi, a son of 
 George E. and Caroline (Hymer) Lawler, his 
 father having been born in Virginia, December 
 30, ISIS, and the mother born in North Caro- 
 lina. George E. Lawler followed farming for a 
 livelihood. lie went with his parents from Vir- 
 ginia to Ohio at an early period, and during the 
 'thirties accompanied them thence to Illinois, 
 the family settling in Woodstock Township, 
 Schuyler County. At a later period George E. 
 Lawler located on a farm in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, on which lie built a dwelling and followed 
 farming until 1S73, when he retired from active 
 pursuits, establishing his home in Rushville, 
 where he died in 1S0G. 
 
 John W. Lawler enjoyed the benefits of at- 
 tendance at the district schools of Bainbridge 
 Township when a boy, and throughout his youth 
 busied himself by assisting his father in the 
 daily routine of farmwork. On attaining his 
 majority he engaged in farming for himself, 
 and continued thus until 1869. At that time he 
 secured employment in a general store, where 
 he remained a few years. He then resumed 
 farming operations, which he afterward again 
 relinquished and made a trip to the West. Re- 
 turning home be once more applied himself to 
 farming, and was thus employed until 1SS4, 
 when In' embarked in the grocery trade in Rush- 
 ville, selling out in 1906 and withdrawing from 
 active lite. 
 
 Mr. Lawler has thrice entered into matri- 
 monial relations. His first marriage took place 
 in Rushville in 1S75, when he wedded Rosie 
 Patterson, who died in 1S83. Four boys and 
 two girls were the issue of this union, namely: 
 Clarence, who died at the age of four years ; 
 Marvin, who married Tillie Ellis, and has one 
 son, Lawrence, living in Beardstown, 111., and 
 employed as a conductor on the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad ; Ray, also a rail- 
 way conductor, running out of Denver. Colo. ; 
 Carroll, of Rushville, who married Mary Walker, 
 of the same place; Grace, wife of Frank Ross, 
 of Galesburg, 111.; and Bessie, wife of Guy Pat- 
 terson, who has two children. 
 
 In 1899, at Peoria. 111., Mr. Lawler married 
 Emma Reflin, who died in 1S90. In February. 
 1892, at Rushville. he was united in marriage 
 with Emma M. Harmon, who was born in the 
 vicinity of Rushville in 1865. The offspring of 
 the last marriage is one son, John J., living at 
 home. In politics. Mr. Lawler is a Democrat. 
 He is a man of excellent character, and enjoys 
 
 the respect and confidence of a large acquaint- 
 ance. 
 
 LAWLER, Oliver T — One of the most interest- 
 ing and valuable landmarks in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship is that owned and occupied by Oliver T. 
 Lawler, son of the pioneer, George Edward Law- 
 ler. Around this old place are centered the mani- 
 fold happenings of almost three-quarters of a 
 century ; the birth of a large family of children, 
 their development from youth to manhood and 
 womanhood, their departure upon their re- 
 spective independent walks of life, and the re- 
 turn of Oliver T. as manager and eventual owner 
 of the memory laden homestead. Upon this 
 farm Oliver T. was born August 24, 1S5S, and 
 here began the tasks which fitted him for his 
 large responsibility as a representative farmer 
 and stock-raiser of the twentieth century. His 
 opportunities were similar to those of the other 
 lads of his neighborhood, and included attend- 
 ance at the district schools during the winter 
 mouths, and work in the fields during the sum- 
 mer. After the removal of the father to Rush- 
 ville in 1S73, he augmented his previous training 
 by graduating at the high-school of that town, 
 and October, 1879, was united in marriage to 
 -Alary ('. Morris, daughter of John W. Morris, 
 a sketch of whose career maj T be found on an- 
 other page of this work. 
 
 In the spring of 1SS0, Mr. Lawler brought his 
 young wife to the farm upon which he was born, 
 anil which he rented until 1898. He then bought 
 the place outright, and now owns the 320 acres, 
 all of which is under a high state of cultivation. 
 Mr. Lawler breeds, feeds and ships consider- 
 able stock, and engages in general farming on a 
 large scale. His residence, barns, outbuildings, 
 fences, drainage and general improvements in- 
 dicate thoroughness, method, and fine regard for 
 the aesthetic as well as financial side of exist- 
 ence, and taken all in all the property constitutes 
 one of the most delightful homes and profitable 
 agricultural enterprises in Schuyler County. 
 The owner is a man of firm but progressive 
 ideas, a conscientious student of the best ways 
 of tanning and the most enlightened ways of 
 living, and the possessor of practical and com- 
 mon sense ideas upon subjects engaging the pop- 
 ular attention. 
 
 Mr. and Mi's. Lawler have had eight chil- 
 dren, thr if whom died in infancy. Of those 
 
 living. Lou M. was born November 2, 1888; 
 Dorothy <;.. was born September 6, 1S91 ; Flor- 
 ence C, was born May 20, 1893; Bernice was 
 born April 19, 1897 ; and Ernest was born August 
 21). 1902. In polities Mr. Lawler is a Democrat. 
 but in local matters he is broad enough to 
 sometimes recognize the limitations of the Dem- 
 ocratic ticket. He enjoys social prominence in 
 marked degree, is popular with all classes, and 
 is an honored member of the Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows. 
 
 LAWLER. Robert A.— The advantage of hon- 
 est business principles, unswerving devotion to 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 863 
 
 the best tenets of a necessary and important 
 occupation, and appreciation of the courtesy, con- 
 sideration and tactfulness which unfailingly am- 
 plifies and dignifies human endeavor, are factors 
 emphasized in the enterprise of J. W. Lickey & 
 Company, funeral directors of the city of Rush- 
 ville. This firm has been in existence since 18!)S, 
 and in 1002 its working force was augmented by 
 Robert A. Lawler, to whose far sighteduess, 
 progression and unremitting industry and good 
 judgment is due a large share of its merited suc- 
 cess. 
 
 Robert Alexander Lawler was born on a farm 
 in Woodstock Township, Schuyler County, 111., 
 December 22. 1877, and is the youngest of the 
 four sons and one daughter of Washington M. 
 and Lilly (Burnside) Lawler, the former of 
 whom was an early settler, and the latter a na- 
 tive of Schuyler County. Washington M. Law- 
 ler, who in early life was a farmer and cooper 
 and, in later life, a farmer, is given attention 
 elsewhere in this work. He settled on the 
 farm where his son was born in 1840, and from 
 small beginnings arose to wealth and influence, 
 owning, at the time of his death, November 5, 
 18'.i7. 240 acres of improved land. His wife sur- 
 vived him until February 15, 1907. Of their 
 children. Theodore W. is a farmer of Warren 
 County, 111.; Alice is the wife of Eugene Cham- 
 berlain, of Bainbridge Township; Thomas H. 
 lives in Kewanee, 111.: and Fred H. is a travel- 
 ing salesman. The elder Lawler was a prom- 
 inent and public spirited man. greatly interested 
 in the roads and schools of the township, and 
 though of a quiet, unostentatious nature, the soul 
 of friendliness and good humor. 
 
 As did his brothers and sister, Robert A. Law- 
 ler attended the district school in early youth, 
 and in 1S98 entered the Rushville Normal Busi- 
 ness College, from which be was duly graduated 
 in 1900. For two years he combined oversight 
 of the home farm with school-teaching, that well 
 worn thoroughfare from country to city life, 
 and in so doing laid aside the small competence 
 which was to constitute his financial start in life. 
 August 28, 1002, he was united in marriage to 
 Myrtle Lickey, daughter of J. W. Lickey, of 
 Rushville. and immediately afterward became 
 the business associate of his well known father- 
 in-law. In the meantime he has advanced to a 
 foremost place in his profession, has made a 
 thorough scientific study of embalming, and has 
 been granted license No. 929 by the State Board 
 of Embalmers. He takes a keen and unfailing 
 interest in his work, invests it with forethought 
 and intelligence, and by his tact and under- 
 standing, diverts from the necessarily grewsome 
 occupation much that is objectionable and de- 
 pressing. The firm occupy two floors of an es- 
 tablishment on the northeast corner of the 
 square, and their equipment is in accord with 
 the most modern and progressive funeral di- 
 recting and embalming methods. The confidence 
 of the public has been gained by skillful and 
 dependable service, and the exercise of those 
 personal niceties and considerations which ap- 
 
 peal to these who have sustained the loss of 
 their near and dear ones. In connection with 
 their line of caskets and general funeral furn- 
 ishings, the firm carry a stock of mouldings, 
 frames and art goods. .Mr. Lawler is Secretary 
 of the National Co-operative Burial Association, 
 which has a membership of eighteen huudred. 
 
 To train and succeed to his business Mr. Law- 
 ler has two sons, Harold and Eugene. He is a 
 member of the Presbyterian Church, iu which 
 both himself and his wife are very active, and, 
 fraternally, is connected with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, Friendship Lodge No. 24, 
 of which he is Noble Grand, and is a member 
 and presiding officer of the Mystic Workers No. 
 474, his wife having been Secretary of the same 
 for the past five years. Mrs. Lawler also is a 
 member of the Rebekas, as is her husband, and 
 be is connected as well with the Modern Wood- 
 men of America and Knights and Ladies of 
 Security. From a business and social stand- 
 point Mr. Lawler is one of the prominent and 
 successful men in bis part of the State, and en- 
 joys a wide acquaintance with many of its fore- 
 most families. 
 
 LAWLER, Robert E., an enterprising and pro- 
 gressive young farmer whose home is in Section 
 22. Bainbridge Township. Schuyler County, 111., 
 and who is one of the leading citizens of his 
 locality, was born on the farm where he now 
 lives. January IS, 1880, a son of John Hugh and 
 Mary (O'Connor) Lawler, natives of Fauquier 
 County, Va., whence the former was brought to 
 Schuyler County, 111., by bis father, James W. 
 Lawler, in 1835, when he was about eleven years 
 old. James W. Lawler was one of the earliest 
 settlers of Bainbridge Township. Here John H. 
 Lawler married a Miss Edmondson, and by her 
 had two children, both of whom died in infancy. 
 After the mother's death he married Almira 
 Perry, and their union resulted in four children, 
 namely: Albert, who died at the age of twenty- 
 two years: William, who died in 1890; Nancy, 
 wife of Edward Hood, and Ann Elizabeth, wife 
 of James Self, both husbands being farmers in 
 Bainbridge Township. The mother of this fam- 
 ily died in Bainbridge Township, and John H. 
 Lawler subsequently married Mary O'Connor, 
 born near Lyons, France, who was brought by 
 her parents to this country when she was about 
 six years old. Her father, Mathias O'Connor, 
 settled in Camden Township, Schuyler County, 
 where he died in 1880. John H. and Mary 
 (O'Connor) Lawler were the parents of six 
 children, as follows: Clinton, who died in In- 
 fancy :' Jessie L.. deceased wife of Jona Vaughan, 
 who died in 1898; Martha K. and Lucy D., of 
 Rushville, 111. ; and Robert E.. to whom this 
 personal record pertains. John H. Lawler de- 
 parted this life March 2, 1894. his widow sur- 
 viving him until July 2, 1897, when she, too, 
 passed away. When the former first came to 
 Schuyler County, wild game was abundant, and 
 deer trails were visible in all directions. The 
 land in Bainbridge Township where the Lawlers 
 
SCI 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 made their home, was heavily covered with 
 white and black-oak timber. James W. and 
 John H. Lawler cleared this wilderness, and on 
 ground then haunted hy straggling Indians, 
 whose wigwams had scarce disappeared, now 
 stand churches, schoolhouses and heautiful 
 honies. to perpetuate the memory of the sturdy 
 pioneer of the Lawler family. 
 
 Robert E. Lawler was fourteen years old 
 when his father died, and passed his boyhood in 
 assisting in work on the home place and attend- 
 ing the district schools. After finishing his edu- 
 cation in the Rushville Normal School he taught 
 for two years, and then turned his attention to 
 the farm containing 350 aires, which was left 
 to his care, burdened with an indebtedness to be 
 discharged. Well has he performed his task, 
 and he and his sisters have become the owners 
 Of 210 aires of the homestead property. 
 
 On April 13, 1903, Mr. Lawler was united in 
 marriage with Grace E. Hood, who was born in 
 Cass County, 111., a daughter of Edward Hood, 
 a prominent fanner of Bainbridge Township. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Lawler have two children, namely: 
 John D., born May 2, 1904; and Mary Lucille, 
 born August 2. 1900. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Lawler is a Democrat, and has 
 taken an active part in the political affairs of 
 his township, in which he has become an influen- 
 tial factor. In 1906, during Mr. Lawler's ab- 
 sence from home, the Democratic Township Con- 
 vention nominated him for the office of Super- 
 visor, and he was elected by a decisive majority, 
 being eight years the junior of the next youngest 
 member of the Board of Supervisors. He is 
 looked upon as one of the most prominent citi- 
 zens of the community, and he and his amiable 
 wife have a host of friends. 
 
 LAWS0N, James P. — To the average farmer 
 in Illinois horticulture, as a science, is a closed 
 
 I k, the study of which seems hardly justified 
 
 by the results thus far achieved in the Central 
 West in connection with the fruit-raising indus- 
 try. Tet one has but to scan the work of certain 
 landsmen whose attention has thus been directed 
 with successful results, to realize the injustice of 
 the opinion commonly held. One of the most in- 
 teresting and informing expressions of this sort 
 of nature-loving spirit to be found in Schuyler 
 County, is the farm in Section 16, Camden 
 Township, owned and occupied by James P. 
 Lawson. The man Kent upon horticultural or 
 agricultural success might travel far and not 
 find so encouraging an exposition of what may 
 be accomplished in fruit-raising when backed by 
 enthusiasm, broad understanding and untiring 
 industry. 
 
 James P. Lawson was born in Bainbridge 
 Township, Schuyler County, July 6. 1851, a son 
 of Robert Lawson, and in boyhood removed with 
 his parents to Camden Township, where the 
 family settled on a farm now owned by his 
 brother William. Here the subject of this sketch 
 attended the public schools as opportunity of- 
 fered, and upon attaining his majority, began 
 
 work on his own account, though still making 
 his home with his mother who, by this time, had 
 become a widow. Industrious and frugal in his 
 habits, he had no difficulty in securing employ- 
 ment, and having few and simple wants, was 
 able to lay aside a portion of his earnings for 
 future investments. His mother in the mean- 
 time having passed away, on March 17, 1S89, he 
 was married to .Miss Hester Marlow, a daughter 
 of Levi S. and Margaretta (Rice) Marlow. and 
 a native of Camden Township. A sketch of 
 Mr. Marlow will be found in its proper place in 
 another part of this work. 
 
 Alter his marriage, Mr. Lawson resided on the 
 old home farm for one year, when he removed 
 to Camden, remaining there for about five years. 
 In 1896 he bought ninety acres of the paternal 
 farm, to which he later added by purchase 
 eighty aires more on Section 16, making a total 
 of 170 acres, of which twenty aires is in Section 
 9 in Camden Township. This property he has 
 improved by the erection of farm buildings, 
 setting out orchards and a variety of small fruit- 
 bearing shrubs, besides developing a vegetable 
 growing department that will add materially to 
 the production of the farm. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Lawson have had two children. 
 one son. Vernie, who has received a good edu- 
 cation and is now assisting his father in the 
 supervision of the farm, and one daughter, 
 Gracie, who died as the result of injuries re- 
 ceived by being aceidently scalded, although she 
 lingered for a week after the accident — a ca- 
 lamity which left a pall of gloom upon the fam- 
 ily, depriving them of the society of a bright 
 child who was a source of happiness to the 
 household. Mr. Lawson is a Democrat in poli- 
 tics, while Mrs. Lawson is a member of the M. 
 P. L. and Star Lodge of Camden, their son. 
 Vernie being identified with the A. F. & A. M. 
 and M. W. A. 
 
 LAWSON, Joseph Robert. — An interesting and 
 instructive demonstration of scientific agricul- 
 ture and horticulture is presented on the beauti- 
 ful farm of Joseph Robert Lawson. in Section 
 22. Camden Township. Eighty-two acres in ex- 
 tent, this farm represents the acme of comfort 
 and utility, and makes strong appeal to the ar- 
 tistic, refined and home-loving nature of the 
 man who has presided over its developing for- 
 tunes for the past twenty-three years. Hither 
 he came as a renter in 1SS4. two years later pur- 
 chasing the property from its owner. Drew 
 Dawes, and thereupon instituting a systematic 
 renovating of its facilities, which were sadly in 
 need of repair. There was much timber to be 
 cleared away, fences to be renewed and build- 
 ings to be repaired, in the meantime there being 
 erected upon it the modern two-and-a-half story 
 house, which compares favorably with the best 
 in the county, besides capacious barns and out- 
 houses, and many other general improvements 
 to which the average, plodding farmer, is a total 
 stranger. While engaging to some extent in gen- 
 eral farming. Mr. Lawson's greatest pride and 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 S65 
 
 pleasure is his fruit, to the raising of which be 
 has devoted a large share of his time, and has 
 made exhaustive research among recognized 
 authorities, lie has set out strawberries, rasp- 
 berries, currants, grapes, apples, plums, pears, 
 and practically all of the fruits which flourish 
 iu Illinois, besides introducing a variety or de- 
 sirable vegetables for the early market. An 
 additional resource is blooded English Berk- 
 shire hogs, English horses ami Shorthorn cattle, 
 also a variety of fowl, which here attain to rare 
 breeding. 
 
 Born in Bainbridge Township, Schuyler 
 County, 111., February 6, 1856, Mr. Lawson 
 is a son of Robert and Mary (Moore) Lawson, 
 who were born in Hamptonshire, England, and 
 settled in Schuyler County at a date which has 
 not been attainable by the writer of this sketch. 
 Joseph was educated in the public schools and 
 remained at home until his eighteenth year, 
 when he went to work by the month for a 
 farmer living near I'eoria, his services netting 
 him $22.00 per month. In 1874 he returned to 
 his father's farm, and the following year went 
 to work at the blacksmith trade for William 
 Cody, with whom he remained four years. In 
 1ST'.), on account of the death of his father, he 
 returned to the old homestead, this time remain- 
 ing until 1882, when he rented the Melvin farm, 
 north of Camden, for two years, thereafter lo- 
 cating on his present farm in Section 22, Camden 
 Township. He never has lost track entirely of 
 the blacksmith trade, and during the winter 
 season the blows of his hammer resound from 
 the anvil, while his summers are entirely de- 
 voted to the general duties of the farm. At 
 first he was obliged to incur indebtedness on his 
 farm, but this long since has been cancelled, and 
 a comfortable balance is increasing for his de- 
 clining years. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Lawson and a daughter 
 of William Wightrnan mentioned elsewhere in 
 this sketch, occurred August 21, 1880, and of 
 the union there are four children, of whom 
 Walter Whitson, a farmer in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, married Maggie Lashbrook, and has three 
 children : Wayne. Pauline and Allen ; Curry Del- 
 bert. Guy and William are living on the farm 
 with their parents. Mr. Lawson is a Democrat 
 in politics but never has been active in local 
 party affairs. He is a firm believer in churches. 
 charities and social organizations, and while 
 contributing generously towards their financial 
 support, has thus far not seen his way clear to 
 tender bis personal association. 
 
 He has been a resident of Schuyler County 
 fifty-two years, has grown from boy to manhood 
 within sight of many who still make Camden 
 Township their home, and it is safe to say that 
 no man whose home has been in the same town- 
 ship forty-six years, has a larger claim upon the 
 confidence and friendliness of the people of 
 Camden. 
 
 LEARY, Jeremiah R. — An important factor in 
 the management of public institutions in Schuy- 
 
 ler County is Jeremiah R. Leary, Superintendent 
 of the Alms House for the past lour years, and 
 formerly one of the extensive and successful 
 farmers and stock-raisers of Buena Vista Town- 
 ship. Mr. Leary swells the large percentage of 
 men of Irish parentage who maintain high stand- 
 ards of work and character in this county, and 
 he is eminently fitted by natural ability and ex- 
 perience for his present humane and widely in- 
 fluential position. Born in Hancock County, 
 111., January 21, 1S57, he is a son of Timothy 
 and Julia (Ilaggerty) Leary, both of whom 
 came to America from Ireland in the same sailing 
 vessel, and who later were married in Columbus, 
 Ohio, which remained their home for some years. 
 About 1840, they located on a farm in Hancock 
 County, 111., where Mr. Leary assisted in the 
 construction of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, continuing thus until the road had 
 been completed between Quincy ami Galesburg, 
 111. About 1S66, he came to Schuyler County 
 and rented land in Buena Vista Township, later 
 purchasing forty acres, and operating an addi- 
 tional 120 acres, until his death, May 20. 1895. 
 His wife survived him but a few months, her 
 death occurring January 7, 1806. Mr. Leary 
 was a Democrat in politics, giving that party 
 supreme allegiance from the time of his arrival 
 in the county. In religion he was a devout 
 Catholic. Of his eight children, three sons only 
 are living: John, a barber in Rushville ; James, 
 assistant superintendent of the Alms House; 
 and Jeremiah R. 
 
 Jeremiah R. Leary acquired the rudiments of 
 his education in what was known as the old 
 Taylor School, of Woodstock Township, and he 
 was early taught to make himself useful upon 
 the home farm. In 1878 he had saved sufficient 
 money to enable him to purchase a forty acre 
 tract in Section 6, Buena Vista Township, to 
 which he added forty acres, the entire tract hav- 
 ing no improvements upon it and a large part 
 of it being covered with timber and underbrush. 
 Eventually his industry created a fine and valua- 
 ble farm, having modern buildings, fences and 
 machinery, and upon disposing of it in is:i2 he 
 realized a profit of twenty-four dollars per acre 
 over the purchase price. He next bought 116 
 acres in Section 8. the same township, adding to 
 this until he owned 134 acres, which, in turn. 
 In converted into a profitable farm and beautiful 
 home. In January, 1004, he disposed of this 
 property also, determined to enter upon some less 
 arduous means of livelihood. 
 
 March 1. 1004, Mr. Leary was appointed Super- 
 intendent of the Alms House by the Board of 
 Supervisors of Schuyler County, and since has 
 managed the home and farm of 310 acres. His 
 administration has met with general approval, 
 and has been the means of vastly improving the 
 output and general advantages of the farm. At 
 the present time there are on the place about 
 eighty-one head of cattle and sixty head of hogs, 
 and each year he has raised on an average two 
 colts and eighteen calves. About fifty acres of 
 the farm are under corn each year, and this 
 
866 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 amount has been sufficient for all feeding pur- 
 poses. During the past three years the wheat 
 yield lias been 000 bushels. The general atmos- 
 phere of the place is kindly and homelike, al- 
 though idleness is never encouraged or per- 
 mitted when the inmates are able to make thein- 
 selves useful. One is impressed with the abso- 
 lute cleanliness which prevails in house and field, 
 and with the strictly enforced sanitary observ- 
 ances. The financial affairs of the institution 
 are in every way satisfactory, economy and 
 thrift being the keynote of the present man- 
 agement. 
 
 Like his father before him, Mr. Leary is a 
 Democrat, and was a member of the Board of 
 Supervisors of Buena Vista Township during 
 1889-91. In religion he is a Catholic. 
 
 On January 25, 1893, Mr. Leary was united 
 in marriage to Martha E. Hare, who was a 
 native of Schuyler County, born June 15, 1870, 
 and for several years previous to her marriage, 
 a successful teacher in the public schools. After 
 marriage they began housekeeping on a farm 
 Mr. Leary had purchased the year previous, and 
 in the neighborhood of their parents they lived 
 until they sold their farm and Mr. Leary was 
 appointed Superintendent of the County Farm 
 .March 1. 1904. Mr. and Mrs. Leary have one 
 son. James Harold Leary, born January 21, 
 1900. 
 
 LEWIS, Isaac. — Men who are wont to declaim 
 upon their scant opportunities, the vicissitudes 
 of even the most fortunate life or the slow re- 
 wards of practical industry, should take heart 
 from the experience of Isaac Lewis, than whom 
 no citizen of Schuyler County has been handi- 
 capped in greater degree in his struggle for a 
 recompense. Nevertheless, great usefulness has 
 come out of his adversities, political and social 
 prominence has followed in the wake of his keen 
 mentality and philosophical acceptance of fate, 
 and many friends brighten his life with their 
 appreciation and good will. This well known 
 resident of Rushville was born on a farm in 
 
 YV istock Township, Schuyler County, 111., 
 
 July 9, 1865, a son of John R. and Martha (Ken- 
 nedy) Lewis, the former born in Alabama, and 
 the latter in Ohio. John R. Lewis came from 
 Alabama to Brown County. 111., in the early 
 days of State history and finally settled in 
 Woodstock Township, which then was very 
 sparsely populated. Here he cleared his land, 
 engaged in farming for the .balance of his active 
 life, and died on the farm which represented the 
 best industry of his life, in 1901, at the age of 
 eighty- years. 
 
 The district school of Woodstock Township 
 and the Rushville Normal School contributed to 
 the education of Isaac Lewis. Then, as now. 
 In- was an earnest student, and possessed an 
 inquiring and adaptive mind. He early was 
 trained to the practical side of farming, and it 
 was while cutting clover for seed at the age of 
 twenty that his team ran away, and through 
 contact with the machinery he lost both of his 
 
 hands. A less sturdy heart would have been 
 crushed by a disaster of this kind, but Mr. Lewis 
 looked on the bright side of his affliction, and 
 resolved that so material a catastrophe should 
 not blight his capacity for usefulness in other 
 directions. Natural resource has overcome al- 
 most all obstacles in connection with his mis- 
 hap, and he has filled many positions of trust 
 and responsibility requiring manual as well as 
 mental skill. 
 
 The pleasing personality and fine traits of 
 .Air. Lewis won him a wile who has materially 
 promoted his happiness and success, and who 
 has been an invaluable aid to him in the trans- 
 action of his general and political business. 
 Mrs. Lewis formerly was Miss Delia Chitwood, 
 daughter of W. E. and Elizabeth (Stutsman) 
 Chitwood, the former born in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, and the latter in Woodstock Township. 
 S.huyler County. 111., and who have always been 
 well and favorably known residents of Schuyler 
 County. Carefully reared and practically edu- 
 cated, she is a woman of good sense and refine- 
 ment. Early in life she entered the profession 
 of school teaching and continued in that line 
 with much success, up to the time of assuming 
 her duties as deputy in the office of the County 
 Clerk, in connection with her husband, in which 
 she is at present engaged. 
 
 Mr. Lewis has voted the Democratic ticket 
 ever since attaining his majority, and as a politi- 
 cal servant of the people has found an important 
 and influential field of activity. He was for 
 eight years Assessor of Woodstock Township, 
 and now is finishing his third term as County 
 Clerk, having been elected to that office first in 
 189S. His last election was November 6, 1906, 
 when a gratifying majority testified to their 
 appreciation of his integrity and ability by giving 
 him their vote. In fraternal circles he enjoys 
 enviable popularity, and is a member of the In- 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows. Willard En- 
 campment. Knights of Pythias and Rebekas. 
 In religion he is a Presbyterian. 
 
 LICKEY, John Wesley.— The successful fun- 
 eral director of the first years of the twentieth 
 century is a long way removed from his proto- 
 type of even a decade ago. While members of 
 the profession can seemingly never attain the 
 results achieved by the Egyptians, whose art 
 was inspired by their belief in bodily as well 
 as spiritual immortality, science more and more 
 is coming to the aid of the present generation 
 of embalmers, creating out of what formerly was 
 crude and repellant. an art and science com- 
 bined. Representatives of this latter-day ad- 
 vancement is the business of J. W. Lickey & 
 Company, of Rushville, who, in connection with 
 the conducting of funerals, embalming, and sup- 
 plying caskets and other burial paraphernalia, 
 carry a varied stock of art goods, and mouldings. 
 
 John Wesley Lickey. establisher of the pres- 
 ent firm, was born in Tuscarawas County. Ohio. 
 December 8, 1852, and is a son of Wilson and 
 Hannah (Hill) Lickey, natives also of Ohio. 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 8G7 
 
 Mr. lackey is named for his grand-fathers. John 
 Lickey and Wesley Hill, the former of whom 
 was horn and spent his entire life in Ohio, 
 whiie the latter came at an early day to Illi- 
 nois, locating in the vicinity of Brooklyn. In 
 1849 Mr. Hill went to Pike's Peak, Colo., to en- 
 gage in gold mining, and while there his wife 
 died, a fact which rendered his home-coming 
 inexpressibly sad. He survived for several 
 years, however, his death finally occurring 
 in Warren County, ill. Wilson Lickey came 
 to the vicinity of Brooklyn, 111., in 1855, 
 when John Wesley was three years old, and in 
 1801 removed to Vermont Township, Fulton 
 County, where he followed general farming and 
 stock-raising until 18C>7. He then bought the 
 Sehenk farm near Brooklyn, Schuyler County, 
 and died there in 1896, leaving to the wife who 
 survives him, and who still occupies the old 
 place, a splendidly improved and valuable prop- 
 erty. Wilson Lickey and wife had seven chil- 
 dren, one of whom died in infancy. The oldest 
 son. James William, lives on the old place; 
 Newton and Abraham (twins) have farms ad- 
 joining the old homestead in Brooklyn Town- 
 ship ; Jane is the wife of Leroy Swift, a farmer 
 of McDonough County. 111.: and Emma lives at 
 home with her mother. Mr. Lickey was a quiet, 
 unpretentious man. a Republican in polities, and 
 a member of the Presbyterian Church. He led 
 a well balanced and industrious life, and was 
 highly respected by all who knew him. 
 
 The oldest in his father's family. John Wesley 
 Lickey, early assumed prominent responsibility 
 upon the home farm, and largely through the 
 application of his leisure to studious pursuits, 
 acquired a liberal and practical education. 
 March "0. 1878. be married Mary M. Arick, 
 step-daughter of William Loring. Mrs. Lickey 
 was aNo born in Ohio, and lost her father, 
 Henry Ariel;, in the Civil War, he having en- 
 listed in an Ohio regiment, and through expos- 
 ure while waiting on the sick contracted the ill- 
 ness which proved fatal. Mrs. Lickey came to 
 Illinois with her mother who subsequently be- 
 came the wife of William Loring. She received 
 an excellent education in the district and nor- 
 mal schools of Rushville. and after completing 
 her training, was for several years one of the 
 popular and successful educators of Schuyler 
 County. Mr. and Mrs. lackey began house- 
 keeping in Brooklyn Township, and at the end 
 of five vears. having sold their farm located in 
 Rushville. where Mr. Lickey followed his early 
 trade of carpentering and building until ahout 
 1888. He then engaged in the grain and eleva- 
 tor business with J. B. Stewart & Company, and 
 in 1802 removed to Industry, and engaged in the 
 furniture and undertaking business. So success- 
 ful was he in this line of activity that, in 1896. 
 he sold out his business in order to move to a 
 larger city, and in 1808 he purchased the stock 
 of the People's Furniture Company, operating 
 the business under the firm name of Lickey & 
 Reece. Mr. Reeee was a graduate embalmer. 
 and at the time of his death. May 4, 1901, was 
 
 greatly missed as one of the best exponents of 
 his occupation in Schuyler County. The firm 
 then was changed to J. W. Lickey & Company, 
 the junior partner being Robert A. Lawler, son- 
 in-law of Mr. Lickey, and husband of his only 
 child, Myrtle Lickey. Mrs. Lickey also is a 
 practical embalmer, and has been of great as- 
 sistance to her husband in promoting his busi- 
 ness. Mr. Lickey is a member of the Embalm- 
 ers State Association, and stands in the first 
 rank of those who follow his necessary calling. 
 He has a finely equipped establishment, and his 
 patronage is recruited from all parts of the 
 township and county. He is a believer in hon- 
 est methods and fair representation, and has 
 won out solely through his grit and determina- 
 tion, and rare common sense. Socially he is 
 connected with the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows, Mystic Workers, Rebekas, and Modern 
 Woodmen of America. Mrs. Lickey is also a 
 member of the Rebekas, and both are connected 
 with the Presbyterian Church. 
 
 LITTLE, George:.— Born February 9, 1S08 ; 
 died March 5, 1896. Of the early settlers who 
 came to Schuyler County in its formative period, 
 there were lew indeed who exerted a more po- 
 tent force in the commercial lite of the commun- 
 ity than did George Little. His lite was an illus- 
 tration of the masterful control of early limita- 
 tions, such as was the lot of the pioneer settlers, 
 and the wise utilization of ordinary opportuni- 
 ties that were available to the many, but grasped 
 by few. For more than fifty years his career 
 was identified with the business interests of 
 Rushville, and his name will long be remem- 
 bered after the present generation has passed 
 away. Mr. Little was accompanied by his par- 
 ents and became one of the builders of Rush- 
 ville, and lived to see the city achieve its mod- 
 ern improvements in which he played no small 
 part. 
 
 George Little was born on a farm near Colum- 
 bia, Lancaster County, Pa., February 9, 1S08, 
 and was of Seotch-Irish ancestry. His father, 
 James Little, was born in County Tyrone, Ulster, 
 Ireland, in 1786. and his paternal grandfather, 
 James Little — or Lytle, as the name then was 
 spelled — was a native of Scotland. His mother's 
 maiden name was Rebecca Greer. 
 
 It was in 1836 that Mr. Little made his first 
 visit to Rushville and he journeyed from the 
 East on horseback to look the country over, and 
 was so well satisfied that he returned the follow- 
 ing year making the journey by way of the 
 Ohio and Illinois Rivers. At this early day 
 Mr. Little was young, energetic and resourceful 
 and, seeing the possibilities of a mercantile 
 career, at once engaged in business in a small 
 way. Later be formed a partnership with Dr. 
 Adam Dunlap, and conducted a store on the east 
 side of the public square. His store conformed 
 to the ideal of merchandising in those days and 
 was a motley collection of groceries, wearing 
 apparel, drugs and sundries. Its crudeness 
 and crowded appearance disappeared, however, 
 
si;s 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHTJYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 with the improvement of tbe community, and at 
 all times arose to the emergency created by an 
 increase of population and refinement of ideas. 
 
 In Hay, 1844, the firm of Little & Kay was 
 formed, which continued until the death of Mr. 
 Kay in 1881. For a time this firm did business 
 on the south side of the square, and Mr. Thomas 
 Wilson was admitted as a partner, but in 1S53 
 the stock was removed to the present location of 
 The George Little store, a handsome three-story 
 building erected by the founder of the business 
 in lv. 14. 
 
 The firm of Little & Eay did a tremendous 
 business in early pioneer times, and in addition 
 to general merchandising they engaged in pork- 
 packing, and later established the first hauk in 
 the city, the history of which is given in the 
 history of the county. 
 
 In his business affairs Mr. Little took keen 
 pleasure and. at a time in life when most men 
 would have sought pleasure iu rest and recrea- 
 tion, he found his greatest satisfaction in direct- 
 ing the business he had founded, and which is to- 
 day continued under his name as an incorporated 
 company. 
 
 On September 1, 1S40. .Mr. Little was married 
 to Miss Jane Lloyd, of Pittsburg, I'a. To them 
 were horn three children only one of whom, 
 Mrs. Mary Scripps, lived to reach adult age, hut 
 who died in 1S74, leaving two young sons. John 
 Locke and George Henry Scripps. to Mr. Little's 
 care. February 16, 1852, he was again married. 
 this time to Miss Lydia Elizabeth Scripps, who 
 died March 4, 1906. To them were boru five 
 children, and the surviving ones are : John S., 
 Grace and Virginia E. 
 
 During his long and active life Mr. Little lived 
 chase to high ideals, and his citizenship was such 
 that it imparted strength and substantiality to 
 every undertaking in which his worth and ability 
 were enlisted. He was companionable and well 
 posted, observing the world from a wide range, 
 and ever retained his faith in the goodness of 
 mankind and in the existence of opportunity for 
 all who seek it. A man of strong purpose, 
 steady application and keen perception, he 
 forged his way to the front by his own unaided 
 efforts, and his long, busy life contributed much 
 to the commercial prosperity of the city and 
 county which constituted the theater of his activ- 
 ity. In manner he was quiet and unostentatious, 
 avoiding all publicity and craving no official or 
 political recognition; and yet be was ever ready 
 lo lend his persona] support to every industrial 
 and social mevement that was for the best in- 
 terests of the community. In politics Mr. Little 
 was a supporter of the principles of the Repub- 
 lican parly, and participated in its first organi- 
 zation in Schuyler County and maintained his 
 allegiance to the party's principles to the end of 
 his life. 
 
 LITTLE, John Scripps. — Of the men who are 
 lending dignity, strength and special qualifica- 
 tions to the banking business in Rushville. none 
 are held in higher esteem than John Scripps 
 
 Little. Mr. Little is forty-two years old, having 
 been horn in Kushville February 23, 1864, and 
 substautially more than twenty years of his busi- 
 ness life have been devoted to tbe study of mone- 
 tary science. He was educated in the public 
 schools, and early developed a taste for the kind 
 of routine and precision which are among the 
 most valuable assets of the embryo banker, in 
 1884 entering into the banking business practic- 
 ally in connection with the Bank of Rushville. 
 He is a man of pleasing personality, and has the 
 faculty of making and keeping friends. Socially 
 lie is connected with the Masons, ami is a mem- 
 ber of tbe Union League and Hamilton Clubs of 
 Chicago. He is a Republican in politics, and a 
 member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Mr. Little is of Scotch- Irish- English ancestry, 
 a son of George and Lydia E. (Scripps) Little, 
 the former a native of Columbia, I'a., and the 
 latter born iu Jackson, Mo. His paternal grand- 
 parents were James ami Rebecca (Greer) Little, 
 the former born in County Tyrone, Ireland, and 
 his paternal great-grandfather was James Little, 
 or Lytle, as the name then was spelled, who was 
 born in Scotland, married a Miss Martin, and 
 settled in County Tyrone, Ireland. The mater- 
 nal grandparents of Mr. Little were George 
 Henry and Mary (Huler) Scripps, natives of 
 Londou, England, and Tennessee, respectively, 
 and his maternal great-grandparents were Wil- 
 liam Armager and Grace (Locke) Scripps, 
 natives of England, the former born in the 
 quaint cathedral town of Ely. 
 
 LINCOLN, Charles, a greatly respected veteran 
 of the Civil War, who was formerly engaged in 
 farming in Littleton Township, Schuyler County, 
 111., but in recent years, has been a resident of 
 tlie village of Littleton, where be lives in retire- 
 ment from active pursuits, was born in Brook- 
 lyn, 111., June 15, 1844. Mr. Lincoln is a son of 
 Jefferson and Sarah (Ryan) Lincoln. Jefferson 
 Lincoln was a soldier in the Mexican War, and 
 alter returning from Mexico, he went to Cali- 
 fornia, joining the eager throng of men who 
 made their way to the gold fields in 1849 in quest 
 of the precious metal. When starting homeward 
 again, his journey having already begun, he met 
 an old friend who induced him to remain in 
 California for a time, and from that period he 
 was never again heard from. Two years after 
 the latest advices from him, his wife moved to 
 Frederick, III., and made her home in Rushville, 
 111., until the date of her death. Charles Lin- 
 coln remained with bis mother until the summer 
 of 1862. when he entered the army, receiving his 
 education during his term of service. He en- 
 listed at Kushville in August of that year, in 
 Company C, One-hundred and Nineteenth Regi- 
 ment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, his regiment 
 being mustered in at Quincy and constituting a 
 part of the Sixteenth Army Corps, under com- 
 mand of Gen. A. J. Smith. He was in the Army 
 of the Mississippi, and took part in many of the 
 engagements in that depar..nent. Cpon his dis- 
 charge from the service in the spring of 1865, he 
 
MRS. TAMES D. THOMPSON 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 869 
 
 stayed a month at Mobile. Ala., and then came 
 by boat to St. Louis, and up the Illinois River, 
 going to Springfield, 111., and finally returning 
 home. Working tor a while as a farm hand, he 
 afterwards bought eighty acres of land in Section 
 1.".. Littleton Township, on which he followed 
 farming for fifteen years. Selling out at the 
 end of that period, he withdrew from active 
 labor, purchasing a residence in Littleton, 111., 
 which has since been the family home. 
 
 Mr. Lincoln has been twice married, bis first 
 marriage taking place in the fall of I860, when 
 he was wedded to Anna Palmer, a native of Eng- 
 land. By her he had nine children, as follows: 
 Mary Jane (Mrs. David Gay), of Oakland 
 Township, Schuyler County: William, a resident 
 of Canton, Fulton County, 111.; Sarah O. (Mrs. 
 Usury), (if Industry Township. McDouough 
 County. 111.; Alfred Barton, who lives at Adair, 
 111.; Oscar, whose home is in Canada; Charles 
 I-:., of Kncky Ford. Colo.; James, who lives in 
 Canada; Thomas, a farmer of Littleton Town- 
 ship; and Nellie Bertha, who died in 1893, at 
 the age of seven years. Anna (Palmer) Lin- 
 coln departed this life March 12, 1898. On No- 
 vember 11, 1899, Mr. Lincoln was joined in 
 matrimony with Margaret L. Green, who was 
 bom in Wayne County. III., February 5, 1840, a 
 daughter of .lames V. Green, later a resident of 
 Quincy, 111. The father of Mr. Charles Lin- 
 coln was a cousin of President Abraham Lin- 
 coln. 
 
 In politics, Charles Lincoln is identified with 
 the Republican party; is also a member of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, belonging to the 
 Grand Army Post of Rushville. His religious 
 connection, as also that of his wife, is with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. He is deeply re- 
 spected, not only for his excellent qualities as a 
 man and citizen, but because of his worthy rec- 
 ord as one of the few survivors of Schuyler 
 County's representatives in the great struggle 
 for the preservation of the Union. 
 
 LOGSDON, George William. — Visitors to a 
 farm lying on Section 29, Bainbridge Township, 
 are invariably pleased with the well-kept or- 
 chards, neat buildings and cultivated fields, nor 
 are they less pleased with the picturesque en- 
 vironment and the splendid view. Standing on 
 the highest point of the farm (which, according 
 to government reports, is only one and a half 
 feet lower than the highest point in the State, 
 near Galena), the eye beholds a delightful vision 
 of smiling valleys, thriving towns, neat farms 
 ami waving fields, and one recognizes as never 
 before the fascinating environment of the Illi- 
 nois agriculturist. The farm is owned and oper- 
 ated by George William Logsdon, who has been a 
 resident of Schuyler County since boyhood. 
 While be is proud of the entire estate, perhaps 
 he finds his chief source of gratification in the 
 peach orchard of eight acres,, containing all of 
 the finest varieties of that luscious fruit and said 
 to be one of the finest orchards of its kind in the 
 entire State. There are now 1000 fruit bearing 
 
 trees in the orchard, and in addition there is a 
 small orchard of choice varieties of apple trees. 
 
 The record of the Logsdon family will be found 
 on another section in the sketch of Perry Logs- 
 don. Suffice it to say in this connection, that 
 Joseph and Lucy (Parker) Logsdon moved from 
 Brown County, 111., to Schuyler County in 1844 
 and settled in Woodstock Township, where they 
 cleared a farm. Their son. George W., was born 
 in Brown County, November 14, 1852, and was 
 twelve years of age when he came with his par- 
 ents to Schuyler County, where he attended the 
 district schools. Later he was sent to the Gem 
 City Business College in Quincy. On his re- 
 turn to Schuyler County he taught school for two 
 terms in the county where he was born, but 
 afterward devoted bis time to clearing land and 
 cultivating a farm. 
 
 In 1891 Mr. Logsdon married Miss Margaret 
 J. Kirkham, daughter of Henry and Clara Kirk- 
 ham, both of Scotch lineage. In an early day 
 her father came from his native State of Indiana 
 to Schuyler County. III., where he and his wife 
 make their home in Bainbridge Township. The 
 year after bis marriage Mr. Logsdon bought 1G0 
 acres on Section 29, where be has since engaged 
 in tilling the soil, raising stock of good grades, 
 and developing one of the finest peach orchards 
 in the Stale. Of his marriage seven children 
 were born, namely: Lucy < '.. Seth D., Goklie E., 
 Emma Lou (who died in infancy). Mary Agnes 
 (who died at the age of three years), Ruth A. 
 and George M. Fraternally Mr. Logsdon is a 
 Mason, a member of Cass Lodge of Beardstown, 
 111., and an ardent believer in the philanthropic 
 principles of that organization. All through his 
 life he has made a study of the money question, 
 which he considers one of our most important 
 national problems. The result of his study has 
 led him to co-operate with the Greenback or 
 Populist party, wdiose principles he firmly be- 
 lieves to he based on justice, and ever since cast- 
 ing Ins ballot for Peter Cooper, he has never 
 swerved in bis allegiance to the men and meas- 
 ures pledged to secure for our country those 
 monetary changes which he believes to be essen- 
 tial to business success and permanent pros- 
 perity. 
 
 LOGSDON, Jacob. — Prominent among the pro- 
 gressive and successful descendants of pioneers 
 of Schuyler County is Jacob Logsdon, who, 
 through the exercise of practical and praise- 
 worthy qualities, lias become the owner of a 
 farm of 2.~0 acres in Bainbridge and Woodstock 
 Townships, and who is further recognized as a 
 li r in political and social undertakings, and 
 is a stock-holder in the Bank of Schuyler County. 
 Mr. Logsdon was born Dear Cooperstown, Brown 
 County, 111.. March 13, 1858, a son of Joseph 
 Logsdon. well known in the earlier annals of 
 farming in this part of the State. 
 
 Until reaching his tw'enty-sixth year Mr. Logs- 
 den remained on his father's farm, having come 
 to Schuyler County in 1865. His education is 
 that furnished in the district schools, and on this 
 
870 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 practical foundation lie lias built a character 
 and capacity lor usefulness which well may be 
 an inspiration to the youth of the coming genera- 
 tion. In 1SS4, Mr. Logsdon sought to try his 
 fortunes in the State of Kansas, hut alter a 
 brie! experience in Cowley and Sedgwick Coun- 
 ties, was taken ill and returned to his Schuyler 
 County home tor recuperation. Convinced that 
 he lived in a pretty good part of the United 
 States, he since has made this his home, and as 
 soon as he recovered troni his illness he rented 
 land and bought and fed cattle. Thrifty and 
 far-sighted, he laid by all possible of his earn- 
 ings, and in 1885 bought his first eighty acres of 
 land, in Section 12, Woodstock Township, which 
 at that time was practically destitute of improve- 
 ments. For two years he farnled this land, and 
 in the spring of 1SS8 built a small three-room 
 house. October 17, 1SN8, he married Amelia Krone, 
 daughter of Lewis E. Krohe, and born in Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, December 
 26, 18G3. Installing his young wife in the little 
 house, the housekeeping and land developing 
 went hand in hand; children came to gladden the 
 parents and bring sunshine into the well kept 
 home, and a spirit of harmony and success grew 
 out of earnest toil and unremitting co-operation. 
 In 1903 the house that had witnessed so many 
 changes and given shelter in so many storms, 
 gave place to the modern structure now occupied 
 by the family, which has eight large rooms all 
 airy and well furnished. There are few rural 
 homes in the county which afford so many ad- 
 vantages as does this one, and in which is ex- 
 pressed such interest for the physical, mental 
 and moral well being of its inhabitants. With 
 the latest magazines and periodicals always on 
 hand, with opportunities lor music and varied 
 entertainment, and with the most genial and 
 delightful of outdoor surroundings, this farm 
 may be called an ideal one of its kind, and it is 
 widely considered one of the most hospitable and 
 productive. 
 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Logsdon have been born five 
 daughters, of svhom Amy Louisa, a graduate of 
 the Rushville High Srhool. class of 1908, gives 
 promise of literary success, having already con- 
 tributed many readable articles to current peri- 
 odicals; Ada Leonora, born January 20. 1s'.i2, 
 
 is attending the Rushville High Scl 1; 
 
 Sophia Ellen Lucy was born August 11, 1894; 
 Viola Agnes was born July II. 1S95 ; and Violet 
 Augusta was born October :'.. 1899. The chil- 
 dren are receiving every advantage which means 
 and intelligent direction can command, and will 
 be proficient in musical and other accomplish- 
 ments. The parents of this interesting family 
 are enthusiastic sharers of the interests of their 
 children, and as a result they are their boon 
 companions and most confidential advisers. 
 From such an atmosphere come the best men and 
 women in the land. Sometime since Mr. Logs- 
 don retired from active labors on the farm, but 
 he still supervises its management, and is as 
 keenly interested as ever in its output and im- 
 provement. He is a generous contributor to 
 
 many worthy causes, is an earnest if not an ac- 
 tive Democrat, and fraternally is an honored 
 member of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. He has been a stock-holder in the Bank 
 of Schuyler County since 1902. 
 
 LOGSDON, Hon. Perry.— It would he difficult 
 to find an old resident of Schuyler County to 
 whom the name of Perry Logsdon is unfamiliar, 
 tor .Mr. Logsdon has been long and intimately 
 associated with the agricultural and political 
 life of the county, and has been especially promi- 
 nent in Woodstock Township, long his home and 
 headquarters. Thirty-five years and more have 
 passed since he acquired his first landed estate 
 in the township, the date of his purchase having 
 been December 23. 1871, and the amount, 120 
 acres of Section 11. About two years after ac- 
 quiring his first property he erected a commodi- 
 ous residence on Section 1. and in this attractive 
 home he has since remained, welcoming to its 
 hospitable walls the many friends whom he has 
 won in a long and honorable career. At this 
 writing he owns 393 acres, all within Woodstock 
 Township except an eighty-acre tract in Bain- 
 bridge Township. 
 
 Born in Madison County, Ky.. July 8, 1S42, 
 Perry Logsdon is a son of Joseph and Lucy 
 (Parker) Logsdon, also natives of Madison 
 County. When he was eighteen months old he 
 was la-ought to Illinois by his parents, who set- 
 tled in Brown County and remained there from 
 1844 until 1865. During the latter year they 
 removed to Schuyler County, settling in Wood- 
 stock Township, where the father died June 11, 
 1900, at the age of ninety-one. and the mother 
 May 30, 1S02. at the age of seventy-eight years. 
 Nothing of especial importance occurred in the 
 early life of Perry Logsdon until the outbreak 
 of the Civil War turned his mind from the stud- 
 ies of school and the work on the farm to graver 
 duties connected with citizenship. December 1, 
 1861, his name was enrolled and he was mus- 
 tered in as a member of Company H, Fiftieth 
 Illinois Infantry at St. Joseph, Mo. The date of 
 his enlistment papers should have been one 
 month earlier, as he had been accepted as a vol- 
 unteer at that time. 
 
 The Fiftieth Regiment took part in many long 
 marches and hard-fought battles, and Mr. Logs- 
 don endured all the vicissitudes incident to a 
 soldier's life. Among his first engagements in 
 which he participated were those at Forts Henry 
 and Donelson. at Shiloh and Corinth. Miss., 
 and Resaca. Tenn., alter which he fought at 
 Altoona and Bentonville. From Januarv of 
 1864 the history of his regiment is that of Sher- 
 man's army in its march to the sea. At the close 
 of the war the regiment participated in the Grand 
 Review at Washington, and Mr. Logsdon was 
 mustered out July 13. 1S05, as First Lieutenant 
 of his company. During his absence in the army 
 his parents had removed from Brown to Schuy- 
 ler County, and hither he came after receiving 
 an honorable discharge. On Friday he arrived at 
 the new home of his parents and. on Monday fol- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY 
 
 871 
 
 lowing, begun work in the harvest field, after 
 which he continued actively engaged in farming 
 pursuits. 
 
 The marriage of Perry Logsdon and Miss Liz- 
 zie Byers was solemnized September 5, 1867, in a 
 log cabin erected on the day of the inauguration 
 of William Henry Harrison as President of the 
 United States. They are the parents of three 
 children: Luella, at home; Julia, widow of 
 George Howell, and now living with her parents; 
 and Charles, who married Grace Cox of Coopers- 
 town, has one son, Russell, and one daugh- 
 ter, Greta Corine. The sou is engaged in farm- 
 ing on Section 2, Woodstock Township. Mrs. 
 Logsdon is an earnest member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and Mr. Logsdon is a con- 
 tributor to the same, as well as to all religious 
 movements, although not personally identified 
 with any denomination. Politically he has been 
 a local Republican leader for years. During the 
 'seventies he was 'township Assessor and a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Supervisors from Woodstock 
 Township. It is evidence of his popularity that 
 he was several times elected Supervisor iu face 
 of a customary Democratic majority in his town- 
 ship. Among all classes of people and all par- 
 ties, he is admired and honored as an able citi- 
 zen and honored veteran of the war. A high 
 honor came to him during 1SS4. in his election 
 as Representative in the Thirty-fourth General 
 Assembly, comprising the counties of Schuyler, 
 Cass. .Masmi and Menard, and four years later 
 he was again chosen to the same position. Dur- 
 ing his service as Representative he was a mem- 
 ber of many important committees and always 
 voted for the interest of the people, winning an 
 enviable position in the confidence of his con- 
 stituents. One of the most memorable incidents 
 in connection with bis membership in the Legis- 
 lature, was his attitude as one of the patriotic 
 "One Hundred and Three" who determinedly and 
 persistently stood for the election of Gen. John 
 A. Logan to the United States Senate. In that 
 critical period Mr. Logsdon acquitted himself 
 with honor and fearlessness, and won a reputa- 
 tion by no means limited to his own district. The 
 county which, for so many years, has benefited 
 by his loyal citizenship, is dear to him by the ties 
 oif long association, and he has been a persistent 
 champion of all measures for its benefit. In the 
 city of Rushville. where he is a Bank Director, 
 he has a large number of friends among the most 
 honored social circles, and his pleasant coun- 
 try home has been the scene of many reunions of 
 the old friends of the family. 
 
 LOOP, Josiah. — The genealogy of this well- 
 known farmer of Schuyler County is traced to 
 Germany, whence some of the name crossed the 
 ocean to America in a very early period of our 
 country's history. The records show that George 
 Loop removed from Ohio to Indiana and thence 
 to Illinois, where he died in Clark County. Dur- 
 ing his residence in Ohio his son David was born, 
 and from there he accompanied the family to 
 Indiana, where he met and married Mary Beach. 
 
 a native of Pennsylvania. About 1S47 they re- 
 moved from Indiana to Illinois and settled at 
 Pleasantview, Schuyler County, where he built 
 his first home in Illinois. While he made farm- 
 ing his principal occupation, he was handy with 
 tools and did other work, for a time following 
 the cooper's trade. The shoes that his children 
 wore were often of his own workmanship, for 
 be had picked up an excellent knowledge of the 
 shoemaker's trade. 
 
 Leaving Pleasantview about 1S55, David Loop 
 removed to Missouri and entered government 
 land in Scotland County, but in 1850 he disposed 
 of the property and returned to llliuois. Shortly 
 afterward he bought eighty acres on Section 1, 
 Huntsville Township, Schuyler County, besides 
 forty acres in Birmingham Township. The land 
 was in its primeval state of wildness, no attempt 
 having yet been made at placing it under cul- 
 tivation and its agricultural possibilities being 
 unknown. After building a house he at once 
 began the arduous task of breaking ground and 
 raising his first crops. The results were grati- 
 fying and he continued on the place until about 
 1S79, at which time he had about 300 acres. 
 During that year he removed to Carthage, Han- 
 cock County, where he bought a house with four 
 acres of ground. Having sold this place in 
 1SS4, he bought property in Camden village, 
 where he died in 1887, his wife passing away 
 eleven months later. 
 
 In the family of David Loop there were ten 
 children, of whom three sons and two daughters 
 are now living. One child died in infancy; Sa- 
 mantha died about 1002: George, who was a 
 soldier in Company E. Seventy-eighth Illinois 
 Infantry, until the close of the Civil War. died 
 about 100.°,; Amanda is the widow. of Nicholas 
 Burwood and resides at Galesburg, 111.: John, of 
 Augusta, Hancock County, was a member of 
 Company E. Fifty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and 
 served from July, 1801. until the close of the 
 war. Next in order of birth was Josiah. born 
 in Vermillion County, Ind., July 5, 1814. Mary, 
 Mrs. Robert Redding, is deceased, as is also 
 Caroline, who was the wife of J. M. Walters, of 
 Keokuk. Iowa. Catherine is the wife of Rev. 
 Amos Rigney, of the United Brethren Church, 
 and they make their home in Adair, McDonough 
 County. 111. The father of this family was an 
 influential member of the United Brethren 
 Church, in whose doctrines he and his wife were 
 consistent believers, and to whose support he 
 contributed generously. The various township 
 offices to which he was elected he filled with 
 fidelity and diligence. It was his privilege to 
 hear the illustrious Lincoln in some of his de- 
 bates, and the first speech he listened to was 
 sufficienl to convert him to a belief in Republican 
 principles, after which he always cast his ballot 
 with that party. 
 
 Upon the migration of the family to Schuyler 
 County in 1847, Josiah Loop was a child three 
 years of age. Hence his early recollections 
 cluster around the scenes familiar in his mature 
 years. With the exception of a brief period 
 
872 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Huutsville Township has been his home for many 
 years. When he was twenty years of age he 
 left home to give his services to the Union in the 
 Civil War. enlisting October 24. 1864, in Com- 
 pany F. Forty-third Illinois Infantry, and re- 
 maining with liis regiment until he was honora- 
 bly discharged in October of 1S05. On bis re- 
 turn to Schuyler County he resumed fanning 
 pursuits.. In 1808 be married Miss Lenna. 
 daughter of John Tierce, and during the same 
 year be and bis bride began housekeeping in 
 Kansas, where he and a brother. John Loop, 
 bought land in Cherokee County. While making 
 bis home there bis wife died in 1S73, leaving 
 two sons, Sidney P., now at borne, and Charles 
 E., of Chicago. The year following bis wife's 
 death be returned to Illinois and resumed farm- 
 ing in Schuyler County, where in 1S7U he mar- 
 ried Mary E. Milton. Afterward be bought 
 forty acres, to which be has added 120 acres, 
 making a quarter-section farm located on Sec- 
 tion 12, Huntsville Township. Of his second 
 marriage nine children were bom. namely: Wil- 
 liam, who died in infancy; John E.. a farmer in 
 Birmingham Township; Mary Alice, who died 
 at the age of eighteen; Amanda J. ( Mrs. George 
 .Myers i. of Camden, Schuyler County: James S.. 
 ■ n 1 : Lulu Belle, who died in infancy; Ben- 
 jamin X.. at home; Enoch M., who died at two 
 years of age: and Amos, at home. .Mrs. Loop 
 is a member of the Christian Church. In poli- 
 tics Mr. Loop votes with the Republican party, 
 while the memory of war times is kept fresh 
 through association with comrades in the Grand 
 Army Post, of which be is an active member. 
 Throughout Hie community be is honored as a 
 persevering farmer, patriotic citizen and honor- 
 able man. one whose life has been characterized 
 by integrity'and whose success is richly merited. 
 
 LORING, Jesse Monroe, a well-known ami 
 quite popular attorney-at-law, of Rushville, 111., 
 who commands the respect and confidence of a 
 considerable clientele, and has an excellent 
 standing in the estimation of the general public 
 of his locality, was born in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County. 111.. February 11. 1874. 
 Mr. Loring is a son of William II. and Sarah 
 (Grug) Loring. natives respectively of Wabash 
 County. 111., and Zanesville. Ohio, the father 
 being a fanner by occupation, The paternal 
 grandfather was John Loring. of Pennsylvania, 
 the maiden name of whose wife was Utter. In 
 boyhood Jesse M. Loring attended tile district 
 schools of Buena Vista Township and was sub- 
 sequently a student of the Rushville Normal 
 School. His professional education was obtained 
 in the Chicago College of Law. from which insti- 
 tution lie was graduated in 1900. After com- 
 pleting his legal course, he devoted his atten- 
 tion to the real-estate and loan business, in which 
 he continued until in<>4. when he entered upon 
 the practice of law in Rushville. lie is a lawyer 
 • if solid attainments and is recognized as one of 
 tlic most promising among the younger members 
 of the Bar of Schuyler County. 
 
 i»n October 4, 1900, Mr. Loring was united in 
 marriage with Bessie M. Danner, who was born 
 in Astoria, Fulton County, 111., and received her 
 education in the district schools in the vicinity 
 of her home. One child, Marguerite May. has 
 been the result of this union. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Loring is identified with the 
 Republican party, and wields no small influence 
 in its local councils. Fraternally, he is affiliated 
 with the A. F. & A. M. ; the I. O. O. F. ; the K. 
 of P. ; the M. W. of A. ; Mystic Workers of the 
 World; the M. P. of E. : and Eagles. His re- 
 ligious connection is witli the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, of which his wife is also a mem- 
 ber. In tlie social circles of Rushville both are 
 held in cordial esteem and their friends are 
 numerous. 
 
 MALC0MS0N, Tames. — A representative of the 
 whole souled and dependable transplanted Irish- 
 man was found in James Malcomson. who, 
 though he spent the greater part of his life under 
 the protection of the Stars and Stripes, retained 
 always traces of his virile nationality, more 
 especially of the. quality of adaptability which 
 makes his country men at home in any clime and 
 in almost any occupation. Mr. Malcomson was 
 born in December, 1825, in County Down, Ire- 
 land, a principal maritime and agricultural sec- 
 tion, a son of Robert and Ann (Clelaud) Mal- 
 comson, neither of whom ever strayed from the 
 bumble surroundings of their native land. 
 
 Average advantages and an observing mind 
 created ambitions in the mind of James Mal- 
 comson which never could have found realization 
 in the land of his forefathers. He was twenty- 
 two years old when he embarked for America, 
 and his first stopping place was New York City, 
 where he worked at shoemaking several years, 
 and where, in 1851, he was united in marriage 
 to Ann Boyle, a native of County Tyrone. Ire- 
 land, who came to the United States with her sis- 
 ter in 1850. Mr. Malcomson continued to ply his 
 trade in Xev< York until moving to Youngstown. 
 Ohio, and from there he came to Pleasantview. 
 Rushville Township in 1872. the same remain- 
 ing his home until his death, Febmary 18. 1906. 
 In Illinois he abandoned the tools of the shoe- 
 maker for the implements of the fanner, and 
 succeeded well at general farming and stock-rais- 
 ing, developing his valuable property into one of 
 the most fertile and homelike places in the town- 
 ship. Around him he reared an interesting fam- 
 ily of children, to nil of whom he gave every ad- 
 vantage within his means, and all were trained 
 in the duties of house or field, according to their 
 needs and tendencies. Tn the order of their birth 
 the children are as follows: Mary, wife of John 
 A. Ballon, who was born in lsf>1 in New York, and 
 who is the mother of three children as follows : 
 Dr. Jesse Ballon, a practicing physician of T. ••■ I, 
 South Dakota. Lizzie, wife of Monroe Lenhnrt. 
 who resides at Littleton. 111., and Chester, who 
 married Florence Caldwell and resides in Rush- 
 ville Township: Ellen Malcomson, born in 1856, 
 
IIISTOKY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 873 
 
 wife of Leander Kennedy, and mother of Bessie, 
 Ruby and James Kennedy ; Lizzie, wiie Of Rob- 
 ert II. Hamilton, a retired tanner ol liardo.pii, 
 MeDonough County, 111., and mother of four 
 children — Mabel, wile of Howard Smith, Maude, 
 John and Eva; William, who is farming on the 
 old home place, on September -\, L898, mar- 
 ried Julia Dodds, born in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, January 20, 1.S75. a daughter of Thomas 
 Dodds, and whose daughter. Ruby, was born 
 October 19, 1900, and son, Ralph .1., born .May 28, 
 1905 ; Florence, who lives on the home place with 
 her mother: James, who married Addie Dunlap, 
 resides in Bainbridge Township, and has eight 
 children: and John, whose biographical record 
 appears elsewhere in this volume. 
 
 Mr. Malcomson's farm formerly belonged to 
 Samuel Lowry. father of Thomas Lowry, of 
 Minneapolis, and the latter was reared to man- 
 hood upon it, departing upon his present broad 
 and useful life with the complete equipment of 
 a youthful fanner. In political affiliation Mr. 
 Malcomson was a Republican, but he had no 
 desire for the honors of office. In religion he 
 was a Methodist Episcopalian. Some of his sad- 
 dest memories were in connection with the Civil 
 War. in which he enlisted as a private in Com- 
 pany A, One Hundred and Fifth Ohio Volunteer 
 Infantry, serving from July. 1862, until July, 
 1S65. After the war he became a member of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 MALCOMSON, John. — As the operator of 180 
 acres of land in Frederick Township, Schuyler 
 County, 111., eighty acres of which he owns, 
 John Malcomson is maintaining the family pres- 
 tige for intelligent and successful fanning, anil 
 for honest and useful citizenship. Mr. Malcom- 
 son was born in Youngstown, Ohio, January 30, 
 1869, and with his father. James Malcomson, 
 came to Schuyler County in 1872. He was edu- 
 cated in the public schools, and when a youth, 
 shared the general advantages and diversions of 
 his neighborhood, developing a genuine liking for 
 the occupation to which his life is being devoted. 
 
 The turning point in the life of Mr. Mal- 
 comson was his marriage, at the age of twenty- 
 one, to Carrie Bellamy, who was horn in Brown- 
 ing Township. Schuyler County, a daughter of 
 Josiah Bellamy, one of the honored pioneers and 
 farmers of the county. Mr. and Mrs. Malcomson 
 have two children. Maggie and Florence. The 
 eighty acres of land owned by Mr. Malcomson 
 constitute one of the earliest settled properties in 
 his township, and the place is also one of the 
 most valuable and highly cultivated. He is en- 
 laced in raisin;: general produce and stock, and 
 has a comfortable residence, substantial barns 
 pnd outbuildings, well kept fences and the most 
 practical of agricultural implements. He is a 
 thorough and painstaking farmer, well abreast 
 of the times, and bids fair to take a prominent 
 place among the wealthy and influential farmers 
 of his neighborhood. 
 
 The activity of Mr. Malcomson extends beyond 
 
 his home acres to the general affairs of the com- 
 munity, embracing matters pertaining to educa- 
 tion, politics and religion. He is fraternally con- 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows, of Rushville, and the Modern Woodmen of 
 America, of Pleasantview, and in politics favors 
 the Republican party. The public has profited by 
 his conscientious service in several local offices, 
 and he has been, and still is, one of the strong 
 forces in the Methodist Episcopal Church. He 
 has been a member of the church for many years, 
 has served several years as a trustee, and was 
 the chief solicitor of funds for the erection of the 
 present church edifice at Pleasantview. This 
 church is 30 by 4-i feet, in ground dimensions, 
 with a sixteen-foot ceiling, and a basement and 
 heating apparatus. Among its best known con- 
 tributors was Thomas Lowry. of Minneapolis, 
 who spent his youth in this neighborhood, and 
 who gladly donated $1,(1(1(1 toward its construc- 
 tion. Mr. Malcomson has been unremitting in 
 his devotion to the interests of this denomination, 
 a fact which indicates a warm religious nature, 
 manifested not only on the Sabbath, but every 
 day in the week and every week in the year. Mr. 
 Malcomson is an exemplary young man. of kindly 
 disposition and broad views, and his life fully 
 justifies the confidence and osteon in which he 
 is held by the residents of the township. 
 
 MALCOMSON, Robert.— There are few finer 
 examples of filial respect and attachment than 
 are presented in the career of Robert Malcomson, 
 while a resident of Schuyler County. He was 
 born December 18, 1857, in County Down. Ire- 
 land, a son of Thomas and Eliza (McDowell) 
 Malcomson, who were also natives of that county. 
 In 1S59, after their marriage, they came to 
 America, first locating in Youngstown. Ohio, but 
 in 1864 returning to their native land, where the 
 wife and mother died. Tenderly placing her 
 remains in the cemetery near her old Irish home, 
 father and son then started, back to Youngstown. 
 but their stay there was short and in October of 
 the same year they located in Schuyler County. 
 Robert then being a boy about seven years of 
 
 age. 
 
 Thomas Malcomson, a gardener by occupation, 
 was an expert in the rearing of hot-house plants 
 and an artist in the arrangement of flowers and 
 shrubs. In his younger days he was an expert 
 bookkeeper, but not liking that profession, de- 
 spite his proficiency in it. turned his attention to 
 gardening with pronounced success. For some 
 years father and son kept bachelor hall together 
 finding busy and profitable employment in their 
 chosen field, and finally out of their savings, 
 were enabled to purchase sixty acres of land 
 in Section 25. Rushville Township, the place be- 
 ing owned by William D. Clemmons. After they 
 h id erected a one-story dwelling they commenced 
 to grub the stumrs and clear off the timber event- 
 ually making of it a fine homestead which was 
 subsequently bought by John A. Ballon. The 
 father and son then purchased 109 acres of land 
 
874 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHTJYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 in Section 20, in the same township, known as the 
 old David McMasters farm. Virtually no im- 
 provements had then heen made, and the place 
 was little more than a wild blackberry patch. 
 Moving into a small frame building, they re- 
 sumed their lonely housekeeping and the work of 
 grubbing, clearing, cultivating, draining and gen- 
 eral improvement, but this homestead was only 
 fairly in shape before the hand of death stayed 
 the labors of the father and separated him from 
 the faithful son. The deceased was a member 
 of the Presbyterian Church, which he had joined 
 in his native land, and both in religious and 
 educational work be was an active and valued 
 participant while residing in Schuyler County. 
 
 On May 20, 1892, after his father's death, Rob- 
 ert Malcomson was married to Lizzie Adams, 
 born December -'<. 1870, and also a native of 
 County Down, Ireland. She is a daughter of 
 Charles and Ann (Redmon) Adams, and her 
 parents are still living in the old country. Two 
 of her la-others, David and Charles Adams, are 
 living in Chicago, while her sister Jane is the 
 wife of Samuel Dalzell. The brothers ami sisters 
 residing near her old home in Ireland, who are 
 either farmers or the wives of farmers, are as 
 follows: Margaret; William McMillan; Wil- 
 liam John, who married Elisa Graham : Minnie, 
 now Mrs. Hugh Kerr; and Blanch. Mrs. Rob- 
 ert Gamble. 
 
 After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. Robert Mai- 
 comson began housekeeping in the modest house 
 which had been occupied by the father and son, 
 and there remained until the completion of their 
 fine home. This consists of ten large, light rooms, 
 supplied with hot and cold water, furnace heat 
 and all modern improvements. — one of the most 
 complete residences in Rushville Township. To 
 the original purchase of 109 acres Mr. Malcom- 
 son has added fifty acres, so that he has now a 
 homestead of good size, thoroughly improved and 
 embracing a good grade of all kinds of stock. 
 
 Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Malcomson. as follows : Anna, Margaret C, 
 Blanche. Minnie Black. Robert Adams and 
 Thomas Charles. Anna was bom June 3, 1894; 
 Margaret C. January 1. 1890; Minnie Black, 
 September 1. 1898: Robert Adams. May 20, 1902; 
 and Thomas Charles. March 7. 1904. the Lord tak- 
 ing him home the same year. Both parents are 
 members of the Presbyterian Church. In pol- 
 itics, Mr. Malcomson is strongly Republican, 
 and. while earnestly desirous of his party's suc- 
 cess and an active worker therefor, he has always 
 declined the honors which have been tendered 
 him. centering his energies in the proper rearing 
 of his family, and the continued development of 
 the property to which are attached so many ten- 
 der though sad recollections. 
 
 MANLOVE, William B— It is an undisputed 
 fact that Mr. Manlove pays a larger realty tax 
 than any other resident of Birmingham Town- 
 ship. Schuyler County. 111., a statement which 
 shows him to be the largest landowner in the 
 
 township. To his original purchase of 170 acres 
 he has added from time to time, until he now 
 owns over 1,000 acres, all of which has been ac- 
 cumulated through his own industry. His first 
 boyhood efforts were as a farm hand, receiving 
 in compensation tor his services the munificent 
 wage of twenty-five cents a day; occasionally he 
 added to his little hoard by trapping in the 
 woods. It was with the money thus earned that 
 he contributed his share toward erecting a suit- 
 able monument over the grave of his father, who 
 passed away when he was a lad of about six 
 years. 
 
 The Manlove family was established in Schuy- 
 ler County by the grandfather, William Manlove. 
 coming here from North Carolina in 1830. His 
 family originally comprised six children; Wil- 
 liam, George, Jonathan. David, Ann Mary and 
 Rachel, but all are now deceased. With his wife, 
 formerly Charity Bodenhainuier. Jonathan Q. 
 Manlove came with his father to the wilds of Illi- 
 nois, settling on a lot in Rushville, and it was 
 on this lot in the winter of 1830. that his son Wil- 
 liam P.. was born. Two years later he purchased 
 laud near Sugar Grove, which lies south of Rush- 
 ville, living there about a year and then moving 
 to Birmingham Township, where he established 
 his home and spent the remainder of his life. 
 These were indeed trying times to the early set- 
 tlers, but those who were of stout heart ulti- 
 mately reached success through persistent efforts. 
 After clearing a small patch of ground he planted 
 the land to corn, and from season to season 
 brought more land under cultivation. In 1S35 he 
 erected a log cabin on the farm, his death oc- 
 curring here June 9, 1836, at the age of twenty- 
 eight years, his birth having occurred in North 
 Carolina, March 15. 180S. March 5, 1830. he was 
 married to Charity Bodenhammer, who was born 
 February 4. 1809, and at his death he left his 
 wife with four little children, one of their chil- 
 dren having previously died October 6. 1834. 
 Betsey Manlove. the eldest daughter, was born 
 October 8, 1832; she died in Kansas in 1004. 
 the wife of William Delapp. his death occur- 
 ring two years later. Mary Manlove was born 
 August 22, 1834. and died October 26, 1834. 
 David Manlove was born April 20. 1836, and is 
 now a resident of Linn County. Kansas. 
 
 The eldest child born to his parents was Wil- 
 liam B.. who was born in Rushville. 111.. Decem- 
 ber 28. 1830. The fact that his father died when 
 he was only six years old left little hope for 
 securing even the meager education which the 
 primitive schools afforded. As his mother's 
 main support the two struggled together to make 
 a living for themselves and the other children, 
 the mother's weaving and spinning, however, con- 
 tributing at this time more largely to that end 
 than did the efforts of the young child. Some 
 time after the death of her first husband she was 
 married to Jacob Wire, who was born in North 
 Carolina December 6. 1800. Her death occurred 
 about 1847. up to which time William had con- 
 tinued to make his home with his mother and 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 875 
 
 step-father. The loss of Ins mother marked the 
 beginning ot a new era in liis lite, and I row this 
 time on he was entirely dependent on his own 
 resources. Ilis first work consisted of clearing 
 the timber from one acre of land, for which 
 he received fifty cents a day, it requiring eight 
 days to fell and clear away the heavy hickory 
 trees with which the land was covered. Other 
 work of a similar character was offered and ac- 
 cepted, and with the proceeds ot his labor he 
 was finally enabled to purchase a yoke of oxen, 
 which he used in breaking a farm of thirteen 
 acres in Birmingham Township, which he later 
 planted to corn. The next year, 1851, lie sold the 
 yoke of oxen and bought a mare. His marriage, 
 March 31, 1853, united him with Abigail L. Swise- 
 good. a native of North Carolina, who had made 
 her home in Illinois since 1846. After their mar- 
 riage they began housekeeping in the log cabin 
 on the farm, and although their home and sur- 
 roundings were primitive, they were young and 
 hopeful, and their united efforts soon began to 
 make a marked difference in the outlook. Mr. 
 Manlove bought an undivided half interest in 
 17i i acres of land for which he paid $200, and as 
 his brother reached his maturity he purchased 
 the hitter's interest in the land, paying him 
 $600 therefor. To his original tract of 170 acres 
 he has continued to add as his means would per- 
 mit, until as previously stated, he now owns 
 over 1.000 acres of land in Birmingham Town- 
 ship. 
 
 Six children were born of the marriage of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Manlove. four of whom were sons. 
 Eli died of typhoid fever at the age of twenty- 
 four, leaving a widow, formerly Nettie Lawler, 
 and one son. William, who married Minnie Ray- 
 mond, by whom he has one child, Donald. Laura 
 Manlove became the wife of Frank Cassiday. a 
 farmer of Birmingham Township, and they have 
 the following children, — William. Ethel, Roy, 
 Ray and Ivy. one child having died in infancy. 
 Jacob Manlove. a farmer in Birmingham Town- 
 ship, married Etta Twidwell, and they have three 
 daughters and one son — Inez, who is the wife of 
 Alvah Higgins and the mother of two children. 
 Marie and Raleigh : Mary, wife of John Wear 
 and mother of one child. Dorothy ; Thomas and 
 Blanche. Isabel Manlove became the wife of 
 George Homberger, a farmer of Birmingham 
 Township, and is now deceased, having been the 
 mother of one child. Zemeth. James T. Manlove 
 is a farmer of the same township, as is also his 
 brother Joseph E.. who married Ada Copeland, 
 and has four children — Troy. Floy. Leo and 
 Ralph. 
 
 Tn the death of his wife, March 8, 1007, Mr. 
 Manlove was bereft of his companion of over fifty 
 years. She is remembered as one of the pioneer 
 women of the township, and side by side she 
 worked with her husband under circumstances 
 which were often discouraging, but through it 
 all she retained her hopeful, cheery disposition. 
 In the early days they went a long distance to 
 the Congregational Church, she riding horseback, 
 
 and he walking by her side. Since those days 
 many radical changes have been made, and 
 Mr. Manlove has been no small factor in bring- 
 ing them about. With Samuel DeCounter, he 
 shares the honor of being one of the two oldest 
 residents of Schuyler County, Mr. DeCounter 
 having been born in Woodstock, 111., October 6, 
 1827, and Mr. Manlove in Rushville December 
 28, 1830. Mr. Manlove cast his first vote for 
 Millard Fillmore, and since that time has voted 
 for Republican candidates. He takes commend- 
 able pride in the fact that he has never in his 
 life bought a drop of liquor as a beverage, has 
 never played a game of cards, and has never 
 used tobacco in any form. 
 
 MANYX, Patrick. — The Manyx family presum- 
 ably originated in County Clare, a ' maritime 
 county of Minister. Ireland, where Patrick 
 Manyx was born in 1840, and whence he came to 
 America in a sailing vessel in 1854, at the age of 
 fourteen years. Accompanied by his aunt, he 
 spent some time in Pennsylvania, and in 1859 
 came to Illinois, where he chanced to meet Miss 
 Mary Bowe, who subsequently became his wife, 
 and who surviving him, has demonstrated re- 
 markable ability in overcoming obstacles and 
 managing a large estate. The marriage of Miss 
 Bowe and Mr. Manyx occurred in Peoria about 
 1861, and a year later the young people came to 
 the farm owned at that time by Mrs. Manyx's 
 father. James Bowe.. and now the prized posses- 
 sion of his daughter. Mr. Manyx died on June 
 22, 1882. and Mr. Bowe, December 24, 1886. 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Manyx were born six children, 
 four of whom are living: James, born January 
 22. 1862, a resident of Rushville: Mollie, who 
 died at the age of fourteen years : John, on the 
 home place ; Mike, a farmer in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship : an infant who died unnamed, and Lizzie, 
 wife of Andrew Volk, a farmer in the vicinity 
 of La Grange, Brown County, 111. 
 
 Although an industrious man and quite suc- 
 cessful as a farmer, Mr. Manyx left his family 
 almost no available assets, his widow having, 
 after all expenses had been paid, the sum of 
 twenty-five cents in money. From this nucleus 
 she has developed truly wonderful results, has 
 lifted the mortgage from the small farm, and 
 added to it until now she owns 700 acres, 245 
 acres in Woodstock Township, 455 acres tn 
 Bainbridge Township and SO acres in Mt. Ster- 
 ling Township. Brown County, bought in 10O7 
 at a cost of $11,000. In this she had the help of 
 her sturdy and willing sons, but her brain has 
 done the planning, and her economy the saving, 
 and unquestionably there are few women in the 
 line of business in this part of the State who 
 have established such a record of achievement. 
 The farm occupied by the family is remarkably 
 homelike, and its improvements conform to the 
 most exacting standards of the present. The 
 buildings are modern and commodious, the fences 
 in good repair, and the machinery selected with 
 the greatest care and good judgment. Mrs. 
 
87G 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Manyx lias ever been a bard worker, but sbe has 
 found time to give ber children every advantage 
 within her power, and to train thein to noble and 
 useful manhood and wumaubood. 
 
 .lames Manyx, wbo inherits bis mother's 
 managerial and business ability, was married 
 in 1893 to Mary Sullivan, of County Clare, Ire- 
 land, who came to America alone in lsS-t. Mr. 
 Manyx is a scientific farmer, and in stock devotes 
 bis attention principally to the breeding of Po- 
 land-China bogs. He is thoroughly devoted to 
 the farm, and finds little time for the outside in- 
 terests of the community. As was his father, 
 in polities, James Manyx is a Democrat, and in 
 religion a Roman Catholic. The family enjoy 
 an enviable reputation and have many friends 
 among the best people of the community. 
 
 MARKEY, Harvey B.— The Markey family 
 came originally from England, the grandfather, 
 William Marker, emigrating from Gloucester- 
 shire, and planting the name in the New World. 
 From Maryland, where he first located, he went 
 to Harrison County, Ohio, and there died prior 
 to the birth of his grandson, Harvey B. In Har- 
 rison County his sen and namesake, William 
 Markey. was burn, and there, too, be was reared 
 and married. With his wife, wbo was formerly 
 Lucina Smith, he came to Illinois in 1859, over- 
 land, and until 1862 they made their home in 
 Fulton County. In that year they went to Han- 
 cock County and four years later, in 1866, lo- 
 cated in Birmingham Township, Schuyler County, 
 ami purchased ISO acres of the old Landrus 
 farm. Times were bard and Mr. Markey found 
 it difficult to provide lor bis large family from 
 tlie products of bis farm alone. It was this con- 
 dition which led his son Harvey to aceepl the 
 position of mail carrier between Plymouth and 
 Rusbville. receiving for his services $480 per 
 year, and making one trip per week. The father, 
 in his early life, was one of the most extensive 
 stock buyers of Harrison County, Ohio, buying 
 all kinds of stock, which he drove to Fittsburg 
 and Baltimore. He was also engaged iu mer- 
 cantile business with a partner, lint through un- 
 scrupulous dealings, the latter cheated him out 
 of bis interest. A number of years before re- 
 moving from Ohio (in 1852). Mr. Markey sent 
 bis son Daniel to Illinois with a drove of 2,000 
 sheep, but the venture was a total loss. When 
 he located in the State himself in 1859. he came 
 practically empty-handed, having only a warrant 
 for eighty acres of land and possessing $30 in 
 cash, lie traded the land warrant for eight bead 
 of milch i-ows, and from this small beginning 
 persevered steadily until he owned over bin acres 
 of as fine land as could be found in Schuyler 
 County. Politically, he was first a Whig and 
 later a Republican, and was a strong advocate of 
 the cause of temperance. Previous to the Civil 
 War his home in Ohio was one of the stations on 
 the "underground railroad," and many a fugi- 
 tive slave was cared for under his hospitable 
 roof. He died in 1889. and his wife, the mother 
 of Harvey B.. passed away in 1891. By his 
 
 first wife be had eight children, of whom but 
 two are living, — Hannah, the wife of C. Sprole, 
 and Eliza V., wife of George Boyd, both of 
 Tuscarawas County, Ohio. Fourteen children 
 were born of bis marriage with Lucina Smith, 
 of whom only eight are now living, viz : Mary, 
 who married Eland Hale, a farmer of Bir- 
 mingham Township; Harriet, widow of Harry 
 F. Coe, who lives in Blandinsville, 111. ; Harvey 
 B. ; John B. and Annie S., twins, the former a 
 resident of Ringgold County, la., and the latter, 
 wife of Oliver Brach, ot Plymouth, 111.; Jesse 
 M. and Jessie Lee, also twins, the former a 
 resident of Liberty, 111., and the latter, wife of 
 J. Vaughn, of Meadow Grove, Neb. ; and Noah 
 R., a farmer in Birmingham Township. 
 
 Harvey B. Markey was born in Harrison 
 County, Ohio, September 5, 1847, and was there- 
 fore a lad of about twelve years when the family 
 settled in Illinois. He well remembers the strug- 
 gles of the early days in the new surroundings, 
 and as previously stated, when he was only 
 eighteen years of age. he drove the mail wagon 
 from Plymouth to Rusbville. He continued to 
 make bis borne with his parents until he was 
 twenty-one years old, when he went to work 
 by the month for Charles Mitchell. His marriage 
 took place in Sangamon County, November 
 9, 1876, Charlotte Mitchell, the daughter of 
 Charles and Hannah Mitchell, then becom- 
 ing his wife. She was born in Sangamon 
 County, 111., March 29, 1855. For several years 
 after their marriage the young people made 
 their home in Sangamon County, but in 1881 
 they moved to Schuyler County, and located 
 on the farm which Mr. Markey then pur- 
 chased in Section 12. Birmingham Township, 
 where they have since made their home. Seven 
 children were born to them, but only four are 
 now living, three having died in infancy. Of 
 those surviving, Edith became the wife of Al- 
 bert Jones, a farmer iu Schuyler County, and 
 they have one child. Alyne. The others, Fred- 
 erick, Bessie and Frank, are still at home with 
 their parents. 
 
 Much credit is due Mr. Markey for what he 
 bad accomplished since taking up his home in 
 Birmingham Township, where be is known as 
 one of tlie most up-to-date farmers, owning Hi I 
 acres of excellent farming laud. In addition to 
 general farming he raises considerable stock, 
 making a specialty of red cattle. Everything 
 about the farm marks the owner as an in- 
 dustrious and progressive farmer, the fences and 
 outbuildings being kept in repair, as is the resi- 
 dence, which is a commodious eight-room house, 
 Mr. Markey has filled many offices iu Birming- 
 ham Township, among them that of Justice of 
 the Peace, in which capacity he served for eight 
 years. Politically, he is a stanch Republican. 
 ami fraternally, he belongs to the Masonic lodge 
 at Iluntsville. and to the camp of the Modern 
 Woodmen of America, at Birmingham. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Markey are active members of the Method- 
 ist Episcopal Church, and both are held in high 
 esteem in their home community. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 877 
 
 MARLOW, John Wesley.— The agricultural in- 
 terests of Schuyler County, 111., have a well- 
 known representative in John Wesley Marlow, 
 a native-born son of Camden Township, where 
 practically all of his busy and useful life has 
 . been passed. The subscription schools of this 
 locality afforded hini such advantages as were 
 possible in pioneer days. The churches of the 
 community gave him religious training ami 
 taught him in youth the duty which he owed to 
 God and mankind. The soil of the township, 
 tilled in a systematic manner, netted him a fair 
 income from early life and laid the foundation 
 of his present prosperity, enabling him from time 
 to time to add to his possessions until at this 
 writing he owns 365 acres of valuable farm land. 
 
 The record of the family appears in the sketch 
 of Levi S. Marlow, presented upon another page 
 of this volume. John Wesley Marlow was born 
 at the old homestead August 16. 1840, being a son 
 of Hanson Marlow. After having gained a 
 knowledge of the three R's in the neighboring 
 schools, he turned his attention to general farm- 
 ing, in which he acquired a thorough training 
 ' under his father. On August 15, 1861, he was 
 united in marriage with Eliza Jane Green, daugh- 
 ter of William and Hannah (Spencer) Green, 
 honored pioneers of Schuyler County, but both 
 now deceased. Of the Green family one son and 
 one daughter (Mrs. Ayers) alone survive, ami 
 they are residents of Camden Township. After 
 his marriage Mr. Marlow settled on Section 14, 
 Camden Township, where he bought ninety-five 
 acres of bottom land wholly unimproved, and 
 dining the next five years he was busily engaged 
 in t lie cultivation of the property. While liv- 
 ing on that farm two of his children were born. 
 About 1866 he sold the land and removed to 
 Richardson County, Neb., but in the fall of that 
 year be returned to Schuyler County and traded 
 his Nebraska property for eighty acres on Sec- 
 tion 27. Camden Township, where he has since 
 made his home. In 1881 he lost his first wife, 
 by whom be had the following children : Levi, 
 William Ray. Mary E., Henry, Rosetti. Charles 
 W. and Annie. Levi was born May 31, 1862, and 
 died January 26, 1865; Mary E. was born 
 October 21!, 1864, and died September 11, 1876. 
 William R.. was horn Febuary 25. I860, and died 
 December 8. 1868. Henry, born February 14. 
 1868, is a farmer in Camden Township. lie mar- 
 ried Sophia Weightman. by whom he has had 
 seven children, five of whom are living. Rosetti. 
 was born December 10. 1860, is the wife of Al- 
 bert Lung, a farmer in ramden Township, by 
 whom she has had nine children, seven of whom 
 are living. Charles \Y., born November IS, 1871. 
 died February 12, 1873 ; and Annie, born April 
 18, 1S74, deceased wife of Mead Clayton, left 
 one child. 
 
 The second marriage of John Wesley Marlow 
 united him with Jemima Weightman. who was 
 born in Camden Township February 1. 1863. be- 
 ing a daughter of that honored pioneer. William 
 Weightman. who is still living, his wife having 
 died February 4. 100S. Of this union six chil- 
 
 dren were born, namely : Asa U., born December 
 6, 1883, who died November 2, 1903; .Martha 
 Jane, born May 10, 1885; Getrude Victoria, 
 born December 2S, 1886, who is the wife of Burt 
 A. Davis, a farmer of Camden Township; John 
 W., born March 17, 1891, who assists his father 
 on the farm ; Minnie Elizabeth, born May 1, 
 1S93; and Nettie Ruth, born July 29, 1895. The 
 hospitality of the Marlow family is proverbial. 
 Their guests look with especial pleasure upon a 
 visit to the farm, whose genial owner deservedly 
 ranks among the honored men of the township. Iu 
 local improvements he has maintained a constant 
 interest. His devotion to his native county is 
 unquestioned, and his solicitude regarding its 
 permanent prosperity is deep. In religious work 
 he has been faithful and generous. The Union 
 Chapel owes its organization and usefulness 
 largely to his labors. To the building of this 
 house of worship he contributed $55 in cash and 
 forty-five days' work, while Mr. Weightman gave 
 $50 and his work, the united labors of the two 
 men being the means of dedicating the church free 
 from debt. Many have been the changes his eyes 
 have beheld since his youth. Agricultural pro- 
 cesses have been revolutionized. In early days 
 he was accustomed to the tedious task of thresh- 
 ing the wheat with a flail ; the grain was then 
 hauled by wagon to Quincy, where it w-as sold at 
 twenty-five cents per bushel. The days of "dol- 
 lar wheat" were then undreamed of, nor were 
 there any prophets to herald the coming inven- 
 tions which would radically change all known 
 methods of harvesting and threshing. The tele- 
 phone was then unheard of, and many other con- 
 veniences, which are regarded as necessities by 
 ] ico] ile in the twentieth century, were then un- 
 known, yet the pioneers look back upon those 
 days with a keen recollection of the many pleas- 
 ures they enjoyed and a vivid appreciation of 
 their happiness in spite of the lack of modern im- 
 provements. 
 
 MARLOW, Levi S.— Adjacent to the village of 
 Mabel. Schuyler County. 111., lies the farm of 200 
 acres which for sixty-three years, or during his 
 entire lifetime, has been the home of Mr. Mar- 
 low. Here he was born August 16. 1844, the son 
 of Hanson and Esther (Whitemau) Marlow, 
 the former a native of Kentucky, and the lat- 
 ter a descendant of Virginian ancestors. About 
 the time of bis lirst marriage, iu 1825. Hanson 
 Marlou' came to Illinois as a pioneer and here he 
 was deprived of the companionship of his wife, 
 here death occurring soon afterward. Subse- 
 quently he was united in marriage with Esther 
 (Whitenian) Ayes, a widow, whose husband had 
 died of cholera. About 1826 Mr. Marlow came 
 to Schuyler County, settling at first near Little- 
 ton, and about 1837 be came to Camden Town- 
 ship, on Sort ion 22. ami here he rounded out 
 the remainder of his long and useful career. At 
 the time he came to this locality there was little 
 to encourage one to battle with the rude con- 
 ditions which existed on every hand, but with 
 the true pioneer spirit he steadfastly adhered to 
 
878 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 his purpose to make a home for himself and fam- 
 ily, first erecting a small log cabin. In the course 
 of time., after a portion of the land had been 
 cleared and the land cultivated, this rude struc- 
 ture gave place to a more commodious double log 
 cabin, and here, and in the home previously 
 mentioned, all of the four sons were born and 
 reared. Some idea of the scarcity of neighbors 
 at the time Mr. Marlow came to this section, may 
 be gathered from the fact that when he erected 
 his first house there were only two or three 
 cabins in Rushville, now a thriving village, 
 no settlers between his cabin and Rushville, 
 and but few between his farm and Quiney. 
 Mr. Marlow's first purchase of land consisted 
 of 130 aires, part of the land now included 
 in the old homestead, and in partnership with 
 his brother, Alfred, he purchased another farm 
 of the same size, which they operated together 
 for a number of years. By purchases Han- 
 son Marlow added to his original acreage un- 
 til he had ICO acres, to which he supposed lie had 
 .a clear title, but his claim to ownership was 
 disputed and he was obliged to pay for the land 
 again. As his means permitted he purchased 
 other land adjoining, until at one time he owned 
 520 acres. At the time (if purchase the greater 
 part of the laud was heavily timbered, but with 
 the assistance of his sous lie cleared away the 
 timber and underbrush, and in time waving 
 fields of grain were to be seen in their stead. 
 As his children grew to maturity, be gave to each 
 a share of the home farm. The eldest son. 
 Henry, is a resident of Sullivan. Ind. : Hanson, 
 Who is now deceased, married Miss Nancy Davis, 
 by whom he had a son and daughter, both of 
 whom are now deceased; the other son, besides 
 Levi S.. is John W., who owns and cultivates a 
 farm in Camden Township. The mother of these 
 children passed away in 1860, and some years 
 later the father was united in marriage with 
 Mrs. Nancy Green, who was left a widow about 
 one year after her marriage, and she, too, is now 
 deceased. The death of Hanson Marlow oc- 
 curred 1863 and was deeply felt in the com- 
 munity where he h.ul made his home lor so many 
 years and toward whose upbuilding he had done 
 so much. Throughout his life he adhered rigidly 
 to the religious teachings of his parents, and 
 was an ardent member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. During the early days, before a 
 house ot worship had been erected, his home was 
 the stopping place for the circuit riders who 
 came to minister to the people. Hospitality 
 was one of his chief characteristics, a quality 
 which he inherited from a long line of Southern 
 ancestors. 
 
 Levi S. Marlow was born in the double log 
 
 cabin on tl Id homestead, August 16, 1844, and 
 
 all the school training he received was in the dis- 
 trict school at Camden, three miles from his 
 home. As soon as he was large enough he began 
 to aid in the duties which fall to the lot of every 
 farmer's son, his father at that time owning 
 520 acres, well stocked with cattle. Until he 
 was thirty years old he worked continuously on 
 
 the farm, but at this age he took up work at 
 the plasterer's trade, building cisterns prin- 
 cipally, and also to some extent, worked at the 
 carpenter's trade. Among his accomplishments 
 in the latter trade may be mentioned the First 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. South, known at 
 that time as the Fnion Chapel. He gave the 
 ground on the which the edifice was erected. $25 
 in cash, hewed the frame, and in addition gave 
 sixty day's work. The services of the church and 
 Sunday-school have been maintained without 
 interruption since the church home was built, 
 church services being held every two weeks, 
 and Sunday-school, class and prayer meetings 
 every Sunday. Though not a member of the 
 church. Mr. Marlow is a liberal giver to its 
 charities and is especially active in Sunday school 
 work, and since its organization has beeu treas- 
 urer of the Sunday school at Camden. Many of 
 the finest houses in Camden stand as monuments 
 to Mr. Marlow's skill and ingenuity, and taken 
 all in all, lie has been a prominent factor in the 
 march of progress in this part of Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 Mr. Marlow's marriage, in West Quiney, Mo.. 
 January 6, 1865, united him with Margaretta 
 Rice, a native of Columbus. Ohio, and a daugh- 
 ter ot John and Rebecca Rice, both natives of 
 Pennsylvania, whence they removed to Ohio, and 
 still later to Missouri. Their last home was in 
 Illinois, where both passed away, the father 
 dying in 1863. Of the ten children born to Mr. 
 and Mrs. Marlow. Henry A., a farmer in Cam- 
 den Township, married Mary E. Terrell ; Esther 
 became the wife of James Lawson. a farmer of 
 I'.aiubridge Township and had two children, one of 
 whom, Yerna, is living; the next died in infancy; 
 George W.. by bis marriage with Mary C. Corsey, 
 became the father of three children of whom one 
 died in infancy ; Lena is now four years old and 
 Guy is a fanner in this locality; Julietta and 
 Jeanetta were twins, the latter being killed by 
 a runaway horse and the lormer being the wife 
 o| William Lawson. by whom she has one son, 
 Kay; Ida May, the wife of Thomas Fitch, has 
 two children. Guy and Carl Frederick; Fannie, 
 the wife of Elmer Carter, of Gray, Stevens 
 County, Wash., has five children — Harold. Emory, 
 Lewis, Ernest and Opal Olive, three having died 
 in infancy: Eva M., was first married to Emery 
 Calvert, by whom she had two children — .Mabel 
 and .Myrtle Ruth; by her marriage with Mead A. 
 Clayton, she has three children — Roseoe, Emery 
 and Lorena ; Carl L.. a fanner in Camden Town- 
 ship, married Nettie Elliott. Mrs. Margaretta 
 Marlow died November IS. 1887, leaving to mourn 
 her loss a family of devoted children, and many 
 friends who had learned to love her for her 
 many noble christian virtues. She was a mem- 
 ber of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mr. 
 Marlow was subsequently married to Mary E. 
 Elder, who was born in Buena Vista. 111., a 
 daughter of Robert anl Luanna ( Allen) Elder. 
 While she was a mere child Mrs. Marlow was 
 left an orphan, and was reared and tenderly 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 879 
 
 cared for by Mrs. Margaret Eifert, with whom 
 she remained until her marriage. 
 
 Socially, Mr. Marlow is a Mason, belonging to 
 the lodge at Camden. Six times he has been 
 elected to the office of Justice of the Peace, serv- 
 ing in this capacity for twenty-four years. Three 
 times he has been elected Collector, and has also 
 been thrice elected Assessor. Mr. Marlow's long 
 retention in office is an excellent indication of 
 his fitness for the trusts in question, and an un- 
 mistakable evidence of his popularity in the com- 
 munity. 
 
 McCABE, John. — Since a comparatively early 
 period in the history of the township and city of 
 Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., briekmaking 
 has been an important industry in that locality. 
 The pioneer settlers were succeeded by men who 
 not only profited by the experience of their pre- 
 decessors, but who themselves established a 
 standard of achievement for those who should 
 succeed them. In the early 'fifties was witnessed 
 a decided impetus towards briekmaking on a 
 large scale, and a young and sturdy element was 
 introduced in the person of John McCabe, then 
 twenty-two years of age, who was destined to 
 spend at least half a century in the manufacture 
 of this necessary building material. 
 
 Johu McCabe, Sr., father of the retired brick 
 manufacturer of Rushville, whose name furnishes 
 the caption of this sketch, was born in Penn- 
 sylvania, and when quite young, was taken by 
 his parents to Ohio, where lie was r, a red on a 
 farm and where he learned the blacksmith's 
 trade, lie married Mary Hevel, a native of 
 Ohio, ami seltled on a farm in Coshocton 
 County, in that State, where he combined farm- 
 ing and blacksmithing. and where his son and 
 namesake, John, was born March 11. 182S. In 
 
 1844 tl ldei- McCabe removed to a farm in 
 
 Marion County, Ind., and three years later set- 
 tled in Woodland, 111., where he followed his 
 trade until he became a soldier in the Civil 
 War. He enlisted in the Sixty-second Regiment, 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and his son, John, 
 enlisted in 1862, in Company A, Eighty-fourth 
 Illinois Regiment. The father, after a year's 
 service, fell in the Battle of Pittsburg Landing, 
 and another name was added to the list of sol- 
 dier heroes. A desolated home in Woodland 
 bespoke the dependence which bad been placed 
 upon him, and it became the duty of those still 
 remaining under the family roof to contribute 
 their best to the maintenance of the family. 
 
 While still in his "teens." John McCabe, Jr.. 
 began to work in a brickyard, and because he 
 was observant and industrious, succeeded in 
 learning the business in three or four seasons. 
 At the age of twenty-two years, he established a 
 brick yard at Littleton. Schuyler ('canity, and two 
 years later, removed his yard to Macomb. 111., 
 where he operated it until his enlistment for 
 the war. In 1866 he came to Rushville. and in 
 187ft. added to his kilns the machinery for die 
 manufacture of tile. His enterprise resulted in 
 the constant growth of his business, and he re- 
 
 tired with a competence, and with credit for hav- 
 ing materially promoted an increasingly impor- 
 tant industry. For sixty-five years he was act- 
 ively engaged in brick-making, selling out in 
 1904, since which time he has enjoyed the quiet 
 repose so richly his due. He was married, in 
 1851, to Alary Clark, of Indiana, and his family 
 consists of four children, James, Arthur, Howard 
 C. and Cora, two children having died in infancy. 
 Mr. McCabe is a deeply religious man, and for 
 many years has been identified with the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. 
 
 In 1863 Mr. McCabe joined the A. F. & A. M. 
 at Macomb. 111., where he was spending the pe- 
 riod of his furlough, having been wounded at the 
 Battle of Chickamauga, and being then obliged 
 to use crutches. He has since taken all of the 
 degrees in the Masonic Order, up to that of 
 Knight Templar, and for thirty consecutive years 
 was treasurer of the Blue Lodge, resigning this 
 office against the wishes of his fellow members. 
 No man stands higher in the estimation of the 
 people of Rushville than John McCabe, the sol- 
 dier, brickmaker and old-time Mason. 
 
 McCORMICK, David.— May, 1907, marked the 
 fiftieth anniversary of the arrival of David Mc- 
 cormick upon the farm in Rushville Township, 
 Schuyler County. 111., which has since been his 
 home. He was twenty-five years of age when he 
 thus shaped his course into independent chan- 
 nels, but he was no stranger to the locality, for 
 in 1836 he had arrived in Rushville with his pa- 
 rents, from Troy, N. Y., where he was born Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1832. He was of rugged Scotch ances- 
 try, descended from men who had the courage 
 to fight for a good cause or invade the wilder- 
 ness in search of homes and fortunes. Both his 
 grandfather, Samuel McCormick, and his father. 
 Andrew McCormick, were born in Scotland, and 
 came to America in time for the grandfather to 
 shoulder his musket in the Revolutionary War. 
 Andrew McCormick devoted his active life to 
 fanning, and his death occurred in 1840, four 
 years after his arrival in Schuyler County. His 
 wife, who was formerly Jane Hill of New York, 
 survived him until 1860. 
 
 In his youth, David McCormick had only such 
 opportunities as he created for himself. To be 
 able to attend the district school was a privilege 
 sufficiently rare to be appreciated, and inspired 
 in him a longing for further knowledge, to be ac- 
 quired during the greater leisure of his mature 
 years. While still in his teens he learued the 
 cooper's trade, which he followed several years 
 in connection with farming, but which he long 
 since abandoned. The farm purchased by him 
 in May. 1S.j7. had some improvements, but these 
 have been replaced for the most part with those 
 better adapted to modern needs. The McCormick 
 farm combined large money making possibilities, 
 with the comforts and refinements possible only 
 under the most favorable country conditions. It 
 gives evidence of the perseverance and good judg- 
 ment of its owner in its every department, 
 and speaks volumes for the possession of quali- 
 
SSI) 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ties which go to the making of a substantial 
 and prosperous farmer. 
 
 On June 4, 1868, Mr. McCormick married Mar- 
 garet J. Hiliis. a native of Schuyler County. 111., 
 and of this union there are six children, namely : 
 Carrie J., Scarlet C, Albert H., John A., Mary J., 
 and N. F. Mr. McCormick is a Republican in 
 politics, hut has never aspired to political hon- 
 ors. His life has been a quiet and uneventful 
 one, blessed with a good share of prosperity and 
 happiness, and devoted in all ways to the well- 
 being of his family and to the interests of the 
 community of which he is a respected citizen. 
 
 McCREERY, L. J.— Almost from time imme- 
 morial agriculture and education have been re- 
 garded as the bulwarks of community existence. 
 As man progressed towards a larger usefulness 
 and greater happiness through a simplification of 
 the problems of life, these factors draw nearer 
 and nearer together, until the establishment of 
 an ideal country enterprise presupposes a trained 
 and well adjusted mental equipment. It is to 
 these fundamental occupations that L. J. Mc- 
 Creery has devoted attention during the greater 
 part of Iris active life, and as an agriculturist 
 and educator he has won that recognition due an 
 earnest and painstaking worker. Mr. McCreery 
 was born in Birmingham Township. Schuyler 
 County, 111.. November 21, 1857, a son of William 
 Thomas, and a grandson of Lewis McCreery, botli 
 natives of Ireland. 
 
 William Thomas McCreery was born in Ire- 
 land in 1836, and in 1845, when eight years old, 
 came to America with his parents, and located 
 on a farm in Birmingham Township. He had 
 the advantages of the average country-reared 
 boy of the Central West, and finally, through 
 marriage, united his own witli another and still 
 earlier pioneer family of Schuyler County. His 
 wife, formerly Esta Farr, was a daughter of 
 Jacob Farr. who moved to Schuyler County from 
 his native State of Ohio before the birth of his 
 daughter. Mr. McCreery was not only success- 
 ful in general farming and stock-raising, but he 
 became prominent in politics, and held many 
 offices of local importance. For three terms he 
 served as Representative in the Legislature 
 (1876-80 and 1888-90) and for several years was 
 Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Hunts- 
 ville, Birmingham Township. His death occurred 
 in 1901, bis wile having predeceased him in 
 1886. Hi' was a man of strong character and 
 decided opinions, and his identification with the 
 county and township redounded to its permanent 
 well being. 
 
 L. J. McCreery was educated in the country 
 schools, at the Augusta high school, and Knox 
 College. Galesburg, 111. He has always made 
 his home on a farm, and for eighteen years was 
 identified with educational affairs, for fourteen 
 years as a teacher, and for four years as Su- 
 perintendent of Schools of Schuyler County, to 
 which office he was elected in 1S9S. In 1884 he 
 was united in marriage to Almeda Burwood, 
 daughter of Philip and Lucinda (Hood) Bur- 
 
 wood. Philip Burwood was bom in Germany in 
 1829, and in 1831 came to America with his pa- 
 rents, locating presumably in I'ennyslvania. He 
 arrived in Schuyler County at an early day, mar- 
 ried in 1855, and spent his active life in the 
 pursuit of farming. To Mr. and Mrs. McCreery 
 lias been horn a son. Chester Ray. Mr. Mc- 
 Creery is social in his tendencies, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, the 
 Knights of Pythias and the Modern Woodmen 
 of America. He is a Democrat in politics, and 
 in religion a Presbyterian. The present high 
 standard of education maintained in the public 
 schools of Schuyler County is in large measure 
 due to the untiring efforts of Mr. McCreery. He 
 is no mere intellectual visionary, but a practical, 
 energetic, far-sighted educator, in touch with 
 the times and its demands, and with the hopes 
 and possibilities of that great predominating 
 middle class which derives its working equip- 
 ment from the field of human equality known as 
 the public schools. 
 
 McGRATH FAMILY. — Among the older resi- 
 dents of Schuyler County are the McGrath fam- 
 ily. James McGrath came from Pennsylvania to 
 Illinois in 1S57 accompanied by his family con- 
 sisting of his wife and nine children — six sons 
 and three daughters — locating at Doddsville. Mc- 
 Donough County, just north of the Schuyler 
 County line. Here he remained until 1865, when 
 he removed to Schuyler County, settling in the 
 southwest part of the northwest quarter of Lit- 
 tleton Township, which has been the family home 
 to the present time. His children all grew to 
 manhood and womanhood in McDonough and 
 Schuyler Counties, and four of his sons became 
 soldiers of the Union Army during the Civil 
 War. Of these, Lloyd was killed at Vicksburg. 
 Miss., during the siege of that place, and John 
 was wounded at Chickamauga, as a eonsequence 
 of which he finally died. One remarkable thing 
 in the history of the McGrath family is the fact 
 that, during a residence of fifty -one years in the 
 same community, none of its members have ever 
 been engaged in a law-suit, either as plaintiff or 
 defendant. 
 
 McGRATH, Thomas C, one of the oldest living 
 residents of Schuyler County. 111., which lias 
 been his home for more than half a century, and 
 an honored veteran of the Civil War, is residing 
 on his farm in Section 5, Littleton Township, an 
 object of sincere respect and warm regard to the 
 large number of his fellow-citizens who are fa- 
 miliar with his worthy traits of character. He 
 is a member of the family which can boast of the 
 high distinction of having given four sons to the 
 defense of the Union in its mighty struggle for 
 existence, all of whom were wounded, one being 
 killed and another dying as a result of wounds 
 received in the conflict. Mr. McGrath was born 
 is Franklin County. Pa., rceiving his early edu- 
 cation in the district schools of that locality. He 
 is a son of James W. and Barbara (Jones) Mc- 
 Grath. natives of that State and county. His 
 
M 
 
 f>z 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 881 
 
 paternal grandfather, John McGrath, was a na- 
 tive of County Tipperary, Ireland, and the hit- 
 ter's wife, Sarah (Collins) McGrath, was born 
 in Connecticut. The grandparents on the mater- 
 nal side, Joseph Jones and wife, were Penn- 
 sylvanians, born in Lancaster County. James 
 W. McGrath and Barbara Jones were mar- 
 ried in the vicinity of Mercersburg, Pa., in July. 
 1833. There the father followed his trade of 
 blacksmithing, but in 1857 journeyed with his 
 family, by wagon, to Pittsburg, and thence by 
 boat on the Ohio. Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, 
 to Schuyler County, 111., stopping at the village 
 of Frederick. Having friends in Doddsville, 
 McDouough County, he located there, working at 
 his trade until 1865. then moving to a farm 
 in the northwest quarter of Section 5, Littleton 
 Township, Schuyler County, which he had pur- 
 chased. It was wholly a prairie tract, and one 
 of the first pieces of land of this kind to be culti- 
 vated in Schuyler County. James W. McGrath 
 died January 4. 1892, at the age of seventy-eight 
 years, five months and fourteen days, and his 
 worthy wife passed away March 1, 1895, aged 
 seventy-three years, one month and sixteen days. 
 James W. and Barbara Jones McGrath were 
 the parents of nine children, namely: John H., 
 Jacob, Thomas C, William C., Joseph V., James 
 B., Elnora, Sarah E., and Jennie, B. John, the 
 eldest, married Eliza Chandler, who was born 
 in Ohio, and they are the parents of two sons 
 and two daughters. He enlisted in September, 
 1862, in Company G, Seventy-third Regiment, Il- 
 linois Volunteer Infantry, and was wounded in 
 the right hip at the Battle of Chickamauga, taken 
 prisoner, and confined fourteen days in a field 
 hospital. Then lie was paroled and sent to a 
 St. Louis hospital, staying there two months. 
 After this, he was detailed for duty in charge of 
 prisoners at St. Louis, and was discharged from 
 the service four months later. The wound re- 
 ceived at Chickamauga finally resulted in his 
 death. Jacob died in Pennsylvania, at the age 
 of eighteen months. Lloyd A., born September 
 20, 1840, enlisted in the fall of 1862. in Company 
 A, Tenth Regiment, Missouri Volunteer Infantry, 
 and was killed at Vicksburg, June 26, 1863. Wil- 
 liam ('.. born July 31. 1843, is living on the old 
 borne place. Joseph V., born October 27, 1844, 
 married Nancy Gregg, a native of McDonough 
 County, 111., and is the father of one child, Wil- 
 liam, of Ringgold County, Iow r a. He enlisted in 
 December, 1863, in the Eighth Regiment, Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, serving through the war. 
 lie was wounded in the right side by a rifle ball, 
 at Fort Blakely, near Mobile, Ala., by reason of 
 which he draws ;i pension. After the war he 
 went to Kansas City. Me., where lie now resides. 
 James F... burn February 20, 1846, lives on the 
 homestead: Elnora. born July 1. 1X40. lives at 
 Cimarron, Kan., and is the widow of Robert J. 
 McGinnis; Sarah E., born December 10. 1851, 
 became the wife of David Werents, and died in 
 September, 1892; anil Jennie B.. born May 10, 
 1854,' is living mi the borne place. Alter tin 1 
 death of their parents, all the surviving mem- 
 
 bers came home to live, James B., owning half 
 of the property, and the remainder belonging to 
 William C. and Jennie B. 
 
 Thomas C. McGrath, after his school days were 
 over, assisted in the work of the paternal farm, 
 remaining at home until the outbreak of the 
 War of the Rebellion. On May 24, 1861, he 
 enlisted at Rushville, 111., in Company (i. Six- 
 teenth Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Utfantry, 
 continuing in service until the termination of 
 hostilities. Since then he has been successfully 
 engaged in farming in Section 5, Littleton Town- 
 ship. In politics, Mr. McGrath has been long 
 an adherent of the Republican party, and for 
 six years, filled the office of Township Assessor 
 with ability and fidelity. He is also a member 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic. 
 
 McGRAW, James Thomas, who follows farming 
 in Schuyler County, 111., on an extensive scale, 
 owning a large amount of land, and being, more- 
 over, one of the most prominent and influential 
 citizens in his locality, is a resident of Section 
 27, Littleton Township, where he is known and 
 respected by all. Mr. McGraw was born in Pen- 
 dleton County, Ky.. October 30, 1857, and is a 
 son of Matthew and Julia (Biggs) McGraw, both 
 natives of that State and County, the birth of 
 the father occurring November 19. 1834. and 
 that of the mother, January 11. 1S42. The ma- 
 ternal grandfather was Thomas Biggs, also a 
 native of Kentucky. In April, 1861. Matthew 
 McGraw and his family moved to Illinois, set- 
 tling in Brooklyn Township. Schuyler County, 
 and living for two years on rented land. The 
 father then bought 160 acres of partly improved 
 land, on which he completed the improvements 
 and farmed four years, afterwards disposing of 
 it, and purchasing 160 acres in Buena Vista 
 Township, in the same county, also partially 
 improved. When he had further improved tins 
 place he added 200 acres to it, 60 acres of which 
 were under the plow. Selling the farm to bis 
 son, James, in 1891, he went, in March, of that 
 year, to Audrain County. Mo., where he bought 
 some land, and also a bouse and lot in Central ia. 
 Boone County. In 1904 he sold the Audrain 
 County farm, and bought another, of 80 acres, in 
 Boone County. He now lives in Centralia, Mo., 
 where he owns considerable property, the man- 
 agement of which occupies his time. James T. 
 McGraw remained with his parents until he 
 reached the age of 26 years, bis education being 
 received in the district schools of Buena Vista 
 Township. After his marriage, he located on a 
 farm of 115 acres in that township. To this he 
 subsequently made additions, increasing his hold- 
 ings to SCO acres in Sections 5 and 8. 300 acres 
 of which is tillable land. There he lived until 
 the fall of 100(1. when lie moved to a farm of 
 so aires in Section 27. Littleton Township. In 
 1903, he purchased 120 acres in Section 22. and 
 in March, 1907. became the owner of the south- 
 west quarter of that section. This land is all 
 in one body, and of the highest agricultural qual- 
 ity. Resides general farming, he devotes con- 
 
882 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 siderable attention to raising horses, Shorthorn 
 cattle and Poland-China hogs. 
 
 On January 17, 1881, Mr. McGraw was united 
 in marriage w ith Cornelia Nelson, who was born 
 in Littleton Township, November 7, 18D6. re- 
 ceiving her education in the district schools in 
 the vicinity of her home, and in the Macomb 
 Normal School. Mrs. McGraw is a daughter of 
 Ted and Jane (Little) Nelson, natives of Penn- 
 sylvania. Her paternal grandparents were Henry 
 and Mary Ann (Teel) Nelson, born in Ohio, 
 and her grandparents on the maternal side, Rob- 
 ert and Eliza (Cunningham) Little, were na- 
 tives of Ireland. Five children blessed this un- 
 ion, as follows : Anna Lois, born October 31, 
 1884, now the wife of William Lenhart, of Buena 
 Vista Township: Ruth E., born February 1, 
 1886, who married Roy D. Winters, of Scotland 
 Township, McDonough County. 111.; Vera M., 
 born March 9, 1890, who is at home; Beulah A., 
 born October 28, 1894; and Julia M.. born Octo- 
 ber 30, 1897. 
 
 Politically, Mr. MeGraw is identified with the 
 Democratic party, and wields a strong influence 
 in local politics. While a resident of Buena 
 Vista Township, he served one term as Collector, 
 and has held the office of Assessor one year in 
 Littleton Township. In April. 1906, he was 
 elected Supervisor of the latter township for a 
 term of two years. He is one of the leading 
 farmers of Schuyler County, and in connection 
 with the civic affairs of the community, main- 
 tains a high standing. 
 
 McKEE, William (deceased). — Out in the open 
 twilight, within sight of the old and loved ances- 
 tral home, and within the shadow of the trees 
 that he had fostered for more than seventy years, 
 the long, stirring life of William McKee came 
 to an end December 17, 1897. He died almost 
 on the site of the place where, as a lad, nearly 
 three score years before, he had worked to assist 
 in the erection of a home in what was then a 
 wilderness. He loved the scenes of his child- 
 hood, and after he had satisfied that intense 
 longing for a stirring life, so readily vouchsafed 
 to the youth of the early 'thirties and 'forties. 
 he returned to the home of his father, and there, 
 amid its peace and quiet, honored by all, be 
 enjoyed the well-earned fruits of his early labor. 
 Although he there lived the uneventful life of a 
 farmer, he retained to the last what may !"• 
 called the pioneer disposition, being in spirit and 
 habits an unaffected man of the people. While 
 he made no religious pretensions, he was blessed 
 with that kindly spirit which prompted him to 
 assist those in want without embarrassing them 
 with a sense of obligation. In bis last days he 
 was cheered by the companionship of the aged 
 wife and his daughter and only surviving child, 
 who is now the wife of C. L. DeWitt, of Rush- 
 ville, 111. 
 
 It was in April, 182(1. that Mr. McKee was 
 brought to Schuyler County. He was born in 
 Crawford County, Ind.. January 22. 1813. His 
 father came here in the preceding year, and the 
 
 rich and attractive country of Central Illinois 
 had induced him to seek a home in the new, wild 
 region. He returned to Indiana, and in April, 
 1820, brought his family here. In the party be- 
 sides the family who came to Schuyler County, 
 were Joel Tullis, Charles Hammond. Isaac Lin- 
 der, Vincent Westfall and James Thompson. Hav- 
 ing purchased for $100, 100 acres of land in 
 Section 18, Rushville Township, the father, with 
 the assistance of his thirteen-year old son. com- 
 menced to prepare the way lor his wife and six 
 children. The site of Rushville. almost adjoin- 
 ing their place, had been selected as the county- 
 seat in the preceding February, but was still 
 but a town on paper. Mr. McKee staked his 
 claim not on the clear, fertile prairie which 
 stretched for miles around, but along the wooded 
 banks of the creek. The log cabin which the 
 father and son erected was of the pioneer type. 
 with trimmed logs for the walls and the roof of 
 clapboards. Mr. McKee went back to Indiana 
 shortly afterwards, but soon returned, bringing 
 with him the tools and machinery necessary in 
 the construction of a grist mill, and finally set- 
 ting up a band-mill run by horse-power. He de- 
 veloped a thriving business, people coming even 
 from Rock Island to have their grain ground. 
 There was also a blacksmith's shop in the near 
 neighborhood, and both establishments did a 
 thriving business from the start. Sac and Fox 
 Indians moved farther north with the coming of 
 the early settlers, but along Spoon River, in 
 Fulton County, there remained a large band. 
 members of which often came to the mill and 
 blacksmith shop. They were lazy but peaceable, 
 and gave the pioneers of this region little trou- 
 ble. On the McKee farm is still to be seen a 
 silent memorial of aboriginal days in the form 
 of an Indian trail, which may be traced through 
 a beautiful stretch of woods, once a favorite ren- 
 dezvous of the dusky sons of the forest and 
 prairie. Mr. McKee not only operated his grist 
 mill, but soon after putting it in operation, con- 
 structed a saw-mill, in the early 'thirties erect- 
 ing a dam across Sugar Creels and operating the 
 latter by water-power. There were several mill 
 sites on that stream, the McKee dam being lo- 
 cated at what is known as the Main Ford, where 
 the creel; is crossed by the road from Rushville 
 to Browning. 
 
 In those days one need not go far abroad in 
 search of thrilling adventures, and the hardy 
 race of pioneers who battled against such odds 
 in order to found and maintain their homes have 
 their reward in the permanent extension of Amer- 
 ican civilization and the profound gratitude of 
 their immediate descendants. The McKee fam- 
 ily experienced all the adventures and suffered 
 all the hardships of pioneer life. Its members 
 struggled through the awful winter of the deep 
 snow (1831) when the level prairie was buried 
 four to five feet deep, and the ravines were filled 
 to the hilltops. 
 
 William McKee. the son. was the last of the 
 one hundred and fifty volunteers in Schuyler 
 County to answer Governor Reynold's call for a 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 883 
 
 force to drive Black Hawk and bis murderous 
 baud beyond the bounds of Illinois. During the 
 winter of 1831-32 the crafty chief bad mustered 
 bis warriors on the Iowa side of the Mississippi 
 for the purpose of invading this State, aud the 
 alarmed settlers had called upon the Governor 
 lor protection. The one hundred aud fifty volun- 
 teers from Schuyler County gathered at Rush- 
 ville in April. 1832, and were-eloquently addressed 
 by William Marinshall before starting for 
 Beardstown, Cass County, the general point of 
 rendezvous. They had furnished their own arms 
 and equipments. Mr. McKee, who was then nine- 
 teen years of age, having been furnished by bis 
 father with a wagon and a team of horses. Abra- 
 ham Lincoln, with his company, encamped over 
 night half a mile north of Rushville. The en- 
 tire force of the State finally marched toward 
 Rock Island, and later, in what is now Ogle 
 County, met the disaster known as "Stillman's 
 defeat." In this engagement eleven whites and 
 eight .Indians were killed, and after tbe battle. 
 Mr. McKee drove over the field and carried six 
 of the dead soldiers to a place where the bodies 
 were safe from the danger of mutilation. 
 
 In 1830. because of ill-health. Mr. McKee went 
 to that vast northwestern region then known as 
 Oregon, where be remained for a year, exploring 
 tbe country and regaining bis strength. He re- 
 turned home, one of tbe main incidents of his 
 trip being the formation of an intimate friend- 
 ship witli Dr. Marcus Whitman, who saved that 
 part of the country now including Oregon. Wash- 
 ington, and Idaho, to tbe United States. During 
 his first trip to tbe Oregon country Mr. McKee 
 was employed by him in a grist mill for about 
 six months. In the winter of 1842-43 Dr. Whit- 
 man rode from Oregon to Washington, a distance 
 of 3,000 miles, for the purpose of arousing the 
 interest of statesmen at the National capital in 
 tbe vast natural wealth of the Oregon region. 
 and thwarting the attempt of the British Hudson 
 Bay Company to exclude American settlers and 
 make it a province of Great Britain. He was so 
 far successful in his mission as to receive the 
 sanction of the United States Government in his 
 project of leading an emigrant train of 875 
 hardy American pioneers into the coveted terri- 
 tory. This bold and wise action undoubtedly 
 saved this grand region as a part of the public 
 domain of the United States. In November. 1847, 
 this patriotic and intrepid man was murdered, 
 with his wife and twelve other members of his 
 household, by the Cayuse Indians. 
 
 In the early part of the year just mentioned. 
 Mr. McKee, with his brother, Joel, and Joel 
 Tullis and the latter's family, started overland 
 for the far-distant Oregon country, with which 
 the first named was already quite familiar. The 
 trip was filled with hardship and sorrow, es- 
 pecially to Mr. Tullis. two of whose children 
 died on tbe way and were buried along the In- 
 dian trails where they happened to breathe away 
 their young lives. Soon after their arrival the 
 settlers of the country were stirred profoundly 
 by the Whitman tragedy, and a call was issued 
 
 to quell the Indian uprising, of which this was 
 the leading event. Mr. McKee was naturally 
 one of tbe first to offer his services, and although 
 he was in the thick of the three months' cam- 
 paign which comprised the active part of the 
 conflict with the Indians, he escaped without in- 
 jury. From Oregon, in 1849, he went to Cali- 
 fornia, where for three years be tasted of the 
 feverish life of the early gold-miners, but in 
 1852 returned to the old homestead in Schuyler 
 County, and seemed never again to wish to leave 
 its atmosphere "f peace and contentment. For 
 forty-five years thereafter he lived a quiet life 
 of integrity, industry and broad usefulness, and 
 finally passed away at the age of eighty-four, 
 without a moment of pain — as a candle light, 
 which quietly burns to the socket and expires. 
 
 In 1853 Mr. McKee was united in marriage to 
 Sarah C. Wilmot, and five daughters were born 
 to their union: .Mrs. Henry llite. Mrs. Samuel 
 Ii. Wheelhouse, Mary C. and Meta McKee, and 
 Mrs. Cyrus L. DeWi'tt. I See sketch of Cyrus L. 
 DeWitt in another portion ol this history.) Mrs. 
 McKee and her daughter, Mrs. DeWitt. are the 
 only surviving members of this honored pioneer 
 family, and. having removed from tbe old home- 
 stead, the venerable widow is living in honored 
 retirement with her daughter in Rushville. Tbe 
 former still owns the beautiful farm, which was 
 the scene of her early joys and sorrows, and 
 which she so faithfully shared with her honored 
 husband. After coming to Schuyler County, four 
 more children (making ten in all) were added 
 to i he family of the elder McKee, and of this 
 number none is now surviving. 
 
 McLAREN, Harry E.— Tbe Schuyler County 
 Herald was established at Rushville. 111., Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1901, by Harry E. McLaren, a young 
 man Whose journalistic experience lias been fur- 
 ther enriched by tbe publication of the Astoria 
 Argus for ten years. The Herald maintains a 
 Democratic policy, and in general trend, is a 
 vehicle and moulder of the most advanced public 
 opinion. 
 
 Mr. McLaren was born in Astoria, Fulton 
 County. 111.. June 3. 1874, and comes of a family 
 of which much reasonably might be expected. He 
 is a son of Robert F. and Amanda (Lane) Mc- 
 Laren, natives of Fulton and Schuyler Counties, 
 respectively, of whom the former enjoys the dis- 
 tinction of having been one of the most promi- 
 nent and public spirited men of Astoria tor al- 
 most half a century. He was Justice of tbe 
 Peace tor thirty-two years, and during that time 
 united two hundred and twenty-seven couples 
 in marriage. For eighteen years he was a no- 
 tary Public, for eleven years Township Clerk, 
 for six years City Clerk, Assessor for two terms, 
 and member of the Board of Education for 
 many years. In 1003 he became a member of 
 the retired colony of Rushville. 
 
 Harry E. McLaren was educated in the public 
 
 SCI Is of Astoria and Drake University of Iowa. 
 
 He began at the bottom round of the journalistic 
 ladder by learning the printer's trade, gradually 
 
SS-1 
 
 HLSTOBY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 making his way to tbe front office of the Astoria 
 Argus, over whose editorial destiny he presided 
 for ten years. Mr. McLaren is prominent socially, 
 and is identified with the Masons, Independent 
 Order of Odd fellows, the Modern Woodmen of 
 America, and other fraternities. His personality 
 is pleasing, and he has the tact and good judg- 
 ment which keeps the wide awake newspaper 
 man on good terms with himself and the world 
 in general. 
 
 general farming, Mr. McMillen has found leis- 
 ure to participate in public affairs. He has been 
 connected with the Independent Order of Odd 
 Fellows and the Modem Woodmen of America, 
 and has been a stanch worker in the interests of 
 the Democratic party. Besides serving as Super- 
 visor, as before stated, he has tilled the positions 
 of Collector and Assessor of his township, and 
 in every relation of life, has proved a patriotic 
 and progressive citizen. 
 
 McMILLEN, Gilbert.— The enviable standing 
 of .Mr. McMillen among the people of Oakland 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., where he was 
 born and where he has made his lifelong home, 
 may be appreciated from the statement that six 
 consecutive times they have chosen him to rep- 
 resent them on the Board of County Supervisors. 
 Though elected by the Democrats as their nomi- 
 nee, he is popular with representatives of all 
 parties, and during his twelve years of service 
 on the board he was a stanch supporter of pro- 
 gressive enterprises contributory to the progress 
 of the county, while at the same time aiming by 
 his influence and ballot to conserve the interests 
 of the tax-payers. 
 
 The genealogy of the McMillen family can be 
 traced back to Scotland, but several generations 
 have lived in the United States. John McMillen, 
 a native of Ohio, born in 1815, came to the then 
 unknown frontier of Illinois during early man- 
 hood, and in Schuyler County, in 184:;, be mar- 
 ried Margaret Pittenger, who was born in Vir- 
 ginia in 1823, and came with her parents to 
 Illinois, settling in Schuyler County in 1830. 
 Since that time she has remained at the old 
 homestead, now operated by her son, Gilbert. 
 Her husband died in 18SS. at the age of seventy- 
 three, after a long and useful live devoted to 
 agricultural pursuits. They were the parents 
 of eleven children, but three of these died in 
 early life. Eight are now living, namely; Sa- 
 rah, who married William H. Baxter, a farmer 
 in Littleton Township ; Mary, the widow of Wil- 
 liam Billingsley. living in Bushville Township 
 on a farm; Belle, who married William Bly, a 
 farmer near Macomb. HI.; Nicholas, of Macomb; 
 Margaret, at home; Gilbert; Henry, who is now 
 in the West : and Ollie. wife of Charles Vertive, 
 station agent at Elmwood. Ills., for the Chicago. 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway Company. 
 
 The McMillen homestead, on Section 26. Oak- 
 land Township, where Gilbert McMillen now re- 
 sides, is his birthplace, the date of his birth 
 being January 1, 1857. During boyhood he at- 
 tended the district school near the farm. On 
 December 23, 1896, he was united in marriage 
 with Mira. daughter of Peter Rose, an early set- 
 tler of Schuyler County, having removed hither 
 from Michigan. Mr. and Mrs. McMillen have 
 four children, namely; Harry, born January 20, 
 1898; Phoebe, January 29. 1900; Mildred. " July 
 2. 1901 ; and Mabel, May 25, 1903. The family 
 attend the Methodist Church, of which Mrs. 
 McMillen is an active member. While devoting 
 himself with assiduous care to stock raising and 
 
 MEAD, Dr. Mary Ward, a prominent practicing 
 physician of Camden, Schuyler County, 111., was 
 born in her present place of residence, October 
 2, 1872, a daughter of Jas. N. and Martha (Par- 
 rish) Ward, the former a native of Camden. 111., 
 and the latter of Macoupin County, 111. Her pa- 
 rents were married in Schuyler County, and the 
 father, alter pursuing the life of a farmer, is 
 now living in retirement with his daughter, Dr. 
 Mary Ward Mead, the wife and mother having 
 died July 16, 1887. Joseph N. Ward, the pa- 
 ternal grandfather of the subject of this sketch, 
 who was a pioneer settler of Schuyler County, 
 was a native of Kentucky. The father, James 
 X. Ward, is a Republican in politics, though not 
 a politician in the sense of being an office-seeker, 
 and has been a life-long member of the Chris- 
 tian Church. 
 
 In her childhood and youth, Mrs. Mead at- 
 tended the primary school at Nebo. near her 
 birthplace and later, the public school at Hunts- 
 ville. Schuyler County. She began her profes- 
 sional career as a trained nurse in the Mercy 
 Hospital at Keokuk, Iowa, during this period 
 having charge of laparotomy cases, the treat- 
 ment of which, with a single exception, proved 
 successful. On October 2, 1889, she was married 
 at Huntsville. 111., to Dr. Richard Homer Mead. 
 whose biography appears on another page in this 
 connection. After her marriage, she studied 
 medicine under the tutorship of her husband, and 
 as the latter became less active, proved a useful 
 assistant in his extended practice, her previous 
 training as a profssional nurse, qualifying her to 
 enter upon a collegiate course. She then attended 
 the College of Thysicians and Surgeons at Keo- 
 kuk, la., from which she graduated with high 
 honors in the Class of 1S97. After graduation, 
 she returned to her home at Camden. 111., and 
 engaged in active practice in which she has met 
 with marked success, both in growth of patron- 
 age and its extension in wider fields, her reputa- 
 tion as a practitioner having extended into ad- 
 joining counties. She is a member of the Schuy- 
 ler County Medical Society and the International 
 Medical Society, and fraternally, is identified 
 with the Order of the Eastern Star and the 
 Royal Neighbors, being Martha of the former 
 and Camp Physician of tbe latter. 
 
 Dr. and Mrs. Mead are the parents of three 
 children, namely: Miss Clara Briscoe, born April 
 26, 1891 ; Miss Andrew Jackson, born December 
 IS. 1893; and Hughes Barrow, born April 10, 
 1898. Each of the older children has received a 
 superior education, the daughters being grad- 
 
HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 ss;, 
 
 uates oi tlic High School, and having begun their 
 
 college course in September, RXJ5, Clara intend- 
 ing to study medicine, and her sister, to become 
 a nurse. They are especially well trained in 
 music, often being called upon to take part in 
 public entertainments, in which they have been 
 remarkably successful. Both parents and chil- 
 dren are members of the Christian Church. The 
 heads of this family, engaged in a like profes- 
 sional task, are living harmonious and useful 
 lives, in which they are able, while co-operating 
 with each other, to benefit a wide circle of pat- 
 rons. 
 
 MEAD, Richard Homer, M. D— Rarely do men 
 in the medical profession express the many 
 sidedness and versatility found in Dr. Richard 
 Homer Mead, an eminent practitioner of Canu 
 den. 111., and known also as a soldier during the 
 Civil War. as a writer of more than average 
 force and elegance, as a politician of integrity 
 and wide uselulness, and as a promoter of edu- 
 cation,- sanitation, fraternities and general com- 
 munity interests. Dr. Mead is a native of Schuy- 
 ler County, and was born January 16, 1847, a 
 son of Andrew .1. and .Mary (Briscoe) Mead, long 
 residents of Huntsville, in the same county. 
 
 Primarily, Dr. Mead was educated in the pub- 
 lic schools of Huntsville. but owing to interrup- 
 tions in bis youth, his higher training has been 
 largely self acquired. As was the case with 
 thousands of the boys of the land, his principal 
 and most developing experience was the Civil 
 War, which broke over the country when he had 
 attained to barely sixteen years. Enlisting in 
 Company K, Eighth Iowa Cavalry, at Camp Rob- 
 erts, Davenport, Iowa, he went with his company 
 to Nashville, Term.; ami during the winter 
 of 1S63-4 was on duty in the mountains of Ten- 
 nessee. With the coming of spring his company 
 was on the left wing of General McCook's cav- 
 alry, and with Sherman's army advanced on 
 Atlanta. After engaging in fighting for one hun- 
 dred days the regiment returned northward, and 
 was the first to oppose Hood's crossing the Ten- 
 nessee river, an effort which resulted in defeat, 
 although later they prevented his advance at 
 Duck River. After the Battle of Nashville they 
 continued to pursue the wily Confederate general 
 to the Tennessee river. In the spring of 1865, 
 Croxton's brigade became detached from Wil- 
 son's corps, successfully fighting the Battle of 
 Selma, but was unable to return to the command 
 and became known as the "lost brigade." It 
 Inn-ill its way and roamed at will over Ala- 
 bama, being in two mountain engagements. Af- 
 ter the surrender of Lee, neither the oppos- 
 ing Federal cavalry nor Croxton's command had 
 any knowledge of the event until two weeks 
 after its occurrence. Later the regiment was 
 sent in pursuii of Jefferson Davis to Macon, Ga., 
 and August lis. 1865, .Mr. Mead was mustered 
 out of the service, having proved himself a sol- 
 dier of rare courage and endurance. He was 
 taken prisoner on the McCook raid in the rear 
 of Atlanta, but escaped in a few hours. Not so 
 
 his fellow brethren at arms, for fully half of the 
 company died in Andersonville prison. 
 
 Returning to his home iu Illinois, Dr. Mead 
 continued the study of medicine begun before he 
 had donned the uniform of the Union soldier. 
 His first professional instructor was his father, 
 and in November. 1865, he entered the College of 
 Physicians & Surgeons at Keokuk, Iowa, graduat- 
 ing therefrom in the Class of 1867. Locating iu 
 Huntsville, 111., he practiced until 1872 with his 
 lather, going then to Texas, where, lor five years, 
 he was connected witli the I. & G. N. Railroad 
 Company. During 1S78-!) he attended the St. 
 Louis Medical College, and then resumed his 
 practice at Huntsville, which he continued until 
 1884. Although his educational opportunities 
 seemed not to warrant the experiment, the doc- 
 tor applied to the civil service commission for 
 examination, and upon passing in the class at 
 Burlington, 111., he was appointed pension clerk 
 at Washington, D. C, August 18, 1885, being the 
 fifteenth man from Illinois to pass the examina- 
 tion. March 2, 1885, he became a permanent 
 member of Class 1, and iu October, of the same 
 yen, he was promoted to class 2. On April 24. 
 Ism., he was detailed to the field as special ex- 
 aminer in Maine, New Hampshire and New 
 York, and December 28, 1886, resigned his posi- 
 tion, but being an honorably discharged soldier, 
 be can re-enter the service without examination 
 whenever inclination dictates. 
 
 Returning to Huntsville, the doctor engaged in 
 a general medical and surgical practice until 
 locating in Camden. He is one of the lust known 
 and most highly reputed practitioners in his part 
 of the county. In spite of his other interests 
 has never allowed aught to interfere with a con- 
 scientious discharge ol professional obligations, 
 and cold, heat or storm have never been known 
 to keep him within the shelter of his home when 
 duty called. lie is the genial friend and depend- 
 able adviser in hundreds of families, and has 
 presided at the entrances and exits of many of the 
 foremost people of the community. He has left 
 no stone unturned to advance his usefulness and 
 add to his opportunities, and has been a constant 
 attendant at professional conventions, including 
 that of the National Columbian Medical Asso- 
 ciation at Washington, D. C, iu 1884-5-6. 
 
 The doctor was physician of the Illinois South- 
 ern Penitentiary for four years, and served two 
 years as Assistant Superintendent of the State 
 Insane Asylum at Chester. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Mead and Mary, daugh- 
 ter of James N. and Martha (Parrish) Ward, 
 occurred October 3, 1S89, and this union re- 
 sulted iu two daughters, Clara Briscoe. Andrew- 
 Jackson, and a son, Hughes Barrow. A bio- 
 graphical record of Dr. Mary Mead appears on 
 another page in this volume. Dr. Mead is an ar- 
 dent fraternalist, and is identified w-ith Hunts- 
 ville Lodge No. 465. A. F. & A. M. ; Augusta 
 Chapter No. 78, It. A. M. : Almoner Commandery 
 No. .".2, K. T. : and Cyclone Lodge No. 635, I. O. 
 O. F., of which he is a charter member and one 
 of the organizers. He is prominent in Grand 
 
886 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY 
 
 Army circles, always attends local and national 
 encampments, and is a member of George A. 
 Brown Post, No. 417. 
 
 He is a consistent and active member of the 
 Christian Church of Camden. In politics he is a 
 strong Republican, and was a delegate from 
 Schuyler County to the famous ■•deadlock" State 
 Convention of 1904, supporting Gov. Yates to 
 the end. 
 
 MESSERER, Anthony (deceased), one of the 
 best known men and most successful farmers 
 among the early settlers of Frederick Township, 
 Schuyler County, 111., whose career reflected 
 lasting credit upon the home of his adoption, was 
 born in Germany in 1796. Of his parentage and 
 family history, all records have been lost in the 
 lapse" of time. Together with an elder brother, 
 Anthony crossed the Atlantic when six years old, 
 the brother being seized with yellow fever on 
 the passage, from which he died, his body being 
 buried at sea. The young lad, thus left alone, 
 completed the voyage to a port on the West In- 
 dia Islands, and was bound out to a Spaniard. 
 There he stayed until be was twenty-one years 
 old, when his Spanish master set him free. 
 After traveling for some time he finally came to 
 the United States, settling in Pennsylvania. In 
 the West Indies, he had been employed on a large 
 plantation in charge of negroes, and on arriving 
 in this country he applied himself to farm work. 
 Subsequently, he journeyed westward to St. 
 Louis and Peoria, and later to Schuyler County, 
 111., where about 1834 he entered up a tract of 
 government land in Frederick Township. But 
 one dwelliug had been built in the locality where 
 he settled, and Indians still lingered about, wild 
 game also being plentiful. For marketing, it 
 was necessary for him to make trips to Beards- 
 town. 
 
 In Pennsylvania, Mr. Messerer made the ac- 
 quaintance of Jlargaretta Weaver, a native of 
 Harrisburg, that State, whom he married about 
 1833, and alter spending some time in Peoria, 
 111., and later in St. Louis, in 1834, settled on a 
 farm in Frederick Township, Schuyler County, 
 there being then but one house in Frederick. He 
 there bought 320 acres of land and through in- 
 dustrious habits and frugal management, finally 
 became the owner of more than 800 acres, and 
 one of the most extensive farmers in that vicin- 
 ity. He was a member of the Board of Super- 
 visors for Frederick Township for many years. 
 A member of the Masonic fraternity, he was a 
 Lutheran in religious faith, his wife being a 
 Christian. Mr. Messerer died in 1859, and his 
 wife on November 10, 1881, having survived her 
 husband twenty-two years. 
 
 Of five children born to Mr. and Mrs. Mes- 
 serer, two died in infancy ; Joseph, after spend- 
 ing his youth on the home farm, of which he took 
 charge after the death of his father for three 
 years, entered into the mining business in Cali- 
 fornia, about 18S0 going to Chili, South America, 
 where he was superintendent of a mine until his 
 death some years since; Elizabeth (now de- 
 
 ceased) married Hudson M. Deane of Frederick, 
 111., February 17, 1850, and died March 3. 1902, 
 having borne her husband seven children, of 
 whom four died in infancy ; and Louisa, born 
 in 1844, on February 8, 1865, married Davis H. 
 Curry, who died May 17, 1873. On January 1, 
 1879, she married Benjamiii F. Rebnian of Fred- 
 erick, and is now the only member of her father's 
 family still living. Five children were born of 
 the first union, of whom Amos, Bert, Beulah and 
 David Curry (the last two twins) are still liv- 
 ing, and three of the second union, of whom Gail 
 and Herman Rebman are living, the former a 
 teacher and the latter with his parents on the 
 farm. ( See sketch of Benjamin F. Rebman in 
 another part of this volume). 
 
 MILBY, Edward T— In the mind of Edward 
 T. Milby the fast fading pioneer history of Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., remains a vivid and enduring 
 memory. His life is of the home-spun kind, a 
 record of hard work performed with cheerfulness 
 and intelligence, of obstacles surmounted with 
 vigor and determination, and of sacrifices made 
 with tine Christian courage and fortitude. Inci- 
 dents of early times recalled by him are tree 
 felling, stump pulling with oxen, log cabin rear- 
 ing, plowing, cultivating and harvesting with the 
 crudest of agricultural implements, spinning, 
 weaving, tallow dip making, flint fire lighting, 
 husking bees, barn raisings, apple parings and 
 church "socials" and donations. In all of these 
 Mr. Milby took an active interest, although cer- 
 tain of them fell to the lot of the women mem- 
 bers of his own and his father's household. In 
 his present leisure he delights to recall the com- 
 parative quiet of a time long since elapsed, and 
 to contrast it with the nerve-racking, competi- 
 tion-torn age in which his declining years are 
 being spent. 
 
 Mr. Milby is one of the wealthy retired farm- 
 ers of Rushville, 111., and all that he has is the 
 result of his own untiring exertions. He was 
 born in the State of Delaware, August 4, 1835, 
 and is a son of Nathaniel and Eliza J. (Wilson) 
 Milby, also natives of Delaware. The father de- 
 veloped the pioneering inclination and sold his 
 Delaware property in 1839. and in the winter of 
 1840, with his wife and four children, undertook 
 the journey to Illinois which consumed the 
 greater part of the season. Edward T. Milby re- 
 members well this arduous journey, although he 
 was but five years old, and especially that part 
 made on the canal, through which they were 
 drawn on a boat by a single horse. During this 
 portion of the trip the older members of the fam- 
 ily walked for a considerable distance along the 
 tow path, probably out of consideration for the 
 poor, overworked horse, whose lot certainly was 
 not an enviable one. The journey was continued 
 in a covered wagon, and the arrival in Frederick, 
 Schuyler County, was not calculated to inspire 
 enthusiasm for the country to which the way- 
 farers had so laboriously and hopefully tended. 
 The day was bitterly cold, the snow penetrated 
 the chinks of the wagon, and the wind swirled 
 
(l^z5dL£7Z~p/.^t 
 
 J 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 887 
 
 across the prairies, striking a dreary chill to 
 the heart of even the most courageous. Finding 
 no desirahle resting place, the little party soon 
 after pushed on to Rushville, making the small 
 village their home until the following spring. 
 The father then located on a rented farm, and 
 in the fall of 1841, hought eighty acres of land 
 east of Rushville, in the township of that name. 
 The timber on this land was dense and varied, 
 and arduous tasks confronted the settlers. To 
 the small log cabin which they found on the 
 land, the father added, as such addition became 
 necessary, until finally he had what was called 
 a double log cabin. In this bumble abode were 
 born the rest of the children, in all eleven, eight 
 of whom attained maturity. Three of these still 
 survive, namely : Edward T. ; Zadoc L. ; and 
 Dora, wife of David Wray, a farmer of Johnson 
 County, Iowa. Zadoc now owns and occupies 
 the old homestead. 
 
 Three years after the close of the Civil War 
 (in 1S6S) the log house was torn down and a 
 modern, six-room, two-story, frame dwelling was 
 erected. This was made possible largely through 
 the efforts of Edward T. and Zodae, who so faith- 
 fully had worked at grubbing trees and hazel 
 bushes, using oxen for the task, and hitching a 
 chain around the stump or bush at which the 
 strong animals tugged until accomplishing the 
 task. The mother, in the meantime, rocked the 
 cradle with one foot, while with the other she 
 ran the spinning wheel; and later she made her 
 cloth into jeans for her sons and into dresses for 
 her daughters. Her toil seemed never ending, 
 and her working day extended from the rising 
 to the setting of the sun. The father lived to 
 see eighty acres of his land cleared and under 
 the plow, and he was in fairly prosperous cir- 
 cumstances at the time of bis death, July 28, 
 1873. The wife who had shared his hard labors 
 did not long survive him. her death occurring on 
 October 12. next following. They had occupied 
 the same farm continuously for thirty-two years, 
 and were among the honored and influential peo- 
 ple of the township. 
 
 Among the first of the children to leave the 
 old Milby homestead was Edward T., who, with 
 a practical education acquired under great diffi- 
 culties, and an amount of farm experience which 
 fitted him for conducting almost any agricul- 
 tural enterprise, was married, in November, 
 1860, to Lizzie Hillis. and thereupon settled on a 
 rented farm in Iluntsville Township. In 1865 
 he purchased a small piece of land in Buena 
 Vista Township, and there his wife died the fol- 
 lowing November, leaving him with the care of 
 three children, of whom Frank is deceased ; 
 Clement is a farmer in Schuyler County; and 
 Lizzie is the wife of Frank Haughduffer. of Los 
 Angeles, California. In 1873 Mr. Milby was 
 united in marriage to Lizzie J. Davidson, and 
 from this union resulted two children; Walter, 
 a farmer of Oakland Township; and Ida, wife 
 of George Rogers, of Flagstaff, Arizona. Mrs. 
 Milby died in 1878, and on January 21, 1886, 
 Mr. Milby married Mary Bower, a native of 
 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, and an early resident of Schuy- 
 ler County. 
 
 Mr. Milby added frequently to his land until 
 he owned a large tract, 308 acres of which still 
 remains in his possession. He was industrious 
 and progressive, lived always within his income, 
 and was exceedingly conservative in adopting 
 new and untried methods of farming. In 1003 
 he left the farm and located in Rush vi lie, where 
 live also many of his friends of the strenuous 
 pioneer days. Politically, he has always been 
 on the side of the Democratic party, but has 
 steadfastly refused the honors of local office. 
 The Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he 
 has worshipped since early manhood, has prof- 
 ited continuously by his generosity and zeal, and 
 in all the walks of life, its teachings have been 
 his guide. 
 
 MILLER, Henry Franklin.— One of the best 
 authorities upon stock raising in Schuyler County 
 is Henry Franklin Miller, who, though young in 
 years, is old in experience and rich in knowl- 
 edge pertaining to this important branch of 
 farming. Mr. Miller comes honestly by his lik- 
 ing for stock and his apreciation of a fine ani- 
 mal. His father, John Henry Miller, whose in- 
 dustrious life is sketched elsewhere in this work. 
 instilled into him the tendencies since so strongly 
 developed, and the successful manipulation of 
 which have placed him among the men of wealth 
 and influence in Rushville Township. Mr. Miller 
 was burn in this township July 3, 1872, and was 
 educated in the district schools and the Itushville 
 Normal, spending two terms at the latter insti- 
 tution. Upon the completion of his student life 
 he entered into partnership with his father and 
 brother, Simon, operating the paternal farm of 
 460 acres, and raising principally cattle, hogs, 
 horses and sheep. Some of the best stock which 
 reached the Chicago market matured on this 
 farm during this partnership, and the three men 
 worked in harmony and with due regard for the 
 reputation and best interests of the stock com- 
 pany. 
 
 Upon the death of his father in 1002, Mr. Miller 
 continued in business with his brother until the 
 following year, when be rented his present farm 
 in Section 27, Rushville Township, which is a 
 pail of the old homestead, and to which be per- 
 manently succeeded upon the death of his mother, 
 and the division of the property. He has made 
 many fine improvements on his land, always 
 with the view of increasing his stock, and his 
 farm is a splendid example of the best things 
 known to country life at this stage of the world's 
 progress. In 1007 he erected an eight-room, two- 
 stury modern dwelling, having the latest devices 
 for comfort and convenience, and he has also 
 built a barn 36 by 44 feet, ground dimensions, 
 and eighteen feet to the eaves. He regards with 
 particular favor Hereford cattle and Poland- 
 China hogs, and has also a high grade of horses 
 and sheep. Keeping in close touch with the 
 markets, and supplying the best demands, he is 
 prospering in his affairs, and financially, faces 
 
sss 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 as hopeful a future as any man similarly em- 
 ployed in the county. 
 
 The bachelor life of Mr. Miller ended with his 
 marriage. July 25, 1900, to Carrie Kruse, who 
 was born in this township February 15, 1877, a 
 daughter of Henry Franz and Harriet (Bead) 
 Kruse, natives of Woodstock Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, the former a sou of Franz Henry D. 
 Kruse, a native of Germany, and a very early 
 settler of Schuyler County. Into the Miller 
 borne there have come two bright, happy children 
 to add good cheer to this household. They are: 
 Esther William, born June 21, 1905; and Harold 
 Henry, born January 21, 1908. Mr. Miller is a 
 stanch Republican, but not an office seeker. With 
 his wife, he is a member of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, although the latter was reared in 
 the Presbyterian faith. A pleasing personality 
 and a desire to be in harmony with his fellow 
 men have contributed much to the popularity and 
 success of Mr. Miller. He is a master of the 
 best ethics of business, and a promoter of the 
 principle that people receive about what they 
 give out in this world. 
 
 MILLER, John Henry (deceased), formerly an 
 extensive farmer of Schuyler County, 111., and 
 lather of Simon Burnett Miller, whose sketch 
 appears in this connection, was born in Bippen, 
 Hanover, Germany, November 4, 1824. He re- 
 ceived his early education in his native country 
 and in 1S44, at the age of about twenty years. 
 came to the United States, spending the first tew 
 months after his arrival in this country in War- 
 ren County, Mo., where one of his sisters had 
 settled at an earlier date. During the spring of 
 1845 lie came to Schuyler County, 111., first lo- 
 cating in Frederick Township where two of his 
 uncles, Henry and John Wilkey. had previously 
 settled. Here he was employed in various occu- 
 pations by the month, meantime attending school 
 at intervals until 1849, for the purpose of ac- 
 quiring a knowledge of the English language. In 
 that year, the period of the gold fever, he pur- 
 chased an ox-team and with Joel and Alford Hol- 
 land, two brothers of his future wife, he crossed 
 the plains to the Pacific Coast. As the wagon 
 was loaded with luggage, provisions and imple- 
 ments, much of the journey was made by the 
 adventurers on foot. On their arrival in the 
 gold region, the Holland brothers turned their 
 attention to keeping a hotel, while Mr. Miller 
 engaged in digging for the precious metal. After 
 spending nearly two years in the mining region, 
 he returned to Schuyler County in 1851, and 
 soon afterward bought 160 acres of timber land, 
 of which a previous occupant had cleared about 
 twenty acres, besides building thereon a log 
 cabin. Taking possession of this land in 1S52, 
 by later purchases he increased this holding to 
 940 acres, upon which he conducted farming 
 operations on a large scale and with profitable 
 results. 
 
 On February S. 1856, Mr. Miller was married 
 to Sarah F. Holland, who was born in Nashville, 
 Tcnn., January 20. 1839. a daughter of John 
 
 and Nancy (Kelly) Holland, early settlers of 
 Schuyler County. Mr. and Mrs. Miller became 
 the parents of two sons and six daughters as fol- 
 lows : Mary Louisa (Mrs. Dean) ; Emma Fran- 
 ces i Mrs. Armstrong); Nancy Isabella, Delia 
 May (Mrs. Kinsey) ; Dora Ann (Mrs. Drovey) ; 
 Franklin H. ; Anna E. (McCormick) ; and Simon 
 B„ who, with his sister, Isabelle, occupies the 
 old home place of 240 acres, which they now 
 own. John H. Miller's arduous and successful 
 lite came to an end February 13, 1902, the long- 
 time companion of his toils, privations and suc- 
 cesses passing away on February 28, 1905. They 
 left a reputation tor integrity and devotion to 
 the interests of their family, and of the commu- 
 nity, in which their children, while inheriting 
 the results of their faithful laboi'Sj take a just 
 pride. 
 
 MILLER, Simon Burnett, a well known and 
 respected farmer of Schuyler County, 111., resid- 
 ing on Section 34, Rushville Township, was born 
 on the place on which he now lives, July 22, 
 1865, the son of John Henry and Sarah Frances 
 (Holland) Miller, the former born in Bippen, 
 Hanover, Germany, November 4. 1824, and the 
 latter in Nashville, Tenn., January 20, 1839. (For 
 additional details of the Miller family history, 
 see sketch of John H. Miller in this connection). 
 Simon Burnett Miller grew up on the home farm 
 in Rushville Township, in the meantime receiv- 
 ing his educational training in the local district 
 schools, and thus by inheritance and association 
 acquiring those traits of character which have 
 led him to devote his energies to agricultural 
 pursuits, and have contributed to the success 
 which he has attained in that line. 
 
 Mr. Miller has never been married, but has 
 always remained under the parental roof, with 
 his sister, Isabelle, and his brother, Franklin H., 
 giving attention to the welfare of their parents 
 and looking after the large property of the fam- 
 ily. They occupy the home farm of 240 acres, 
 of which they are now the owners, besides hav- 
 ing an interest in other portions of the estate. 
 
 Inheriting the political faith of his father, 
 Mr. Miller is a supporter of the principles of the 
 Republican party, hut takes no active part in 
 political contests. In religious belief he is a 
 .Methodist, and enjoys the respect and confidence 
 of a large circle of friends. 
 
 MILLS, William Henry Harrison, was born in 
 'Moorefield, Harrison County. O., March 19,1840. 
 He is a son of Elias and Isabel Jane (Glandon) 
 Mills, natives of that State. Elias Mills devoted 
 many years to farming, but conducted a hotel 
 at Moorefield. Ohio, for a considerable period, 
 towards the end of his life he moved from 
 Moorefield to Millersburg, O.. where he died in 
 1893 at the age of eighty-two years. His wife 
 died when her son, William, was quite young. 
 They were the parents of six children, four of 
 whom are living, namely: William H. H. ; Theo- 
 dore C. : Lavina, widow of David Davis ; and 
 Mary E., wife of Stephen Lewis. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 8S9 
 
 In early youth Mr. Mills attended the com- 
 mon schools of his native place, completing his 
 education at Franklin College. New Athens, Ohio. 
 After leaving college, he taught school until the 
 Civil War broke out, when he enlisted under 
 the first call of the President for three months' 
 troops, joining the Thirteenth Regiment, Ohio 
 Volunteer Infantry. He served in West Virginia, 
 being detailed from the ranks as quartermaster 
 sergeant, and was honorably discharged Decem- 
 ber 31, 1861. Subsequently, he taught school 
 several years in Ohio, Illinois and Nebraska. In 
 the last named State he was for some time con- 
 nected with the Press, acting in the capacity of 
 editor of the "Political Forum." He also studied 
 law in that State and was admitted to the bar, 
 but never engaged in practice. The farming ex- 
 perience of Mr. Mills in Rushville Township, 
 Schuyler County, commenced in 1903, but in the 
 following year the farm dwelling tvas destroyed 
 by fire, and he then established his home in 
 Rushville. 111. 
 
 Mr. Mills was married at Macomb. McDonough 
 County, 111., October 2, 1895. On that date 
 Xeosha M. Tee] became his wife, Rev. J. H. 
 Brattan, of the Presbyterian Church, performing 
 the ceremony at his residence. Mrs. Mills was 
 born in Rushville Township, on November 28, 
 1S69, and is a daughter of James and Elizabeth 
 (Smith) Teel. A sketch of her father's life may 
 be found elsewhere in this volume. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Mills are the parents of three children, 
 namely : Ruth Elizabeth Teel, born June 22, 
 1S97; James Teel. born April 28. 1899; and 
 Theodore Roosevelt Teel, born March 25, 1901. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Mills is an earnest and stead- 
 fast Republican. He is a man of superior intel- 
 ligence and sound information, and takes a good 
 citizen's interest in public affairs. 
 
 MOORE, James. — The extremes of poverty and 
 affluence have met in the career of James Moore, 
 the pendulum of whose life has swung between a 
 rude log cabin, sixteen feet square, sheltering res- 
 olute pioneer parents and their twelve children, 
 and a beautiful home in Rushville, including 450 
 acres of as fine land as is to be found in Schuy- 
 ler County. Many useful lessons fall from the 
 life of this earnest, high-minded retired farmer, 
 and among these the value of industry, definite 
 purpose and belief in one's own good destiny are 
 by no means the least important. 
 
 Mr. Moore has far exceeded the biblical allot- 
 ment of life, being more than four-score years 
 old. He was born in Lincoln County, Ky.. Au- 
 gust 30, 1828, his parents, Thomas and Mary 
 ( Elmore 1 Moore, being natives of the same State, 
 in which one of his ancestors, from North Caro- 
 lint. settled previous to the Revolutionary War. 
 At the age of thirty-five, the elder Moore was 
 appointed a drillmaster of militia for the region 
 of Kentucky in which he lived, and served in 
 that capacity fur eight years. The family re- 
 moved from Kentucky to Schuyler County dur- 
 ing the fall of 1836, and located in what now is 
 Buena Vista Township, but which at that time 
 
 had not been visited by a surveyor, or platted In 
 even irregular fashion. The first surveyor was 
 a Mr. Edmonston, who also did the assessing 
 for the whole county. Mr. Moore was about 
 eight years of age w T hen brought to Schuyler 
 County, and his early experiences were along 
 hard and self-sacrificing lines. The constantly 
 increasing number of children in the Moore 
 household proved a drain upon the comparatively 
 meager resources of the crude farm, with its 
 cruder implements, but in spite of never ceasing 
 tasks during the summer, and but little leisure 
 in the winter, he gained a fair common school 
 education, and developed great self-reliance aud 
 determination. 
 
 The monotonous round of farm life remained 
 unabated fur Mr. Moore until the neighborhood 
 in which he lived became infected with the gold 
 fever in the early 'fifties. With characteristic 
 readiness to recognize and utilize the opportuni- 
 ties of life, he set to work to make his dream of 
 wealth come true, seeking for some way to reach 
 the opulent land, basking under the perpetual 
 California sun. The winter of 1852-53 found 
 hini busy with consultations and preparations 
 for the long jaunt across the plains, and in 
 March he started out with his cousin and a 
 friend, their equipment consisting of two yoke 
 el' sturdy oxen, a yoke of cows, a wagon with a 
 cov< r. and the necessary provisions for six 
 months on the road. The long train left the 
 Missouri River to encounter a thinly settled re- 
 gion, and upon the present site of Omaha was 
 an Indian trading post, surrounded by tlje huts 
 of a few courageous settlers. The travelers 
 made settlement in the northern part of Cali- 
 fornia, camping beside Snake Lake, which Mr. 
 Moore thought apropriately named, as thousands 
 of reptiles infested both lake and the immediate 
 country. Mr. Moore found work at Bidwell's 
 Bar for a time, whence he went to Hangtown, 
 and later to Placerville, where he remained un- 
 til 1855. He then returned home by way of 
 Panama and New York, reaching the latter place 
 February 1, 1855. His luck had been only that 
 of the average miner, but he had stored his 
 memory with a wealth of varied experience, and 
 had gained much of self-assurance and inde- 
 pendence from contact with the rough elements 
 of the mining camps. 
 
 Again in Schuyler County, Mr. Moore invested 
 his earnings in a farm of 140 acres in Oakland 
 Township, paying $800 down and going in debt 
 for a similar amount. Much timber and under- 
 growth abounded on the place, but when it was 
 cleared and the land tilled, he sold it at great 
 advance over the purchase price. He then pur- 
 chased 150 acres in Buena Vista Township, built 
 on it a fine residence, barns and outbuildings, 
 and in time added to it until he was the owner 
 of his preent farm of 450 acres. His land is fer- 
 tile and splendidly improved, and has been the 
 ^cene of important scientific operations in ac- 
 cordance with the best known methods. Mr. 
 Moore has also possessed keen business sagacity, 
 a trait which has belonged to many members of 
 
890 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 his family, and upon which all have prided 
 themselves. He is broad-minded and generous 
 enough to attribute much of his success to the 
 help and sympathy of a capable wife, whom he 
 married October 5, 1859, and who was formerly 
 Margaret I. Ellis, daughter of James Ellis, one 
 of the houored pioneer farmers of Schuyler 
 County. Six children have been born to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Moore, the first of whom died at the age 
 of seventeen months, and the second at the age 
 of live months. Lois, next in order of birth, is 
 living with her parents; Bertha is the deceased 
 wife of Joseph Clow, an attorney of Chicago; 
 and her only child. Margaret, is making her 
 home with her Grandfather Moore ; Mary is the 
 wile of Robert R. Jones, for some years Wash- 
 ington correspondent of the Chicago Inter-Ocean, 
 and later managing editor of that paper, and is 
 the mother of three children, Robert M., James 
 M. and Ellis R. ; and Harriet M. is the wife of 
 George Thomas, a belt manufacturer of Evans- 
 ton. 
 
 In INTO .Mr. Moore left his farm and located 
 in Rushville in order to educate his children, and 
 in 1893 lie went to Evanston in order that his 
 daughters might attend the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. In the education aud training of his 
 children he has maintained the same high stand" 
 ards and ideals which made his work as a farmer 
 worthy and successful, and, in their moral and 
 religious development, he has shown great con- 
 sideration .-ind forethought. All of the family are 
 members of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Of 
 the twelve children burn to Thomas and Mary 
 (Elmore) Moore, seven are now living, and all 
 are prosperous and honored members of the com- 
 munities in which they live. No geater contrasts 
 could picture human memory than those cher- 
 ished by Mr. Moore and his brothers and sisters. 
 The small farm of the establisher of the name 
 in this part of the State has been lost in the 
 properties of the Moore Brothers, which, in the 
 aggregate, would cover more than two square 
 miles. Gas and electricity are at the disposal 
 of these people who clasp hands with the crude 
 pioneer days, but all can recall how the cabin 
 was lighted by a tallow dip, and how the mother 
 I'll, n would be driven to the expediency of put- 
 ting her little brood to bed by the light of a 
 burning rag in an iron spoon filled with lard. 
 Throughout all of these changes Mr. Moore has 
 kept his nature serene and his heart young, and 
 today he is conscious of few of the infirmities 
 usually associated with men of his years. 
 
 MOORE, John D. — Upon no couple identified 
 with the retired farming population of Rushville 
 does the spirit of other days rest more tenderly 
 and impressively than upon John A. and Mary 
 A. (Turner) Moore. The lives of this devoted 
 and intelligent man and woman- — the former of 
 whom is eighty-two and the latter seventy-seven 
 years of age— express a degree of constancy and 
 philosophy rarely achieved by mortals who have 
 shared in a common struggle for so many years, 
 and this fact, as much as the one of financial 
 
 and general prosperity, entitles them to a warm 
 place in the hearts of the people, as it does in 
 the annals of Schuyler County. 
 
 Born on a farm in Kentucky, December 7, 
 1825, Mr. Moore is a son of Thomas and Mary 
 (Elmore) Moore, also natives of the Bourbon 
 State, who came overland with a covered wagon 
 and horses to Schuyler County at a very early 
 period in its history, locating on laud which 
 thus far was a stranger to the ways of the white 
 brethren of the plains. The father erected a 
 cabin near a stream, cleared a space for his first 
 crop, and eventually gained a modest fortune 
 for those depeudent upon his care. The son, 
 John D., had few early advantages, aud his 
 youth slipped by in the dull routine of farming, 
 his education being acquired in the subscription 
 school in the neighborhood of his home. He was 
 studious and ambitious, however, and saw beyond 
 the rim of the paternal acres. Especially was 
 he open to the chances around him, and when 
 glad tales of uutold wealth discovered on the 
 Pacific coast reached his quiet home, his alert 
 spirit responded with more than average fervor. 
 The winter of 1S4S-49 passed all too slowly for 
 the youth with golden dreams, and in bleak 
 March he joined an ox-train bound for Califor- 
 nia, starting from Brooklyn, Schuyler County, 
 and arriving at the south fork of the American 
 River, August 1- following. Good fortune at- 
 tended him almost from the first, and in one 
 day he took out three hundred dollars worth of 
 gold. On the south and middle forks of the 
 same river, he was equally fortunate, and in his 
 two years' absence from bis home he cleaned up 
 about $2,500. In the fall of 1851 be returned 
 to Schuyler County, fully satisfied with his so- 
 journ in the West, and on February 29, 1S52, 
 was united in marriage to Mary A. Turner, who 
 was born in Rushville, March S. 1831, a daugh- 
 ter of Samuel and Rachel (Robertson) Turner, 
 natives of Virginia and North Carolina, respect- 
 ively. Mr. and -Mrs. Turner were among the very 
 early pioneers of Schuyler County, coming here 
 from the South during 1829. They had three 
 children, the survivors of whom are Mrs. Moore 
 and Allen Turner, the latter a farmer of Buena 
 Vista Township. 
 
 While in California Mr. Moore sent home $400 
 to be invested in land in Buena Vista Township, 
 as his marriage was already a settled plan, aud 
 upon it was based his fortune-getting aspirations. 
 The young people settled upon this land directly 
 after their marriage, beginning housekeeping in 
 a rude log cabin with clapboards for shingles, 
 and the most primitive and incomplete furnish- 
 ings. To his first purchase he added ninety acres 
 after a few years, and thus had a farm of 150 
 acres, upon which he followed general farming 
 and stock raising for the rest of his active life. 
 More land was added as success in greater de- 
 gree came his way, and at the present time he is 
 the owner of 700 acres of fine land, practically 
 all under cultivation, and located in Littleton 
 and Buena Vista townships. In 1895 Mr. and 
 Mrs. Moore moved to the city of Rushville, 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEH COUNTY. 
 
 891 
 
 where they own and occupy a pleasant home, 
 which is the delight of their many friends, and 
 the center of never failing hospitality. Mr. Moore 
 has declared many times and oft that the most 
 fortunate event in his life was his marriage in 
 1852, for his wife has made his home a constant 
 joy, and his life a continuous inspiration to well 
 doing. Many have been the wedding anniversary 
 celebrations of this couple, but the best attended 
 and most important of all was the golden wed- 
 ding. March 1, 1892, when friends came to greet 
 and congratulate them from near and far, among 
 other tokens of their regard presenting the hus- 
 band witli a gold-headed eane, and the wife with 
 a gold thimble. Both are .justly proud of these 
 tokens of esteem, and are also proud of the fact 
 that their health is excellent, their spirits undi- 
 minished, and their interest in life as keen as 
 when they swelled the list of cabin builders in 
 the dawn of the county's history. Cheerfulness, 
 kindness and goodness abound in this comforta- 
 ble home, and from the lives of its occupants he 
 who would may read the value of these inesti- 
 mable qualities. 
 
 On the farm in Bueua Vista Township were 
 born the eleven children of Mr. and Mrs. Moore. 
 George T., the oldest son, is deserving of special 
 mention as a clergyman of unusual zeal and 
 high character. This minister was one of the 
 early settlers of Des Moines, la., and in youth 
 learned the balcksmith trade. Having no one to 
 build his church in Des Moines, and no money to 
 hire it built, he put on his blue jeans, went to 
 the concrete factory and made the fifteen hun- 
 dred blocks of concrete necessary for its con- 
 struction. He then^ with his own hands, put the 
 blocks together, finished the church in its every 
 detail, and started upon a ministry wmieh bore 
 wonderful fruit as the years passed, and kindlier 
 opportunities came the way of the zealous church 
 man. Of the other children. Andy died at the age 
 of nineteen years; Christopher died in infancy; 
 James P.. married Minnie Scott, and lives In 
 Sherman County, Ivans. ; Geneva, a resident of 
 Macomb. Ill, is the widow of Hardin L. Richey; 
 Mary A. is the wife of Sevalis Ross, of Buena 
 Vista Township ; Miner A. lives in Canada ; 
 Wheeler A. lives on the old farm and married 
 Carrie Boyd ; Anna B. is the wife of George 
 Demaree. a railroad man living in Danville, III., 
 and Peter lives with his parents. 
 
 hered to the faith of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, which was also the religious belief of 
 her husband. Politically, Solomon Moore voted 
 with the Democratic party. 
 
 During boyhood Lewis R. Moore attended the 
 district schools until he was fifteen years of 
 age, when lie started out to shape his own ca- 
 reer, and for many years was employed on farms 
 in the neighborhood. Later be turned his atten- 
 tion to carpentering, and was employed at this 
 trade during the summer months for several 
 years. In 1893 lie became clerk in a general 
 store in Ray, 111., where he was employed for 
 three years, and here his circle of acquaintances 
 was widened to include practically every one in 
 the township, and it was most natural that he 
 drifted into local politics, as he had a natural 
 aptitude for making friends. He was first elected 
 Collector of Oakland' Township in 189S and 
 served two terms, and in 1900 was elected As- 
 sessor, after which, in 1902, he was chosen to 
 fill the position of Township Clerk. During these 
 later years in which he was taking an interest 
 in local politics. Mr. Moore represented his town- 
 ship for several terms on the Democratic County 
 Central Committee, and was also the Ray corre- 
 spondent of the Rushville Times, and soon be- 
 came well known through the county as one of 
 the workers in the Democratic party. 
 
 In 1902 Mr. Moore was appointed Deputy 
 Sheriff under Felix Jackson, and so well did he 
 acquit himself in this office that in the following 
 campaign he was chosen as the party candidate 
 for Sheriff by a large majority, and at the elec- 
 tion on November 6, 1906, he received a majority 
 of "'liT votes. In the administration of his office 
 Mr. Moore has proven himself to be efficient, 
 capable, honorable and thoroughly fearless, a 
 champion of justice and a firm upholder of the 
 law. 
 
 On May 16, 1906, Mr. Moore was united in 
 marriage with Mrs. Anna Neeley, daughter of 
 John Greer one of the pioneers of Littleton 
 Township, and upon his election as Sheriff he 
 and his wife took up their residence in Schuyler 
 County's handsome new jail. In his fraternal 
 relations Mr. Moore is a member of the Inde : 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows. Knights of Py- 
 thias. Modern Woodmen of America and Mystic 
 Workers. Mr. and Mrs. Moore are members of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 MOORE, Lewis Ross, Sheriff of Schuyler 
 County, 111. was born in Oakland Township. 
 Schuyler County. September 1(5, 1864, and is a 
 son of Solomon and Sarah Jane (Logan) Moore. 
 The father, a native of Kentucky, became a resi- 
 dent of Schuyler County in 1854, buying a farm 
 on Section 27, Oakland Township, where he 
 died July 18. 1S77. aged sixty-two years. His 
 wife was a daughter of Joseph Logan, who came 
 to Littleton Township when wolves were plenti- 
 ful and wild game abundant. After the death 
 of Solomon Moore, his widow made her home 
 with her children and died March 0. 1901. at the 
 age of seventy-five years. In religion she ad- 
 
 M00RE. Reuben Menephe. — The magic word, 
 success, lias hovered over the Moore family ever 
 since its establishment in Schuyler County. 111., 
 more than seventy years ago. Its influence was 
 founded in the small beginnings and uncertain 
 outlook of the log-cabin era, and the broader op- 
 portunities which have been unfolded with the 
 passing years have found those bearing the name 
 resourceful, competent and remarkably ambi- 
 tious. Thomas Moore, a Kentuckian, who heard 
 the far off call of the frontier, set up standards 
 of life and work which have never since fallen 
 into disuse by his successors. He owned a com- 
 paratively small farm, and his sons now pay 
 
892 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 taxes on more than two square miles of farm 
 laud. Thomas Moore had eight children when 
 he decided to share the fortunes of the Central 
 West, aud with him on that long overland jour- 
 ney came another family, that of Washington 
 Irvin. In the latter family were six children, 
 aud the fourteen children and their parents came 
 in a prairie schooner drawn by four horses, tak- 
 ing one month to span the distance between 
 Kentucky and Illinois. The brave wayfarers met 
 with many obstacles on the way, and were re- 
 tarded by muddy roads, storms and swollen 
 streams, and upon arriving at Springfield, which 
 then was a small aggregation of interests, the 
 horses were hitched at a post near the present 
 State capitol building. The old prairie scbooucr, 
 travel stained and creaking, presented a sorry 
 spectacle, yet it brought this way meu who read 
 the horoscope of Schuyler County, and who 
 worked from morn until night for many years, 
 to make their dream of success come true. 
 Thomas Moore took up land in Buena Vista 
 Township, aud there remained until his death, 
 one of its most able and higbly honorable men. 
 Not only did he develop his farm to its fullest 
 capacity, surrounding himself and family with 
 the refinements aud comforts known to his time 
 aud place, but he took an active interest in edu- 
 cation, religion and politics, and represented in 
 the general tenor of his life tbe vigorous, honest 
 and indefatigable element which developed the 
 primeval fertility of the Illinois plains, and 
 moved the frontier a little farther towards the 
 Pacific. He was a man of profound religious 
 convictions, and organized the first Methodist 
 Episcopal Church to Buena Vista Township. He 
 also provided the money for the first church and 
 school building, and had both erected on his 
 land. At all times strictly temperate in both 
 eating and drinking, be worked hard to make the 
 community a Prohibition one. and it was largely 
 through bis zeal that the two distilleries operat- 
 ing in the township were driven out of business. 
 Of the eight children who came with Thomas 
 Moore from Kentucky to Illinois, Reuben Mene- 
 phe Moore was born near Crab Orchard, Lincoln 
 County, in the former State, October 15, 1S35, and 
 was therefore about a year old when brought to 
 Buena Vista Township. He attended the old 
 cross-roads school house in the winter time, and 
 in summer worked in the harvest fields, or helped 
 to clear the timber and underbrush. His duties 
 comprised the bard ones that tested the fiber of 
 tbe youth of his time, but they failed to break his 
 spirit or discourage him for the severe struggle 
 of his later years. In 1847 his father sold the 
 original farm and moved to the one now occupied 
 by Reuben, and here he has lived continuously 
 for sixty years. At the time of purchase there 
 was an ..Id frame building on the place If! by 
 22 feet in dimensions, but the place had been 
 vastly improved when Thomas Moore died there 
 January 22. 1867. 
 
 In company with others. Mr. Moore started 
 out with ox teams for the Idaho gold mines, and 
 on arriving at Salt Lake City, he found work. 
 
 According to the custom in all new localities in 
 the far West, he was soon christened anew, 
 thereafter being known as Gentle Rube. He re- 
 mained in the city about four months, and then 
 took the southern route for Los Angeles with a 
 freighting outfit, arriving at his destination De- 
 cember 24. Behind him in Illinois the land was 
 locked in ice and farmers were driving over the 
 fences, but near the Pacific the flowers were in 
 bloom, and all nature wore an enchanting smile. 
 While in California he followed general farm- 
 ing and stock raising, and also operated a thresh- 
 ing machine. Pasadena at that time was a sheep 
 ranch, as were also the sites of many other vil- 
 lages and towns which now add to the splendor 
 of the great Pacific State. 
 
 After his return from the West, Mr. Moore 
 took charge of the old place in Buena Vista 
 Township, and on July 27, 18(37, was united in 
 marriage to Eliza A. Ellis, a native of Kentucky, 
 born September 1, 1841. Mrs. Moore is a daugh- 
 ter of James Ellis, who came to Schuyler County 
 in 1S44, and who, with his wife, is now de- 
 ceased. To Mr. and Mrs. Moore have been bom 
 four sons and four daughters : Efiie D., born 
 June 28. 1868, died October 16, 1871; Uriah G., 
 born January 20, 1S70, married Ella Straus- 
 baugh, and lias nine children — Ruth. Ruby. Loa 
 (deceased), Glenn, Floyd, Harriet, Nina, Mary, 
 ami Robert: Margaret Eve, born January 10, 
 1N72, wife of Joseph McFeeters, a farmer of 
 Buena Vista Township, and mother of Hildreth 
 and Ray McFeeters; Mary J... born February 19, 
 1S74, wife of Luther Greer, and mother of 
 Gladys, Helen and Susan Greer; James Ray, 
 born December 29, 1877, died November 22, 1878 ; 
 Xoah R., born May 16, 1879 ; Thomas E., born 
 December 10, 1884. died April 15, 1S86 ; and 
 Lela, born March 15. 1886, died June 1, 1S98, 
 at the age of twelve years. Mr. and Mrs. Moore 
 have thirteen grandchildren, all of whom are 
 devoted to their kind and indulgent grandpar- 
 ents. All of the children have been born in the 
 old home upon which their father settled at the 
 age .if thirteen with his parents, and here all 
 bave received the best advantages permitted by 
 the prosperity of the family. Mr. Moore pur- 
 chased bis brother Sam's interest in the 240 
 acres, and to his first 120 acres has added until 
 he now owns 440. No more productive property 
 is t.i be found in this part of the State, and no 
 better farmer has followed the light shed upon 
 agriculture by science than this honored, old 
 time settler. 
 
 Except as a School Director and Road Commis- 
 sioner, Mr. Moore has steadfastly refused to ac- 
 cept official recognition, although he has been a 
 stanch supporter of the Republican party. As 
 was that of his father before him, his name 
 stands for all that is honorable and worth while 
 in country life and work, and he is one of the 
 few left of the pathfinders whose story consti- 
 tutes one of the most interesting chapters in 
 American history. 
 
 MOORE. Samuel T. — The men, who during tbe 
 'thirties left comfortable homes in the East to 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 893 
 
 ally their fortunes with the thinly settled and not 
 altogether promising region in Illinois, since 
 named Schuyler County, possessed an intensity 
 of purpose and determination but partially com- 
 prehended by the wage earners of today. The 
 deprivation and isolation they endured, never- 
 theless, were factors in molding character and 
 stimulating industry and largeness of sympathy, 
 and these traits have been handed down to the 
 succeeding generation, among whom is Samuel 
 T. .Moore, a prominent farmer of Buena Vista 
 Township, where be was born August 22, 1841. 
 
 Thomas Moore, father of Samuel, was born 
 in Kentucky, and was reared to farming as fol- 
 lowed in the Southern States. Iu 1830, ambi- 
 tious of growing up with a more progressive 
 community, he moved to Illinois with his wife, 
 formerly Mary Elmore, also a native of the Blue 
 Grass State. Taking up Government land in 
 Buena Vista Township, Schuyler County, he was 
 engaged in general farming and stock-raising un- 
 til his death in 1867. Thirty-seven years of this 
 experience enabled him to lay by a competence, 
 and the faithful companion of his toils, who sur- 
 vived him until 1881, and to whom bis success 
 was largely due, spent her last days in the most 
 comfortable of surroundings. She was a daugh- 
 ter of Johu Elmore, also of Kentucky. Mr. 
 Moore himself was a son of David Moore, who 
 moved from his native state of North Carolina 
 to Kentucky while still a young and unmarried 
 man. 
 
 Samuel .Mi ■ore has known no other occupation 
 than that afforded on his own and his father's 
 farm. He has 485 acres of land under a high 
 state of cultivation, and raises general crops 
 and high grade stocks. In 1873, in the 
 township of Rushville, he was united in mar- 
 riage to Mary Barkman, who was born in Ohio, 
 and whose parents, natives of Mao-laud and 
 Ohio, respectively, came to Oakland Township, 
 Schuyler County, iu 1865, locating some years 
 later in Littleton Township. To Mr. and Mrs. 
 Moore have been born five children, namely : 
 Mary Olive, Fannie Florence, Luther, Jesse and 
 Kenneth. Mary Olive is the wife of William 
 Kordsiemon, a resident of Berwyn, a suburb of 
 Chicago; Fannie F. is the wife of George Sloan. 
 of Belle Plain, Kan. ; and Luther, a farmer in 
 Buena Vista Township, married Stella Sher- 
 man. Mr. Moore has thoroughly educated his 
 children, and provided liberally for those who 
 have left the old home. No family has done 
 more for the agricultural advancement of Schuy- 
 ler County, and the promotion of its various pub- 
 lic enterprises than have the descendants of 
 Thomas Moore, the sturdy pioneer of 1836. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Moore is a Republican. He 
 and his family are members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 MOORE. Wheeler W. — Fortunate, indeed, is 
 the man who is sustained by an inspiring con- 
 sciousness that he has made the best use of 
 whatever talents and abilities have been vouch- 
 safed to him ; that he has ignored no call of 
 
 duty ; that he has wasted no precious opportuni- 
 ties ; that he has faithfully discharged his obli- 
 gations to the public, and that he has estab- 
 lished an unblemished reputation among those 
 whose good opinion and good wishes are of in- 
 estimable value, and constitute a source of per- 
 petual encouragement. Such is the lite record 
 made by Wheeler W. Moore, an enterprising and 
 progressive farmer of Buena Vista Township, 
 Schuyler dainty. 111., and a leadiug citizen of 
 that locality. 
 
 Mr. Moore was born in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship, August 26, 1866. His father, John D. 
 Moore, also a farmer by occupation, was a Ken- 
 tuckiau by birth, while his mother, Mary A. 
 (Turner) Moore, w T as born in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship. Further details of the family history are 
 contained in a biographical record of John D. 
 Moore, appearing elsewhere in this connection. 
 
 In boyhood Mr. Moore attended the public 
 schools in his vicinity, completing his literary 
 education in the Rushville Normal School and 
 the Chaddock College at Quincy, 111., and subse- 
 quently pursuing a commercial course in the 
 Metropolitan Business College, in Chicago. He 
 passed his early youth on the parental farm, 
 and after finishing his studies, was employed 
 for 14 months as mailing clerk for the Troy 
 Laundry Machinery Co., of Chicago. He next 
 spent 15 months with the Metropolitan Insur- 
 ance Co., at Peoria, HI., after which he applied 
 himself to farming, in which pursuit he has 
 had his full share of success. His farming op- 
 erations cover 500 acres of land, situated in 
 Section 14. Buena Vista Township. Besides 
 general farming, he is an extensive feeder, ship- 
 ping about ten carloads of cattle and hogs per 
 year. He holds the office of Grand Master of 
 Buena Vista Grange. 
 
 On March 23. 1004. in Rushville Township, 
 Schuyler County, Mr. Moore was united in mar- 
 riage with Carrie Boyd, a daughter of James 
 and Eliza (Ritchey) Boyd, who was born in Oak- 
 land Township, Schuyler County, 111., in 1S77. 
 Her parents are natives of Ireland, and on 
 coming to the United States, first located in Pitts- 
 burg. Pa., whence they moved to Schuyler 
 County, 111., at the outset making their home in 
 Oakland Township. They now live in Rush- 
 ville Township, where Mr. Boyd is successfully 
 engaged in farming. Mrs. Moore received her 
 education in Oakland and Rushville townships. 
 She and her husband are the parents of one 
 child, James Francis. 
 
 Mr. Moore is active iu political affairs, and 
 renders an earnest and steadfast support to the 
 Republican party. For two terms he has served 
 in the capacity of Township Central Committee- 
 man, and in April. 1007. was elected Super- 
 visor from Buena Vista Township, which is 
 normally Democratic, receiving 49 majority, and 
 overcoming a contrary majority of 30. In 
 fraternal circles, lie is affiliated with the I. O. 
 O. F., having been for 18 years a member of 
 Friendship Lodge, Xo. 24, of Rushville. He is 
 also a member of Rushville Lodge, No. 9, A. F. 
 
894 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 & A. M.; of Rushville Chapter No. 184, R. A. 
 Masons; ami of Kushville Coinmandery No. 50, 
 Knights Templar. Religiously, Air. Moore is 
 a consistent member of the Methodist Church, 
 lie is a man of sterling characteristics, and one 
 of the most favorably known residents of his 
 township. 
 
 MORGAN, Edward T.— One of the most pro- 
 ductive and up-to-date farms in Schuyler County 
 is that owned and occupied by Mr. Morgan, on 
 Section 1, Camden Township, where he has 
 --•"• acres, and in Brooklyn Township he also 
 owns eighty acres, making in all 305 acres un- 
 der his care and management. The records show 
 thai the Morgan family is of eastern origin. 
 The grandfather, David Morgan, was born on 
 May 25, 1775. When the now nourishing city of 
 Cincinnati was a mere trading post and boasted 
 only thirty houses. David Morgan cast in his 
 lot with the early settlers, purchasing consid- 
 erable property there, and it is believed that 
 his death occurred there. Among his seven chil- 
 dren was Roswell Morgan, born in Vermont. 
 Upon reaching years of maturity he married 
 Calista C. Davis, a native of New York State. 
 Some time after his marriage and the birth of 
 a number of his children, Roswell Morgan, in 
 company with Ward David and his family of 
 eleven children, came to Schuyler County and 
 settled in Camden Township. All but three of 
 the Davis children were married when they 
 came to Schuyler County, and their descendants 
 have becom< very numerous in Bueua Vista and 
 Brooklyn townships, the records showing ninety- 
 three grandchildren of Ward Davis in Schuyler 
 County at one time. During the War of 1812 
 Ward Davis was drafted into the army, but was 
 not called upon to serve. Isaac Davis, his young- 
 est son, who served as a Lieutenant in one of 
 of the Illinois regiments, left Schuyler County 
 about 1870, locating in Cloud County, Kans., 
 where the name became almost if not quite as 
 well known as it was in Schuyler County. A 
 number of his kinsmen also located there, and at 
 one time it was estimated that there were 117 
 descendants of Ward Davis in Cloud County 
 alone. Of the large family of children born 
 to Ward Davis and his wife, only three are now 
 living, Isaac, the youngest, being eighty years 
 of age. 
 
 Eight children were born of the marriage of 
 Roswell anil Calista C. (Davis) Morgan, named 
 in order of birth as follows : George W., 
 deceased, who during the war served in an Illi- 
 nois regiment, and is buried in Prairie City, Mc- 
 Donough County: Eliza A„ the wife of Lewis 
 Craycroft, living near Wichita. Kans.; Francis 
 R. and Charles V., both deceased ; Edward T. ; 
 
 Tl as Jefferson, who died in infancy; Martha 
 
 .7.. widow of W. C. Avery, who is now making her 
 home with her brother Edward T. : and Helen 
 M., wife of William Park, an extensive farmer 
 near Flagler. Colorado. The father of these 
 children died October 3, 1863, and the wife and 
 
 mother followed him twenty years later dvin<* 
 in 1883. ' " 
 
 The fifth child in the parental family, Edward 
 T. Morgan, was born in Franklin County, Ind 
 September 30, 1841, and was a child of about 
 eight years when the family located in Illinois. 
 He distinctly recalls the long, lonesome walks to 
 and from the district school, which was three 
 miles from his home, through the dense timber. 
 , He has lived to see this supplanted by waving 
 fields of grain, and he himself has been no small 
 factor in bringing about this transformation. In 
 this wilderness his lather entered 160 acres of land 
 from the Government in 1851. and the original 
 deed to it, signed by Franklin Pierce, is now in 
 the possession of Edward Morgan. To his orig- 
 inal tract of 160 acres Roswell Morgan added by 
 purchase forty acres of adjoining land, owing in 
 all 200 acres, upon which he built a log cabin. 
 This in time gave place to a more modern house, 
 in which the doors and window sash were made 
 by hand, and the front part of this same struc- 
 ture, which has stood the elements for fifty 
 years, is now occupied by his son Edward T. 
 
 When about twenty-one years of age Edward 
 T. Morgan responded to his country's call for 
 volunteers, enlisting in Company A, Seventy- 
 eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for three 
 years. With his regiment he saw service in man . 
 of the hard-fought battles of the war. among them 
 the battles of Cbiekamauga and Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, and was with Sherman in his March to the 
 Sea. After the surrender of General Lee he took 
 part in the Grand Review at Washington, in 
 which city he was mustered out. and after re- 
 ceiving pay for his services at Chicago, returned 
 to the old home farm in Camden Township 
 Soon afterward, July 22, 1866, he was united in 
 marriage with Adelaide E. Bennett, a native of 
 Schuyler County, born April 3, 1850, the daugh- 
 ter of John K. and Eliza A. (Madison) Bennett 
 a niece of President Madison. After their mar- 
 riage the young people settled on Mr. Bennett's 
 farm, later purchasing it, but in 1877 they sold 
 it and moved onto the old home farm of his 
 father, having purchased the interests of the 
 others in the property. 
 
 Eight children have been born to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Morgan, as follows: Frederick L.. born in 
 Schuyler County, April 23, 1867, married Mo- 
 netta Busby, and they make their home on a 
 farm in Camden Township: Bertha G.. was born 
 August 13. 1869, and became the wife of Charles 
 Applegate. a farmer in Littleton Township, by 
 whom she has become the mother of two chil- 
 dren. Guy and Ruth : Luther T. was born March 
 11. 1872: Gilbert, Febnwrv 10. 1874- Myrtle 
 August 10, 1876; Cora E.. was born April 3' 
 1879; and died June 17. 1903; Winnie G was 
 born August 4. 1881, and became the wife of 
 John Crane; the youngest child, Rudolph B 
 was born February 20. 1S84, and is now a teacher 
 in the district school at Bushnell, 111.; by 
 his marriage with Tnez McFall he has one child 
 Winona L. Mrs. Eliza A. Morgan passed to her 
 reward August 31, 1SS5, mourned by her hus- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 895 
 
 baud and children as a Christian wife and 
 mother. Not only her family miss her kind min- 
 istrations, but many friends and acquaintances 
 who had been drawn to her by her sweet per- 
 sonality and by the many kiudnessess shown 
 them in time of need. Being deprived of a good 
 education in his own boyhood, Mr. Morgan made 
 every effort to give his children good educational 
 facilities and tit them for the responsibilities of 
 life. In turn they have appreciated the efforts 
 made in their behalf, and in growing to man- 
 hood and womanhood have been a credit and a 
 comfort to their parents. At one time Mr. 
 Morgan was enumerator of Camden Township 
 and School Treasurer of Bainbridge Township, 
 where he made his home for a number of years. 
 Politically, he is a Republican. 
 
 MORRIS, John W.— Since his arrival in Ilush- 
 ville in 1866, John W. Morris has tilled a large 
 need as an expert carpenter and has accumulated 
 a comfortable competence through the unfailing 
 medium of thrift and economy. His quiet and 
 uneventful, yet useful life began April S, 1S32, 
 on a farm in Virginia, in which State were 
 born both Ids parents, William and Eliza 
 (Palmer) Morris, and his grandfathers, Thomas 
 Morris and Robert Palmer. William Morris es- 
 tablished the family in Ohio upon leaving Vir- 
 ginia, afterward settling in Edgar County, 111., 
 where terminated his industrious and moder- 
 ately successful career. 
 
 With the basis of a common school education 
 and carelul borne training, John W. Morris has 
 followed carpentering all his active life with the 
 exception nt traveling for two and a half years 
 for a commercial bouse, and being employed in 
 a general dry -goods business for the same length 
 of time. Many of the oldest and foremost fam- 
 ilies of Rushville have been his patrons for many 
 years, and his careful, skillful and always reli- 
 able work has secured him continuous employ- 
 ment from one end of the year to the other. The 
 passing of many years has not robbed him of his 
 interest iu his labor, or of his skill in the manip- 
 ulation of tools. 
 
 In politics Mr. Morris is a stanch Republican, 
 and in religion he is a Methodist. For many 
 years he has been associated with the Masons. 
 His marriage to Elizabeth Gary, of Edgar 
 County, 111., occurred in 1860, and of this union 
 there are three daughters, of whom Mary C. 
 is the wife of Oliver T. Lawler, a farmer of 
 Schuyler County; Annie E. is the wife of Ed- 
 ward C. Hammon, of Scott County, 111., and 
 Alice (i. is the wife of C. H. Hackett, of Jackson- 
 ville. 111. 
 
 MOURNING, David Lyon.— To David Lyon 
 Mourning is due the distinction of being the 
 only Republican ever elected to the office of 
 County Judge of Schuyler County, in. Mr. 
 Mourning has been a resident of Rushville 
 since 1800. coining here from Hancock County, 
 in that year. He read law in the office of I>. 
 F. Miller & Son, of Keokuk, la., where he was 
 
 admitted to I lie liar in 1881. In Rushville he 
 has combined a general practice of law with 
 enthusiastic political activity, and besides be- 
 ing a candidate for County Judge on two oc- 
 casions, was the defeated candidate for State's 
 Attorney in 1892, and the successful candidate 
 for City Attorney of Rushville, tor three terms. 
 
 Luck or chance has had no part in fashioning 
 the success of Mr. Mourning, and from him the 
 young man who aspires to legal honors may learn 
 many useful lessons. lie was born on a farm in 
 Hancock County, 111., March 14. 1S57, and the 
 labors of his early years left little opportunity 
 for idle dreams or ambitious. Work, ceaseless 
 work, was the only thing to lift him from his 
 limitations, and place him in the line of more 
 congenial effort. On the paternal side he in- 
 herits the resourcefulness of the Irish race, and 
 especially of his great-grandfather, Rodger 
 M< aiming, who crossed the seas from Ireland, 
 and carved his career in a land of strange people 
 and stranger opportunities. John Mourning, the 
 paternal grandfather, was born in Ireland. He 
 married Hannah Ball, and settled on the farm 
 in Kentucky, where Samuel Mourning, father 
 of the subject of this sketch, was born, and 
 where was also born David's mother, Nancy 
 A. (Lyon) Mourning. Nancy A. was a daugh- 
 ter of John and Martha (Martin) Lyon. 
 
 David Lyon Mourning received his preliminary 
 education iu Hancock Couuty, 111., and by study- 
 ing overtime, and improving every moment of 
 leisure, qualified at an early age as a teacher. 
 It was his savings in this occupation that en- 
 abled him to l.egiu the study ol law at Keokuk, 
 and to live in comparative comfort while be- 
 coming established as a practitioner. On June 
 30. 1887, be was united iu marriage to Olive 
 Wetzel, a native of Hancock County, 111., and 
 their union resulted in three children: Mabel, 
 Paul W. and Esther. Mr. .Mourning adds to bis 
 legal and political qualifications a predilection 
 for the social side of life, and he is prominent 
 in the Modern Woodmen of America and the 
 Mystic Workers. lie is a member of the Method- 
 ist Episcopal Church. He represents the high- 
 est ideals of his profession, and has a growing 
 and lucrative practice. 
 
 MUNROE, Thomas Irvin, a very promising 
 young lawyer of Rushville 111., where he was 
 born January 15, 1881, is a son of Hinman and 
 Anna E. (Irvin) Munroe, of whom the father 
 was born iu Rushville, July 21, 1852. Thomas 
 and Annis (Hinman) Munroe, the paternal 
 grandparents, were natives of Maryland and 
 New York, respectively, the former born In 
 Annapolis, January 4, 1807, and the latter in 
 Utica, December 10, 1S15. The great-grand- 
 parents on the paternal side were John aud 
 Anne (Wells) Munroe. Both were burn in 
 A uapolis, John Munroe on August G. 1763, and 
 hi wife January 2::. 1771. The maternal grand- 
 parents. William S. and Mary C. (Wells) Irvin, 
 w re natives of Harrodsburg, Ky„ and Littleton! 
 111., respectively. The great-grandparents on 
 
896 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 the maternal side were William and Anna 
 (Clark) Irvin. 
 
 Grandfrather Thomas Munroe, who was a 
 physician of note, was related to Nathan Ham- 
 mond and Jonathan Pinckney, both of whom 
 were conspicuous figures in the Colonial days 
 of the country. Dr. Munroe left Annapolis, lid., 
 in 1834, and settled in Jacksonville, 111., whence, 
 in 1842, he removed to Rushville, in the future 
 affairs of which he was destined to take a prom- 
 inent part. From the first he made his influence 
 felt, not only in the sphere of medicine, in which 
 he was an admitted expert, but in politics and 
 society. He was a graduate of St. John's Col- 
 lege and the Baltimore University, and had prac- 
 ticed medicine and surgery for a year in 
 Annapolis, and during his residence in Jackson- 
 ville. He continued in active practice until 
 1885. Dr. .Munroe served in the Civil War as 
 "chief" surgeon in the One Hundred and Nine- 
 teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 with the rank of Major. He was the intimate 
 friend of War Governor Richard Yates, served 
 as best man at Mr. Yates' wedding, and enter- 
 tained the chief executive of the State at his 
 home in Rushville in 1861. He held Richard 
 Yates, Jr., in his arms when the War Governor 
 was inaugurated. Dr. Munroe's forceful and in- 
 teresting personality won him the confidence 
 and friendship of many of the foremost men in 
 the State, and his practical and sagacious advice 
 was frequently sought upon matters of vital im- 
 portance. 
 
 A world of interesting reminiscence centers 
 around Annis (Hinman) Munroe. grandmother 
 of Thomas Irvin Munroe and wife of Thomas 
 Munroe. This woman of many years and noble 
 life was presented with a solied gold spoon by 
 the Daughters of the American Revolution in 
 1898, and no honor was ever more worthily con- 
 ferred. The ranks of the daughters of Revolu- 
 tionary heroes have been sadly thinned, and few 
 indeed are the living children of men who fol- 
 lowed Washington and his Generals in the great 
 struggle for fredom from English rule. Not 
 many families were more represented in this 
 war than that to which Mrs. Munroe belonged. 
 Her father, Major Benjamin Hinman. was one 
 of thirteen of this name to become commissioned 
 officers from the town of Woodbury. Conn. 
 Asa and Ephraim Hinman, brothers of Ben- 
 jamin, attained the rank of colonel, and a cousin. 
 Captain Elisha Hinman, had command of a ship 
 of war fitted out by the Colonists. Major Ben- 
 jamin Hinman was aid to General Greene, of 
 Revolutionary fame. John E. Hinman, a son of 
 Major Benjamin, was mayor of Utica, New 
 York, in 1824. and entertained the Marquis de 
 Lafayette on the occasion of his visit to Amer- 
 ica during 1824-5. At this memorable reception, 
 Annis, sister of the mayor, and then nine years 
 old, was present, and one of the pleasantest rec- 
 ollections of her later life was that of sitting 
 on the knee of the distinguished and patriotic 
 Frenchman, and conversing with him in his na- 
 tive tongue. Annis' only daughter, Mary E. 
 
 Munroe. still occupies the old homestead in 
 Rushville, bluilt by the Hinmans seventy-nine 
 years ago. 
 
 Thomas Irvin Munroe attended the public 
 schools of Rushville, and the University of 
 Michigan, graduating from Vanderbilt Univer- 
 sity, Nashville, Tenn. Since his admission to the 
 bar in 1904, he has been engaged in the general 
 practice ol law in his native town. On June 28, 
 1905, he was united in marrige to Mary Bar- 
 clay Crawford, who was born in Bradford, 111., 
 and educated at Knox College, Galesburg. Mr. 
 Munroe is a Democrat, in politics, and in re- 
 ligion, a Presbyterian. He is a young man of 
 energy and resourcefulness and a careful student 
 of men and events, and those who know him best 
 predict for him the highest honors of his pro- 
 fession. 
 
 MUNSON, Henry 0., M. D— Of the leading 
 practitioners who lend character to and inspire 
 confidence in the profession of medicine and 
 surgery in Rushville. none have a more en- 
 viable reputation than Dr. Henry A. Munson. 
 A genuine and deep-seated liking for his call- 
 ing, the best training possible in this country 
 and in Europe, a most progressive spirit and 
 a keen appreciation of exhaustless possibilities 
 for useful discovery, are the chief contributory 
 causes of the success which this skillful disciple 
 of Hahnemann lias achieved. 
 
 Dr. Munson is a native of Pottsdam, St. Law- 
 rence County, N. Y., where he was born August 
 14, 1867. When quite young he moved with 
 his parents, George A. and Harriet (Wetmore) 
 Munson, from New York to Iowa, where he 
 built up his present strong constitution working 
 in the harvest fields of the paternal farm, and 
 where he eventually graduated from the High 
 School of Orinnell. Poweshiek County. Devel- 
 oping tendencies towards a broader life than was 
 possible in the pursuit of agriculture, he took 
 up the study of medicine in the Minnesota 
 State University Medical College, and in 1890 
 graduated from the Hahnemann Medical College 
 of Chicago. After practicing medicine and 
 surgery four years in Wisconsin, he took a 
 course in the Chicago Tost Graduate College, 
 and in 1894, located in Rushville, which has 
 since been his home. While traveling in Europe 
 in 1897. Dr. Munson specialized in investigation 
 along the lines of eye and ear surgery. 
 
 At Princeton, Mo., in 18S0, Dr. Munson was 
 united in marriage to Jennie C. Cleary. and of 
 this union there are three children: Helen, Mary 
 and Harriet. The Doctor is a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he is an 
 active worker. For a time he was President of 
 the Epworth League, and in other ways he has 
 sought to promote religious development and 
 aid evangelistic effort among the people of his 
 adopted town. A genial and sympathetic per- 
 sonality, a philosophy which tends to optimism, 
 and the use of mental and other simple aids in 
 connection with the healing art, have given him 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 807 
 
 a warm and abiding place in the hearts of a 
 large number of patrons. 
 
 NALL, James R, a well known and skillful 
 builder and contractor, of Rushville, 111., was 
 born in Rushville Township, Schuyler County, 
 111., September 29, 1S5G. He is a son of Charles 
 H. and Elizabeth (Chick) Nail, natives of Ken- 
 tucky and Indiana, respectively. The paternal 
 grandfather was Gabriel J. Nail, of Woodford 
 County, Ky., where he was born in 178S. Charles 
 H. Nail, who was born October 25, 1823, came 
 with his father, Gabriel J., from Kentucky to 
 Schuyler County, 111., in 1831. Elizabeth 
 (Chick) Nail, his wife, was born in Rushville, 
 Ind., and came with her father, James Chick, 
 to Schuyler County, the latter being one of the 
 earliest settlers of the county, arriving in 1830. 
 He located on the farm, in Rushville Town- 
 ship, now owned by W. L. Demaree, and fol- 
 lowed farming during the remainder of his life, 
 dying in 1859 or 1860. He was a charter mem- 
 ber of the first Masonic Lodge in the county. 
 For many years he was a teacher in the dis- 
 trict schools, in connection with his farming op- 
 erations. After his death his widow went to 
 Grayson County, Tex., where she passed her 
 last days. By occupation Charles H. Nail was a 
 cooper, having learned that trade after coming to 
 Schuyler County, where he followed coopering 
 and farming together until the time of his death, 
 March 8, 1881. He was a man of quiet disposi- 
 tion and unobstrusive manners, thoroughly do- 
 mestic in his tastes and inclinations, and pre- 
 ferring the home circle above all other at- 
 tractions. His family consisted of four sons and 
 two daughters, namely : Henry and Fannie, 
 deceased ; Richard, who died in infancy ; James 
 R. ; Lewis, who is a millwright by trade, and 
 lives at Billings, Mont. ; and Nettie, wife of 
 Gorge E. Day, R. F. D.. at Ray, Schuyler County. 
 Politically, Charles H. Nail was the only Repub- 
 lican among the many members of the Nail fam- 
 ily to which he belonged. He was upright and 
 dutiful in all the relations of life, and an ex- 
 emplary member of the community. 
 
 The early life of James R. Nail was spent on 
 the home farm, where he remained until 1SS1, 
 and his education was obtained in the district 
 schools of the vicinity. In 1SS2. he went to work 
 with Richard Day, a well known citizen, in 
 order to learn the trade of a carpenter, and 
 continued in his employ for about three years. 
 After his marriage lie made his home on the 
 farm in Oakland Township until 1892, when he 
 bought the place where he now lives, consisting 
 of a very attractive residence, with eleven acres 
 of ground, situated just north of Rushville. The 
 marriage of Mr. Nail took place March 5, 1884, 
 on which date he was wedded to Laura Har- 
 mon, who was bom near Rushville, October 
 14. 1859. Mrs. Nail is a daughter of John and 
 Martha Ann I Ellis) Harmon. (Particulars in 
 regard to the Ellis family may be found in 
 a biographical record of James D. Ellis, ap- 
 pearing on another page of this volume.) John 
 
 F. Harmon was a native of Boone County, Ky., 
 who became a resident of Schuyler County, 
 111., early in the last century. For many years 
 he was engaged in teaching school, and on 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, enlisted and 
 went with his regiment to Vicksburg. There, 
 being seized with sickness, he died, and his re- 
 mains are lying in an unknown grave. The 
 union of Mr. and Mrs. Nail resulted in one child, 
 Annie Delle, bom March 20, 1S85, who has re- 
 ceived a thorough classical and musical edu- 
 cation. She is now employed in the capacity of 
 bookkeeper in the establishment of Wilson & 
 Co. She is a member of the Christian Church, 
 of Rushville, as is also her mother, a woman of 
 many excellent traits of character. 
 
 In 1892, Mr. Nail turned his attention to 
 contracting and building, and many of the finest 
 business blocks and private residences in Rush- 
 ville and the surrounding country are the result 
 of his skill. Among these are the Vedder Block, 
 and the "Times'" Building, in Rushville, with 
 others, which will long stand as monuments of 
 his architectural and mechanical ingenuity. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Xall has always been active 
 in behalf of the success of the Republican party, 
 but has never entertained any desire for public 
 office. Fraternally, he is affiliated with the 
 Mystic Workers. He is one of the most prom- 
 inent anil favorably known citizens of his lo- 
 cality. 
 
 NAUGHT, George W. — The fine old pioneer fam- 
 ily of Naught, so numerously scattered over the 
 fertile lands of Schuyler County, 111., in no sense 
 loses its dignity or influence in the career of 
 George W. Naught, a representative of the third 
 generation in the Central West, and the owner of 
 a farm of 120 acres in Section 16, Woodstock 
 Township. Mr. Naught was bom on Section 36, 
 Woodstock Township. Febuary 25, 1865, and his 
 youth was passed among far different surround- 
 ings than confronted his father, George Naught, 
 who was bom in White County, 111., in 1822, 
 and came with his parents to Schuyler County 
 in 1S24. Isaac Naught, father of George, was 
 a canny Scotchman who in youth had crossed 
 the sea and settled in Tennessee, his death 
 occurring in Pike County, 111., at the age of 
 sixty-six years. Woodstock Township in 1824 
 was still a happy hunting ground for the Indian, 
 abounding in game, the well worn trail, and the 
 simple wigwam. The paleface was regarded as 
 an intruder, and the lives of the settlers were 
 often in danger. In his rude hut in the primeval 
 timber Isaac reared his family to useful man- 
 hood, and George, like the rest of the children, 
 worked hard and had very few advantages as ad- 
 vantages are now understood. Their home was 
 a great curiosity to the more friendly Indians, 
 and to such an extent did they crowd its room 
 and hospitality, that they had to be driven out 
 in order to make a place for the rightful oc- 
 cupants. Finally they were persuaded to seek 
 other habitations and crossed the creek below 
 Greenwell's Mill, on the Lemolne River, then 
 
8*J8 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 known as Crooked Creek. When George Naught 
 drove with his grain to the William McKee Mill, 
 north of Rushville, that community consisted of 
 one little log cabin, occupied by some daring 
 invader of the wilderness. It was the privilege 
 of Isaac Naught to witness and participate in 
 the changes which took place between his ar- 
 rival in 1824, and his death in 1886, and to 
 accumulate a fair competence through industry 
 and good judgment. He left the legacy of a 
 
 g 1 Dame, a noble purpose, and an example of 
 
 fairness and consideration, traits that are ex- 
 pressed in the general character of the family 
 which profited by his kindness and oversight. 
 Of these children, James has been a resident of 
 Omaha for twenty-two years; Philip died De- 
 cember 30, 1005; Lizzie occupies the old home 
 with her mother, and is unmarried; and 
 Catherine and Nancy are twins, the former be- 
 ing the wile of William R. Davis, residing near 
 Sugar drove. Woodstock Township. 
 
 George W. Naught has harbored no aspirations 
 nut iu accord with the occupation of his fore- 
 fathers. To him farming is a noble and satis- 
 fying pursuit and one in which he takes infinite 
 pleasure and pride. He remained on the home 
 place until his marriage. November 10, 1886, 
 to Minnie Strummel, daughter of George Strum- 
 mel, a native of Germany, and one of the pio- 
 neers of Schuyler County. The young people set- 
 tled on a rented farm in Woodstock Township. 
 and at the end of five years Mr. Naught pur- 
 chased 120 acres of land in Section 16, knoA-n 
 as the Magruder farm, the side improvements 
 upon which were a log house and a small bam. 
 In this log cabin the family lived until 1901, 
 when the present modern residence was erected. 
 the property now being one of the best im- 
 proved in the neighborhood. The owner is in- 
 terested in stock raising on a small scale, and 
 has a good grade of cattle, hogs and horses. His 
 fences and buildings are kept in good repair, and 
 the visitor is impressed with the general neat- 
 ness and method which characterize the place. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Naught is a Democrat, and 
 he has filled several offices of local importance. 
 Fraternally, he is identified with the Modern 
 Woodmen of America, Camp 30S, of Rushville, 
 and in religion, he is a member of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. Mr. and Mrs. Naught are 
 the parents of four children: Esther, born Sep- 
 tember 26, 1887, a graduate of the Rushville Nor- 
 mal, and an educator of note; Dwight. born 
 April 20, 1.N00; Mabel, born February 18. 1804; 
 and Harold, born January 6, 1003. Mr. Naught 
 is upright and honorable, a genial companion, 
 kind to children and animals, and in favor of all 
 measures for the improvement of the conditions 
 by which he is surrounded. 
 
 NELSON, Andrew H.— The family of Andrew 
 II. Nelson, of Rushville Township. Schuyler 
 County, 111., was established in America long 
 before the discontent of the Colonists culminated 
 in the Revolutionary War. When that time 
 caive. his paternal grandfather. Thomas Nelson, 
 
 a farmer by occupation, presumably in Penn- 
 sylvania, exchanged his implements of husban- 
 dry for weapons of destruction, and followed 
 the martial fortunes of the illustrious Washing- 
 ton for seven years. During that time he fought 
 on the principal batlefields of the memorable 
 conflict. The maternal grandfather, Benjamin 
 Teel, was also a soldier in the Revolutionary 
 War. serving from start to finish. Henry Nel- 
 son, father of Andrew H., was born in Pennsyl- 
 vania in 1801, and married Mary Ann Teel. He 
 was a weaver by trade, but when he came to 
 Itushville Township in 1837 he devoted himself 
 to farming, continuing thus until shortly before 
 his death, in 1804. 
 
 Andrew H. Nelson was bom May 15, 1834, be- 
 ing three years old when his family arrived in 
 Rushville Township. His early training and 
 education did not differ from those of the sons of 
 other settlers, and he was early expected to 
 make his work count and to contribute his share 
 towards the support of the family. His life 
 passed uneventfully until the breaking out of the 
 Civil War. On May 7, 1861, he enlisted in Com- 
 pany G, Sixteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and was one of the first men of Schuy- 
 ler County to leave for the front. He partici- 
 pated in many of the important battles of the 
 war, and tvas honorably discharged from the 
 service June 17, 1S64. The following year, on 
 December 25, he married Eliza Ann Allen, a 
 daughter of Zethemiah Allen, an early settler 
 and prominent farmer of Bainbridge Township, 
 Schuyler County. Mr. and Mrs. Nelson have had 
 nine children, namely : William Henry, Allea 
 Z., Lena May, Charles K.. Edward B., Stella L., 
 Thomas B., Harry E., and one who died in in- 
 fancy. Lena May, Stella L., and Thomas B. are 
 deceased. 
 
 Mr. Nelson is a member of the Christian 
 Church, of Rushville Township, and a liberal 
 contributor towards its support. His farming 
 operations have been attended with success. He 
 is t lie owner of 160 acres of fine land, and is 
 recognized as one of the most prosperous farmers 
 and useful citizens of his locality. 
 
 ODENWELLER, John L.— The career of John 
 L. Odenweller has been dignified by industry, 
 perseverance and fair dealing, and by praisewor- 
 thy efforts to secure the just and peaceful re- 
 wards of toil. Economy and thrift have made 
 him the owner of a splendid farm of 160 acres 
 in Section 12, Bainbridge Township, and his 
 contribution to the well being of the State as- 
 sumes still more substantial proportions in his 
 family of educated, cultivated, and refined sons 
 and daughters, all of whom inherit his tendency 
 towards noble and useful citizenship. Mr. Oden- 
 weller was bom in Macomb. McDonough County, 
 111., July 17, 1850, and is a son of Leonard and 
 Elizabeth (Danley) Odenweller. 
 
 Leonard Odenweller was born in Baden. Ger- 
 many, in 1815. and came to America about 1S36. 
 In his native land he had learned the locksmith 
 and blacksmith trades, and followed the same in 
 
/^^^^^C^C 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 899 
 
 Philadelphia, and later in Dayton, Ohio. In the 
 latter city he married, and soon after moved to 
 Macomb, 111., where he worked at his trades, and 
 in time bought laud in Scotland and Industry 
 Townships. On his land he maintained a busy 
 blacksmith shop in connection with farming, and 
 at one time owned 450 acres, being one of the 
 foremost farmers and business men in the town- 
 ships which he represented. His last years were 
 spent in retirement in the city of Macomb, where 
 his death occurred in INST, his wife surviving 
 him until 1SS9. Of the ten children in this fam- 
 ily three died in infancy, and seven are living at 
 the present time, viz. : Rev. Thomas F., of Iowa ; 
 John L. ; Simon P., of Macomb; Richard A„ of 
 Pleasanton, Kan.: Isaiah, for many years a 
 prominent citizen of Macomb, but now living in 
 Winfield, Kan.; Mary M„ wife of J. M. Miller, 
 of Graham, Mo.; and Lucinda II.. wife of Mi- 
 chael M. Montgomery, of Shelbyville, 111. 
 
 The success of his father permitted John L. 
 Odenweller to acquire a much better education 
 than the average country reared boy. He at- 
 tended the district schools, the old Macomb Nor- 
 mal and Abingdon College, and for two or three 
 years taught the school near his home. He also 
 taught in Schuyler County, and while thus en- 
 gaged met and married Lucinda H. Bellomy, a 
 native of Frederick Township, and daughter of 
 Thomas Bellamy, a Schuyler County pioneer. 
 For a time Mr. Odenweller was engaged in the 
 gi ry business in Sciota, 111., and in 1SS1 lo- 
 cated permanently in Schuyler County, purchas- 
 ing in Section 12, Bainbridge Township, 160 
 acres of partially improved land. The industry 
 of the owner has brought about remarkable 
 changes, and it is doubtful if in the length and 
 breadth of the county, is to be found a more 
 homelike, profitable and pleasant farm. The 
 mechanical ingenuity of Mr. Odenweller has been 
 of incalculable benefit to him in making im- 
 provements, and his trained mind has known 
 how to spend his time and money to the best 
 possible advantage. Of horticulture he has made 
 a scientific study, and he takes particular delight 
 in a seven-acre orchard, and two acres of small 
 fruits. lie also follows general farming, and 
 has some excellent stock about his place. Method, 
 economy, industry and faithfulness are the key- 
 notes of his success, and the happy co-operation 
 of his family has furnished an incentive often 
 wanting in even the most prosperous of homes. 
 
 Politically a Republican, Mr. Odenweller is by 
 no means a partisan, and he has steadfastly re- 
 fused all proffers of official recognition He is 
 fraternally connected with the Independent Or- 
 der of Odd Fellows, and finds a religious home 
 in the Christian Church. A great grief over- 
 shadowed the Odenweller home March 7, 1902, 
 when occurred the death of the beloved mother 
 of the four children, and the helpmate of a fond 
 husband. In this emergency Elsie L., the oldest 
 (laughter, terminated three years of successful 
 teaching to assume the duties of housekeeping. 
 She was born in McDonough County, 111., Oc- 
 tober 22, 1877, is a graduate of the Frederick 
 
 High School, and attended Eureka College during 
 the season of 1897-8. Arthur L., the oldest sou 
 in tin' family, was born February 1, 18711, and he 
 graduated limn the Western Illinois Slate Nor- 
 mal, in the Class of 1907 ; Eula L., born Septem- 
 ber 20, 1880, was killed in a runaway accident 
 July 28, 1903. Claude B., born October 4, 1881, 
 is a graduate of the Western Illinois State Nor- 
 mal, (lass of 1906, and married Hattie H. Hes- 
 ser, of St. Louis, Mo., and has one child, Byron 
 Ilesscr ( tdenweller, born March 20, 1907. Claude 
 B. is living on the home farm with his lather, 
 and is an active and capable young i armor. Tne 
 entire family are held in the highest esteem, a I 
 represent the intellectual, well bred and thor- 
 oughly informed element in the community. 
 
 0RR, Henry, whose life in Schuyler County, 111., 
 is contemporaneous with nearly all the stages 
 of the county's development from a barren wild, 
 and who is known to most of its older residents 
 as one of its most successful farmers and stock 
 raisers, was born not far from his present home 
 in Bainbridge Township, May 15, 1814. He lives 
 in Section 0, and his birthplace is in Section 10. 
 Air. Orr is a son of Joseph and Mary (Burn- 
 side) Orr, uatives of County Tyrone, Ireland, 
 where they were reared, and married. Joseph 
 Orr and his wile came to the Unted States at 
 an early period, and proceeding to Schuyler 
 County, 111., settled iu Section 10. Bainbridge 
 Township, about the year 1837. Here they en- 
 dured all the privations and hardships of pioneer 
 life, confronting perils from Indians and raven- 
 ous animals, and in course of time the father 
 cleared and tilled his land, building in place of 
 the primitive log cabin a comfortable dwelling in 
 which the worthy couple spent the remainder of 
 their days. Two of their children were born in 
 Ireland, namely, Jane and Mary. Jane became 
 the wife of Simon Reeve, whose life is depicted 
 elsewhere in this volume, and Mary married S. 
 B. Vaughan, a farmer of Bainbridge Township. 
 Of those born in this country, Ellen and Lily 
 died in infancy. Joseph Orr died August, 1S95, 
 at the age of ninety-five years and five months. 
 He was a man of great force of character, gen- 
 erous impulses, intense public spirit, and in ev- 
 ery respect, a model citizen. His wife was eighty- 
 five years old when she passed away. In reli- 
 gious faith, she was a devout Presbyterian. 
 
 Henry Orr was reared on the farm, and re- 
 ceived his early education in the log school house 
 in the vicinity, of whose slab seats and unglazed 
 windows he has a vivid recollection. He assisted 
 his father until he reached the age of twenty- 
 three years, taking charge of the home place at 
 that time. In 1SS5 he bought twenty acres of 
 land, afterwards purchasing one hundred acres 
 more, in Section 9, Bainbridge Township, which 
 was partly improved and contained a log cabin, 
 most of it, however, being heavily timbered. Mr. 
 Orr applied himself to the arduous task of clear- 
 ing the ground of its dense growth, and after 
 getting a part of it under the plow, built a two- 
 story frame house on the site of the log cabin. 
 
900 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 To his original purchase of twenty acres, he 
 added from time to time, until he is now the 
 owner u£ 215 acres in one body, lying in Sec- 
 tions 9 and 10, Buinbridge Township. His 
 farming operations have been very successlul, 
 but he is recognized not only as a prosperous 
 and substantial farmer and stock raiser, his 
 standing as a public spirited, enterprising and 
 useful citizen being also acknowledged through- 
 out the community. During all his long partici- 
 pation in the affairs of the township, he has been 
 one of the most earnest supporters of the church 
 and school, and has always done his full share 
 in promoting every measure intended to advance 
 the general welfare. 
 
 In 1807, Mr. Orr was united in marriage with 
 Margaret Bowlin, who was born in Bainbridge 
 Township, and is a daughter of John and Louisa 
 Bowlin, natives of Kentucky. The following 
 children resulted from this union, namely : Ern- 
 est, Dora, Delvan, S. B. and Cora. Ernest mar- 
 ried Sarah Lenover. and is the father of three 
 children — Stella, Nellie, and Melvin, who lias 
 charge of the farm of Henry Reeve. Dora, de- 
 ceased wife of Charles Ackers, left seven chil- 
 dren — Homer, Henry, Earl, Uwen, Bertha and 
 Buster Codry, of whom the last named makes 
 his home with Mr. Orr. Delvan married Lily 
 Lawler, who has borne him four children — John 
 Henry, Sarah M„ Harvey and Thomas. S. B. 
 married Lenora Rittenhouse, by whom he has 
 one son, William II.. a farmer in Bainbridge 
 Township. Cora is the wife of Emory Payne, 
 who follows farming in Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County. The living descendants of 
 Henry and Margaret (Bowlin) Orr, now num- 
 ber nineteen, of whom fifteen are grandchildren. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Orr is a supporter of Demo- 
 cratic principles, but the sympathies of Mrs. Orr, 
 who is a woman of uncommon intelligence and 
 deep reflection, are with the Republican party. 
 Both husband and wife are highly esteemed by 
 a large acquaintance. 
 
 PARKE, Overton. — The association of the 
 Parke family with the landed interests of Illi- 
 nois dates bark to the year 1830, when a stal- 
 wart young Kentuckian. Oliver H. P. Parke 
 (better known as Perry Parke) came from his 
 home in the Blue Grass State on a tour of in- 
 spection through what was then known as the 
 frontier. The appearance of the country pleased 
 him and his keen foresight discerned great pos- 
 sibilities in its future development. Shortly 
 alter his arrival in Brown County, 111., he pur- 
 chased a tract of wild land for $1.25 per acre, 
 after which he returned to Kentucky. His na- 
 tive place was near Richmond. .Madison County, 
 where he was born in 1813, and where also his 
 wife. Mary Logsdon. was born and reared. They 
 were married in 1834 and their wedding trip 
 comprised a journey by steamer down the Ohio 
 river and up the Mississippi, then up the Illi- 
 nois River to a convenient landing place known 
 as Legrane, from which they traveled by wagon 
 to the home of his cousin. His first task was the 
 
 building of a log cabin ; his next, the clearing 
 and developing of a farm. Selling out in 1840, 
 he came to Schuyler County and bought an un- 
 improved tract of eighty acres. In addition, he 
 bought 160 acres at the solicitation of his sons, 
 who agreed to stay with him until the quarter 
 section had been paid for. Eortunately, this 
 proved on easy task, as the heavy timber on the 
 land soon paid for the entire property. 
 
 From the time of his permanent settlement in 
 Illinois in 1834, until his death in 1802, Perry 
 Parke was privileged to witness many changes. 
 Looking around him at the improved lands, neat 
 buildings, prosperous villages and contented peo- 
 ple, he could truly say as a pioneer, "All of which 
 I saw and part of which I was." It is to such 
 men as he that Schuyler Count}' owes its pres- 
 tige as one of the finest farming communities in 
 the State. He and his wife, who survived him 
 only about one year, had a large family, seven 
 of whom attained mature years, namely: Amelia 
 A.: Talithia, who married John H. Black, a 
 farmer living on Section 12, Woodstock Town- 
 ship ; Elizabeth, who married Thomas Kirby, of 
 Beardstown, 111. ; Lucy A., wife of William Al- 
 len, a retired farmer ; Elbert, a resident of 
 Kewanee, 111. ; William J., living in Kit Carson 
 County, Col. ; and Overton, who was born in 
 Brown County, 111., October S, 1841, and now 
 lives in Section 11, Woodstock Township, his 
 farm lying on the line of the rural free delivery 
 from Cooperstown. 
 
 At the age of eight years Overton Parke ac- 
 companied his parents to Schuyler County, where 
 he received a common school education. On Au- 
 gust 11, 18G2, he enlisted in Company D, One 
 Hundred and Fifteenth Regiment, Illinois Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, and for three years he remained 
 at the front. Shortly after his enlistment he 
 suffered an illness when in camp at Danville, 
 Ky., and for seven weeks was in a hospital 
 at Louisville. On recovering his health he ac- 
 comuanied his regiment in its marches in the 
 south and participated in the engagements at 
 Chickamauga, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca and 
 Dalton. as well as many minor skirmishes. June 
 11, 1865, he was mustered out of service in East 
 Tennessee, and on the 3d of July he arrived at 
 home, which he had not visited during his ab- 
 sence of three years. 
 
 The marriage of Overton Parke and Rosanna 
 Reddick was solemnized November 1, 1866, and 
 the young couple began housekeeping at the old 
 Parke homestead, but in 1872 moved to their 
 present farm. Mrs. Parke was born in Bain- 
 bridge Township, and was first seen by Mr. Parke 
 when she was sitting on her mother's lap in 
 church. They have five children now living, 
 namely: John E., who married Blanche Taylor 
 and lives on a farm in Woodstock Township ; 
 Maggie; Elizabeth, who married Frederick Logs- 
 don, a farmer of Brown County, 111. ; Nettie, who 
 has been engaged in teaching in the district 
 schools of the county; and Rosa C. (Mrs. Quinn) 
 who lives on a farm in Brown County. Six chil- 
 dren died in infancy. 
 
FUSTOKY <)F SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 901 
 
 The Parke farm consists of 260 acres in one 
 body and bears first-class improvements, with 
 every facility for the extensive feeding of bogs 
 and cattle, of which Mr. Parke keeps only the 
 finest grades. The residence is a two-story, frame 
 building with a double "L." There are three 
 barns, 42x62, 60x60 and 24x4S feet, respectively, 
 the last being a cow-bam enclosed with sheds at 
 one end and on lx>th sides. It is the owner's 
 ambition to maintain a farm surpassed by none, 
 and he spares no pains in his effort to keep the 
 soil under first-class cultivation and the build- 
 ings in good repair. While neglecting no duty 
 connected with the maintenance of the place, he 
 has discharged also the duties devolving upon 
 him as a patriotic citizen, has aided in building 
 up the roads of the township and in promoting 
 the welfare of the schools. Politically, he votes 
 with the Republican party. In religious asso- 
 ciations he and his wife have been members of 
 the Union Baptist church for more than half 
 a century, and they have been liberal contribu- 
 tors to its maintenance, as well as to the relief 
 of those in need. On the organization of the 
 Patrons of Husbandry, Mr. Parke became one 
 of its charter members, and he has also been 
 quite active in the work of the Grand Army 
 Post at Rushville, with which he has been iden- 
 tified for years. Accommodating in his associa- 
 tion with neighbors, kindly in disposition, earn- 
 est in religious life, sincere in devotion to coun- 
 try and loyal to the upbuilding of the township, 
 he furnishes an illustration of what may be ac- 
 complished by our progressive fanners and loyal 
 patriotic citizens. 
 
 PECK, James E. — Pride in her self made, well 
 made men. appreciation of the obstacles which 
 they have encountered on their road to success, 
 and gratitude for the inestimable boon of their 
 attainments and presence in her midst, is one of 
 the strongest claims to outside consideration 
 known to the people of Schuyler County. When, 
 in addition to marked success in some practical 
 department of activity, a man expresses many 
 sided general capacity, is a power in clean poli- 
 tics and government, a promoter of education, 
 benevolence, ethics and temperate living, he has 
 become an example by which the youth of the 
 community may richly profit. Such a one is 
 James E. Peck, an extensive stock and grain 
 raiser, owner of 3S0 acres of land in Section 36, 
 Oakland Township, a prominent Prohibitionist, 
 and an active member and worker in the Free 
 Methodist Church. 
 
 A substantial monument to the enterprise and 
 standing of this family is Peckville. Lackawanna 
 County, Penn., where during the Civil War. 
 Samuel Peck, father of James E.. took for debt 
 the Jessup coal lands, which he operated in 
 connections with sawmilling and merchandising 
 for many years". Mr. Peck was an exponent of 
 New England thrift and sagacity, a native of 
 Massachusetts, and a settler in Lackawanna 
 County in the early part of his life. His opera- 
 tions were conducted along strictly legitimate 
 
 and progressive lines, and he was not only the 
 civic father of Peckville, but its must enthusias- 
 tic and substantial promoter. His lumbering 
 business was so extensive that the mills were 
 often kept running until late at night. He be- 
 came one of the wealthy and influential men of 
 that part of Pennsylvania, was a leader in poli- 
 tic and religion, and was especially active in 
 the Presbyterian Church, in which faith his busy 
 life drew to a close July 7. 1864. He was twice 
 married, and there were ten childreu of the 
 first union, the majority of whom still live in 
 Pennsylvania, and are among the leading coal 
 operators of Peckville and Scranton. For his 
 second wife Mr. Peck married Anna Bertholf, 
 a native of New Jersey, and James E. is the 
 only child of this union. Mrs. Peck's father sold 
 his wagon manufactory in New Jersey, and in 
 1849 joined the caravan of fortune seekers bound 
 for the Pacific coast. He was fairly successful 
 as a miner and mechanic, and in 1852 wine to 
 Schuyler County, where he spent the remainder 
 of his life on a farm in Rushville Township. 
 
 James E. Peck was three years old when he 
 came to Schuyler County with his mother, and 
 thereafter, for nine terms she taught school in 
 what was known as the Christian Neck school- 
 bouse in Rushville Township. When James E. 
 was four years old he used to accompany his 
 mother to the little log school, and they event- 
 ually bought forty acri - of laud, where began 
 the active farming life of the boy. He knew 
 little of actual leisure, for the income of the 
 school teacher was meager, and the little fel- 
 low, at the age of twelve years, planted twelve 
 acres of corn, tended and cut it. From then on 
 no advantages glided noiselessly into his life, 
 and responsibilities fell thick and fast around 
 him. After his mother's second marriage (to 
 David Harris) he kept bachelor hall on the lit- 
 tle farm in Section 2, Rushville Township, doing 
 his own cooking, washing and ironing, and even 
 making his own clothes. His step-father dying, 
 his mother returned to make her home with her 
 son, and here her death occurred in August, 1886. 
 She was a devout Christian woman, of lovable 
 nature, and deeply interested iu the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, in which she was a teacher 
 in the Sunday school for many years. 
 
 I lis mother gone from him, and his fortunes 
 risen somewhat through his industry aud thrift. 
 Mr. Peck married. May 29, 1888, Mary I. Ross, 
 who was born in Buena Vista Township, January 
 9, 1869. a daughter of Rev. William B. Ross, 
 whose family history see elsewhere in this work. 
 Before his marriage Mr. Peck added forty acres 
 to his original farm, making eighty acres. In 
 1SN9 lie bought 220 acres in Section 36, Oakland 
 Township, and in 1900 added to it 160 acres, 
 making 380 in one body. In 1906 be sold his 
 Rushville Township property, and devotes his 
 time entirely to bis larger estate. For many 
 years he has rented large tracts of land, and iu 
 1907 realized $4,000.00 from live stock, and after 
 disposing of large quantities of general produce, 
 still has on hand in storage a thousand bushels 
 
902 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 of wheat. In raising nogs, he makes a specialty 
 of the Poland-China breed. As a general farmer 
 and stock raiser, he stands well in the county. 
 Underlying his farm is a thirty-inch vein of as 
 fine coal as is to be found in this section, thus 
 rendering his property of much more than aver- 
 age value. The improvements of Mr. Peck have 
 been carefully considered and are thoroughly 
 practical in their nature. He is a conscientious 
 student of the science of his vocation, and his 
 methods are those of a man who lias given pro- 
 found thought to the little as well as larger 
 things of life. 
 
 Politically, air. Peck is one of the strongest 
 Prohibitionists in the State. His first presiden- 
 tial vote was cast for James G. Blaine, but he 
 soon after became interested in temperance, and 
 the cause since has enlisted his serious and 
 practical efforts. He was a delegate to the 
 national convention at Indianapolis, Ind.. in 
 1904. when Swallow, of Pennsylvania, and Car- 
 roll, of Texas, were nominated, and for several 
 years he was chairman of the County Central 
 Committee of the Prohibition party, resigning 
 from the same on account of unsatisfactory 
 health and multiplicity of other obligations. He 
 is a fluent and forceful speaker, has splendid 
 command of the temperance situation, and his 
 services are enlisted upon all important State 
 and National occasions of the cause. He has 
 been equally prominent in the Free Methodist 
 Church, which he joined upon attaining his ma- 
 jority, and in which he acted as an official at 
 Christian Neck, serving as recording steward 
 several years. During the past fifteen years he 
 has also served as class leader; steward, exhor- 
 ter. a frequent delegate to Annual Conferences, 
 and a member of the standing committee. 
 
 Mr. Peck is a great lover of sports and the 
 great out of doors, and is one of the most expert 
 rifle shots in the State. As a small boy his 
 mother encouraged bis tendency towards marks- 
 manship by presenting him with a gun. and it 
 has ever since been his chief diversion. In 1880 
 he went to Fort Smith, Ark., upon a hunting 
 and trapping expedition, and remained in the 
 enjoyment of the sport for a year. In the spring 
 of that year marksmen and hunters from all over 
 Arkansas arranged a meet at Fort Smith, but Mr. 
 Peck's gun was ruled out and he was obliged to 
 shoot with their guns. He won an undisputed 
 victory over all there assembled, thus adding to 
 many other laurels already won by his superior 
 marksmanship. Personally, Mr. Peck is popular 
 and well liked, and he has many warm friends 
 throughout the county and State. He is regarded 
 as one of the influential and broadly useful citi- 
 zens of Schuyler County. 
 
 PEMBERTON, Judge Ephraim John, (de- 
 ceased! . — From the time of bis admission to the 
 Bar of Illinois in December. 1801, Ephraim John 
 Pemberton was an increasingly important factor 
 in law. politics, education and good government 
 in Rushville. In the life of this County Judge 
 of more than a decade and old time practitioner, 
 
 are many lessons of vital worth for the young 
 man about to embark upon a legal career. Chief 
 among these is the necessity for an earnest and 
 absorbing purpose, and a determination to in- 
 vest the calling with the best that work and 
 brain can accomplish. The habits of thrift, and 
 the economy ol time and labor and industry, 
 which rendered Judge 1'emberton so useful a 
 citizen, were fostered and developed on a farm 
 in Illinois to which he came with his parents 
 when a year old from Knox County. Ky., 
 where be was born April 13, 1834. His father, 
 Thomas Pemberton, was a native of West Vir- 
 ginia, and his mother, Deborah (Moore) Pem- 
 berton, was born in North Carolina. The family 
 settled on land in Oakland Township, Schuyler 
 County, where Ephraim gained his first knowl- 
 edge of books in the subscription schools, and 
 which surroundings he eventually outgrew, to 
 embark upon the more strenuous business of le- 
 gal procedure. 
 
 At an early stage in his professional career, 
 Mr. Pemberton became interested in politics, 
 readily discerning that the most superior com- 
 pensations of his calling went hand in baud with 
 party affairs. He began to practice during the 
 first year of the Civil War, and in September of 
 the last year of 'the war, he was elected County 
 Judge of Schuyler County on the Democratic 
 ticket, and served continuously for seventeen 
 years. 
 
 In addition to a general practice of law, he 
 served as Justice of the Peace, member of the 
 Town or City Council, and member of the Board 
 of Trustees of the Rushville Union School for 
 many years. His services were characterized by 
 conscientiousness, more than average insight and 
 intelligence, and faithfulness ■ to whatsoever 
 might contribute to the permanent well being of 
 the community. He bad a thorough grasp of the 
 technicalities and intricacies of law. and of their 
 application to the various complications which 
 come up for adjustment. As a judge his rulings 
 were rarely contested, and were invariably niod- 
 erate, wide .-11111 according to the law. 
 
 The marriage of Judge Pemberton and Ten- 
 nessee J. Hills was solemnized April 2, 1S02. Mrs. 
 Pemberton being a native of Schuyler County, 
 and educated in its district schools. Mrs. Pem- 
 berton departed this life March 28, 1881. leaving 
 three children: Henry T„ Effie I., and Nora J., 
 the latter of whom is deceased. Judge Pember- 
 ton was one of the very familiar figures upon the 
 streets and in the courts of Rushville, and it is 
 s,afe to say that no professional man in the 
 town was a more dignified or upright acquisition 
 bi the calling. He invariably stood for conserva- 
 tive, thoughtful progress, and was never known 
 to let his enthusiasm or desire for publicity bias 
 or mislead his judgment. He died of pneumonia, 
 February 27, 1007. after an illness of five days, 
 aged seventy-two years, ten months and fourteen 
 days. The surviving members of the family are: 
 Henry J.. Elbe I. (Mrs. Dieterichi, and a 
 granddaughter, Nora J. Kerr. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 903 
 
 PEMBERTON, Henry T.— Of the native sous 
 who owe their education, busiuess prosperity 
 and social prominence to the opportunities af- 
 forded by the city of Rushville, 111., uone is 
 more favorably known than H. T. Pemberton, 
 real estate broker, Justice of the Peace, and 
 prominent in all the relations of a citizen. Mr. 
 Pemberton was born December 13, 1863, and is 
 a sou of Ephraim and Tennessee J. (Hills) Pem- 
 berton, of Knox County, Ky., and Schuyler 
 County, 111., respectively. He is a grandson of 
 Thomas and Deborah (Moore) Pemberton, the 
 former born in West Virginia, and the latter in 
 North Carolina. Of his father, Judge Ephraim 
 J. Pemberton (deceased), who was Judge of the 
 County Court of Schuyler County for seventeen 
 years, extended mention is made elsewhere in 
 this work. 
 
 Mr. Pemberton completed his education in the 
 public schools of Rushville, and some years 
 afterwards embarked in the real estate business. 
 Since early manhood he has taken a keen in- 
 terest in politics, in behalf of the Democratic 
 party. He was elected Justice of the Peace in 
 1901, and re-elected in 1905. From 1903 until 
 1905, he served as a member of the City Council 
 of Rushville. Mr. Pemberton stands high in the 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, and has 
 been a member of the Grand Lodge since 1901, 
 at present serving as a member of its commit- 
 tee on legislation, lie was grand marshal of 
 tin' order during 1896-97. lie is also identified 
 with the Knights of Pythias. Mr. Pemberton 
 is a wide-awake and enterprising man. He has 
 materially promoted the enhancement of real 
 estate interests in the city and county, and en- 
 joys the respect aud good will of all who know 
 ' him. his acquaintance in business and fraternal 
 circles being extensive in its range. 
 
 PERSHING, Charles T., a retired farmer, of 
 substantial means and high character, whose 
 residence in Schuyler County. 111., covers a pe- 
 riod of more than half a century, and who is 
 perhaps the oldest of its honored veterans of the 
 Civil War. is passing his declining years in re- 
 tirement nn bis fine farm in Section 7, Littleton 
 Township. Mr. Pershing bears a name long 
 identified with the agricultural interests of the 
 Eastern States the Pennsylvania farm cultivated 
 by his great-grandfather still being in possession 
 of the family. He was born in Westmoreland 
 County. Pa.. February 18, 1S29. and is a son of 
 John and Margaret (Funk) Pershing, natives 
 et' Pennsylvania. His paternal grandparents, 
 Conrad and Mary A. (Alton) Pershing, were 
 also born in Pennsylvania (then one of the orig- 
 inal thirteen colonies), the former, in 1760, 
 and the latter, in 1771. Grandmother Pershing 
 died in 1823. The great-grandparents on the 
 paternal side. Frederick and Elizabeth (Weyant) 
 Pershing, were natives of Alsaee (at that time 
 French territory), the birth of the great-grand- 
 mother having occurred in 1724. She came from 
 France to Baltimore during the same year in 
 which her husband emigrated, — about the mid- 
 
 dle of the eighteenth century, — and their mar- 
 riage took place in that city, the great-grand- 
 lather being obliged to work for 21 months after 
 his arrival, in order to repay the expenses of 
 his voyage to America. Frederick Pershing af- 
 tenvads bought a farm in Frederick County, Md„ 
 where he lived several years, and on which he 
 and his wile became the parents of a family of 
 five sons and three daughters. At a later period, 
 he crossed the Allegheny Mountains on foot, 
 traveling to the then "Far West," the journey 
 consuming fourteen days. On reaching his des- 
 tination, he took up a "tomahawk" claim of 269 
 acres in Westmoreland County, Pa., among the 
 pine and oak forests, hut did not receive the 
 final papers for the patent on the tract until 
 after the Revolutionary War. Fort Ligonier was 
 the nearest trading post to his claim, and "his 
 next door neighbor" was three miles distant. He 
 built a very crude and uncouth log house in the 
 midst of the wilderness, without windows, and 
 with a puncheon floor and a stick and mud chim- 
 ney, and in the spring of 1779, moved into this 
 primitive abode with his family. Wild deer min- 
 gled with the cows, and hunting game was the 
 principal occupation followed by the early set- 
 tlers of that region. Indians lurked in every 
 direction, committing many depredations, and 
 often perpetrating murderous atrocities. Freder- 
 ick Pershing died in 1778. His four sons and 
 his nephew made his coffin out of a white-oak 
 log, by splitting it into two parts, and hewing 
 out or adzing the larger half as a receptacle for 
 his body, and shaping the smaller part for use 
 as a lid. His remains, together with those of 
 his wife, rest in what is known now as Smith 
 Cemetery, about a mile west of the Pershing 
 home. Grandfather Conrad Pershing obtained 
 100 acres of his father's farm, by purchase, and 
 spent the rest of his life there, dying in 1S42. 
 John Pershing, father of Charles T., was born 
 on the old homestead, where he remained until 
 1854, when he came to Illinois, locating in Han- 
 cock County. He bought 160 acres of land in 
 Durham Township, in that county, on which he 
 was engaged in farming until the time of his 
 death. His ^ife, Margaret (Funk) Pershing. 
 survived him but one year. They were the pa- 
 rents of eight sons and three daughters. Charles 
 T. being the seventh in order of birth. Of this 
 family, five sons and one daughter are still liv- 
 ing. 
 
 Charles T. Pershing stayed on the old home 
 farm in Pennsylvania until he reached the age 
 of 22 years, receiving his education in the dis- 
 trict schools of Westmoreland County. Then 
 he commenced working by the month, continuing 
 thus until 1853, when he made a trip to Rock 
 Island County, 111., in quest of information con- 
 cerning the prospects afforded by that locality. 
 Returning to Pennsylvania, he remained in his 
 native State until bis marriage. Shortly after 
 this event, he started west with his wife, jour- 
 neying by way of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers 
 as tar as Warsaw, Hancock County, 111., where 
 he worked one season. In the fall of 1855 he 
 
904 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 moved to Schuyler County, 111., buying thirty- 
 tour acres of land in Section T, Littleton Town- 
 ship, which was partially covered with brush. 
 Fifteen acres of it had been cleared, and on 
 this portion had been built a log cabin. From 
 time to time he made additions to his original 
 purchase, until he became the owner of 350 acres 
 of land, all lying in Littleton Township, except 
 40 acres. This place he gradually improved, 
 putting up substantial and convenient buildings, 
 and developing the property into one of the fin- 
 est farms in this part of Central Illinois. Be- 
 sides general farming his attention has been de- 
 voted to raising cattle and hogs, and in both 
 undertakings, profitable results have been the re- 
 ward of his labors. Finally he abandoned active 
 exertions, and in recent years has spent bis time 
 in restful leisure on his farm. Mr. Pershing was 
 a soldier in the great struggle for the preserva- 
 tion of the Union, having enlisted in Company I, 
 Sixty-second Regiment. Illinois Volunteer Infan- 
 try, in Febeuary, 18(52. His army service was 
 largely confined to guard duty in Tennessee and 
 Mississippi, and at various points throughout 
 the Smith. On December 27, 1862, he was taken 
 prisoner, and after being paroled, was sent to 
 St. Louis, Mo., where be was honorably dis- 
 charged, on account of disability in May, 1863. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Pershing took place Feb- 
 ruary 18, 1855, in Westmoreland County, Pa., 
 on which date Mary A. Poorman. a woman of 
 most excellent traits of character, became his 
 wife. Mrs. Pershing is a native of the last 
 mentioned county, and a daughter of Jacob and 
 Catherine (Kuntz) Poorman. This union re- 
 sulted in two children, namely: Vincent R., 
 born April 10, 1S56; and Jacob P., born Febru- 
 ary S, 1858. Neither has ever married, and both 
 dwell under the parental roof. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Persuing has been identified 
 with the Republican party since its organization. 
 He is one of the oldest members of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic. He and his worthy wife 
 are communicants of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, in which he has officiated as trustee and 
 superintendent of the Sunday school. Both are 
 held in profound respect by a host of friends 
 throughout Schuyler County. 
 
 PICKINPAUGH, John.— The improved farm 
 lying on Section 4, Camden Township, Schuyler 
 County. 111., comprises 245 acres, and is the 
 property of John Pickinpaugh. who purchased 
 forty acres in 1867 and since then has enlarged 
 bis possessions to their present area. The fam- 
 ily of which he is a member came from Germany 
 and he represents the third generation in Amer- 
 ica. His father, Peter, was a native of Vir- 
 ginia, who moved to Ohio in early life, entered 
 land in what is now Noble County, taking out 
 the patent from the Government and remaining 
 on the property until his death in 1881. at the 
 ag ' eighty-one. The money paid for the en- 
 try of land he earned by splitting rails at twenty- 
 five cents per hundred. A man of robust phy- 
 sique and sturdy constitution, he retained his 
 
 strength to hale old age, and when he was sev- 
 enty-nine he split a hundred rails one afternoon 
 besides doing his regular chores the same even- 
 ing. His wife, who passed away thirty years 
 prior to his demise, bore the maiden name of 
 Jane Phillips and was bom in Ohio, of Irish 
 ancestry. 
 
 The family of Peter Pickinpaugh consisted of 
 seven sons and three daughters, namely : Jacob 
 \\\. who was born in 1S29 and for years has 
 been a leading business man at Piano, la. ; Mary, 
 a resident of Sharon, Noble County, Ohio, where 
 her husband, John Wiley, died ; John, who was 
 born in what is now Noble (then Morgan) 
 County, Ohio, February 13, 1833; George, who 
 enlisted in the One Hundred aud Sixteenth Ohio 
 Infantry during the Civil War, and died at 
 Shepherdstown, W. Va., prior to the ex- 
 piration of his term of service ; Hannah, who 
 married Walter Leonard, of Pennsylvania, and 
 is now deceased ; Enoch, who died at eight years 
 of age; William, deceased; Jonathan R., who 
 died at Louisville, Ky., while with an Ohio 
 regiment in the service of the Union ; Mar- 
 garet, deceased, formerly the wife of Henry 
 Foster, of Noble County, Ohio ; and Adam Flet- 
 cher, who occupies the old homestead in that 
 county. 
 
 It was not possible for John Pickinpaugh to 
 enjoy first-class educational advantages, for 
 schools were few in his boyhood aud methods of 
 instruction were crude ; yet he has acquired a 
 broad fund of information through his own ef- 
 forts. At the age of nineteen he bought his time 
 from Ins father, paying for the same with $200, 
 to be taken out of his share of the estate. His 
 first work was the mastering of the carpenter's 
 trade, in which work he was paid 62% cents 
 per day. Later he was employed to cut wood for 
 20 cents per cord, and by diligent application was 
 able to cut three cords a day, but he never re- 
 ceived any pay for this labor. In one day he 
 split 1,000 three-foot clapboards and shaved 200, 
 receiving for the day's work 62 1 -.. cents. 
 
 A visit to the west in 1853 brought Mr. Pick- 
 inpaugh nothing but the fever and ague, so he 
 returned home the following year. However, 
 lie was not satisfied to remain and the year 1S55 
 found him in Illinois, where he settled in Schuy- 
 ler County. In 1856 he bought a sawmill, in the 
 operation of which he rapidly accumulated 
 money. The first mill was sold in 1857 and he 
 bought a mill at Pleasantview. 111., for which 
 he paid $1,000. This he continued to operate 
 until the outbreak of the Civil War. when he 
 enlisted in Company D, One Hundred and Fif- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry, and accompanying the 
 regiment to the front, remained in active serv- 
 ice until the close of the war in 1865. Mean- 
 while he had been transferred to the Fourth 
 ' Battalion, thence to the United States Engineers, 
 where he remained for one year, and under the 
 commission of tool sergeant had charge of all 
 the tools. 
 
 Upon receiving an honorable discharge from 
 the armv at Chattanooga, Tenn., Mr. Fickin- 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 905 
 
 paugh returned to Pleasantriew, 111., and found 
 that his mill had been destroyed and the ma- 
 chinery sold tor old iron. The only part which 
 he could find was one belt and this he sold, but 
 never received pay for the same. Forced to 
 start anew in the world, in 1807 he moved to 
 Camden Township and operated a sawmill, also 
 buying forty acres of farm land, to which he 
 added from time to time until he now owns '-'45 
 acres in one body. His first marriage took place 
 November 12. 1857, and united him with Rachel 
 Gragg, who died October 14, 1S77. Five chil- 
 dren were born of that union, namely: Millard; 
 Marion, a farmer in Camden Township; Minerva 
 Jane, who died in 1SS7; Annie E., who is mar- 
 ried and lives at Rushville, Schuyler County; 
 and George T., who manages the home farm and 
 also operates a sawmill. On March 10, 1880, 
 John Pickinpaugh married Mrs. Mary J. (Rog- 
 ers) Lorge, who died August 15, 1898. The 
 first and second wives were both earnest Chris- 
 tian women, devoted members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and beloved by a large circle 
 of friends. For years Mr. Pickinpaugh has been 
 identified with the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 for ten years officiated as an exhorter, and long 
 served :is a class leader and Sunday School 
 teacher. His conversion took place during fam- 
 ily prayers, subsequent to a visit to Ohio, where 
 he had been impressed with a feeling that it 
 svas his duty to become a worker for Christ. On 
 his return home he had taken the Bible and 
 read a chapter, after which he knelt in prayer, 
 Mini while seeking li^rl 1 1 from above his whole 
 being was stirred by a realization of Christ's 
 love ; he arose a converted man, and ever since 
 he has labored to bring others to the experience 
 ubiili has been to him a source of uplifting joy. 
 The cause of prohibition has had a stanch friend 
 m him and his assistance has been given to the 
 work. Ever since the organization of the Grand 
 Army post at Camden he has been a prominent 
 member, and lias filled the position of Chaplain. 
 
 PIERSON, Azel. — No house within the boun- 
 daries of Birmingham Township is richer in 
 memories than that in Section 19, which has 
 been occupied by Azel Pierson ever since his set- 
 tlement on his present farm during January of 
 the bleak winter of 1854. Continuously since 
 then has this now retired farmer watched and 
 participated in the changes which have marked 
 the inarch of time ; has promoted with intelli- 
 gence and unabating interest the agricultural, 
 educational, political, religious and social prog- 
 ress of the community, and has set a standard 
 of character and work which must be regarded 
 as typical of the best possible achievements in 
 tlie quiet of pastoral pursuits. 
 
 Born on a farm near Cedarville. Cumberland 
 County. N. J.. January 22, 1817, Mr. Pierson is 
 a sun of Daniel and Naomi (Nixon) Pierson. 
 both natives of Cedarville and farmers by occu- 
 pation. In Cedarville were educated the four- 
 teen children of this worthy couple, but of this 
 number several were destined to complete their 
 
 training in Illinois, to which the family jour- 
 neyed from Cedarville during the spring of 1833, 
 reaching the then small hamlet of Jacksonville 
 on the first day of July. In Cedarville Mr. Pier- 
 son had been the classmate and friend of Newton 
 Bateman, the latter destined to fill a large place 
 in the educational and literary annals of Illi- 
 nois, and who, for many years, was the honored 
 President of Knox College, at Galesburg. Mr 
 Bateman was born in Fairfield, Essex County, N. 
 .1., in 1822. and he, with the rest of his father's 
 family, accompanied the Pierson family in their 
 overland journey to Jacksonville, HI. Daniel 
 Pierson, who by profession was a physician, en- 
 gaging iu milling and farming there until' his 
 removal to Augusta, Hancock County, in 1851. 
 Here he died iu 1856, and his wife died in Kan- 
 sas at the home of one of her sons. Of the 
 fourteen children but three survive, Azel ; Ruth, 
 widow of Cyrus Palmer, the latter killed by the 
 bursting of a gun in Knoxville; and Naomi N., 
 wile of Edward B. Tanner, of Illinois. 
 
 The change from the New Jersey home to 
 Illinois was the only vital break in the monotony 
 of the youth of Azel I'ierson. He was studious 
 and industrious, and learned much from the 
 crude conditions and meager opportunities by 
 which he was surrounded. He knew how to 
 both make and save money, and September 8, 
 18-41, established a home of his own by marrying 
 Harriet Cat] in, born near Hartford, Conn., and 
 a daughter of David and Louise (Goodwin) Cat- 
 lin. Mrs. I'ierson came with her parents to 
 Augusta, 111., iu July, 1837. She is the mother 
 of seven children, five of whom died in infancy. 
 The surviv.n-s are Elizabeth, born November 10, 
 1848, wife of Rev. Frank Mitchell, of Missouri, 
 and mother of two children, Margaret and Ho- 
 mer ; and Henry, born November 22, 1860. 
 
 For three years after his marriage Mr. Pier- 
 sen continued to live in Augusta, and as before 
 stated, in January, 1854, moved to his present 
 farm. The place was sadly deficient in improve- 
 ments, and only a portion had been cleared, so 
 that much of the 200 acres owe their clearing 
 and cultivation to his well directed industrv. 
 He has seen many orchards set out by the set- 
 tlers outlive their usefulness and be grubbed up, 
 has witnessed the rise of giant forest trees from 
 insignificant saplings, and his place has upon it 
 many kinds of ornamental, shade and fruit trees. 
 which, but for his forethought, never had rustled 
 their leaves in the summer wind. Constant im- 
 provement has been the watchword of his per- 
 sonal and working life, and in consequence he 
 has a home that meets the requirements of taste, 
 comfort and prosperity. Over this excellent and 
 valuable domain the owner personally held super- 
 vision until after his eighty-second birthday, and 
 when ninety-one years have passed over his head, 
 he still is in possession ot his faculties, admired 
 i or the splendid simplicity and normality of his 
 lite, ami tin 1 high ethics which lie has applied to 
 all of his intercourse with his fellow men. For 
 the past twelve years he has noted a failure of 
 his eyesight, and each Monday afternoon he 
 
906 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 drives two miles to Augusta, where Mrs. Holmes, 
 a gifted and faithful friend, reads him extracts 
 from current literature. 
 
 For the past fifty-six years Mr. Pierson has 
 beeu a member of the First Presbyteriau Church, 
 of Jacksonville, having joined the same in 1838, 
 when the town was an infant community, with 
 wild grass waving in the present center (now a 
 park) of the town. He has been an elder in 
 the church many years, and always has been one 
 of its stanchest and most dependable financial 
 and general supporters. His first presidential 
 vote was cast for William Henry Harrison, and 
 he has never swerved lroin the principles of the 
 Republican party since the foundations of its po- 
 litical structure were laid in the State by Paul 
 Selby and other of his influential friends and co- 
 workers. Although never seeking or desiring 
 office, Mr. Pierson for thirty years was a member 
 of the local School Board, his sole object being 
 an interest in the education of the youth of the 
 rising generation. The shadows gathered around 
 his peaceful life December 7, 1880, when his de- 
 voted wife joined the great silent majority, but 
 he bravely took up the threads of life thus 
 cruelly severed, and became again the self-sacri- 
 ficing, noble, dependable and altogether compan- 
 ionable gentleman of the old school. 
 
 PIERSON, Henry Catlin.— On the old home- 
 stead in Section 19, Birmingham Township, 
 which has been the possession of his honored 
 father, Azel Pierson, since 1854, Henry Catlin 
 Pierson was born November 22, 1860. Reared to 
 the hard work of the farm, educated in the coun- 
 try s.hools, and at night school in Augusta, Han- 
 cock County, Mr. Pierson early in life adjusted 
 himself to the exactions of his calling, and in 
 mature life represents the men of breadth and 
 understanding who are potent factors in promot- 
 ing every phase and possibility of the fundamen- 
 tal calling of agriculture. 
 
 When Mr. Pierson had attained nineteen years 
 of age he became the partner of his father in an 
 extensive stock raising, feeding and selling en- 
 terprise, operating under the firm name of Pier- 
 son & Son. For many years this firm have been 
 foremost in the breeding of Aberdeen-Angus Cat- 
 tle, and average from twenty -five to fifty in their 
 herd. In 1903 .Mr. Pierson purchased the in- 
 terest of his father in the stock and of his sis- 
 ters in the farm, and now owns 400 acres in one 
 body. All of this land is tillable, and it is di- 
 vided into twenty-five and fifty acre pastures and 
 fields, the stock being shifted from one field to 
 another as occasion demands, thus affording op- 
 portunity for the undisturbed growth of new 
 pasture. During the winter season he feeds 
 about a hundred head of cattle and thirty head 
 of horses, and other kinds of stock come in for 
 a share of his care and attention. About 200 
 acres of his land is devoted to raising general 
 produce, and he is an extensive buyer of produce, 
 in fact of every variety of produce raised on the 
 farms of Schuyler County. He is also engaged 
 in baling straw and hay for dealers. His farm 
 
 is a model of neatness and order, and an expres- 
 sion of the highest tenets known to modern coun- 
 try life. , 
 
 The marriage of Virginia Decker and Mr. 
 Pierson occurred in Augusta, 111.. October 8, 
 1885, Mrs. Pierson being a daughter of Eli and 
 Estella (Leach) Decker, pioneers of this part 
 of Illinois. To Mr. and Mrs. Pierson have been 
 born two sons, of whom James II.. burn Septem- 
 ber 13, 1880, is a graduate of the Augusta high- 
 school, class of 1906. Poland D., the younger 
 sou, is a student in the Electrical Engineering 
 Department of the University of Illinois. Mr. 
 Pierson has been a stanch supporter of Republi- 
 can principles and issues ever since attaining 
 his majority, and for years has been a Justice 
 of the Peace of Schuyler County. With his wife 
 he is a member of the Christian Church. He is 
 a well read, progressive and substantial farmer, 
 a promoter of genuine and constructive useful- 
 ness, and an upholder of the best social, moral 
 and agricultural ideals known to the twentieth 
 century. 
 
 POLLOCK, Joseph Walker, a very worthy and 
 creditable representative of the agricultural ele- 
 ment of Schuyler County, 111., is successfully pur- 
 suing his wonted occupation in Section 5, Little- 
 ton Township, the same locality in which he was 
 born November 25, 1862. Mr. Pollock is a son 
 of William and Sarah Margaret (Walker) Pol- 
 lock, natives of Indiana and Ohio, respectively. 
 William Pollock was brought by his parents to 
 Schuyler County when a little boy, in 1832, and 
 his father and mother died within three months 
 after the arrival of the family. Being thus left 
 without parental care at a very tender age, he 
 was brought up by a farmer named Campbell, 
 living in Scotland Township, MeDouough County, 
 111., with whom he remained until he was 21 
 years old. At that period he began work as a 
 farm hand in the employ of Darius Runkle, one 
 of the most extensive landholders in Central 
 Illinois. Iu course of time he bought, from 
 Samuel Dodds, who was very prominent among 
 the early settlers, 80 acres of unimproved land 
 in Section 5, Littleton Township. This he im- 
 proved, putting up all the necessary buildings, 
 anil conducting farming operations thereon until 
 1S96. In that year he abandoned active pursuits, 
 and moved to Macomb, MeDouough County, 
 where he spent his last years in retirement, dy- 
 ing February 2, 1899, at the age of seventy-four 
 years. His widow is still living in Macomb, mak- 
 ing her home with her daughter. Mrs. Messrnore. 
 They had five sons and six daughters, of whom 
 Joseph W. is the eighth in order of birth. Four 
 of the sons and two daughters now survive, 
 namely: Cynthia (Mrs. A. A. Messrnore), of 
 Macomb, III.; William A., a resident of Fandon, 
 111. ; Robert A., who follows farming in Scotland 
 Township, MeDouough County ; Joseph W., to 
 whom this personal record pertains ; Blanche, 
 who is the wife of Nathaniel Buck, and resides 
 at New London, la. ; and Arthur D.. who Is en- 
 gaged in the practice of medicine in Rushville, 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 901 
 
 Schuyler County. William Pollock was a man 
 ol upright character, enjoying the respect and 
 confidence of all who knew him, and his be- 
 reaved widow is the object of the warmest re- 
 gard in her declining years. 
 
 Joseph \V. Pollock was reared to farm life, 
 aud iu early youth, received his education in the 
 Flat-Iron district school, iu the vicinity of the 
 parental home. After his marriage, he rented 
 SO acres of ins father's laud in Section 4, Little- 
 ton Township, which he afterwards bought. He 
 also purchased from his father, in 1898, SO acres 
 in Section 5. iu the same township, ou which the 
 latter had put up all the buildings and completed 
 the improvements. Mr. Pollock has thoroughly 
 tiled the farm, and rebuilt the barn and out- 
 buildings. His property is in excellent condi- 
 tion, and all implements are kept in perfect or- 
 der, and in their proper places, when uot in use. 
 He is a very diligent aud systematic farmer, and 
 his labors have been attended with profitable re- 
 sults. 
 
 Mr. Pollock was married February 14, 18S4, 
 to Emma Bell Merriweather, who was born in 
 the neighborhood of Doddsville, McDonough 
 County, 111., July 18, 1862. Mrs. Pollock, a 
 woman of most amiable traits of character, is a 
 daughter of George and Mary Ellen (Huff) 
 Merriweather, her father being a native of In- 
 diana, and her mother, of Illinois, born in Ful- 
 ton County. The paternal grandparents, James 
 and Mollie (Bell) Merriweather, were natives 
 of Louisville, Ky., and those on the maternal 
 side were boru in Fulton County, 111., namely: 
 Abijah and Mary (McCJaren) Huff. Three chil- 
 dren have blessed the union of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Pollock, as follows: Roland C, born November 
 18, 18S4 ; Florence Mildred, born September 2, 
 1886; and William Frederick, born October 15, 
 1891. The eldest, Roland O, resides on Grand- 
 father Merriweather's farm in Industry Town- 
 ship. McDonough County. He was married on 
 June 20, 1907, to Florence Rexroat, a daughter 
 of T. C. Rexroat, of Bethel Township. Schuyler 
 County. Florence M. and William F. are at 
 home with their parents. 
 
 In politics.. Mr. Pollock has always been iden- 
 tified with the Republican party, although never 
 taking an active part in political contests, and 
 being without the slightest desire for public 
 office. His interest in civic affairs is, however, 
 intelligent and earnest. 
 
 PRATT, Harry, the present Deputy Sheriff of 
 Schuyler County. 111., is a young man of charac- 
 ter and many sided worth, and one whose pri- 
 vate as well as official life will stand the test of 
 the closest scrutiny. He is a product of the 
 farming contingent of this part of the State, and 
 was born in Huntsville Township, Schuyler 
 County. February 11. 1874. In his youth Mr. 
 Pratt had the advantage of a pleasant home at- 
 mosphere, and of parental appreciation and en- 
 couragement when his work was well done. His 
 father was Leonard J. Pratt, son of Leonard 
 Pratt, both of Ohio, and the former of whom was 
 
 born April 29, 1843. Leonard J. Pratt was 
 reared on a farm and educated in the subscrip- 
 tion schools, and when secession reared its gory 
 head and brought about the calamity of the 
 Civil War, he enlisted iu Company K, Second 
 Regiment Ohio Heavy Artillery, one of the first 
 military organizations to depart for the conflict 
 from the State of Ohio. The "Second" early in- 
 vaded Kentucky and did valiant work at Fort 
 Donelsou and other scenes of carnage and deso- 
 lation, and its members iucluded none more brave 
 than the father of the present county deputy 
 sheriff. His term expired, he returned to his 
 home in Ohio, but soon after came to Huntsville. 
 Schuyler County, where, on June 28, 1868, he 
 was united in marriage to Celilia Angelica San- 
 lord. Of this union there were fourteen chil- 
 dren, four of whom died in infancy. Those living 
 are as follows: Effle, Harry. Elsie, Clara, Clin- 
 ton, Cleveland. Nina, Pearl, Dwight aud Iva. 
 .Mrs. Pratt died in 1892, at the age of thirty-nine 
 years, and the second wife of Mr. Pratt was 
 .Mrs. Iverson, daughter of Dr. A. J. Mead. Leon- 
 ard J. Pratt was a kind husband and father, and 
 in his business and social relations, was the soul 
 of honor, courtesy and consideration. 
 
 The entire life of Harry Pratt has been spent 
 in the county in which he was born, and where 
 he was educated in the public schools. His wage 
 earning career began at the age of seventeen 
 years, when he hired out by the month, on a 
 farm. The yearning for a home of his own was 
 oue of the most persistent of his earlv inclina- 
 tions, and December 24, 1S99, he was united in 
 matrimony to Jessie Claude Pierce, also a native 
 of Huntsville Township, and daughter of Mil- 
 lard Fillmore Pierce, and Blanch (McKee) 
 Pierce. The Pierce family is of early southern 
 connection, and Mr. Pierce, sou of William 
 Pierce, is still a resident of Huntsville, he hav- 
 ing come from the home of his forefathers iu 
 North Carolina, in early manhood. He is a pros- 
 perous and honored man, and was formerly iden- 
 tified with the mercantile upbuilding of Hunts- 
 ville Township. 
 
 From 1900 until 1904 Mr. Pratt worked on a 
 farm in Huntsville Township, and during the 
 latter year was employed as a clerk iu a general 
 store in the village of Huntsville. In the mean- 
 time he had been active in Democratic politics, 
 wielded a considerable influence in the local de- 
 liberations of his party, and in 1906 he was cho- 
 sen Deputy Sheriff of Schuyler County, a posi- 
 tion which he has since maintained with distinct 
 credit. Mr. and Mrs. Pratt have two children, 
 of whom Celilia Blanche was born August 8, 
 1901 ; and Corinne Almeda, October 27, 190r,' 
 Mr. and Mrs. Pratt are members of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church in Huntsville, but since 
 locating in Rushville in 1906, attend the church 
 of that denomination in the latter city. Mr. 
 Pratt is socially inclined, and is a member of 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, of Hunts- 
 ville. and the Modern Woodmen of America, of 
 Rushville. He has achieved fair financial suc- 
 cess, and is known as one of the county's capa- 
 
908 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ble, promising and thoroughly dependable busi- 
 ness men and politicians. 
 
 PURDY, Mrs. Elizabeth.— Seventy years and 
 more have come anil gone since Mrs. I'urdy first 
 came to Schuyler County, tor it was in 1837 
 that she arrived in what is now Frederick Town- 
 ship. Though only nine years of age, already 
 had her childish eyes beheld much of the country 
 and already had the responsibilities of life fallen 
 upon her tender form. The children of the pio- 
 neers had no care-free existence. Theirs it was 
 to aid the older people in planting a home in the 
 primeval wilderness, and her recollections of 
 childhood bring back memories of laborious tasks ; 
 yet those were happy years and she recalls them 
 now with unchanging delight. Born in West 
 Virginia February 3, 1S2S, she was a daughter 
 of Alexander and Achsah (Bond) Furbee, also 
 natives of that State. The family migrated to 
 Illinois in 1S35 and took up land near Beards- 
 town, Cass County, but two years later came to 
 Schuyler County, where she grew to womanhood. 
 The first home of the family was a claim com- 
 prising the far mnow owned by Charles K. 
 Strong. On that homestead Mrs. Furbee died in 
 1844. Six years later the father traveled over- 
 land to California and began to prospect and 
 mine, but ere success had rewarded his efforts 
 he died in the West in 1856. Of his six children 
 only two are now living, namely : Elizabeth 
 (.Mrs. I'urdy) and Evaline, widow of Joseph 
 Reals and a resident of Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 While still a young girl, Elizabeth Furbee 
 became the wife of John G. Quinn, and two 
 children were bom of their union, namely: 
 Tin anas D.. now living at North Yakima, Wash.; 
 and Evengiston, a rancher and merchant in 
 Wyoming. After their marriage Mr. and Mrs. 
 Quinn settled on a farm in Frederick Township 
 and began to improve the same. When gold was 
 discovered in California Mr. Quinn became in- 
 terested in the West and decided to accompany 
 his father-in-law to the mines. The journey was 
 made without disaster. Shortly after his arrival 
 in California and after purchasing a claim, he 
 was taken ill and soon died. Far from wife and 
 children, his body was laid to rest by his father- 
 in-law. 
 
 The second marriage of the subject of this 
 sketch took place in 1852, when she was united 
 with Joseph M. Purely, who was born in Leb- 
 anon. Ky., and was one of a family of twenty- 
 three children, all but one of whom attained 
 years of maturity. Three of the sons and three 
 daughters came to Illinois ; the others becoming 
 scattered in various parts of the United States. 
 The Purdy family was founded in the United 
 States by three brothers from Ireland, one 
 of whom settled in Kentucky, another in New 
 York and the third in Ohio. From the time of 
 his settlement in Schuyler County in 1831 until 
 bis death in 1878, Mr. Purdy was actively identi- 
 fied with its agricultural development and aided 
 in the transformation of its wild lands into fer- 
 tile farms. Public enterprises received his sym- 
 
 pathetic co-operation. The cause of education 
 had in him a firm friend. Religious movements 
 benefited by his assistance. As a farmer he .vas 
 especially interested in the development of our 
 lands. For a time he cultivated the farm now 
 occupied by Mrs. Dunlap, but in 1861 he moved 
 to the place still owned and occupied by his 
 widow. 
 
 The following-named children comprised the 
 family of Mr. and Mrs. Purdy : Anna, wife of 
 Dr. S. D. Bader, of Peabody, Ind. ; Emma, de- 
 ceased, was the wife of R. Jordan, of Alma, 
 Ore.; Maggie, (Mrs. George Doane), of Los 
 Angeles, Cal. ; Bettie, who married Grant Hen- 
 dricks and lives in Salina, Kan. ; Henry, of Bal- 
 lard, Wash. ; Joseph M.. who was born March 
 21, 1SG6, and is living on the old homestead; and 
 Eva, who remains at home and cares for her 
 mother, tenderly ministering to her comfort in 
 her age, and Millard, who is deceased. 
 
 Among her neighbors Grandma Purdy ( for it 
 is by this name she is affectionately known) is 
 loved and honored. Many an interesting hour 
 may be passed in her society as she narrates 
 events of the early days. Retaining an excellent 
 memory of the happenings of pioneer times, she 
 loves to recount to younger generations incidents 
 familiar to her youth. The winters were very 
 severe and the settlers suffered greatly from 
 the extreme cold, especially because their cabins 
 did not afford sufficient protection from wind and 
 weather. Fires were started by the aid of a 
 flint. In the evenings the neighbors would 
 gather in and sit by the large fireplace where, 
 after enjoying one of Grandma Purdy's fine 
 suppers, they would crack nuts and tell stories. 
 She retains her love for the old-fashioned fire- 
 places and believes that, for comfort and beauty, 
 they cannot be surpassed by the modern methods 
 of heating. The telephone has never interested 
 her. for she desires to see the face of the person 
 with whom she is conversing; and in addition 
 she thinks that the old spirit of neighborliness 
 that was evinced in frequent visits has been lost 
 through the introduction of the 'phone. Only 
 two of her old neighbors are now left. The 
 others have been called to their eternal rest, but 
 the near-by presence of devoted children and fre- 
 quent letters from those far away, prevent her 
 from becoming lonely and enable her in her age 
 to remain happy and contented. For many years 
 she has been a member of the Christian Church 
 and her faith in a reunion with loved ones gone 
 before, cheers the evening of her days. 
 
 RAPER, William G., one of the best known 
 and most highly respected farmers of Littleton 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., where his life 
 has kept pace with the advancing stages of the 
 county's development from the early days of its 
 settlement, was born in Guilford County. N. C, 
 December 28. 1829. He is a son of Solomon and 
 Asenath (Miller) Raper. natives of that State. 
 His grandfather. William Raper, was born in 
 Wales. Solomon Raper, who followed farming 
 in North Carolina, moved with his family to 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 '.HID 
 
 Illinois in 1844, making the journey across the 
 country by team, and settling in Buena Vista 
 Township, Schuyler County. After living there 
 ou rented land for several years, he located in 
 Littleton Township, where he spent the remain- 
 der of his days, dying in 1855. His widow sur- 
 vived him for many years, passing away Febru- 
 ary 18, 1S88, while making her home with the 
 subject of this sketch, at the age of seveny-nine 
 years. William G. Raper received his early 
 education partly in the common schools of Guil- 
 ford County, N. C. ; and partly in those of Buena 
 Vista Township. Schuyler County, which he at- 
 tended for two terms. He lived at home until 
 he was twenty-one years old, and then rented a 
 farm in Littleton Township, on which he re- 
 mained twelve years. At the end of this period, 
 he bought SO acres of laud in Section 14, of the 
 same township, 20 acres of which were cleared 
 and contained a log cabin. After clearing the 
 rest of the place, he put up buildings and made 
 all necessary improvements. Fifteen years later, 
 he added 40 acres to tne original purchase, and 
 subsequently acquired some timber land, now 
 used for pasture. On June 12, 1907, he bought 
 80 acres of prairie land, all in the same section. 
 He has about 120 acres under cultivation, and 
 besides general farming, is engaged in raising 
 cattle and hogs. 
 
 On February 9, 1893, Mr. Raper was joined in 
 matrimony with Amelia Hogger, who was born 
 in Switzerland, March 30, 1875, and is a daugh- 
 ter of Jacob and Marie (Volke) Hogger, natives 
 of that country, the whole of whose lives was 
 spent there. Mrs. Raper came to Littleton, 111., 
 in 1892. Four children were the offspring of 
 this marriage, as follows : Jennie Edith, born 
 February 10, 1894; William Henry, born January 
 19. 1895; Julia Esther, born October 20, 1S99. 
 deceased in infancy ; and Helen Irene, born 
 April 14, 1902. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Raper is an adherent of the 
 Democratic party, and has held the office of Road 
 Commissioner of Littleton Township. Frater- 
 nally, he is affiliated with the A. F. & A. M., 
 and is also a member of the Knights Templar of 
 Rushville. His religious connection is with the 
 Baptist Church. He commands the respect and 
 confidence of all classes in the community. 
 
 REBMAN, Adam, an honored pioneer of Fred- 
 erick Township, Schuyler County, 111., where he 
 has a most attractive home on Section 19, and 
 is the owner of 221 acres of very desirable land, 
 is one of the strong characters in connection with 
 the progress and development of this portion of 
 the county. Mr. Rebman was born in the vicin- 
 ity of Albany, N. T., September 16, 1833, and is 
 a "son of John and Elizabeth (Hoffman) Rebman. 
 John Rebman was a native of what was French 
 territory at the time of his birth, in 1803, but 
 shire the Franco-Prussian War. has become a 
 portion of the German Empire. When he was 
 about 19 years of age he left the scenes of his 
 youth, in order to avoid serving in the army, 
 under the Prussian draft, and crossing the At- 
 
 lantic alone, located in New York State, near 
 the city of Albany. There about the year 1830, 
 he was married to Margarette Dorothy Hoffman. 
 He remained in that locality until 1S36, and then 
 started with his family for the West, intending 
 to make his home in Chicago. The boat on which 
 he had taken passage was destroyed by fire, 
 however, and all his belongings were consumed. 
 Being a cooper by trade, and hearing of the 
 heavy timber in parts of Central Illinois, he de- 
 cided that Schuyler County would be a good 
 place for him to establish himself in work, and 
 suiting the action to the decision, settled in the 
 village of Frederick. He was successful in his 
 labors as a cooper, and finally bought a farm 
 near Frederick. John ltebmau was a very hon- 
 est and industrious man, and through his mer- 
 itorious qualities, became one of the most sub- 
 stantial and highly respected citizens of his lo- 
 cality. He died in 1881, at the age of 78 years, 
 bis good wife having passed away in 1868. They 
 were the parents of sixteen children, five of 
 whom died in infancy. 
 
 Those who grew to years of maturity are as 
 follows : Andrew, who was born in New York 
 State, and died at the age of seventy years ; 
 Adam: Philip, who lives in St. Louis, Mo.; John, 
 who died when about forty-two years old, leaving 
 a family ; George F., who is engaged in farming 
 in Rushville Township; Frank, a dairyman, of 
 Frederick. 111.; Maurice, deceased; Rose, wife 
 of Sidney Geer, a farmer at Atlanta, Neb. ; Mary, 
 who married Abraham Black, a soldier in the 
 Civil War, now living at Beardstown, 111.; Ste- 
 phen, who died at the age of fifty years ; and 
 Delia, wife of Frank Geer, a farmer in Brown- 
 ing Township, Schuyler County. 
 
 Adam Rebman was brought to Schuyler 
 County. 111., by bis parents when he was three 
 years old. In early youth he recited his lessons 
 to the subscription schoolmaster in the little log 
 schoolhouse built on the hill where the Darnell 
 farm lay. He has still a lively recollection of 
 its large fireplace and slab benches, with desks 
 built by sticks being put into holes bored in the 
 logs. His first teacher was David Berry, whom 
 he well remembers. In early manhood Mr. Reb- 
 man learned the trade of a cooper and carpen- 
 ter in his father's shop on the farm, and re- 
 mained on the home place until the time of his 
 marriage. After this event, he went with his 
 brother to Liverpool, Fulton County, 111., where 
 he worked at the cooper's trade. In 1862, he 
 bought a tract of 160 acres in Section 20, Fred- 
 erick Township, where his son, Frank, now lives. 
 The land was covered with a second growth of 
 heavy timber. Mr. Rebman cleared it, making 
 the wood into barrels and ties, which he sold. 
 burning the pine log slabs, and eventually having 
 a well improved farm. This he disposed of in 
 1877. purchasing 180 acres of fairly well cleared 
 land in Section 19. in the same township, which 
 he lias since developed into one of the most val- 
 uable farms in the locality, making a beautiful 
 and attractive home. For seventy-one years. Mr. 
 Rebman has been a resident of Frederick Town- 
 
910 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 ship, and has done his full share iu promoting 
 its development He has confronted and en- 
 dured all the hardships and privations of pioueer 
 life, aud kept pace with the growth of the re- 
 gion, from a barren wild, to a scene of civiliza- 
 1 1< hi and plenty. His first harvesting in this 
 locality was done with the cradle aud sickle, 
 and his hay was cut with the old fashioned 
 scythe. Telephones and electric lights were then 
 a mere dream, if they entered the mind of the 
 most visionary at all. Every kind of maehiue or 
 implement in use for farming was of the antique 
 style, aud tallow dips and molded candles fur- 
 uished the only artificial light. Now, his farm 
 is equipped with all kinds of up-to-date machin- 
 ery for the cutting and lifing of hay, and the 
 harvesting of grain. 
 
 On May 30, 18G1, Mr. Rebman was united iu 
 marriage with Lavina Hill, who was born in 
 England, and is a daughter of William Hill, a 
 native of that country. William II ill came from 
 England in the fore part of the last century, lo- 
 cating first in Brownsville, Tex., and after- 
 wards in Galveston, in that State, where his last 
 days were spent. His daughter, Lavina, came 
 to Frederick, 111., at an early day, to visit friends. 
 But one member of her family, Mrs. Coates, is 
 located in this part of the country. During this 
 visit Mr. Rebman formed the acquaintance that 
 resulted in his marriage. This union was the 
 source of sixteen children, of whom five died in 
 infancy, and eleven are still living. All were 
 boru in Frederick Township, and the names of 
 those surviving are as follows : William, a 
 farmer and miner in the vicinity of Rushville, 
 111. ; Jessie, wife of Leander Settles, a biographi- 
 cal record of whose life appears elsewhere in 
 this volume; John, who is engaged in farming in 
 Frederick Township ; Josephine, wife of Otis 
 Levies, who follows the same occupation in 
 Rushville Township: Addie. who married War- 
 ren Spillers, a farmer, of Frederick Township; 
 Leora (Mrs. Leander Allen), a resident of Pleas- 
 antview. Schuyler County; Oscar F. and Frank, 
 twins — both of whom are farming in Frederick 
 Township, the latter being on the old home farm; 
 Annie, who is with her parents; Lucy, who be- 
 came the wife of Charles Nell, a farmer, of 
 Browning Township, Schuyler County: and 
 Dora, who is at home. 
 
 In politics. Adam Rebman is identified with 
 the Democratic party, and has creditably filled 
 various local offices, never, however, entertain- 
 ing any ambition for public honors. Fraternally. 
 he is affiliated with the M. W. A. He and his 
 excellent wife are consistent members of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and both are sin- 
 cerely respected by all classes in the commu- 
 nity. 
 
 REBMAN, Benjamin F. — The family repre- 
 sented by this extensive farmer and dairyman of 
 Schuyler County. 111., originated in Germany and 
 was founded in the United States by John Reb- 
 man. born February IT, 1803, and an immigrant 
 to the new world in 1S30. Soon afterward he 
 
 began to follow the cooper's trade at Frederick, 
 Schuyler County, aud later settled at Pleasant- 
 view, in the same county, where his son, Ben- 
 jamin F., was born January 12, 1848. Four 
 years after the birth of the son the family moved 
 to a farm ou Section 3, Frederick Township, 
 where the boy passed the years of youth aud 
 was given such advantages as the neighboring 
 school afforded. Being of au observing nature, 
 he learned more by self-culture than from text- 
 books and is now a man of broad informatiou. 
 The family had limited means and it was neces- 
 sary for him to take up the struggle for a liveli- 
 hood at an early age. Grasping the work near- 
 est at hand, he became a farm laborer, and in 
 that capacity, continued for a considerable pe- 
 riod, meanwhile saving his earnings with a view 
 to future investment. 
 
 While employed as an assistant to Davis Curry 
 on the latter's farm, Mr. Rebman proved so ca- 
 pable and efficient that, when Mr. Curry felt 
 himself to be fatally ill, he requested that his 
 assistant be retained after his death to superin- 
 tend the work of the estate. This was done, 
 and after the death of Mr. Curry, which occurred 
 May 14, 1873, the farm was operated by Mr. 
 Rebman. On January 1, 1870, he was united in 
 marriage with the widow of Davis Curry, and 
 they remained at the old place for ten years, 
 after which Mr. Rebman bought thirty acres of 
 land, and embarked in the dairy business. By 
 degrees he has added to his original possessions 
 until he now owns 100 acres adjoining Freder- 
 ick, and 220 acres also north of that village, 
 making 380 acres in all. His dairy barn is pro- 
 vided with a cement floor and furnished with 
 every modern equipment, while all the appliances 
 for the care of the milk show a careful regard 
 for sanitary conditions. Twenty-five head of 
 cows are kept in the dairy, and the products of 
 that department of the work are by no means 
 insignificant. 
 
 The union of Mr. and Mrs. Rebman was 
 blessed with three children. The eldest was 
 born October 17. 1881, and died April 29, 1S82. 
 The second, Gail, was bora July 2S, 1883, and 
 has been given superior advantages, having at- 
 tended the Blackburn University, spent one year 
 at Eureka College and graduated from the Illinois 
 State University, afterwards accepting a position 
 in the Colfax High School as Teacher of Eng- 
 lish and Medieval History. The youngest child, 
 Herman, born November 21, 1884, was likewise 
 given good advantages, and is now with his pa- 
 rents on the farm. Mrs. Rebman is an active 
 worker in the Christian Church, and Mr. Reb- 
 man is in hearty sympathy with the same, al- 
 though not a member. It was largely through 
 his suggestion and assistance that the house of 
 worship for that congregation was erected in 
 Frederick. In habits he is temperate. Liquors 
 he has abstained from, tobacco he has never 
 used, and tea and coffee form no part of his 
 diet. Both by example and by precept he has 
 given his influence to the cause of prohibition, 
 and has been an opponent of the saloons. In 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 911 
 
 polities, he has been a Republican ever since at- 
 taining his majority. For many years he served 
 as School Trustee, and always has been inter- 
 ested in the cause of general education. In fra- 
 ternal relations he is a Royal Arch Mason and a 
 member of the Modern Woodmen of America. 
 
 REEVE, Simon A.— The life of Simon A. Reeve 
 has spanned the distance between the far fron- 
 tier and the twentieth century of Schuyler 
 County. Graven upon his memory, and upon 
 that of the faithful wife who with him occupies 
 a beautiful home in Rushville, 111., are incidents 
 which never again can enliven the experience of 
 mankind because the conditions governing them 
 have been swept beyond human ken by the forces 
 of civilization. Mr, Reeve himself has done 
 much to bring about the wonderful changes 
 which have taken place since the establishment 
 of bis family here in 1S29, and perhaps his 
 written observations of the same would consti- 
 tute as true and interesting a narrative as any 
 which have been penned for the delectation and 
 enlightenment of the present generation. 
 
 In the peace of his later days Mr. Reeve de- 
 lights to recall the youth of a region which now 
 boasts unexampled progress and prosperity. He 
 himself was but a year old when he came here 
 with his parents in 1829 from Springfield, 111., 
 where he was born December 28, 1828. II is 
 father, John A. Reeve, who was a native of New 
 York, and who came to Illinois with his parents 
 about 1S20, continued to live in Springfield until 
 coming to Bainbridge Township, Schuyler 
 County, in 1829. The Indians at that time were 
 plentiful, and regarded the paleface as an un- 
 warranted intruder. Game abounded on every 
 hand, and the forests as yet were unaccustomed 
 to the noise of modern firearms. Indian trails 
 were the only thoroughfares, and the wigwam 
 the prevailing style of architecture. Something 
 of the dread silence of the prairies must have 
 appalled this intrepid invader of the frontier, for 
 he gave a man of the name of Gordon fifty acres 
 of land if he would live on it and thus become 
 his neighbor. This same land is now valued at 
 $125 an acre, a fact which indicates emphatically 
 the advance made during the past three score 
 odd years. 
 
 Simon A. Reeve attended school during the 
 leisure of the winter months, and in summer 
 worked in the harvest fields. The schoolhouse 
 had a puncheon floor, a wooden latch on the 
 door, and a big fireplace to consume logs. The 
 children drank from a gourd, and in many in- 
 . stances walked miles over dreary stretches of 
 wind swept road, twice a day. Simon remained 
 on the home place until his marriage. January 
 12, 1854, to Jane Orr, a native of County Far- 
 managh, Ireland, and born October 14. 1833. 
 Mrs. Reeve is a daughter of Joseph and Mary- 
 Ann (Burnside) Orr. and came with her parents 
 to America in a sailing vessel in November, 
 1839, settling in Bainbridge Township. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Reeve went to housekeeping in Bainbridge 
 Township in a log house 18 by 20 feet in dimen- 
 
 sions, and part of this original home is still stand- 
 ing on the old place, a witness to the courage 
 and early efforts of the pioneer occupants. Eighty 
 acres of the farm was covered with heavy tim- 
 ber, which, owing to the absence of a paying 
 market, was consumed for fuel. Both of the 
 young people were well prepared for their life 
 of hardship and deprivation, and both possessed 
 the industry which moves mountains and raises 
 those who possess it to places of comfort and 
 honor. Mrs. Reeve had learned the art of weav- 
 ing, and all of the clothing of the household was 
 made by her, the crude wool being washed, col- 
 ored, woven and made into garments by her pa- 
 tient hands. This loyal mother still has blank- 
 ets and coverlets created by her in the days of 
 long ago, and when her sons grew to maturity 
 and married she gave each of them a blanket 
 for a keepsake. The log house was a popular 
 one in the neighborhood, the center of much hos- 
 pitality and enjoyment, and the people got much 
 out of life with their crude accessories and op- 
 portunities. A common custom was the 'hitching 
 up of ox teams and attending church in a body, 
 or assembling at the homes to eat and drink and 
 make merry before the blazing logs of the tire- 
 place. A great time was had at the erection of 
 the Reeve barn about 1869, the neighbors coming 
 from afar, and working with might and main to 
 complete the large structure. 
 
 four children were born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Reeve, of whom Simon and Isadore died in in- 
 fancy. William H. now owns part of the old 
 homestead, and Pulaski is a retired farmer, of 
 Rushville. To the first eighty acres more was 
 added as success came the way of the owners, 
 Mr. Reeve finally having 280 acres which he 
 continued to occupy and manage until erecting 
 his present beautiful modern home in Rushville 
 in 1905. Taken as a whole, the lives of this 
 worthy couple have been useful and fortunate 
 ones, and in the twilight of their existence they 
 have much to be grateful for. Their sons are 
 capable, honored Christian gentlemen, reflecting 
 the training with which their youth was so 
 richly blessed, and friends have risen up who 
 delight in an association of great benefit to all 
 concerned. No name stands for greater purity 
 of character or for safe and practical ideals of 
 living, in the annals of Schuyler County. 
 
 REEVE, William H— The opinion has often 
 been expressed that America is too big to love; 
 that natives of such countries as Switzerland, 
 Holland or England may have an affection for 
 the very soil of the fatherland, but that an 
 American can never be imbued with such a love. 
 Such critics need not even go to the old home- 
 steads of the Eastern and Southern States to be 
 disabused of such an idea, for right here in the 
 long-settled agricultural communities of Illinois, 
 they will find many families who are still living 
 where their fathers located more than half a 
 century ago, and who have a feeling almost of 
 devotion toward every familiar tree and stream 
 and gently rolling fields, recalling some scene of 
 
913 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 the passing years. A signal illustration of tins 
 deep love tor the old home place among Ameri- 
 cans is furnished in the life of William H. 
 Reeve, a leading farmer and large land owner 
 of Bainbridge Township. Schuyler County. Born 
 in the township named, on the farm which ne 
 now occupies, on October 17, 1854, he is the son 
 of Simon A. Reeve, whose first home when ne 
 came to Schuyler County, was the little tumble- 
 down of a log cabin, which may still be seen 
 from the comfortable residence of William H., 
 and which is tenderly preserved by him as the 
 place of bis birth and the center of his boyhood 
 and youth. The dilapidated home cabin has also 
 been photographed and a handsome framed pic- 
 ture hangs upon the walls of the present family 
 residence. It was here he lived until his eight- 
 eenth birthday, when the paternal family moved 
 into a beautiful dwelling erected on the farm, 
 not far away. 
 
 William H. Reeve remained upon the home 
 farm with his parents until his marriage to Har- 
 riet E. Acldey, March 31, 1879. His wife was 
 born in Adams County, 111., in January, 1852, 
 the daughter of Nathan and Pauline ( Spangler) 
 Aekley, natives, respectively, of New York and 
 Indiana, who settled in Huntsville Township, 
 Schuyler County, at an early day. 
 
 After his marriage, Mr. Reeve and bis father 
 entered into a partnership in their agricultural 
 operations. The latter purchased an eighty-acre 
 timber tract, and as the son was very skillful 
 in grubbing stumps, his part of the clearing was 
 readily assigned. Of that fact sixty acres was 
 cleared. Father and son operated together until 
 January, 1004, when the former retired from 
 active work to a beautiful home in the city of 
 Rushville. the county seat, where he and his 
 faithful wife are surrounded by steadfast friends, 
 and live amid the comforts and peace springing 
 from industrious and well-spent years. 
 
 William II. Reeve is acknowledged to be one o1 
 the best grain farmers and live-stock men in the 
 county, conducting his extensive operations on a 
 magnificent tract of 307 acres in one body, lying 
 in Section 15. Bainbridge Township. He gives 
 special attention to the raising of wheat and 
 clover, Gold Dust being the variety of that grain 
 which is his particular pride, and in the culti- 
 vation of which he has met with remarkable suc- 
 cess. During the past year he had 130 acres de- 
 voted to wheat alone. He also keeps upon the 
 farm the best grade of live stock, his sleek, well- 
 fed animals, the methodical appearance o" his 
 fields and the bright, substantial condition of his 
 buildings, revealing the hand and mind of the 
 master agriculturist. Decided skill as a tiller of 
 the soil, high ability as a manager and uncom- 
 promising integrity in his dealings, have inspired 
 a general and a firm confidence which has never 
 been shaken. « 
 
 As he looks back over the half a century, and 
 more, since he first placed his feet on the soil 
 which he still treads, during which time many 
 of his boyhood friends have gone to other places 
 and some to their long rest, he cannot but be 
 
 thankful that he has been permitted to take such 
 an active part in the many great changes which 
 have taken place. He has lived to see the price 
 of land in Schuyler County rise from $25 to 
 ;>12r> an acre, and to witness the rise of villages 
 and cities from the forest and the raw prairie. 
 Schools and churches have sprung into life and 
 the township government has been organized and 
 extended — in all of which progress Mr. Reeve 
 has taken the part of a good and enterprising 
 citizen. 
 
 Besides his large farming and landed inter- 
 ests, Mr. Reeve is identified with the city of 
 Rushville, being the owner of a business house 
 on the west side of the square, and a splendid 
 residence. In religion he is a Methodist, and in 
 politics, a Democrat, and altogether a splendid 
 type of the American farmer and American citi- 
 zen, firmly attached to his church, his party, his 
 country and his home. 
 
 RENO, Benjamin F. — On the farm he now oc- 
 cupies in Section 22, Browning Township, Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., Benjamin F. Reno was bom 
 April 22, 1S5G. Previously, his parents, Jona- 
 than and Louisa (Thornton) Reno, had made 
 for themselves substantial place in the history 
 of the township, having settled here in 1825, when 
 the locality offered small encouragement to the 
 people who sought immediate recognition of their 
 industry and worth. Jonathan Reno long since 
 joined the silent majority, but a distinct and 
 unfailing echo of the days of the frontier is 
 found in the wife who survives him, and who, 
 with the snows of ninety-five years in her hair, 
 and the kindliness and happiness of one who 
 has lived well and faithfully in her heart, is the 
 joy of the household of her son, Benjamin F. It 
 will be seen that the township has profited by 
 the association of this family for eighty-three 
 years, and it would be difficult to estimate the 
 good and influence that have resulted therefrom. 
 Tlie wife of the early settler has a remarkably 
 active mind, and her associates delight in her 
 stories of the log cabin and tallow dip days, and 
 especially of the winter of 1830, known as the 
 winter of the deep snow. Almost incredible 
 seem the experiences of the people who were 
 making that early history, and the discourage- 
 ments they encountered and obstacles they over- 
 came, pronounce them people of more than ordi- 
 nary purpose and determination. Mrs. Reno re- 
 calls the wigwam of the Indians, and her many 
 experiences with them, although for the most 
 part they at that time had moved to other hunt- 
 ing grounds, returning, however, occasionally, to 
 the former place of their abode. 
 
 Benjamin F. Reno came upon the scene when 
 many comforts and advantages had been intro- 
 duced into the lives of the settlers, but of ne- 
 cessity his educational chances were limited, and 
 confined to the subscription schools and study 
 around the hearth when the day's tasks were 
 completed. When his father arrived at the age 
 where leisure was more welcome than labor, the 
 son renewed his ardor and assumed additional 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEI! COUNTY. 
 
 913 
 
 responsibility, and October !•, 1887, was united in 
 marriage to Emma Workman, who was bom in 
 Hickory Township, Schuyler County, July 5, 
 1869, a daughter Of Joseph Workman, a native 
 of Ohio, and pioneer of Schuyler County. Mrs. 
 Workman, who now lives in Browning Township, 
 was born in Georgia, and came early to this 
 Western Illinois. To Mr. and Mrs. Iteno have 
 been born tour children, two of whom died in 
 infancy. Of those living, Guy is a graduate of 
 the Kushvillc Normal, Class of 1900, and of the 
 business department of the same institution. 
 Class of 1907 ; and Ellsworth is a student in the 
 district schools. Out of the kindness of their 
 hearts Mr. and Mrs. Reno have given a home, 
 since he was a year and a half old, to John 
 Stambaugh, who now is twenty years old, a grad- 
 uate of the Rushville Normal, and who always 
 signs himself John Reno. He is now in the 
 mail service. 
 
 Mr. Reno is the fortunate possessor of 105 
 acres of land which he devotes to stock and gen- 
 eral produce. He is one of the thrifty and suc- 
 cessful farmers of the township, and sustains 
 well the reputation established by his father 
 when Schuyler County was an unhindered wil- 
 derness. Politically, he is a Democrat, and 
 fraternally, is identified with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 RENO, Hon. William C— The founder of the 
 Reno family in Illinois was Jonathan, who as 
 early as 1S25 brought his wife and children to 
 Schuyler County and entered land in Frederick 
 Township near what is known as Reno Lake. 
 From there in 1S27 he removed to Rushville 
 Township and entered land on Section 16, later 
 transfering his home to McDonough County, 
 and eventually going to the vicinity of Spring- 
 held, Mo., where he died. After his death his 
 widow returned to Illinois and remained in 
 Schuyler County until her death. Their son, 
 Jonathan. Jr., was born in East Tennessee, and 
 about 1834 married Eliza Thornton, a native of 
 the same State. Their marriage was solemnized 
 in Browning Township, where they made their 
 home during much of their lives. As a farmer 
 he was industrious and persevering. For a time 
 he also operated a sawmill. At the time of 
 the construction of the Wabash Railroad he had 
 a contract to furnish ties and other material for 
 building: this he rafted down the Illinois as far 
 as Xaples, where it was put into use. With the 
 exception of two years spent in Iowa he con- 
 tinued to reside in Browning Township until his 
 death in 1884, a part of his better years being 
 spent on the farm now occupied by Benjamin F., 
 his youngest sen. Politically, he was stanch in 
 his allegiance to the Democratic party. His 
 widow has reached the venerable age of ninety- 
 five years, and makes her home with her son, 
 B. F.. at the old homestead. Notwithstanding 
 her great age, she retains possession of her fac- 
 ulties to a large degree. 
 
 In the family of Jonathan Reno, Jr.. there are 
 five sons and two daughters now living, namely : 
 
 William C who was born in Browning Towu- 
 ship, Schuyler County, September 9, 1838; Jas- 
 per, a resident of Sedalia, Mo. ; Charles, of As- 
 toria, 111.; Andrew J., a susbstantial tarmer of 
 Warren County, 111.; Benjamin F., who remains 
 at the old homestead; Rebecca, widow of I. B. 
 Sipher ; and Matilda, who married W. J. Bates 
 and resides at Browning, Schuyler County. Three 
 daughters died in infancy and one passed away 
 after her marriage. During the boyhood years 
 of William C. Reno, he helped on the home farm 
 and attended the neighborhood schools. Chil- 
 dren in that period had few advantages. The 
 sehoolhouse where he was a pupil was con- 
 structed of logs, with a floor oi puncheons and 
 with slabs for benches. Text-books were few 
 and of inferior quality. However, he was a 
 diligent student and made the most of every 
 opportunity, studying with the utmost diligence 
 every book that came within his reach. Thus he 
 gained the foundation of his present broad fund 
 of information. 
 
 At the time of the excitement caused by the 
 discovery of gold in the Pike's Peak region, in 
 1859, Mr. Reno started for that region in company 
 with others, making the journey with wagon 
 and oxen. On his arrival he found that only 
 men with capital could work advantageously in 
 prospecting and mining, so he soon returned, 
 content to settle down to the more quiet life of 
 a farmer. October IS, 1861, he was united in 
 marriage with Rebecca A. Wallace, who was 
 bora and reared in Browning Township. The 
 young couple began housekeeping on a rented 
 farm, but in 1S66, they removed to Browning, 
 wheie Mr. Reno had charge of a warehouse 
 on the river. Soon he returned to the farm, but 
 in 1876 returned to Browning where he has since 
 made his home. In the public life of his town- 
 ship he has been a leader and, politically, has 
 been a prominent Democrat, active in local 
 party work. For ten years he officiated as town- 
 ship treasurer. For fourteen years he served 
 as supervisor and. during four years of that 
 time he was honored with the position of chair- 
 man of the hoard. In 1872 he was elected Justice 
 of the Peace, which position he has filled ever 
 since. 
 
 A further honor came to him in 1880, when 
 he was selected to represent the Fulton and 
 Schuyler Senatorial District, in the Illinois Leg- 
 islature, where, during his term of service, he 
 was found a faithful representative of his con- 
 stituents and a talented acquisition to the Leg- 
 islature. 
 
 Sorrow came into the family circle when the 
 wife and mother was called from earth April 11. 
 1893, leaving to her husband and children the 
 memory of a self-sacrificing life and a noble 
 Christian character. Eight children were born 
 of the marriage, one of whom died in infancy. 
 Samuel F.. the eldest son. is engaged in the real- 
 estate and loan business at Pueblo. Colo. ; Selina 
 and Jemima make their home with their father: 
 Mark M. holds the position of Division railroad 
 passenger agent, with headquarters at Burlington, 
 
914 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 la.; Minnie M. married Amos Curry and at her 
 death left three children — Marie, Ada and Fred : 
 Jay is manager of a drygoods store in Macorub, 111., 
 aud Fred, the youngest of the family, resides in 
 Lincoln, Neb., holding the responsible position of 
 chief iif the baggage aud express department of 
 the Chicago. Burlington & Quiucy Railway, west 
 of the Missouri River. The sous have risen to 
 prominence iu their various occupations and. by 
 their success, have added prestige to au hon- 
 ored family name. Fraternally, Mr. Reno is 
 identified with Astoria Lodge No. 100, A. F. & 
 A. M., of which he became a member in 1868. 
 Since 18(54 he has been associated with Brown- 
 ing Lodge No. 309, I. O. O. F. Through a long 
 life he has won and retained the confidence of 
 his fellowmen. Honorable in business relations, 
 alert in promotion of the welfare of the people, 
 patriotic in devotion to county and common- 
 wealth, keen in judgment and progressive in 
 thought, lie furnishes a type of the men who 
 have brought Schuyler County to its present de- 
 gree of prosperity and prominence. 
 
 RIDINGS, Nelson McNaire.— The success of 
 Nelson McNaire Ridings is a logical conclusion 
 of his inheritance and environment. For many 
 generations his people have tilled the soil, and 
 perfected farms which ever have represented the 
 best thus far achieved in agricultural science. 
 Mr. Hidings himself lias proved no exception to 
 the family precedent, but in Section 9, Camden 
 Township, operated a property the equipment 
 and fertility of which is not surpassed anywhere 
 in Schuyler County. Born in Hancock County. 
 111., December 2, 1849, he is a son of James E. 
 and grandson of William Ridings, both natives 
 of Tennessee, and early settlers of Hancock 
 County. Some time later the family moved to 
 Woodstock Township, Schuyler County, from the 
 vicinity of Pulaski, Hancock County, locating 
 near the home of Robert Brown, where the last 
 days of William Ridings were spent in eom- 
 parative retirement. He had seven children, of 
 whom William McNaire and Mrs. Jane Skinnett 
 are living, the latter being a native of Joplin, 
 Missouri. Three of his sons. Mack, David and 
 Washington, served four years each in the Civil 
 War. one in a Missouri regiment, another in the 
 One Hundred and Sixteenth Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and the third in the One Hundred and 
 Eleventh Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. In 
 Hancock County, III.. James R. Ridings mar- 
 ried Elizabeth F. Bennett, a native of Ohio, and 
 daughter of an Ohio farmer. Mrs. Ridings 
 came to Schuyler County with her parents and 
 her uncle, Joseph Newberry, from Ohio, set- 
 tling in Bainbridge Township, where Newberry 
 Postofflce was named for the uncle. James 
 Ridings was a blacksmith by trade, and this he 
 followed after bis marriage in 1846 in the village 
 of Rushville. He later lived in Bloomington for 
 a few years, then moved to Missouri, and after 
 the death of his father, in 1861, returned to the 
 old borne farm in Woodstock Township, which he 
 tools charge of and lived upon until his death. 
 
 November 7. 1903. Like his father before him 
 lie was the parent of seven children, of whom 
 Lorain died iu infancy ; Nelson McNaire is a 
 farmer in Schuyler County ; Flora is the wife 
 of James Greene, a farmer in Iowa; Eli/.a (de- 
 ceased) was the wife of Jacob Harmon, Jr., 
 of the vicinity of Rushville ; Charles is a farmer 
 of Walnut Grove Township, McDouough County. 
 111. ; Abide is the wife of Eugene Betrauch, of 
 lew a; and Arthur lives ou a farm near Rush- 
 ville. 
 
 Through a close application to study during 
 his leisure hours Nelson McNaire Ridings ac- 
 quired a much better education than does the 
 average farm-reared youth, who depends solely 
 upon the instruction of the local schools. The 
 hardest kind of work claimed his very early 
 years, and when but teu he drove a team that 
 hauled pork to Beardstown. where his uncle, 
 David Ridings, would help him unload. During 
 several winters he devoted his energies to team- 
 ing, and the summers were spent iu the harvest 
 field, the falls being spent in driving the horses 
 for the old horse-power threshing machine. His 
 father worked for several winters in the packing 
 department of Ray & Little, and the son aided 
 him with this work until Ids twenty-first year, 
 when he began farming on land he had rented 
 from his father. January 14. 1S72, he was 
 united in marriage to Emma Z. De Counter, 
 born February 28, 1853, a daughter of Samuel 
 De Counter, mention of whom may be found 
 elsewhere in this work. To Mr. and Mrs. 
 Killings have been born the following children: 
 Laura Isabel!, born December 19, 1872, wife of 
 Walter Warington. a farmer of Camden Town- 
 ship, ami mother of a daughter. Lena; James 
 Samuel, bom November 10, 1N74. married to 
 Lenora Head: Katie E., born December 21, 
 1S7C. deceased wife of Louis French, and mother 
 of Altie and Jessie, the latter of whom died at 
 the age of three years: Daisy, born December 
 4, 1S7S. deceased wife of Lee Myers, a farmer of 
 Huntsville Township; Clifford M., born Decem- 
 ber 2. 1881, living at home with his parents: 
 Logan J., born April 9. 1887: Raleigh, born Feb- 
 ruary 9. 1889; and Guy. born November 18. 189.-,. 
 Logan Ridiugs studied law at Des Moines, la.. 
 graduating in 190S: and Clifford is a graduate of 
 the Rushville Normal aud Business College. 
 Class of 1902. 
 
 After living on rented farms for several years 
 Mr. Ridings in 1877 bought eighty acres in 
 Camden Township, which remained his home for 
 twenty-six years. He was successful at general 
 farming and stock-raising, and in 1903 moved to 
 the farm owned by Samuel De Counter, which 
 consists of 300 acres in Section 9, Camden Town- 
 ship. He at present is extensively engaged in 
 the breeding of Poland-China hogs black cattle 
 and Belgian horses. He ships several ear loads 
 of stock annually, and is known as one of the 
 best judges thereof in Schuyler County. The 
 farm he occupies has the finest of modern im- 
 provements, has special facilities for stock, and 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 915 
 
 is adapted to the various kinds of produce asso- 
 ciated with the Central Western States. 
 
 Mr. Ridings lias always had the best interests 
 of (Schuyler County at heart, and has vigorously 
 endorsed good roads, good schools, churches, be- 
 nevolent organizations, and fraternities. Though 
 not a member, he contributes liberally to the 
 Christian Church, of which his wiie is a member, 
 and lie lias been a member of the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows, of Huntsville, 111., for 
 many years, having joined the Rushville lodge 
 of the order about 1872. In politics, he is a Dem- 
 ocrat, but the emoluments of office have never 
 drawn him from Ihe more peaceful interests of 
 his home. lie i^ a man of the strictest personal 
 honor, the kindliest disposition and generosity 
 of heart, and the noblest aims in the large things 
 which make for character and development. 
 
 RITCHEY, Francis P.— The influx of settlers 
 into Schuyler County in 1S31 included George F. 
 Ritchey, a man with a venturesome spirit, a 
 steady purpose, and considerable mercantile 
 ability. He came from a family of farmers and 
 pioneers, and his father, John Ritchey, was an 
 early arrival in Ohio, where the son was born 
 in 1S14. The lad was educated in the early sub- 
 scription schools, married Lueinda J. Walker, 
 ui Cloverport, Ky., and during the summer of 1831 
 came overland to Illinois, settling on Govern- 
 ment land in Rushville Township. Soon after- 
 wards he embarked in the grocery business in 
 the village of Rushville, disposing of the same 
 five years later and purchasing the farm in 
 Rushville Township, which he operated with 
 lair success until his death in 1SS8. The same 
 courage and capacity of endurance which brought 
 him to the wilds of Illinois induced him to seek his 
 fortune in the gold mines of California in 1850, 
 and he undertook the long journey aeross the 
 plains in an ox train, driving a team of sturdy 
 oxen from early morn until nightfall for six 
 months. lie seems not to have been especially 
 successful as tin Argonaut, lor in is.">:; he re- 
 turned and took up the burden of farming and 
 stock-raising. 
 
 At the age of thirty years Framis 1'. Ritchey 
 left the home farm in Rushville Township, and 
 went to seek his fortune in tile State of Kansas. 
 He had received a practical education in the pub- 
 lic schools, had profited by a commercial course 
 in Indianapolis and in Illinois, as in Kansas, 
 engaged in school teaching for several terms, 
 lie also embarked on an agricultural enterprise 
 in the latter State, but the uncertainty of the 
 seasons and the failure of eroiis interfered 
 with the realization of his expectations and 
 he returned to his former home in Rush- 
 ville Township in 1876. The same year he w.as 
 united in marriage to Catherine Sands, a daugh- 
 ter of Robert and Frances Sands, natives of 
 Ohio and Kentucky, respectively. Pour chil- 
 dren have been born to Mr. and Mrs. Ritchey: 
 Laura E.. wife of Noah Moore, of Rushville: 
 Frances: George F. : and Robert F. These chil- 
 dren have all been given excellent educational 
 
 and general advantages, and are developing into 
 capable and useful members of society. 
 Frances is attending a school of elocution in Chi- 
 cago: George F. is qualifying as a physician and 
 surgeon at the St. Louis Medical School ; and 
 Robert F. is in charge of the old home place iu 
 Rushville Township. 
 
 At the present time Mr. Ritchey owns 265 
 acres of land iu Section (J, in the above named 
 township, all of it improved, and equipped with 
 modern implements. In addition to general 
 farming he always has on hand various kinds 
 of stock, including high grade horses, cattle and 
 hogs, and is promoting one of the most modern 
 and scientific farming enterprises in the State 
 of Illinois. lie is a Republican in politics, has 
 held, among other offices, that of Supervisor of 
 Rushville Township, and with the rest of his 
 family, is a devout and consistent member of 
 the Christian Church. Fraternally, he is con- 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. Mr. Ritchey is a man of Hue breeding, 
 tact and consideration, and is well informed 
 upon the subjects which interest progressive and 
 intelligent people. Farming has enlarged and 
 broadened his mind and perceptions, instead of 
 narrowing them, as is the case with less inquir- 
 ing men. and he is physically, mentally and 
 morally, a representative of the best agricultural 
 element of his time, and place. 
 
 RITTENHOUSE, William.— There is no family 
 in Schuyler County, 111... which has done more 
 tor the cause of temperance, morality and relig- 
 ion than that so well represented by William 
 Rittenhouse, whose homestead is located in Sec- 
 tion 10. Bainbridge Township. He was born in 
 the township, half a mile west of his present 
 home, on February 11. 1857, a son of William 
 and Nancy (Kelley) Rittenhouse, who were na- 
 tives of Switzerland County, Ind.. and came to 
 Schuyler County about 1*4!>. In that year he 
 located in Bainbridge Township, which he made 
 his home until his death in 1S78, his wife sur- 
 viving him until l'.iol. Both were life-long mem- 
 bers of the Baptist Church, and true disciples 
 of Christ vim devoted their lives to the assist- 
 ance and uplifting of their fellows. They be- 
 eanie the parents of fourteen children t eleven 
 still living), as follows: Henry, who is a 
 farmer in Hardin County. 111.: Enoch, a farmer 
 of Bainbridge Township: Washington, of Wood- 
 stock Township: Sarah, who is now the wife of 
 .lames .Montague, of Norton County. Kans. ; 
 Rose Ann. wife of Ebenezer Crist, whose hus- 
 band is a Bainbridge Township farmer: Marion. 
 
 a resident of W istoclj Township: Mary, wife 
 
 of Henry Ilalfield. of Norton County. Kans.: 
 Thomas, who died in IS'.IT: William: James, who 
 is living in the Indian Territory : Hiram, a 
 farmer of Brown County. II!., and Nancy .1., now 
 .Mrs. Thomas P.urnside. living on the old home- 
 stead; Delia, who died at the age of live years; 
 and an infant, also deceased. 
 
 William Rittenhouse was reared on Ihe fam- 
 ily farm, attended the district school of his 
 
91G 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 neighborhood, and ou February 10, 1876, married 
 Rachel J Stoneking, a daughter of Washington 
 and Sarah (Wardell) Stoneking, and a nativeof 
 Cambridge Township. The young couple then 
 began married life on the farm where the hus- 
 band was born, remaining there until 1S7S, when 
 they removed to Norton County, Kans., and after 
 a years residence there returned to their na- 
 tive township. After renting land for some 
 years, Mr. Rittenhouse bought the interest of the 
 
 !""' s '" ' lll] tome farm, and again assumed 
 
 the management of the property, remaining on 
 the homestead until October. 1889, when he sold 
 it and bought eighty acres in Section 16. in the 
 same township. 
 
 ™ M . r "r^ d i IrS - Rittenu "»*<' have five children. 
 viz.. Otis T. a fanner of Woodstock Township 
 who married Eleanor Hudson and has three chil- 
 dren-James W. t Clifford and Ethel ; Nancy 
 
 wiVe nfV, n X ° r o n County ' Kans "> wh0 ^ the 
 vwfe of Silvanus Orr and the mother of William 
 
 H. . Sarah Jaue, wife of Frank lllman, a farmer 
 
 residing in Woodstock Township, this county; 
 
 of on •;')V' S n P, Ugb L0gsd0U ' wh ° is tl] e mother 
 of one child, William A. ; and Robert S 
 
 For fifty years Mr. Rittenhouse has made his 
 
 home in Bainbridge Township, and during all 
 
 this period confidence in his substantial ability 
 
 and moral strength has been continual 
 
 strengthening. When he was about twent^ ye s 
 
 for tv le " nited Wlth the Ba » tist Church Tnd 
 for twelve years was an active member of that 
 
 f s t cwh on ;, , H h e theu joiuecl t,le Free Mrt ^d- 
 
 nflm.o , " "■? Sin0e 1,een oue of its most 
 
 influential adherents. In 1SSS. when the local 
 
 society erected a well-arranged and attractive 
 edifice, he was the largest contributor to he 
 work, and has continued to be a leader in its 
 Ki ^ *?» he was Superintendent or 
 
 n wb ?h ' ''"" , thr0Ugb t,le organization 
 
 n which he is so earnest a spirit, splendid work 
 
 has been accomplished for the Christian cZZ, 
 
 while personally, his entire life inspired by the 
 
 teachings of his Master, has won the regard of 
 
 even those who have not agr 1 with h m n 
 
 denominational matters. For many years he has 
 also been an uncompromising Prohibitionist cast 
 
 Tob, , E£ " t T si ' 1 "" tial vote for John PS 
 t hi .'> A ' tboush his I 1eo ' ,lp were Democrats, 
 the moral importance of the temperance cause 
 so forcibly appealed to him that he finally c "„- 
 
 suorfo^ofU 1 hiS , "" iti '• ;,1 effQrts toward The 
 be ," ,'" " n, 1 1, : i " lf ' s "Mch to so thoroughly 
 
 bm v • , l "\ n " ,lt 1 In his politics, as in bis 
 daily hte. he is guided by the code of morals 
 which springs from Christianity, so t la even 
 his opponents admire his perfect sincerity an 
 thoroughly honor him. ' 
 
 sides, are portrayed in another sketch in this 
 connection. Delano G. Robeson, having spent all 
 his active years in agricultural pursuits, has 
 now abandoned active labor, and is living in re- 
 tirement. The early youth of Banning H. Robeson 
 was passed on the paternal farm, and in boyhood 
 ie received Ins education in the common schools 
 on reaching the period of maturity he applied 
 biniself on his own responsibility, his first lo- 
 cal,,,,, being at Christian Neck, whence he moved 
 m lbM to his present farm. He is the owner 
 of i8 acres of laud in Section 9. Rushville Town- 
 snip and his operations thereon have been at- 
 tended by invariable success 
 
 Ou April 18, 1S88, in Rushville Township, Mr 
 Robeson was united iu marriage with Delia v' 
 Anderson, a daughter of Henry Harrison and 
 Hannah (Ilmdman) Anderson, old settlers of 
 the township. Two boys and two girls resulted 
 from this union, namely: Pearl, Trade, Delano 
 ami Homer. 
 
 Mr. Robeson takes a good citizen's interest in 
 the public affairs of his locality, and in the 
 spring of 1905. was elected to the office of Road 
 Coinnijssioner, the duties of which he discharged 
 faithfully and efficiently. 
 
 ROBESON, Banning H., a well known, thriving 
 and much respected farmer of Rushville Towm 
 ship. Schuyler County. 111.. was born in the vi - 
 age of Astoria, Fulton County, 111. January 30, 
 1863 a son of Delano O. and Sarah fHarner) 
 Roles,,,,, whose lives, together with full partic- 
 ulars ,„ regard to the family history on both 
 
 ROBESON, Delano G.— The State of Ohio has 
 been a never failing recruiting ground for the 
 successful farmers of Schuyler County. Ill and 
 a representative of the best to come' from that 
 earlier settled community is Delano G. Robeson 
 the chief activity of whose career lies in the past 
 rather than the present of Astoria Township 
 Mr. Robeson was born in Danville, Knox 
 County, Ohio, in 1838, and comes of a family 
 long identified witli Maryland, where was bora 
 the paternal grandfather. Solomon Robeson the 
 founder of the family in Knox County. Ohio 
 On the farm in Ohio was born, in 1813 Jacob 
 W. Robeson, father of Delano, and in the same 
 county and State was bom Delano's mother 
 Louise (Giftoii) Robeson, in 1820. The maternal 
 grandfather, Robert Giffon, was boru in Scot- 
 land, and by occupation was a millwright. He 
 was a man of great business sagacity, and be- 
 came a large landed proprietor" in Coshocton 
 County. Ohio, owning at one time 4.000 acres of 
 land near Newcastle, and 3,000 acres iu another 
 part of the county. He acquired great general in- 
 fluence, anil was one of the very substantial and 
 prominent men of his community. 
 
 Jacob W. Robeson was reared on the Ohio 
 farm and eventually embarked in an independent 
 tanning enterprise. For a time after his mar- 
 riage he combined farming and the keepin" of 
 a country tavern, thereafter removing from Knox 
 to Coshocton County. Ohio, and still later 
 locating in Fulton County. 111., bringing his fam- 
 ily in 1850 to Astoria Township, in that county 
 where he was engaged in farming and stock- 
 raising until shortly before his death iu 1880 
 He was a kindly disposed and quite successful 
 man, and left a property which reflected credit 
 upon bis industry and good judgment. 
 Delano G. Robeson came to Rushville, Schuy- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 917 
 
 ler County, from Fulton County, iu 1870, and 
 two years later, bought sixty acres of land 
 In Sections 10 and 15, Rushville Township, going 
 in debt for the same to the extent of $1,000, for 
 which he paid ten per cent interest. Eventually 
 he added to this property as opportunity came 
 his way, until at present he owns 820 acres, be- 
 sides two valuable lots in the city of Rushville. 
 For the management of this property Mr. Robe- 
 sou was well equipped, for he was ever an apt 
 pupil in the public schools, and had so far felt 
 the need of further training that he taught 
 school before and after, in order to complete the 
 course at the Jones Commercial College, at St. 
 Louis. He also gained some business experience 
 as a clerk in the general store of Mr. Scripps, 
 of Rushville. He had a special aptitude for 
 farming, however, and was always glad to get 
 back to the freedom and independence of rural 
 life. In 1892 he temporarily left the farm and 
 located in Rushville, returning to the farm five 
 years later, and in 1005 taking up his permanent 
 residence in the city of Rushville. He has a 
 splendid farm, improved to the best known to 
 the modem agriculturist, and upon it may be 
 found a high grade of horses, cattle and hogs, 
 besides ;i fine residence and substantial barns 
 and outbuildings. His thousand-dollar debt did 
 not long remain uncancelled, for the debtor was 
 a man of energy and push, who left no stone un- 
 turned to achieve the best possible results iu his 
 line. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Robeson and Sarah M. 
 Haffner occurred iu Fulton County, 111., iu 1862, 
 Mrs. Robeson being a native of Virginia, and 
 born in 1843. Six children have been born to 
 Mr. and Mis. Robeson: Banning H., Hose II.. 
 Daniel W., Harry EL, Celia M., and Louise V., de- 
 ceased. Mr. Robeson is a Democrat in politics, 
 and local activity lias redounded to clean gov- 
 ernment and fair official dealing. He served 
 as Assessor of Astoria Township four years and 
 filled the same position in Rushville Township 
 for twelve consecutive years. He was also 
 Collector in Astoria Township two years. Fail- 
 ing health has interfered somewhat with the 
 usefuluess and happiness of his later years, but 
 his good spirits remain undiminished, and his 
 interest in the people and happenings around 
 him is as keen as when he was an active co- 
 worker. His inherent honesty and rare good 
 sense have been manifest in all of his dealings 
 with his fellow men, and he enjoys the respect 
 and good will of all who know him. 
 
 ROBESON, Jacob H. — An example of intelligent 
 farming and refined country life is found in the 
 home surroundings of Jacob II. Robeson, the 
 greater part of whose career lias been spent in 
 Rushville Township, Schuyler County. Mr. Robe- 
 son was born on a farm in Ohio in 1853, his 
 parents. Jacob W. and Louise (Glffin) Robeson, 
 being natives of that State. The family moved 
 from Ohio to Fulton County. 111., when Jacob II. 
 was a young lad, and when he had reached the 
 age of fifteen years, they settled in Schuyler 
 
 County, where he completed his education in 
 the public schools and developed into a capable 
 fanner and useful citizen. Further particulars 
 in regard to the Robeson family history may be 
 found iu a sketch of Delano G. Robeson appear- 
 ing elsewhere In this connection. 
 
 When twenty-one years old. Mr. Robeson con- 
 tracted the mining fever, which, mentally at 
 least, offered an easy and rapid way to fortune. 
 For three .veal's he worked in the silver mines of 
 Colorado, and at the expiration of that time re- 
 turned to Schuyler County, content to await the 
 slow but sure rewards of general farming. He 
 still has a fine and valuable farming property, 
 which he has devoted to raising the products 
 for which the Central West is noted, and his 
 buildings and general equipment have always 
 indicated a careful and. practical turn of mind. 
 In 190G Mr. Robeson decided to leave his farm 
 of 200 acres, and bought an attractive cottage on 
 West Lafayette Street, iu Rushville, where he is 
 enjoying the comforts of a well spent life aud 
 the society of many friends. 
 
 In 1880 .Mr. Robeson was married to Frances 
 Strong, of Rushville Township, and they have 
 four children, namely: Jacob L.. Clarence B., 
 Bertha M., aud Grace V. The mother of this 
 family is a daughter of Ennis Strong, a pioneer 
 settler of Pleasant view. 111., where he operated 
 a grist-mill a number of years. Both of her 
 parents' died in Schuyler County. Besides her- 
 self there are four sons and three daughters still 
 living, as follows: Thomas, who resides near 
 Lincoln, Neb.: Frank, of 1'leasantview, and John, 
 a farmer near that place; Burton, a fanner in 
 Rushville Township; Ella, wife of Lou Kinnear, 
 of Rushville, 111.: Drudy, wife of George Skiles, 
 of Lincoln. Neb. : and Ida. wife of William Reb- 
 mau, who lives just north of Pleasantview. 
 
 Although an earnest Democrat since casting 
 his first presidential vote. Mr. Robeson is averse 
 to seeking office, and has never been a candidate 
 for local political honors. He has been a tire- 
 less worker, and progressive, thoughtful man. 
 readily adapting himself to the use of such im- 
 provements as appealed to his reason aud com- 
 mon sense. 
 
 R0DEWALD, Adolphus Peter.— One of the most 
 striking exemplifications of what resolute per- 
 sistence, diligent use of opportunity, and fidelity 
 to the dictates of duty will accomplish, in a 
 comparatively brief career, when combined with 
 innate talent, is found in the life of the well- 
 known citizen of Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., 
 whose name introduces this narrative. 
 
 Mr. Rodewald was torn in Brooklyn, Schuyler 
 County, III., November 4, 1S02. He is a son 
 of Charles and Eliese (Peter) Rodewald, natives 
 of Germany, where his father was born Feb- 
 ruary 2, 1826, and his mother. October 15, 1833. 
 Charles Rodewald was a blacksmith by trade, 
 and also carried on farming as a means of liveli- 
 hood. In the year 1849 he came to America, and 
 soon settled in Schuyler County, 111., and on 
 Manh 18, 1852, he was married to Eliese 
 
918 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Philippena Peter, at Rushville. At the outset 
 he followed his trade of blaeksini thing, but after- 
 wards abandoned that occupation and engaged 
 in farming, operating also to a large extent in 
 real estate, and at the time of his death being 
 the owner of several valuable farms in Schuyler 
 County. To him and his excellent spouse were 
 I mill seven children, as follows: Frederick, 
 Charles William, George Herman (who died in 
 infamy i, Dorothea Catherine, Adolphus Peter, 
 Eustena Eliese and Benjamin Franklin. The 
 death of Charles Rodewald occurred on June 
 24, 1878, and that of Eliese (Peter) Rodewald, 
 on November 29, 1895. 
 
 Adolphus P. Rodewald attended the public 
 schools of his neighborhood when a boy, and in 
 1ST:: removed with his parents to Rushville, 
 becoming a pupil in the Rushville Union School. 
 He was graduated from the Rushville High 
 School in the Class of 1882. For many years 
 he was President of the Rushville High 
 School Alumni Association. His youth was 
 spent on the paternal farm. After his studies . 
 were completed he secured a clerkship in a 
 store, where he remained for several years, and 
 subsequently went into business for himself, 
 being engaged in the hardware and implement 
 trade in Rushville, under the firm name of 
 Rodewald & Darnell. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Rodewald is a Democrat, and 
 stands high in his party's local councils. In 
 1890 he was elected County Clerk of Schuyler 
 County, and was re-elected in 1S94, and through 
 courteous treatment of the patrons of his office, 
 and strict adherence to duty, he gained an envi- 
 able reputation as a county official. At the close 
 of his second term he voluntarily retired from 
 office, and being interested in the l'.ank of Schuy- 
 ler County, the board of directors elected him 
 Cashier of the institution, and he has ever since 
 discharged the duties of that position with 
 notable ability and fidelity. Much of the growth 
 and prosperity of this sound and reliable bank 
 is due to his conservative management and un- 
 tiring efforts. He also serves in the capacity of 
 Secretary of the Farm & Town Loan Association. 
 and is President of the Rushville Telephone Com- 
 pany, a strong local corporation. To every 
 movement or business industry that is for the 
 best interests of this home city, he is ever ready 
 to lend counsel and financial aid. 
 
 Mr. Rodewald was united in marriage, at 
 Rushville, 111., on June 10, 1896, with Bessie C. 
 Dyson, who was born in that city August 2, 
 1869. Mrs. Rodewald is a daughter of Joseph 
 and Martha (Wheelhouse) Dyson. 
 
 In 1900, Mr. Rodewald was elected a member 
 of the Board of Education of the Rushville 
 Union Schools, and was re-elected in 1003, serv- 
 ing several years as President of that body. He 
 was the first graduate of the Rushville High 
 School to be elected a member of the Board of 
 Education. In fraternal circles, he is identified 
 with the Knights of Pythias. He is a man of 
 superior qualities, and is recognized as one of 
 the ablest financiers in Schuyler County. 
 
 ROSE, John W. — In its second generation in 
 Schuyler County, 111., the Rose family has a 
 sterling representative in John W. Rose, a 
 young man with whom to think and plan is to 
 act, and whose many sided capacity and public 
 spiritedness supplies a standard of worth of 
 which any community might well be proud. Mr. 
 Rose is first of all a farmer, and his ability in 
 this direction has been augmented by a variety 
 of general experiences, including prolonged po- 
 litical activity. He is now in his sixth consec- 
 utive year as a member of the Board of Super- 
 visors, and during this time he has dune much 
 towards the practical development of the town- 
 ship as a member of the committees on roads, 
 bridges and public buildings. He is also serv- 
 ing his twelfth year as Township Treasurer, 
 and has been Township Clerk, and in fact every- 
 thing afforded by local political preferment. He 
 discharges his responsibilities with rare good judg- 
 ment, unquestioned integrity, and keen appreci- 
 ation of the needs and opportunities of the town- 
 ship, and irrespective of political bias, he is 
 thoroughly appreciated by the residents who 
 cherish worth while political and other ideals. 
 
 A farmer in Section 1, Hickory Township, Mr. 
 Rose was born in Woodland Township, Schuyler 
 County, October 10, 1871, a son of Samuel J. 
 and Mahala (Fike) Rose, the former of whom 
 was of German ancestry. The elder Rose set- 
 tled in Fulton County about 1850, and after 
 coming to Schuyler County as a boy, lived for 
 a time with his sister Mary, wife of Squire But- 
 ler. He acquired the average education of the 
 country youth, and married, for bis first wife 
 Sarah Shaw, who became the mother of three 
 children: Mary, deceased; Stewart E., a farmer 
 in Woodland Township ; aud Rebecca, wife of 
 Columbus Barker, who reside in Mason County, 
 111. After the death of his wife Mr. Rose mar- 
 ried Mahala Fike, of which union there was 
 but one child. John W. Samuel J. Rose was born 
 in Ohio, moving from there to Pennsylvania, 
 where his father died, and when he reached 
 Schuyler County, he had nothing in the way of 
 worldly assets to start him upon his independ- 
 ent career. He attained to high honor in the 
 community, became one of its well-to-do and in- 
 fluential farmers, and in politics held among 
 others the office of Township Treasurer. His 
 death occurred March 1, 1895, and that of his 
 wife, January 24, 1905. 
 
 The education of John W. Rose was acquired 
 in the country schools, the public schools of 
 Lewistown. and the Western Normal College, 
 which he attended a year. With these ad- 
 vantages as a nucleus, he has been a constant 
 student of men and events, and is one of the 
 best posted of the younger generation of the 
 township. Following close upon the ending of 
 his school days, in 1893 he engaged in the mer- 
 cantile business in Bluff City, Schuyler County, 
 his integrity and knowledge of his occupation 
 resulting in gratifying financial and general 
 success. Upon the death of his father in 1896, 
 he sold out his business to take charge of the 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 919 
 
 old Rose farm of eighty acres, where he en- 
 gaged iu general farming and stock-raising. Suc- 
 cess has enabled him to increase his possessions, 
 and he now owns 120 acres in Section 17, Curtis 
 Township, Fulton County, and 230 acres in 
 Hickory Township, Schuyler County, the latter 
 of which constitutes his home place. He raises 
 geueral produce and a variety of stock, and his 
 farm land represents the best possible develop- 
 ment known to this age of agriculturists. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Rose and Nellie Cur- 
 less occurred April 9, 1803. Mrs. Rose is 
 a daughter of J. W. and Jane (Mclntyre) Cur- 
 less, the former being one of the leading pioneers 
 of Schuyler County. Both are deceased. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Rose have three children : Beatrice, 
 Clifford J. and Rose Alice. Mr. Rose has a 
 strong and interesting personality, and inspires 
 confidence in all with whom he is ever asso- 
 ciated. He is vigorously alert to the advantages 
 and responsibilities of the young men of the 
 present, and contributes his share of character 
 and determination and purpose to the enlight- 
 ened community of which he is an integral 
 factor. In fraternal circles, he is affiliated with 
 the Masonic Order and the M. W. A. 
 
 ROSS, John H., a prosperous and prominent 
 farmer of Littleton Township. Schuyler County, 
 111., and one of the leading citizens of his lo- 
 cality, was born in Brooklyn Township, the 
 same county, in July, 1848, a son of Tolbert and 
 Catherine (Snyder) Ross, natives of Kentucky 
 and Virginia, respectively. His paternal grand- 
 parents were among the early settlers of Schuy- 
 ler County, and here the father of the subject 
 of this sketch grew to manhood, and after his 
 marriage to Catherine Snyder, followed farm- 
 ing t'nr several years in Brooklyn Township. 
 Selling out his interests there about the year 
 1851, Tolbert Ross bought 120 acres of land in 
 Section 10, Littleton Township, subsequently pur- 
 chasing more until his farm comprised 160 acres. 
 On this place he passed the rest of his life, 
 living in October, 1857, at the age of 45 years. In 
 1874, his widow became the wife of John Beadle, 
 of La Prairie. 111., and lived but a short time after 
 her second marriage, passing away in March, 
 1S75. By the father of the subject of tliis 
 sketch she had three sons and six daughters, all 
 hi' whom are still living except a brother, who 
 was the fifth in order of birth. In early youth. 
 John H. Ross received his education in the 
 district schools in the vicinity of his home, as- 
 sisting his mother on the farm until the time of 
 her marriage to Mr. Beadle. Following that 
 event, he took charge of the estate which he 
 afterward bought. The house originally stand- 
 in'.' on the property was destroyed by fire in 1881, 
 and in the following year he built the present 
 frame dwelling containing seven rooms. He 
 also put up a horse and hay barn, tiled the 
 ground and made other necessary improvements, 
 until he now has one of the finest farms in the 
 county, adjoining the town of Littleton on the 
 north. He is successfully engaged in general 
 
 farming, and in addition to this, devotes a por- 
 tion ol his time to raising horses, cattle and 
 bogs. All his undertakings have been attended 
 with profitable results. 
 
 On February 10, 1875, Mr. Ross was joined in 
 matrimony with .Mary .1. Peeckenpaugh, who was 
 born iu Littleton Township, Schuyler County, 
 February 0, 1853. Mrs. Ross is a daughter of 
 John and Cassandra lOrvin) Peeckenpaugh, na- 
 tives of Kentucky. The marriage of her parents 
 took place in Littleton Township. Her father 
 died in 1803, her mother having passed away iu 
 1856. Besides Mary J., they had one other 
 child who died in infancy. In 1881, Mr. and .Mrs. 
 Ross moved to Elk County, Kan., where they re- 
 mained but a short time, returning the follow- 
 ing year, and since then occupying the home 
 place. Two children resulted from their union: 
 Oel D., born November 25. 1877, who is a min- 
 ister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is 
 located at La Prairie, 111.; and John Frederick, 
 born November 20, 1882, a physician and sur- 
 geon, also residing in that town. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Ross is a Prohibitionist, and 
 has taken an active and influential part in the 
 local councils of his party. He has filled various 
 township offices with notable efficiency, including 
 those of Collector, Assessor. Road Commissioner 
 and Justice of the Peace. He is a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, in which he has 
 officiated as Superintendent of the Sunday School 
 since 1898, and Steward since 1885. 
 
 ROSS, S. B.,— Schuyler County has no better 
 judge of stock than S. B. Ross, whose forty- 
 four years have been spent in Bueua Vista 
 Township, where he was born March 25, 1864, 
 and where he now owns 120 acres of land, and 
 operates six hundred acres. This enterprising 
 landsman is a son of William B. Ross, from 
 whom he learned the rudiments of farming, 
 and under whose careful guidance he was reared 
 tn a practical appreciation of his life mission. 
 He was educated in the district schools, but had 
 no advantages over those of his schoolmates 
 who have achieved less success than himself. 
 
 At the age of twenty-one years Mr. Ross at- 
 l.iiueil entire control of the home farm, and Feb- 
 ruary l'::. 1887, was united in marriage to Mary 
 Moore, daughter of John D. Moore, a sketch of 
 whose life appears on another page of this work. 
 Mrs. Ross was born in Buena Vista Township 
 May 26, 1862, and, like her husband, had only 
 average advantages in her youth. Mr. Ross set- 
 tled on eighty acres of land in Sections 22 and 27. 
 Buena Vista Township, to which he added until 
 he owned 120 acres, lie built a good cottage on 
 the farm, and cleared about thirty acres, making 
 a beautiful and profitable farming property. In 
 1893 he rented 160 acres in Section 23. moved 
 thereon and operated the same until 1904. The 
 latter year he began to operate 600 acres, the 
 increase made necessary by his rapid rise in the 
 stock industry. Beginning in 1894. he special- 
 ized iu raising, feeding and shipping cattle and 
 hogs, and at the present time is one of the larg- 
 
920 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER. COUXTY. 
 
 est operators in Schuyler County He averages 
 about four car loads each year, including about 
 two hundred head of hogs, and at present he 
 has on hand forty-six horses. His farm is 
 equipped with first-class machinery, and general 
 improvements, and in 1907 he raised 130 acres 
 of wheat, and as many of corn. He has made a 
 thorough study of scientific feeding, and has 
 developed a system which makes him one of the 
 most successful men in the business in the State. 
 Notwithstanding his increasingly large per- 
 sonal responsibility, Mr. Ross has contributed 
 to the well being of the community in many 
 ways, and has filled several important political 
 offices. He is uncompromisingly Democratic, 
 and fraternally is identified with the Modern 
 Woodmen of America. Mr. and Mrs. Ross 
 are parents of seven children, of whom Mar- 
 garet, a graduate of the Rushville High School, 
 was born January 30, 1SS8. and for the past two 
 years has been a successful teacher in Schuyler 
 County ; Winfield B., a graduate of the high- 
 school class of 1907, was born September 21, 
 1889; John D. and Mary (twins), were born 
 September 25. 1S91 ; Aramlnta was born January 
 3, 1893; Beatrice O. was born in September, 
 1895; and Samuel S. W. was born June 13, 11105. 
 
 RUNKLE, James I., a farmer of high stand- 
 ing and abundant financial resources, an honored 
 veteran of the Civil War, and for thirty years a 
 much respected citizen of Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County, 111., was born in Industry Town- 
 ship, McDonough County, 111., October 6, 1841. His 
 father, Darius Runkle, was a native of Cham- 
 paign County. Ohio, and his mother, Anna M. 
 I Walker l Runkle, was born in Adams County, 
 Pa., near the town of Gettysburg. The paternal 
 grandparents. William and .Mary (Pence) Runkle. 
 were Virginians by nativity, while the birth of 
 the grandparents on the maternal side, Andrew 
 and Annie (Wilson) Walker, occurred in Penn- 
 sylvania. In 1837, Darius Runkle, father of 
 James I., located in Doddsville. Schuyler County. 
 111., and had charge of the general store of Sam- 
 uel Dodds, for about a year. Then he went 
 back to Ohio, staying a like period there, and 
 returning to Doddsville. where he was united in 
 marriage with Anna M. Walker, in 1840. He 
 made a wedding trip to his native State in a 
 covered wagon, and when the honeymoon was 
 over, came to Brooklyn Township, Schuyler 
 County, and bought 80 acres of land. This he 
 sold after awhile, purcbasing 160 acres in In- 
 dustry Township, McDonough County. There he 
 followed farming until the time of his death, 
 March 13, 1890. at the age of S3 years. His 
 wife died in 1SS0. when 05 years old. Darius 
 Runkle was a very extensive landholder, one 
 of the largest in Central Illinois. His landed 
 possessions comprised 3,000 acres, including 
 farms in Industry and Bethel Townships. Mc- 
 Donough County, and Littleton Township, Schuy- 
 ler County. He was a man of much force of 
 character, and considerable prominence in agri- 
 cultural circles, and wielding a strong influence 
 
 in his locality. Politically, he was identified 
 with the Republican part}-. He and his wife 
 had six sons and four daughters, of whom but 
 four sous are now living, the surviving members 
 of the family, besides James I., being J. C, a 
 farmer of Littleton Township; Charles W., of 
 Macomb, 111.; and George M., who follows farm- 
 ing on the old home place in Industry Townsnip, 
 McDonough County. 
 
 James I. Runkle was reared to the life of a 
 farmer, and received his education in the com- 
 mon schools, and in Lewistown (.111.1 Seminary. 
 On August 2. 1801, he enlisted, at St. Louis. 
 Mo., in Company A. Tenth Regiment, Missouri 
 Volunteer Infantry, and served with his regi- 
 ment in the Army of the Tennessee, dur- 
 ing the Civil War. He was within less than 
 a dozen steps of the first commander of his 
 company. Capt. Homey, then Lieutenant Colonel 
 of the regiment, when that officer was killed, 
 at the Rattle of Champion Hills. Mr. Runkle 
 was mustered out of service, August 24, 
 1864, and returned to the home of his parents. 
 Alter his marriage, he was engaged in operating 
 one of his father's farms in Industry Township, 
 McDonough County, until 1877. In that year, 
 he moved to his present location in Section 4, 
 Littleton Township, a little southwest of the vil- 
 lage of Littleton. All of the improvements on 
 this place, which consisted of 160 acres when 
 he took possession, have been made by him, and 
 he has added to its extent, until the property 
 now comprises 320 acres. The farm is in superb 
 condition, and its owner has been signally suc- 
 cessful in all his undertakings. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Runkle took place in 
 October, 1871, at which time Caroline M. 
 Legg became his wife. Mrs. Runkle, a woman of 
 the worthiest traits of character, was born in 
 Littleton Township, in December, 1S45, and is a 
 daughter of Thomas Legg, a native of Kentucky. 
 The following children have blessed the union of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Runkle, namely: Ethlyn (Mrs. Asa 
 Finch), residing in Littleton Township; Roy, 
 a resident of the same township; Lois (Mrs. 
 Otto Baxter), of McDonough County, 111.; Jo- 
 seph, who lives with his parents; and Mary, who 
 was married to Randolph Black, of McDonough 
 County. 
 
 In political action, Mr. Runkle is identified 
 with the Republican party. His religious connec- 
 tion is with the Presbyterian Church, to which 
 his wife also belongs. 
 
 RUNKLE, Joseph C— The Runkles came from 
 Germany, the grandparents of Darius Runkle be- 
 ing drowned at sea on the trip to America. One 
 of the most familiar names among the farmers of 
 Schuyler County. III., is that of Joseph C. 
 Runkle, who is known throughout the country as 
 a man of large landed possessions, extensive 
 agricultural operations, and abundant general 
 resources. He was born in Industry Town- 
 ship. McDonough County. 111., March 31, 1847. 
 a son of Darius and Ann Maria (Walker) 
 Runkle. pioneer settlers of this locality, com- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 921 
 
 ing from Ohio and Pennsylvania. The paternal 
 grandparents, William and Mary (Pence) Run- 
 kle, lived in the State of Ohio. Adam Walker, of 
 Adams County, Perm., came to Schuyler County, 
 in 1S4U, settled on Mr. Dodds' farm. William Run- 
 kle was bom in Virginia and went to Ohio in an 
 early day following the trade of tanner until 1850, 
 came to Morgan County, 111., took up land, 
 lived there until close of the war. His wife 
 was born in Virginia, she died at the age of 86. 
 He died at 84. Darius Ruukle, was born in 
 Champaign County, Ohio, February 10, 1813, his 
 wile being a native of Pennsylvania, born in 
 Adams County. The father worked at farming 
 two years lor $10 per month, after he reached 
 his majority, and was then employed for a like 
 period by his brother-in-law as a general-store 
 clerk in Sidney. Ohio. In the Spring of 1837 
 he came to Illinois, traveling by boat to Beards- 
 town. Cass County, and walking thence to Dodds- 
 ville, Schuyler County, being compelled to wade 
 through water two miles of the distance between 
 the two places. At Doddsville. he took charge 
 of the general store conducted by Samuel Dodds, 
 and while thus engaged, entered up 80 acres of 
 Government land. In 1838 he went back to 
 Ohio, and worked two veal's in a tan yard. Re- 
 turning to Illinois, he sold the Government tract 
 and bought 160 acres of wild land in McDonough 
 County, which he cleared and improved, and on 
 which he spent the remainder of his days. Soon 
 after his marriage, October 12, 1S40, he moved 
 into a log cabin which he had built, living in it 
 until 1866, when he occupied the line new resi- 
 dence which was afterwards his home and which 
 w:is the finest in McDonough County, costing 
 $10,000.00. He started with $90, and was ob 
 liged to borrow $10 in order to make up the nec- 
 essary amount wherewith to enter up his first 
 80 acres. For three years he was a merchant, 
 and was at different times engaged in various 
 lines of business, at one time conducting a stage 
 route. In 1843 and 1844, he held the office of 
 postmaster of Doddsville. For many years he 
 was supevisor of school boards, and together 
 with ethers, he built the first schoolhouse in his 
 district. In McDonough and Schuyler Counties, 
 he was the owner of more than 3,000 acres of 
 land at the time of his death. 070 in Schuyler 
 County, and 1,940 in McDonough County. 
 Darius Runkle died March 14. 1896, his wife 
 having passed away February 1889. Politically 
 he was a Whig. lie voted first for Henry 
 Clay and at the birth of the Republican party 
 he voted for Fremont. He was a generous 
 public spirited citizen, and of noble character. 
 Joseph C. Runkle was reared on the paternal 
 farm in McDonough County. 111., and received his 
 early education in the district school in the 
 neighborhood of his home. In due course of 
 time (1871), he became possessed of 370 acres 
 el" his father's estate in Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County, and 160 acres in Industry 
 Township. McDonough County. On the latter 
 farm he made his home, improving it. and in- 
 creasing its extent by purchasing 290 acres more; 
 
 he did own 120 acres of timber land in McDon- 
 ough County, but sold this in 1907. He now owns 
 altogether 680 acres all in one body. He has 
 always been engaged in general farming, and 
 besides the cultivation of the soil, raises a large 
 number of hogs, averaging 250 per year. He 
 also feeds many cattle, fattening each year about 
 100 head. In the fall of 1906. he built a mag- 
 nificent residence, one of the best in Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Runkle took place Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1877, when he was wedded to Susan 
 Little, who was born in the vicinity of Rushville, 
 111.. May 13, 1853. Mrs. Runkle is a daughter of 
 Robert and Eliza (Cunningham) Little, natives 
 of Ireland, her father having been born in 
 County Tyrone. The union of Joseph C. Runkle 
 and Susan Little has been the source of seven 
 children, whose names are as follows: George 
 Darius, born February 10, 1879, a physician, 
 incited at Industry, 111.; Robert Clyde, born June 
 14, 1880, a farmer, of Littleton Township; 
 Cassius Wilson, born December 7, 1SS2 ; David 
 Everett, born May 14, 1884; William Lewis, 
 horn February 16, 1886; Benjamin Ray, born 
 May IS. 18SS; and Grace Maria, born Novem- 
 ber 30, 1S92. The last five are still members of 
 the home circle. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Runkle is identified with the 
 Republican party, but is not active in political 
 contests. He is a man el' strong character and 
 upright life, and is much respected, as is also his 
 amiable wile, a woman of excellent qualities of 
 head and heart. 
 
 RYAN, Edward Joseph. — Of that courageous 
 company known as the very early settlers of 
 Schuyler County, many forms stand out in 
 clearly defined outline, compelling the attention 
 of the present generation by the force of some 
 peculiarity or excellence, and through the gather- 
 ing haze of year?, filters to us somewhat of 
 that steadfastness which enabled them to con- 
 quer the wilderness and convert its resources to 
 the betterment of mankind. Few men of wealth 
 came hither to share the discomforts of a trans- 
 formation period. Wealth stifles ambition, and 
 patience rarely is its boon companion. These 
 men had all to gain, and all to surrender to 
 those who should succeed them. He who could 
 do things was a God-send, and the more useful 
 bis acquirements the better. How welcome then 
 must have been Charles Ryan in the loneliness of 
 Schuyler County, the establisher of one of the 
 county's best known families, and the grand- 
 father of Edward Joseph Ryan, Circuit Clerk 
 and Recorder of Rushville. 
 
 Charles Ryan was born on a farm in Knox 
 County, Ohio, a son of Charles K. and Elizabeth 
 Louise Ryan. He was reared to agriculture, 
 and when old enough to hew his own way went 
 te Cincinnati and learned the shoemaker's trade. 
 He had few clothes and less money, but had the 
 splendid freedom of choice denied so many, and 
 he merrily trudged all the way across country 
 from Cincinnati to Schuyler County, with a 
 
922 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 kit of shoemaker's tools on his hack, content to 
 hide the unfolding of the future, and satisfied 
 with the present so long as he could fast or feast, 
 and so long as the night's blue curtain was 
 swung in the sky for his sleeping tent. It is not 
 known why his journeying ceased at this partic- 
 ular place, but perhaps the open road had be- 
 come wearisome, and besides he had the spirit 
 of the great unrest wliich clamors for occupation 
 of hand and brain. When he began to make 
 shoes in Rushville the town had few houses, 
 but be built up a steady business, and he also 
 engaged in brickmaking, being the first to manu- 
 facture brick in Rushville. He was intimately 
 connected with the life of the town and sur- 
 rounding country, held numerous local offices, 
 and served as one of the guards at the time of' 
 the McFaddon banging at the Crane Creek bridge, 
 east of Rushville. Mr. Ryan lived to be a very 
 old man. and his wife, formerly Margaret Strong, 
 was Spared to share many years with him. 
 
 Edward Joseph Ryan was born on a farm west 
 of Rushville. April 22, 1S7G, a son of William 
 M. Ryan, who was born in Rushville, and who 
 was one of the numerous progeny of the pioneer 
 shoemaker. Rebecca Anna (Miller) Ryan, the 
 mother of Edward Joseph, was born in Decatur, 
 111., a daughter of Jonathan and Martha E. 
 (Baird) Miller, natives respectively of Decatur 
 and Louisville, Ky., and grand-daughter of 
 Thomas Baird and Catherine (Bell) Miller, both 
 born in Louisville. Edward Joseph attended the 
 country school until it bad nothing further to 
 teach him, then graduated from the Rushville 
 High School, and also from the three years' 
 course of the Rushville Normal. Business Col- 
 lege. For three years he engaged in educational 
 work in Rushville, and in the meantime devel- 
 oped a taste for politics, and through his alle- 
 giance to and support of the Democratic party, 
 was elected Circuit Clerk and Recorder, tor 
 which office he has just received re-nomination. 
 I)'.' is fraternally connected with the Independent 
 Order of Odd Fellows. Knights of Pythias and 
 Modern Woodmen of America. Mr. Ryan repre- 
 sents the reliable material from which the work- 
 ing forces of the immediate future are to be re- 
 cruited, lor. though having only reached the age 
 of thirty years, he is well established as an im- 
 portant factor in local affairs, and possesses 
 those qualities of progression and enterprise, of 
 integrity ami general worth, which bespeak a 
 larger usefulness (ban he has thus far achieved. 
 
 RYAN, Thomas. — No family established in 
 Schuyler County during (he 'thirties is more 
 substantially represented at the present time 
 than that of Charles Ryan, father of Thomas 
 Ryan, of whom extended mention is made else- 
 where in this connection. Mr. Ryan, among 
 other claims upon the gratitude and appreciation 
 of his successors, manufactured the first brick in 
 Rushville Township, and also followed the trade 
 of shoemaking for several years. The mantle of 
 his energy and resourcefulness has fallen on his 
 
 sons, and of these, Thomas Ryan is a successful 
 farmer and stock raiser of Rushville Township. 
 Mr. Ryan was born October 20, 1845, in Buena 
 Vista Township. Schuyler County, and remained 
 on his father's place until his twenty-third year. 
 He then married Ellen Shields, a native of Ohio, 
 and settled on a farm of his own, which he since 
 has brought to a high state of cultivation. Mrs. 
 Ryan's father and mother came to Rushville in 
 1857, and the former, who enlisted in the Union 
 Army as a member of the One Hundred aud 
 Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infan- 
 try, died while in the service. Mr. aud Mrs. Ryan 
 are the parents of the following children : Mar- 
 tin, Josie, Homer, Minnie, Herman, Clarence, 
 Lillie and Lena. Mr. Ryan is a Democrat, in 
 politics, and has held the office of Supervisor of 
 his township. He is a progressive farmer, well 
 informed on current events, and a stanch pro- 
 moter of all that tends to the greater enlighten- 
 ment of the community. 
 
 SARGENT, Charles E., who is recognized as 
 one of the most thorough, painstaking aud sys- 
 tematic farmers and stock raisers of Bueua Vista 
 Township, Schuyler Count} 7 , 111., as well as one 
 of the worthiest citizens of his locality, was born 
 in Rushville Township, Schuyler County, one 
 mile east of Rushville, September 12, 1865. He 
 is a sou' of John and Sarah (Potter) Sargent, 
 both natives of Hastings, England. The paternal 
 grandfather, also an Englishman, died in the 
 laud of his birth. His son John was the only 
 member of the family to cross the Atlantic. One 
 of the Potters, the mother of Charles E. and 
 one of her sisters were the ones who made their 
 homes in the United States. John Sargent, the 
 father, had two brothers who lost their lives from 
 wounds received in battle while serving in the 
 British army. John Sargent, Jr., made his ad- 
 vent in this country in 1858, coming to Schuyler 
 County, 111., and locating in Rushville, where he 
 entered the employ of Little & Ray. After re- 
 maining with this firm for a while, he settled on 
 a farm in Buena Vista Township, where he was 
 engaged in tilling the soil for a number of years. 
 On retiring from active pursuits he spent his 
 days with Charles E. and another son, James, 
 until the time of his death, January 5, 1904. His 
 widow survived him a short time, passing away 
 September 11. 1005. The father was a very in- 
 dustrious and upright man, and was a devout 
 Christian, as was also the mother, both being 
 members of the Presbyterian Church. The lat- 
 ter was sorely afflicted for a long period, but 
 bore her sufferings with pious fortitude and res- 
 ignation. They were the parents of thirteen chil- 
 dren, eight of whom were born in England, aud 
 five in Schuyler County. Of the entire family, 
 eleven are now living, Elizabeth, the fourth child, 
 having died when seventeen years old, and Ann, 
 the seventh, at the age of eighteen yars. Those 
 surviving are: Sarah, wife of Frank Graff, a 
 retired farmer of Good Hope, McDonough County, 
 111. ; John, who is engaged in farming in Little- 
 ton Township, Schuyler County ; Mary, wife of a 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 923 
 
 resident of Englewood (Chicago) ; Hannah, who 
 married A. J. Tollin, a resident of Pasadena, 
 Cal. ; Thomas, who follows farming in the vicin- 
 ity of Cortland, Neb. ; George, who is living in 
 Memphis, Tenn. ; William, a farmer whose home 
 is near Adrian, Hancock County. 111. ; James, 
 whose farm is in Oakland Township, Schuyler 
 County ; Caroline, who became the wife of Jo- 
 siah Whitehead, a farmer residing near Panora, 
 Iowa; Charles E. ; and Ethel, who was married 
 to Edwin Armour, a farmer, of Buena Vista 
 Township. Politically, the father of this family 
 was identified with the Democratic party. 
 
 In boyhood, Charles E. Sargent attended school 
 near ids home in a schoolhouse that was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and was afterwards a pupil of 
 the Ross district school, in Buena Vista Town- 
 ship. During the greater portion of his youth 
 he was kept at home to lighten the burden of 
 care upon his parents, remaining with them un- 
 til the time of his marriage. After that event he 
 followed farming on rented land for about twelve 
 years, when he rented the farm of 300 acres in 
 Section 14, Buena Vista Township, which he has 
 since conducted. His farming operations have 
 been very successful, and in feeding live stock, 
 especially, the results of his labors have been 
 profitable. He has turned off from 150 to 200 
 hogs each year ; and about forty bead of cattle 
 at intervals of two years. For stock or feeding 
 purposes, he prefers the Black or Short-horn 
 breed. He raises 100 acres in small grain yearly, 
 and a like acreage of corn. He is the owner of a 
 fine prairie laud farm of eighty acres in Guthrie 
 County, Iowa, all tillable. By his diligent appli- 
 cation to work and his strict integrity, he has 
 won the implicit confidence of all with whom he 
 has had business relations, and is regarded as a 
 model fanner and an exemplary member of the 
 community. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Sargent took place Octo- 
 ber 27, 1887, on which date he was wedded to 
 Catherine R. Young, who was born in Wilming- 
 ton. Del., March 13, 1864. Mrs. Sargent, a wo- 
 man of most excellent traits of character, is a 
 daughter of Samuel and Margaret (McPeeters) 
 Young. In 1877, she came to Schuyler County 
 with her parents, who settled on a farm in Buena 
 Vista Township, where Mr. Young still lives. His 
 wife departed this life in January, 1905. Be- 
 sides Mrs. Sargent, they had two other children, 
 namely : John, who is engaged in farming in 
 Buena Vista Township, and Martha B., who 
 takes care of her father's domestic affairs. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Sargent have lour childreu, as follows: 
 Paul, born February 10. 18S0. and living with 
 his parents ; Clarence, born February 15, 1891 ; 
 Lillian, born June 10, 1892 ; and Harold, born 
 August 11. 1895. All were born In Rushville 
 Township, the birth of Lillian and Clarence oc- 
 curring in the same house where their father 
 was born, and which is known as "the old toll 
 gate." The parents of this family are members 
 of the Presbyterian Church, of Rushville. In 
 his political attitude, Mr. Sargent has never 
 been a strict partisan, using bis judgment freely 
 
 in the exercise of the elective franchise, and lat- 
 terly voting the Prohibition ticket. He is a man 
 of genial temperament and very agreeable man- 
 ners, and all who have become closely acquainted 
 with him may be counted on as bis friends. 
 
 SCHENCK, Myron Clark, M. D., a well known 
 physician, of Rushville, III., whose solid profes- 
 sional attainments and skillful practice have 
 won for him a high standing in the city and its 
 environs, was born in Fulton County, 111., Feb- 
 ruary 20, 1873, a son of M. P. and Mary C. (Mc- 
 Laren) Schenck, both natives of that county. 
 In early youth Dr. Schenck received his prelim- 
 inary education in the public schools of Bushnell, 
 Mi Douough County, 111., after which he entered 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons at Keo- 
 kuk, Iowa, and graduating from that institution 
 in 1895. lie at once commenced the practice of 
 bis profession at Littleton, 111., and during the 
 same year moved to Rushville, where he estab- 
 lished his office, and has since remained. He 
 has acquired a large and successful practice, and 
 is recognized as one of the most efficient and re- 
 liable physicians in Schuyler County. Dr. 
 Schenck was married in 1893 to Martha L. Wil- 
 son, who was born in Fulton County, 111., where 
 she received her education in the public schools. 
 Their union has been the source of two children, 
 namely: Olivia and Paul. As an individual, a 
 citizen and a medical practitioner, the record of 
 Dr. Schenck is of the highest character. 
 
 SCHULTZ, Judge Hermann C. — The long, hon- 
 orable and useful career of Judge Hermann C. 
 Schultz must ever elicit admiration and com- 
 mendation from all true appreciators of the fun- 
 damental qualities which, nurtured through the 
 centuries of the German Fatherland, and trans- 
 ferred through migration to the more virile op- 
 portunities of America, constitute the best quali- 
 ties in citizenship which communities have to 
 offer. Judge Schultz has grown old in the field 
 of agriculture and polities, and has inscribed 
 bis name indelibly upon the history of Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 Born in Hoffleburg, Prussia, October 2, 1832, 
 Hermann C. Schultz is a son of Johann and 
 Elizabeth (Felech) Schultz. the former of whom 
 was a sugar refiner in Germany, and died about 
 18-16. The wife, who survived him until 1858, 
 brought her family to America in 1S52, and 
 spent the last days of her life in Texas. Her- 
 mann C. received a common school education in 
 Ids native land, and at the age of fifteen was ap- 
 prenticed to a baker for three years, thereafter 
 working as a journeyman in different parts of 
 Germany for two years. Attracted by the reports 
 that came to him font this side the water, he set 
 sail from Hamburg, and alter two months upon 
 the sea arrived in Galveston. Tex., where he 
 was variously employed until 1857. He then 
 came to Schuyler County and engaged in farming 
 in nicktory Township, which ever since has been 
 his home. He at first rented land, but finally 
 bought forty acres, to which he added until he 
 
924 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 owned 263 acres. The development of this prop- 
 erty represented his life ambition, and was ac- 
 complished with the patience, skill and good 
 judgment for which the Teuton is justly famed. 
 Eventually he sold the larger part of his land 
 holdings and returned to the forty acres orig- 
 inally purchased, which now is his home. From 
 ls'.i4 until 1906 he conducted a mercantile busi- 
 ness in Sheldon Grove, and was also Postmaster 
 of the village. Since then he has lived in retire- 
 ment. 
 
 While in Houston, Tex.. March 5, 1854, Mr. 
 Schultz was united in marriage to Anna Henden- 
 reich. a native of Germany, and daughter of 
 Adam Hendenreich, who, upon his first trip to 
 America, was shipwrecked in mid-ocean, and, 
 climbing to the top of a mast, hung there for 
 two days ere he was rescued. Mr. Hendenreich 
 eventually located in Houston, Tex., and soon 
 after enlisted in the Mexican War. Having left 
 his wife and four sons and one daughter in the 
 old country, he was joined by them in 1S49, and 
 locating in Schuyler County, engaged in farming 
 until his death in 1S59. Simon Hendenreich, one 
 of his sons, served in the Civil War as a soldier 
 in the Third Illinois Cavalry, and his son Fred 
 was a member of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry. 
 commanded by Col. Robert G. Ingersoll. Mr. and 
 Mr*. Schultz are the parents of the following 
 children: Harmon H., who resides near Table 
 Grove. 111. ; Charles E., who died at the age of 
 eleven years; Julius C. : Callie, widow of George 
 Flinn. and mother of two children : Laura, de- 
 ceased : Emma, wife of J. A. Breen. of Peoria, 
 and mother of one child: Ferdina, married to 
 Helen Kelly, and living in Peoria ; Nellie, de- 
 ceased : and Peter, married to Daisy Reed, and 
 living on his father's home farm. Judge Schultz 
 and wife have been members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church since 1S60. and have been act- 
 ive in promoting the best interests of both church 
 and Sunday school. All of their children are 
 connected with the same church, and all are 
 young people of character and ability, having 
 been trained with due regard to their position 
 as useful men and women of their respective 
 communities. 
 
 Many of the most vivid memories of Judge 
 Schultz are connected with his life as a soldier 
 of the T T nion during the Civil War. No braver 
 fighter ever shouldered a gun or shared in the 
 terrible experiences and privations of warfare. 
 Enlisting in Company F. One Hunded and Eighth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in August. 1SH2. 
 he was mustered out of the service at Vicksburg. 
 Miss., in August. 1Sfi">. bavins: participated in 
 all of the battles of his regiment, and escaped 
 without wounds, illness or imprisonment. The 
 One Hundred and Eighth was one of the most 
 active regiments of the war. and its soldiers were 
 rarely far from the fighting line. Tt won many 
 distinctions, and Mr. Schultz, for bravery, was 
 promoted from private to Second Lieutenant. His 
 account of the war is both instructive and inter- 
 estins, and like nil faithful wearers of the bine, 
 he delisrhts to live over again the incidents which 
 
 made up the most vigorous and exciting period 
 of his life. 
 
 Early in life Mr. Schultz became interested in 
 Democratic politics, and a reflection of his abil- 
 ity aud honesty exists in the fact that he has 
 filled practically all of the township offices, in- 
 cluding that of Supervisor for teu years. He 
 was Justice of the Peace for twenty years, aud 
 in 1890 was nominated for County Judge aud 
 elected by a large majority, holding the office 
 four years. During that time he demonstrated a 
 high order of justice aud wisdom, his decisions 
 suffering but one reversal, and all others stand- 
 ing the test of the Supreme Court of the State. 
 His term expired December 1, 1S94, and he there- 
 upon engaged iu the mercantile business as here- 
 tofore stated. Judge Schultz has the substan- 
 tial and dependable qualities which win long 
 friendships, long tenure of office and continuous 
 influence for good. Even his private life has its 
 enduring compensations, for he recently cele- 
 brated his golden wedding, receiving renewed 
 assurance of the gratitude and good will of the 
 community he so faithfully and wisely has 
 served. He represents that class of German- 
 American citizens who, while retaining the ac- 
 cent and general characteristics of their nation, 
 yet enter with heart and soul into the most dan- 
 gerous as well as must pleasant and profitable 
 demands of their adopted country. Judge Schultz 
 has been a Mason for many years, being a mem- 
 ber of the Astoria (111.) Lodge, and is also 
 men i her of Schuyler Lodge No. 209. Knights of 
 Pythias. 
 
 SCOTT, Thomas W., M. D.— The life of a faith- 
 ful and conscientious physician is burdened with 
 seriuus responsibilities and heavy cares. If ani- 
 mated by the ideal spirit of his profession, he 
 must necessarily carry with him, night and day, 
 •a chivalrous sympathy with the suffering of his 
 patients and a keen sensitiveness to the correct- 
 ness of his diagnoses, the efficiency of his path- 
 ological methods and the probable results in 
 each case of severe sickness. As a counteractive 
 of this mental friction and anxiety, he has a 
 consciousness that the general results of his daily 
 ministration is the alleviation of pain, checking 
 of the ravages of disease and saving a human 
 life. 
 
 Such, doubtless, is the long continued expe- 
 rience of the worthy gentleman whose name 
 stands at the head of this biographical record, 
 and who is a prominent resident of Rushville, 
 Schuyler County, III., where he is successfully 
 engaged in the practice of his profession. For 
 almost a score of years Dr. Scott has practiced 
 medicine in Rushville. and has achieved a degree 
 of success possible only to the man of clearly 
 defined purpose, with unbounded faith in himself 
 and his work. The doctor is a native of Scott 
 County. Ky.. where he was born April 18. 1S48, 
 the son of Thomas West and Catharine ( Fitzger- 
 ald 1 Scott, natives of Maryland and Kentucky, 
 respectively. His paternal grandparents were 
 Amos and Nancy A. (West) Scott, whose birth 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COILS TY. 
 
 925 
 
 occurred in Maryland. At least three genera- 
 tions of his family pursued their various occu- 
 pations in .Maryland, his father having been 
 born in Montgomery County, in that State, in 
 1808, and his grandfather, Amos Scott, in 1777. 
 His grandmother, Nancy A. (West) Scott, and 
 his paternal great-grandparents, William and 
 Margaret (Davis) Scott, were natives of the 
 same State. On the maternal side his grand- 
 parents were Jesse and Lucretia (Sheller) Fitz- 
 gerald, the former born in Virginia and the lat- 
 ter a native of Hagerstown. Md., and his mater- 
 nal great-grandparents were William and Cath- 
 erine (Neville) Fitzgerald. The family moved 
 to Scott County. Ky.. in 1814, when Thomas W., 
 Sr., was six years old, locating near Georgetown 
 where the lad grew to maturity, aud where he 
 was married to Catherine Fitzgerald, of Lexing- 
 ton. In 18:12, Dr. Scott's father came to Buena 
 Vista Township, Schuyler County, 111., then a 
 sparsely settled locality, iu the upbuilding of 
 which he was destined to become a practical and 
 substantial factor. His days passed with the 
 usual tasks and diversions of the progressively 
 inclined landowner, and his death occurred Jan- 
 uary 22, 1885, at the age of seventy-seven years. 
 Dr. Scott obtained his primary education in 
 the public schools of Schuyler County, and his 
 classical training at Monmouth (111.) College. 
 In 1SS1 he began the study of medicine under 
 the preceptorship of Dr. G. P. Knapp, of Mount 
 Vernon, Mo., and afterward attended lectures at 
 the Missouri Medical College iu St. Louis, from 
 which lie was graduated in March, 1884. During 
 the next year he practiced medicine in Mount 
 Vernon, Mo., and then moved to Rushville, which 
 has since been his home, and where he has built 
 up a remunerative practice. He was appointed 
 County Physician in 1902, and has held other 
 positions of importance commensurate with his 
 professional skill. He was member of the County 
 Board of Supervisors for Rushville Township 
 for two years, and is now President of the 
 Board of United States Pension Examiners. Po- 
 litically, he is firm in his allegiance to Demo- 
 cratic principles. Dr. Scott is a sympathetic, 
 earnest man, striving to attain the best ideals of 
 his profession, and applying his knowledge with 
 rare discretion and excellent results. 
 
 SETTLES, Gilderoy. — An example of inspiring 
 adaptation to the agricultural life, an expression 
 of that resource, business insight, unremitting 
 industry, wise investment, keen grasp of the po- 
 litical, social and general situation, and shrewd 
 knowledge of human nature which lifts a man 
 to the highest country achievement and useful- 
 ness, is found in the career of Gilderoy Settles, 
 a retired resident of Rushville. who in youth 
 know but moderate advantages, and in later life 
 is the owner of 680 acres of farm lauds, besides 
 several town lots and dwellings in Schuyler 
 County, and 320 acres of prairie land in Clark 
 County. Kan. The acquisition of these valuable 
 holdings has been gradual and legitimate, and in 
 his accomplishment the owner sends out from 
 
 his own to the lives of those around him the 
 most wholesome and beneficent encouragement. 
 This ex-soldier of the Union and observing trav- 
 eler has spent more than half a century of his 
 life in this county, and in Rushville Township 
 has bought and sold more land than any other 
 dweller within its borders. No one has con- 
 tributed more substantially to the making of lo- 
 cal history, or to the character, purpose and in- 
 tegrity of this part of Illinois. 
 
 A native of Kurtin Township. Fulton County, 
 111., Mr. Settles was born November 14. 1837, 
 a son of William Settles, who, horn in Tennessee, 
 journeyed overiand to the wilderness of Greene 
 County, 111., about 1827. To bis frontier cabin 
 William Settles brought a wife, formerly Miss 
 Moody, and here were born two children, Charles 
 and Jordan C, both of whom survived their 
 mother's death in Greene County. Mr. Settles 
 changed his habitation to Fulton County, 111., 
 about 1S33, and here was united in marriage to 
 Peggy Carlock, who became the mother of the 
 following children : Polly Ann, who died in 
 Schuyler County, and whose husband, Abram 
 Weddle. died in Iowa ; David J., a soldier of the 
 Union during the Civil War, who died at Helena. 
 Ark., and whose body was sent home for burial ; 
 Serena, deceased wife of Seth Griggs, of Clin- 
 ton, Mo. ; Penina, wife of John Strawsbaugh, a 
 farmer of Table Grove Township. McDonough 
 County, 111. ; Fluent, deceased wife of John 
 Flint; and Josiah, who died at Sedalia, Mo., 
 December 28, 1905. The mother of these chil- 
 dren died in Fulton County, and about 1850 Mr. 
 Settles located iu Browning Township. Schuyler 
 County, from whence he moved to Morgan 
 County. 111., where his death occurred about 
 186S. 
 
 The environment of Gilderoy Settles in Fulton 
 County was extremely crude, and now that suc- 
 cess has abundantly crowned his efforts, no 
 memory is so clear to him as that of the crack- 
 ling log in the fireplace, the dim light of the 
 tallow dip, the school house on the hill, the river 
 sparkling in the sunlight, and the mill wheezing 
 away the days in its mission of food grinding. 
 His undeveloped strength was sorely taxed with 
 the hard and exacting duties of the home farm. 
 yet in the open he developed a fine constitution 
 ami healthy ambitions, also a keen appreciation 
 of the dignity and nobility of the calling of his 
 sires. He was about fourteen years old when 
 he came with his father to Schuyler County in 
 the early 'fifties and he continued to live at home 
 until his marriage, in 1857, to Penina Tracy, 
 who was born in Fulton County, HI., May 14, 
 1835, a daughter of Lyman Tracy, a native of 
 New York State, and one of the early settlers 
 of Fulton County. With his wife Mr. Settles 
 established a home on eighty acres of unim- 
 proved land in Browning Township, for which he 
 . paid a dollar an acre, the same skirting Sugar 
 Creek, a friendly little stream that added much 
 to the value and prospects if his farm. His first 
 home was a log cabin of small dimensions, but 
 comfortable withal for those days, and here was 
 
926 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 born his son. Leander, May 28, 1859, and his 
 daughter, Florentine, March 31, 1865. Leander, 
 whose sketch appears in another section of this 
 work, married Jessie Rebman, and they have 
 lour children: Harry, Anna, Ililiah, and Lura. 
 He is now a retired farmer living in Rushville. 
 The daughter Florentine, married Clementine 
 Milby, and they live on a farm in Rushville 
 Township, with a family of three children: Ger- 
 trude, Ruth and Edward. 
 
 With that commendable zeal which has charac- 
 terized all of his life undertakings, Mr. Settles 
 enlisted, March 15, 1S65, in Company I, Third 
 Illinois Cavalry, for one year, and was sent to 
 Springfield, 111., and to Eastport, Miss., remain- 
 ing there until the surrender of Lee at Appomat- 
 tox, April 9, 1865, live days before the assassina- 
 tion of President Lincoln. From there the 
 soldiers were sent to St. Louis, Mo., and thence 
 to St. Paul, Minn., where they went into camp 
 at Fort Snelling. One morning early they were 
 ordered out after the Indians, whom they ran 
 to Devil's Lake and out of the Territory. They 
 bad many opportunities to fish and hunt, but 
 fiuallv were ordered back to Fort Snelling, dis- 
 charged and sent to Springfield, 111., where they 
 were mustered out of the service. Returning 
 to his cabin on Sugar Creek, Mr. Settles learned 
 of the birth of his daughter, Florentine, during 
 his absence, and he again took up the burden of 
 fanning, wielding with renewed vigor his im- 
 plements of husbandry with peace and good fel- 
 lowship. 
 
 In 1867 Mr. Settles changed his home to a 
 farm of 180 acres in Browning Township, a 
 rough timbered property that left much to be 
 desired in the way of improvement. Here was 
 born April 14, 1S66, his son, Walter Logan, who 
 married Nola Robeson, is now a farmer in Rush- 
 ville Township, and has six children — Earl, 
 Ralph, Melvin, Manford, Edith and Edna; Dora, 
 born August 8, 1S70, is wife of William Carty, 
 and mother of Clyde B. and Charles Carty; 
 Charles R., born December 29, 1873, married 
 Myrtle Simpson, and lives on a farm in Rush- 
 ville Township ; Orpha, born July 12, 1876, on 
 the farm where Adam Rebman now lives, and 
 who is the wife of William Phillips, and mother 
 of four children, two of whom died in infancy, 
 those living being Ibanda and Hildreth Eva. In 
 INTo .Mr. Settles sold his farm and bought land 
 now owned by Mr. Rebman. His wife died Octo- 
 ber 16, 1S92. She was a noble and lovable wo- 
 man, possessed a host of friends, and was sadly 
 missed by her immediate family and by many 
 who had known the charm of her personal sym- 
 pathy and hospitality. December 25, 1895, Mr. 
 Settles married Clara Elizabeth Zeigier, who 
 was born in York County, Pa., January 31, 1S64, 
 a daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Zeigier, both 
 of whom still live in the Quaker State. Mr. 
 Zeigier is a machinist by occupation, and during 
 the war was employed by the Government as a 
 bridge builder, and also assisted in the construc- 
 tion of Fort Monroe. Calvin Zeigier, a brother 
 
 of Mrs. Settles, is a prosperous farmer in Brown- 
 ing Township. 
 
 Having abandoned for all time the responsibil- 
 ities of farming, Mr. Settles and his wife started 
 upon an extended western journey in November, 
 1900, visiting Pike's Peak, Manitou, the Garden 
 of the Gods, and other places of interest in Col- 
 orado, thereafter extending their trip to Los An- 
 geles, San Francisco, and other points in Cali- 
 fornia. His many sided experiences and keen 
 observations as a traveler were enjoyed by his 
 many friends in Rushville and Schuyler County 
 through the publication of letters written by 
 him and published in the Citizen and other 
 home papers. Returning to the county that has 
 known and appreciated him for so many ,j ears. 
 Mr. Settles took up his abode in his present de- 
 lightful residence on Jefferson Street, Rushville, 
 which he bad purchased in 1900, and in which 
 on March 10, 1907, he began a less arduous life 
 than he hitherto had lived. This home is pre- 
 sided over by a gracious and accomplished wife, 
 who understands the art of rendering comforta- 
 ble those around her, and who is highly es- 
 teemed by all who are privileged to enjoy her 
 acquaintance. Besides his home, Mr. Settles 
 owns twelve other town lots and three dwellings 
 in Rushville, three lots in Long Beach, Cal., and 
 eleven lots in Beardstown, 111. In all be Ins 
 bought and sold in Rushville Township, 1,200 
 acres of land, a record upapproaebed by any 
 other of its agricultural upbuilders. As before 
 stated, he paid one dollar an acre in gold for bis 
 first farm, going in debt for a part of it, and for 
 his last land be paid .$125 an acre, and now re- 
 fuses $150 for the same. No finer or more pro- 
 ductive property is to be found in the Central 
 West, due principally to the careful methods of 
 rotation, fertilization and general cultivation ob- 
 served by the owner. 
 
 Possessing so umistakably the faculty of accu- 
 mulation, Mr. Settles naturally has gravitated 
 towards banking, and is one of the stockholders 
 of the Bank of Schuyler County. Politically he 
 is a Republican, but no partisan, and no amount 
 of persuasion has caused him to invade the 
 ranks of office holders. He is a member of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, Colonel Homey 
 Post, and prominent at reunions and general post 
 undertakings. Personally, a genial, confidence 
 inspiring and forceful man, Mr. Settles has won 
 and kept friends all along his vigorous and pur- 
 poseful life, and everywhere that he is known, 
 is regarded as an excellent neighbor, loyal friend, 
 interesting companion and dependable country 
 gentleman. 
 
 SETTLES, Leander, who may fitly be classed 
 among the most prosperous and substantial farm- 
 ern of Rushville Township, Schuyler County, 111., 
 and one of the leading citizens of his community, 
 was born in Browning Township, Schuyler 
 County. 111., May 28, 1859, a son of G. R. and 
 Peniua Settles, natives of Illinois. In early 
 youth Mr. Settles attended the Mt. Zion school, 
 and when his father moved to Frederick Town- 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 927 
 
 Ship, continued his school attendance there. In 
 1S8^, he accompanied his Lather's Laniily un their 
 removal to Rushville, and has since made his 
 home in Rushville Township. After his mar- 
 riage, Mr. Settles hought a farm of eighty acres 
 in Rushville Township, on which he remained 
 until 1898, when he sold his land, buying eighty 
 acres in Sections 23 and 27, in the same town- 
 ship. There he made improvements by rear- 
 ranging, putting out fruit and ornamental trees, 
 shrubbery, etc. Having an ambition to spread 
 out and farm on a larger scale, he rented out 
 his little farm and in the spring of 1904, moved 
 to the 360-acre farm of his father, equipped 
 himself with plenty of good teams and machin- 
 ery, and by raising a good grade of stock, espe- 
 cially hogs, made a success in the operation of 
 this tract of land, and was recognized by the 
 people of the community as one of the most en- 
 terprising, progressive and successful farmers 
 in the township. In the year 1905 he sold the 
 part of his farm lying in Section 27 for $125 per 
 acre, and bought a quarter-section in Beadle 
 County, S. Dak., for $21 per acre. This farm he 
 kept one year, when he disposed of it at $29 
 per acre and invested in eighty acres of land 
 lying in Section 26. Rushville Township, which 
 makes 120 acres owned by him at the present 
 time. 
 
 Mr. Settles was married, May 9, 1885, to Jessie 
 R. Rebman, who was born in Browning Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County, March 14, 1866, a daugh- 
 ter of Adam and Lavinia Rebman. The father 
 of Mrs. Settles was one of the pioneers of Schuy- 
 ler County. Four children were the issue of this 
 union, as follows : Harvev R., born August 9, 
 1SS6; Annie L., born March 29. 1888; Hilah 
 Penina, born June 20, 1891 ; and Lura Irene, 
 born December IS, 1S97. Harvey R., who is a 
 farmer in Rushville Township, was married to 
 Nora Garrison, June 19. 1904, and they have 
 two children — Madeline C, born December 30, 
 1904. and Harold, bom October 20, 1906. Annie 
 L. is the wife of Ralph J. Ewing, also a farmer 
 of Rushville Township, to whom she was mar- 
 ried May 29. 1907. Hilah Penina was married 
 to George Garrison, of Rushville, May 3. 1908. 
 and Lura is with her parents. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Settles is a Republican, and 
 has filled various township offices, and is now 
 Township Trustee. Fraternally, he is affiliated 
 with the I. O. O. F., the R. N. of A., and the 
 M. W. A. While not a church member, he has 
 always been liberal in support of church work. 
 Socially, Mrs, Settles, a most estimable woman, 
 is connected with the Royal Neighbors. She is a 
 consistent member of the Methdodist Episcopal 
 Church, with which she united in girlhood. Both 
 husband and wife stand high in the estimation of 
 all who know them. 
 
 In the fall of 1907. Mr. Settles, having decided 
 to retire from farming, bought property In the 
 city of Rushville. locating there on October 30 
 of that year. Always entertaining a fondness 
 for travel, for a man engaged in the occupation 
 of farming, be has spent much time thus em- 
 
 ployed, having visited about half of the States 
 ol the Union, besides portions of Canada, the 
 aggregate of his touring as shown by bis diary 
 covering 25,000 miles. 
 
 SHELLY, D. Franklin. — During his long and 
 industrious life, D. Frauklin Shelly has wielded 
 the weapons ol war as well as the implements 
 ot peace, but it is in the latter capacity that 
 Ins name is enrolled upon the annals of Schuyler 
 County, of which he has been a resident since 
 the spring of 1870, and where he now is living 
 in practical retirement upon his 300-acre farm 
 in Section n. Hickory Township. Mr. Shelly was 
 born iu Augusta County, Va., February 11, 1835, 
 and is one of the three surviving of eight chil- 
 dren of Daniel and Katharine (Hafner) Shelly, 
 who came from Virginia to Fulton County. 111., 
 during the summer of 1856. The elder Shelly 
 was a man of quiet tastes and ambitions, but he 
 succeeded at farming and won the good will and 
 esteem of his fellow men. At the time of his 
 death in 1885 he had been a widower for ten 
 years. Of his children, W. H. is a farmer of 
 McDonough County, and James A. lives in Wood- 
 land Township, Fulton County. 
 
 Twenty-one years of age when he accompanied 
 the rest of his family to Fulton County in 1856, 
 I). Franklin Shelly had acquired a fair educa- 
 tion in the subscription and common schools of 
 his native State, and had been thoroughly drilled 
 iu farming as practiced in the South. He adap- 
 ted himself readily to Northern conditions, how- 
 ever, and was in practical command of his fath- 
 er's farm when the call to arms iu August, 1862, 
 drew him from peaceful and accustomed tasks 
 to the turmoil and uncertainty of warfare. En- 
 listing in Company II, Eighty-fifth Illinois Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, as Corporal, he participated in 
 all of the marches and battles of the company 
 until bis discharge from the service in March. 
 1865, on account of a gun-shot wouud received 
 in the vicinity of Atlanta, Ga. While recuperat- 
 ing from this wound he was in the United States 
 Hospital at Camp Butler, 111., and he still has 
 in his possession the bullet extracted by the sur- 
 geon, which had passed through his* shoulder 
 from front to back. He was as brave a soldier 
 as represented the strength and valor of Illinois, 
 and his martial experiences included many occa- 
 sions in which he figured as the good and gener- 
 ous genius of the suffering and dying. Few are 
 more consistent or accurate narrators of events 
 connected with the Civil War. and in few were 
 the benefits of peace more deeply ingrafted. 
 
 Continuing to farm in Fulton County after his 
 return from the war, Mr. Shelly married Feb- 
 ruary 22, 1870. Mary E. Sackmau, who was born 
 in Mason County, 111., in September, 1846, a 
 daughter of John W. Sackman, an early but now 
 ■' ised farmer of Schuyler County. 'The first 
 investment of Mr. Shelly after his marriage was 
 i': a farm of 120 acres is Hickory Township, 
 Schuyler County, which he later sold and then 
 bought his present farm of 300 acres in Section 
 9. On his farm Mr. Shelly has raised general 
 
928 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 produce and stock, and lias many fine improve- 
 ments, having modern barns, well kept fences 
 and a large and comfortable country home. Some 
 time since he laid aside the cares of the farm and 
 is enjoying the later years of his life in restful 
 quiet, a consummation merited by more than 
 thirty years of continuous effort, and by practi- 
 cal financial results which remove him from 
 the possibility of all monetary dissatisfaction. 
 While in no sense a partisan, he votes the Re- 
 publican ticket lor national and State affairs, 
 but locally supports the man best suited to the 
 responsibilities of his office. While not a mem- 
 ber of any church, his generosity in support of 
 church and charitable organizations is well 
 known, and he is a much appreciated member 
 of the local lodge of Masons. Of the four chil- 
 dren which have comprised his family one died 
 in infancy ; Charles H. was born in 1872. married 
 .Miss Ella Burrows and has two children, Gwen- 
 dolen and Lois; Charles operates a part of his 
 father's farm; Lida M., bora in February. 1876, 
 is the wife of J. XI. Todd, of Astoria; and Harry 
 F., born September 14, 18S2, is living on the 
 home place. Mr. Shelly bears well his seventy- 
 three years, and his heart is as young and spirits 
 as fine as if he were but half that old. He has 
 known how both to make and to keep friends, 
 and his standing in the community is based upon 
 an upright, conscientious and industrious life. 
 
 SKILES, Francis M. — The frontiersmen who 
 settled in Schuyler County in the immediate 
 wake of the Indian, reared large claims for them- 
 selves and splendid hopes for their progeny. Al- 
 though the majority of their characters and la- 
 bors are mistily set in the framework of history, 
 they yet live in those who bear their name, and 
 who represent in many instances the acme of 
 purpose, endeavor and vitality of the early part 
 of another century. George Skiles. who arrived 
 when the last century was a quarter old, was 
 bom in Pennsylvania, settled in his youth in Ken 
 tucky. and, hearing the call of the prairies, un- 
 dertook the arduous journey to Wayne County, 
 Mo., then an unhindered wilderness. About 1825. 
 accompanied by his wife, who formerly was Mary 
 Justus, and several of their children, he came to 
 Browning Township. Schuyler County, taking up 
 government land shortly after on what then was 
 called Rushville Prairie, in what is now the 
 township of that name. Here he encountered 
 .ill of the crudities and deprivations of the 
 frontier, and upon arising in the morning could 
 see the smoke arising from the cabins of all the 
 settlers for miles around. The buffalo trails still 
 were clearly defined, and although the rough out- 
 lines of the wigwam had disappeared, the former 
 owners of these quaint habitations frequently 
 returned to what, for centuries, had been the 
 happy hunting ground of their sires. For the 
 most part they were subdued and harmless red- 
 men, but the settlers had many disagreeable ex- 
 periences with those who could not forget their 
 wrongs, and who bitterly resented the encroach- 
 ments of the palefaced brethren. This early ar- 
 
 rival cleared considerable of his laud and ad- 
 vanced from dire poverty to comparative afflu- 
 ence, his useful life coming to an end while bit- 
 ter warfare raged between the North and South 
 in 1863. The wife, who survived him until 1874. 
 was the mother of thirteen childrn, two of w r hom 
 are still living : Mary, widow of Hiram Scott, 
 who has kindly contributed the facts of this 
 biography, and James Skiles, a resident of Alma, 
 Neb. At the age of ninety-three years, Mrs. 
 Scott, in the enjoyment of excellent health and 
 retaining her faculties to an uuusual degree, is 
 now making her home with her daughter, Mrs. 
 Sarah Robertson, wife of Alexander Robertson, 
 son of William Robertson, the latter one of the 
 first settlers of Browning Township. 
 
 Rev. William Skiles, sou of George Skiles, was 
 born in Wayne County, Mo., and was a small boy 
 when the family came to Illinois. He had few 
 opportunities on Rushville Prairie, but he had 
 ambitions and great religious zeal, early in life 
 becoming converted to the Union Baptist faith, 
 in which he prepared for the ministry. He had 
 a quarter-section of land offered him on the 
 prairie, but he preferred to settle in the timber 
 along the stream, and with the cultivation of 
 this land as one of his life objects, he became 
 a circuit-rider with his brother John, the latter 
 having prepared for the ministry in the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church. These two self-sacrificing 
 brothers rode together over Illinois, Iowa and 
 Nebraska, enduring all of the hardships known 
 to the circuit-riders of the frontier and accom- 
 plishing a world of good among the isolated set- 
 tlers. Really lofty and grand traits of character 
 are attributed to William Skiles, traits which 
 grew in strength up to the time of his death, 
 April 12, 1907, at the age of eighty-six years. Of 
 his nine children three died in infancy and six 
 are still living, Francis M. Skiles, whose name 
 heads this sketch, being the oldest. Elizabeth 
 is the wife of Frank Heathers, of Seattle, Wash. ; 
 George lives in Republic City, Neb.; Sarah is the 
 wife of A. Russell, of Alma, Neb.; William P. 
 lives near Republic City, Neb. ; and Nettie is 
 the wife of Jackson Gildersleeve, of Huntley, 
 Neb. The mother of these children formerly 
 was Sarah Luttrell. more extended mentiou of 
 whom may be found in the sketch of William C. 
 Skiles. 
 
 Born in Browning Township, Schuyler County, 
 111.. December 2, 1843. Francis M. Skiles was 
 reared to the life of the farm, and always has 
 made this the setting of his life occupation. His 
 education was acquired in the district schools, 
 often under great difficulties, and the foundation 
 thus supplied has been strengthened and en- 
 larged by almost continuous later research. His 
 early financial status became apparent at the 
 time of his marriage to Malinda Geer. a native 
 of Browning Township, and daughter of Dyer 
 Geer, one of the early settlers of this part of the 
 State. Mr. Skiles had to borrow the money of 
 his father for his marriage certificate, and so 
 poor were both of the parties to the alliance, that 
 they continued to live with their respective pa- 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 929 
 
 rents until better times dawned. Finally tlie 
 bridegroom succeeded in saving thirty dollars, 
 with which he bought a simple housekeeping out- 
 fit, aud rented a log cabin trout Koswell Brines, 
 the bridal gifts including a colt from the elder 
 Skiles and a heifer from the bride's father. The 
 farm was bottom land, damp and illy drained, 
 and as Mr. Skiles was soon taken with chills 
 and levev, it becami necessary to abandon his 
 first field of independent endeavor. With an 
 old plug team which had been added to his pos- 
 sessions, he move to McDonough County about 
 isr.i, and here succeeded beyond all expectation 
 in general farming and stock raising. His wife's 
 father dying in 1879, the couple returned to the 
 old Geer farm in Schuyler County where Mrs. 
 Skiles was born, and to the entire possession of 
 which Mr. Skiles succeeded by right of purchase 
 soon after. This remained his home until 1005, 
 and in its cultivation few men in the county have 
 achieved more satisfactory general results. To- 
 day be is the owner of 3S0 acres of as fine land 
 as the county contains, having the best of mod- 
 ern improvements, and lying admirably adapted 
 to all purposes of Central Western farming. 
 
 In political affiliation Mr. Skiles is a Democrat 
 and, in addition to several other township of- 
 fices, he has for many years been a member of 
 the Board of Education. With his family he is 
 a member and active worker in the Union Bap- 
 tist Church. To him and his wife have been 
 born six children, of whom Laura and Bertie 
 died in infancy ; Julius died at the age of twenty- 
 one years and four days ; Maggie is the wife of 
 William Alembaugh, of Browning Township, and 
 mother of Bert, Nellie and Beulah Alembaugh; 
 • Erne is the wife of Henry Trone, a fanner af 
 Browning Township, and mother of nine chil- 
 dren : Ellen is the wife of Miles Schlisler. and 
 mother of Hattie Schlisler, and lives on one of 
 her father's farms. Mr. Skiles may well regard 
 his life as a success, both financially and per- 
 sonally, for in addition to substantial wealth he 
 is one of the most honored and highly respected 
 men in the community. No man is more emphat- 
 ically the architect of his own fortunes, for all 
 his possessions have come from his first pay. an 
 old rifle, which then was the pride and hope of 
 his life. 
 
 SKILES. William C. — The stern and substan- 
 tial qualities which have inspired and accom- 
 plished successful pioneering in all places and 
 stages of the world's progress, were manifest in 
 the Skiles family at a very early period of the 
 history of America, and ever since have spelled 
 success and honor for the numerous members 
 widely scattered over this broad continent and 
 especially well represented in Schuyler County, 
 to which the first arrival came in the middle 
 'twenties. Of the latter-day exponents of honor- 
 able and useful living, one of the best known 
 and most successful is William C. Skiles. owner 
 of a farm in Section 14. Browning Township. In 
 which township he was born October 1. 1844. a 
 son of Moses and Mary (Luttrell) Skiles, na- 
 
 tives of Kentucky. Mr. Skiles' grandsires were 
 soldiers in the Revolutionary War, the paternal 
 grandfather coming to Schuyler County, IU.. 
 from .Missouri, the maternal grandparents arriv- 
 ing from the South. Both were witli General 
 Jackson at the battle of Horseshoe Bend, both 
 practiced agriculture with excellent results in 
 Schuyler County, and both lived to the ripe age 
 of ninety years. The grandmother Luttrell was 
 a remarkable woman, and attained the age of 
 102 years. During the early settlement of the 
 county she had many thrilling experiences with 
 the Indians. Her husband first settled in Brown- 
 ing Township, but later moved to the uplands, 
 and the first yoke of oxen he used in the town 
 ship was loaned him by the grandfather Skiles. 
 His daughter, Mary Luttrell, was the second 
 wife of Moses Skiles, and the mother of two 
 sons and one daughter, of whom James Skiles is 
 a retired farmer of Nebraska, and the daughter 
 is the widow of Thomas Tracy, of Schuyler 
 County. The first wife of Moses Skiles was 
 formerly a Mrs. Swazey, whom he married in 
 .Missouri, and whose son, T. J. Skiles, now lives 
 in Browning, 111. The third Mrs. Skiles in girl- 
 hood was known as Melinda Lynch, who became 
 the mother of five children : Verula, widow of 
 James Mitchell of Browning ; Rosa, widow of 
 Martin Glover, of Astoria, 111. ; Moses is a farmer 
 of Browning Township; Lewis died in Nebraska 
 at the age of thirty years ; David L., Charles C, 
 and George, all three, deceased. 
 
 William C. Skiles' mother died when he was 
 about seven months old, and he was then taken 
 to the home of his maternal grandparents, with 
 whom he remained until attaining his majority. 
 His youth was filled with hard work and respon- 
 sibility, but he managed to acquire a practical 
 common school education, upon which he has 
 built by the research of later years. In 1861 he 
 was united in marriage with Margaret J. Price, 
 a daughter of Permeuius Price, a native of Ten- 
 nessee, with whom he started housekeeping 
 on the old Luttrell farm, where seven of their 
 children were born to them, one being born 
 before the breaking out of the war. Of these, 
 William is a farmer of Littleton Township; 
 Mary is the wife of L. Parker, of Browning 
 Township, and has seven children; James I. is 
 a farmer of Browning Township; Amanda 
 (deceased) was the wife of John Stambaugh; 
 Thomas is a farmer in Fulton County ; Min- 
 nie is the wife of a farmer in Fulton County ; 
 and Ross is a resident of Peoria. III. The 
 mother of this family died in 1875, and in 1889 
 Mr. Skiles married Mrs. Maria Perkins, born 
 in Schuyler County, July 4, 1850, daughter of 
 Elijah Wisdom, who came as a boy from Ten- 
 nessee in 1827. Mr. Wisdom still is living with 
 his daughter and son-in-law, Mr. and Mrs. Skiles. 
 the only survivor of fourteen children, which 
 his mother reared among the crudest of sur- 
 roundings, never owning or using a cook stove, 
 or any artificial light save a tallow dip. Mr. 
 Wisdom has two children living, Mrs. Skiles and 
 Fannie, wife of Charles Hendricks, of Quincy, 
 
930 
 
 EISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 111. He was a member of the Eighty-fourth Illi- 
 nois Volunteer Iniantry during the Civil War. 
 He is now eighty-four years old, his wife having 
 died iu 1871. Mrs. Skiles has been thrice mar- 
 ried, her first husband being Allen Robertson, 
 by whom she had four children; Curtis, of 
 Browning Township; James., of Beardstown ; 
 William, of Browning Township; Carrie, Wife 
 of Ernest Skiles, of Browning Township. The 
 father of Allen Kobertson was a soldier in Com- 
 pany C, Third Missouri Cavalry, during the Civil 
 War. and his death occurred in February, 1877. 
 The second husband was H. P. Perkins, who 
 was a soldier iu the Third Illinois Cavalry, dur- 
 ing the Civil War, and died in 1889, leaving one 
 daughter, Wealthy, now deceased, who was wife 
 of B. F. Lancaster. Mr. and Mrs. Skiles have a 
 daughter, Fannie, now in school. 
 
 After his last marriage Mr. Skiles took charge 
 of his farm of forty acres on Section 16 in 
 Browning Township, where he has a comforta- 
 ble home within half a mile of where he was 
 born, and where he has been engaged in general 
 farming and stock raising. He is a Democrat 
 politically and has held a number of local of- 
 fices, including that of member of the Board of 
 Supervisors. Mr. Skiles is a man of firm charac- 
 ter and excellent judgment, and well sustains 
 the reputation for integrity and usefulness es- 
 tablished in the dawn of the county's history by 
 the sires on both sides of his family. 
 
 SLACK, Nathaniel G., M. D., (deceased).— A 
 bright and beneficent career in the medical pro- 
 fescsion was terminated by the decease of the 
 respected and well remembered physician above 
 named, whose practice in Rushville, Schuyler 
 County, 111., extended over a period of nearly 
 thirty years. That the memory of his faithful, 
 considerate and self-denying attention to his 
 numerous patients in Rushville and the sur- 
 rounding country is still warmly cherished by its 
 beneficiaries, is grateful evidence of his fidelity 
 to the implicit trust reposed in him and to the 
 high ideals which dominated his professional ca- 
 reer. The subject of this memoir was born in 
 England, April 9, 1830, his father, John Slack, 
 also being a native of that country, where he 
 spent his entire life. Some time after the death 
 cil John Slack, his widow married again, and 
 coming to the United States, settled in Illinois, 
 where she and her husband made their home in 
 Fulton County. The latter, whose name was 
 Potts, died a few years after their arrival in this 
 country. Nathaniel 6. Slack was a mere lad 
 when his father died, and was only approximat- 
 ing manhood when he accompanied his elder 
 brother to the United States. He first located 
 in Rhode Island, whence after a time, he pro- 
 ceeded to Illinois, and took up his abode in Ful- 
 ton County. There he shortly afterward became 
 a pupil in the academy at Farmington, and after 
 remaining for a time in that institution, pur- 
 sued a course of study at Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 
 He next taught school for several terms, and sub- 
 sequently studied dentistry, in the practice of 
 
 which he engaged. This he abandoned in order 
 to attend the lectures of the Iowa Medical Col- 
 lege at Keokuk, Iowa, and then commenced the 
 practice of medicine at his home in Fulton 
 County. In 1859 he removed to Rushville, where 
 he continued in practice, and soon attained gen- 
 eral recognition as a skillful and successful phy- 
 sician and surgeon. This professional standing 
 lie maintained for many years, acquiring an ex- 
 tensive and remunerative practice. He was also 
 identified with mercantile pursuits, being inter- 
 ested to a considerable extent in the woolen 
 mills at Rushville. His death occurred August 
 9, 1887. 
 
 On November 12, 185S, Dr. Slack was united 
 in marriage with Eliza C. Berry, who was born 
 in Fulton County, HI., a daughter of Henry C. 
 Berry, a native of Berkshire, England. Mr. 
 Berry came to America with his family in early 
 days, settling in Canada. Thence he moved to 
 Fulton County, 111., about the year 1839. By 
 trade he was a miller, and alternately followed 
 farming for a livelihood. In Fulton County he 
 was engaged in mercantile pursuits. During the 
 latter part of his life he went to California, 
 where he died. Mrs. Slack is still a resident of 
 Rushville, where she is surrounded by every com- 
 fort, and enjoys the cordial esteem of numerous 
 friends. 
 
 In politics, Dr. Slack was a supporter of the 
 Republican party. During the Civil War, he 
 acted in the capacity of United States Marshal. 
 Aside from his professional attainments and 
 services, his memory is cherished as that of one 
 of the patriotic, public spirited and useful citi- 
 zens of Rushville. 
 
 SMITH, Joseph H — To none of the old settlers 
 of Schuyler County do the changes which have 
 taken place during the past fifty-nine years seem 
 more marvelous than to Joseph H. Smith, a re- 
 tired farmer of Rushville. Mr. Smith has watched 
 the passing of the round log house; the subscrip- 
 tion school ; the dense hazel brush ; the hungry and 
 inquisitive foxes which made life miserable for 
 everyone but themselves ; the gentle deer, of 
 which he saw eleven in one herd ; the wild tur- 
 keys and other small game; the scythe, cradle, 
 flint light and tallow dip. From the other edge 
 of his life he still watches with interest the com- 
 ing and going of the present generation of work- 
 ers, those to whom have been shifted the burdens 
 of agriculture, but everywhere upon his own 
 place are the evidences of his handiwork, of his 
 untiring perseverance through the storm and 
 sunshine of his long life. Mr. Smith has had his 
 own way to make in the world ever since he was 
 old enough to make his labor of value. Born on 
 a farm in Jefferson County, Ind.. February 14, 
 is:;:;, he is a son of Michael Smith, a native of 
 Somerset County, Md., and grandson of William 
 Smith, also born in Maryland. Besides himself, 
 but two others of his father's children are liv- 
 ing, namely: Oliver P. Smith, of the State of 
 Washington, and William N. Smith, a resident 
 of Mount Vernon. 111. Melinda (Reamer) Smith, 
 
HISTORY <)F SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 931 
 
 mother of Joseph H., was bom in New Jersey, a 
 daughter of David and Nancy (Smith) Reamer, 
 natives of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, re- 
 spectively. David Reamer was a gunsmith by 
 trade, and he followed the martial fortunes of 
 Washington for seven years of the Revolutionary 
 War, stacking his musket on the battlefields of 
 Bunker Hill and Braudywine, and enduring the 
 bitterly cold winter at Valley Forge. Mr. Smith 
 now holds as his most prized relic the pocket- 
 book which his maternal grandfather carried 
 through the Revolutionary War. The Reamer 
 family is long lived, Melinda (Reamer) Smith 
 having lived to the unusual age of ninety years, 
 her death occurring in 1900. 
 
 Michael Smith moved from Indiana to Bain- 
 bridge Township. Schuyler County, in 1848, and 
 engaged in farming and stock raising until his 
 death in 1852. Joseph H. had the best advan- 
 tages procurable in his township, but even these 
 were meagre compared with those the children 
 of the present day enjoy. He was a sturdy and 
 industrious lad, and being left fatherless at the 
 age of nineteen, a large share of the home re- 
 sponsibilities fell upon his shoulders. The fol- 
 lowing year, in 1853, he was united in marriage 
 to Sarah Jane Icenogle, a native of Boone 
 County. Ky.. who came with her parents to 
 Schuyler County in 1849, she being then thirteen 
 years old. Surviving her parents and the other 
 children in the family beside herself are: Thomas 
 H. Icenogle, of Beardstown, 111., and Mrs. Mel- 
 vina F. M. Hodges, of Rushville. Mr. Smith has 
 voted the Democratic ticket ever since old enough 
 to form political opinions, and he served four 
 years as Constable of Bainbridge Township and 
 sixteen years as Road Commissioner. Both Mr. 
 and Mrs. Smith are devout members of the Bap- 
 tist Church, which she joined about fifty-five 
 years ago. To his first purchase of forty acres 
 of land, Mr. Smith has added until he now owns 
 160 acres, all under cultivation. His farm has 
 many fine improvements, excellent machinery, 
 and substantial facilities for caring for products 
 and stock. 
 
 SMITH, S. Darwin, M. D. — A comparatively re- 
 cent recruit to professional circles in Rushville 
 is Dr. S. Darwin Smith, one of the young and 
 enthusiastic practitioners who recognize the ever 
 widening possibilities of their calling, and whose 
 judgment and research is untrammeled by mental 
 fixity or blind devotion to the tenets of the past. 
 Dr. Smith was born in Woodstock Township, 
 Schuyler County, 111., December 30, 1870, of 
 Southern ancestry, his father, S. S. Smith, hav- 
 ing been born in Brown County. 111., of which 
 his paternal grandparents, Abraham and Mary 
 E. (Ilendly) Smith, natives respectively of Lex- 
 ington. Ky., and Virginia, were early set- 
 tlers. His mother, formerly Lizzie (Cook) Ma- 
 gruder. was horn in Schuyler County, 111., a 
 daughter of T. P. W. and L. M. (Bennett) Ma- 
 grader, the former horn in Baltimore. Md.. and 
 the latter in Shepherdstown, Va. 
 
 Dr. Smith's original field of activity was upon 
 
 his father's farm in Woodstock Township. He 
 received a practical common school education 
 while still at home, and finally entered the Chi- 
 eago Homeopathic Medical College, from which 
 he was graduated in the class of March, 1896. 
 Through successful competitive examination he 
 seemed a year of training as an interne in the 
 same hospital, and for the following five years 
 conducted a general practice in Astoria, 111., 
 coming to Rushville in the fall of 1902. He al- 
 ready has made many friends and built up a 
 practice extending over a large area of the town 
 and surrounding country, and by his faithful- 
 ness, skill, and ready adaptation to the demands 
 and amenities of his calling, gives promise of 
 extended usefulness in an appreciative commu- 
 nity. 
 
 Dr. Smith renounced bachelorfood March 1. 
 1898, marrying Anna Reed Freer, a native of 
 Chicago, 111., and of their union there is a son, 
 Edward Magruder Smith. The doctor is a Re- 
 publican in politics, and fraternally is connected 
 with the Knights of Pythias, Modern Woodmen 
 of America and the Court of Honor. 
 
 SNYDER, Madison 0.. (deceased), for many 
 years a leading farmer of Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County, 111., and later engaged in real 
 estate and fire insurance business in the town 
 of Littleton, 111., where he also held the office 
 of Postmaster, was born in Schuyler County, 111., 
 July 31. 1S40, a son of David and Cassandra 
 i Walker) Snyder, natives of Virginia and Ken- 
 tucky, respectively, the birthplace of his father 
 being in Breekenridge County, in the former 
 State. Their marriage took place in Virginia 
 in 1822, and two years later, they moved with 
 teams to Illinois, locating in the vicinity of Rush- 
 villc. A few years later, David Snyder entered 
 land in Sections 9 and 16, Rushville Township, 
 where in course of time, he became the owner 
 of 2S0 acres. The ground in this locality was so 
 swampy and boggy when he first located there 
 as to be of very slight value. David Snyder 
 died on his farm March 5, 1858, his widow sur- 
 viving him until June 6, 1869, when she also 
 departed this life. Their family consisted of 
 five daughters and five sons, of whom only one 
 son, William F. Snyder, of La Crosse, Hancock 
 County, 111., is now living. A daughter. Mrs. 
 Julia Wheat, of Littleton, Schuyler County, re- 
 cently passed away. 
 
 Madison O. Snyder received his education in 
 the district schools, and remained with his mother 
 until a year after his marriage, when he moved 
 to a farm four miles south of Littleton, on which 
 he lived until 1869. In that year he bought 120 
 acres in Section 10, Littleton Township, which 
 he partly improved, and successfully followed 
 farming there for seventeen years. In 1807, he 
 took up his residence in the town of Littleton, 
 buying a house and lot and the postoffice build- 
 ing, thereafter devoting his attention to the fire 
 insurance and real estate business, in which he 
 continued up to the time of decease, October 21, 
 1007. 
 
932 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Snyder took place Novem- 
 ber 13, 1861, on which date Mary J. Lambert 
 became bis wife. Mrs. Snyder was born in 
 Kushville, 111.. December 18, 1841, a daughter 
 of William and Catherine (Dennis) Lambert, 
 natives of Kentucky. Her lather was a minister 
 of the Christian Church and an early settler in 
 Schuyler County. Seven children born of this 
 union were : Catherine L., who married Samuel 
 Frank Sloan, and now lives at Watertown, S. D. ; 
 Nellie, who married Oel D. Ross, of La Prairie. 
 Hancock County, 111. ; Olive, who is employed as 
 a clerk in Macomb. 111.; Grace (Mrs. Hosea B. 
 Winters ) , of Littleton Township ; Elnora W., wife 
 of Charles D. Wells, a resident of Littleton. 
 111.; Clarence O.. a farmer of Littleton Town- 
 ship, and Nina Florence, who is still at home. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Snyder was a Republican and 
 bore a prominent and influential part in local 
 affairs. He held the office of Township Asses- 
 sor, five years; that of Collector, one year; and 
 served eight years as Justice of the Peace. He 
 was appointed Postmaster of Littleton by Presi- 
 dent McKinley. assuming the duties of that of- 
 fice February 14, 1S0S, which he continued to 
 occupy up to the date of his death. He also 
 held the office of Notary Public under the ad- 
 ministration of Gov. Tanner and Gov. Yates. In 
 fraternal circles. Mr. Snyder was identified with 
 the A. F. & A. M., having belonged to the Rush- 
 ville Lodge from 1864 to 18S4, when he assisted 
 in organizing a lodge in Littleton, 111. He was 
 also a member of the M. W. of A. The reli- 
 gious connection of Mr. Snyder was with the 
 Baptist Church, of which he had been a member 
 since 1S65, and in which he had officiated as 
 deacon and trustee from 1875 up to the time of 
 his demise. Mr. Snyder was one of the fore- 
 most citizens of the county where his entire life 
 had been spent, and no members of the commu- 
 nity were held in higher esteem than be and his 
 worthy wife, who survives him. 
 
 STEELE, George Burton. — A comparatively re- 
 cent and well equipped recruit to the profes- 
 sional life of Rusbville is George Burton Steele, 
 a young man of well defined purpose, and suffi- 
 cient energy and patience to accomplish much as 
 a legal practitioner. Born on a farm one and a 
 hall' miles northeast of Pleasantview, Schuyler 
 County. HI.. December 10. 1S78, Mr. Steele is 
 descended on both sides of his family from very 
 early setters of Ohio, in which State were born 
 his paternal grandparents, Theodosius S. and 
 Mary (McEwen) Steele, whose agricultural in- 
 terests wore identified with the vicinity of Rusb- 
 ville. On this farm of their own clearing was 
 born James M. Steele, father of George Burton, 
 who grew to manhood and married Rachel 
 Strong, a native of Pleasantview and daughter 
 of George W. and Frances (Quinn) Strong, the 
 former born in Columbiana. Ohio, and the latter 
 a native of Louisville. Ky. George Lee Strong, 
 the American progenitor of the Strong family In 
 America, was born in Ireland, and after settling 
 in Virginia, married Nancy Kennedy, a native of 
 
 Louisville, Ky. Thomas Quinn strong, great- 
 grandfather of George Burton, and son of the 
 immigrant, was born in Virginia, and after mov- 
 ing to Ohio married Elizabeth Lewis, one of the 
 Buckeye State's native daughters. 
 
 After the death of his mother, when he was 
 seven years old. George Burton Steele lived until 
 his majority with his grandmother, Frances 
 Strong, and his uncle, Charles K. Strong. While 
 achieving his preliminary education principally 
 through study at home, he graduated from the 
 Pleasantview High School, Kennedy"s Normal at 
 Rusbville, and the Rushville Business College. 
 
 At the age of eighteen he entered upon his six 
 year's of educational work, and during that time 
 gained an enviable reputation as a practical and 
 capable teacher. He then was appointed Deputy 
 County Treasurer, under his uncle, Charles K. 
 Strong, and while discharging the duties of this 
 office read law under Thomas E. Bottenburg, or 
 Rushville. Admited to the bar of Illinois, April 
 6. 1005, he began the practice of his profession 
 in Rushville September 1, 1905, and during the 
 ensuing year has had no occasion to regret his 
 choice of location. 
 
 December 25, 1901, Mr. Steele was united in 
 marriage to Bertha B. Bestler, a native of Naper- 
 ville, 111. Mr. Steele is a Democrat in poli- 
 tics, and fraternally is connected with the Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows and the Modern 
 Woodmen of America. Mr. Steele is at present 
 City Attorney for the city of Rushville, 111. 
 
 STOVER, Samuel. — For more than sixty-three 
 years the Stover family of Bainbridge Township 
 has been a strong and continuous factor in the 
 best progress of Schuyler County ; for its mem- 
 bers have been concerned not only with the ma- 
 terial phase of its history, but with the develop- 
 ment of its educational system, which tends to 
 the production of the higher wealth of mind, 
 and which is so closely related to the substantial 
 prosperity of any community. Education is a 
 stimulant to broad action and has an ennobling 
 influence on all the labors of the world, so that 
 both Samuel Stover, the pioneer in agricultural 
 work and civic organization, and D. Marion Sto- 
 ver, his son, who has accomplished so much for 
 the school system of the county, are entitled to 
 no small share of the credit of establishing so- 
 cial order and elevating the standard of their 
 home communities. 
 
 The late Samuel Stover was a Virginian, born 
 in Page County, that State, on the 8th of No- 
 vember. 181". and his father, also born in the 
 Old Dominion, was of German ancestry. In 
 1816 the family moved to the southern part of 
 Licking County, Ohio, where the grandfather 
 (also Samuel) engaged in farming and there 
 passed his last years. There Samuel Stover, Jr.. 
 married Maria Campbell, a daughter of Peter 
 L. Campbell, their union occurring in the fall 
 of 1843. The Campbells moved to Schuyler 
 County, 111., and settled on what is now Section 
 4. Bainbridge Township. The father was an act- 
 ive Democrat, was elected County Treasurer and 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 933 
 
 assessed the entire county before it was organ- 
 ized into townships, Anally dying on the old 
 farm. In the spring of 1844 Samuel Stover, with 
 his wife and one child, Milton L. Stover, settled 
 in the same section, the improvements on the farm 
 of 100 acres, consisting of a rude double log 
 cabin. The land was very heavily timbered, and 
 the father immediately commenced to cut down 
 and burn the large logs. One hundred and twenty 
 acres was finally cleared and reclaimed to the 
 uses of agriculture, and the farm is today one of 
 the finest in the township, in 1900 producing 
 eighty -seven bushels of corn to the acre. The 
 old log cabin remained the family home until 
 1858, and here most of the thirteen children were 
 born ; but in the year mentioned Samuel Stover 
 erected with his own hands a fine residence near 
 the modest house of the pioneer period. There 
 the mother died September 29, 1874, a devout 
 woman reared in the faith of the Primitive Bap- 
 tist Church, whose life was in strict accord with 
 the principles of her belief. Three of her thir- 
 teen children died in infancy. After his second 
 marriage to Mrs. Elizabeth Rouse. Mr. Stover 
 retired from the old farm to Rushville, where 
 he resided until his death, August 8, 1S98. and 
 where his widow passed away March 14, 1904. 
 
 Samuel Stover was long one of the prominent 
 citizens of Bainbridge Township, taking an es- 
 pecial interest in the early educational affairs. 
 He was a Democrat, filled various township of- 
 fices of trust, and, like his father-in-law, Mr. 
 Campbell, was in many ways prominently con- 
 cerned in the founding of the county govern- 
 ment. He was a faithful, enterprising, large 
 minded and warm hearted man, a good husband 
 and lather, and a strong citizen. His religious 
 belief, to which he was closely attached, was 
 that of the Primitive Baptist Church. 
 
 The children of the family who survived their 
 infancy are as follows : Milton L., who is farm- 
 ing in Johnson County, Neb. ; Oscar A., a resi- 
 dent of Rushville, Schuyler County ; Thomas C, 
 who died at the age of fourteen years ; D. Ma- 
 rion, a sketch of whose life follows ; Horatio H., 
 now deceased ; Horace P., a resident of Lincoln, 
 Neb. : Dora I., who married W. R. Hoskins, now 
 living in Wolsey, S. Dak.: Rollin M., and Robert 
 C, both residents of Rushville, 111.; and Zelma 
 E.. a school teacher of Minneapolis. Minn. 
 
 D. Marion Stover was born in the old log cabin 
 of the family homestead in Section 4, Bainbridge 
 Township, on the 27th of October, 1848, and is 
 now the owner of the home place of 160 acres, 
 which is well improved and under a high state 
 of cultivation. After receiving an education in 
 the district schools and the Gem City Business 
 College, of Quincy, 111., he devoted the larger 
 portion of his life to self-improvement and the 
 instruction of others. While fitting himself for 
 his profession he assisted his father upon the 
 farm, and in 1872 began teaching in the district 
 schools of Schuyler County, continuing this work 
 until 1886. His executive ability and modern 
 methods, with his popular personal qualities, so 
 established his reputation as an educator and 
 
 gained him so secure a footing with the public, 
 thai lie was nominated by the Democracy as a 
 candidate for County Superintendent of Schools. 
 His strength is shown in the fact that he was 
 elected by a greater majority than anyone else 
 on the ticket, and was also returned for a second 
 term of four years. During the eight years of 
 his service in this important office, from 1886 to 
 1894, the schools of the county were managed 
 with decision and ability, the valuable reforms 
 which were made being dictated by a common- 
 sense determination to give pupils the training 
 which they could utilize, rather than the am- 
 bition to be thought radical or unique. The re- 
 sult was that the schools were brought to a high 
 degree of practical efficiency and that he intro- 
 duced a course of study similar to the one now 
 used in every county in the State. Mr. Stover 
 was not a candidate for re-election, and has 
 since taken no active part in politics. For the 
 past four years he has served as principal of the 
 school of Frederick, and was re-elected for the 
 
 ter f 1907-08. 
 
 in 1898 Mr. Stover bought the old home farm, 
 and under his management it has been made a 
 most productive and desirable piece of country 
 property. Here in company with his sister, 
 Zelma E., he spends his summer vacations, and 
 devotes the balance of the year to the educational 
 field, to which he is so ardently attached and in 
 which he has earned such eminence. 
 
 STRONG, Charles Kennedy, the present Treas- 
 urer of Schuyler County, was born on the farm 
 he since has occupied near Pleasantview, June 
 15, 1857. This farm is one of the landmarks of 
 the township, and under the management of two 
 generations of the family it has taken on both 
 financial and home-making value. Settled upon 
 at an early day by George W. and Frances 
 (Quinn) Strong, parents of Charles Kennedy, it 
 has been added to as prosperity favored its in- 
 dustrious owners, and now consists of 160 acres. 
 George Strong was a native of Columbiana 
 County, Ohio, while his wife was born in Louis- 
 ville, Ky., a daughter of Thomas and Nancy. 
 {Kennedy) Quinn, natives of Virginia and Ken- 
 tucky, respectively. George Strong, father of 
 George W., was born in Ireland, and was the 
 onlj member of his family to emigrate to Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 As an occupation, Charles Kennedy Strong has 
 always followed farming, and has achieved suc- 
 cess in his chosen railing, being engaged in both 
 general farming and stock raising. At a com- 
 paratively early age he began to take an active 
 interest in politics, and has held many offices 
 within the gift of his fellow Democrats. On 
 two occasions he served as Assessor of Bain- 
 bridge Township, and was also Supervisor of the 
 same township for two terms, serving as Chair- 
 man of the Board, and having charge, as one of 
 the committeemen, of the erection of the present 
 county jail. He was elected County Treasurer 
 in 1902, and his conduct of the financial affairs 
 of the county has met with general satisfaction. 
 
934 
 
 HISTOliY OF SCIIUYLEIi COUNTY. 
 
 August 2S, 18S7, Mr. Strong married Adelaine 
 Corman, who was born in Rushville Township, 
 and educated at Christian Neck School. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Strong are the parents of four children : 
 Homer W., Rachel M... George W., and Frank C. 
 Mr. Strong is fraternally connected with the In- 
 dependent Order of Odd Fellows and the Mod- 
 ern Woodmen of America. In religion he is a 
 Methodist. In a community where his entire 
 life has been passed, where his face is familiar 
 to almost every resident, and where he has been 
 called upon to fill positions which test character 
 and involve sacrifice for the public good, this 
 prominent farmer and politician has the repu- 
 tation of being a square and reliable man, and 
 one in whom the community may implicitly place 
 reliance. 
 
 STRONG, Moro S— Of the men who are help- 
 ing to maintain a high standard of farming and 
 stock raising in Rushville Township, credit is 
 due Moro S. Strong, whose constant research and 
 painstaking efforts have resulted in the owner- 
 ship of one of the valuable and paying properties 
 in his neighborhood. Born in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County. January 3, 18G3, he was 
 educated in the public schools of Pleasantview, 
 and on his father's farm received practical train- 
 ing in the occupation to which he is devoting his 
 life. His parents, George W. and Francis 
 (Quinn) Strong, were born in Columbiana 
 County. Ohio, and Louisville, Ky., respectively, 
 the former July 6, 1822, and the latter July 
 28. 1820. Both the paternal and maternal fami- 
 lies had to do with the pioneer history of Schuy- 
 ler County, and the mother, at the time of her 
 death, had lived here sixty-four years. The 
 father died October 4. 1869. 
 
 Moro S. Strong married Laura Furness. also 
 a native of Schuyler County, and of their union 
 there were two children: Jesse D.. deceased, and 
 Anthony V., a farmer of Rushville Township. 
 Mr*. Strong died in 1887. and for his second 
 wife Mr. Strong married Mary Gossage. daugh- 
 ter of William and Nancy Gossage. and of this 
 union there are two sons: Charles M. and Giles 
 H. Mr. Strong owns 140 acres of land in Section 
 25, Rushville Township, a large part of which 
 is under a high degree of cultivation. This for- 
 merly was known as the Quinn farm, and was 
 settled by Mr. Strong's maternal grandfather, 
 in 1842. It ca'me into Mr. Strong's possession 
 in 1887. and he moved on to it two years later, 
 finding there a small frame dwelling, which 
 since has been replaced by a modern farm house. 
 He lias been engaged in general farming and 
 stock raising continuously, and in 1003 began the 
 extensive breeding of Hereford cattle, of which 
 he now has a fine herd of registered stock. Un- 
 derlying the farm is a five foot vein of coal, and 
 he has opened up a mine with a capacity of from 
 two hundred and fifty to three hundred bushels 
 per day of as fine coal as can be found in the 
 State of Illinois. 
 
 With his farming Mr. Strong combined an in- 
 terest in the general welfare of the community, 
 
 and though emphatically opposed to office hold- 
 ing, has stanehly supported the Democratic party 
 and has lent practical assistance to the political 
 aspirations of his friends. Fraternally he is pop- 
 ular and much in demand, and is identified with 
 the Independent Order of Odd Fellows and the 
 Modern Woodmen of America. 
 
 STRONG, Peter.— The retirement of Peter 
 Strong to his pleasant home iu the village of 
 Browning in 1904 was justified by many years of 
 successful activity as a general farmer and 
 stockraiser, and by an example of character and 
 kindliness which should be an inspiration to the 
 youth seeking the material and moral compensa- 
 tions of a country life. During the fifty-seven 
 years of his life Mr. Strong has known no other 
 home than Schuyler County, where he was born 
 in Bainbridge Township January 26, 1851, and 
 where, on the farm of his parents, Stephen and 
 Elizabeth (Brines) Strong, he was reared to the 
 arduous work in which he for so many years 
 engaged. 
 
 Stephen Strong was born in Ohio, and as a 
 lad came with his parents to Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County, where he engaged in 
 farming until his death in 1899. His wife, for- 
 merly Elizabeth Brines, was born in Illinois, and 
 died in 1S94. She was the mother of three 
 children, both younger than Peter, of whom 
 Lewis lives on the farm in Browning Township ; 
 Laura died at the age of six years. In 1860 
 the family moved from Bainbridge to Section 29, 
 Browning Township, finding here a dilapidated 
 and altogether discouraging property, as far as 
 general improvements were concerned, the greater 
 part of the land being covered with timber or 
 underbrush. Mr. Strong lived to see his industry 
 bear fruit and his home transformed into one 
 of the best places in the county. He was essen- 
 tially a home-loving man, of quiet and unambi- 
 tious tastes and a generous contributor to 
 churches and charitable organizations. He had 
 no political aspirations and never was willing 
 to accept political honors. 
 
 Peter Strong was nine years old when he came 
 to Browning Township, and though by no means 
 a robust lad. he at once undertook the hard 
 work of cutting down trees and clearing away 
 brush, and eventually, long before his father's 
 death, succeeded to the entire management of 
 the place. Both father and son made a specialty 
 of high grade stock., and in the hands of the 
 son, since his purchase of the place after the 
 death of his parents, this paying resource has 
 been greatly increased. He has an average herd 
 of thirty Short-horn cattle, fully half of which 
 are registered, and also raises fine horses and 
 hogs. His farm is equipped with ample facili- 
 ties for earing for stock in increasing numbers, 
 and he also has storage for grains and general 
 produce, besides an excellent dwelling and well 
 kept fences, drainage and fine water supply. The 
 oversight of this beautiful farm Mr. Strong re- 
 linquished upon moving to Browning in 1904, but 
 it unquestionably still fills a large place in his 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEIi COV XIV. 
 
 935 
 
 heart and life, representing, as it does, a com- 
 mendable and altogether worthy dream and its 
 fulfillment. Its 260 acres represent what a man 
 may accomplish who sets out to carve his way 
 unaided along agricultural lines, and who allows 
 neither discouragement nor occasional failure to 
 interfere with the steadiness of his action and 
 purpose. Mr. Strong is a Democrat in politics, 
 but has never aspired to a place among the of- 
 fice holders of the township. 
 
 STRONG, Thomas Q., recognized by all who 
 know him as one of the leading farmers of Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, 111., and one 
 of the most prominent and influential citizens of 
 his locality, was born on the home farm where 
 his brother Charles K. Strong, now lives, Feb- 
 ruary 1, 1847. He is a son of George W. and 
 Frances Strong, natives of Ohio and Kentucky. 
 Early in the 'forties his father came from Ohio 
 and settled on the farm, in Section 1, Bainbridge 
 Township, which was the birthplace of all his 
 children. Thomas Q. Strong received his edu- 
 cation in the Pleasantview school, and assisted 
 his father in the work of the place, remaining 
 at home until he reached the age of twenty-one 
 years. Then he rented land from his grand- 
 mother, and started out for himself. When his 
 father's health began to fail, Thomas was in- 
 duced to return home, and after the death of the 
 former, the son assumed management of the 
 homestead property which he continued for two 
 years. In 18S3, he purchased eighty acres in 
 Section 15 of the same township, to which he 
 moved during that year, occupying a log cabin 
 of one room. For ten years this was the home 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Strong, and in it two of their 
 children were born. In 1893, Mr. Strong built a 
 new. flve-room dwelling, and now has one of the 
 comfortable residences in the township. He has 
 added ninety -one acres to his original purchase. 
 and is the owner of 171 acres lying in Sections 
 10 and 15, Bainbridge Township. When he took 
 possession, the land had been partially cleared, 
 and he applied himself to the task of completing 
 the clearing and preparing fifty acres for culti- 
 vation, ultimately developing the tract into a 
 highly productive farm. He lias been a persever- 
 ing, diligent and thorough-going farmer, having 
 done his full share to promote the agricultural 
 interests of Schuyler County, and has been 
 closely identified with its growth and welfare. 
 Too busy to travel and deeply absorbed in local 
 interests, he lias only once passed beyond the 
 boundaries of his native State in a lifetime ex- 
 tending over three-score years. 
 
 On February 7, is;: 1 , Mr. Strong was united in 
 marriage with Augusta Crozier, who was born 
 in New York October 0. 1851. a daughter of 
 Billiard Crozief, a narrative of whose life ap- 
 peal's in another part of this work. The children 
 resulting from tins union are: Eva. wife of 
 Watson Dodds, detailed mention of whom is also 
 made in this volume; Stella, who died in in- 
 fancy : and Anna, who was married to George 
 W. Ward, September II, 1906. Mr. Ward, who 
 
 has charge of Mr. Strong's farm, is a son of 
 Jackson Ward, a biographical record of whom 
 may be found on another page herein. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Strong is identified with the 
 Democratic party. He has rendered able and 
 faithful public service in various township of- 
 fices, having been Collector, Boad Commissioner 
 and School Trustee for twelve years. When he 
 was elected to the last mentioned office the finan- 
 cial condition of the schools was not encouraging, 
 but during his incumbency it was placed on a 
 sound basis. His colleagues on the School Board 
 were W. H. Reeve and Vincent Bellamy. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Strong are earnest and active members 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, South, and 
 have long taken a deep interest in church and 
 educational work. For twenty years, he was 
 Superintendent of the Mt. Carmel Sunday school. 
 Both husband and wife enjoy the sincere respect 
 and cordial regard of a wide circle of friends. 
 
 STUMM, Jeremiah, who served as County Sur- 
 veyor of Schuyler County, for nearly forty years, 
 was born April 13, 1827, in Springhill Town- 
 ship, Fayette County. Pa. He was a son of 
 Philip and Rebecca Burehinal Stumm and re- 
 sided with his parents until his eighteenth year, 
 when he left home to learn the carpenter's trade. 
 From 1845 to 1857 he worked at his trade and 
 was employed as superintendent on several large 
 contracts. In January, 1S57, Mr. Stumm came 
 to Rushville from Peoria, 111., and took the con- 
 tract to build the new county jail, which is now, 
 after an existence of fifty years, in a good state 
 of preservation and used as a city calaboose. This 
 contract kept Mr. Stumm employed until August, 
 1858, and, while the county got a good piece of 
 work, Mr. Stumm was a loser of $1100 on his 
 contract. 
 
 In 1S63 Mr. Stumm was elected County Sur- 
 veyor, serving two years. From 1867 to 1875 
 he was Deputy Surveyor under Surveyor 
 James W. Watts, and did practically all the sur- 
 veying in and about Rushville during these years. 
 In 1885 he was appointed to fill the unexpired 
 term of W. J. Horney and served as County Sur- 
 veyor until 1904. 
 
 During the time he was Surveyor Mr. Stumm 
 made his home at the court house, and when lie 
 became feeble from age. went to the county farm 
 to live. He made his home here from the spring 
 of 1905 until his death, which occurred May 5, 
 1908. His remains were taken to the old home 
 at Ada, Ohio, for interment. 
 
 "Jerry" Stumm, as he was familiarly known to 
 almost every resident of the county, was a man 
 of more than ordinary intellectual ability, and 
 had he been inclined to follow the pursuits for 
 which he was so ably fitted, he would have made 
 his mark in the business world. But financial 
 reverses in his younger years apparently broke 
 his spirit, and he took a pessimistic View of life 
 that made impotent his marked ability. But 
 although he gave up the Struggle in the keen 
 competition of a business career, his mind was 
 bright and vigorous, and his memory was a most 
 
936 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 remarkable one, even up to the time of his death. 
 Since his death the County Board of Super- 
 visors has purchased his old compass aud chain, 
 and they will be preserved in a case at the 
 court house as a relic for future generations. 
 
 SUTHERLAND, H. Ralph.— The seeker after 
 success along farming lines may learn much 
 from the life efforts of H. Ralph Sutherland, 
 whose home, character and ideals place him 
 among the most progressive and substantial of 
 the upbuilders of Brooklyn Township and Schuy- 
 ler County. As much as any of whom we have 
 knowledge, Mr. Sutherland is entitled to the 
 credit of being a self-made man, a man who has 
 carved his way practically unaided, and to whom 
 the storm and stress and discouragement of life 
 never has offered sufficient incentive for skirking 
 of duty or a substitution of profitless pleasures. 
 He is a worker who- loves his work as he does 
 his fellow men, who ever lias looked forward to 
 the tasks of a new day with hope and gladness, 
 ami at night has been willing to acknowledge his 
 debt to the merciful boon of labor. 
 
 On .March 4, 1S4.""> — the inauguration day of 
 President James K. Polk, — Mr. Sutherland was 
 born in Sunbury, Ohio, and was but three years 
 old when occurred the death of bis lather, Joseph 
 Sutherland, who was hern in Trumbull County, 
 Ohio, and who for many years was employed by 
 the Hopkins Soda & Bottling Works, of Sun 
 bury. The elder Sutherland was a man of quiet 
 and refined tastes, a good citizen kind husband 
 and father, and an earnest voter of the Whig 
 ticket. His wife, formerly Jane Eaton, also a 
 native of Ohio, subsequently married a Mr. Henry 
 Schoonover. with whom and her son, H. Ralph. 
 she left Ohio in 1S58, stopping for a time 
 in Vermont. Fulton County. 111., hut during the 
 following year locating in Brooklyn Townsh ; p 
 Schuyler County. In the spring of 1861 the 
 family rented land from a Mr. Fisher, the next 
 December moving to rented land east of Little- 
 ton, in the township of that name. He soon 
 afterward moved to his grandfather's farm, and 
 on May 1, 1S65. located on the farm which Mr. 
 Sutherland now owns. Here the step-father 
 died in 1S06, and here has dwelt Mr. Sutherland 
 with his beloved mother, one of the most viva- 
 cious and interesting young old ladies in the 
 county. By her second marriage she had two 
 children, both of whom died in infancy. At the 
 age of eighty-five she enjoys excellent health, and 
 is the joy of the household because of her kindly 
 disposition and freedom from the traits usually 
 associated with one of her years. 
 
 H. Ralph Sutherland was thirteen years of age 
 when he came with his mother and step-father to 
 Schuyler County, and soon after found employ- 
 ment as a clerk in the general store of his uncle, 
 J. H. Dexter, at Augusta. 111. Owing to ill 
 health brought on by confinement, in 1862 ho 
 quit the store and began to work in a wagon shop 
 in Astoria, but was not long permitted to follow 
 this occupation as the illness of his step-father 
 compelled his return to the farm, of which he 
 
 then took charge. The place at that time con- 
 tained 140 acres, with a log cabin and a log 
 stable, but without fences to confine stock or 
 keep out that of other settlers. Over a large 
 part of the land waved wild prairie grass, while 
 but thirty-five acres had been broken by the 
 plow, and there were fifteen acres of heavy tim- 
 ber. Mr. Sutherland started in bravely to clear 
 away the thick underbrush, and in time suc- 
 ceeded in making the place one of the most val- 
 uable and profitable in Brooklyn Township. He 
 has been the personification of industry and the 
 setting sun often has found him with a large 
 amount of work yet to accomplish. He never has 
 shirked or slighted his tasks, and his place bears 
 the stamp of this conscientious and painstaking 
 devotion to details. He has added eighty acres 
 to the original farm and now owns 220 acres. 
 
 On October 8, 1878, Mr. Sutherland was united 
 in marriage to Miss E. A. Pratt, the wedding 
 taking place in Johnston. Licking County, Ohio, 
 the native place of the bride. Mrs. Sutherland 
 is a daughter of Hector and Susan EUeu (Reed) 
 Pratt, the former an extensive farmer of Licking 
 County, and the parent of eight children, six of 
 whom are living: Joseph Pratt, of Marengo. 
 Ohio ; Oscar, owner of the old home farm near 
 Johnston. Ohio ; Mrs. Sutherland ; Mary, wife 
 of Harris Pick, of Johnston; Maggie, deceased 
 wife of Dr. Garnett : Lucy, wife of Dudley Tay- 
 lor : and Lizzie, married and living in Racine. 
 Wis. The oldest child, a son. died at the age of 
 seven years. Two children have been born to 
 Mr. aud Mrs. Sutherland, of whom Twilla D. 
 died at the age of eight years and eight months, 
 taking with her into the unknown much of the 
 joy and gladness of a home which she had 
 brightened inexpressibly with her sweetness of 
 disposition and gentleness of heart. The only 
 son in the family, Glenn C, born August 30, 
 1889, was educated in the common schools of 
 Brooklyn, and in the Commercial Department 
 of the Rushville Normal, and is a young man of 
 exceptional promise. He has his father's dignity 
 and uprightness of character, and is much es- 
 teemed for his quiet and unobtrusive manners. 
 
 In political affiliation Mr. Sutherland is a 
 Democrat, but has never been weaned from his 
 home and immediate duties sufficiently to accept 
 of local official honors. His farm and its devel- 
 opment have furnished the great and absorbing 
 purpose of his life, and. as in the past, it fur- 
 nished many obstacles and many conflicts, today 
 it is his pride and joy, the evidence of his in- 
 dustry and faithfulness, of his thrift and far- 
 sightedness during a whole half century in the 
 same township. 
 
 SWEENEY, John L.— The long and prominent 
 identification of the Sweeney family with Schuy- 
 ler County dates from the arrival in 1851 of 
 Doctors Jesse and Minerva < Sanders) Sweeney, 
 who were natives of Kentucky, and born in Ca- 
 sey and Wayne Counties, respectively. Dr. Jesse 
 Sweeney's useful life began in 1S00. his parents 
 having settled in Casey County some years prev- 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 937 
 
 ious. He was reared on a farm, whose opportu- 
 nities he outgrew comparatively early in life, and 
 a broader field presented itself in the medical 
 profession, for which lie prepared at the well 
 known University at Lexington, Ky. He \\ as 
 successful as a physician and surgeon in his na- 
 tive .State, and alter locating in Rushville in 
 1851 realized no cessation of his professional 
 popularity, his services being in demand through- 
 out a large part of the surrounding country. 
 His life ending in ISOo, he was survived by his 
 wife until 1887, and she in turn is survived by- 
 four of her ten children: M. C, of Rushville; 
 Charles II.. a resident of Des Moines, Iowa; 
 Elizabeth F., wife of J. W. Jones, of Peoria, 111.; 
 and John L. Doctor Sweeney in early life was a 
 stanch supporter of the Whig party, and after 
 its establishment in 1856, he was equally de- 
 voted to the infant Republican party. A man of 
 large heart and great generosity of judgment, 
 he rilled an important need in the world, and 
 left it better for his earnest devotion to the best 
 tenets of his splendid profession. 
 
 The Civil War proved the first break in the 
 monotony of the youth of John L. Sweeney, he 
 having thus far devoted his energies to the home, 
 and to irregular attendance at the district school. 
 In August, 1802. at the age of nineteen years, 
 he enlisted in Company B, One Hundred and 
 Nineteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for 
 three years, serving with his regiment through 
 all of its long marches and hard fought bat- 
 tles, and at the expiration of his enlistment 
 in 1865, receiving an honorable discharge. Re- 
 turning to Rushville after the war. he entered 
 upon his mercantile experience as a clerk for 
 the firm of Thomas Wilson & Company, estab- 
 lished in 1837, and in that capacity mastered ev- 
 ery detail of merchandising as practiced by that 
 oldest of enterprises in the city. In 1S82 he hail 
 saved sufficient money to purchase an interest in 
 the firm, and the same year witnessed a material 
 change in the business, a fire having swept the 
 south side of the square, and demolished the 
 frame building in which the firm for so many 
 years had conducted their business. In this 
 emergency the present brick structure was 
 erected, two stories in height, and with a ware- 
 room of 2ii<) square feet running back of the 
 main structure. This store is one of the best 
 equipped and best arranged dry-goods establish- 
 ments in Schuyler County, and the high stand- 
 ard of merchandising of the original owner has 
 never been allowed to diminish. In 1SSS. Hiram 
 Graff became a partner, and the business was 
 thus conducted until 1807, when Mr. Graff re- 
 tired, and fresh blood and energy was infused 
 into the time-honored concern by the entrance 
 into the firm of Thomas W. Sweeney, son of 
 John L., and grandson of the original founder, 
 Mr. Wilson. With this combination of talent 
 and enthusiasm, father and son have produced a 
 thoroughly modern store, introducing many 
 features which indicate the greatest known mer- 
 cantile progressiveuess. and placing themselves 
 in touch with the most modern of needs and re- 
 
 quirements. Special mention is due the dry- 
 goods and shoe departments, although other 
 lines are selected with equal regard "for com- 
 pleteness and satislactoriness. An efforl is 
 
 to please all without regard to company losses, 
 and courtesy and consideration are recognized 
 as indispensable factors of success. 
 
 February 20, 1867, Mr. Sweeney was united 
 in marriage to Amelia L. Wilson, daughter of 
 the old time merchant, and founder" of the 
 Thomas Wilson & Company. To Mr. and Mrs. 
 Sweeney have been horn the following children: 
 Eleanor, wife of Charles W. Graff, and mother of 
 Thomas. Eleanor. Mildred, Francis and John L. 
 Graff: Jessie, wife of H. B. Fisher, Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction at Geneseo, 111., and 
 mother of Mary L„ Linda and William C. Fisher; 
 Thomas W., who married Maud R. Rottger, of 
 Jacksonville, 111.; Frank R., manager of the 
 Hotel Schuyler, of Rushville, and Susan S., 
 wife of Charles Arthur Griffith, of The Griffith 
 Hardware Company, Rushville, 111. Mr. Sweeney- 
 has shown his faith in the future of Rushville 
 by investing heavily in local property, and is 
 half-owner of the Hotel Schuyler, one of the 
 besl hostelries in this part of the county: is also 
 a large stock-holder and director in the Schuyler 
 County Bank. For the term of his voting life 
 he has stanchly supported the Republican party, 
 and though himself not a member of any church, 
 has donated liberally to local church interests, 
 especially the Methodist Episcopal Church, of 
 which his wife is a devoted member. Personally 
 Mr. Sweeney is a plain, matter of fact gentle- 
 man, owning lo no prevailing weaknesses such 
 as smoking, chewing, swearing or speculating, 
 and leading a life of singular moderation and 
 peacefulness. No man in the community is held 
 in higher esteem, nor would any be sooner 
 trusted with affairs involving integrity and pub- 
 lic spirit. 
 
 SWEENEY, Thomas W— The general store of 
 Wilson & Company is an unbroken link be- 
 tween the Rushville of 1839 and that of 1907. 
 For seventy years this enterprise has stood guard 
 over the commercial destiny of the community, 
 has accurately and unfailingly reflected its 
 growth, and has stood sponsor for its reputation 
 beyond the borders of its immediate activity. 
 No more striking contrast in business methods 
 and opportunities exists than that presented by 
 the establisher, Thomas Wilson, and his grand- 
 son, Thomas W. Sweeney, the present manager 
 of the store. The former struck the sober busi- 
 ness -ait of the far frontier, and the latter, with- 
 out changing the base of operations, finds him- 
 self the center of a feverish competition, enjoy- 
 ing the profit and influence of a commercial 
 prince endowed with the strong and depend- 
 able qualities which bespeak thorough harmony 
 with the needs, possibilities and splendid useful- 
 ness of the twentieth century. 
 
 Thomas W. Sweeney was born at Galva. Henry 
 County 111.. October 2. 1875, and in 1881 came 
 to Rushville with his father. John L. Sweeney, 
 
938 
 
 EISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 where he attended the public schools and grad- 
 uated from the high school in the class of 1893, 
 Ambitious of a higher education, the young man 
 in 1894 entered the department of liberal arts 
 connected with the Northwestern University, 
 at Evanston, 111., and in 1895 returned to Rush- 
 ville and entered the employ of Wilson & Coru- 
 pany, general merchants. Mr. Sweeney con- 
 tinued a clerk in this patriachal enterprise 
 until 1897, in the meantime applying himself to 
 learning every detail of the business with the 
 zeal, forethought and sagacity required of the 
 man who would engage in successful mer- 
 chandising. At the expiration of two years his 
 faithfulness was rewarded by his appointment as 
 manager of the store, a position which he ever 
 since has maintained with commendable dig- 
 nitv and ability. He carries a stock of dry- 
 goods and shot's, observes the greatest possible 
 neatness and order in the distribution and ar- 
 rangement of bis goods, and insists upon cour- 
 tesy and consideration upon the part of bis em- 
 ployes. Some of his patrons have purchased 
 commodities since a very early period in the 
 history of the store, but those who knew it in 
 its log cabin era mostly have been gathered to 
 their rest. The same reliability and confidence 
 characterize its general atmosphere as earned 
 for it the patronage of the early settlers, but it 
 lias assumed the dignity of larger growth, and the 
 influence of a manager who is variously and 
 intimately connected with the upbuilding of the 
 community. 
 
 Mr. Sweeney is promoting many phases of 
 local business activity, and is Secretary and 
 .Manager of the Rushville Electric Light Com- 
 pany. For the past two years he lias been Pres- 
 ident of the Rushville Business Men's Club, an 
 organization established lor the promotion of 
 the best business methods and ethics, and which 
 sets a high standard of requirements in its mem- 
 bership. He is interested also in agriculture, 
 and is part owner of a farm of 600 acres in 
 Schuyler County. Politically Mr. Sweeney is a 
 Republican, but he has no official aspirations be- 
 yond the intelligent casting of bis vote. To his 
 credit is several months efficient government 
 service during the Spanish-American war as 
 Chief Clerk in the Commissary Department un- 
 der Captain Orson Pettijohn, Third Brigade, 
 Second Division, Second Army Corps, at Camp 
 Alger, Washington, I). C. This position Mr. 
 Sweeney held from July. 1898, until the follow- 
 ing December, he having previously enlisted un- 
 der Col. George Rankin, whose company was 
 never requisitioned for active service. Mr. 
 Sweeney is active in fraternal circles, being a 
 member of Blue Lodge No. 9, A. F. & A. M., the 
 Chapter. Commandery, and Knights of Pythias, 
 while bis wife is a member of the Eastern Star. 
 Mrs. Sweeney formerly was Maud H. Rottger, 
 daughter of .John and Anna Rottger. and bora 
 in Jacksonville. III., in November, 1876. The 
 marriage of Mr. Sweeney and Miss Rottger oc- 
 curred June 1, 1899, and the couple occupy a 
 shade embowered home on one of the pleasant 
 
 streets of the town, and are regarded as among 
 the best informed and most progressive of 
 the latter day generation of citizens. Mr. 
 Sweeney is the ideal of the progressive, force- 
 ful and influential merchant, and possesses in 
 large measure those qualities of thrift, initiative 
 and resource which bring a man into closest 
 touch with the best and most substantial of com- 
 munity interests. 
 
 SWISHER, Solomon C. — In his long and still 
 active life Solomon C. Swisher has evidenced 
 industry, versatility and rare good judgment, 
 supplying a large need in both his native State 
 of Virginia, where be was horn in Marion 
 County, November 23, 1829, and in Schuyler 
 County, 111., to which be came in the summer of 
 1857. His father. Jacob Swisher, was for twen- 
 ty-five years a well known lumberman of Marion 
 County, YV. Va., arriving there in his youth from 
 Butler County, Va.. where he was born in 1S12. 
 He married Beersneba Ferrell, who bore him 
 fifteen children, eleven of whom are now liv- 
 ing, and who died while absent from her south- 
 ern home, at about fifty years of age. Jacob 
 Swisher also died while away from home, but 
 in the same State, having attained to seventy- 
 live years. He was an honorable and highly 
 respected man and wielded a beneficial influence 
 in all his walks of life. Following Solomon C, 
 the oldest of this large family, came Elizabeth, 
 who lives near the old home in Virginia ; Enoch 
 W.. a fanner of Mississippi; Nancy, widow Of 
 Mr. Dukes, living also in Virginia ; Nelson, at 
 home ; Harriet, in Virginia ; Wesley, a soldier 
 in the Federal army, who died during the serv- 
 ice in a Southern hospital; Sarah, wile of Mr. 
 Watson, of Monessen, Pa.; Henry YV.. of Vir- 
 ginia ; Emeline, wife of John Swisher (not a 
 relative i, and a resident of West Virginia; Rob- 
 ert, deceased in Hancock. 111.; Jennie, who died 
 single at tlie age of forty; Elvira lives in Marion 
 County. W. Va. : Frank, a resident of the vicin- 
 ity of Canton. W. Va. ; and a child who died 
 in infancy. 
 
 As the oldest son in his father's large fam- 
 ily. Solomon c. Swisher naturally assisted in the 
 lumber business, and for years engaged in raft- 
 ing on the Monongahela River, and in hewing and 
 dressing logs. The occupation offered much of 
 interest and adventure, and in the free and 
 open air life the youth secured physical and 
 moral strength, as well as business independence 
 and sagacity. June 6. 1S5G, be was united in 
 marriage to Rebecca T. Vincent, daughter of 
 Jacob and Annie (Brain) Vincent, born in 
 Marion County, W. Va., November 17. 1S35. A 
 year after the marriage of the young people, 
 accompanied by the father of Mrs. Swisher, they 
 undertook the long journey from Virginia to 
 Schuyler County, 111., in a wagon drawn by two 
 horses, camping by the wayside at night and 
 spending thirty-one days on the road. Arriving 
 at their destination November 21. 1857, they 
 spent the rest of the winter in a log house owned 
 by Rev. Aaron Wright, in Section 11, Wood- 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 939 
 
 stock Township, and in the spring of 1S5S, Mr. 
 Swisher and Mr. Vincent became equal owners 
 of a farm of K>o acres in Section 9, the same 
 township. A small log cabin and ten cultivated 
 acres constituted the sole improvements on this 
 land, and both families lived in the cabin until 
 success made possible the erection of more com- 
 modious quarters. 
 
 Having much timber to cut down on his land, 
 the experience of -Mr. Swisher back in Virginia 
 stood bin) in good stead, for be soon began to 
 convert bis timber into barrel staves, and for 
 many years be found an extensive patron lor 
 his barrels in Thomas Wilson, than whom he 
 never had a better friend. Practically all of the 
 suitable timber on bis land went into barrels, 
 and the packers of Rushville found him ready 
 and resourceful in supplying their need. But 
 barrel-making was not allowed to interfere with 
 the general improvement of the farm, and its ad- 
 vancement towards a profitable and comfortable 
 home was rapid and certain. At present he has 
 a fine modern rural residence, well furnished 
 throughout, and surrounded with trees, shrubs, 
 gardens and an orchard. His barns and out- 
 houses are ample for the protection of stock 
 during the winter, and for the housing of sur- • 
 plus produce and machinery. 
 
 By nn means self-centered in his interests, 
 Mr. Swisher has variously contributed to the ad- 
 vancement of the community, has been a stanch 
 supporter of the Democratic party, held many 
 offices, including that of first Town Clerk, Com- 
 missioner of Highways, and member of the Board 
 of Supervisors fur two years. For many years 
 h.' was one of the most active members of the 
 Grange, supporting it with his enthusiasm and 
 constant attendance, and otherwise identifying 
 himself with a movement which has for its 
 primal object the promotion of the interests of 
 agriculture. Mr. and Mrs. Swisher are the 
 parents of nine children: Emma, widow of 
 John Spencer, mother of Lydia Spencer, and 
 who lives with her father: Carson; Ida, de- 
 ceased wife of George M. Swisher; Laura, twice 
 married, and now the wife of John Dunn, of 
 Champaign County. 111.: George E.. a lawyer 
 and real-estate broker of Oklahoma City. Okla. ; 
 Lauretta, wife of Philip Eyler, of Woodstock 
 Township: Edith, deceased at the age of eight- 
 een years; Martha, wife of .lames B. Hair, of 
 Round Lake. Minn. : and Clarence, a carpenter 
 and builder of Oklahoma City, who married 
 Bessie Luther. Swisher has been the sole arch 
 itect of his growing fortunes, and his life is 
 a tribute to the qualities of industry, persist- 
 ence and faith in bis ability to succeed. At 
 the age of seventy-eight, and after half a century 
 in Schuyler County, be finds himself one of 
 its fortunate and highly respected citizens, the 
 possessor of a liberal competence, and the pros- 
 pect of many more years of usefulness. 
 
 TAGGART, Benjamin F. — History relates that 
 the Taggart family came originally from the 
 Isle of Wight, an island in the English Channel 
 
 off the south coast of England, whence three 
 brothers came to America and established the 
 name in Massachusetts prior to the Revolution- 
 ary War. The sou of one of these brothers 
 was John Taggart, the lather of Benjamin P., 
 who later removed to Pennsylvania, where he 
 married Effie Wolverton, daughter of Peter Wol- 
 verton, who came to America from Holland be- 
 fore or during the Revolution. After the birth 
 of five of his children, in ISL'8, John Taggart, ac- 
 | panied by bis father-in-law, removed to Illi- 
 nois, settling in Schuyler County, and in many 
 of their early experiences as pioneers they were 
 associated. In the spring of that year (1828) 
 tiny built a raft at Warren. Pa., on the Alleghany 
 River, which they loaded with shingles, house- 
 hold supplies, five bead of horses, two cows and 
 a dog: at Cincinnati they sold a part of their 
 goods and with the jrroceeds bought a flat-boat 
 with which they proceeded down the Ohio River 
 as far as Shawneetown, where they unloaded 
 their cargo and by wagons started for Rock 
 Island. 111. When they reached Rushville, how- 
 ever, they were so pleased with its thrifty ap- 
 pearance that they decided to remain, and for 
 two years they made their home in the location 
 afterward occupied by the Halls, three miles 
 north of Rushville. Selling out his holdings in 
 Rushville Township in lsfJO. Mr. Taggart then 
 came to Camden Township, and on the farm 
 which he here purchased he rounded out the 
 remainder of his long and useful life. When 
 he first located here it was necessary to drive to 
 Quiney to have his grist ground, a hardship 
 which lie soon overcame, for as he was a miller 
 it was not long before he erected a mill in his 
 vicinity. This was known as the Taggart mill, 
 and he continued to operate it until 18+4, when 
 he sold it to Joseph Parrott. of Rushville. Sev- 
 eral other mills besides bis own were erected by 
 Mr. Taggart. among them the first mill on Sugar 
 Creek, which he built for William McKee, and 
 one for Thomas .ln^tus. 
 
 Lucinda J., the eldest child of John and Effie 
 (Wolverton) Taggart, became the wife of Dr. 
 Charles S. Ward, of New Haven. Comi., who 
 died in May, 1849. and there her death occurred 
 in 1902, leaving fi ur son,, three or whom grad- 
 uated from Yale College as physicians; George 
 and Charles, both physicians are deceased, the 
 first-mentioned dying in South America, and the 
 latter in Bridgeport, Conn.. Henry C, is a 
 wholesale hardware merchant in the latter 
 city: and the other son. Edward F.. is an 
 electrician in Central America. The next 
 child in the John Taggart family was Emily E.. 
 who became the wife of Dr. Samuel Clark, and 
 in Aurora. HI., where they made their home, 
 both passed away, leaving three sons and four 
 daughters, all of whom are living with the ox- 
 eeption of one sou, Marshall Taggart Clark, who 
 died at the age of six years. Wealthy, another 
 daughter, first married Simon Wilcox, and some 
 time after his death in 1843, she married George 
 Ryerson, and four children were born to them. 
 Andrew J. died in 1841. All of the children of 
 
940 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 John and Effie (Wolverton) Taggart, mentioned 
 thus far, were born iu Pennsylvania prior to the 
 removal to Illinois in 1828. BenjaminF., subject 
 of this sketch, was born on the home farm in Cam- 
 den Township, Schuyler County, February 17, 
 1832. Sarah became the wife of Philip Fryeudall. 
 of Batavia, ill., by whom she had two sons and 
 two daughters. Ellen (deceased) was buried in 
 the cemetery at Batavia. The death of Stephen, 
 second child of John Taggart, was one of the first 
 recorded in Camden Township. Benjamin F. 
 Taggart still has in his possession a chest 
 brought by his grandfather, Peter Wolverton, 
 across the Allegheny Mountains when he came 
 to Illinois in 1828. 
 
 The earliest recollections in the life of Ben- 
 jamin F. Taggart take him back in memory to 
 the days spent in the log school house of pio- 
 neer days, whose advantages and comforts were 
 nothing as compared to present-day conveniences 
 and advanced courses of study. When he was 
 fifteen years old his father died, December 12, 
 1847, and thereafter his life trend was iu more 
 important lines. In 1849 his mother purchased 
 an eighty acre tract of land on Section 3, Cam- 
 den Township, which was heavily timbered 
 with white oak, and here Benjamin began his 
 first independent work as a farmer, in time 
 building a log cabin into which the mother and 
 children moved, and there the mother and two 
 children, Sarah and Ella, made their home until 
 her death. Some time after this, July 16, 1S54, 
 Mr. Taggart was married to Miss Rebecca M. 
 Hill, who was born in Guernsey County, Ohio, 
 March 16, 1833, the daughter of Wesley and 
 Mary Ann (Buckmaster) Hill. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hill were natives respectively of Delaware 
 and Pennsylvania, but much of their mar- 
 ried life had been spent iu Ohio; in 1852 they 
 came to Illinois and settled in Fulton County, 
 but finally located in Brooklyn Township, where 
 the death of the mother occurred. Mr. Hill 
 thereafter removed to McDonough County, where 
 he died in 1865. 
 
 In the little log cabin which Mr. Taggart had 
 erected in \sV.K he and his wife began house- 
 keeping immediately after their marriage, and 
 there, too, their four oldest children were born 
 The first shadow cast over their otherwise happy 
 home was in the death of their two eldest chil- 
 dren, a son and daughter. The third child. 
 Helena Ollie, was born December 1. 1857, and 
 is now the wife of Martin C. Bleecker, of Pueblo, 
 Colo. Their two eldest sons, Warren F. and 
 Frederick Guy Bleecker. are graduates of the 
 Centennial University, Colorado. Together the 
 brothers patented a steam motor that is des- 
 tined to revolutionize the steam power of the 
 world. The engine is equipped with an automatic 
 governor which admits steam at full pressure, 
 doing away entirely with the old idea of throt- 
 tling, and thus eliminating the loss of steam 
 energy. A company has been formed for the 
 manufacture of the engines. The eldest daughter 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Bleecker. Mary, is now the wife 
 of James Pickard, a locomotive engineer on the 
 
 Santa Fe Road and a resident of Topeka, Kan. 
 Harold Bleecker died at the age of five years. 
 Elsoii F., the youngest child, is still at home with 
 his parents. Frank M. Taggart. born March 28, 
 1860, chose as his wile Elizabeth Wood, formerly 
 a resident of Schuyler County, and they now make 
 their home in Holbrook, Neb. They have had 
 five children, as follows: Nellie May, the wiie 
 of Oscar Mart, of Furness County, Neb.; Jessie, 
 Mrs. Ernest Leach, of Hendley, Neb. ; Annie, 
 the wife of John Patton : Mary F. and Gracie, 
 the latter dying in childhood. 
 
 Until 1809 the log structure into which Mr. 
 Taggart moved after his marriage remained the 
 family home, but about that time he erected a 
 modern residence in which they lived until it 
 was destroyed by fire in 1893. During the lat- 
 ter year he built the residence now occupied by 
 the family, a modern structure, which is in- 
 dicative of the progressive spirit of the owner. 
 For seventy-five years he has watched the march 
 of progress in Schuyler County, and has borne 
 his share of the discomforts of pioneer life, but 
 notwithstanding these clouds which shadowed his 
 pathway, he is content with the lot to which 
 Fate led him. For over half a century he has 
 bad the love and companionship of the wife of 
 his youth, and together in their declining years 
 they are enjoying the comforts which their early 
 struggles made possible. Mr. Taggart cast his 
 first vote for President for Buchanan ; later 
 his sympathies were enlisted on the side of the 
 Republican party and for some time he east 
 his ballot for the candidates of that party. More 
 recently, however, he has given the weight of 
 his influence to the cause of the Prohibition 
 party. For many years he has been a member of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, which he has 
 assisted in maintaining, as he has every help- 
 ful measure, whether religious or secular. Per- 
 sonally .Mr. Taggart is a man of noble qualities, 
 which are nowhere better known and appreciated 
 than in his own family. A close student and a 
 constant reader all of his life, he is well versed 
 along all lines and is an excellent conversation- 
 alist, one to whom it is a delight to listen. 
 
 TAYLOR, Henry W — The history of that 
 branch of the Taylor family to which Henry 
 W. Taylor belonged is traced to the North of 
 Ireland, where his grandfather, Matthew Taylor, 
 was born of English parents. He emigrated to 
 the United States in 1772 and took up his abode 
 iu Pennsylvania, passing away in Huntingdon 
 County at the ripe old age of ninety-seven years. 
 Before her marriage the grandmother was Miss 
 Mcllheney, she too being a native of Ireland, al- 
 though a descendant of Sotch-Irish ancestors. 
 She also lived to attain a great age. being in her 
 ninety-sixth year at the time of her death. 
 Among the children born to this couple was 
 Alexander Taylor, a native of Pennsylvania, who 
 as early as 1810 crossed over into the adjoining 
 State of Ohio and there cleared a farm out of 
 the very heart of the forest. In his pioneer 
 labors he was cheered and encouraged by his 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 'Ml 
 
 faithful wife, formerly Betsy Scott, she too 
 being a native of Pennsylvania. Her father, 
 Neheniiah Scott, was a native of Long Island and 
 the descendant of Scotch ancestry, while the 
 mother. Mary Wick in maidenhood, was born in 
 Washington County, Pa. Alexander Taylor 
 passed away in Warren, Trumbull County, Ohio, 
 at the age of fifty-live, and his wife in Burling- 
 ton, la., at the advanced age of eighty years. 
 
 Henry W. Taylor was burn in the family home 
 in Trumbull County, Ohio. February 11. 1N24. 
 His parents thoroughly appreciated the value of 
 an education, and no opportunity which lay in 
 their power to bestow upon their son was denied 
 him. Be it said to his credit that he appreciated 
 the efforts which were made in his behalf, a 
 co-operation which enabled him at the age of 
 nineteen to take charge of a school. After fol- 
 lowing the teacher's profession for two years be 
 gave it up to take a course in law, receiving pri- 
 vate tutorage. In the course of time he grad- 
 uated from his studies and began the practice 
 of his profession. The news of the finding of 
 gold in California, however, proved too alluring 
 to pass him unheeded, and closing his office he 
 went to the new Eldorado. With four yoke of 
 oxen he made the trip overland, starting from 
 Rushville. 111., April 1. 1849, and arriving where 
 the town of Maryville. Cal., is now located 
 October 22, 1849. The fact that he remained in 
 the gold fields for four years affords evidence 
 that he was successful in his efforts as a miner. 
 
 Returning to Rushville, 111., at the end of this 
 time. Mr. Taylor was united in marriage. June 
 S, 1853, with Miss Cornelia Manlove. a native 
 of Rushville. and the daughter of Jonathan D. 
 and Sophronia (Chadsey) Manlove. The de- 
 scended of an old Southern family and himself 
 a native of North Carolina. Mr. Manlove came 
 to Illinois at an early day. settling in Schuy- 
 ler County in 182:'.. and hero in 1826 he was 
 married to Miss Chadsey, theirs being the third 
 marriage celebrated in Schuyler County. After 
 his return from California Mr. Taylor engaged 
 in the lumber business, owning a lumber yard in 
 Rushville, and in addition to its management 
 also took contracts for building plank roads. He 
 followed the lumber business until 1S57. when he 
 sold out all of his interests and removed to 
 Brooklyn Township. Coming here at a time 
 when settlers were few and far between, be 
 bought considerable land, much of it being cov- 
 ered with heavy timber, owning in all 900 acres 
 of land. Out of this he developed an excellent 
 farm, upon which he made a specialty of rais- 
 ing fine blooded stock of all kinds. In addition 
 to his agricultural interests lie also maintained 
 a mercantile establishment prior to the Civil 
 War, and up to 1894, when he retired from 
 active life. 
 
 Four children were born of the marriage of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Taylor, as follows: Marion H.. 
 who became the wife of T. T>. Lewis, of Brook- 
 lyn. Schuyler County: Ida M.. and Fanette. 
 who is the wife of Dr. J. E. Camp, an account of 
 whose life is given at length elsewhere in this 
 
 work, and Willie, who was born in 1862 and 
 died in 1864. Throughout his life Mr. Taylor 
 was a stanch supporter of the Whig party, 
 and expressed his preference for its principles 
 by casting his first vote lor Zachary Taylor. At 
 the time of the organization of the Republican 
 party proper he gave his allegiance to that or- 
 ganization, his vole being cast lor John C. Fre- 
 mont. For many years he had been an active 
 member of the Presbyterian Church, serving as 
 an elder in that body, and Mrs. Taylor is still 
 active in the benevolent and charitable work 
 of thai church. .Mr. Taylor's death, December 
 20, 1896, brought to its close a life which had 
 meant much to the well-being of Schuyler County 
 in general and of Brooklyn Township in partic- 
 ular, none standing higher in the estimation of 
 those who had known him for nearly half a 
 century. 
 
 TEEL, Herschel Volany. — The distinction of he- 
 ing the youngest native son to wear the judicial 
 ermine in Schuyler County is emphasized by the 
 efficient and painstaking service of Herschel 
 Volany Teel, during his eight years as County 
 Judge of Schuyler County. Judge Teel, who rep- 
 resents one of the earliest and most substantial 
 pioneer families of Illinois, was born in Rush- 
 ville Township, Schuyler County. March ".. 1868. 
 the second son of James A. and Elizabeth Smith 
 Teel. Descended through both ancestral lines 
 from German-Irish stock, he inherited the solid- 
 ity, frugality, perseverance and thrift of the 
 former, combined with the frank, ardent, per- 
 tinacious and courageous elements of the latter, 
 which characteristics have made that sturdy 
 strain, wherever planted, foivniosl in hardy 
 undertaking and adventurous enterprise. His 
 forefathers were not cradled in luxury; they 
 were essentially the rugged, vigorous pioneers 
 of civilization, who assisted in the making of 
 the early history of our county; Captain John 
 Teel of Revolutionary fame, being the founder 
 of this branch of the family. His son. John Teel. 
 belonged to tin 1 regular army and served in the 
 War of 1812. These two patriots resided in New 
 Jersey: Henry P. Teel, son of John Teel and 
 grandfather of Herschel Teel. resided in Penn- 
 sylvania, but in 1833 be followed the tide of 
 Empire and moved his family west, finally lo- 
 cating in Schuyler County, then very sparsely set 
 tied. 
 
 Tlie history of the maternal ancestors of the 
 subject of this sketch is not so easily traced; it 
 is only known that they settled here at an earlier 
 date than the Teels, and it was upon the land 
 cleared practically by the unaided efforts of his 
 grandfather, Jonathan Smith, that Herschel 
 •fed first saw the light of this mundane sphere 
 Here his youth was passed in the hard labors of 
 the farm. Its comparative isolation inevitably 
 created within him the spirit of the boundless 
 prairie and fostered that freedom which knows 
 not the restraint of aggregated humanity in 
 cities. Heredity endowed hitn with a robust 
 physical constitution and vigorous mind, while 
 
942 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 his early environment developed his innate pow- 
 ers of industry, perseverance and self-reliance 
 to a very marked degree. 
 
 Eager for knowledge, he assiduously utilized 
 every opportunity offered by the rural schools; 
 in 1890 he graduated from the Rushville Normal 
 and Business College ; in 1S91 from Eureka Col- 
 lege and in 1895 he received his diploma from the 
 Law Department of Northwestern University, was 
 admitted to the bar and began the practice of his 
 profession in Rushville. where he still resides. 
 In 1898 he was elected County Judge on the 
 Democratic ticket and again in 1902. During 
 his tenure of office, several appeals were taken 
 from his decision to the higher courts, and it 
 speaks well for his ability as a jurist that in ev- 
 ery case his decision was sustained by the 
 superior court. As a lawyer he is a close 
 student, a sagacious and conscientious counsellor, 
 and merits and receives the high regard of the 
 members of his profession and of his clientele. 
 
 Judge Teel evidences a marked predilection 
 for the social and general, as well as profes- 
 sional, opportunities of life, and is a prominent 
 member of the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 low s. Modern Woodmen of America. Knights of 
 Pythias and Mutual Protective League. He is 
 also one of the directors of the Bank of Rush- 
 ville. To liim have filtered the ambition and 
 purpose which animated the pilgrimage of his 
 pioneer ancestors and which, exercised in widely 
 differing grooves of human achievement, al- 
 ready arc maintaining their mission of securing 
 the greatest justice and the greatest liberty 'to 
 the society of mankind. 
 
 The basic principle of Hersehel Teel's char- 
 acter is integrity, not only of thought but of word 
 and deed as well. He Is known for his sturdy 
 independence of character, his devotion to his 
 friends and his recognition of the equality of 
 all men who are honest and upright, without re- 
 gard to their social position; no man so low 
 but feels he is a brother, and none so high but 
 feels he is a peer. 
 
 TEEL, James A. — During bis many years of 
 association with Schuyler County, James A. 
 Teel was known as an increasingly prosperous 
 farmer, and as a man who had sufficient breadth 
 and ability to reach out and utilize many oppor- 
 tunities not immediately at band. More than 
 the average, be seemed to realize the respon- 
 sibility of the agriculturist as a factor in the 
 world's progress, and evidently believed that 
 the greatest development came through participa- 
 tion in the general affairs and responsibilities of 
 the community. He was particularly zealous 
 and successful in promoting the breeding of 
 fine cattle, and during the years of his greatest 
 activity in this line bis profits were unusually 
 satisfying to himself and encouraging to those 
 similarly employed. 
 
 James Alexander Teel was born in Wash- 
 ington County. Pa.. July 19. 1S20. and was a 
 great-grandson of Captain John Teel. a native of 
 Ireland who settled in New Jersey, and after 
 
 commanding a company in the Revolutionary 
 War, was buried with the military honors due 
 his rank. John Teel, son of Captain Teel, and 
 grandfather of James A., was born in New 
 Jersey, served five years in the regular army, 
 and participated in the War of 1812. His son, 
 Henry P., the next in line of succession, also 
 was a native of New Jersey, and it was his 
 energy and courage that shifted the family for- 
 tunes to Pennsylvania, where he engaged in 
 farming in Washington County and whence he 
 finally pushed still further westward to the out- 
 post of civilization in Schuyler County in 1833. 
 Two years later lie removed to the Territory of 
 Iowa, and alter a year spent at Fort Madison, 
 returned to Schuyler County, in 1845, locating on 
 Section 16, Rushville Township, where Calvin 
 Hobart had erected the first cabin in the county. 
 Martha Ann Mathews, wife of Henry P. Teel, 
 was a daughter of James Mathews, whose father, 
 Thomas .Mathews, was a native of Ireland. 
 
 Three years old when his father arrived in 
 Schuyler County, .lames A. Teel bad meager edu- 
 cational or other advantages, but he had the 
 pioneering instinct of his sire deeply implanted 
 in his nature, with the purpose and determina- 
 tion to make bis dream come true. In this he 
 proved himself one of the hardy ami bold spirits 
 of bis town, as against the cautious and timid 
 class who were not equal to the hazards of 
 penetration to the Pacific Coast; an outdoor 
 man. an adventurer, who wanted something to 
 conquer and who followed the star of empire to 
 the continent's rim. Arriving at the Mecca of 
 his desires, be became a part of thai unwritten 
 chapter of romantic history which thrilled the 
 country, and lor two years lived in the ribald 
 camps of the Argonauts, taking something from 
 tin' earth in reward for his toil and self-sacrifice. 
 Again he journeyed westward in 1853, participa- 
 ting for several months in the pagan pleasure 
 of life and the romantic zest for adventure which 
 characterized the surroundings of the fortune 
 
 seekers. 
 
 As before, his good fortune was in no way ex- 
 ceptional, adding but little to his financial re- 
 sources. Farming rather than mining was his 
 life-work, and when again on the old place in 
 Schuyler County, be devoted practically all his 
 time and the rest of his life to this pursuit. He 
 engaged extensively in general farming and 
 stock-raising, attaining to special prominence as 
 a Short-horn cattle breeder, in which lie first be- 
 came interested before the Civil War. For a 
 number of years he was President of the Schuy- 
 ler County Farmers' Institute, ami took a keen 
 interest ill its affairs. With the founding of the 
 Bank 'if Schuyler in 1S90, he became one of the 
 stock-holders, and later was elected Vice-Pres- 
 ident of that institution. On his death. October 
 22, 1902, at the age of seventy-two years, he was 
 the owner of 1,200 acres of farm land, besides 
 various town properties in Rushville. Illness 
 somewhat changed the current of the later years 
 of his life, but he bore all physical trials with 
 rare patience, and applied that fine philosophy 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 943 
 
 which had made light of many obstacles and 
 helped him over many of the rough places in 
 his career. 
 
 In 185G Mr. Teel married Elizabeth Smith, 
 of Rushville Township, and of this union there 
 were the following named children: Everett 
 Lee. a young man of exceptional promise who 
 had just been admitted to the bar and com- 
 menced the practice of his profession at Gales- 
 burg, 111., where, on returning from a visit to 
 his parents, he was accidentally killed, being 
 run over by an express train; Judge H. V. Teel, 
 mention of whom may be found elsewhere in 
 this work; Mrs. Neosha M. Mills; Marshall E. ; 
 Hulda. deceased ; and Walter II. A stanch Dem- 
 ocrat in politics, he was Supervisor of his town- 
 ship several terms, and in 1894 was elected to 
 the State Legislature, his represent at inn of the 
 people reflecting his broad sense of justice, his 
 intolerance of fraud and deception, and his fear- 
 lessness in insisting upon fair ami above-board 
 legislation. He was an agreeable and approach- 
 able man. loyal to the public interests and 
 friends, and he possessed the faculty of inter- 
 esting other people in his projects and securing 
 their support and co-operation. His life gave en- 
 couragement to tlie taint hearted, anil was an ex- 
 pression of force, determination and successful 
 achievement. 
 
 TEEL, Walter H. — An industry of incalcu- 
 lable benefit to the stock raiser of the United 
 States, yet one which in earlier years was neg- 
 lected to a deplorable degree, is that of the breed- 
 ing of thoroughbred stock. While countries in th : 
 old world have made a specialty of this busi- 
 ness for years, our own country failed until re- 
 cently to grasp the opportunity thus presented. 
 It is a source of gratification to all concerned 
 that the twentieth century has witnessed a re- 
 markable change in the opinion of agriculturists 
 concerning grades of stock, and now thousands 
 are spent to bring up herds where formerly hun- 
 dreds were denied. No stock breeder of Sehuy- 
 ter County attained more widespread fame tor the 
 superior quality of his importations and the tin/ 
 points of his herds than did James A. Teel. 
 whose death deprived the State of one of its 
 most influential stockmen. Fortunately, under 
 his experienced oversight, a son, Walter II.. 
 had been trained to a careful and thorough 
 knowledge of stock, and the latter has success- 
 fully carried on the business of raising and sell- 
 ing thoroughbred Short-born cattle so well es- 
 tablished by the father. 
 
 Born on the home farm. March 28, INVT, 
 Walter II. 'feel received his education in the 
 
 district schools and the Rushville Union Scl 1. 
 
 supplemented by attendance at the Rushville 
 Normal, from which he was graduated in 1898. 
 Meanwhile he had devoted his summer months 
 to aiding his father on the farm, and thus early 
 in life had sained a practical knowledge o the 
 stock business, which is now of invaluable as- 
 sistance to him. His father had been one of 
 the first to import stock and. for forty years. 
 
 had stood at the head of the Short-horn industry 
 in the State, so that a study of the business un- 
 der him was in itself an education. Under his 
 supervision were more than fourteen hundred 
 acres in Rushville and LSueua Vista Townships, 
 the family residence being situated on Section 
 IS, Rushville Township. After the death of 
 the father in 1902. the son assumed the entire 
 management of the stock, and since then he has 
 added to the tame of the herd, in which at times 
 he has had as many as one hundred and twenty- 
 tive head of registered cattle. The part of the 
 home farm, which now belongs to the subject of 
 this sketch, consisting of 320 acres on Sections 
 17 and 18, Rushville Township, is one of the 
 finest estates in Schuyler County. Since the 
 present owner assumed control in 1902 many im- 
 provements have been made, chief among which 
 is a hay and stock barn, sixty feet square, furn- 
 ishing ample accommodations for hay, stock and 
 machinery. 
 
 The determination of Mr. Teel to establish and 
 sustain a stock industry surpassed by none in 
 this part of the State has kept him busily en- 
 gaged in Hie work on the home farm and left 
 him little leisure for participation in outside 
 matters, in which, indeed, he takes no part aside 
 from voting the ticket of the Democratic party 
 and identifying himself with the Independent 
 order of Odd Fellows. Among acquaintances he 
 is respected tor those qualities that win the ad- 
 miration of all, while in stock raising circles he is 
 regarded as an expert judge and an authority 
 concerning Short-horns. His pleasant country 
 is presided over by Mrs. Teel. whom he 
 married January 5, 1899, and who was Miss 
 Josephine Knock, daughter of Daniel Knock, one 
 of the early settlers of Schuyler County. 
 
 THARP, Jonathan. — In the possession of 160 
 
 acres of land in Section 15, Woodstock Township, 
 Jonathan Tharp timls the realization of a meri- 
 torious early ambition. While the owner and 
 occupant of his present farm only since 1880, he 
 is by no means the establisher of Tharp activ- 
 ity in Schuyler County, as his father. Jonathan 
 Tharp, Sr., came here in the log cabin era, es- 
 tablishing a precedent for faithful and practical 
 general service, which since has been maintained 
 by his large family of children. Jonathan 
 Tharp. the elder, was born in South Carolina, 
 and married Anna Manlove, a native of the 
 
 same State. The Manlove family has 1 n no 
 
 less important in the development of this Sec- 
 tion than the Tharp family, as Jonathan D. 
 Manlove, father of Mrs. Tharp. came to Schuyler 
 County in 1824, settling on land where, in 1826, 
 he laid out and platted what afterward was 
 called Hie town of Rushville. The Manloves 
 were of the Quaker faith, and descendants of 
 the pioneer never have departed from these 
 teachings. 
 
 Jonathan Tharp, Sr., located in Rushville 
 Township, and endured all of the privations inci- 
 dent to the earliest of pioneering. For their sub- 
 stantial food the family subsisted chiefly on 
 
944 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 game, aud for several years the log cabin was 
 in danger of attack by the wild denizens of the 
 plains, both human and animal. When the head 
 of the house used to take his grist to Quincy to 
 be ground, his wife would nail clap-boards over 
 the door that wolves might not enter the cabin. 
 Around this couple grew up a family of six 
 sons and three daughters, all of whom reached 
 maturity, and three of whom were soldiers 
 in the Civil War. The father dying in 185-i. 
 the mother was left with the care 01 the fam- 
 ily, and it is to her everlasting credit that she 
 kept her children together, educated them to 
 the best of her ability, and instilled into them 
 Ideals of useful citizenship. The oldest son. 
 James, of Astoria Townsbij:). Fulton County, 
 served three years hi the Union army ; John was 
 a soldier, serving as a hundred-day man first, 
 and then in the One Hundred and Fifty-first 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry for one year, re- 
 turned to his home in January. 1866, and died 
 in 1871! ; Jonathan. Jr. ; James served three years 
 in the One Hundred aud Nineteenth Illinois Vol- 
 unteer Infantry: Marion was a member of the 
 the Seventh Missouri Cavalry, ami was killed 
 July 3, 1863, by a shot fired from ambush; 
 Stephen is a farmer in Woodstock Township; 
 Louzania, married I'hilo Morris, and both are 
 deceased; Bettie became the wife of L. G. Per- 
 singer, and both are deceased; Eli died in 
 Molilalia; and Mary is the deceased wife of 
 Philip Skilcs. The mother of this family lived 
 to see all of her children well established in life, 
 her death occurring in 1886, at the age of eighty- 
 three years. 
 
 Jonathan Tharp. Jr.. attended the log school 
 house in Buena Vista Township, near where he 
 was bom January 26, lsls. He remained on 
 the old place until 1871. when, because of the 
 sale of the old place, lie went to Butler County, 
 Kan., where hard times prevailed to an unsual 
 extent. In consequence he returned to Schuy- 
 ler County, the same year, and with his brother. 
 Stephen, worked at farming until 1873. He 
 then rented eighty acres of land of old Dr. Leach, 
 operated the same until 1881, and that year 
 bought im acres in Bainbridge Township. Later 
 he traded his farm for eighty acres in another 
 part of the township, and in 18S9 sold that and 
 bought mo acres of his present farm, to which 
 he since has added sixty acres. This land was 
 in very unsatisfactory condition, and its improve- 
 ment has entailed much arduous labor. Today 
 it is one of the finest properties in the township, 
 and its improvements compare well with any 
 to be found in the State. Mr. Tharp make; a 
 specialty of registered Poland-China hogs, and 
 his hog house, sixty-four by sixteen feet in 
 dimensions, affords ample space for the .arc of 
 these valuable animals. He also raises a high 
 grade of Short-horn cattle. 
 
 While a stanch Republican, Mr. Tharp has 
 never solicited or been willing to accept local 
 office. He is not a member of any church, but 
 contributes generously towards chunh and 
 charitable undertakings, giving his encourage- 
 
 ment also to the cause of education and good 
 roads. He is a broad-minded and well posted 
 farmer, and by the purity and usefulness of 
 his lite sets an example of worth to the rising 
 generation. To himself and wife have been bom 
 seven children, four of whom are living: Loren, 
 George W.. Dora and May. Eli Franklin died 
 at the age of seventeen years, and Ella F. and 
 John died in infancy. 
 
 THARP, Stephen. — As different members of 
 the Tharp family have been identified with the 
 most substantial progress of Woodstock Town- 
 ship for nearly eighty years, it requires no 
 stretch of propriety to place them in the fore 
 ranks of Schuyler County pioneers, and to ac- 
 cord them a prominent position in a history 
 which aims to trace the advanced and teeming 
 life of the present back to the primitive poverty 
 of the past. 
 
 Stephen Tharp was bom October 14, 1841, on 
 the Harvey place, later known as the old Tharp 
 farm, north of Rushville in Section 14. Wood- 
 stock Township. Schuyler County. He is the 
 son of Jonathan and Anna (Manlove) Tharp. 
 both natives of North Carolina, w 7 ho came to 
 Illinois in 1820. They made the long trip by 
 ox-team, in tile fall of that year reaching their 
 destination on the present site of Rushville. One 
 of the first acts of the husbandman was to sow 
 wheat on the land which he had entered, and 
 which is now occupied by the "Little Chicago 
 Store." owned by A. J. Lashmett. This first 
 sowing, however, was not accomplished until 
 Mr. Tharp had journeyed to Pike County in 
 order to obtain his seed, and his first crop was 
 cut with a reaper hook and threshed with a 
 flail. This place was the family home for two 
 years, after which successive removals were 
 made to Round Prairie and Bumhain Township, 
 and finally Stephen Tharp entered land and 
 bought the interest of the Manlove heirs in the 
 farm now owned by the Chadsey estate. Sec- 
 tion 14. Woodstock Township. 
 
 The first years of their residence in Schuy- 
 ler County constituted a trying period in the 
 lives of the Tharp family, but in the after 
 period, when all was comfortable and serene, 
 they dearly loved to recount their experiences, 
 and their children have passed many enjoyable 
 hours in listening to the stories of their parents. 
 In common with their neighbors they had many 
 tales to tell regarding the '"Deep Snow of 1830." 
 Over the prodiguous fall of snow came a driving 
 storm of sleet, and the men and larger boys 
 were obliged to tie boards to their feet, so that 
 they could get to the corn, dig it out of the 
 snow drifts and feed the live-stock. Woman- 
 like, Mrs. Tharp took great pride in telling 
 how she had dressed the first white male child 
 born in Schuyler County — Jack Dyse by name, 
 who grew 7 up a reminder of that place. 
 
 In those days the great pests of the settlers 
 were wolves and snakes, and hunts were often 
 organized to exterminate both. The customary 
 plan of a snake raid was to first burn a clear 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 945 
 
 space around the den of the reptiles, and then 
 start a fire some distance beyond; as the snakes 
 were thus driven into the clear space around 
 their den, they were attacked by dogs and men. 
 At one famous snake hunt, in which the Tharps 
 participated, four hundred reptiles were vic- 
 tims of the slaughter. But the good mother was 
 permitted to see wolves, snakes and Indians re- 
 placed by more agreeable neighbors, their log 
 house by a fine home, the wigwam by the church 
 and school, and the wheat hook and the flail 
 by the gigantic harvester, with other evidences 
 of a new civilization for which she and her asso- 
 ciates hail prepared the way. She passed away 
 July 7. 1S77, at the age of seventy-four years, 
 after surviving her husband for more than twen- 
 ty-two years, his demise having occurred in 
 April, 1S55. The father, therefore, although 
 he had witnessed many and great changes, bad 
 not lived to see so remarkable a contrast between 
 the past and the present as his good wife. The 
 remains of both repose in the cemetery near 
 Rusbville. 
 
 Stephen Tharp was reared on the old home 
 farm and received his education in the old log 
 school house at the Cross Roads. His first mar- 
 riage on April 24. 1804. was to Miss Susanna 
 Smith, daughter of William Smith, an Ohio man 
 and a Schuyler County pioneer. He made bis 
 home on the old farm until 1873. when he pur- 
 chased 120 acres of land in Section 14. Wood- 
 stock Township, and commenced its cultivation 
 and improvement. Among other valuable and 
 attractive additions was a fine frame residence, 
 in which the widowed mother resided for sev- 
 eral years. By his first marriage Mr, Tharp bad 
 the following named children : Nora, who was 
 born in Woodstock Township and is the wife of 
 O. H. Kelly, a farmer: Emma, who married 
 William Lawler, also a farmer of Woodstock 
 Township; Sheridan, who married Lillie War- 
 del], and is farming on the home place: Lydia, 
 wife of Stewart Caddis, a farmer of Bainbridge 
 Township, and William, a twin brother of Lydia. 
 The mother of this family died in November. 
 1873, and the father was married, in 1877, to 
 Mrs. Isabelle Goodwin, widow of John P. Good- 
 win. The present Mrs. Tharp was born in Rush- 
 ville. 111., on the 0th of December. 1848. and is a 
 daughter of Daniel Anderson, who was a native 
 of Ohio, and came to Schuyler County in 1838. 
 The offspring of the second union are: Cora, 
 now* the wife of Vernon Dace, a resident of 
 Huntsville. Til.; Jesse, who is a clerk in Bunkel's 
 store, at Rushville. and married Anna Landon : 
 Susan, wife of James Wardell. a farmer: Billy, 
 who married James Rodson. a painter living at 
 Mount Sterling. 111.; Nettie, wife of Everett 
 Krouse, her husband being a farmer of Bain- 
 bridge Township: Ettie. a twin sister of Nettie, 
 who is now living at home; and Elizabeth and 
 Mabel, both also living with their parents. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Tharp have thirteen children and 
 thirty-two grandchildren now living, and the 
 family is among the most substantial and hon- 
 ored of the true pioneer stock. The parents have 
 
 always beeu earnest Methodists and devout Chris- 
 tions in the highest sense of the word. In poli- 
 tics, Mr. Tharp is still a Republican of the Lin- 
 coln type. 
 
 THOMPSON, Charles W. — In response to the 
 demand, in order to meet the agricultural emer- 
 gencies of the present for a different class of 
 men from those who had to ileal with crude pio- 
 neer conditions, there have arisen in Schuyler 
 County many intelligent and progressive lands- 
 men, recruited from the best families, whose in- 
 influence tends to the advancement of science 
 and enlightenment. In this category belongs 
 Charles \V. Thompson, son of James D. Thomp- 
 son, mention of whom will be found in an ad- 
 joining section of this work. Mr. Thompson was 
 born on the old Thompson homestead January 
 10. 18(54, and received his preliminary education 
 in what was known as the Fey school district. 
 His youth was uneventful, and filled with the 
 duties and diversions which go to make up the 
 life of the average farm-reared boy. He devel- 
 oped, however, more than average business abil- 
 ity, and this has been of great use to him as one 
 of the most extensive breeders anil marketers of 
 Aberdeen-Angus cattle in Schuyler County. 
 
 A turning point in the life of Mr. Thompson 
 was his marriage. December 2:'., 1801. to Delia 
 K. Campbell, a native of Bainbridge Township, 
 Schuyler County, and daughter of George W. 
 ( iampbell, one of the pioneers of the county. The 
 young people started housekeeping on Section 25, 
 Woodstock Township, but in 1898, after the 
 death of the elder Thompson, they returned to 
 the old place and lived there until 1902. In the 
 spring of that year Mr. Thompson opened a gen- 
 eral store in what now is called Layton, in 
 Woodstock Township, and from a small begin- 
 ning has worked up a large ami prosperous trade. 
 His farm of 260 acres represents much that is 
 progressive and scientific in the agricultural 
 world, ami no better Aberdeen-Angus cattle roam 
 the prairie of the Central West than here find 
 a hiiine. There are also high grades of hogs 
 and horses on the farm, anil corn and general 
 produce are raised in large quantities. Mr. 
 Thompson has a large and commodious home, 
 and his stock have warm and comfortable win- 
 ter quarters. He is one of the busiest, as well 
 as most successful men of the township, and few 
 arc doing so much to maintain the higher stan- 
 dards of country lite and practice. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Thompson is an uncompromis- 
 ing Democrat, but has always been too busy 
 either to seek or to accept office. In faith be is 
 a believer iii the Universal Doctrine and is a 
 member of the Grange, for whose interests be 
 iias been a faithful and consistent worker. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Thompson have three children: Mary 
 Margaret, born November 12. 1893; Laura C, 
 born January 3. 1902; and Georgia W., born 
 August 18. 1903. Mr. Thompson is a well in- 
 formed, agreeable and popular gentleman trust- 
 worthy and respected in his business and social 
 relations. 
 
946 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 THOMPSON, J. Arthur, a native of Woodstock 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., and one of the 
 brightest and most worthy of the young men 
 who have been reared in that locality, was born 
 January is. 1883, the sou of William J. and 
 Margaret J. (Arthur) Thompson, a narrative of 
 whose career, with details of the family history, 
 appears elsewhere in this connection. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch attended the district schools 
 in the vicinity of his home, and then taking the 
 regular examination, received a scholarship in 
 the Illinois State University, in which he was a 
 student for five years, the degree of B. S. being 
 conferred upon him at the end of that period. In 
 August, 1907, he was recommended by the Board 
 of Trustees of that institution for a position as 
 teacher of agriculture in Corea. He passed the 
 final examination at Nashville, Term., with 
 honor, and on the 27th of the above mentioned 
 month, started from Vancouver, B. C, stopping 
 briefly in Japan, after touching at several for- 
 eign ports, during the voyage thither, reached his 
 destination on September 12th next following. 
 Since assuming charge of his work in Corea, he 
 has met with remarkable success. His school is 
 a one-story, thatched structure, covered with 
 straw, a glimpse of which would be an interesting 
 revelation to ninny of bis former '•chums," ac- 
 customed as they are to the superior facilities 
 afforded by school edifices in Illinois. 
 
 While at home. Mr. Thompson was a member 
 of the Grange, and when a student, was Presi- 
 dent of the Agricultural Club of the Illinois 
 State University, as well as of the T. M. C. A. 
 
 On September 15, 1908, Mr. Thompson will be 
 married to Miss Anna Riehl, of Alton. 111., who 
 sails on August 15, to meet him al Songdo, where 
 he is carrying on his labors with such gratifying 
 results. His religious connection was with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, South, in which he 
 acted in the capacity of class leader and offi- 
 ciated as Sunday School Superintendent. On 
 political issues, lie was a supporter of the Demo- 
 cratic parly. 
 
 THOMPSON, James D.— With the passing of 
 James 1 ». Thompson. July 30, 1897, a busy ami 
 useful life came to its conclusion, leaving in its 
 wake, tor the guidance of the workers of a later 
 day, many lessons in courage, perseverance and 
 sound judgment. Mr. Thompson had to his credit 
 seventy-four years, having been born in Craw- 
 ford County. Pa., March 30, 1823. He was heir 
 to the best traits of the Irish'-German-English 
 peoples, the men on both sides of his family for 
 the most part following either farming or such 
 staple trades as carpentering ami millwrighting. 
 His paternal grandfather, William Thompson, 
 was born in Ireland, in his boyhood crossing the 
 sea to America, where he followed his trade of 
 carpenter for the remainder of his life. Both 
 he and his wife reached the age of three-score 
 years and ten, living for the most part in Penn- 
 sylvania, which knew him first as a lad with 
 a rich Irish brogue ami but few financial assets. 
 
 William Thompson, Jr., son of the immigrant. 
 
 was born in the Keystone State, and married 
 Mary Peterson, daughter of James and Elizabeth 
 (Abbott) Peterson, of English and German de- 
 scent, who died in Pennsylvania at the age of 
 ninety-one and ninety yearfs, respectively. To 
 William and Elzabeth Thompson were given ten 
 children, of whom James D... the subject of this 
 sketch, was third ; William Thompson, Jr., was 
 a millwright by trade, and in L837 brought his 
 family to Illinois, two years later purchasing a 
 farm in Brown County, upon which he settled 
 .May It, 1839. Has hopes of culivating this farm 
 were not destined to realization, for with the 
 coming of the fall of 1839, his life went out at 
 the age of fifty-four years and seven months. 
 He left a wife and eight children — five girls and 
 three boys — who after his death rented laud for 
 several years, locating then on a tract in Brown 
 County purchased by the father, where the 
 mother died at the age of eighty-six years. 
 
 James U. Thompson was fourteen years old 
 when the family came to Illinois, and sixteen 
 when, through the death of his father, he was 
 obliged to shoulder large responsibilities. He 
 remained with his mother and the rest of the 
 children until his marriage. April :;, 1S56, to 
 Margaret E. Groselaude, who was born in Prance, 
 April 27. 1830, a daughter of James F. and 
 Catherine E. (Jonte) Groselaude. and who came 
 to America with her parents in 1833, locating in 
 Woodstock Township, Schuyler County. Mr. 
 Groselaude died September 30, 1878, at the age 
 ol seventy-two years. The maternal grandfather, 
 Peter J. Jonte. was horn in France, in February, 
 177(1. and died October 2, 1846, while his wife, 
 Susan (Landon) Jonte, was born March 25, 
 1774. and died June 7, 1842. To Mr. and Mrs. 
 Thompson were born six children: Mary E., 
 wife of R. T. Briggle, of Springfield, 111.; Wil- 
 liam J., mentioned elsewhere iu this work; Jef- 
 ferson E.. of Fredonia. Kan.: Emily L., wife of 
 A. c. Rowland, of Kushville, 111. ;' Charles W.. 
 whose sketch also appears in a preceding sec- 
 tion; and Margarette Lorena, wife ol Charles A. 
 Myers, of i.os Angeles, Col. 
 
 Not only was Mr. Thompson prominently con- 
 nected with the farming interests of Schuyler 
 ('canity lor many years, but he was active in the 
 promotion of its educational welfare, among 
 other offices having held that of member of the 
 Board of Education for twenty years. He was a 
 strong and unyielding Democrat, and an office- 
 holder who discharged his duties with honesty 
 ami ability. He became the owner of several 
 hundred .ores of land, the greater part of it 
 valuable, and his prosperity resulted solely from 
 his own ability to succeed. He was a man of 
 genial and interesting personality, a firm believer 
 in the good existing in all with whom he was 
 associated, and possessing a cheerful philosophy 
 which tided him over many of the rough places 
 in the path of life. The wife who shared his in- 
 creasing fortunes, and who eared for him ten- 
 derly when illness befell him in his later days, 
 left the old homestead after his death and since 
 has made her home in the city of Bushville. 
 
EISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 :n; 
 
 THOMPSON, William J.— The enviable stand- 
 ing of Schuyler County, as one of the finest ag- 
 ricultural sections of Illinois, may be attributed 
 largely to the practical, experienced and pro- 
 gressive men who long have been at the head 
 of its farming enterprises, and who have suc- 
 ceeded in reaping large returns from the skilled 
 tilling of the soil. Not the least successful of 
 these men is William J. Thompson, who is en- 
 gaged in raising stock and in general farm pur- 
 suits on his finely improved property in Wood- 
 stock Township. Beginning with a small pur- 
 chase, he has added to the same from time to 
 time until now he owns 500 acres in Woodstock 
 and Bainbridge Townships, and all of this has 
 been gained by indefatigable labor backed by 
 sound judgment. 
 
 Knox County, 111., is Mr. Thompson's native 
 place, where he was born July 1G, 1858, his 
 father being .lames D. Thompson, who died July 
 :'.ii. 1897. While he was still quite young the 
 family came to Schuyler County, and here he 
 attended the country schools and aided in the 
 cultivation of the home farm. Upon attaining 
 the required age he was granted a teacher's cer- 
 tificate, but this he never used, preferring to de 
 vole his attention exclusively to agricultural pur- 
 suits. November 10, 1881, he was united in 
 marriage with .Miss Margaret J. Arthur, who 
 was born in McDonough County, 111., September 
 24, 1861, a daughter of Abraham and Annie 
 (Hageman) Arthur, the former of whom died 
 October 14, 1S98, and the latter May 16. 1005. 
 
 After his marriage Mi'. Thompson brought his 
 young wife to the farm, where ever since they 
 have made their home. The original tract com- 
 prised sixty-two aires on Section 36, Woodstock 
 Township, but since the purchase of that estate 
 he has added by later purchases until now, as 
 previously stated, he and his wife have the title 
 to 500 acres of improved and timber lands. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Thompson's family consists of 
 eleven children, namely: James A., who re- 
 ceived a superior education at the University of 
 Illinois, from which he was graduated in June, 
 1905; Clarence J. married Belvie Rittenhouse, 
 anil lives mi a farm in Woodstock Township; 
 Xeltie May is wife of Harvey Armstrong, a 
 farmer of Bainbridge Township; Roy F. is on 
 the home farm; Walter E.. graduated from the 
 Rushville Normal School with l he class of 1907; 
 Katie. Margarette, Anna Lorena and Bertha 
 Emily are with their parents on the old home- 
 stead; Jesse Decatur and Essie Dora (twins), 
 ami Gertrude Irene. James A., the older son, 
 spent five years in the University of Illinois, 
 meanwhile receiving a scholarship and teacher's 
 certificate, and in 1905 taking the degree of 
 Bachelor of Science. After finishing his course 
 at the University he became an instructor at 
 Hampton Institute, Va., retaining this position 
 until July, 1907. when he accepted a position as 
 teacher in Corea. going to that country in Au- 
 gust of that year, and is now conducting an agri- 
 cultural college at Songdo. Corea. with satisfac- 
 tory success. It has been the ambition of the 
 
 parents to provide their children with the best 
 educational advantages the country affords, and 
 thus prepare them for whatever duties may 
 await them in future years. 
 
 In their religious relations Mr. and Mrs. 
 Thompson hold membership witli the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and have contributed gener- 
 ously to the missionary and charitable work of 
 that denomination. Politically he has voted with 
 the Democratic party ever since he attained his 
 majority. For twenty years he held the office 
 of Justice of the Peace, besides having served as 
 School Trustee. During the spring of 1007 he 
 was elected Supervisor of Woodstock Township, 
 in which responsible position he has proved him- 
 self entitled to the fullest confidence of the peo- 
 ple, and has supported all measures calculated 
 to promote the general welfare, while at the same 
 time aiming to protect the interests of the tax- 
 payers. Besides his other businss connections 
 he is a stockholder in the Bank of Rushville. In 
 church work, in polities, in the Grange, in agri- 
 cultural affairs, and. indeed, in every association 
 of life, he lias been ready to do his part and 
 has contributed his quota to the permanent de- 
 velopment of his township. 
 
 TURNER, Allen R.— It falls to the lot of few 
 men to look back upon a life so bountifully 
 lengthened out and so diligently, usefully and 
 virtuously spent, as that of the worthy man 
 above named, who still occupies the farm in 
 I'.uena Vista Township, which becamehis home as 
 early as 1n::4. The birth of Mr. Turner occurred 
 in Rushville Township, Schuyler County, Easter 
 Sunday, April --. 1832, and he is a son of Sam- 
 uel and Rachel (Robertson) Turner, natives of 
 Virginia, and North Carolina, respectively, and 
 grandson of Elias Turner, also a native of the 
 South. Elias Turner's life was not a creditable 
 one, and be furnished a terrible example of the 
 curse of drink. His wife stood his abuse anil 
 neglect as long as she could, and then rebelled 
 against bringing her children up in such an at- 
 mosphere. When her son, Samuel, was about 
 six months old. she took the child in her arms 
 with a few personal belongings, and set out afoot 
 for a portion of Southern Illinois, known as the 
 American Bottom, and which then was the home 
 of Governor Ford. Here she remained about 
 live years, then returned to her native State for 
 berolderson, Willis, on horseback, later settling 
 with both of her sons in Madison County, 111. 
 After the death of their mother. Samuel and 
 Willis came to Schuyler County in 1823, this 
 section of the State at that time being pari of 
 I 'ike County, and hero Samuel Turner built the 
 fourth house in the county, but three permanent 
 settlers having preceded him here. This house he 
 never occupied, however, but retumd with bis 
 brother to Madison County, where Willis was 
 taken sick and finally died. After settling up 
 the family affairs Samuel returned to Schuyler 
 County in 1825, and here bis death occurred 
 April 6, 1855, he having been horn in 1790. His 
 wile, who was born in 1795, died April 2. 1843. 
 
948 
 
 SISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Both were devout members of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Chunh. and in 1S40, Mr. Turner 
 joined the first temperance society organized in 
 Schuyler County. The lesson of his father's life 
 was a perpetual warning in his ears, sinking so 
 deep into bis nature that he never wearied in 
 his endeavor to warn others from the terrible 
 shoal of mental and moral destruction. 
 
 Allen R. Turner attended the subscription 
 schools and passed his youth on the home farm 
 in Buena Vista Township. The lure of the 
 mines on the Pacific slope turned his attention 
 from the slew and laborious methods of getting 
 money by tanning, and in 1850 he crossed the 
 plains with oxen and a prairie schooner, taking 
 about six months for the trip. He spent about 
 five months in the well known gold camps of 
 California, but his experience was that of the 
 average rather than exceptional miner, and he 
 was glad of the opportunity to return to Schuy- 
 ler County, where the rewards of labor were 
 comparatively sure. Again he took up the task 
 of farming on the old place which has been his 
 home since he was two years old. and the energy 
 of his mature years is evident in every depart- 
 ment of its activity. The place now contains 170 
 acres in one of the garden spots of the Central 
 West, and certainly no home in Buena Vista 
 Township has mure about it of genuine home- 
 likeness. As the children have grown to ma- 
 turity the two oldest have each been given 160 
 acres of the property, the third child hav- 
 ing been given ninety acres adjoining the old 
 place. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Turner and Isabella A. 
 Sparks, occurred in Buena Vista Township, 
 March 9, 1852. where she was born January 24. 
 1831, a daughter of Lemuel Sparks, and they 
 became the parents of four children: Otto, horn 
 March 14. 1853, Darwin Samuel, born April 13. 
 1857; Willis Fred, born March 14. 1854; and 
 Olive Rose, born January 28, 1867. Otto Sparks 
 married Mary Etta Ford: Darwin Samuel mar- 
 ried Emma B. Nelson : Willis Fred married 
 Alice Bertroche; and Olive Hose became the wife 
 of James C. Bartlow. The decease of the mother. 
 .Mrs. Allen R. Turner, occurred February 9, 
 1893, and was much deplored by a large circle 
 of friends. In political affiliation Mr. Turner is 
 a Prohibitionist, and for sixty years has unceas- 
 ingly advocated temperance. His convictions 
 on this subject are profound and unchanegable, 
 and have been the means of his accomplishing a 
 world of good. In all nays his life has been il- 
 luminating and helpful, and he lias established a 
 standard of moral rectitude and courage far be- 
 yond the average of his fellow wayfarers. By 
 all classes of people in the county he is held in 
 sincere respect, and no citizen in the community 
 has a cleaner or more enviable record. 
 
 TURNER, John S.— For nearly fifteen years 
 Mr. Turner has made his home continuously at 
 his present location, on Section 12, Birmingham 
 Township, Schuyler County, where he has ope- 
 rated 160 acres of excellent land, devoted to gen- 
 
 eral farming and stock raising. Descended from 
 Southern ancestry, he was born in Adair County, 
 Ky.. February 22, 1840, a son of W. S. P. and 
 Sarah (. lames i Turner, who were bom in Vir- 
 ginia and Adair County, Ky.. respectively. With 
 his parents, W. S. P. Turner went to Kentucky 
 and settled in Adair County, and there some time 
 later occurred his marriage with Miss James. In 
 1853, after the birth of six of their children, the 
 parents came to Illinois, and in Browning Town- 
 ship, Schuyler ( lounty, Mr. Turner purchased 
 eighty acres of timber land. Making a clearing 
 in the wilderness he erected a rude cabin for 
 the shelter of his family, but this having been 
 destroyed by fire, he later erected a mure com- 
 fortable and commodious house, with a stick 
 chimney fireplace. After residing on this farm 
 for twenty years, during which time he had 
 cleared and placed under cultivation eighty acres 
 of the tract, he sold the property in 1873 and 
 removed to Astoria, Fulton County, 111., where 
 for a short time he followed a mercantile busi- 
 ness. It is safe to presume that this venture 
 was not as remunerative as he had anticipated, 
 for in 1874 he weut to Hancock County and re- 
 sumed farming, renting a farm upon which he 
 made his home the remainder of his life. lie 
 passed away at the ripe eld age of eighty-three 
 years, his wife also dying in Hancock County. 
 During his early years Mr. Turner was run- 
 verted and joined the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. Throughout his life he exemplified the 
 teaching's which he professed, and for forty years 
 was a local minister in his denomination. 
 Through his teaching- and upright living many 
 were led to follow better lives and all who came 
 in contact with him received an uplift and en- 
 couragement 
 
 Nine children blessed the marriage of W. S. P. 
 Turner and his wife, of this number Jehu S. be- 
 ing the eldest. The next two children. Amanda 
 and George B.. are both deceased. Ellen became 
 the wife of D. M. Stockman, a veteran of the 
 Civil War. and they make their home in Omaha, 
 Neb. .Mary is the wife of a Mr. Scott, who 
 owns a large farm in Hancock County, and Al- 
 bert is a resident of Texas. Sarah is the wife 
 of Zachariah Duncan, who is a carpenter in 
 Carthage, 111. Martha, deceased, was the wife 
 of W. D. Cloud. The youngest child. William 
 R., makes his home in St. Mary. Hancock 
 County. 
 
 Alter receiving a limited education in the dis- 
 trict schools of Adair County. Ky.. John S. 
 Turner gave his services to his father, and after 
 cdining to Illinois was an invaluable assistant in 
 removing the timber and underbrush from the 
 farm upon which the family located. The call to 
 arms at the breaking out of the Civil War fouud 
 him a young man of twenty-one years who was 
 willing and anxious to do his part as a loyal 
 citizen. In August. 1801. his name was enrolled 
 as a member of Company II. Third Illinois Cav- 
 alry, his enlistment being for a term of three 
 years. From Camp Butler his regiment was or- 
 dered to St. Louis, from there to Jefferson City 
 
BISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 949 
 
 and uu to Lebanon, Mo. At Pea Ridge they 
 were under lire for three days, many of the 
 Third Cavalry being killed and wounded, and 
 rive from Company H met death in this battle. 
 Mr. Turner escaped narrowly with his own life, 
 for on three occasions his horse was shot under 
 him, once at the battle 01 Pea Ridge and later 
 at a battle in Tennessee, and still later at Bates- 
 villc. Ark. At Memphis, Tcnn.. the Third Cav- 
 alry met General Forrest in an engagement and 
 also participated in the battle of Nashville. At 
 the close of his term of service Mr. Turner was 
 honorably discharged at St. Louis, having never 
 been in th hospital during the three years he 
 was in the service, although during that time 
 he had suffered untold hardships both in battle 
 and in long marches. 
 
 Returning to Astoria after his army service, 
 Mr. Turner was married in that city, September 
 1, 1804, to Miss Alice Ewiug, who was born near 
 Zauesville. Ohio, May 10, 1845, the daughter of 
 Josiah Ewing. After the death of her husband 
 Mrs. Josiah Ewing brought her family to Illi- 
 nois, settling in Astoria, where her death finally 
 occurred. A large family of children were born 
 to Mr. and Mrs. Turner, of whom we mention 
 the following : Mary E., who was born in As- 
 toria October 5, 1865, died at the age of six 
 years ; Sally Ann, born in the same city August 
 24, 1867, died in 1871 ; Hattie J., who was born 
 in Hancock County. 111., January 22, 1870, passed 
 away in 1883: Harry E., who was born in the 
 same county, March 24. 1872, married Nellie 
 Burton and makes his home in Nebraska ; Wil- 
 liam, born in Schuyler County, May 3, 1874, 
 died when three years old: Arthur O.. who was 
 born in Schuyler County, February 27. 1876, 
 chose as his wile Miss Gertrude Erlinger, a na- 
 tive of Cedar County. Mo., and two daughters 
 have been born to them. Flossie ami Alice: David 
 A., born April :;. 1878, is a farmer in Hancock 
 County, and by his marriage with Miss Cora 
 Irwin be had two children. Alfa anil Lee I., one 
 of whom died in infancy ; George It., born in 
 Schuyler County. August 4. 1881. now makes bis 
 home in Palisade, Neb. ; Bertha, the youngest 
 child, born March 2, 1888, and is still at home 
 with her [parents. For about twelve years after 
 coming to Birmingham Township, Mr. Turner 
 bought and sold poultry and eggs, but since lo- 
 cating on his present farm he has followed farm- 
 ing and stock raising exclusively. Mr. Turner's 
 service in the cause of his country makes him 
 eligible to the Grand Army of the Republic, and 
 his name is enrolled among the members of the 
 post at Brooklyn. Politically he casts his vote 
 in behalf of Democratic candidates, although in 
 no sense is he a partisan. Industrious and en- 
 terprising, Mr. Turner is highly esteemed by 
 friends and neighbors as one who has been help- 
 ful in sustaining a high agricultural standard 
 in Schuyler County. 
 
 TYSON, William.— Honored alike for his loy- 
 alty to his family, his friends, his country and 
 his principles. William Tyson, the pioneer and 
 
 old soldier of Bainbridge Township. Schuyler 
 County, comes of standi Virginia stock and of 
 that patriotic blood which lias done so much to 
 firmly cement the nationality of the United 
 States. He was born April 2, 1841, in a log 
 cabin situated forty rods from his present com- 
 fortable residence in Section 11, Bainbridge 
 Township; served bravely lor lour years on 
 battlefields and enduring life in a rebel prison, 
 and now-, for lour decades, has been establishing 
 himself in the substantial domain of agricultural 
 prosperity and in the useful activities of citizen- 
 ship. 
 
 The Tyson ancestry, originally of German na- 
 tivity, removed from Germany to England about 
 two hundred and seventy-five years ago, where 
 they remained for more than a century, when 
 some time before the Revolutionary War, Zeph- 
 aniah Tyson, the great-grandfather of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch, came to America, settling in 
 Virginia. He was born in England about 1750, 
 and there is a well-founded tradition that he 
 served in the Revolutionary Army, finally becom- 
 ing blind and dying in Virginia. Later this 
 branch of the family removed to Ohio, about 
 1807, locating near McConnelsville, Morgan 
 County, where the widow, after enduring great 
 hardship on account of Indian disturbances, 
 lived to be one hundred years old. Mr. Tyson's 
 great-grandmother on the maternal side is also 
 said to have reached about the same age. 
 
 There were three sons and one daughter of this 
 family, the older sou, Zephauiah (II.) having 
 been born in Virginia about 1773, and is said to 
 have sewed in the Indian wars under Gen. An- 
 thony Wayne, enlisting as early as nineteen 
 years of age, also took part in the battle of Tip- 
 pecanoe in 1811, and served in be War of 1812- 
 14. About 1707, he married Margaret DcLong, 
 who was born in Virginia in 1770. After spend- 
 ing many years in .Morgan County. Ohio, they 
 came to Schuyler County. 111., in 1831 settling in 
 Bainbridge Township, where Mrs. Tyson died 
 iu 1842 at the age of sixty-three years, and the 
 grandfather on July 0, 1850, aged seventy-seven. 
 They had a family of five sous and three daugh- 
 ters, namely: Margaret, born April 8. 1709; 
 Aaron, born in Virginia or Ohio, January 17, 
 1800, and who mysteriously disappeared; Sophia, 
 born in Ohio, July 24. 1803, and married Daniel 
 Berry in 1824; Zephaniah, born in Ohio October 
 10. 1S05, married a Missouri woman, later re- 
 moving to Arkansas about 1850, where he died 
 leaving two children, a son and a daughter; 
 Henry, born in Ohio, December 15, 1807. and 
 married Sarah Berry; George, born in Muskin- 
 gum County, Ohio. February 2. 1SOO; Moses, 
 born in Ohio December 18. 1811, and married 
 tirsl a Miss Kelso and. as bis second wife. Eliza- 
 beth Metz, on June 10, 1849, died in Missouri, 
 January 5, 1875. his second wife dying in 1893; 
 and Louisa, born December 28. 1813. married 
 John Boling. and died in August. 1896. 
 
 George Tyson, father of William Tyson, left 
 home some time before reaching his majority, 
 first locating in Cincinnati, where after working 
 
950 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUXTY. 
 
 for a time he bought a flat-boat and engaged in 
 trading along the Ohio River. Iu 1820, he mar- 
 ried Hiss Lucinda Bellamy, a native of Culpep- 
 er County, V'a., born in 1809. Soon after his 
 marriage, having sold his flat-boat, Mr. Tyson 
 invested the proceeds in a team with which, in 
 1831, he made ibe journey to .Schuyler County, 
 111., locating on Section 11 in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship. Other members of the Tyson family came 
 to Schuyler County about the same time, some 
 of them* later moving away, and it is estimated 
 that more than a score of their descendants are 
 uow scattered over the States of Illinois, Mis- 
 souri. Michigan, Iowa, Kansas. Oklahoma. Col- 
 orado, California and Oregon. George became 
 the owner of 480 aires of land, but becoming 
 restless in 1866, went farther west, and all trace 
 of him was lost. His wiie survived bis disap- 
 pearance some ten years, dying in Schuyler 
 county, September 10, 1876. Mr. and Mrs. George 
 Tyson were the parents of the following named 
 children: Charles B., born September 25, 1831, 
 and died at home in 1852; Joel, born iu 1833, 
 died in 1850; Robert, born iu May, 1835, died 
 near Peoria, 111., in October, 1899; Alfred, born 
 March 4, 1837, now residing at Granite, Colo. ; 
 Melissa, born in 1839, and died at Baxter 
 Springs, Kan., dying September 4, 1907; Wil- 
 liam, the subject of this sketch; Angelina, who 
 lives in Jones, Okla. ; Margaret, living in Bates 
 County, Mo.; Mary, who married Z. T. Kirkhain. 
 of Schuyler County, and Levi, who resides at 
 Abilene. Kan. Robert, of this family, married 
 Emily Gillett, and had three children born to 
 him: Alice, who married a Mr. Pike, and lives 
 in Fort Madison, Iowa; Grant, when last heard 
 from was in Louisiana ; and Effie, who married 
 and lives in Kansas City, Kan. 
 
 The early life of William Tyson was spent 
 upon the home farm in Bainbridge Township, 
 assisting his father and attending the district 
 school of the neighborhood. He made good prog- 
 ress in his studies, and engaged in teaching 
 when quite young. After being thus employed 
 for several terms, he accompanied the family to 
 Moniteau County, Mo., where the father had 
 bought land, but which be sold, afterward mov- 
 ing to a farm of 300 acres in Henry County, that 
 State. This remained the family home until the 
 outbreak of the Civil War. when the mother and 
 the younger members of the family returned to 
 Hie old homestead in Schuyler County. It was 
 now that William, a youth of twenty years. 
 proved the patriotic quality of his blood. On the 
 -itb of June. 1861, he enlisted in Company D, 
 of the Cass County Cavalry Regiment, of Mis- 
 souri Home Guard Volunteers. I". S. A., and by 
 reason of General Order No. 25, (Paragraph 
 Three), Department of Missouri, was discharged 
 from service at Harrisonville. Mo., on February 
 28, 1862. During the first months of military 
 experience he was one of the force which guarded 
 the first wagon-load of provisions sent to General 
 Lyon's army after the battle of Wilson's Creek. 
 
 After his honorable discharge from the cav- 
 alry service. Mr. Tyson returned to the family 
 
 home iu Schuyler County, and on August 12, 
 1862, re-enlisted in Company U, One Hundred 
 and Fifteenth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, for a 
 period of three years. During this terrible sea- 
 son of tierce battling and weary marching he 
 neither faltered nor shirked a soldierly duty. He 
 was one of that iittle heroic band of forty-two 
 who held their own at Buzzard's Roost 
 Ga., against such appalling odds in August, 18b4. 
 While stationed at the block-bouse there, they 
 were attacked by Wheeler's famous cavalry, but 
 poured such a withering fire into the ranks of 
 the horsemen as to repel their charge com- 
 pletely, (in October 13th. Hood's army opened 
 lire on the block-house, with both musketry and 
 artillery, but the heroic band ..r Company D held 
 off the attacking forces for ten long and bitter 
 hours before being forced to surrender. 0/ the 
 forty-two Union boys, live were killed, six 
 wounded and thirty-one taken prisoners. Mr. Ty- 
 son being in the latter class. The prisoners 
 were marched to Cahaba, Ala., and confined in 
 Castle Morgan, being then transferred to Mil- 
 len, Ga. On November 22d General Sherman 
 sent Kilpatrick's cavalry to rescue them, but on 
 the previous evening they had been loaded on 
 cars and sent to Savannah, Ga.. thence being 
 removed to Thomasville and finally to Anderson- 
 ville prison. Mr. Tyson was confined there for 
 three months, and then transferred to Vicksburg, 
 Miss., where he was exchanged and sent to St. 
 Louis. In that city he received his/pay and was 
 granted a thirty days' furlough, at the expira- 
 tion of which he reported at Springfield for fur- 
 ther duty, but instead obtained his final pay and 
 honorable discharge from the service, entering 
 again the ranks of peace June 14, 1SG5. 
 
 After recruiting his weakened health as far 
 as possible, Mr. Tyson returned to his home in 
 Bainbridge Township, and in 1867 purchased 160 
 acres of land in Section 11, which has since been 
 his home and which he has brought under a high 
 state of cultivation, as well as rendered an at- 
 tractive home. On November 10th. of that year, 
 he was united in marriage to Miss Sarah J. 
 Scott, who was also_a native of Schuyler County. 
 born August 20. 1850. Their happy union, how- 
 ever, was destined to be of short duration, for 
 the faithful and beloved wife and mother ex- 
 pired on the 22d of February, 1S7S. She was a 
 woman of tender heart, kindly acts and prac- 
 tical Christianity, and her deatli proved a sad 
 blow and an irreparable loss to her family and 
 friends. Four children were born of this union. 
 Jesse C. Tyson, the oldest, born on August 7. 
 1868, is a farmer operating the old home place. 
 He married Annie M. Hendrix. a native of Rip- 
 ley, Brown County, 111., and they have had three 
 children: Levi Frank, born March 17. 1S00. arid- 
 one child who died in infancy: Orren William, 
 born December 10, 1007. Laura, the second 
 child, was born September 15, 1869. and is now 
 the wife of Charles B. Ward, of Bainbridge 
 Township, and they have four children: Ruth 
 Eliza, born October 21, 1S83 ; Sarah Florence, 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 951 
 
 bom January 'J, lsinj; James Ruins, August 5, 
 1897; William F., bom June 16, 1900. Leora, 
 born June 4. 1872, married, iu 1889, James D. 
 Dodds, and they have six children: Zelma Ar- 
 Villa, born November 1G, 1889, was married 
 March 1, 1907, to Hazen F. Ward; Norris E., 
 bom March 1, 1892; Ruby E.. born April 3, 
 1895; Giles «>., born June IT, 1898; Kay Bur- 
 dett, born December 16, 1900, ami Edith Evaline, 
 born December 'J, 1904. Stella, born June 11, 
 1876, died July 12, 1S7U. .Mrs. Sarah J. (Scott) 
 Tyson died February 22, 1878. She was the 
 daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Scott. 
 
 Since fixing bis home in Schuyler County, 
 forty years ago, Mr. Tyson has devoted himself 
 to the interests of his family, and to the high 
 duties of a moral and intelligent citizenship. 
 Since the story period of the Civil War, when 
 age conferred on him the right of franchise, he 
 has faithfully voted the Republican ticket, lie 
 has never been an office-seeker, however, and 
 has never held any public position save that of 
 Census Enumerator for Bainbridge Township iu 
 1S80 and in 18110. Surrounded now by those 
 comforts of life which, in providing for others, 
 he has guaranteed to himself; honored and loved 
 by his children, his grandchildren, and great- 
 grandchildren and hosts of friends for his bravery 
 in fields of battle and iu the paths of peace, and 
 admired by his more distant associates for those 
 practical and substantial qualities which have 
 brought him worldly success. William Tyson is a 
 man to be envied in no spirit of bitterness, but 
 only in a spirit of regret that more citizens of 
 the world are not cast in his mold of nobility. 
 
 UNGER, John C. — It is always a source of 
 gratification to point to the growing success of 
 our young men, for upon them rests the future 
 prosperity of our country. Not the least promi- 
 nent of the agriculturists of Schuyler County, who 
 upon the threshold of middle life has met with 
 a success well merited by his indefatigable la- 
 bors, is John C. Unger, who owns and occupies a 
 finely-improved farm on Section 20. Camden 
 Township, remaining there until his death, on 
 the same township. November 7, 1870. Ances- 
 tors of the family, both paternal and maternal, 
 came of German extraction and were among the 
 early settlers of Ohio, where the father. Eli 
 Unger, was born in Portage County. Early in 
 life he sought the larger opportunities of' the 
 undeveloped regions to the west of Ins home, 
 and became a farmer in Illinois. A brother, 
 Cyrus Unger, married Lydia Biltz and brought 
 his bride to Illinois, where he took up land in 
 Schuyler County in 1862. With them came the 
 bride's sister, Mary Biltz. a native of Stark 
 County, Ohio: in 1SG4 she became the wife of 
 Eli T'nger. who settled on a farm in Camden 
 Township, remaining there until his death, on 
 February 4. 1S73. After his demise the widow 
 returned to Iter old Ohio home, thence went to 
 Indiana, but in 1S75 came back to the old home- 
 stead in Schuyler County, 111. Eventually she 
 purchased a home in Erwin, Schuyler County. 
 
 where she and her younger daughter, Belle, 
 now reside. The elder sou, Owen, is deceased. 
 The older daughter, Cora E., married William 
 Cray and has live children. Addra. Forrest, Roy, 
 Jennie and Beulab ; they are now living on the 
 old Unger homestead. 
 
 Eli Unger was a cooper and when not em- 
 ployed at his trade, gave his attention to fann- 
 ing. Nor was his interest confined to his double 
 calling. The school.-; received his earnest sup- 
 port, and the churches had his regular contribu- 
 tions. Movements tor the material progress of 
 the township commanded his allegiance and co- 
 operation. For some years he served as a Direc 
 tor in bis School District, meanwhile accom- 
 plishing much for the benefit of local educa- 
 tional work. In political views be was liberal, 
 voting for the men whom he considered besl 
 qualified to represent . the people and promote 
 the general welfare. His only surviving son, John 
 C, received such advantages as the country 
 schools afforded, and while still quite voting be- 
 gan to work for others. Carefully saving his 
 wages, he was able upon attaining his majority 
 
 1 quire property of his own. In May, 1891, 
 
 he bought eighty acres of land on Section 2d. 
 Camden Township, where since lie has made his 
 home. At the time of purchase the farm had a 
 small frame dwelling, sorely in need of repairs, 
 and at the time of his marriage he rebuilt the 
 house before bringing his bride to the home. 
 Later he erected a substantial barn and other 
 needed outbuildings. During 1906 be added 
 greatly to the value of the property by erecting 
 a two-story residence with eight rooms and mod- 
 ern conveniences. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Unger took place August 
 20, 1895, uniting him with .Miss Agnes Blanche 
 Boring, who was born in Buena Vista Township, 
 in April of 18,7. being a daughter of William 
 and Sarah (Grigg) Loring. After having en- 
 gaged in the stock business for years, Mr. Boring 
 died June 27, 1907, and in his demise another 
 pioneer was taken from among those in whose 
 midst he long had lived and labored. Since his 
 death his widow has been a resident of the city 
 of Rushville. Of their union there were born 
 three daughters and one son now living, and 
 there was also a stepdaughter. .Mary, who mar- 
 ried J. W. Lickey. The son, J. M. Loring, is en- 
 gaged in the practice of law at Rushville. One 
 of the daughters is the widow of John Avery and 
 lives in Rushville. Another daughter, Ethel 
 Grace, wife of Mark Sellers, in. 4 with a -ad 
 fate. Her only child accidentally fell info I he 
 cistern where the water was aliout three Eeef 
 deep, with some ice floating on the top. The 
 mother jumped into the cistern in a frantic ef- 
 fort to save the child. No one was near at the 
 time and when found both mother and child had 
 died from exposure to the cold water and from 
 the struggle to climb out of the cistern. 
 
 The family of John C. Unger comprises the 
 following-named children : Leah D., horn March 
 8, 1897 : Emory F.. born November 25, 1900 ; 
 Vernon William, born September 11, 1905 ; and 
 
952 
 
 HISTORY OF SCIirYLEI! COUNTY. 
 
 Mary Grace, born May 2, 11)07. The home farm 
 
 c prises eighty acres and in addition, with the 
 
 assistance of .his sister's sou. Mr. Unger operates 
 his mother's farm of 280 acres, which has the 
 unique distinction of having been transferred 
 only once since the taking out of the government 
 patent. Until the death of William Loring the 
 latter engaged in partnership with Mr. L'nger in 
 the breeding of tine horses; in addition. Mr. l'n- 
 ger lias made a specialty of thoroughbred regis- 
 tered Duroc-Jersey hogs, some fine specimens of 
 which are always to be seen on his farm. So 
 closely has his attention been given to farming 
 pursuits that he has had little leisure for partici- 
 pation in township affairs, yet he has found time 
 to faithfully perform the duties of School Direc- 
 tor of his district and also has kept posted con- 
 cerning problems affecting the welfare of the na- 
 tion. In presidential elections he votes with the 
 Republican party, but in local affairs he consid- 
 ers the character and ability of the candidate of 
 greater importance than his views concerning is- 
 sues affecting the nation, but not material to the 
 county and township. With his wife he holds 
 membership in the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 South, and has been a contributor to the mis- 
 sionary movements of the denomination. 
 
 UTTER, Arthur Frank. — The breeding of live- 
 stock constitutes a science, while the dealing in 
 them and their advantageous disposition in the 
 markers of the country, are branches of a busi- 
 ness whose successful prosecution requires rare 
 executive ability, judgment and foresight. Some 
 of the shrewdest men in the United States are en- 
 gaged in the live stock business, and to be a 
 leader in that field, as is Arthur F. Utter, of 
 Bainbridge Township, Schuyler County, is of it- 
 self a proof of unusual determination and ability. 
 
 Mr. Utter is a native of Frederick Township, 
 Schuyler County, born January 9, 1868, a son of 
 George D. and' Priscilla J. ( Ward ) Utter, his 
 father being a man of strong character and 
 practical abilities, whose life work is reviewed 
 on other pages of this work. The boy was edu- 
 cated in the district schools of his native town- 
 ship, and his early life upon the home farm was 
 spent in ways common to the sons of farmers. 
 He remained upon the family homestead until 
 his majority, when soon afterward he was mar- 
 ried and settled with bis young bride upon the 
 farm in Section 12. Bainbridge Township, which 
 he now occupies. He was obliged to borrow 
 money to make his first payment on his place, 
 but lie went to work with determination and 
 energy to clear the farm of debt, and not only 
 has succeeded in that aim. but in the acquisition 
 of other lands, in the establishment of a fine 
 reputation as a live-stock man. and in the main- 
 tenance and education (the latter still progress- 
 ing) of a large and intelligent family. He now 
 carries on fanning on 230 acres of land, and for 
 many years has been one of the leading breeders 
 of Poland-China hogs and Shorthorn cattle in the 
 county. Mr. Utter is a scientific breeder, a fine 
 judge of live stock, a careful buyer and a shrewd 
 
 business manager, so that his rapid progress and 
 high standing were foregone conclusions. He is 
 not only a large breeder and dealer, and an ex- 
 tensive land owner, but has had the foresight to 
 generously protect his family by carrying seven 
 thousand dollars life insurance. All of the above 
 facts are proof conclusive that Mr. Utter is a 
 man of strong will, fine abilities, and. what is 
 of really more importance to the true progress 
 of American communities, of tender care for 
 those who are dependent upon him for their sup- 
 port and well-being. In politics, he affiliates 
 with the Democratic party, and takes an active 
 interest in public enterprises which promise to 
 advance his community. 
 
 Arthur F. Utter was united in marriage. Feb- 
 ruary 27. 1889, to Miss Clara Bradman, a daugh- 
 ter of C. W. Bradman, who was for many years 
 a prominent farmer and citizen of Bainbridge 
 Township. Mrs. Utter was born in Lincoln. Neb., 
 on the 11th of August. 1870. Her father, who 
 is now a resident of Beardstown. 111., served 
 bravely in the Civil War as a member of the 
 Ninety-seventh Illinois Volunteer Infantry. To 
 Mr. and Mrs. Arthur F. Utter have been born 
 the following children : Fred C. born September 
 9, 18S9, who died August S, 1892; George W, 
 born March 2, 1891; Harry, born March G, 1893 
 Charles, born November 15, 1895; Beulah, born 
 February 26, 1898. and died December 23, 1899 
 Frank, born April 12, 1S99. and died May 13 
 1900: Thomas, December 2S. 1003, and Edna, 
 bom February 10, 1907. 
 
 UTTER, George D., a well-to-do farmer, of 
 high standing in his locality, who is living in 
 Section 7, Frederick Township. Schuyler County, 
 111., has passed more than sixty-two years in 
 the immediate vicinity of his birthplace, in Sec- 
 tion 6 of the same township. Mr. Utter was 
 born November 13, 1S45. a son of John and Char- 
 lotte (Brines) Utter, of whom the former was a 
 New Yorker by birth. Henry Utter, the paternal 
 grandfather, also of New York nativity, came to 
 Wabash County, HI., in 1815, where he was one 
 of the pioneer farmers of the region, helping to 
 organize the local administration of the county, 
 and was a member of the lower branch of the 
 First. Fourth and Fifth General Assemblies. 
 
 The Utter was born in Alleghany County. X. 
 Y., November 11, 1810, and in 1815, came with 
 his father from the East to Wabash County. 111., 
 where on reaching maturity he was married to 
 Charlotte Brines, the ceremony taking place De- 
 cember 5, 1834. Three years later, his father 
 having died, he moved to Schuyler County, settling 
 on rented land, and in connection with tilling 
 the soil, sold fanning mills then manufactured 
 by Jesse Darnell, covering the territory between 
 Frederick and Quincy, and in all directions from 
 Frederick. Subsequently, he bought forty acres 
 in Section G, Frederick Township, on which he 
 built a log cabin, and in that cabin the subject 
 of this biographical record was ushered into 
 being. John Utter applied himself vigorously to 
 the task of improving the wild tract on which 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 953 
 
 he bad established his home, in Section 6. Be- 
 sides this land he owned some property in the 
 village of Frederick at the time of his death, ou 
 February 14, 1888. When he first located in 
 Schuyler County, in 1837, be made the journey 
 from Wabash County in a wagon, which carried 
 all bis effects. Before coming to Schuyler County 
 be served in the Black Hawk War, and about 
 the year 1854, organized a military company, of 
 which he was elected Captain. The muster days 
 of this company were gala occasions for the peo- 
 ple of the vicinity, who were wont to gather at 
 Pleasautview to watch the drilling maneuvers, 
 Capt. Utter being the principal drillmaster. 
 
 Charlotte (Brines) Utter was born in Alle- 
 ghany County, X. Y., April 11, 1807, and died 
 October 15, 1SS7. By John Utter she became 
 the mother of five children, namely: Edwin, 
 Eliza, Martha, Julia A., and George D. Edwin 
 was born in Wabash County, III.. June 11, 1835. 
 married Hannah Nelson and bad five children, 
 of whom four — John, Lyman, Lillie and Douglas 
 — are living. He served as a soldier in the Civil 
 War, enlisting from that county, and died Octo- 
 ber 16, 1903, at Quincy, 111., where his re- 
 mains now lie. Eliza was bom in Wabash 
 County. 111., July 29, 1S36. She was twice mar- 
 ried, ber first husband being James Lane, to 
 whom she was wedded July 16, L854, and by him 
 she bad seven children, three of whom are still 
 living, viz. : Mrs. William E. Young and Mrs. 
 William Patterson, both residents of Frederick 
 Township; and Mrs. Charles Allen, whose home 
 is in Joplin. Mo. Mrs. Lane's second husband 
 was Samuel O. Beale. Me and bis wife are de- 
 ceased. Martha Utter, born March 5. 1841, be- 
 came the wife of William Lane and bore him one 
 child, Sarah, who married William B. Utter, and 
 by him had seven children. The parents of Sarah 
 are now deceased. Julia A. Utter was born Au- 
 gust 6, 1S43, and died December 3, 1881. 
 
 George D. Utter was reared to farm life, be- 
 ing the only son at home. He attended the com- 
 mon school and assisted his father, who being 
 an extensive landholder, required his services 
 most of the time. He helped to do the clearing 
 and other preliminary work, and was one of the 
 busiest young men of his day. He remained 
 with his parents until the time of his marriage, 
 and even after that event had to look after the 
 paternal farming interests as well as his own. 
 In May. 1SC.S, be moved to his present location, 
 the place then containing only a log cabin, with 
 one door and one eight-light window, but being 
 furnished with a cook stove and fire place. Mrs. 
 Utter understood weaving, while Mr. Utter's 
 wife's mother was trained in carding wool, and 
 spinning, and both parents frequently revert to 
 the period, when after retiring for the night, the 
 click and knock of the mother's loom kept them 
 awake. Finally, they built a small kitchen as 
 an addition to their cabin, which afforded them 
 greater convenience and comfort. In course of 
 time, the old log cabin gave place to a substan- 
 tial and handsome eight-room dwelling, ample 
 shelter was provided for the stock, and fruit 
 
 and ornamental trees were set out in abundance, 
 making a beautiful and attractive home. When 
 Mr. Utter first took possession of this place, it 
 was almost a wilderness and stump pulling was 
 the first arduous and seemingly interminable 
 task that confronted him. He well remembers 
 the day he left the old home for the new one, not 
 more than a mile away, and the mother's tears 
 as she said good-bye. Since then he and his 
 loyal and devoted wife have spent forty years in 
 helpful companionship, sharing each other's joys 
 and sorrows, and he has the serene consciousness 
 that the long period intervening has been well 
 spent. He is now the owner of 240 acres of the 
 finest and most completely improved and highly 
 productive land in Frederick Township, and is 
 recognized by all as one of its leading agricul- 
 turists. His methods in farming and stock rais- 
 ing are thoroughly practical, and his diligent and 
 persevering efforts have been rewarded by abun- 
 dant and richly merited success. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Utter took place March 
 14, 1867, on which date he was united with 
 Priscilla J. Ward. Mrs. Utter was born April 
 10, 1848, a daughter of Apollus and Jane (Bram- 
 ble) Ward, natives of Ohio. The Bramble fam- 
 ily history may be found in another portion of 
 this volume. Eight children were the offspring 
 of this union, six of whom first saw the light of 
 day in the crude log cabin above described. The 
 names of the children are as follows: Arthur 
 F.. a narrative of whose career appears else- 
 where in this connection ; Albert M., born Octo- 
 br !"■». 1870; Alice, born September 4. 187:'.; Pu- 
 laski, born November 30. 1S76 ; Amy, born Jan- 
 uary 10. 1880; Mary, born October 21. 1883; 
 Minnie, born October 30. 1S89; and Grover, born 
 November 14, 1892. The second son. Albert, is 
 living on the old homestead in Section 7. Fred- 
 erick Township. He was married, July 8, 1894. 
 to Helen Gregg, and they are the parents of five 
 children, namely: Marion. Ernest, William, 
 Helen and Clinton. Alice Utter, who became 
 the wife of Maurice Rebman. is a resident of 
 Chapin, 111., and has four children — Alvin, Bert. 
 Edith and Mabel. Full particulars concerning 
 the Rehman family are given in their proper al- 
 phabetical order. Pulaski Utter, who was a 
 young man of exceedingly bright promise, died 
 January 3, 1896. Amy Is the wife of John 
 Utter, residing in Beardstown, and has one 
 child — Roy. Mary, Minnie and Grover are still 
 under the parental roof. All the sons and daugh- 
 ters of the subject of this sketch have received a 
 good common school education, and are fitted 
 by their mental acquirements to fill dsirable po- 
 sitions In life. 
 
 In political action, George D. Utter has always 
 been identified with the Democratic party, but 
 has never sought public honors. Although re- 
 peatedly and urgently solicited to become a ean- 
 didat for local office, he has persistently de- 
 clined, feeling that his time was fully occupied 
 with the duties pertaining to his farm and his 
 family. He and his worthy wife are communi- 
 cants of the Methodist Church. South, and both 
 
954 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLEK COUNTY. 
 
 are held in the highest esteem by a large ac- 
 quaintance, extending throughout Frederick 
 Township. 
 
 VALENTINE, Sylvester. — Among the farmers 
 of Woodstock Township who are investing their 
 calling with dignity, progress and refinement of 
 surroundings, mention is due Sylvester Valen- 
 tine, the owner of a farm of 100 acres in Section 
 10. Mr. Valentine was born in Pickaway County. 
 Ohio, October 10, 1845, a son of Samuel and 
 Sophia (Young) Valentine, natives of Ohio, and 
 of German descent. The paternal grandfather 
 was born in a German settlement in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and at an early day settled in Pickaway 
 County, Ohio, where, after many years of tilling 
 a prairie farm, he died rich in years and finan- 
 cially prosperous. His son, Samuel, father of 
 Sylvester, came with his family to Sangamon 
 County, 111., about 1852, settling near the old 
 home of Peter Cartwright, the famous Methodist 
 Episcopal circuit-rider. Sylvester Valentine 
 treasures vivid memories of this splendid 
 preacher, as on many occasions be sat in church 
 and listened to his eloquent and convincing dis- 
 courses. Samuel Valentine died about 1884. his 
 wife having pre-deceased him in 1882. Both are 
 resting under shady trees in the little cemetery 
 at Pleasant Plains. 111. They were the devoted 
 and painstaking parents of ten children, five of 
 whom are living. Of the children, Mary is the 
 deceased wife of William V. Campbell, of San- 
 gamon County; Cordelia (deceased) was the 
 wife of James E. Campbell, also deceased; Ellen 
 is the widow of Dr. Philip Williams, and lives 
 in Tennessee ; Israel died in Jacksonville, 111. ; 
 Sophia is the widow of Samuel Campbell, of St. 
 Joseph, Mo.; Evelyn is the wife of Mr. David 
 A. Dunkle: Clara died at the age of twenty-two 
 years; India is the wife of John Kirby. and 
 lives in Conway Springs, Kan. ; and Samuel is a 
 blacksmith in Pleasant Plains. 111. Samuel Val- 
 entine belonged to the old time German school 
 of thought and action, and was a devout member 
 of the Lutheran Church, which he joined as earlv 
 as 1835. 
 
 Sylvester Valentine was seven years old when 
 he came .with bis parents to Sangamon County, 
 111., in 1852, and he remained on the home place 
 until his twenty-third year. He is largely self- 
 educated, although he attended the district school 
 with comparative regularity during the winter 
 time, his summers being devoted to the many 
 tasks which awaited his strength on the old 
 place. In 180S he rented a farm in Sangamon 
 County, put in his first crop of corn; while on a 
 visit to Schuyler County that winter met Sarah 
 A. Shupe. of Woodstock Township, whom he 
 married October 5. 1870. The Shupe family 
 came to Illinois in 1843. Peter and Sarah 
 ( Wright) Shupe, grandparents of Mrs. Valen- 
 tine, were Mormons, and they stopped in Schuy- 
 ler County on their way to join their fellow re- 
 ligionists in Salt Lake City. On the way. Peter, 
 his wife and their three children, were taken 
 ill. died and were buried near Council Bluffs, 
 
 Iowa. William Shupe, the father of Mrs. Valen- 
 tine, then returned to Schuyler County, reaching 
 here during the fall of 1843. On November 19, 
 1840, he was united in marriage to Mary Ann 
 Hoffman, who was born in Ohio June 20, 1S25. 
 William Shupe being born in Grayson County, 
 Va.. October 9, 1824. Soon alter their marriage 
 they located on the farm now owned and occupied 
 by the Valentine family in Woodstock Townsnip, 
 Schuyler Count}'. Here William Shupe died 
 July 8, 1904, and his wife in 1902. To them were 
 born six children : Samuel Shupe, of Walnut. 
 Kan.; Sarah A. (Mrs. Valentine) of Rushville, 
 111. ; George H., of Wayland, 111. ; Mary P., wife 
 of Charles F. Nardin, of Macomb, 111. ; Martha 
 M., wife of Daniel C. Nell, a farmer of the vicin- 
 ity of Macomb ; and William Shupe, a farmer 
 living in Ragan, Neb. 
 
 After his marriage Mr. Valentine returned to 
 Sangamon County, and there followed general 
 farming until again coming to Schuyler County 
 in 1878. He then bought eighty acres of land 
 in Section 17, Woodstock Township, the greater 
 part of which was covered with timber and 
 brush, and here he labored early and late, cut- 
 ting down trees and taking out stumps until he 
 had one of the best properties in this part of 
 Schuyler County. This remained the home of 
 the family until 1903, when they settled on the 
 old Shupe farm in Section 16. rich in its mem- 
 ories of a fine old family and their struggles to 
 acquire a footing among the prosperous of the 
 land. Four children have been born to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Valentine; Lilly M„ wife of Charles 
 Newell, a farmer of Woodstock Township, who 
 has five children — Samuel, Ray, Herman. Carl 
 and Ruth ; George W., married Daisy Brown and 
 is living in Peoria, 111. ; Herbert E.. married 
 Maud Rittenhouse and has one son, Glenn R., 
 and one daughter, Olive Marie, with whom, and 
 his wife, be lives on the old homestead ; and 
 Dwight L., graduated at the Normal School in 
 Rushville in June, 1908, and will engage in 
 teaching the coming winter. Mr. and Mrs. Val- 
 entine are members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, and Mr. Valentine is a Democrat in 
 politics. He is a well informed and thoroughly 
 practical farmer, having the respect and good 
 will of his neighbors, and by virtue of industry, 
 perseverance and integrity, filling a need in the 
 general affairs of the community. 
 
 _ VANCIL, Benjamin F. — "A splendid farmer and 
 citizen," — an enthusiastic expression which ev- 
 eryone who has ever had any dealings with Ben- 
 jamin F. Vancil would at once apply to him. 
 His long experience and strong capabilities have 
 carried him to the very bed-rock of agriculture, 
 both in the raising of crops and in the breeding 
 of live stock, and his general intelligence and 
 moral earnestness have inspired unvarying confi- 
 dence in him as a public man. For many years 
 he has been a firm advocate of Prohibition, not 
 only supporting its principles as measures of vi- 
 tal importance to the well-being of the commu- 
 nity, but consistently voting for the candidates 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 955 
 
 of the party, even when aware of the hopeless- 
 ness of present victory. Many of those who op- 
 posed him in this work years ago, are now his 
 stanchest friends. His career as a Prohibition- 
 ist has offered a striking illustration of that 
 independence and moral stamina which are at 
 the foundation of superior American citizenship. 
 
 Mr. Vancil was born in Woodstock Township, 
 Schuyler County, on January 19, 1861. the son 
 of Tobias and Caroline (Howe) Vancil, the 
 father being reared in Tazewell County, 111., and 
 the mother a native of Ohio. The Vancil family 
 are of German descent, while the ancestry of 
 the Howes is Scotch. The mother of Benjamin 
 F. Vancil came to Illinois with her parents and 
 was married in Tazewell County, afterward set- 
 tling in Woodstock and Birmingham Townships. 
 After the death of the wife and mother, in the 
 latter township, Mr. Vancil's father removed to 
 Colchester, McDonough County, 111., which re- 
 mained the family home for some years and 
 which was the scene of his death at the age of 
 eighty-four. Four sons and five daughters were 
 born to Mr. and Mrs. Tobias Vancil, namely ; 
 Amanda, now the wife of Charles Bell, a farmer 
 of Rushville Township, Schuyler County ; Eu- 
 maria, deceased ; John M., a farmer located in 
 Bainbridge Township ; James Edward, who is a 
 brickmason of Plymouth, 111. ; Laura E., wife 
 of Oliver Davis, who lives near Bushnell, 111. ; 
 Benjamin F. ; Sarah, Mrs. Washington Smith, of 
 Colchester. 111. ; Agnes, now the wife of Charles 
 Riddings, of Macomb, 111. ; and Dora, deceased. 
 Both of the parents were devout members of the 
 old Methodist Episcopal Church. The father 
 was a man of unassuming character, but had a 
 natural genius as a mechanic, and was therefore 
 peculiarly useful in a pioneer community. As 
 he was also very accommodating, old residents of 
 Schuyler County remember with pleasure how 
 he was equally skilful in building a house, shap- 
 ing a plow, running a sawmill, or shoeing a 
 horse. 
 
 When the family moved to Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, Benjamin was but a lad, and in this sec- 
 tion of the county he attended the district school 
 and grew to manhood, working for his father 
 until he had attained his majority. On Decem- 
 ber 26, 1SS1, shortly before this important epoch 
 in his life, he was married to Rosanna Kelly, 
 who was born in that township, a daughter of 
 James and Nancy (Smith) Kelly. Her father 
 was a native of Kentucky. (For details of the 
 Smith family, the reader is referred to the biog- 
 raphy of Joseph H. Smith). After their mar- 
 riage, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin F. Vancil located 
 on the farm of Joseph H. Smith, which the hus- 
 band has rented for the past twenty-six years, 
 and in the operation of which he has been re- 
 markably successful. On December 24. 1906, 
 Mr. Vancil bought 187 acres of land in Section 
 18, Bainbridge Township, which was known as 
 the William Kuhn farm, which, added to the 
 place rented of Mr. Smith, places him in control 
 of 394 acres of fine land devoted partly to gen- 
 eral fanning and partly to stock-raising. 
 
 Mr. Vancil's eleven children were all born on 
 the Smith farm, and are all living at home, 
 namely : Grover C, January 10, 1885 ; James 
 F., August 18, 1886; Robert H., July 12, 1888; 
 Joseph F., April 29, 1890; Noah A., August 4, 
 1892; Ida May, August 28. 1894; Mark O., June 
 24. 1897; George W., February 20, 1900; Benja- 
 min Franklin, June 22, 1903 ; Nancy J., Oc- 
 tober 31, 1905; and William V., February 16, 
 1908. A large share of the good fortune and 
 prosperity which has attended this family is due 
 to the unremitting care and wise management 
 of Mrs. Vancil, to whom her husband gives due 
 credit both for the rearing of his children and 
 his success as a man of affairs. 
 
 Both Mr. and Mrs. Vancil are earnest and in- 
 fluential members of the Union Baptist Church, 
 and are leaders in high-minded sociability and 
 morality. As stated, he is a prominent Prohibi- 
 tionist, and has always been active in educa- 
 tional work, having for nine years past been one 
 of the School Directors of the Hazel Dell Dis- 
 trict No. 78. 
 
 VANDIVER, William L — The attention of the 
 most casual observer in passing through Brook- 
 lyn Township, Schuyler County, is attracted to 
 the farm owned and operated by Mr. Vandiver, 
 its thrifty appearance stamping the owner as a 
 man of more than ordinary ability along the 
 lines of agriculture. It was in the fall of 1899 
 that he located in Brooklyn Township and pur- 
 chased his present farm of 158 acres on Section 
 29. Bringing with him the experience of many 
 years in other localities, he came well qualified 
 to cope with the crude conditions which he here 
 found, and be it said to his credit that every 
 foot of his land is now in a tillable condition. 
 
 As far back as the records can be traced, the 
 Vandiver family is of Southern origin and it is 
 believed that the grandfather Vandiver died 
 in Kentucky. His wife died some years pre- 
 vious, and at the time of his death, his two 
 children, John and Edward (twins I. were left 
 to the care of friends. A kind- late placed them 
 in charge of a bachelor neighbor. James Worth- 
 ington, who became greatly attached to them, 
 and in later years, when he left Kentucky and 
 came to Illinois, he brought the boys with him. 
 Settling in Schuyler County, Mr. Worthington 
 purchased considerable land in the vicinity of 
 Brooklyn, and became one of the largest land- 
 owners in this part of Schuyler County. John 
 and Edward Vandiver continued to make their 
 home with their uncle, attending the schools at 
 Brooklyn, and when they reached maturity each 
 received forty acres .of land from their benfae- 
 tor. Edward Vandiver finally removed to Kansas, 
 where he and his wife both died, their family 
 still residing in that State. About the time of 
 his marriage, John Vandiver traded the forty- 
 acre tract which Mr. Worthington had given 
 him for a farm on Section 30, Brooklyn Town- 
 ship, and here he erected a log cabin which was 
 the home of the family for many years — in fact, 
 all of his children being born in this primitive 
 
956 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 dwelling. In addition to managing bis farm he 
 worked at the carpenter's trade, and many of 
 the dwellings that are now seen in this vicinity 
 are the work of his hands. 
 
 The marriage of John Vandiver united him 
 with Angeline Graham, a native of Ohio, and of 
 the twelve children born to them mention is 
 made of the following: The eldest child. Nel- 
 son, is a resident of Charterville, Mo.; during 
 the Civil War enlisted his services in Company 
 A, Seventy-eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 serving three years. John was also a member 
 of the same company, with his regiment passing 
 through all of the hard-fought battles and expe- 
 riencing many fatiguing marches; he is now a 
 resident of Carthage. 111. Henry, also a mem- 
 ber of Company, A, Seventy-eighth Illinois, was 
 killed at the battle of Jonesboro, Ga. Edward 
 died in infancy. Edward (the second child of 
 that name) grew to maturity ami served one 
 year in the cause of his country as a member ot 
 the One Hundred and Thirty-seventh Infantry ; 
 he now makes his home in Charterville, Mo. 
 James is a resident of Atchison, Kan. Margaret, 
 of Cummings, Kan., is the wife of Emery Andre. 
 Louisa, the widow of Clark Quint, makes her 
 home in Charterville. Mo. William L. is the 
 next child in order of birth. Lizzie, of Cum- 
 mings, Kan., is the widow of Robert Wright. 
 Taylor died in Brooklyn, Schuyler County, when 
 twelve years of age. The parents of these chil- 
 dren both passed away in Cummings, Kan., the 
 mother in 18S7 ; and the father in 1891. Both 
 were stanch adherents of the Presbyterian faith 
 and Mr. Vandiver was a strong believer in Re- 
 publican principles. During the early clays of 
 his residence in Illinois he filled many town- 
 ship offices within the gift of its citizens. 
 
 Born on the family homestead on Section 29, 
 Brooklyn Township, Schuyler County, May 12, 
 1859, William L. Vandiver passed his boyhood 
 in that vicinity, there being nothing out of the 
 ordinary to distinguish his life from that of 
 other farmer lads of his acquaintance. Up to 
 the age of twenty -two he worked on the home 
 farm, having in the meantime attended the dis- 
 trict school, but after arriving at bis maturity he 
 started life independently by hiring out as a 
 farm hand, at first receiving for his services 
 $14 per mouth. Two years later, at the age of 
 twenty-four, he assumed domestic responsibili- 
 ties by his marriage, which occurred October 25, 
 1883, and united him with Miss Mary Wells, 
 who was born in Brooklyn Township, the daugh- 
 ter of Herbert Wells. The latter, now deceased, 
 was one of the early pioneers of Schuyler County. 
 Following his marriage Mr. Vandiver worked 
 by the month on the farm of Charles Worthing- 
 ton, but two years later rented the old homt 
 farm of his mother-in-law. continuing its culti- 
 vation until settling upon land of his own. This 
 was in 1889, at which time he purchased 110 
 acres of land in Brooklyn Township. Two years 
 later he sold this property and removed to Web- 
 ster County, Neb., there purchasing 200 acres. 
 After disposing of that property he bought 160 
 
 acres in Phelps County, that State, but renting 
 the property iu 1899. returned to Schuyler County 
 and entered the stock business with Charles 
 Wortbiugton, his former employer, in Rushville. 
 This association lasted five months, when, in 
 the fall of 1S99, he purchased his present farm 
 on Section 29, where, as previously noted, he 
 now resides. 
 
 Six children were born to the marriage of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Vandiver, namely : Freddie, who 
 died in infancy ; Mabel, at home ; Herbert and 
 John, twins, the latter dying in infancy, and 
 the former being now a student in Dixon Col- 
 lege ; Hally, at home ; and Everett, a student in 
 the public schools. In taking a resume of the 
 life of Mr. Vandiver one is impressed with what 
 he has accomplished: Starting in young man- 
 hood with nothing but an indomitable will and 
 a determination to become a successful farmer, 
 be at first worked as a farm hand for $14 per 
 month. By carefully saving his earnings he was 
 soi in enabled to make investments in land, pur- 
 chasing two farms in Nebraska, and by selling 
 at an advance over the purchase price, he has 
 realized handsomely on his original investment. 
 Since locating on his present farm his industry 
 has been even more liberally rewarded, the re- 
 sult being that he has one of the most productive 
 farms in his section of Schuyler County. It is his 
 belief that the best stock obtainable is the only 
 kind to handle, a policy which he adheres to and 
 on his farm may be seen superior specimens of 
 imported Shire and road horses. 
 
 Not all of Mr. Vandiver's time is absorbed in 
 looking after his own private interests, being 
 in addition an active worker in the ranks of the 
 Republican party. In 1906 he was nominated by 
 that party for the office of Supervisor and elected 
 by a good majority over one of the strongest 
 opponents in the Democratic party. Socially 
 he is a member of the Odd Fellows and the Mod- 
 ern Woodmen of America, both of Brooklyn. 
 With his wife he is a member of the Presbyte- 
 rian Church, both supporting its charities with 
 a liberal hand, and both are held in high esteem 
 by their many friends and acquaintances. 
 
 V AUG HAN, Silas Bruce.— The Vaughans, 
 closely identified with the agricultural progress 
 of Schuyler County, 111., for more than half a 
 century, are of an old Virginia family who mi- 
 grated to Kentucky in the early 'forties. Silas 
 B. Vaughan was but sixteen when he came with 
 his parents to the county, and two years later 
 began living on the farm which has ever since 
 been his home, a period of more than fifty years. 
 As youth and man, for these many years he has 
 industriously, faithfully and ably performed the 
 duties which have come to him, and now, at the 
 age of nearly seventy years, he has reached a 
 position of substantial comfort and the still more 
 enviable station in life in which confidence in 
 his honor is firmly grounded on his past. Old 
 age can have no greater comfort than to look 
 back at real achievement, and see in the present 
 the reverence and affection which constitute a 
 vindication of the past. 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 951 
 
 Mr. Vaughan is a native of Culpepper County, 
 Va., bom April 13, 1838, a son of Henry and 
 Jael (Jones) Vaughan, both of the county men- 
 tioned. The original Vaughans were Welshmen, 
 and the Joneses, Irish and German. The grand- 
 fathers, Venson Vaughan and Robert Jones, both 
 died in Culpeper County. In 1S44 Henry 
 Vaughan, the father, migrated from the Old Do- 
 minion to Boone County, Ky., and in 1854 came 
 by steamboat from Cincinnati, down the Ohio 
 and up the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers to 
 Schuyler County. On the 14th day of March, of 
 that year, the family located on a farm in Bain- 
 bridge Township, now owned by Milton Camp- 
 bell, where they remained for two years, in 1850 
 settling on the tract of 120 acres in Section 9, 
 Bainbridge Township, which was for twenty-one 
 years the family homestead and which afterward 
 became the home of the son, Silas B. At that 
 time, when he was eighteen years of age, it was 
 covered with heavy timber and quite unimproved, 
 and his father, with the assistance of his sons, 
 first built a hewed log house for the family 
 residence (sixteen by twenty feet) and then 
 commenced to fell the trees and roll away or burn 
 the logs. In a few years the wild forest was con- 
 verted into tillable land, and the log cabin was 
 made more comfortable for the shelter of the 
 growing family. Here the mother died July 12, 
 1SG8, and the father, June 11, 1S77. Of their 
 ten children, four died in infancy, and the fol- 
 lowing reached maturity : Robert, now living 
 in Oklahoma with a daughter; William, who is 
 a farmer of Lemoine Township, McDouough 
 County, 111. ; Elizabeth, who married, first, J. D. 
 Rouse, and after his death, Samuel Stover, both 
 of whom are deceased ; Silas B. ; Susan A., who 
 married James T. Broadhead, a farmer, also of 
 Lemoine Township. McDonough County ; and 
 Christopher C. Vaughan, who was last located 
 in Omaha, Neb., but whose whereabouts have 
 been unknown for forty years. 
 
 During his youth, Silas B. Vaughan attended 
 the common schools of Boone County, Ky., and 
 Bainbridge Township, Schuyler County. On No- 
 vember 24, 1807. he was married to Miss Mary 
 A. Orr, born in County Fermanagh, Ireland, in 
 August, 1S39, and whose parents came to Schuy- 
 ler County in the fall of that year. (For biogra- 
 phy of Mrs. Vaughan's father, Joseph Orr. see 
 personal sketch elsewhere in this work.) At half 
 past six, on the morning following their wed- 
 ding day, they came to the old home farm, which 
 has ever since been their abode, and here their 
 four children were l>orn : The first, who died 
 in infancy; Iona, born July 18, 1870. and mar- 
 ried as his first wife Miss Jessie Lawler. who 
 died January 2, 180S, and as his second. Miss 
 Mary Dean, by whom he has had one child 
 (Mary Louisa), the husband now farming on the 
 old place: Otho, born September 30. 1S72. and 
 who died May 4, 1873; and Ida, who was born 
 March 31, 1874, and is still living at home. A 
 granddaughter. Gladys Juanitn, is also making 
 her home at the old homestead. 
 
 Mr. Vaughan now owns 170 acres in Sections 
 4and!>, Bainbridge Township. It is all well im- 
 proved, 10d acres having been under cultivation 
 for fifty-three years, and the homestead is alto- 
 gether one of the most comfortable and attract- 
 ive in its section. Mr. Vaughan is Democratic in 
 his political tendencies, but inclined to be lib- 
 eral iii his views, has neither held nor sought 
 office. 
 
 WARD, Apollus die. eased), during bis life a 
 widely known and honored pioneer of Schuyler 
 County, 111., was born in Hamilton County, 
 Ohio, July 20, 1S05, a son of Uzal Ward, a for- 
 mer resident of the State of New Jersey and of 
 English ancestry. The father, Uzal Ward was 
 born February 8, 1705, and the grandfather, Jo- 
 seph Ward, was born August 25, 1734. Uzal 
 Ward came from Xew Jersey to the vicinity of 
 Cincinnati at an early day, remaining a number 
 of years, when he removed with his family to 
 Union County, Ind., and there spent the re- 
 mainder of his life. In 1828 Apollus Ward pur- 
 chased a warrant for 100 acres bounty land, is- 
 sued to a soldier of the War of 1812, and bearing 
 the^ signature of President James Monroe in 
 1817. He did not see the land, however, until 
 the spring of 1832, when he came to Schuyler 
 County for the first time. This being the year of 
 the Black Hawk War. he tendered his services to 
 the Government and, for about six weeks, was 
 connected with the company under command of 
 Capt. Peter Vance, but saw no fighting. 
 
 Returning to Indiana, after a period of illness, 
 he remained there until 1835, when he married 
 Jane Bramble, a year later coming to Illinois 
 with his wife and an infant son. A portion of the 
 last year, before coming west, appears to have 
 been spent at Columbus, where their oldest son 
 Major Andrew, was born in 1830. Mrs. Ward 
 also being a native of that State. On arriving in 
 Schuyler County in September, 1830, he found 
 things in a primitive state, his land located in 
 Section 11 of what is now Bainbridge Township 
 being covered with timber, hazel brush and other 
 wild shrubbery, requiring much labor in prepar- 
 ing for cultivation. His first business was the erec- 
 tion of a log cabin with stick chimuev and pun- 
 cheon floor, and furnished in the back-woods 
 style of those days. Here he continued to reside 
 for a period of more than forty years, with the 
 aid of his sons, whose biographies are given on 
 the following pages of this volume, improving 
 and developing his property. His death oc- 
 curred here March 14, 1878, his wife surviving 
 him until July 14, 1896. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Apollus Ward reared a family 
 of nine children, all except the eldest being born 
 m Illinois. These children were Major \ndrew 
 born August 9, 1835, married Miss Emily j' 
 Davis, and died March 9. 1900. leaving a family 
 of nine children: Henry M., born April ^'.> 1838 
 and twice married, having one child by the first 
 wife, and four by the second ; James Madison 
 born May 28, 1840, married Eliza L. Taylor in 
 1S73 and lives on the paternal farm— lias one 
 
958 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 son; Edwin Marion, born January 7, 1843, in 
 1807 married as his second wife Lydia J. Bridge- 
 man, who bore him tour children ; Mary married 
 William Achison, and resides in Rushville; Pris- 
 eilla J., wife of George Utter, of Frederick 
 Township, Schuyler County ; Ira L. married 
 Mary J. Taylor, by whom he has had four chil- 
 dren and lives on a farm adjoining the home 
 place ; -Emily J., deceased wife of Thomas Dodge, 
 a farmer of Bainbridge Township, to whom she 
 bore seven children ; and Jackson, born Febru- 
 ary 19, 185G, married Miss Martha A. Dodds in 
 1878, has had five children and lives in Baiu- 
 bridge Township. 
 
 Apollus Ward was of the sturdy type of pio- 
 neers in Schuyler County who did much by his 
 industry and enterprise to develop that region. 
 He was* a Democrat in polities and a member of 
 the Methodist Church, South, and his influence 
 is perpetuated in the high reputation enjoyed by 
 his descendants. 
 
 WARD, Edward Marion.— Schuyler County has 
 no more interesting landmark than the farm iu 
 Section 11, Bainbridge Township, where Edward 
 Marion Ward was born on a cold winter's day, 
 January 7, 1843. Mr. Ward, who is now a 
 farmer in the section adjoining that in which 
 his childhood was passed, and who is the owner 
 of seventy acres of land in Section 10, represents 
 a family continuously identified with Schuyler 
 County since the early 'thirties, and numerously 
 scattered over lauds radiating from the old place 
 for a distance of eight miles. Apollos Ward oc- 
 cupies a prominent place among the pioneers of 
 this section. It was he who bought a colt at a 
 sale in Indiana, and later traded the colt and 
 $150 for the 160 acres of land now recognized 
 as the center of Ward occupancy iu Schuyler 
 County. He himself arrived to look over his 
 land in 1S32, and he found conditions lively 
 enough to satisfy even the most exacting and 
 adventurous. Black Hawk then was on the 
 war path, and Governor Reynolds, issuing a 
 call for volunteers, Mr. Ward tendered ^his 
 services, becoming a member of the company of 
 Captain Peter Vance. After the Indians had 
 been driven from the State, Mr. Ward returned 
 to his farm iu Bainbridge Township, but being 
 taken ill went back to Indiaua, where he re- 
 gained his health and married Jane Bramble in 
 1835. In 1830, accompanied by his wife and son, 
 Major A., he came back to Schuyler County, lo- 
 cated on the land he had acquired through ex- 
 change, and remained there for the balance of 
 his life. For more extended family history see 
 sketch of James M. Ward. 
 
 Farm development in the early days was nec- 
 essarily much slower than at present, and when 
 Edward Marion Ward had attained years of use- 
 fulness, there still remained much of the hard 
 grind of land clearing, which precedes actual cul- ■ 
 tivation. He helped to cut down trees and divest 
 the land of underbrush, attending the district 
 schools during the winter season, and sharing in 
 such diversions as broke the monotony of the 
 
 hard working population of Bainbridge Town- 
 ship. February 21, 1S63. he was united in mar- 
 riage to Margaret Baldwin, daughter o£ James 
 W. Baldwin, a native of Ohio, and early settler 
 of Mason County, 111. Later Mr. Baldwin moved 
 to Schuyler County, and during the summer of 
 1S63 located in Section 10, Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, which then boasted a small log cabin and 
 an abundance of heavy timber. In the spring of 
 1867 he lost his first wife, and in September of 
 the same year, married Lydia J. Bridgeman, 
 daughter of Martin and Ruth (Cay wood) Bridge- 
 man, Southerners by birth, aud pioneers of 
 Schuyler County. Mr. Bridgeman became a wid- 
 ower in later life, and eventually went to Kan- 
 sas, where he died at an advanced age. He was 
 bred to the lazy, unambitious life of the South, 
 and for a time was a slave owner, but his nat- 
 ural energy finally found its fitting place in the 
 larger opportunities of the Central West. Mr. 
 and Mrs. Ward had the following children, all 
 of whom were born in a hewed-log cabin : Mar- 
 tin, Augustus, Rozzie and Edgar. Martin mar- 
 ried Lena Nelson, who died March 26, 1906, 
 leaving six children — Elmer, Roy, Don, Lulu, 
 Stella and Edna ; Augustus married Nellie Don- 
 aldson ; Rozzie married Bessie Ballou, February 
 26, 190S, moving to Butler County, Kan., near 
 Eldorado; and Edgar was killed July 11. 1904, 
 by lightning, at the age of twenty years. 
 
 Mr. Ward bought his property soon after his 
 marriage, it having formerly been owned by his 
 maternal grandfather, Mr. Bramble. At first it 
 was owned by Edward and Henry Ward, but the 
 former soon after bought the interest of his 
 brother, and since has devoted it to general 1 arm- 
 ing and stock-raising. To bis first thirty-five 
 acres he has added as many more, and now all 
 but eighteen acres have been cleared of the for- 
 mer growth of black oak and walnut. Mr. Ward 
 was a member of the Southern Methodist Church 
 at Mount Carmel, and has been a generous con- 
 tributor to its work for many years. He has 
 been an interested and helpful observer of the 
 many great changes which have taken place dur- 
 ing the sixty-five years of his life, and he de- 
 lights in recalling the conditions in which his 
 youth was set, especially well remembered be- 
 ing the deer trail across the old homestead. 
 Great flocks of wild turkeys darkened the air at 
 times, and both turkeys and deer were readily 
 available for food for the settlers. Since its 
 formation. Mr. Ward has been an ardent if non- 
 active supporter of the Democratic party. 
 
 WARD, Henry M.— During the summer of 1836 
 the sparsely settled part of Schuyler County, 
 111., now known as Bainbridge Township, claimed 
 a new arrival in Apollos Ward, who, with his 
 wife. Jane (Bramble) Ward, took up Govern- 
 ment land in Section 11. In the conventional log 
 cabin he began the struggle fur existence among 
 the hardest and least encouraging of conditions, 
 and here, April 19, 1838, his son, Henry M. 
 Ward, now a resident of Section 10, in the same 
 township, was born. The lad grew strong in the 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 959 
 
 outdoor life of the prairies, and when the duties 
 of the home place permitted, attended the sub- 
 scrlption school which had been erected on his 
 father's farm, and which was then known as 
 the Ward School, now the Mount Carmel School. 
 In his youth Henry M. Ward spent many days 
 in grubbing stumps and chopping trees, and he 
 became familiar with every kind of work to be 
 found around the old place. He took naturally 
 to tilling the soil, always has respected his call- 
 ing, and naturally has succeeded at what he has 
 found congenial and profitable. His fortunes 
 took a different turn at the time of his mar- 
 riage, March 10, 1850, to Mary Ann Bridgewater, 
 daughter of William and Eleanor (Donohue) 
 Bridgewater, natives of Indiana, and pioneers of 
 Bainbridge Township. It was a small farm of 
 forty-five acres that Mr. Ward first considered 
 his own property, and it was located in Section 
 10. Bainbridge Township. It had a log cabin 
 that his brother, Major A. Ward, had erected, 
 and which continued to be the latter's home until 
 he moved in 1S5S to the farm where his death 
 occurred in 1900. When Henry M. succeeded to 
 his brother's farm directly after his marriage, 
 he found but two acres cleared of timber, and 
 many weeks and months were required ere an 
 appreciable change was noted. All went well 
 in the rude home until the death of the mother 
 in September, 1864. There were three children 
 of the union, of whom two died in infancy, while 
 Elias Leander, the only survivor, who is a farmer 
 in Rushville Township, was married and be- 
 came the lather of two sons and two daughters. 
 February 2, 1865, Mr. Ward married Mary E. 
 Buckels, who was born in Scott County, Ind., 
 August 7, 1848, a daughter of James and Rebee- 
 ca (Parker) Buckels, who came in 1856 to 
 Schuyler County, settling in Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, where Mr. Buckels died September 9, 1900, 
 his wife having pre-deceased him April 13, 1S83. 
 There were four children in the Buckels family, 
 Mrs. Ward being the second oldest. Elisha Buck- 
 els was a soldier in the One Hundred and Fif- 
 teenth Regiment Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 and was taken sick and died at the battle of 
 Lookout Mountain: Ann S. is the wife of John 
 Jackson, a farmer living five and a half miles 
 southwest of Neodesha, Kans. : and James is 
 a farmer. After the marriage ceremony Mr. and 
 Mrs. Ward got into a wagon and drove over and 
 took possession of their present farm, which con- 
 tains ninety-five acres. Mr. Ward is engaged in 
 general farming and stock-raising, and has a 
 very profitable and pleasant farm. He has 
 cleared eighty-nine acres, considerable of which 
 is devoted to stock. 
 
 Ever since casting his first presidential vote 
 Mr. Ward has subscribed to the principles of the 
 Democratic party, and he has held many offices 
 hi i rust and responsibility. He was Tax Col- 
 lector two years, Justice of the Peace twelve 
 years, and Supervisor for two years. His serv- 
 ice invariably was characterized by justice and 
 integrity, and be has been one of the most sat- 
 isfactory officials in the history of Bainbridge 
 
 Township. His children, both by his first and 
 second wife, have been given excellent educa- 
 tional and other opportunities, and every chance 
 has been noted and improved to make them desir- 
 able and useful members of their respective com- 
 munities. Mr. Ward has the gilt of making and 
 keeping friends, and in this, his sixty-ninth year, 
 he finds himself the recipient of the respect and 
 affection of all who know him. 
 
 WARD, Jackson. — Schuyler County is much in- 
 debted to the Ward family, lor there are none 
 of its members who have reached maturity in 
 this section but have contributed to its agricul- 
 tural prosperity, as well as to the development of 
 its educational and civic systems. Jackson Ward, 
 whose farm is in Section 12, Bainbridge Town- 
 ship, and who is one' of its most worthy repre- 
 sentatives, is the son of Apollus Ward. (For 
 the general family history, see the biography of 
 James M. Ward.) Jackson Ward was reared 
 upon the old home farm, and educated in the dis- 
 trict school of his neighborhood until his mar- 
 riage in 18Tli a lew months liefore he had 
 reached his majority. He was born in Section 
 11, Bainbridge Township, on the 19th of Febru- 
 ary, 1856, and was married to Miss Martha A. 
 Dodds, September 28, 1876. His wife, also a 
 native of Bainbridge Township, was born July 
 25. 1858, a daughter of Samuel and Margaret 
 i Wilson) Dodds, her father being an honored 
 pioneer of the county, whose published record 
 may be read with pleasure in connection with 
 the biography of his son, Thomas Dodds. 
 
 Five children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Jackson Ward, namely: One who died in in- 
 fancy; Ethel J., deceased wife of Frank Krohe, 
 bom October 11, 1877, and died June 9, 1903— 
 was the mother of three children — Homer, Roy 
 and Florence; Minnie, born August 31, 1882, and 
 is living at home ; Wallace, born November 27. 
 1884, who married Miss Annie Strong, Septem- 
 ber 1, 1906, his wife being the daughter of 
 Thomas Q. Strong, of Bainbridge Township, and 
 who is now operating the Strong homestead ; and 
 Vernon, born November 13, 1894, who is now liv- 
 ing at home. The children have been given a 
 good common school education, and are an honor 
 to the family name. 
 
 Jackson Ward is one of the substantial men of 
 Schuyler County, whether considered from the 
 standpoint of worldly comfort, of substance or 
 character. His pleasant homestead is within 
 half a mile of his place of birth, his agricultural 
 labors being devoted chiefly to live-stock, in con- 
 nection with which, both as a raiser and dealer, 
 he is well known. Although his entire life has 
 been devoted to agriculture in some form, he has 
 also taken an active part in the public affairs of 
 I be township, especially those which relate to 
 Hie common school system. He is one of the 
 Directors of School District No. 76, has held the 
 office of Township Assessor and is otherwise 
 identified with township government. In politics, 
 Mr. Ward is a Democrat, and his fraternal asso- 
 ciations are with the Modern Woodmen of 
 
960 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 America, Pleasant View Camp No. 2040. Both 
 he and his family are members of the Methodist 
 Church. 
 
 Mr. Ward's substantial aud honorable position 
 has not been attained except at the expense of 
 long years of labor, self-denial and good man- 
 agement, his personal efforts being ably seconded 
 by those of his good and capable wife. For four 
 or five years after their marriage they were en- 
 gaged in farming on rented land, but about 1SS3 
 Mr. Ward bought eighty acres in Section 12. 
 Upon this dilapidated property, which had for 
 improvements a little frame house and an old 
 log stable, the father began making improve- 
 ments and preparing the land for cultivation, 
 while the mother gave equally energetic atten- 
 tion to the care aud improvement of the house- 
 hold and its surroundings. Mr. Ward finally 
 erected a comfortable two-story frame residence 
 with substantial barns, and other out-buildings, 
 introduced radical improvements in the way of 
 drainage aud tillage of the soil, and his place 
 is now classed among the comfortable and beau- 
 tiful homesteads of Baiubridge Township, being 
 considered a suggestive illustration of its owner's 
 substantial and enterprising character. 
 
 WARD, James Madison. — The fine live-stock 
 farm of 100 acres, located in Section 11, Bain- 
 bridge Township, Schuyler County, 111., and 
 owned by the honored citizen named above, has 
 been in the Ward family for nearly eighty years, 
 and since 1830 has been continuously occupied 
 as a homestead by either father or son. It is 
 not too much to say that James M. Ward knows 
 every inch of the farm, and that he loves it as 
 thoroughly as he knows it. In a human way 
 the people of the township have much the same 
 feeling toward Mr. Ward as he has toward the 
 old homestead; their long acquaintance with 
 him and their substantial affection for him, 
 based upon reliable and continuous service, have 
 gone hand in hand these many years. He has 
 not only furnished a fine example of a typical 
 American farmer, but the faithfulness of a citi- 
 zen who has never wearied in doing his utmost 
 for the public, his neighbors and friends of a 
 lifetime. For thirty consecutive years he has 
 served in some official capacity in the township 
 government, for the past twenty-six years of that 
 period having been Town Clerk. His is perhaps 
 the greatest success in life to secure friendship 
 and confidence by faithfulness in every duty, and 
 to retain them both unshaken, rather with in- 
 crease of strength as the years pass. 
 
 James M. Ward was boru on the farm he now 
 owns and occupies on May 26, 1840, being a son 
 of Apollus and Jane (Bramble) Ward. His 
 father was a native of Hamilton County, Ohio, 
 born July 29. 1805, and was in turn a son of 
 Uzal Ward, of New Jersey, who is thought to 
 have been of English ancestry. Apollus Ward 
 accompanied bis parents to Union County. Ind., 
 where his father passed the remainder of his 
 life. The former, however, had decided to mi- 
 grate to lands further west, and in 1S2S bought 
 
 one of the many claims filed in Illinois by the 
 soldiers of the War of 1812, or their descend- 
 ants. The warrant had been signed by President 
 Monroe in 1817 and, as intimated, covered the 
 homestead of the W T ard family in Baiubridge 
 Township. In the spring of 1S32 Apollus Ward 
 viewed his laud for the first time, and, although 
 he was out with the soldiers of the Black Hawk 
 War for about six weeks, he saw no fighting and 
 returned to Indiana. He was married in 1835, 
 and in the following year brought his wife to 
 his timbered farm in Illinois. In addition to 
 the timber, he found that much of the land had 
 been covered with brush and wild plum trees, 
 and the outlook was anything but encouraging. 
 The first work was to build a log cabin for the 
 wife and infant boy — the latter born in Indiana. 
 The logs for the walls were hewn, and the bed- 
 steads made by boring holes in the ends of the 
 timber. Stick chimneys and puncheon floors, 
 with split logs for seats, home-spun clothes, and 
 all the other well known accessories of the prim- 
 itive life of pioneer times, constituted some of 
 the crude surroundings of James M. Ward's boy- 
 hood days ; for he was born in this rude log 
 cabin, as were his brothers and sisters. But 
 despite the necessary deprivations of the times 
 and the place, the life passed there was 
 healthful and happy. There the parents died 
 and their children grew to manhood and woman- 
 hood, and finally when they were called upon to 
 make homes of their own settled within three 
 miles of the old farm. 
 
 The children of the family have been as fol- 
 lows : Major A. Ward, now deceased and the 
 only one born in Indiana, who married Emily J. 
 David and had a family of nine children ; 
 Henry, a farmer of Bainbridge Township, who 
 had one child by a first marriage and four by a 
 second; James M. ; Edward Marion, who has 
 had three children by a second wife; Mary, wife 
 of William Aehesoii and a resident of Rushville; 
 1'riscilla J., who married George Utter, a Fred- 
 erick Township farmer; Ira L., who lives with 
 his wife (nee Mary J. Taylor) and his four chil- 
 dren on a farm adjoining the home place on the 
 east; Emily J., deceased, formerly the wife of 
 Thomas Dodge, a farmer of Baiubridge Town- 
 ship, by whom she bad seven children ; and Jack- 
 son Ward, a farmer of the same township, who 
 has a family of three children. 
 
 As stated the father came to Schuyler County 
 in 1836 and settled on his farm in Section 11, 
 Baiubridge Township, where the children were 
 reared. As they developed to maturity and mar- 
 ried he helped them in every possible way. and 
 his death, March 14. 1878, bereft them of the 
 best friend and the wisest counselor of their 
 lives. Apollus Ward was not only tender and 
 generous in all his family relations, but his serv- 
 ives in the development of educational and relig- 
 ious privileges were highly valued by the com- 
 munity at large. He was very active iri the build- 
 ing of churches and schools, donating consider- 
 able land for both of these purposes, and being 
 especially remembered as the founder of Ward 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 961 
 
 School No. 1, and the Southern Methodist 
 Church. The mother of James M. Ward, a good 
 woman, who shared with the lather the grati- 
 tude and affection of the family, died on the 
 old homestead July 14, 1895. 
 
 Joseph Ward, the great-grandfather, was horn 
 August 25, 1734, Uzal Ward, the grandfather, 
 February 8, 1765, and Apollus Ward, the father, 
 July 20, 1805. On October 13, 1906, the de- 
 scendants of Joseph Ward held a reunion at 
 Mount Carmel Church., and mustered 172 strong. 
 Of the nine children born to Apollus Ward two 
 are deceased and seven are honored residents of 
 Schuyler County, residing, as stated, within three 
 miles of the old family homestead. 
 
 James M. Ward, the third of the family, has 
 spent his entire life of sixty-seven years upon 
 the home farm. In his boyhood he attended the 
 district school, and assisted his father in all 
 his duties until the hitter's death in 1878. On 
 March 14, 1873, he wedded Mrs. Eliza (Sisk) 
 Saylor, and their only child, Charles, was born 
 December 28, 1873. Charles Ward married 
 Laura Tyson October 20, 1892, his wife being 
 born in Bainbridge Township September 15, 
 1869, the daughter of William T. Tyson, an hon- 
 ored citizen of that township. The children of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Charles Ward, with the dates of 
 their birth are as follows : Kuth E., October 
 21, 1893; S. Florence, January 5, 1896; James 
 R., August 10, 1898; and William F., June 16, 
 1901. The son mentioned above is now in active 
 charge of the old home farm, and promises to 
 maintain the family name to its full integrity 
 and honor. 
 
 James M. Ward continues with ardor and good 
 judgment the work so well begun by his father 
 in the fields of education and religion. His con- 
 tinuous public service of thirty years as Collector 
 and Town Clerk also has earned him a strong 
 claim upon the gratitude of the township, which 
 its citizens have always freely accorded him. 
 Mr. Ward has been a lifelong Democrat. Al- 
 though not a church member, he has responded 
 with cordiality and liberality to all calls for the 
 support of meritorious causes, and his life has 
 been a long round of useful, helpful and char- 
 itable deeds. 
 
 WARD, Major Andrew (deceased), formerly 
 one of the prosperous and greatly respected 
 farmers of Bainbridge Township. Schuyler 
 County. 111., where his busy, upright, public- 
 spirited and useful life covered a period of sixty- 
 five years, was born in Columbus, Ohio, August 
 9, 1835, a son of Apollus and Jane (Bramble) 
 Ward, natives of that State. When a child Mr. 
 Ward was brought to Schuyler County by his 
 parents, the family arriving in the county in 
 September. 1836, and settling in Bainbridge 
 Township in the same section where Jackson 
 Ward now lives. In boyhood days, he attended 
 the district school, remaining at home until the 
 wild land had been cleared of timber and brush, 
 and converted into a productive farm. In 1858, 
 he located on the place in Section 10, Bainbridge 
 
 Township, where he was successfully engaged 
 in agricultural pursuits for forty-two years, lie 
 departed this life Marcn 9, 1900, being'the owner 
 of more than 400 acres of land, as the result 
 of his energy, diligent application, sagacious 
 management and unswerving rectitude of con- 
 duct, lie was one of the foremost farmers of 
 his locality, being also eminently serviceable in 
 his public relations as a member of the com- 
 munity with which his career was so long iden- 
 tified. He was a man of warm and generous 
 nature and his kindness to those in distress was 
 proverbial. In all walks of life, he bore himself 
 creditably and honorably. His civic sentiment 
 was earnest and practical, and he took a deep 
 interest in all measures that pertained to the 
 development and prosperity of the township and 
 county. In polities, he was a Democrat and 
 filled various local offices with commendable 
 fidelity and efficiency, bearing the reputation of 
 a model citizen. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Ward took place April 
 6, 1856, on which date Emily Davis became his 
 wife. Mrs. Ward, who still survives, is a woman 
 of the highest character, and enjoys the sincere 
 respect and cordial regard of her extended ac- 
 quaintance. Her birth occurred in a little log 
 cabin on the farm now owned by Charles K. 
 Strong in Section 1, Bainbridge Township. She 
 is a daughter of Edward and Irene (Carter) 
 Davis, natives of Athens County, Ohio, whence 
 they moved in 1835 to Schuyler County, 111., 
 making their home on the spot just mentioned, 
 where their daughter, Emily, was born March 9, 
 1842. Mrs. 1 (avis died in October of that year, 
 and thus Mrs. Ward never knew from personal 
 experience what it was to be blessed with the 
 love and tender care of a mother. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Davis became the parents of three sons and one 
 daughter, namely: Elias, Sylvanus, Cyrus and 
 Emily. Elias Davis is a farmer in Miama Coun- 
 ty. Kans. ; Sylvanus also moved to that county 
 and there died March 14, 1905 ; and Cyrus, who 
 was a soldier in the Civil War. enlisted in Com- 
 pany G, Twenty-eighth Regiment Illinois Vol- 
 unteer Infantry, and was killed in battle October 
 5, 1862. 
 
 After the death of his wife Mr. Davis sold the 
 old farm in Section 1, and moved to a piece of 
 land which he had purchased in Section 10, in 
 the same township, which is now Mrs. Ward's 
 place of residence. Later, her father married a 
 second time, wedding Keziah Stevens, who bore 
 him two children: Caroline, who is the widow 
 of Lewis Elam, and lives at Ottawa. Kan. ; and 
 .Mary, who died at the age of nineteen years. 
 Mr. Davis died in August, 1S52. He was an edu- 
 cated man, had been a close student and was 
 thoroughly fitted for the practice of medicine, 
 but changing his purpose, turned his attention 
 to an agricultural life. Politically he was a 
 Democrat, but had no ambition for the distinc- 
 tion of public office. He took an earnest and un- 
 selfish interest in the welfare of the community, 
 heartily supported charitable enterprises and 
 habitually extended kindly aid to the unfortu- 
 
962 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 nate. His noble traits of character won the 
 friendship and esteem of all who knew him. 
 He was a member of a worthy family, grand- 
 father Reuben Davis, a Hollander by birth, hav- 
 ing come from his native land to America about 
 the time of the Revolutionary War. The latter 
 settled in what is now the State of Ohio, then 
 a part of the Northwest Territory, and there 
 spent his last days. The maternal grandmother, 
 whose maiden name was Carter, was born in 
 England, and on crossing the Atlantic, also be- 
 came a resident of Ohio, whence in course of 
 time she moved to Schuyler County, 111., and 
 died at the home of her daughter, Mrs. Wesley 
 Parker. 
 
 Nine children resulted from the union of An- 
 drew Ward and Emily Davis, .as follows : Ed- 
 ward, bom June 13, 1857 ; Irene, born March 
 19. I860; Cyrus, born February 10, 1862; James, 
 born August 12, 18C5 ; George E., born August 
 12, 1807 ; Robert, born May 22, 1870 ; Ezra, born 
 May 22, 1S72; Cora, bom August 20, 18S0; and 
 Clarence, bom May 15, 1885. The oldest son, 
 Edward Ward, who is a farmer in Bainbridge 
 Township, married Hannah M. Scott, by whom 
 he had one child, Zelnia. Irene, deceased, was 
 the wife of Pulaski Reeves, and left a daughter 
 who married Clarence Iiobinson, a farmer. Cy- 
 rus, who follows farming in Cowley County, 
 Kan., married Josie Somaster, and is the father 
 of four children, — Clinton, Wilbur, Olie and 
 Frank. James Ward, a farmer of Bainbridge 
 Township, is the husband of Estella Persinger, 
 and they have four children, — Bettie, Ralph, 
 Delia and Irene. George E. Ward, a resident of 
 Huntsville, 111., married Sophrouia Johnson, by 
 whom he has three children, — Otis, Lelia and 
 Brook. Robert Ward, a farmer in Bainbridge 
 Township, married Ruth Hatfield, and has one 
 child, — Vail. Ezra Ward, who farms in the 
 same township, is the husband of Ada Gregg, 
 who has borne him five children, — Earl. Viola. 
 Olive, Gladys and Herman. Cora Ward, who 
 died April 23, 1906, was the wife of Henry 
 Ambrosius. and left one child, — Carl Clayton. 
 Clarence Ward is the owner and operator of the 
 old home farm in Section 10, Bainbridge Township, 
 which he keeps in perfect condition. The second 
 daughter, Cora, was a graduate of the Rushville 
 .•mil Norma] Colleges, and later, finished a course 
 in stenography and typewriting. For two years, 
 she held the office of Deputy County Clerk of 
 S( -imyler County, and for an equal period (until 
 September 27, 1905) was a bookkeeper and 
 stenographer in the Bank of Schuyler County. 
 
 The father of this interesting family was a 
 man whose kindly suggestious and wise counsel 
 many of the younger men of the township have 
 often heeded with substantial profit to them- 
 selves, and his memory is warmly cherished by 
 scores who were the recipients of his generous 
 benefactions. 
 
 WEAVER, Samuel, has lived in Schuyler Coun- 
 ty, 111., almost three score and ten years, and his 
 experience nearly covers all the stages of the 
 
 county's development from a wild and desolate 
 region to its present material, moral and intel- 
 lectual status among the communities of the 
 State. Not many of the contemporaries of his 
 childhood still remain to share with him his 
 reminiscences of early days. He was born in 
 Littleton Township, Schuyler County, February 
 23, 1838, and is a son of John and Polly (Fow- 
 ler) Weaver, natives of Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see, respectively. His grandparents were Sam- 
 uel and (Bollinger) Weaver, and Isaac 
 
 and Elsie Fowler. The marriage of John 
 Weaver and Polly Fowler took place in the 
 South, and in 1830, they traveled northward by 
 wagon to a point near Springfield, 111., where 
 they sojourned for a year, then moving to the 
 vicinity of Rushville, Schuyler County, and after 
 spending another year there, locating in Section 
 19, Littleton Township. John Weaver entered 
 up a tract of 160 acres of Government laud, 
 most of which was covered with timber or brush, 
 and after clearing and improving the place, fol- 
 lowed farming many years, adding in the course 
 of time 30 acres to his original pre-emption. On 
 this farm he died in April, 1876, Polly (Fowler) 
 Weaver, the companion of his pioneer toil, hav- 
 ing passed away about the year 1851. He was 
 married a second time, wedding Parnissa Mor- 
 rison, whose death occurred in 1893. John Wea- 
 ver was the father of six sons and four daughters 
 by his first marriage, of whom the subject of 
 this personal record is the sixth in order of birth. 
 Isaac died in infancy, and six are still living, as 
 follows : Mrs. Cyrus Fowler, a widow, residing 
 in McDonough County, 111. ; Peter Weaver, whose 
 home is in Brooklyn Township, Schuyler Coun- 
 ty ; Mrs. Richard Ban Bevers, a widow living at 
 Littleton, 111. ; Samuel, to whom the present 
 writing pertains; Mrs. R. B. Daniels, a widow, 
 of Littleton Township; and Mrs. William 
 Chockley. a resident of Kansas, living at Iola. 
 In politics, the head of this family was a Dem- 
 ocrat, and in religion, a Primitive (or Old 
 School) Baptist. 
 
 Samuel Weaver was reared ou the paternal 
 farm, receiving his education mainly in the sub- 
 scription schools. He remained with his parents 
 until the time of his marriage, after which he 
 lived one year in McDonough County. At the 
 end of this period he moved to Brooklyn Town- 
 ship, Schuyler County, and was domiciled one 
 year in the old sehoolhouse, subsequently occu- 
 pying various places in the township. For three 
 years, he and his wife were residents of the 
 village of Brooklyn, where he owned a house 
 and three lots, which he sold. In 1876, he bought 
 his present farm of 120 acres in Section 23, 
 Brooklyn Township, having had a lease of the 
 property for five years previous to becoming its 
 owner. Only a small portion of the place was 
 cleared. — about ten acres. He has removed the 
 brush and timber from SO acres, adding more 
 land to his original purchase, until he now has 
 200 acres, — 160 being in Section 23, and the rest 
 in Section 26. Besides general farming, he has 
 devoted his attention to raising horses, cattle, 
 
HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEB ( OUNTY. 
 
 963 
 
 sheep and hogs. Since 1905, he has lived some- 
 what in retirement, attending to that portion of 
 his land which is in meadow, hut renting out the 
 part under cultivation. He has 40 acres of 
 solid timber in Section 26 ; and 40 acres in Sec- 
 tion 23, three-quarters cleared. 
 
 The marriage of Mr. Weaver took place Octo- 
 ber 5, 1857, Adelia H. Daniels, a woman of 
 admirable traits of character, becoming his wife. 
 Mrs. Weaver was born in Rushville Township, 
 Schuyler County, September 17, 1838, and is a 
 daughter of Paul and Lydia (Manlove) Daniels, 
 natives of North Carolina, where also originated 
 her maternal grandparents, William and Nancy 
 .Manlove. The father and mother of Mrs. Wea- 
 ver settled near Rushville, Schuyler County, at 
 an early period, Mr. Daniels owning 120 acres 
 of land in Brooklyn and Littleton Townships. 
 He departed this life in 1900, his wife having 
 passed away in 1894. Seven children resulted 
 from the union of Mr. and Mrs. Weaver, as fol- 
 lows : Eldridge. born August 13, 1858, whose 
 business is that of a traveling salesman ; Alphe- 
 us. born March 11, 1860, who lives in Brooklyn 
 Township; Georgietta, born February 1, 1802, 
 deceased June 17, 1S69; Everett, born October 5, 
 1864, whose home is in Lemoine Township, Mc- 
 Donough County. 111.; Orville, born October 11, 
 1872; Delorious, born January 1, 1874; and Cor- 
 nelia, born November 5. 1877. The last three 
 are at home. The names of the three deceased 
 brothers of Mr. Weaver are, — Harrison, who 
 died in 187S, at the age of 78 years; Thomas, 
 who died in 1894, aged 65 years, and Joseph, 
 whose death occurred in 1SS5. when he was 30 
 years old. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Weaver is identified with the 
 Democratic party, and has served on the town- 
 ship board and the central committee of his 
 party. His religious connection, as also that of 
 his estimable wife, is with the Primitive Baptist 
 Church, in which he has olliciated as deacon 
 since 1887. He and Mrs. Weaver are deeply re- 
 spected by all who know them. 
 
 WEBSTER, John L. — Among the leading men 
 whose residence in Rushville and vicinity is of 
 long standing, and who are esteemed alike for 
 their worthy traits of character and the good 
 influence they have exerted while promoting the 
 best interests of the community, none are better 
 known than John L. Webster, by occupation a 
 contractor and builder. Mr. Webster was born 
 in Oakland Township. Schuyler County. HI.. 
 October 14. 1845, a son of Thomas Mathew and 
 Susan (Hills) Webster, the former of whom was 
 born in England, as was also his father, .Mathew 
 Webster. At Marylabone Church, London, 
 Mathew Webster was united in marriage to Hes- 
 ter Miller, born in Gloucestershire, England, and 
 who became the mother of Henry Mathew. Nan- 
 cy, Thomas Mathew and George Mathew Web- 
 ster. Of this family Henry Webster only failed 
 to come to the United States, and his presenl 
 whereabouts are unknown, his last address hav- 
 ing been Adelaide, Australia. Mathew Webster, 
 
 Si\, was -a sailor by profession, and in this capac- 
 ity put into many ports and traversed many 
 seas. His nautical career was brought to a close 
 because of a fractured leg, and his daughter, 
 Nancy, has a snuff box, made from a piece of 
 wood taken from his ship. Nancy married John 
 Schoder. in the north of England, but now lives 
 in the United States. Thomas Mathew Webster 
 was a carpenter by trade, but followed farming 
 as an alternate occupation. He came to America 
 as a young man. settling in Illinois, where he 
 met his future wife, and where his death oc- 
 curred in 1840, his wife surviving him until 
 1873. They were the parents of the following 
 children : John L. ; William, of Grundy County, 
 Mo. ; and Mathew, who was killed by a live wire 
 in October, 1903, at Elmwood, 111. 
 
 John L. Webster enjoyed the advantages of 
 the public schools of Buena Vista Township, 
 and in I860 began learning the trade of carpen- 
 tering with Amos Sylvester, a well known con- 
 tracting builder of Rushville. Possessing marked 
 mechanical skill, he developed into a master 
 workman, and in time enjoyed a large patronage 
 in different parts of the county, erecting dwell- 
 ings, barns, outbuildings and doing general car- 
 penter work. At the present time he has a con- 
 tinually increasing business, and although hav- 
 ing reached sixty-two years of age. is still vigor- 
 ous and active, taking as much pleasure in the 
 accuracy and excellence of his work as when it 
 was a new and necessary resource. In the town 
 and county are many monuments to his skill and 
 artistic ability, and he has contributed a large 
 and commendable share toward the making of 
 his pleasant and thrifty surroundings. 
 
 The first wife of Mr. Webster formerly was 
 Ellen R. Montgomery, daughter of Clayton and 
 Julia (Morris) Montgomery, natives of Ken- 
 tucky, and early settlers of Schuyler County. 
 The brothers and sisters of Mrs. Webster were 
 as follows; Nathan S., of Rushville; Martha, 
 wile of L. W. Sloat, of Rushville; Melvina. wife 
 of William McCrady, of Fort Madison, Iowa. 
 Mrs. Webster died April 11, 1895, and March 21, 
 1897, Mr. Webster was united in marriage to 
 Margaret V. Fields, a native of Virginia, and 
 born February 21, 1866, a daughter of George I. 
 and Ellen P. Fields, the former editor of the 
 Versailles (111.) Enterprise. In early life Mrs. 
 Webster was converted and united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, of which she ever 
 after was a most devout member. Her sudden 
 death, January 1. 1907. was entirely unexpected, 
 as the night before she had appeared in excel- 
 lent spirits and had entertained friends at her 
 home. During the early hours of the following 
 morning her husband was aroused by her heavy 
 breathing, and she sank into unconsciousness, 
 from which the best medical aid procurable 
 failed to arouse her. She passed painlessly 
 away at 1 o'clock the same afternoon, and wis 
 buried January 3. with the service of the church 
 to which she was so devoted. The first Mrs. 
 Webster was the mother of the following chil- 
 dren: Harry, who married Frances K. Farrer 
 
964 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEH COUNTY. 
 
 and has two children. Bear] and Yaugh; Clayton 
 M., of Chicago. 111., who married Etta Severns 
 and has one sou. Wayne; Nellie <!., wife of Har- 
 ry Fritzell, connected with the rural free de- 
 livery out of Rushville ; Susan, who married 
 Edward Henley and has two sous, Paul and 
 Ray. being afterwards married to Charles Tacke, 
 of Springfield, by whom she had one son, Charles 
 J. ; and Juliette, wife of Harvey K. Allen, in the 
 office of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road at Kansas City. Mo., and mother of Hazel 
 and Nellie Allen. 
 
 In politics Mr. Webster is a stanch adherent 
 of the Democratic party, and he has been closely 
 identified with its local undertakings. He now 
 is filling his sixth term as Justice of the Peace, 
 aggregating in all a period of twenty-four years, 
 formerly having served as Town Trustee and 
 Alderman of the First Ward of Rushville. Iu 
 religion he is a Baptist and fraternally is con- 
 nected with the Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
 lows. Few men in Rushville and the surround- 
 ing country are unfamiliar with the name of 
 John L. Webster, and he commands the respect 
 and good will of all classes of people. 
 
 WEIGHTMAN, William.— Within the present 
 limits of the city of Indianapolis, Ind., where 
 now stand city homes with every modern con- 
 venience, more than seventy-five years ago there 
 stood a log cabin surrounded by 120 acres of 
 land, the typical homestead of a pioneer, strug- 
 gling to earn a livelihood for his family. In this 
 little home was born William Weightman Janu- 
 ary 27, 1826, and all of his early associations 
 cluster around that Indiana farm, where his 
 parents, Robert and Temperance (Arnold) 
 Weightman, endured the vicissitudes incident to 
 frontier existence. The father, a native of Shef- 
 field, England, had immigrated to the United 
 States about 1824 and had settled iu Marion 
 County, Ind., where he met and married 
 Miss Arnold, a native of Pennsylvania. When 
 their eldest son, William, was a boy of thirteen 
 years, they removed to Illinois in 1830 and set- 
 tled on Section 21, in Camden Township. Schuy- 
 ler County, where the father secured 320 acres 
 in one body, besides acquiring 120 acres where 
 William now makes his home. 
 
 During the first few years of the family's res- 
 idence in Illinois there occurred nothing to dis- 
 courage their ambitious hopes. Hardships were 
 many, but the true pioneer never allowed him- 
 self to be disheartened by them. However, after 
 a number of years death came to break up the 
 happy family circle, faking from the home the 
 self-sacrificing and devoted father. It was in 
 the summer of 1840 that his death occurred and 
 in April of the following year the widow re- 
 turned to her old home near Indianapolis, where 
 she died about 1848. There were six sons and 
 two daughters in the family, but the first-liorn 
 alone survives. After the death of the father 
 he took charge of the land, which had no build- 
 ings excepting a log cabin and a log stable. 
 
 The marriage of William Weightman and Mar- 
 
 tha J. Brown was solemnized May 27, 1847. 
 For more than sixty years they have been spared 
 in happy married life and, by industry and 
 cheerful optimism, they have been a blessing, 
 each to the other, and both to their children and 
 their large circle of friends. In their present 
 comfortable home, surrounded by those conve- 
 niences that contribute to the welfare of man- 
 kind, they look back over a long vista of years 
 and delight to recount to their descendants sto- 
 ries of the early days. It was the mother's duty 
 to spin the wool and weave the cloth from which 
 were made the garments worn by the children. 
 Often her work kept her busy until late at night, 
 and to secure a light by which to sew was no 
 easy task. Tallow candles had not yet become 
 eommou, and she provided a substitute by scrap- 
 ing out a turnip and filling the hole with lard 
 and a wick. When candles were brought first 
 to the home all were delighted with them, nor 
 was the later change to kerosene received with 
 less pleasure. Since then they have witnessed 
 the evolution of gas and electricity, so that their 
 long lives practically have comprehended the 
 development of all the modem methods of 
 lighting. 
 
 The wife of William Weightman was born in 
 Morgan County, 111., September 14, 1829, a 
 daughter of John and Sarah (Points) Brown, 
 by whom she was brought to Schuyler County in 
 1S32, and since that year her home has been in 
 Camden Township. Of her ten children all but 
 one were born in the little log cabin that stood 
 on the farm. Inheriting a vigorous mentality 
 and sturdy constitutions from their parents, 
 they aided materially in the upbuilding of the 
 family fortunes and their labors received due rec- 
 ognition from their parents who deeded to them 
 portions of the farm of 440 acres, reserving for 
 their own use the 100 acres on which they began 
 housekeeping. There are now thirty-three grand- 
 children and nineteen great-grandchildren, all 
 of whom unite in giving to the aged couple ven- 
 eration and thoughtful care. 
 
 Of the ten Weightman children, Sarah T. died 
 at fourteen years of age and John at thirty-nine ; 
 Nancy A. is the wife of Alonzo Belldon, a farm- 
 er of Camden Township; Lizzie married J. R. 
 Lawson, also a farmer of Camden Township ; 
 Charles, who married Sarah Starkweather, lives 
 near the old homestead ; William, who married 
 Lillie Starkweather, is engaged in farming at 
 Kiowa, Okla. ; Mrs. Maria J. Auld and her hus- 
 band. Rev. Auld, both deceased, are survived by 
 two sons, Carl and Charles Auld ; Jemima is the 
 wife of John W. Marlow, a farmer of Camden 
 Township ; Laura May ( Mrs. Henry Heicher- 
 nian) is living in Spokane, Wash.; and Sophia 
 G. is the wife of Henry Marlow, a farmer of 
 Camden Township. 
 
 Into the lives of Mr. and Mrs. Weightman 
 religion has brought its ennobling and elevating 
 influence. From the early days they have been 
 earnest members of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church and, as far as possible, have been active 
 in Sundav-school and church work. Their home 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 965 
 
 was the headquarters of the circuit-riders in the 
 days when they were prominent in the develop- 
 ment of the church. Often religious meetings 
 were held in the Welghtman log cabin, but after 
 a sehoolhouse was built, meetings were usually 
 held there until a house of worship was erected. 
 When the quarterly conferences were held the 
 latch-string of the Weightman cabin was hung 
 on the outside and no visitor was refused enter- 
 tainment. Although there were only two beds 
 in the house, as many as nine guests were often 
 entertained overnight. The ministers who came 
 as guests showed the same cheerful acceptance 
 of circumstances, and the same appreciation of 
 hospitality that those pioueer preachers displayed 
 in every event of their self-sacrificing careers ; 
 so that, crowded though the pioueer home might 
 be, the departure of these itinerants was always 
 a source of regret to the family into whose iso- 
 lated lives they brought renewed religious zeal 
 and the joy of uplifting companionship. In the 
 twilight of his useful life Mr. Weightman quietly 
 but often turns toward the past, reflecting upon 
 the changes which it has been his lot to witness, 
 — the building up of churches, the improvement 
 of farms, the growth of his community, the de- 
 velopment of thriving villages, and the many oth- 
 er transformations which time has wrought. Poli- 
 tics has interested him to a considerable degree 
 and be has given his support to principles sup- 
 ported by the Democratic party : yet he is not 
 narrow in his political views, being a man of 
 liberal opinions and broad ideas. Long after he 
 and his wife shall have been called from the 
 scenes of earth, their memory will be green in 
 the hearts of their descendants, and thir names 
 will be recorded in the annals of the township, 
 in the development of which they have ever 
 proved active and efficient co-workers. 
 
 WEINBERG, Moses. — The enterprise which im- 
 parts to the city of Rushville, Schuyler County. 
 III., its principal commercial activity, and invests 
 the place with a large proportion of its tone and 
 prestige as a business center, is the stock yards 
 there located. The master spirit of this busy 
 mart of trade is the gentleman to whom this 
 writing pertains, and it is his acumen, broad 
 mental grasp and tireless energy that furnish 
 the key-note of success in one of the most impor- 
 tant undertakings in that section of the State. 
 The name of Moses Weinberg is associated far 
 and wide with the extent and magnitude of the 
 operation of the Rushville stock yards. 
 
 Mr. Weinberg was born in Augusta, Hancock 
 County. III., in 185ft. His father and mother, 
 Simon and Louisa (Juergens) Weinberg, were 
 natives of Germany. Simon Weinberg, who was 
 a merchant by occupation, came to the United 
 States when he was 20 years of age. At first 
 he located in Pittsburg. Pa., and from that city- 
 went to Cincinnati, Ohio. In 1856 he established 
 his home in Augusta. 111., where he was engaged 
 in the merchandise business until 1S75. when 
 he retired from active pursuits. He departed 
 this life in June. 1001. bis wife having passed 
 
 away in October, 1896. They were the parents 
 of eighteen children, thirteen of whom are living. 
 
 In early youth, Moses Weinberg attended the 
 public schools of Augusta, 111., and completed his 
 education at Knox College, in Galesburg. His 
 first occupation after finishing his studies was in 
 the line of butchering and stock dealing. In 
 1897 he left Augusta aud located in Rushville, 
 111., where he identified himself with the trade 
 of the stock yards. In this connection, his career 
 has been one of phenomenal success. Through 
 his dominating influence these yards have not 
 only held the stock trade of the neighboring 
 townships, that naturally teuds to Rushville, but 
 have attracted much of the marketing breeders 
 in McDonough and Brown Counties, for a dis- 
 tance of twenty-live miles. The arrangements 
 and facilities of the yards are such, through Mr. 
 Weinberg's sagacious manipulation of matters, 
 that fanners ordinarily obtain better prices, be- 
 sides the saving of transportation and other 
 expenses incident to shipping elsewhere on their 
 own account. The thorough knowledge of details 
 acquired by him in twenty-five years' experience 
 in this branch of trade, lias enabled Mr. Wein- 
 berg to be of inestimable service to the stock 
 farmers who patronize him. at the same time 
 subserving his own interests to a highly profit- 
 able degree. His personal transactions in live 
 stock amount to more than $400,000 annually, 
 his own yards are three acres in extent, anil bis 
 sheds will accommodate 30 car loads of stock. 
 The stock shipments of the Rushville yards 
 sometimes require five extra trains weekly. Mr. 
 Weinberg's name is familiar as a household 
 word to all stock raisers in Schuyler County, by 
 whom it is recognized as a synonym of fair deal- 
 ing and equitable treatment. lie maintains a 
 hospitable home, and entertains his guests in a 
 most genial and cordial manner. 
 
 On April 24, 1886, Mr. Weinberg was united 
 in marriage in Birmingham Township, Schuyler 
 County, with Flora Bolton Hobble, a daughter 
 of John C. and Elizabeth Bolton, who was born 
 in the State of Pennsylvania. Seven children 
 have resulted from this union, namely : Nina, 
 Margaret, Simon, Flora, Elizabeth, Jacob Her- 
 bert and Solomon. Mrs. Weinberg has one son, 
 Arthur Hobble, by a previous marriage. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Weinberg is a supporter of 
 the Democratic party, although the exacting du- 
 ties of his extensive business forbid any active 
 participation in political affairs. 
 
 WELLS, William, who is the owner of one 
 of the largest and best improved farms in Schuy- 
 ler County, 111., on which he has pursued 
 his wonted occupation lor a number of years, 
 is a native of the locality where he now resides, 
 being born in Littleton Township. Schuyler 
 County. September .".0, 1853. Mr. Wells is a son 
 of Rensselaer and Rebecca (Rose) Wells, the 
 birth of the father having occurred in Ohio, and 
 that of the mother, in Kentucky. They were 
 the parents of six sons and one daughter, of 
 whom the subject of this personal record is the 
 
966 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 third in order of birth. Until Mr. W. Wells 
 reached the age of eighteen years, lie was a 
 pupil in the Garrison district school, and a mem- 
 ber of the home circle. At that period he began 
 farming for himself on his lather's place, and in 
 course of time became the owner of 520 acres 
 of land, of which 300 acres lie in Oakland Town- 
 ship, and the remaining 100 acres, in Littleton 
 Township. In 1800 he moved to his present lo- 
 cation in Section 25, Littleton Township, where 
 in 1899, he built a story-and-a-balf frame house, 
 containing eight rooms and a cellar. About 200 
 acres of his farm are under cultivation and 55 
 acres are timber land, the rest being left for 
 grazing. He is engaged in diversified farming, 
 and besides his general operations, devotes con- 
 siderable attention to raising Aberdeen cattle, 
 feeding from 80 to 100 head per year. He is a 
 man of vigorous, enterprising and progressive 
 nature, and all his undertakings have been at- 
 tended by profitable results. 
 
 On January 8, 1S95, Mr. Wells was united in 
 marriage with Martha Blodgett, who was born 
 in Frederick Township, Schuyler County. 111.. 
 April 11, 1808, where in girlhood, she received 
 her education in the district schools. Mrs. Wells 
 is a daughter of Ira and Hannah (Garrison) 
 Blodgett, natives of Vermont and Ohio, respect- 
 ively. Her paternal grandparents, Harvey and 
 Lavina (Arnold) Blodgett, were Vermonters by 
 nativity, while Lewis and Martha (Van Horn) 
 Garrison, her grandparents on the maternal side, 
 were bora in Ohio, their parents having come 
 from Germany at an early date in the last cen- 
 tury. Four children have, resulted from the 
 union of Mr. and Mrs. Wells, as follows : Wil- 
 liam Clarence, born February 29, 1890; Carl 
 Roscoe, born May 9, 1899 ; Lewis B., born August 
 25, 1901 ; and Anna Mary, born December 27, 
 1902. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Wells is a supporter of the 
 Democratic party, although not active in polit- 
 ical contests, and entertaining no ambition for 
 public office. He takes, however, an intelligent 
 and discriminating interest in civic affairs, and 
 is faithful to all the obligations recognized by a 
 dutiful and useful citizen. Mrs. Wells is a 
 woman of much amiability and worthy traits of 
 character, and enjoys the cordial regard of nu- 
 merous friends. 
 
 WELLS, Randolph R., a well known general 
 farmer and stock-raiser of extensive landed pos- 
 sessions and high reputation, has pursued his 
 wonted calling in Oakland Township, Schuyler 
 County. 111., for thirty-five years. He was bora 
 in Littleton Township, in the same county, May 
 IS, 1847, a son of Rensselaer and Rebecca (Rose) 
 Wells, natives of Ohio and Illinois, respectively. 
 The paternal grandfather, Charles Wells, after 
 the death of his wife, the grandmother of Ran- 
 dolph R., moved to Rushville, 111., where he died. 
 Rensselaer Wells was born in Lorain County. 
 Ohio. February 22. 182::, and his wife. Rebecca 
 (Rose) Wells, was born in Morgan County. 111., 
 August 2S, 1820. The former came to Illinois 
 
 in 1834 with his lather, settling iu Littleton 
 Township, Schuyler County. Rebecca Rose came 
 to Schuyler County with her parents, who were 
 also natives of Lorain County, Ohio, whence they 
 tirst moved to Morgan County, 111., afterwards 
 becoming leading citizens of Schuyler County. 
 The marriage of the young people took place in 
 Littleton Township, in 1844. The lather died 
 March 22, 1905, his wife having passed away 
 March 28, 1890. Rensselaer Wells was a model 
 tanner and exemplary citizen. Starting out 
 early in life with nothing but a determination to 
 succeed, he followed farming until he became 
 one of the most extensive landholders in Little- 
 ton Township, owning at one time about 500 
 acres. In politics, he was a stanch Democrat, 
 and took an earnest interest in the affairs of 
 the township and county, tilling various public 
 offices. He was a member of the Board of Super- 
 visors from Littleton Township. Impelled by 
 generous sympathies, he was ever ready to lend 
 a helping hand to the needy, and prompt to con- 
 tribute to every worthy cause. He enjoyed the 
 esteem and confidence of all who made his ac- 
 quaintance. Of the family to which he belonged, 
 but one member is left, Mrs. McGinnis, a resi- 
 dent of Princeton, 111. Rebecca (Rose) Wells, 
 wife of Rensselaer Wells, came of a family of 
 excellent standing, her lather, Randolph Rose, 
 being one of the most prosperous and prominent 
 farmers of his locality. Six children were the 
 result of their union, as follows : George W., 
 a retired farmer now living in the village of Lit- 
 tleton, III.; Randolph R. ; John William, a farm- 
 er, of Littleton Township ; David D., a resident 
 ol Quincy, 111. ; Charles D., who lives in Little- 
 ton Township; and Mary Alice, who married 
 Aaron Danner, a farmer of this township, living 
 on the old farm first operated by Grandfather 
 Charles Wells in 1834. 
 
 Randolph R. Weils was reared to farm life in 
 Littleton Township, attending the district schools 
 in the vicinity of his home and assisting in work 
 on the farm. He remained on the home place 
 until the time of his marriage, being then about 
 25 years old. Immediately after this event, he 
 located on a farm of 100 acres which he had pre- 
 viously purchased in Section 3,0, Oakland Town- 
 ship, known as the "Billingsly farm." It was 
 wild land, and he first devoted his attention to 
 clearing it ol timber and brush, and preparing 
 it for cultivation. In the years succeeding, be 
 has finely improved the property, and now has 
 one of the most attractive homes in the town- 
 ship, having built a spacious and comfortable 
 residence, 54 by 54 feet in ground dimensions, 
 and put up other buildings of corresponding dura- 
 bility and convenience. To his original purchase 
 he lias added, at intervals, until he is now the 
 owner ol 404 acres in one body, all lying in 
 Oakland Township. Through energy, integrity 
 and wise management, he has acquired a hand- 
 some competency, and is recognized by all as 
 one ol the leading agriculturists ol Schuyler 
 County. 
 
 The marriage ol Mr. Weils took place January 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 907 
 
 31, 1SS3, on which date Emma D. Ellis became 
 his wife. -Mrs. Wells, who is a woman of supe- 
 rior intelligence and excellent trails of character, 
 was bom in Oakland Township, August 28, lsi'.'J. 
 a daughter of James and Margaret Ellis, natives 
 of Kentucky. Further particulars in regard to 
 the history of her family may be found in a 
 biographical record of James D. Ellis, appearing 
 on another page of this volume. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Wells have had four children, as follows: Laura, 
 born April <j. 1884 ; Jesse E., born January 10, 
 1887; Nina, born October 3, 1890; and Roy K., 
 born June 7, 1S94. Laura is the wife of Jay 
 True Dodds, a farmer of Littleton Township, by 
 whom she has one child, Maxime. Jesse E., who 
 has received an education fitting him for almost 
 any position in life, is in charge of the home 
 farm. Nina died in infancy ; and Roy R. died 
 at the age of four years. The mother of this 
 family is a communicant of the Christian 
 Church, and while the father is not a church 
 member, he has contributed liberally from his 
 ample means towards the support of evangelical 
 work, besides being a generous promoter of all 
 enterprises designed to advance the best inter- 
 est of the township and county. In politics, Mr. 
 Wells is a Democrat, but has never sought polit- 
 ical preferment, having, on the contrary, stead- 
 fastly declined to become a candidate for public 
 office. He is one of the foremost figures in the 
 rural life of Schuyler County. 
 
 WHEAT, John (deceased), was, at the time of 
 his death, one of the oldest farmers and stock- 
 raisers in Schuyler County, 111., his arrival in 
 the county dating back to the early years in the 
 history of the county, and bis long-extended life 
 covering all stages of the development of this 
 region from a barren wild to its present prosper- 
 ous condition. Mr. Wheat was a native of the 
 State of Kentucky, where he was born January 
 6, 1817, a son of Joseph II. and Mary A. (Cecil) 
 Wheat, also Kentuckians by nativity. He was 
 brought by his mother with other members of 
 the family to Schuyler County, in 1830, his father 
 having died in Kentucky. His mother finally 
 passed away in Schuyler County. 
 
 Mr. Wheat was reared to the life of a farmer, 
 and on attaining his maturity, located in Little- 
 ton Township, where he followed farming for a 
 number of years on land which he rented, after- 
 wards buying farms in several different locali- 
 ties, at intervals, on which he pursued his wonted 
 vocation with uniform success. Ultimately, dis- 
 posing of his farming interests, he withdrew 
 from active pursuits, and on March 1, 1902, pur- 
 chased a home in the village of Littleton, where 
 he took up his residence, and where his worthy 
 and respected widow now lives. 
 
 The marriage of John Wheat took place June 9, 
 1N4'_*. on whirh date be was joined in wedlock with 
 Julia Snyder, who was horn in Hancock County, 
 Ky.. July 29. 1822. Mrs. Wheat is a daughter 
 of David and Cassandra (Walker) Snyder, na- 
 tives of the Blue Grass State. Her parents jour- 
 neyed from Kentucky to Illinois in 1830, set- 
 
 tling in Littleton Township, Schuyler County. 
 David Snyder was a farmer by occupation, and 
 became the owner of hundreds of acres of land, 
 which he entered from the Government. He 
 was accounted one of the substantial farmers 
 and prominent citizens of his day. Fourteen 
 children resulted from the union of John Wheat 
 and Julia Snyder, as follows: Ann Minerva 
 (Mrs. Thomas Payne), who died in August, 1903; 
 David II., who died in March. 1905; Margaret, 
 widow of James Irvin, who is at home with her 
 mother; Mary, deceased, a twin sister of Mar- 
 garet; John. John (II.) and George, all of 
 whom died in infancy ; Luella, who became the 
 wife of Jesse Hale, and lives in Littleton Town- 
 ship ; Laura F., who dwells under the paternal 
 roof ; Joseph William, whose home is in Sher- 
 lock, Iowa ; and four others. The lather of this 
 family departed this life March 28. 1902. Dur- 
 ing the period of his activity he was a man of 
 untiring industry and left a record for rectitude 
 of conduct and a business career beyond re- 
 proach. The declining years of his faithful com- 
 panion, who has been a witness of marvelous 
 changes in Schuyler County since the days of 
 her girlhood, are solaced by the tender care of 
 her surviving daughters and the cordial esteem 
 of many friends. 
 
 WHEELHOUSE, Robert— The breeding of 
 Shorthorn cattle, which, because of their value 
 for beef and dairy purposes, forms one of the 
 most paying and satisfactory of farming special- 
 ties, is being vigorously promoted in Rushville 
 Township, Schuyler County, 111., by Robert 
 Wheelhouse, one of the early and successful 
 farmers of the county. Mr. Wheelhouse, who 
 was born in Yorkshire, England, November 13, 
 1S22, has no recollection whatever of his native 
 land, for when only four years old he was 
 brought to this country in a sailing vessel by 
 his parents Robert and Hannah Wheelhouse, 
 who settled in the wilds of Ohio, and turned 
 their attention to fanning on Government land. 
 
 Robert Wheelhouse was reared among sur- 
 roundings which developed both his muscle and 
 self dependence. His education has been largely 
 self acquired, owing to the numerous tasks which 
 confronted him in his youth, and which per- 
 mitted his attendance at the subscription school 
 of his neighliorhood only irregularly, if at all, 
 during the winter months. In 1845, at the earlj 
 age of twenty-three, he married Margaret, daugh- 
 ter of Samuel Deweese, of < >hio, and five of 
 the children of this union are living: Margaret, 
 Caroline, Samuel. George ami Robert. After 
 his marriage Mr. Wheelhouse settled down to 
 general farming in Rushville Township, leading 
 an uneventful life until the craze for gold during 
 the middle of the last century created a general 
 discontent with the slow and laborious methods 
 of money getting. By no means immune from 
 confidence in the opportunities thus presented on 
 the Pacific coast, be made the long trip across 
 the plains, with his wife and four children, dur- 
 ing the summer of 1853, traveling in a covered 
 
968 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 wagon drawn by oxen, and enjoying the advan- 
 tage of ample provisioning and equipment. On 
 the journey the Indians often came to the wagon 
 for food, and through the generosity thus ex- 
 tended, and the kindness exercised, he avoided 
 many of he trials and dangers which beset the 
 pathway of the early Argonauts. After five 
 months of sleeping under the stars or in the 
 rough wagon, the party arrived at the mines, 
 where Mr. Wheelhouse secured work for a time, 
 and eventually rented 300 acres of land along 
 Feather River. This property was extremely 
 fertile, and in consequence the western experi- 
 ence of the erstwhile miner was profitable and 
 pleasant. He made a specialty of barley, wheat 
 and garden truck, and his first barley and wheat 
 crops consisted of 4.000 and 1.000 bushels, re- 
 spectively. The garden truck covered a ten-acre 
 patch, and contained all of the vegetables and 
 small fruits which would grow in that part of 
 the country. Regular mining prices prevailed, 
 practically everything being sold by the pound 
 at figures that would astonish the central west- 
 ern farmer of the present. All vegetables were 
 the cents a pound, barley six cents and wheat the 
 same, potatoes being sold in hundred-pound sacks 
 at ten cents a pound. For these products. Mr. 
 Wheelhouse realized about $1,000 an acre. Dur- 
 ing five years and three months Mr. Wheelhouse 
 availed himself of this splendid opportunity, and 
 at the expiration of that time, in the autumn of 
 1859, he set sail with his family for Panama, 
 being twenty-three days on the water. There 
 were 400 passengers, all homeward bound from 
 the mines and farms of the Pacific States, and of 
 these but twelve appeared for breakfast after the 
 boat had gotten into the gulf. Crossing the 
 Isthmus of Panama, the party landed in New 
 York harbor on Friday, and the following Mon- 
 day Mr. Wheelhouse started for his old home in 
 Ohio, intent ui>on visiting the friends and rela- 
 tives whom he had left behind in Licking County. 
 
 In the spring of 1S59 Mr. Wheelhouse said 
 good by to his friends in Ohio and journeyed to 
 Schuyler County, loading his little family into 
 a wagon, and during the trip camping by the 
 roadside. He was in a position to start farming 
 under the most favorable auspices, as he had 
 done well in the West, and felt in fine humor 
 with himself and the world in general. Taking 
 up 140 acres of laud, forty acres of which was 
 in timber, and the rest under the plow, he began 
 to build and purchase stock, starting with 33 
 head of sheep and 65 head of cattle, including 
 four milch cows, for which he paid $7 a head, 
 and some yearling steers which cost him $4 per 
 head. In all ways he has added to his farming 
 enterprise, until today he owns 420 acres of 
 land, unquestionably as fertile and productive 
 as any in the Central West. He has been one of 
 the influential and prosperous farmers of the 
 township, setting an inspiring example of indus- 
 try, good judgment, good heart and good purpose. 
 
 While absent on his western trip, Mr. Wheel- 
 house's circle of loved ones was narrowed by the 
 death of his lather in Des Moines. Iowa, in 
 
 1854, and of his mother, in 1S57. There remain 
 at present, however, three brothers and two sis- 
 ters of the old family, and of these, John, a res- 
 ident of Polk City, Iowa, is ninety-three years 
 old ; George is eighty -nine years of age, and lives 
 in Rushville ; Hannah, the widow of Benjamin 
 Bryant of Des Moines, Iowa, is eighty years old ; 
 and Jane, widow of Dr. Thomas Campbell, lives 
 in St. Louis, Mo. Mrs. Wheelhouse is the 
 last of her family, her parents and one brother 
 having died in Licking County, Ohio, where she 
 was born January 11, 1827. Another brother. 
 Samuel, died in Schuyler County. To Mr. and 
 Mrs. Wheelhouse have been born the following 
 children : Caroline, widow of Ezra Walker, liv- 
 ing on the farm in Woodstock Township ; Melin- 
 da, wife of J. L. Richey. also living on the old 
 place with her husband and two children, Frank- 
 lin and Margaret; Samuel (deceased), a former 
 coal operator of Rushville. who married Jane 
 Black; George, a farmer in Woodstock Town- 
 ship; Robert W., a farmer in Rushville Town- 
 ship, now operating coal lands owned by his 
 father in Sections 18-19. Both Mr. and Mrs. 
 Wheelhouse enjoy good health, and are unusu- 
 ally bright and active for people of their years. 
 Association with younger people has kept their 
 hearts young and their interest in life keen, and 
 until about five years ago Mr. Wheelhouse could 
 read the newspapers without his glasses. He is 
 not a member of any church, but has always con- 
 tributed generously of his means to churches 
 mid charitable organizations. He has been un- 
 willing to serve the community as an office hold- 
 er, but has stanchly supported the principles and 
 issues of the Democratic party. He likes to 
 look back to his rushing, busy days, when he 
 kept up high standards of stock-raising, making 
 a specialty of hogs and cattle, and at one time 
 had a steer weighing 4015 pounds. One year 
 he shipped sixty head of Poland China hogs, 
 fifty-eight of which averaged 500 pounds, and on 
 the market brought their proud owner $2,300. 
 He has a pleasant, comfortable home in which 
 to dream away the days of leisure, and although 
 his farm is rented, he is still interested in its 
 productive power, and the reputation which it 
 enjoys among the finely developed properties of 
 the county. 
 
 WHETSTONE, Marcus.— The qualities which 
 have advanced Marcus Whetstone to a foremost 
 place among the large landowners, influential 
 politicians and prominent promoters of Schuyler 
 County, 111., are those which have aided the am- 
 bitious man in more or less degree since the be- 
 ginning of time. Standing upon the foundation 
 of unassailable integrity, good judgment and 
 practical industry, this honored agriculturist 
 must needs feel the only kind of satisfaction 
 worth striving for. that of having been of un- 
 questioned use to his fellow men. A man who, 
 without special aids or opportunities in his 
 youth, can so fashion his purpose as in the years 
 to come to be able to bestow upon his progeny 
 680 acres of land, and keep for himself a farm 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 969 
 
 sufficient for all his subsequent needs, has il- 
 lustrated in truth the best benefits of life and 
 labor and service. 
 
 Born in Adams County, 111., March 6, 1838, 
 Mr. Whetstone is a son of Abijah and Lueiuda 
 (Brunton) Whetstone, natives of the vicinity of 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, and who were married in their 
 native State. Moving first from Ohio to Indiana, 
 the parents, in the summer of 1833, loaded their 
 household possessions into a prairie schooner and 
 came across the prairies to Schuyler < 'ounty. draw- 
 ing rein in the neighborhood of the present city 
 of Rushville. Later, they took up their abode in 
 the wilderness of Adams County. 111., and in 
 1S53. returned- to Schuyler, again taking up 
 their residence in Adams County, three years 
 later, and still later, moving to Missouri, where 
 the father died in 1888. Thereupon the mother 
 returned to Augusta, 111., and there spent the 
 remainder of her life. She was the parent of 
 eleven children, of whom three sons and four 
 daughters are living. Of these, Mary was first 
 married to William Seward, and later, to Wil- 
 liam Johnson, the latter also deceased; Melissa 
 E. is the wife of Jacob Working ; Maria is the 
 wife of T. Farr ; Eliza J. is the widow of John 
 Willis; D. J. lives in Colorado; W. B. is a resi- 
 dent of Garden City, Kans. ; and Marcus, of 
 Schuyler County. 
 
 Educated in the public schools of Adams 
 County, Marcus Whetstone worked hard to learn 
 the business of farming, and at the age of 20 
 returned to Schuyler County, purchasing in 1858, 
 at the age of twenty, 140 acres of land for $2,500. 
 Today, after years of careful cultivation, this 
 same property is worth eighty dollars an acre. 
 Subsequently. Mr. Whetstone's father gave him 
 160 acres of land, all of which he improved and 
 devoted to general farming and stock-raising. 
 In time he added to his possessions until he 
 owned 803 acres, all of it valuable and tillable 
 land. Possessing far sighted business judgment, 
 and directing wisely and practically his efforts, 
 he has expected and therefore has succeeded, 
 each season adding to his large store of money and 
 experience, and advancing him to larger useful- 
 ness and influence in the community. 
 
 In 1863 Mr. Whetstone established a home of 
 his own, marrying Clara Tarr, who was born in 
 Schuyler County, a daughter of Jacob Tarr, 
 a thrifty pioneer of Schuyler County, who, with 
 his wife, is now deceased. To Mr. and Mrs. 
 Whetstone have been born eight children, of 
 whom three daughters and one son are living, 
 as follows : Mary Ellen, widow of W. E. Melvin, 
 and mother of five daughters and two sons; 
 Mattie F., wife of Lewis King, a farmer of 
 Huntsville Township; Hattie E., wife of Ray 
 Blackburn, living near Brooklyn, Schuyler 
 County ; and James G. ("operating his father's 
 farm), who married Ida L. Hand. The present 
 farm of Mr. Whetstone consists of eighty acres, 
 and he has started his children out with gen- 
 erous endowments of land and money, besides all 
 of the advantages, educationally and otherwise, 
 which his means would permit. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Whetstone is non-partisan, 
 voting for the man best qualified to serve the 
 public welfare. While never seeking or desir- 
 ing office, he has adapted himself to practically 
 all of the local positions of honor, and among 
 other responsibilities close to the needs of his 
 fellow townsmen, served nine years on the Board 
 of Supervisors. He is a remarkably charitable 
 and benevolent man, and many in the county 
 owe their early success to his encouragement 
 and practical help. Much of simplicity and har- 
 mony has attached to his home, business, po- 
 litical and social relations, and a lesson in 
 strength, endurance, honesty and concentration 
 arises from the successful accomplishment of 
 his life purpose. 
 
 WHITS0N, George T. — In his struggle for the 
 competence which enables him to live in com- 
 fortable retirement in Rushville, III., George T. 
 Whitson has employed good judgment, honesty 
 ami perseverance. Many experiences have 
 crowded into his life since he started out to make 
 his own way in the world, at the age of twenty- 
 two years, having worked until then with his 
 father. 
 
 Born in Columbia, Lancaster County, Pa., 
 September 14, 1829, his recollections of the 
 Quaker State at best are dim, for in 1837 he 
 came to Schuyler County, 111., with his parents, 
 Benjamin and Susan (Little) Whitson. settling 
 on a farm near Rushville. Benjamin Whitson 
 was born in Maryland, and his wife in Ireland, 
 and the former died in 1867. at the age seventy 
 years, while the latter lived to be eighty-four 
 years old. 
 
 The limited resources of the family made It 
 imperative that George T. Whitson contribute 
 to their financial support as soon as possible, 
 and he therefore abandoned his schooling at 
 the age of sixteen and applied himself to learn- 
 ing the plastering trade, which he followed un- 
 til his twenty-second year. The craze for gold 
 at that time had reached its height throughout 
 the country, and in 1852 he joined the great 
 army of fortune seekers who were willing to 
 suffer all manner of privation for the chance in 
 the mines of the Pacific Coast. His was the 
 success of the average rather than the excep- 
 tional miner, and upon his return to Rushville 
 he again took up his trade as a safe and sure 
 means of livelihood. In 1864 he made a sec- 
 ond visit to the coast country, and in all, spent 
 over six years in the West. Through his mar- 
 riage to Ermine Patterson, of Kentucky, in Jan- 
 uary, 1856, Mr. Whitson allied his fortunes 
 with those of another pioneer family, one 
 which had also been established In Schuyler 
 County, in 1837. Much of the activity of Mr. 
 Whitson has been along political lines, and he 
 has been a valuable adjunct to the local or- 
 ganization of the Democratic party. He was 
 elected Sheriff of Schuyler County in 1872. and 
 afterwards served as Deputy Sheriff for two 
 years under the administration of George W. 
 Campbell, and for four years under that of 
 
970 
 
 HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 Felix Jackson. From 1881 until 1883, he was 
 Deputy Circuit Clerk under W. H. H. Rader, 
 and in 1898, he was elected Treasurer of Schuy- 
 ler County. He is credited with investing all of 
 these offices with dignity, and due regard for the 
 welfare of the community which had placed him 
 in office. In the face of circumsVinces which 
 afforded ample opportunity for personal gain 
 at the expense of principle, he kept his standard 
 of official integrity high, and furnished no excuse 
 for serious criticism. 
 
 The children born to Mr. and Mrs. Whitson 
 are as follows: George A., carpenter and 
 builder, who resides in Rushyille; Carrie E., 
 widow of George Bates, a resident of Peoria. 
 111. ; Laura A., wife of Charles Bassett, who 
 lives in Valley City, N. D. ; Susan M., widow of 
 Joshua Parkhouse, whose home is in Los An- 
 geles, Cal. ; Louis W., of Valley City, N. D. ; 
 Frederick E., of Galesburg. 111. ; and Clifford 
 G., deceased. 
 
 In January, 1S64, Mr. Whitson joined the 
 Masonic Fraternity, and there is but one mem- 
 ber of Rushville Lodge who has been longer 
 connected with it than himself. He served the 
 lodge as Secretary for more than fourteen years, 
 twelve and a half years of this period being con- 
 secutive service. 
 
 WHITSON, Wilbur F.— The firm of Whitson & 
 Son, established in 1880, and composed of Wil- 
 bur F. and James W. Whitson, is one of the larg- 
 est concerns in Schuyler County, 111., for the 
 breeding of Jersey cattle. Preceding the business 
 organization of 18S0 were the years of effort of 
 Wilbur F. Whitson. pioneer, and senior member 
 of the firm who was born in Columbia County, 
 Pa,. September 16, 1836, and who, when a year 
 old, was brought up the river to Frederick and 
 from there the father walked, the family being 
 conveyed in a wagon. He first worked at his 
 trade, that of a plasterer, and then bought 80 
 acres in Buena Vista Township. He took up his 
 residence in Rushville in 1S49, living there until 
 his death. Benjamin Whitson was born in Har- 
 ford County, Md.. and his wife, whose maiden 
 name was Susan Little, was a native of Ire- 
 land. Mrs. Benjamin Whitson died in 1S90. 
 
 Mr. Whitson was educated in the public 
 schools of Rushville Township, and his youth 
 was spent among the crude conditions which 
 made the way of the pioneer a hard and self- 
 sacrificing one. Several years of his life were 
 spent in a rude log cabin, which his father 
 erected in the wilderness during the fall of 1840. 
 and he was taught to make himself useful around 
 the farm at an age when most boys of today 
 think their time should be given up to play. 
 Thinking that he had outgrown the farm he 
 turned his attention to learning the plasterer's 
 trade, but finding work with the trowel too 
 confining, he returned to farming with renewed 
 appreciation of its freedom from restraint and 
 independence. He has developed one of the 
 finest properties in Schuyler County, has ex- 
 cellent buildings, fences and general improve- 
 
 ments, and the seeker might travel far and not 
 find so interesting and valuable a collection of 
 gentle, beautiful faced Jerseys. His farm con- 
 tains 235 acres of land, with ample facilities 
 for conducting the large Jersey-cattle business, 
 which has brought himself and son into the lime 
 light of agricultural publicity. He has taken 
 premiums for his stock at State and county fairs, 
 and is also extensively engaged in the breeding 
 and sale of Poland-China hogs, Southdown 
 sheep, of which he has fifty head, and Plymouth 
 Rock chickens. There are no better fowls of 
 this kind to be found in the State, or any that 
 bring higher prices for breeding purposes. The 
 entire place is spirited in its. enterprise and 
 progressive in its tendencies, and a model of 
 what may be achieved by a definite purpose and 
 high agricultural ideals. The stock raised on 
 this farm are never allowed to fall below grade, 
 and each and every animal which makes its 
 way to the market is regarded as an advertise- 
 ment, and a good one, for the firm it represents. 
 In 1S58 Mr. Whitson was united in marriage 
 to Alice Taylor, who died in 1861. His second 
 wife was Eliza (Bellamy) Whitson, whose death 
 occurred in 1904. James W. Whitson is the 
 father's only child. Mr. Whitson never has 
 sought the honors of political office, although he 
 stanchly supports the Democratic party. In 
 religion he adheres to the Methodist Episcopal 
 faith. He is one of the wealthy and influential 
 men of Schuyler County, having a reputation 
 for fairness, progressivenes and public spirited- 
 ness. He is personally very popular, and enjoys 
 the good will and companionship of a large circle 
 of friends. The changes that have taken place 
 during the past seventy years have been care- 
 fully noted by this large hearted and success- 
 ful stock-man, and for at least fifty years he 
 has been an active factor in bringing about the 
 present prosperity. Three score years and ten 
 find him the possessor of a cheery disposition, a 
 well balanced mind, and a memory stored with 
 facts which are indispensable to the complete 
 history of Schuyler County. 
 
 WILLARD, Burton 0. — A practical demonstra- 
 tion of the results obtainable by a union of 
 singleness of purpose, good judgment and large 
 capacity for industry is found in the career of 
 Burton O. Willard. a legal practitioner of Rush- 
 ville, 111., since March, 1805, Chairman of the 
 Republican County Committee since 1900, mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Education since 1902. 
 and Ex-City Attorney. Mr. Willard is a product 
 of the farming contingent of Littleton Township, 
 Schuyler County, 111., where he was born June 
 14, 1868. His remote paternal ancestors pur- 
 sued their avocations in England, and the fam- 
 ily was first represented in America by his pa- 
 ternal great-grandfather. Samuel Willard. who 
 settled in Massachusetts. George Willard. the pa- 
 ternal grandfather, was born in Boston, and 
 married Rachel Garrett, a native of the Hoosier 
 State. Patrick Willard, father of Burton 0„ 
 was born in Browning, Schuyler County, 111., 
 
HISTOKY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 971 
 
 and married Anna G. Garrett, a native of Kick- 
 apoo, 111., Mrs. Willard was a daughter of 
 John Garrett, born in Lexington, Ky., in 1830, 
 and Sarah E. (Williamson) Garrett, born in 
 Wheeling, W. Va., Her grandparents, Thomas 
 J. and Susan (Wagoner) Garrett, were born 
 in Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Educated primarily in the public schools Of 
 Illinois. Burton O. Willard next entered the 
 Rushville Normal College from which he was 
 graduated in 1891. From the age of twenty- 
 one to twenty-four he both taught and attended 
 school, at the same time taking up the study of 
 law, which resulted in his admission to the bar 
 November 22, 1894. Since attaining maturity 
 he has beet increasingly enthusiastic over Re- 
 publican polities, and locally has proved one of 
 the stanchest and must popular supporters of his 
 party. In 1890 he was the unsuccessful candi- 
 date for State's Attorney, and in 1807 was 
 elected City Attorney, serving two terms. In 
 1900 he became Chairman of the Republican 
 County Committee, in which capacity he now 
 is serving his third term. He was appointed to 
 the State Board of Education in 1902 by Gov- 
 ernor Yates. In 1900 he represented the Fif- 
 teenth Congressional District in the Electoral 
 College. 
 
 August 31, 1892, Mr. Willard was united in 
 marriage to Ida Barton, a native of Coopers- 
 town, 111., and of the union there i* a son, Paul 
 B. Mr. Willard is fraternally a Mason, and in 
 religion, is a Presbyterian. During the eleven 
 years of his residence in Rushville, Mr. Willard 
 has maintained the highest tenets of his pro- 
 fession, and has proved himself a judicious and 
 faithful counselor, and a genial companion, con- 
 siderate friend and high-minded gentleman. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Wilburn L.— A recent adjunct to 
 the business life of Rushville is the photographic 
 studio of Wilburn L. Williams, a young and en- 
 thusiastic follower of an art which is in- 
 creasingly interesting and broadening. For the 
 greater part, Mr. Williams' thirty years of ex- 
 istence have been spent in Pana, 111., where 
 he was born in 1S75, a son of Wade Hampton 
 and Huldah (Briggs) Williams, the former a 
 native of North Carolina, and the latter ot 
 Missouri. The elder Williams at present is mak- 
 bag his home in Mount Sterling, Brown County, 
 111. 
 
 Wilburn L. Williams was educated in the 
 public schools of Pana, and after graduating 
 from the high-school, took a course in a busi- 
 ness college in Springfield. In the latter city, 
 he served an apprenticeship to a photographer, 
 and thereafter worked at his trade in Chicago, 
 whence he came to Rushville in 1905. Already he 
 has established an encouraging business and 
 has met with a generous response from a com- 
 munity glad to welcome within its boundaries 
 whatever shall tend to its greater growth and 
 enlightenment. He has natural artistic tenden- 
 cies, developed by constant research and ex- 
 perience, and understands to a nicety the sub- 
 
 tleties of lights and shadows, the possibilities ot 
 arrangements and the emphasizing of character- 
 Mil s through posture and expression. 
 
 In Lincoln, Neb., in 1S98, Mr. Williams was 
 united in marriage to Mildred Caruahan, and 
 of the union there is a daughter, Helen. Mr. 
 Williams is a consistent Democrat, but not in- 
 clined to either seek or accept official honors. A 
 genial personality Mid keen desire to please are 
 among the business qualifications which promise 
 increasing success to this popular promoter of 
 artistic photography. 
 
 WILSON, Thomas (deceased). — No personality 
 which invaded the infant community of Rusli- 
 ville in the later 'thirties erected a more en- 
 during monument to foresight and business saga- 
 city than did that of Thomas Wilson, farmer, 
 merchant, banker, churchman, and all-around 
 promoter of stable community conditions. For 
 seventy years, the firm of Wilson & Company 
 has been a central and compelling necessity 
 around which has gathered in turn, all of the 
 other commercial and industrial enterprises, and 
 nearly all of the residences which comprise the 
 town of Rushville. and it is not known that any 
 other business concern in Schuyler County has 
 had so long and continuous a tenure of activity. 
 ( toe reads in its changing fortunes practically 
 the entire history of the settlement. Its first 
 modest housing, its few commodities, its sub- 
 sequent enlargement and its present prosperity, 
 are all landmarks unerringly pointing to the 
 law of demand and supply which controls busi- 
 ness interests the world over. The oldest living 
 settlers never heard of a more jolly meeting 
 place than this old store of other days; no 
 larger crowds gathered anywhere, outside the 
 church, than used to settle upon its cracker 
 boxes and barrels and counters, to warm them- 
 selves at the ruddy stove and settle, after vig- 
 orous and sometimes physical persuasion, the 
 weighty questions of local or national import. 
 Mr. Wilson himself was the presiding genius 
 of the establishment for more than half a cen- 
 tury, and carefully guarded its growing import- 
 ance from 1837 until his lamented death, in 
 189S. 
 
 Thomas Wilson was born in County Tyrone, 
 Ireland, in 1812, and in the same county were 
 born his parents, Thomas and Jane (Greer) Wil- 
 son, whose marriage was solemnized in 1801. 
 Thomas Wilson. Sr., was born in 1768, and to 
 him is due the distinction of being one of the 
 first in that part of Ireland to unite with the 
 Methodist Church. His task of promoting that 
 faith was not an easy one, for there was much 
 opposition in the conservative neighborhood. Mr. 
 Wilson was a farmer by occupation and, ac- 
 cording to the standard of wealth prevailing in 
 the community, was in fairly prosperous circum- 
 stances. His son and namesake was reared also 
 to farming, but early felt the limitations by 
 which he was surrounded, and which, seemingly, 
 had satisfied the sinbition of his father. At 
 the age of twenty, he took a decided stand in 
 
972 
 
 HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 regard to his future, left all that he held dear 
 behind him, and came in a sailing-vessel to Amer- 
 ica, reaching Philadelphia in the fall of 1S32, 
 after a tempestuous voyage of seven weeks. 
 After a brief sojourn iu Philadelphia he went 
 to Lancaster County, Pa., then to Allegheny 
 County, in both of which places he worked as 
 a farm hand and saved a little money. Later 
 making his way to Pittsburg, he found various 
 kinds of employment, and there married, on 
 September 18, 1834, Susan Clarke, daughter of 
 John Clarke, with whom he continued to live 
 iu that city until 1S37, when, during the summer 
 of that year, he brought his wife overland in a 
 wagon to Schuyler County, 111., and at once es- 
 tablished the business with which his name ever 
 since has been connected. He had a bard, up- 
 hill fight at first, but he was a shrewd buyer, 
 a keen observer of the trend of affairs, and an in- 
 stinctive judge of human nature. What drew 
 him to this locality is a matter of conjecture 
 only, but he seems never to have hesitated in his 
 plans or, at any time in his career, to have re- 
 gretted his course. He drew the horoscope of 
 the locality with great foresight, and the com- 
 munity may he said to have lived up to his ex- 
 pectations. His business placed on a secure 
 footing, he sent to the old country for his father, 
 mother and other members of his family, but 
 the mother sickened and died on the journey, 
 and the reunion of which he so long had dreamed 
 was therefore incomplete. The father made his 
 home with his children in the county, and, at 
 the time of his death in December, 1854, was 
 living with his son Joseph, then a farmer in Han- 
 cock County, 111. 
 
 By 1870 the fortunes of Mr. Wilson had as- 
 sumed such substantial proportions that, recog- 
 nizing the need of a conservative banking es- 
 tablishment, in conjunction with James G. Mc- 
 Greery, he established the Farmers and Mer- 
 chants Bank of Rushville, which continued un- 
 til 1S74, when the business was closed and all 
 accounts paid in full. When the Bank of Schuy- 
 ler County was established in 1890, Mr. Wilson 
 became one of the largest stock-holders and 
 first President, serving until his death in 1S08. 
 
 While merchandising and banking consumed 
 the business energy of Mr. Wilson, he was no 
 less active and influential in church and social 
 matters. He was one of the pillars of the 
 Methodist Church, was a constant attendant 
 and contributed generously of his means to the 
 advancement of church interests. He was a gen- 
 erous and public-spirited citizen, and many who 
 were once downcast and discouraged owe their 
 start in life to his sympathy and practical as- 
 sistance. His home was one of the hospitable 
 places in the county, and the friends who visited 
 it and partook of the bounty of the merchant and 
 his whole-souled wife, were legion. Having suf- 
 ficent of this world's goods, no one ever went 
 from his door emptyhanded. There were few 
 local enterprises of a worthy nature which did 
 not, in some way, profit by his connection, and 
 the names of those he helped in his capacity as a 
 
 merchant are unnumbered. He was liberal with 
 his credit, and lenient with belated debtors, and 
 his patrons, who were temporarily in hard luck, 
 were sure of at least the necessities of life. 
 
 The three children now living of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Wilson are : Anna Jane, the wife of James 
 I'. Clark, a retired merchant of Springfield ; John 
 C. who is a large land-owner and lives on a 
 farm adjoining Rushville on the east; and 
 Amelia, the wife of John L. Sweeney, present 
 owner of the dry -goods establishment founded by 
 Mr. Wilson in 1837, and which is still operated 
 under the firm name of Wilson & Company. 
 Eleanor, a gifted and beautiful daughter of Mr. 
 ami Mrs. Wilson, after completing her education 
 at Montieello Female Seminary, at Godfrey,Ill., re- 
 turned to her home, was taken ill with a battling 
 disease, and died at the early age of twenty- 
 two. She had been the joy and sunshine of the 
 household, a student of the highest standing at 
 Montieello, and was greatly beloved for her gen- 
 tleness of disposition and sweetness of character. 
 Sarah E., the deceased wife of H. B. Graff, 
 passed away in 1882, leaving a family of four 
 children, two of whom are now living: Wilbur 
 W., a mining engineer, of Ishpeming, Mich., and 
 John C. a partner of Graff & Co., Grain Mer- 
 chants at Rushville, 111. 
 
 Of this pioneer merchant of Rushville, too 
 much cannot be said in recognition of his 
 noble and generous character, or of the incal- 
 culable benefit to humanity and the community 
 conferred by his life and work. Sufficient 
 that he left a fragrant and helpful memory, and 
 that his name is enshrined among the real work- 
 ers and the true men of the city of Rushville. 
 
 YARBROUGH, James.— The rise from obscurity 
 to wealth and influence of James Yarbrough is 
 represented by the extremes of chopping wood 
 and rafting by the day, and owning, through 
 individual effort and good judgment, 553 acres 
 of splendid land in Schuyler County, 111., located 
 on Sections 24. 35 and 2G, Camden Township, 
 and Section 13, Buena Vista Township. The 
 experiences of this well known and highly hon- 
 ored farmer have been diversified in the extreme, 
 and to say that he has profited by them all is 
 to attribute to him that ambition and resource- 
 fulness which have been the guiding elements 
 of bis career. A resident of Schuyler County 
 for the past thirty-four years, Mr. Yarbrough's 
 earliest impressions were received in Trimble 
 County. Ky., where he was born September 7, 
 1842. and of which his parents, James and 
 Mary (McPike) Yarbrough, were also natives. 
 James Yarbrough. Sr., was born in Kentucky, 
 March 1G. 1804, the son of William Yarbrough, 
 also a native of that State and member of a 
 pioneer family. He went to Missouri with his 
 son. James (I.) and entered land there, but 
 died in Kentucky in the 'fifties, his wife dying 
 later in the same State. 
 
 Mary (McPike) Yarbrough, wife of James 
 Yarbrough, Sr., and mother of the subject of this 
 sketch, was born December 1, 1801, the daugh- 
 
HISTOBY OF SCHUYLEB COUNTY. 
 
 973 
 
 ter of Edward and Sarah (Van Cleve) McPike, 
 the former bom March 15, 1772, and the latter, 
 March 14, 17S0. The Yarbroughs were of 
 German descent, while the McPikes were of 
 Irish ancestry, and both families were closely 
 identified with frontier life in Kentucky. Some of 
 the cousins of Mrs. Mary (McPike) Yarbrough 
 were captured by the Indians and held in bondage 
 for a considerable time. Finally, having been 
 allowed the privilege of hunting and making it a 
 practice to venture a little farther from the 
 camp each day. in time they succeeded in making 
 their escape. 
 
 In 1854, the family of James Yarbrough, Sr., 
 moved to the vicinity of Palmyra, Marion 
 County, Mo., and there his death occurred iu 
 1858, only four years after going to that region. 
 His wife, who survived him until 1S63, was the 
 mother of seven children, four of whom are liv- 
 ing : William, in Marion County, Mo. ; Mary, 
 widow of John Pryor. of the same locality ; 
 Lucy, widow of William Scott, of Audrain 
 Count}-, Mo. ; James, of Schuyler County, 111. ; 
 Sarah, deceased wife of Jeptha Lake, who is 
 also deceased ; Thomas, who was killed at a 
 house-raising at the age of fifteen ; and Nancy, 
 who died at the age of four years. The father 
 of this family was a man of quiet tastes and dis- 
 position, a lover of home, wife and children, and 
 a friend and pioneer of the sturdy, dependable 
 sort. 
 
 James Yarbrough. Jr., was tweleve years of 
 age when he accompanied his parents and the 
 rest of the family to Missouri, and there, as 
 in his native State, he attended the subscription 
 schools until his sixteenth year. He then began 
 to work by the month for farmers in Marion 
 County, and in 1862, with a neighbor by the 
 name of Garrett, came to Adams County, 111., 
 to cut timber by the day. In the spring of 
 1863 he came to Schuyler County, and began 
 cutting wood for a Mr. Ingles, but later, building 
 a raft just below Ripley, on Crooked Creek, 
 floated the same to the Illinois River, and thence 
 down the Mississippi to St Louis. He continued 
 in this occupation, in connection with Mr. B. 
 H. Ingles, with fair financial success, until his 
 marriage, November 29, 1S64, to Elizabeth J. 
 Ingles, daughter of B. H. Ingles, his former em- 
 ployer and partner. Mr. Ingles came from 
 Kentucky to Schuyler County, where he was 
 one of the early pioneers. After his marriage, 
 Mr. Yarbrough rented a farm of Chris Briggle, 
 in Woodstock Township, a year later renting an- 
 other farm, and continuing as a renter in Illinois 
 until his removal a second time to Missouri in 
 the summer of 1S69. Then purchasing a farm," 
 he tilled the same until disposing of it in 1871, 
 when he returned to Schuyler County and 
 rented land in Camden Township. About 1874. 
 he bought a 100-acre tract of land in Section 
 26, Camden Township, which was improved, 
 having on it a small frame building. With this 
 insufficient nucleus, he set about creating an 
 ideal country home, and that he succeeded almost 
 beyond reasonable expectations is apparent to 
 
 all who stray within its borders. He has con- 
 tinued to add to his holdings until he now owns 
 558 acres, all of it tillable and under a high 
 state of cultivation. 
 
 The first wife of Mr. Yarbrough died iu Sep- 
 tember, 1881, leaving only two of her seven 
 children living: Annie, wife of Charles Unger, 
 of Rushville, and mother of Edna Belle; and 
 Bartlett, a farmer of Camden Township, who 
 married Fannie Greene and has two sons, — 
 Paul and James. In March 1882, Mr. Yarbrough 
 married J. Edwena Unger, and of their union 
 there were seven children : Edward E., Charles 
 W., Lucille, S. Lillian, Lawrence U., Grover and 
 Arthur J. Edward E., married Bertha E. Race, 
 of Camden, 111., on June 13, 1904, resides on 
 a la nn in Camden Township, and nas one child, 
 Elva Edwena ; Charles W., is assisting in the 
 management of the home farm; Lucille is a 
 graduate of the Rushville Normal and Business 
 College, and is one of the handsomest and most 
 accomplished young ladies of Schuyler County. 
 a splendid entertainer and an excellent cook; 
 Grover died at the age of two years ; and Arthur 
 J. barely survived his second year. In political 
 affiliation, Mr. Yarbrough is a Democrat, and 
 though always averse to office-holding, has served 
 acceptably as Assessor of Camden Township. He 
 is one of the very active and progressive men 
 of his community, and has done much to promote 
 high class stock-raising and scientific general 
 farming. His farm is a model of neatness and 
 thrift, and his standing as a man and farmer Is 
 unexcelled. 
 
 YOUNG, James Henry. — James H. Young, as- 
 sistant cashier of the Bank of Rushville, Schuy- 
 ler Count)', 111., is one of the most promising 
 financiers and young business men of the locality, 
 besides being an officer and stock-holder of the 
 institution named, having farming and other in- 
 terests of considerable magnitude. He was born 
 on the home farm near Rushville, Buena Vista 
 Township. Schuyler County, on December 10, 
 1876, and is a son of John Alexander and Mary 
 (Clark) Young, being the fourth child. Hi's 
 father was a man ot such importance in the de- 
 velopment of the county that a review of his 
 life is published in another part of this work. 
 
 The mother, formerly Mary L. Clark, is the 
 youngest of a family of the children born to the 
 Rev. John and Ann (Ohern) Clark, both natives 
 of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania. The father was an 
 able and prominent minister of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, and in 1891 was elected 
 President of the Ohio Conference, which met in 
 Cincinnati in June of that year. He was sent 
 west to secure the location of the Dearborn Col- 
 lege, which was finally founded at Lawrenceburg, 
 Ind., and in 1843 came to Rushville, Schuyler 
 County, bought land in the vicinity, and made 
 the locality the headquarters of his work. He 
 remained a highly honored resident of Buena 
 Vista Township for many years, his death oc- 
 curring at Detroit, Mich., and his remains being 
 brought home and buried in the cemetery near 
 
074 
 
 HISTOEY OF SCHUYLEE COUNTY. 
 
 Rushville, where also reposed the body of his 
 wife who had died February 2, 1887. 
 
 Rev. John Clark was the son of John and 
 Eleanor Clark, who were natives of County Ty- 
 rone, Ireland, and with their parents were ar- 
 dent adherents of the Reformation under John 
 Wesley. Under its influence their family were 
 raised, and in 1814 the family removed to Pitts- 
 burg, where the sou, John, received the most of 
 his education under the careful tutelage of his 
 father, who for several years was a professional 
 teacher. On November 10, 182C, Rev. John 
 Clark married Ann Oheru, and the following 
 year entered the traveling ministry of the Prot- 
 estant Methodist Church, iu which he filled 
 some of the most important stations, being chosen 
 delegate to each of its General Conferences 
 while he remained identified with that denomina- 
 tion. After locating in Schuyler County, in 1843, 
 he united with the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 continuing to work as a traveling missionary, 
 and for a number of years served as pastor of 
 the First Methodist Episcopal Church at Rush- 
 ville. On May 18, 1896, lie passed to his heav- 
 enly reward, and in his death the church lost 
 one of its strongest members and the county one 
 of its revered citizens. 
 
 James H. Young was reared upon the home 
 farm near Rushville. and early attended the dis- 
 trict school, afterwards attending public school 
 at Rushville, and the Normal and Business Col- 
 lege, and graduating from the last named insti- 
 tution in the class of 1895. Immediately there- 
 after he entered the employ of Roach & Tetriek. 
 and continued in their service and in the employ 
 of their successors for five years, resigning then 
 to accept the position of assistant cashier of the 
 Rank of Rushville. Iu 1908 he was one of the 
 organizers of the Schuyler County Fair Asso- 
 ciation and became its first secretary. He has 
 been an indefatigable worker in matters of public 
 interest and few young men have built up a ruore 
 extended acquaintance. 
 
 On September 26, 1891, Mr. Young was united 
 in marriage, at Chicago, 111., to Elizabeth Frances 
 Patterson, daughter of James Marsh and Mary 
 (Hamilton) Patterson, born at Jacksonville, 111., 
 on July 21. 1875. One child resulted from this 
 union, namely : James Russell Young, bom July 
 10, 1903. The parents arc active members of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. Mrs. Young is 
 an accomplished and refined lady, and the pleas- 
 ant family residence on West Washington Street 
 has in her a presiding mistress who has made it 
 the center of much high-minded sociability. Mr. 
 Young is also a cultured and sociable gentleman, 
 as well as careful, honorable and enterprising. 
 Ili> is a Republican in politics, and in 1897-1898, 
 served as Alderman of the First Ward of the 
 city of Rushville (his election to this office be- 
 ing almost unanimous), and proved a careful and 
 efficient public official. Fraternally, he is iden- 
 tified with Schuyler Lodge. No. 209, K. of P. 
 
 YOUNG, John Alexander. — Four generations of 
 the Young family have promoted the industries 
 
 and shared in the stimulating life of Schuyler 
 County, 111. The first of the name to believe in 
 the rare possibilities of this part of the State 
 was John Young, an ambitious young Irishman 
 who hied away from his verdant isle with a pur- 
 pose both strong and splendid, and a courage 
 which utterly failed to recognize the ordinary 
 obstacles of life. Landing in New York after a 
 tempestuous voyage, he made his way to Phila- 
 delphia, and after a brief sojourn there, under- 
 took the long journey by water, stage and ox- 
 team to Rushville, 111., where he found warm 
 welcome from a small number of settlers who 
 had braved the dangers from Indians, game and 
 the terrible cold of long winters. So pleased was 
 be with the prospects in the new country that 
 he sent for his parents in Ireland, and when they 
 arrived went to live with them on the farm which 
 they purchased in Buena Vista Township. The 
 oldest of four children, of whom the others were 
 named William E., Alexander, Margaret and 
 Elizabeth, he helped to till this early farm with 
 the crude implements known to the general west- 
 ern farming population of the latter 'twenties and 
 was soon united in marriage, at Rushville, 111., 
 to a daughter of Hugh McCreery, a native of 
 Ireland, who had accompanied him to America. 
 The young people went to housekeeping in a 
 small log cabin with scant furnishings, and with 
 practically none of the comforts and advantages 
 of the present time, planned for a systematic 
 unfolding of their dreams and hopes. 
 
 It was not given to John Young to realize his 
 expectations to any appreciable extent, for death 
 claimed him February 8, 1835, three years after 
 the birth of his son, John Alexander Youug, 
 June 14, 1832. His youngest child, James M., 
 died in infancy. 
 
 From early boyhood John Alexander Young 
 was self-sustaining, and in his search for work 
 on various farms belonging to neighbors and 
 relatives, he was often separated from his 
 mother. However, when arrived at about six- 
 teen years of age he was in a position to take his 
 mother back to the old place upon which his 
 father had settled in 1S32. Ambition called him 
 in 1852 to the far western coast, where he lived 
 for six years, and was engaged iu mining, agri- 
 culture aud merchandising. He went to the gold 
 fields in an ox-train, taking about six months to 
 span the distance between the Missouri line and 
 the Mecca of his fortune-making expectations, 
 lie achieved reasonable success, and returning to 
 the East by way of Panama and New York City, 
 stopped for a visit with his friends and relatives 
 in Philadelphia. Again in Schuyler County, he 
 resumed agricultural pursuits, and made many 
 fine improvements on the time-honored old farm. 
 Originally consisting of 130 acres, he sold twenty 
 acres to defray his expenses to the coast, but 
 later added to his possessions until he owned 
 580 acres in one body. The farm was well 
 stocked and housed and under a high state of 
 cultivation. Mr. Young devoted much time and 
 study to the breeding of high grade stock, and his 
 farm was the local headquarters for all that was 
 
HISTORY OF SCHUYLER COUNTY. 
 
 975 
 
 fine and dependable in this department of coun- 
 try activity. He had a large herd of Short-horn 
 cattle, fine horses and hogs, and raised besides 
 the general products associated with the soil and 
 climate of the Central West. 
 
 He was a studious and ever progressive hinds- 
 man, and established and maintained a high 
 standard of country life and work. 
 
 October 13, 1S69, Mr. Young was united in 
 marriage to Mary L. Clark, daughter of Rev. 
 John Clark, and born in Schuyler County, 111., 
 April 1. 1S47. She was a broad-minded, sympa- 
 thetic. Christian woman, devoted to her family 
 and friends, and of inestimable help to her hus- 
 band in the acquiring of his substantial compe- 
 tence. Her death, May 15, 1878, was regretted 
 by the entire community, for her hospitality and 
 unfailing kindness had drawn to her an unusual 
 degree of respect and appreciation. November 
 24, 1881, Mr. Young married Elizabeth DeWitt, 
 daughter of James DeWitt, an honored pioneer 
 of Schuyler County. Mrs. Young was born in 
 Littleton, Schuyler County, May 22, 1855, and 
 had the average advantages of the young people 
 of her time and place. She is the mother of 
 five children : Mary Euphemia, born in Rush- 
 ville, September 19, 1882, wife of Frank Hare, of 
 
 Rushville; John DeWitt, born April 5, 1894; 
 Dwight McCreery, born September 28, 1885; El- 
 len Little, bora April 16, 1S88; and William 
 Hugh, born April 26, 1893. By his first marriage 
 Mr. Young had four children: Carl Clark, Anna 
 Florence, Sarah Eleanor, and James Henry. 
 Carl Clark, born August 9. 1S70, married Lillian 
 Crandall, May 26, 1S97, and is engaged in the 
 real estate business in Kansas City, Mo.; Anna 
 Florence, born August 3, 1X72, was married at 
 Rushville, September 5, 1901, to Joseph Edgar 
 Neff, a graduate of DePauw University and for 
 years assistant principal of schools of Rushville, 
 who died in South Bend, Ind.. March 12, 1905; 
 Sarah Eleanor, born August 23, 1874, was mar- 
 ried May 6, 1896, to James H. Nell. She has 
 three children, — Mary Eleanor Nell, born in 
 Rushville, September 11, 1897; Florence Lillian, 
 born March 18, 1899, and Edna Maxine, born 
 May 6, 1903. James Henry Young, born in 
 Rushviile, December 10, 1876. was married in 
 Rushville. September 26, 1901, to Elizabeth 
 Frances Patterson, of Chicago, daughter of 
 James Marsh and Mary (Hamilton) Patterson, 
 liorn July 24, 1875, and mother of James Russell 
 Young, born July 10, 1903. 
 
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