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 OUTLINES AND REFERENCES 
 
 FOR AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY OF 
 
 EUROPEAN HISTORY 
 
 FROM THE THIRD TO THE THIRTEENTH 
 CENTURY 
 
 [CHAPTERS I-VII] 
 
 BY 
 KARLK \V. DOW 
 
 ANN ARBOR, MICHIGAN 
 
 GEORGE WAHR 
 
 IQ08 
 
I' IWU UOOICS KBtw.vjy ij 
 
 Copyright, 1908, 
 by 
 
 E. W. Dow 
 
 /^-2^^YP 
 

 NOTE 
 
 The references accompanying the following outlines are distributed as 
 they are with the object of indicating on the even-numbered pages matter 
 which may suffice for a bare minimum of reading and study, and on the 
 other pages matter in which the various topics may be pursued farther. 
 
I 
 
 The Roman Empire, especially from the Third Century' 
 
 A very short treatment, helpful as far as it goes, is to be 
 found in Robinson, Introduction to Jl'cstern European History, 
 p. 8-18. 
 
 For a short account which should prove more satisfactory, 
 see one of the better high school text-books, for example : Adams, 
 European History: or Myers, Aneient History; or West, Ancient 
 History; or Wolfson, Essentials in Ancient History; or Botsford, 
 History of Rome; or Morey. Outlines of Roman History. 
 
 A clear general view is given by Mr. Hodgkin, in his Dynasty 
 of TJieodosius, p. 1-54. 
 
 1. Development of the Empire 
 
 1. Roman expansion. 
 
 The extent of the Empire at different stages of its develop- 
 ment is shown in Dow, Atlas of European History, 3. 
 
 Some idea of the full extent of the Empire is conveyed by 
 Mr. Hodgkin, in Dynasty, p. 3 (from bottom) — 7. 
 
 2. The Republic and the Principate. 
 
 The general governmental difference between Rome before 
 the emperors and Rome under the emperors is set forth in broad 
 outline in Hodgkin, Dynasty, p. 7-17. 
 
 3. The age of the Antonines.- 
 
 2. Troubles of the Third Century^ 
 
 3. Revival of the Central Power 
 
 1. Diocletian (284-305) and the tetrarchy.* 
 
 The conditions Diocletian found and the great objects he 
 aimed at are briefly stated in Hodgkin. Dynasty, p. 19 23. 
 
 2. Constantine the Great (306-337).^ 
 
 3. Constantine's successors, until Theodosius 
 
 (379-395)-' 
 
' Students who already have some knowledge of later Roman 
 history should find of use the general treatment in Bury, Later 
 Roman Empire, vol. I, p. 1-58, or (for those who read French) 
 that in Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generalc, vol. I, ch. i. 
 
 In the way of longer general accounts the works of Gibbon 
 and Hodgkin are especially interesting: Gibbon, Decline and Fall, 
 as referred to farther along; Hodgkin, Italy and- her Invaders, 
 book I, chs. ii, iii-ix, and book III, ch. iii. 
 
 For an excellent short description of institutions under the 
 later Empire, see Esmein, Histoire du Droit FranQais, p. 1-35. 
 
 The best general treatment in English of conditions under the 
 declining Empire is Dill, Roman Society in the Last Century of 
 the Western Empire. 
 
 ' A most interesting general view of the Empire in the second 
 century of the Christian era is given by Gibbon in the first three 
 chapters of his great History of the Decline and Fall of the 
 Roman Empire. 
 
 An important recent work in English relating to this time is 
 Dill, Roman Society from Nero to Marcus Aurelius. 
 
 ' The troubles which came to the Empire between the time of 
 the Antonines and that of Diocletian are majestically set forth by 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, chs. iv-vii, x-xii. 
 
 ^ Gibbon treats the work of Diocletian in his chapter xiii. 
 
 ^ Gibbon deals with Constantine in his chapters xiv, xvii, xviii. 
 
 On the foundation of Constantinople, see also Bury. Later 
 Roman Empire, vol. I, p. 50-58; and Oman, Byzantine Empire, 
 ch. ii. 
 
 " There is an interesting volume on Julian in the "Heroes of 
 the Nations" series: Gardner, Julian. Philosopher and Emperor. 
 
4. Reorganization of the Imperial Administration^ 
 
 A brief and informal description of the imperial bureaucracy 
 of Diocletian's time and after is given in Hodgkin, Dynasty, 
 P- 33-44- 
 
 1. The official hierarchy. 
 
 2. Separation of military and civil fitnctions. 
 
 3. New administrative divisions. 
 These divisions are shown in Dow, Atlas, 4. 
 
 5. Social Changes and the Fiscal Regime 
 
 The great contrast between the rich and the poor and the 
 position of the curials are brietly set forth in Hodgkin, Dynasty, 
 P- 44-54- 
 
 1. The landed aristocracy and the beginnings of 
 
 serfdom.** 
 
 2. Principal taxes under the later Empire. 
 
 3. Role of the curial class in reference to taxes." 
 
 6. Intellectual Life, and Morals, under the Later Empire< 
 
'' The organization of the Roman government in the fourth 
 century is described in Bury. Later Roman Empire, I, p. 37-49; 
 Gibbon, Decline and Fall, in ch. xvii ; Hodgkin, Italy and her 
 Invaders, book I, ch. iii. The chief source of our knowledge of it 
 is a register of the offices of the Empire drawn up about the end 
 of the fourth century, extracts from which have been translated 
 by William Fairley, in the Univ. of Penn. "Translations and 
 Reprints," vol. VI. No. 4. 
 
 * To this applies an adaptation from G. Bloch's scholarly 
 account of Roman society in Gaul in tome P of the Lavisse 
 Histoire de France: see Munro and Sellery, Medieval Ciinliza- 
 tion, p. 18-33. 
 
 " A further adaptation from Bloch treats of this and the 
 preceding point : see Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, 
 P- 34-43- 
 
 " An adaptation of a part of the Bloch account referred to 
 above appears in Munro and Sellery, Medieval Cii'ilication. p. 3-17, 
 under the title, "Victory of the Latin Language." 
 
 For fuller treatments in English, consult Dill, Roman Society 
 in the Last Century of the Western Empire, book V ; Glover, Life 
 and Letters in the Fourth Century; Taylor, Classical Heritage of 
 the Middle Ages, especially chs. iii-v. 
 
II 
 
 The Christian Church in the Roman Empire' 
 
 There is a very short general view in Robinson, Introduction, 
 p. 18-22 and the beginning of chapter iv. 
 
 ]\Iore helpful may be the account in a high school text-book 
 (Adams, Myers, West, Wolfson, Botsford, or Moray). 
 
 Consult also Emerton, Introditction to the Middle Ages, at 
 the beginning of ch. ix. 
 
 1. Its Beginnings, Spread, and Early Organization- 
 
 A short presentation of points especially emphasized by the 
 Christians can be found in Adams, Civilizatiou During the Middle 
 Ages, ch. iii. 
 
' x\ general account of medium length can be found in the 
 earlier chapters of Fisher, History of the Christian Church, or 
 Newman, Manual of Church History. Considerable use can be 
 made also of Sohm, Outlines of Church History, div. I, chs. i-iii ; 
 and Sheppard, Fall of Rome, lectures xii and xiii. 
 
 Fuller general treatments are to be found in the larger church 
 histories : Alzog, the best from the Catholic side ; Gieseler, valu- 
 able especially for quotations from sources; Kurtz; Moeller, dry- 
 but scholarly and useful ; Neander ; Schafif. Especially serviceable 
 is Milman, History of Latin Christianity, and Gregorovius. His- 
 tory of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages. 
 
 Many of the sources relating to the church in this period are 
 accessible in English. Of primary importance are the works of 
 early Christian writers, like Augustine, Eusebius, and Jerome, of 
 which there are translations in the Bohn Library or in the 
 Libraries of Ante-Nicene, Nicene, and Post-Nicene Fathers. 
 Available also in Gwatkin, Selections from Early Writers Illus- 
 trative of Church History to the Time of Constantine. 
 
 - The most important recent work on the spread of the church 
 under the Empire is by A. Harnack, Die Mission und Ausbrci- 
 tung des Christentums in den crstcn drci Jahrhiiudcrtcn ; there is 
 an English translation of the first edition. 
 
 A scholarly and useful work is Ramsay, The Church in the 
 Roman Empire before 170 A. D. 
 
 Concerning the organization of the church, consult especially 
 Hatch, The Organization of the Early Christian Churches. 
 
 The student may" do well to acquaint himself here with the 
 strong work by Mr. Leckey, History of European Morals from 
 Augustus to Charlemagne, particularly chapters iii and iv. A 
 suggestive volume touching on the same subject is Bigg, The Task 
 of the Church in the Roman Empire. 
 
 Gibbon, in the famous fifteenth chapter of his Decline and 
 Fall, sets forth what seemed to him the principal reasons for the 
 spread of the church. 
 
2. Persecutions'^ 
 
 3. Victory of the Church 
 
 Some measures of the Roman government in behalf of 
 Christians and the church are quoted in Robinson, Readings in 
 European History, sections 6 and ~. 
 
 1. Imperial toleration and supremacy. 
 
 a. Constantine and the policy of toleration. 
 
 b. The Council of Nicea (325). 
 
 2. The end of paganism.* 
 
 4. The State Church 
 
 1. Its faith.^ 
 
 On the early conception of a catholic church, see Cyprian, as 
 quoted in Robinson, Readings, p. 19-21. 
 
 2. Its government. 
 
 3. The monks.'' 
 
 St. Jerome, one of the church fathers, was long a monk ; for 
 ideas of his on the hermit's life, see Robinson, Readings, p. 80-87. 
 
 10 
 
•'The standard work on the subject is Allard. Histoirc dcs 
 Persecutions, 5 volumes. A shorter and more popular account, by 
 the same writer, is Le. Christianisme et I' Empire Romain. 
 
 Ramsay, in chs. x-xiv of the work already cited, discusses the 
 persecutions of the first two centuries and in ch. xv gives a sum- 
 mary on "Cause and Extent of Persecution." 
 
 Gibbon, in his chapter sixteen, treats of the conduct of the 
 Roman government toward the Christians from Nero to Constan- 
 tine. 
 
 Interesting extracts from the sources concerning the persecu- 
 tions are to be found in Munro, The Early Christian Persecu- 
 tions, in Univ. of Penn. "Translations and Reprints," vol. IV, 
 
 * Consult Dill, Roman Society in the last Century, etc., book I. 
 
 ^ The canons and creeds adopted by the first four general 
 councils are edited by E. K. Mitchell in the Pennsylvania "Trans- 
 lations and Reprints," vol. TV, no. 2. 
 
 "Wishart begins his Short History of Monks and Monas- 
 teries with two chapters on early monasticism in the east and in 
 the west. General surveys of the subject are to be found also in 
 the church histories ; and in Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. xxxvii. 
 
 H. O. Taylor, in The Classical Heritage of the Middle Ages, 
 ch. vii, treats of the origins and character of Christian monas- 
 ticism. 
 
 Charles Kingsley's Hermits contains much from the sources 
 and is absorbingly interesting. 
 
 For lives of Antony, Paulus, and Hilarion, and other writings, 
 see in Niccnc and Post-Nicene Fathers. 
 
 Appropriate reading here is Tennyson's poem on "St. Simeon 
 Stvlites." 
 
 11 
 
Ill 
 
 Invasions from the North and Fall of the Empire in the West' 
 
 A useful outline account is given in Robinson, Introduction, 
 ch. iii. 
 
 ]\Iaps illustrating the subject are to be found in Dow, Atlas, 
 5. Also, an easily accessible map of the routes of the invaders is 
 given in Robinson, Introduction, after p. 26. 
 
 1. The Barbarian World 
 
 1. General \'iew.- 
 
 2. The eaii_\- Germans."^ 
 
 Our chief original sources of information here are writings of 
 Caesar and Tacitus. The little that Caesar wrote of the Germans 
 in general may be read in the Univ. of Penn. "Translations and 
 Reprints," vol. VM, no. 3, or in Ogg. Source Book of Mcdicci'al 
 History, sec. i. In sec. 2 of the Ogg, the longer description by 
 Tacitus is gi\'en in i)art.* 
 
 The ordinary life of a (lerman village, the political institu- 
 tions of the Teutonic races, and the development of confederacies 
 among the Teutons, are described in Hodgkin, Dynasty, p. 54-75. 
 
 ^. Relation,s between Germans and Romans.' 
 
 2. Breaking of the Danube Frontier; Invasion of the Visigoths 
 
 Short and very interesting accounts on topics 1-4 are to be 
 found in Hodgkin, Dynasty, p. 75-86; 86-90, 95-98; 107-108, iio- 
 116, 133 ; 134-168. 
 
 1. The Goths on the eve of entering- the Empire. 
 
 2. Entrance of the \'isiooths into the Empire ; battle 
 
 of Adrianople, 378.*' 
 
 3. Theodosiu? and the A'isigoths. 
 
 12 
 
' Those who read French can make use of Lavisse and Ram- 
 baud. Histoirc Generale, vol. I, ch. ii. 
 
 Long treatments easy to read and almost always interestmg 
 may be found in Gibbon, Decline and Fall, and Hodgkin, Italy and 
 her Invaders. Very readable also and often quite suggestive is 
 Villari, Barbarian Invasions of Italy. 
 
 A considerable part of the subject is treated in Bradley, The 
 Goths (in "The Story of the Nations" series). 
 
 This period is studied sympathetically, especially in one of its 
 principal men, in McCabe, St. Augustine and his Age. 
 
 Charles Kingsley's Roman and the Teuton compels reading 
 but is not ahvays trustworthy as history. 
 
 ' Brief accounts of the distribution of peoples before the 
 invasions are to be found in Thatcher and Schwill, Europe in the 
 Middle Age. p. 15-21, and Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Gen- 
 erale, vol. L P- 47-51- 
 
 ' Among short treatments are Gibbon, Decline and Fall, ch. 
 ix (a famous chapter) ; Green, History of the English People, 
 Harper edition, vol. L p. 7-20; Henderson, Short History of 
 Germany, p. i-ii. 
 
 Alore detailed, and very good, is Gummere, Germanic Origins. 
 . For a good short account in German, with reference to insti- 
 tutions, see Schroeder, Lehrbuch der deutschen Rcchtsgeschichte 
 p. 8-87. 
 
 ^ The Germania of Tacitus translated in full may easily be 
 had in the Univ. of Penn. "Translations and Reprints,"' vol. VL 
 no. 3. 
 
 " These relations are recounted briefly in Lavisse and Ram- 
 baud, Histoire Generale, p. 55-58. 
 
 " Arnmianus Marcellinus. to whom we are largely indebted for 
 our information about this period, closed his Roman History with 
 the death of Emperor Valens at Adrianople. A translation of his 
 work, by C. D. Yonge, forms part of the Bohn Library. Quota- 
 tions from it, on the crossing of the Danube by the Goths and 
 the battle of 378, are given in Ogg, Source Book. sees. 3 and 4. 
 
 13 
 
4- The Visigoths under Alaric ; invasion of Italy and 
 sack of Rome.' 
 
 5. EstabHshment of the Msigoths in Gaul and Spain. 
 
 3. Other Invaders and Invasions 
 
 1. Invasions across the Rhine, into Gaul and Spain; 
 
 by Suevi, Vandals. Alani, Burgundians, and 
 Franks. 
 
 2. Invasions into Britain. 
 
 3. Invasion of the Huns. 
 
 A short and interesting account of the Huns until the break- 
 up of Attila's empire will be found in Hodgkin, Dynasty, p. 80- 
 85, iSo-203. 
 
 The description given of the Huns by Ammianus Marcellinus 
 is quoted in Ogg, Source Book, sec. 5 (b). 
 
 a. The Huns before the accession of Attila. 
 
 b. The Huns under Attila.^ 
 
 c. Extinction of the Hunnish empire. 
 
 4. The Vandals in Africa and Italy, under Gaiseric. 
 
 The conquering and plundering career of the Vandals under 
 Gaiseric is described briefly in Hodgkin, Dynasty, p. 209-232. 
 
 a. The gaining of Africa. 
 
 b. Invasion of Italy ; sack of Rome, 455. 
 
 4. Barbarian Control of the Emperorship in the West 
 
 1. Weakness of the Roman administration.'-* 
 
 For a short and exceptionally good discussion of the causes 
 of Rome's decline, see Adams. Medieval Civilisation, p. 76-8S. 
 
 2. The emperorship from Maximus to Romulus Augus- 
 
 tulus, 455-476. 
 
' Pagans argued that so great ill-tortune was due to the anger 
 of the old gods, since Rome had rejected them and chosen the 
 God of the Christians. To combat this argument, Augustine, the 
 most celebrated father of the western church, wrote his City of 
 God. A handy edition of it, in the Elizabethan translation of John 
 Healey, may be had in the "Temple Classics," three small vol- 
 umes. 
 
 ** On the great battle in Gaul, see Bury's edition of Gibbon, 
 vol. Ill, appendix, no. 28; also Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, 
 vol. II, p. 138-152. 
 
 ° The various evidences and causes of the decline, of the 
 Roman Empire have formed a theme for many writers. Dill, 
 Roman Society in the Last Century, etc., book III (including two 
 chapters), deals especially with internal causes of decline. 
 
 Shorter and of good service is Hbdgkin, Italy and her 
 Invaders, book III, ch. ix. Mr. Hodgkin treats the same subject 
 in an article in the Contemporary Rei'iczv, January, 189S, entitled 
 "The Fall of the Roman Empire and its Lessons for Us." 
 
 Of special interest also are : Bury, Later Roman Empire, I, 
 p. 25-36; Cunningham, in Western Civilization, vol. I; and 
 Seeley, Roman Imperialism. 
 
 A useful digest of several works, with reference to causes of 
 the fall of the Empire, is to be found in the Edinburgh Review, 
 July, 1899: "The Fall of the Western Empire." 
 
 15 
 
a. Avitus (455-456), "Client of the Visgoths." 
 h. Supremacy of Ricimer (456-472) : Marjorian (457- 
 461) ; vSeverus III (461-465) ; Anthemius (467- 
 472), "Client of Byzantium." 
 c. Supremacy of Orestes: r)lyhrius (472). "Client of 
 the Vandals;" Glycerins (473), '"Client of the 
 Burg-undian ;" Julius Nepos (473-475). "Client 
 of Byzantium;" Romulus Augustulus (475-476). 
 "Son of Orestes." 
 
 3. Odovakar. "Soldier of Fortune." 
 
 For a very brief account of Odovakar (or Odoacer). see 
 either Emerton, Introduction to the Middle Ages, p. 51-52; or 
 Bemont and Monod, Medieval Europe, p. 52-53 ; or better, Oman, 
 Euro [ye 4/6-018, p. 1-5. 
 
 5. Invasion of Italy by the Ostrogoths, under Theodoric"' 
 
 For a very brief account, see either Emerton. Introduction. 
 p. 52-56. or Bemont and Monod. Medieval Europe, p. 55-62. 
 
 6. The Germans in the Empire' 
 
 16 
 
"* The account of the Ostrogoths under Theodoric in Oman, 
 Europe, p. 15-32, is clear and interesting. 
 
 Freeman has written on this subject in "The Goths at 
 Ravenna" ; see his Essays, 3rd series. 
 
 Mr. Hodgkin, in addition to the exhaustive treatment in his 
 Italy, etc., has contributed a volume on Theodoric to the "Heroes 
 of the Nations" series. 
 
 The correspondence of Cassiodorus, Theodoric's minister, has 
 survived and in condensed form is available in English : Letters 
 of Cassiodorus, translated by Hodgkin. 
 
 "Some matter on this subject, adapted from one of the writ- 
 ings of Lavisse, is to be found in Munro and Sellery, Medieval 
 Civilization, p. 44-59. Also, of special interest here is Dill, Roman 
 Societv in the Last Century, etc., book IV. 
 
 17 
 
IV 
 
 Roman Reaction in the East', and Germanic Rule in the West 
 
 For a short account relating to the first three topics outlined 
 here, see Bemont and Monod, Medieval Europe, ch. viii and sees. 
 1-5 of ch. ix. 
 
 1. Survival of the Empire in the East- 
 
 1. Its rulers. 
 
 2. Internal conditions. 
 
 3. Situation with reference to outsiders. 
 
 2. The Reign of Justinian, 527-565' 
 
 1. The new emperor and the first years of his reign.* 
 
 a. His character and aims. 
 
 b. Codification of the law.° 
 
 c. Struggle with Persia. 
 
 d. The hippodrome and the Nika sedition.*' 
 
 2. Struggle for the west.'^ 
 
 On the situation in western Europe at the beginning of the 
 struggle, see Dow. Atlas, "The New Kingdoms at the Death of 
 Theodoric (526)," on plate 5. 
 
 a. In Africa, against the Vandals. 
 
 b. In Italy, against the Ostrogoths.^ 
 
 c. In Spain. Survival of the Visigothic kingdom. 
 
 3. Wars of defense. 
 
 a. Against the Persians. 
 
 b. Against others, in the Balkan peninsula. 
 
 4. The emperor as builder. 
 
 5. Costs of the imperial policy ; and the plague. 
 
 18 
 
' The fullest and most scholarly treatments of this subject in 
 English may be found in Bury, Later Roman Empire, and 
 Holmes, The Age of Justinian and Theodora, a History of the 
 Sixth Century A. D. (2 vols.)- See also Oman, Byzantine Empire, 
 here and there, and in Finlay, History of Greece. 
 
 A convenient account in French is in Lavisse and Rambaud, 
 Histoire Gcnerale, vol. I, ch. iv. 
 
 - On this topic there is an account of medium length in 
 Oman, Europe 4/6-gi8, ch. iii. 
 
 " The student will find a discouraging amount of military 
 detail in Oman's Europe, etc., chs. v and vi, but by passing over 
 such matter rapidly he will probably find that these chapters give 
 the most serviceable short account in English of Justinian's reign. 
 
 There are articles by Bryce on Justinian in the Dictionary of 
 Christian Biography and the Britannica. 
 
 ■* Especially interesting is Gibbon, ch. xl. See also Hodgkin, 
 Italy and her Invaders, book IV, ch. xiv and part of ch. xv. 
 
 'See Sohm, in Institutes of the Roman Laiv: or Gibbon, 
 Decline and Fall, in ch. xliv. 
 
 On the fate of the Roman law after Justinian, see Sohm; or 
 in Hadley, Introduction to Roman Laze, lecture ii : "The Roman 
 Law since Justinian." 
 
 ''Very interesting and enlightening is the adaptation from 
 Charles Diehl in Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, p. 
 87-113- 
 
 ' Gibbon's account falls in chs. xli and xliii of the Decline 
 and Fall. 
 
 " To this subject Hodgkin devotes a large volume in his Italy 
 and her Invaders: "The Imperial Restoration." 
 
 19 
 
3. After the Reaction. More Invasions-' 
 
 1. Weakness of Justinian's successors: Justin II (565- 
 
 578): Tiberius II (578-582): Maurice (582-- 
 602) : Phocas (602-610). 
 
 2. Developments in the east. 
 
 3. Developments in the west. 
 
 a. In general. 
 
 h. Invasion of the Lombards. Division of Italy 
 between the Lombards and the Empire. 
 
 See Dow. Atlas. "The Lombards in Italy." on plate 5. 
 
 4. The Franks under the Merovingians"' 
 
 Very short is the account in Robinson, Introduction, sees. 13, 
 14. Of more service shonld be Emerton, Introduction, ch. vii; 
 or Bemont and Monod, Medieval Europe, p. 66-85. 
 
 For maps illustratnig the history of the Franks in this period, 
 see Dow, Atlas, plate 5. 
 
 1. Under Clovis : the making of the Fiankish king- 
 
 dom. 
 
 The conversion of Clovis, es])ecially its significance, is dis- 
 cussed briefly in Ogg, Source Book, introduction to sec. 6. 
 
 2. Under the successors of Clovis. 
 
 3. Dismemberment of the realm. 
 
 5. Germanic Ideas of Law" 
 
 The most serviceable short treatment of this subject in Ens 
 lish is Emerton, Introduction, ch. viii. 
 
 20 
 
" An easily accessible account will be found in Oman, Europe, 
 p. 145-157, 181-195- 
 
 ^" For an account of medium length, see Oman, Europe, in chs. 
 iv, vii, x; or in Sergeant, The Franks; or Kitchin, History of 
 France, in vol. I ; or preferably, Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire 
 Generalc, vol. I, in ch. iii. 
 
 An excellent account of greater length is to be found in the 
 Lavisse Histoire de France, tome IP. 
 
 Our principal original source of information concerning the 
 Franks in the sixth century is the history written by Gregory of 
 Tours. Some idea of this work may be gained from the extracts 
 from it in Robinson, Readings, vol. I, p. 51-55, or Ogg. Source 
 Book. sec. 6. 
 
 "An admirable short account of this subject is given by 
 Esniein in his Cours d'Histoire du Droit Frangais, p. 51-59, 90-97- 
 
 Of much value is Lea, Superstition and Force, being essays on 
 the wager of law, wager of battle, the ordeal, and torture. 
 
 Examples of methods of securing proof are given in the 
 Pennsylvania. "Translations and Reprints," vol. IV, no. 4. 
 
 There are extracts from the law of the Salian Franks in 
 Henderson, Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, p. 176-189. 
 Part of the same matter, with useful notes, is in Ogg, Source 
 Book, sec. 7. 
 
 21 
 
1. Policy of the German conquerors in reference to 
 
 law. 
 
 a. Statement of. 
 
 b. Origins. 
 
 1. Historical circinnstances. 
 
 2. Personality of law. 
 
 c. Result : two systems of law in the German states. 
 
 2. Features of criminal law. 
 
 a. Legal evidence in criminal matters. 
 
 I. Fundamental principles. 
 . 2. Methods of securing proof. 
 
 b. Punishments. 
 
 22 
 
Invasions from the South and East: Expansion of Islam and 
 Survival of Rome' 
 
 Probably the most serviceable manual account in English is 
 in Bemont and Alonod, Mcdicx'al Europe, chs. x and xi. 
 
 1. Arabia and the Arabs 
 
 See Dow, Atlas, on plate 6. 
 
 1. Features of Arabia. 
 
 2. T'he Aral)s of the early seventh centur}-. 
 
 2. Mohammed and Islam 
 
 1. Alohaninied. 
 
 a. Ancestry, infanc}- and yotitli. 
 
 b. Personal characteristics. 
 
 2. Founding" of Islam. 
 
 o. Until the Hegira, or flight from Mecca. ()22. 
 b. Progress at Alechna and submission of Arabia. 
 
 3. The Coran (or Koran, or Qur'an). 
 
 For brief selections from the Coran see Robinson, Readings, 
 at beginning of ch. vi : or Ogg, Source Book. sec. 13; or Fling 
 and Jones. liuropcan History Studies, vol. 11, no. 3. 
 
 a. Plow made. 
 
 b. Leading features. 
 
 4. Islam : the Mohammedan relig-ion.- 
 
 3. Extension of the Faith: Formation of the Arab Empire 
 
 See "The Conquests of the Mohammedans" in Dow, .lilas, 
 on plate 6. 
 
 24 
 
' For accounts of medium length see Gibbon, Decline and 
 Fall, chs. 1 and li, famous chapters; Mihnan, History of Latin 
 Christianity, book IV, chs. i and ii ; and Freeman, in Hist, and 
 Conquests of the Saracens. For an account by a Mohammedan, 
 see Syed Ameer AH in A Short History of the Saracens. In 
 French is the almost always serviceable Lavisse and Rambaud, 
 Histoire Generale, chs. ix, xv. 
 
 Studies of medium length may be found also in Carlyle, 
 Heroes and Hero Worship- (see "The Hero as Prophet") ; Clarke, 
 Ten Great Religions (see "Mohammed and Islam") ; Draper, 
 Intellectual Development of Europe; Smith, Mohammed and 
 Mohammedanism: Stanley, History of the Eastern Church (see 
 the lecture on ".Mohammedanism in its Relation to the Eastern 
 Church") . 
 
 For detailed accounts consult the scholarly works by Muir ; 
 The Coram its Composition and Teachings: The Life of Mohatn- 
 med : .Innals of the Early Caliphate: Rise and Decline of Islam. 
 See also Oilman, The Saracens: and Lane-Poolc, Story of the 
 Moors in Spain. 
 
 Knowledge of the Mohammedan religion is of course derived 
 primarily from the Coran. This may be read in Sale, Translation 
 of the Koran: but better Palmer. Translation of the Qui^an. in 
 vols. VI and IX of "Sacred Books of the East." See also the 
 most interesting Speeches and Table-Talk of the Prophet Moham- 
 med, selected and translated by Lane-Poole. 
 
 On the life of the east there is always the charming Arabian 
 Nights, translation by Burton or by Lane. 
 
 " Palmer treats of this serviceably in the introduction to his 
 Ou'ran. 
 
 25 
 
1. The caliphate: contests over the succession. 
 
 2. Under the four "perfect" caHphs (632-661) : Abu 
 
 Bekr, Omar, Othman, AH. 
 
 a. Abu Bekr's victory over Arab rebelhon. 
 
 b. Earlier conquests. 
 
 c. Internal troubles. Their etlect on con(|uc.>ts. 
 
 3. Under the Ommiads. 
 a. Conquests. 
 
 h. The empire after the conquests. The believers 
 and the unbelievers. 
 
 4. Fall of the Ommiads and rise of the Abbassids. 
 
 5. I'rospective importance with reference to Europe. 
 
 4. Survival of the Eastern Roman Empire' 
 
 The surviving Empire is shown in Dow, Atlas, on plates 6, 
 6\ 8. 
 
 1. The Empire under the House of Heraclius (610- 
 
 717)- 
 
 a. What Heraclius (610-641) did for the Empire. 
 
 1. Internal policy. 
 
 2. Wars a.c^ainst border powers : Mohammedans 
 
 and Persians. 
 
 b. Failures of Heraclius' successors. 
 
 1. Wars against Lombards, Bulgarians, Slavs, 
 
 and Mohammedans. 
 
 2. Internal conditions. Anarch}'. 
 
 2. Revival under the Isaurians. 
 
 a. Rise of the Isaurian dynasty. Leo III (717-742). 
 
 b. The Iconoclastic struggle. 
 
 1. Aims of the Iconoclasts. 
 
 2. Periods and features. 
 
 c. Main achievements of the Isaurians. Their place 
 
 in the history of the Empire. 
 
 26 
 
^ The most available source of medium compass in English is 
 Oman. Europe 476-918, in chs. xii, xiv, xviii, xxviii ; or Oman, in 
 7I1C Byzantine Empire. 
 
 Of more service, if one reads French, is Lavisse and Ram- 
 baud, Histoire Generale, vol. I, in ch. iv, and ch. xiii. 
 
 Consult also Harrison, Meaning of History and Other His- 
 torical Pieces, chs. xi, xii; and Harrison, Byzantine History in 
 the Early Middle Ages. 
 
 Fuller accounts are given by Bury in his Later Roman Empire, 
 and Finlay, in History of Greece. 
 
 27 
 
VI 
 
 The Church in the West, in the Early Middle Ages' 
 
 A general view of the subject, good as far as it goes, is given 
 by Robinson in chs. iv and v of his Introduction. 
 
 1. Rise of the Papacy' 
 
 Emerton, Iiilyoduct'uni, p. 102-109, fleals in part with causes 
 of papal progress. 
 
 1. Location of the bishopric of Rome. 
 
 2. BeHef in the primacy of Peter. 
 
 A papal statement of the doctrine of the Petrine supremacy, 
 from a sermon by Leo the Great, will be found in Ogg, Source 
 Book, sec. 10. 
 
 3. Role of the bishop of Rome with reference to 
 
 heresies and doctrinal controversies. 
 
 4. Leo the Great, pope 440-461. 
 
 2. The Benedictine Monks^ 
 
 1. Saint Benedict. 
 
 2. The rule of Saint Benedict.* 
 
 Some parts of the rule are translated in Ogg, Source Book, 
 sec. II. 
 
 3. The Benedictine convents.^ 
 
 3. Gregory the Great, 590-604^ 
 
 In the way of a mere outline account, Bemont and Monod, 
 Medieval Europe, ch. ix, sees. 9-15. will be more serviceable on 
 this subject than the Robinson Introduction. 
 
^Detailed accounts on each topic may be found in pertinent 
 parts of tlie church histories (cited under ch. II of these outlines) ; 
 or in Milman, History of Latin Christianity. Also, on some of 
 the topics there are rather full treatments in Hodgkin's Italy and 
 her Invaders. 
 
 - Some of the original sources of information concerning the 
 position of the bishop of Rome in the church in the first five 
 centuries of its history are brought together in Robinson. Read- 
 ings, vol. I, p. 62-73. 
 
 Excellent, but in French, is Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire 
 Generate, vol. 1, p. 204-213. 
 
 ' Emerton, in his Introduction, gives a chapter (xi) to the 
 subject; likewise Wishart, in A Short History of Monks and 
 Monasteries, ch. ii. 
 
 The fullest treatment of the subject is in Alontalembert, The 
 Monks in the Jl'est, vol. I— especially interesting. 
 
 Cunningham, in his Western Cii'ilication. etc., sec. 82, treats 
 briefly of the economic influence of the monasteries. What he 
 says may. be read also in Munro and Sellery, Medieval Civilisa- 
 tion, p. 129-136. 
 
 A medieval account of the ^founding of one of the most 
 famous of the monasteries is quoted in Robinson, Readings, 
 vol. I, sec. 47. 
 
 * There is an English translation of the rule in Henderson, 
 Historical Documents of the Middle Ages. A good analysis of 
 the rule is given by Taylor, The Classical Heritage of the Middle 
 Ages, p. 164-178. 
 
 ^ Those who read French may well consult Lavisse and Ram- 
 baud, Histoire Gcnerale, vol. I, p. 237-244, 213-216. 
 
 A detailed study of Gregory by an English scholar was pub- 
 lished not long since: Dudden, Gregory the Great: His Place 
 in Historv and in Thought, 2 vols. 
 
 29 
 
1. Gregory before he was pope. 
 
 2. His temporal authority. 
 
 3. His spiritual authority : the struggle for primacy in 
 
 the church. 
 
 4. Gregory as a practical moralist ; his writings.*' 
 
 Some selections from his Pastoral Care, or Pastoral Ride — 
 one of the most influential writings of the middle ages — are given 
 in Ogg, Source Book, sec. 12. 
 
 4. The Church in Britain 
 
 A map of "England under the Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms" will 
 be found in Dow, Atlas. 10. 
 
 1. Christianity among the Celts. 
 
 2. Conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. 
 
 The account of this by the monk Bede. who lived in the 
 seventh and eighth centuries, is quoted in translation by Robinson, 
 ReadiJigs. vol. I, sees. 39-41. and by Ogg, Source Book, sec. 9. 
 
 3. Struggle between the Roman church and the Irish 
 
 church. 
 
 For Bede's account of the settlement of this struggle, see 
 Robinson, Readings, vol. I, sec. 42. 
 
 5. The Church in Frankiand and Germany 
 
 1. The church organization in Frankiand. 
 
 2. Faith and morals of the Franks.' 
 
 3. Christian missions in Gaul and Germany.^ 
 
 The regions in which the missionaries labored may be seen 
 in Dow, Atlas, plate 5 or plate 7. 
 
 a. Irish and Gallo-Roman missions. 
 
 b. Anglo-Saxon missions. Boniface. 
 
 Documents illustrating the relations between Boniface and 
 the papacy are given in Robinson, Readings, vol. I, sees. 43-45. 
 
 30 
 
" Gregory's writings reveal much of the thinking and life of 
 the time. Robinson, Readings, vol. I, sees. 27-31, 35, ^7, gives 
 extracts from them. For translations at length see the Niccne 
 and Post-Niccnc Fathers. 
 
 ' A treatment of these matters by the French historian Lavisse 
 is accessible in adapted form in Munro and Seller", Medieval 
 Civilization, p. 60-83. 
 
 * There is a good accoimt of these missions by A. Berthelot in 
 the Lavisse and Rambaud Histoire Generate, vol. I, from p. 285. 
 A useful adaptation from this account will be found in Munro 
 and Sellery, Medieval Civilization, p. 114- 128. 
 
 The biography of one of the missionaries. St. Columban, writ- 
 ten by the monk Jonas shortly after Columban's death, is an 
 interesting and instructive source upon the beliefs and life of the 
 sixth and seventh centuries: Life of St. Columban, translated by 
 Munro, in the University of Pennsylvania '"Translations and 
 Reprints," vol. II, no. ". 
 
 31 
 
VII 
 
 The Prankish Empire' 
 
 Robinson, Iittrodiictioii, devotes two short chapters ( vi and 
 vii) to the subject. 
 
 Considerably longer is the general account in Bemont and 
 Monod, Medieval Europe, chs. xii, xiii. 
 
 Dow, Atlas, on plate 7, shows the Prankish empire in the 
 time of Charlemagne. 
 
 1. Rise and Fall of the Carolingians- 
 
 •I. Founding of their power. 
 
 2. Charles Alartel (714-741) ; his wars and supremacy. 
 
 2. The Carolingians and the Popes' 
 
 1. The popes in Itah-. 
 
 a. The Byzantine danger. 
 
 b. The Lombard danger. 
 
 2. Change in the kingship of the Franks. 
 
 For contemporary — or almost contemporary — statements con- 
 cerning the change, see Robinson. Readings, vol. I, sees. 49. 50, or 
 Ogg, Souree Book, sec. 14. 
 
 a. Pippin made king (751). 
 
 /'. Papal coronation of Pippin (754). 
 
 3. Formation of the Papal State. 
 
 In Dow, Atlas, plate 7 (V) is a small map on "Papal Acquisi- 
 tions in the Eighth Century." 
 
 a. Pippin's campaigns in Italy. 
 
 b. The "Donation of Constantine" and the "Donation 
 
 of Pippin."'* 
 
 3. Prankish Conquests under Charlemagne' 
 
 1. Accession and inheritance of Charles. 
 
 2. Conquest of the Lombards. 
 
 32 
 
' Mr. Hodgkin's little volume on Charles the Great is really 
 an account of the Carolingians through the time of Charlemagne; 
 the story is told simply and interestingly. 
 
 Especially serviceable are the pertinent parts of chs. vi and 
 vii in vol. I of the Lavisse and Rambaud Histoire Generate. 
 
 Those desirous of looking into more detailed general surveys 
 may turn in English to Mr. Hodgkin's Italy and her Invaders, 
 in vols. VII and VIII; in French to the Lavisse Histoire de 
 France IT. On Charlemagne there are in English also the vol- 
 umes by Davis, Charlemagne, and Mombert, A History of Charles 
 the Great. See also some chapters of Villari, Barbarian Invasions 
 of Italy. 
 
 " Emerton, Introduction, gives a chapter (x) to this; Oman, 
 Europe 476-918, two chapters (xv, xvii). 
 
 "Emerton. Introduction, has a chapter (xii) on ''The Franks 
 from Charles Martel to Charlemagne." 
 
 ^ An English translation of the "Donation of Constantine" is 
 to be found in Henderson, Historical Documents of the Middle 
 Ages. For a very readable account of the "Donation" see Hodg- 
 kin, Italy and her Invaders^ book VIII, ch. vii. 
 
 Mr. Lea has a study on "The Rise of the Temporal Power" 
 in his Studies in Church History. 
 
 " There is a useful account in Emerton, Introduction, ch. xiii. 
 Longer is Oman, Europe 476-918, chs. xx, xxi. 
 
 33 
 
3- Conquest of the Saxons. 
 
 How the Christian religion and the church figured in the 
 conquest is reflected in a set of regulations concerning the Saxon 
 territory promulgated about 780. Some of these regulations are 
 quoted in Ogg, Source Book, sec. 17. 
 
 4. Other conquests. 
 
 5. The conqueror as person. 
 
 See a quotation from the biography of Charles written by his 
 secretary, Einhard," in Ogg. Source Book. sec. 15, or Robinson, 
 Readings, vol. I, sec. 53. 
 
 4. Revival of the Emperorship" 
 
 1. Influences leading to it. 
 
 2. The coronation (800). 
 
 3. Consequences. 
 
 5. The Qovernment of Charlemagne^ 
 
 1. Conditions to be dealt with. 
 
 2. The court, and the assemblies. The capitularies. 
 
 3. Administrative divisions and local officers. 
 
 Charlemagne's problems and aims as a ruler may be perceived 
 in great part in his regulations concerning the iiiissi. Selections 
 from a capitulary embodying these regulations are given in Ogg, 
 Source Book, sec. 21. and Robinson, Readings, sec. 62. 
 
 4. The army. 
 
 Some of the emperor's regulations concerning the army are 
 quoted in Robinson, Readings, vol. I, sees. 57-60. 
 
 6. Schools and Writers^ 
 
 Something of Charlemagne's ideas and policy in the matter 
 may be seen in a letter he addressed to the abbot of Fulda, quoted 
 in Ogg, Source Book. sec. 23. and Robinson, Readings, sec. 63. 
 
 1. The palace school. 
 
 2. Other schools. 
 
 3. The "Carolingian Renaissance." 
 
 34 
 
" The whole of Einhard"s Life of Charlemagne, a most inter- 
 esting book and not long, may be read in 5L"glish ; see the trans- 
 lation by S. E. Tnrner. 
 
 ^ Convenient short accounts in English are to be found in 
 Emerton, Introduction, ch. xiv ; Oman. Europe 476-918. ch. xxii ; 
 Bryce, Holy Roman Empire, chs. iv and v. 
 
 ''Various documents relating to the subject are accessible in 
 the Pennsylvania "Translations and Reprints," vol. Ill, no. 2, and 
 vol. VI, no. 5; and in Thatcher and McNeal, A Souree Book for 
 Mediaval History. 
 
 "Books in English which treat of this are West, Aleitin and 
 the Rise of the Christian Schools, and Mullinger, Schools of 
 Charles the Great. 
 
 35 
 
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