PS 2094 
 .S3 
 Copy 1 
 
 Studies in Irving 
 
Studies in Irving 
 
 M 
 

 I wo CoDles R<Ke!vod | 
 
 OCT IS J 90/ 
 
 -. Cstpyrtchl Entry 
 
 CUSS A X(c, No. 
 COPY B. 
 
 ■ I inniK—ii— t^— iM— gacai 
 
 Copyright 1907, by St, MsLry's Collegt, Si. Marys, Kansas* 
 For prvvate circulation only. All rights reser'ved. 
 
 Printed by W. E. Miller, St Marys, Kas. 
 
<4 
 
 3(ntroJi«rtton. 
 
 HINTS FOR THE TEACH^. 
 
 If these "Studies" are to be taught successfully, the time element 
 must be duly reckoned with. There must be no hurry, no nervous de- 
 sire to cover ground, to get through the selection. This would prove 
 fatal to the aim and scope of the "Studies." 
 
 The selection is a classic. It was written at the cost of much pains- 
 taking and wide experience. It deserves well, therefore, of our serious 
 and leisurely study. It is a work of art. Its beauties reveal them- 
 selves not to the desultory reader, but to the patient, diligent and ap- 
 preciative student. 
 
 . "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is interesting and beautiful, as a 
 whole. Therefore, it must be proportionately interesting and beautiful 
 in all its parts. 
 
 Let us not hold it time unprofitably spent then, to begin at the lowest 
 round, to study the simplest words and phrases of a masterpiece. Let 
 us make up our minds to move slowly. We have come out not for a 
 dizzy, fast-flying spin, but for a refreshing stroll, that shall fetch us, 
 in due season, across fat meadow lands, sweet-scented landscapes, 
 through deep-shaded woodlands down to the brink of a prattling brook, 
 where we may halt to review our course and take our bearings. 
 
 We have come out to see, to inquire, to learn, to admire. We should 
 return home filled with what we have seen and heard. This is the way 
 Mr. Irving gathered the materials for the selection we are about to 
 take up. Let us listen with interest, then, to a master artist. Let us 
 study attentively his words and phrases, and be assured, that an easy 
 familiarity with Irving's words and phrases, is the shortest and surest 
 way to a mastery of the swing and cadence of his sentences, the ulti- 
 mate aim and purpose of these "Studies." 
 
 It is clear, that if we want to master an art or science, we must, in 
 the first place, get well its elements. The same holds true of language. 
 
 Why should we not set about the study of English, a very difficult 
 and complex language indeed, according to the same method we em- 
 ploy in the study of Latin, Greek, French and German? 
 
4 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 In the study of these languages, we begin by learning a list of the 
 simplest words, their meaning and relation to one another. Then comes, 
 the mechanical union of a half dozen nouns and adjectives linked to- 
 gether with the verb "to be.'' The length and correctness of the sent- 
 ence will correspond to our certain knowledge of the meaning and use 
 of words. 
 
 With a very definite end in view, therefore, each Study, embracing" 
 from twenty to twent3'-five lines of the text, has been divided into four 
 parts. 
 
 PART FIRST* 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 This is the ground-work preparation for sentence-building. Here 
 the young artificer, by the aid of his dictionary, comes to know the 
 varied kinds of material with which he is to work. Like all beginnings, 
 his will bear traces of unskilled strokes. But once he has come at a 
 closer knowledge of his material, and an easier handling of his tools, 
 his sentences will cjuickly assume more comely proportions, and ap- 
 proach, in time, the graceful flow and rythm of the model. 
 
 It has been found by experience, that each Study contains sufficient 
 matter for four English exercises; these are to be carefully written out 
 during the private study assigned for the daily preparation for class. 
 
 In Part First, let the pupil write out brief but accurate answers to 
 the several questions put. A bright, snappy repetition of this part 
 should be had in class on the following day. The bits of information 
 required, viz., the location of towns and rivers, the explanation of the 
 historical references, the lively description of the personal appearance 
 of the characters met with, go far to awaken interest and afford ample 
 opportunities for originality and stimulating research. 
 
 N. B. — For the sake of clearness, we will transcribe here the answers 
 to the questions in Part First, which were handed in, as a class exer- 
 cise, the first of its kind, by a pupil of Second Academic. 
 
 I. — What is a legend? A legend is a story. 
 
 2. — Where is Sleepy Hollow? In the southeastern part of N. Y. on 
 the eastern bank of the Hudson River. 
 
 3. — Where is the Hudson river? In the eastern part of N. Y. It 
 rises in the northern part and flows south. 
 
 4. — Who were the ancient Dutch navigators? Henry Hudson and 
 Block with their crews. 
 
 5- — Where is Tarry Town? In the southeastern part of N. Y. on 
 the eastern bank of the Hudson river. 
 
 6. — Why so called? Because the farmers were accustomed to linger 
 or tarry about the village on market days. 
 
 7- — Explain : ''shortened sail" — ^took in sail, lowered sail. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 5 
 
 8.— "Implored protection of St. Nicholas."— asked or begged his in- 
 tercession because he was the patron Saint of sailors. 
 
 9. — "inveterate propensity," — strong inclination or bent of mind to 
 do something. 
 
 10. — "vouch for the fact," — swear to the fact, attest it. 
 
 II. — "advert to it," — refer to it, heed it. 
 
 12. — "being precise and authentic," — being particujar, exact and gen- 
 uine. 
 
 13. — "lap of land," — a strip or patch of ground. 
 
 14. — "uniform tranquility," — even or unbroken stillness or quiet. 
 
 15. — "sound breaks in upon," — a noise comes suddenly in upon, dis- 
 turbs the quiet and repose of the place. 
 
 PART SECOND* 
 
 Synonym.s. 
 
 The obvious purpose of a study of synonyms is to supply the pupil 
 with a choice vocabulary of words of slightly different shade of mean- 
 ing. This makes it easy for him to repeat and insist on a leading idea 
 without becoming dull and commonplace. 
 
 The average pupil can very readily find four or five synonyms for 
 every word assigned in this part. It would not seep advisable, with 
 young pupils, to insist on all the narrow shades of difference in mean- 
 ing between synonyms. 
 
 A little occasional questioning on this point, however, has its good 
 effects. 
 
 i ndent — notch, nick, dent, scallop, cut. 
 
 implore — entreat, beg, request, pray, petition. 
 
 adjacent — near, close, adjoining, handy, at hand. 
 
 vouch— certify, attest, confirm, ratify, seal, endorse 
 
 linger — loiter, delay, tarry, dawdle, dally. 
 
 advert — attend, notice, see, view, remark. 
 
 repose — leisure, rest, sleep, relaxation, stillness. 
 
 uniform — even, invariable, regular, constant, steady, 
 
 PART THIRD* 
 
 Use of "Words. 
 
 Now, that the pupil has defined the words in Part First, has gained 
 a closer knowledge of their meaning and worth, by the aid of S3'non3aiis, 
 in part second, the moment is at hand, for him to put his knowle-dge_ to 
 the test, to build up a correct sentence out of the choice material which 
 he has prepared. 
 
 He must begin to use words in connected discourse. He need not 
 aim at polish and elegance at first. We need not be surprised to find 
 his sentences awkward and unmusical, often faulty in logical sequence. 
 
6 STUDIES IN IB VING 
 
 Grace, cadence and sequence will come later. His present duty is to 
 use words correctly. This, and this only, is the immediate purpose of 
 the Third Part. 
 
 N. B. — The following- sentences of "Study 1" were handed 
 
 in by five different pupils, representing the five best sentences of the 
 total number handed in on this First Study of "The Legend of Sleepy 
 Hollo Vk\" 
 
 Please do not lose sight of the fact that they are the sentences of 
 the pupils, and not of the Teacher. They are defective, as we might 
 reasonably expect them to be. Their very defects, we have reason to 
 hope, will throw not a little light on the difficulty of constructing an 
 English sentence. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — Coves, spacious, indent, bosom. 
 
 I. — In the bosom of a spacious cove, which indents the eastern shore 
 of the St. Lawrence, there flows a little brook, which glides gently over 
 its gravel bed as it hastens on to lose itself among the jagged rocks and 
 roaring torrent below. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 2. — ^^river, denominated, Hudson, sail. 
 
 2. — This river, though not until later years explored, and never sailed 
 upon by such great navigators as Hudson and the Cabots, yet because 
 of the silent motion of the waters, which not only allowed the sailors 
 to lower sail, but even to go about the deck at ease, was, we think, 
 rightly denominated the Hudson river. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 3. — brook, murmuring, tranquillity, lull. 
 
 3. — The lull of the murmuring brook, as it trickled over the moss 
 and rocks was the only sound that broke the tranquillity of the forest. 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 4. — propensity, inveterate, linger, village. 
 
 4. — That the old tavern, which stood in the center of the village, was 
 the merriest place in all the country round, was easily seen from the 
 inveterate propensity of the village husbandmen to linger within its 
 walls. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 5. — implore, adjacent, vouch, uniform. 
 
 5. — -I would not vouch for the fact, but I heard that he implored the 
 Tn.an in the blue uniform to tell him how far it was to the adjacent 
 village. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 7 
 
 PART FOURTH 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Thus far the pupil has been concerned with the mere mechanical 
 structure of a sentence. He must begin now, in this part, to aim at 
 choice and elegance of expression ; to accommodate sound to sense ; in 
 a word, to imitate the style and movement of the model. 
 
 To do this, with some fair measure of success, the imagination must 
 be aroused and stimulated into a normal activity* by the vivid presenta- 
 tion of healthful and sujifiresti ve imagery. Hence, the introduction, 
 at this point, of the so-called Picture Sentence. 
 
 By a Picture-Sentence, I mean a sentence built up on the picture 
 suggested by the Picture-Phrase, keeping this image for the central 
 figure. The Picture-Sentence is to be built up and rounded out by 
 the timely and easy introduction of relative clauses, adverbial phrases, 
 adjectives phrases, appositional phrases and the like. 
 
 N. B. — Be careful to catch the fundamental idea of the Picture- 
 Sentence. Do not start with the words given. In fact, they need not 
 occur in the development. The sole purpose of the Picture-Phrase is 
 to furnish a suggestive and picturesque view-point. 
 
 By wav of illustration, we may take the following PiCTURE- 
 Phrase of "Study I." 
 
 I. — ^Standing on the bank of the Hudson — '' 
 
 In the first place, I must fix definitely my view-point and the picture 
 
 around which I am going to build my Picture-Sentence. I will begin 
 by asking myself whether I am on the right or left bank? Am I stand- 
 ing, sitting or lying? Am I near the water's edge or high upon a 
 beetling clifif? How came I there? Am I alone? What is my mood? 
 What is the object or scene that engages my closest attention? What 
 is the condition of the river — high or low water, clear or murky, or is 
 it, perhaps, frozen stiff and silent? The season of the year, the time of 
 day, the kind of day, bright or gloomy, hot or cold, etc., etc. 
 
 it is evident from this bit of self-questioning, how thought-provoking 
 is a suggestive view-point when linked with the topic of circumstances. 
 
 N. B. — Here again, the models cited are the pupils' own first efforts 
 at building Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following Picture-Sentences, by introducing relative 
 clauses, adverbial phrases, adjective phrases, appositional phrases and 
 the like. 
 
 I. — Standing on the bank of the Hudson — 
 
 I. — At evening, when the stars were wont to shine, and the toils of 
 the day were over, I would wander down to the banks of the Hudson, 
 
8 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 and sit with my chin buried in my hands, watching the moonbeams 
 ■dance upon the silvery water; Avhile ever and anon, a boat would glide 
 b)y with its myriad lights quivering and sparkling upon the restless 
 river. 
 
 2. — Lingering about the village tavern — 
 
 2. — It was about three o'clock in the afternoon, when we arrived in 
 Tarry Town, and as the old coach pulled up before the tavern, I no- 
 ticed that there were a good many Dutch farmers lingering about the 
 place. 
 
 3. — Reposing on the brink of a babbling brook at noon-day — 
 
 3. — I often saw Longfellow reposing on the bank of a babbling brook 
 at noon-day, eating his frugal meal and now and then writing down 
 some sweet thought that came into his mind. 
 
 4. — Entering Tarry Town on a market day — 
 
 4. — The sun rose with a red glow one morning and thought that he 
 was the first one up, but he was surprised to find several wagons com- 
 ing up the road to Tarry Town and the people of the village hurrying 
 to and fro. 
 
 5. — Listening to the tapping of a woodpecker — 
 
 5- — As I sat by the babbling brook listening to the tapping of a wood- 
 pecker, my thoughts gradually wandered into the land of visions and 
 dreams. 
 
 ^§<^=— 
 
ICfgpnti of B>bfpg l|oUnui 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING ll 
 
 STUDY I. 
 
 PABT FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 What is a legend? Where is Sleepy Hollow? Where is the Hudson 
 river? Who were the Ancient Dutch Navigators? Where is Tarry 
 To,wn? Why so called? Explain: "shortened sail," "implored protec- 
 tion of Saint Nicholas," "precise and authentic," "inveterate propensity," 
 "vouch for the fact," "lap of land," "advert to it," "uniform tranquil- 
 lity," "sound breaks in upon." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for: indent, implore, adjacent, vouch, 
 linger, advert, repose, uniform. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of "Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — coves, spacious, indent, bosom. 
 2. — river, denominated, Hudson, sail. 
 3. — brook, murmuring, tranquillity, lull. 
 4. — propensity, inveterate, village, linger. 
 5. — im.plore, adjacent, vouch, uniform. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences by introducing relative 
 clauses, adverbial phrases, adjective phrases, appositional phrases and 
 the like. 
 
 I. — Standing on the bank of the Hudson, 
 
 — Lingering about the village tavern. 
 
 — Reposing on the brink of a babbling brook at noon-day. 
 
 — Entering Tarry-town on a market day. 
 
 — ^Listening to the tapping of a woodpecker. 
 
12 STUDIES IN IB VING 
 
 STUDY II. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Describe a squirrel, a woodpecker. Explain; "Sabbath stillness," 
 "prolonged and reverberated," "angry echoes," "listless repose," "se- 
 questered glen," "haunted spots," "twilight superstitions," "stars shoot," 
 "meteors glare." Who was HenTick Hudson? What is a wizard? a 
 nightmare? a spell? a reverie? What are powwows? visions? trances? 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : vision, reverberated, remnant, ex- 
 ploit, pervade, sway, frequently. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — life, troubled, echoes, stillness. 
 
 — lads, drowsy, bewitched, rustic. 
 
 -wizard, beliefs, marvelous, pervade. 
 — exploit, reverie, remnant, vision. 
 
 Jistless, sequestered, glen, echoes. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Breaking the Sabbath stillness. 
 
 -Startled by the angry echoes. 
 -A drowsy and dreamy boy at his books. 
 — Watching the stars shoot across the clear sky. 
 -Giving chase to the nightmare of Sleepy Hollow. 
 
STUDIES IN IR VING 13 
 
 STUDY III. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who were the Hessians? What was the cause of the Revolutionary 
 War? Where was the first battle fought? What is an apparition? a 
 specter? a ghost? Explain: "dominant spirit," "enchanted region," 
 'ever and anon," "wings of the wind," "collecting and collating," "float- 
 ing facts," "belated ghost," "visionary propensity," "unconsciously im- 
 bibed." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : dominant, apparition, gloom, be- 
 lated, allege, purport, legendary, imbibe. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — quest, specter, speed, nightly. 
 
 2. — enchanted, figure, haunts, ghost. 
 3. — anon, vicinity, confined, extends. 
 4. — collecting, collating, allege, specter. 
 5. — gloom, purport, wild, region. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — ^Meeting a ghost on a narrow bridge. 
 
 2. — ^Crouching down to avoid the headless horseman. 
 
 3. — Walking home in the gloom of night. 
 
 4. — The Hessian trooper riding forth in quest of his head. 
 
 5. — A belated traveller caught in a snowstorm. 
 
14 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY IV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Ichabod Crane? What was his chief occupation? Explain: 
 "witching influence," "all possible laud,"' "grow imaginative," "torrent 
 of migration," "incessant changes," "drowsy shades," "by-place of Na- 
 ture," "vegetating in its sheltered bosom," "worthy wight." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : propensity, restless, unobserved, 
 sweeps, reside, inhale, laud. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — ^migration, customs, imbibe, embosomed. 
 
 2. — laud, elapsed, torrent, confined. 
 
 3. — mimic, bubbles, shades, undisturbed. 
 
 4. — vegetating, retired, unconsciously, families. 
 
 5. — drowsy, by-place, incessant, remote. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Watching the bubbles riding at anchor in their mimic harbor. 
 2. — Breasting a sweeping torrent. 
 3. — Angling in a nook of still water. 
 4. — Treading the drowsy shades of an African jungle. 
 [ 5- — Making the acquaintance of a hero. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 15 
 
 STUDY V. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Describe the personal appearance of Ichabod Crane. Describe the 
 exterior of his school house. Where was it situated? What is a cog- 
 nomen? a pioneer? an ell-pot? a scarecrow? a withe? an architect? 
 Explain : "profile of a hill," "genius of Famine," "ingeniously secured," 
 "rudely constructed," "vacant hours," "native of Connecticut." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : native, frontier, dangled, huge, 
 perched, inapplicable, spindle, elapsed. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: . 
 
 -supplies, forest, country, frontier. ' '"^' 
 
 — lank, frame, exceedingly, hung. 
 — profile, bagging, clothes, hill. 
 — striding, genius, Famine, eloped. 
 — dangled, sleeves, long, arm. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 -Striding along the profile of a hill. 
 
 — The wind bagging and fluttering my coat. 
 
 — The genius of Famine knocking at the door. 
 
 — As I sat twisting a withe for the barn door. 
 
 , — The children patching the windows with old copy-books. 
 
16 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY VI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 What maxim did Ichabod, the schoolmaster, ever bear in mind? Ex- 
 plain: 'conning over their lessons," "authoritative voice," "appalling 
 sound," "tardy loiterer," "cruel potentate," "puny stripling," "flourish 
 of the rod," "sulked and swelled," "grew dogged and sullen," "smart- 
 ing urchin," "formidable birch," "tone of menace," "flowery path of 
 knowledge." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : conning, peradventure, potentate, 
 convey, sullen, winced, indulgence, sulked, dogged, consolatory. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 I. — hum, heard, voices, pupils. 
 2. — menace, birch, urged, sound. 
 3. — loiterer, path, conscientious, master. 
 4. — discrimination, winced, wrong-headed, urchin. 
 5. — puny, consolatory, stripling, sullen. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : | 
 
 I, — ^Conning over my lessons at twilight. 
 2, — Ichabod applying the birch to a wrong-headed urchin. 
 3. — ^Visiting the homes of his students. 
 4. — The schoolmaster consoling a smarting urchin. 
 5. — The day I grew dogged and sullen. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 17 
 
 STUDY VII. 
 
 PART FIBST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "he lived successively," "it behooved," "grievous burden," 
 "a huge feeder," "dilating powers of an anaconda," "dominant dignity," 
 "gentle and ingratiating," "boarded and lodged," "worldly effects," 
 "rustic patrons," "absolute sway," "mere drones," What is a shilling? 
 a psalmody? 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. . 
 
 Get two or three- synonyms for: revenue, dilating,- maintenance, drone, 
 onerous, dignity, ingratiating, sufficient. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of "Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — psalmody, neighborhood, vocation, folks. 
 
 2. 
 
 3- 
 
 4- 
 
 revenue, sufficient, lodge, furnish. 
 — effects, worldly, onerous, patrons. , >'^ 
 
 — drones, ingratiating, whilom, magnanimously. 
 
 rustic, grievous, agreeable, burden. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Going the rounds of the neighborhood. 
 2. — Driving home the cows. 
 3. — Cutting wood for the winter fire. 
 4. — Rocking the cradle for his rustic patrons. 
 5. — Taking the horses to water. 
 6. — The ducks pairing cozily in dishes. 
 
18 STUDIES IN IR VING 
 
 STUDY VIII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "carrying away the palm," "voice resounded," "peculiar 
 quavers," "divers makeshifts," "by hook and by crook," "country swain," 
 "whole bevy," "supernumerary dishes," "legitimately descended," "in- 
 genious sway," "got on tolerably enough," "vastly superior.' 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : vanity, quaver, ingenious, person- 
 age, labor, parade, saunter, resound. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — station, palm, singers, parson. 
 2. — resounded, quavers, mill-pond, peculiar, 
 -tolerably, makeshifts, ingenious, superior. 
 
 3 
 , 4 
 
 5 
 
 — legitimately, personage, importance, parson. 
 
 — supernumerary, parade, sweetmeats, peradventure. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 I. — Directing a country choir. 
 2. — Listening to a distant echo. 
 3. — Sitting at the tea-table of a friend. 
 4. — 'Gathering grapes in the wildwood. 
 5. — Reading epitahs in a lonely graveyard. 
 6. — Sauntering along the edge of a mill-pond. 
 
-S TUDIES IN IR VING 19 
 
 STUDY IX. 
 
 PABT FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Cotton Mather? What is witchcraft? Where is New Eng- 
 land? Describe a whippoor-will. A tree-toad. A screech-owl. Ex- 
 plain : "half-itinerant," "travelling gazette,'' "budget of local gossip," 
 "great erudition," "potently believed," "small shrewdness," "simple 
 credulity," "appetite for the marvelous," "spell-bound region," "wended 
 his way," "awful woodland," "boding cr}'," "harbinger of storm." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : itinerant, erudition, potently, shrewd- 
 ness, gross, direful, marvelous, moan. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — gazette, budget, satisfaction, gossip. 
 
 — erudition, mixture, marvelous, equally. 
 — gross, tale, capacious, spell-bound. 
 — clover, whimpered, dusk, wended. 
 — 'dreary, excited, screech-owl, sound. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Stretching myself on a rich bed of clover. 
 2. — Poring over a favorite' story in the gathering dusk. 
 3. — Wending my way by swamp and stream. 
 4. — Lost in an awful wood. 
 5. — Frightened by the hooting of an owl. 
 
20 STUDIES TN IRVING 
 
 STUDY X. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study, 
 
 What are fireflies? goblins? .anecdotes? comets? What is a beetle? 
 Explain: "sparkling vividly," "give up the ghost," "fearful pleasure," 
 "huge blockhead," "blundering flight," "nasal melody," "direful omens," 
 "portentous sights," "topsy-turvy," "filled with awe,' "snugly cuddling," 
 "ruddy glow," "drown thought," "haunted house." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : sparkled, vividly, token, direful, 
 dusky, anecdotes, ruddy, resource, fearful. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — uncommon, startled, darkest, steam, stream. 
 
 2. — floating, melody, hearing, nasal. 
 
 3. — evening, hearth, roasting, tales. 
 
 4. — earlier, omens, portentous, woefully. 
 
 5. — direful, absolutely, vividly, fire-flies. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Watching the fire-flies, at the fall of night. 
 
 2. — Encountering a huge blockhead of a beetle. 
 
 3. — Returning along a dusky road. 
 
 4. — The old Dutch wives spinning by the fire. 
 
 5. — The children watching the apple sputtering on the hearth. 
 
 6. — Snugly cuddling in the chimney corner on a cold night. 
 
t^TUDIES IN IhVING 21 
 
 STUDY XI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who is the heroine oi the story? Explain: "fearful shapes and 
 shadows," "beset his path," "dim and ghastly glare," "wistful look," 
 "trembling ray," "uncouth being," "complete dismay," "lonely peram- 
 bulations," "terrors of the night," "curdling awe" "phantoms of the 
 mind," "rushing blast," "cause perplexity," "substantial farmer," "uni- 
 versally famed," "vast expectations." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : shapes, beset, glare, wistful, shrink, 
 trembling, universally, substantial. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — shadows, snowy, glare, ghastly. . '' . 
 
 2. — wistful, frost, ray, streaming. 
 
 3. — shrink, dread, terrors, perplexity. 
 
 4. — mortal, despite, phantoms, darkness. 
 
 5. — substantially, trembling, universally, farmer. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — ^Meeting a fearful shadow on a stormy night. 
 
 2. — Looking wistfully in the direction of the wreck. 
 
 3. — Frightened toy the tramping of an uncouth being. 
 
 4. — Fleeing from a howling blast. 
 
 5- — The galloping Hessian on one of his nightly scourings. 
 
 6.— Sighting a plump partridge on the wing. 
 
22 STUDIES JN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Describe a martin, a swallow. Where is Saaradam? What is an 
 alder? a dwarf willow? Explain: "modern fashions," "soft and foolish 
 heart," "paternal mansion," "well-conditioned," "piqued himself," 
 "hearty abundance," "spring of softest and sweetest water," "fertile 
 nooks," "stole sparkling away," "skimmed about the eaves," "swelling 
 and cooing," "tempting morsel," "found favor in his eyes." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyins. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : charms, fashions, mixture, tempt- 
 ing, foolish, provokingly, thriving, piqued. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — ^modern, ornaments, olden, provokingly. 
 
 2. — 'foolish, wondered, morsel, especiall3\ 
 
 3. — thriving, seldom, snug, abundance. 
 
 4. — stronghold, banks, springs, stole. 
 
 5. — dwarf, willows, paternal, mansion. \ 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Nestling in a sheltered nook. 
 
 — Swinging on the branch of a wide-spreading elm-tree. 
 — Dripping water from a little well formed of a barrel. 
 — The dwarf willows listening to the chattering brook. 
 — A vast barn bursting with the treasures of autumn. 
 
STUDIES IN IR VINQ 23 
 
 STUDY XIII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 "Word Study. 
 
 What is a porker? a squadron? a regiment? a pedagogue? a chanti- 
 cleer? Explain: "unwieldly porkers," "repose and abundance," "sallied 
 forth," "fleet of ducks," "burnished wing," "crowing in pride and glad- 
 ness of his heart," "generously calling," "sumptuous promise," "ducks 
 pairing cozily in dishes," "decent competency," "daintily trussed up," 
 "sprawling on his back," "craving quarter," "disdained to ask." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : sleek, unwieldly, abundance, ad- 
 joining, pattern, burnished, competency. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — unwieldly, abundance, snuff, sleek. 
 
 2. — squadron, adjoining, carved, fretted. 
 
 3. — gallant, pattern, burnished, heart. 
 
 4. — ducks, generously, fare, sumptuously. •' 
 
 5. — competency, craving, decent, quarter. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — A snowy squadron of 'battle-ships in the offing. 
 
 — The Texas convoying a fleet of provision ships. 
 — A young actor striding across the stage. 
 — A mother fretting about a wayward son. 
 — Handing a rich morsel to a beggar. 
 
24 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XIV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "enraptured Ichahod," "fat meadow lands," "burthened 
 orchards," "ruddy fruit," "warm tenement," "heart yearned," "imagin- 
 ation expanded," "realized his hopes," "household trumpery," "bestrid- 
 ing a pacing mare," "conquest of his heart," "untensils of husbandry," 
 "wondering Ichabod," "rows of resplendent pewter," "fancied all this," 
 "usual residence." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyra.s. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : enraptured, fancied, yearned, inherit, 
 conquest, domains, expand, various. » 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — fancied, conquest, enraptured, complete. 
 
 2. — ruddy, orchards, burthened, fruit. 
 
 3. — domains, inherit, year, expand. 
 
 4. — idea, imagination, realized. 
 
 5. — ^bestride, pacing, wilderness, mare. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Rolling his green eyes over the fat meadow lands. 
 
 — 'Mounted on top of a wagon load of trumpery. 
 
 — Farmer Jones bestriding a pacing mare. 
 
 — Examining the various utensils of husbandry on the piazza. 
 
 — ^Climbing an apple tree that is burthened with ruddy fruit. 
 
 — Admiring the rows of resplendent pewter. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 25 
 
 STUDY XV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 What are conch-shells? mock-oranges? what is a loom? Explain: 
 "hung in gay festoons," "linsey-woolsey," "gaud of red peppers," "claw- 
 footed chairs," "dark mahogany tables," "regions of delight," "peerless 
 daughter," "fell to the lot of," "enchanters," "fiery dragons," "walls of 
 adamant," "castle keep," "beset with a labyrinth of whims and capri- 
 ces," "difficulties and impediments," "easily achieved," "matter of 
 course." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for: huge, festoons, covert, whims, beset, 
 caprice, glistened, peerless, host. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — portal, beset, adversaries, numerous. 
 
 2. — competitor, watchful, host, fearful. 
 
 3. — knight-errant, easily, conquered, seldom. 
 
 4. — well-mended, knowingly, decorated, glistened. 
 
 5. — immense, treasures, generally, displayed. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Encountering a fearful host of adversaries. 
 
 Cutting your way to the center of a Christmas pie. 
 — ^Making my way through gates of brass and walls of adamant. 
 , — ^Displaying immense treasures of old silver. 
 
 ■Robbing a bird's nest in early summer. 
 
26 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XVI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who were the Tartars? Don Cossacks? Who was Hercules? Ex- 
 plain: "formidable blade,'' "roystering fellow," "Herculean frame," 
 "dexterous as a Tartar," "mingled air of fun and arrogance," "strong 
 dash of waggish good humor," "boon companions," "scoured the coun- 
 try," "scene of feud," "whisking about," squad of hard riders," ''stood 
 by for a squall," "whoop and halloo,'' "hurry-scurry,' "descried a well- 
 known crest." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : formidable, hardihood, burly, hero, 
 skill, arrogance, ascendency, feud, surmount, flaunt. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — feats, formidable, burly, hero. 
 2. — blufif, mingled, countenance, unpleasant. 
 3- — universally, great, skill, dexterous. 
 4. — foremost, ascendency, bodily, gainsay. 
 5. — humor, dash, model, descried. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Meeting the full-back going for a touch-down. 
 . — Scouring the country on a recreation day for game. 
 . — Startled from slumber by the clattering of a fire department. 
 • — Giving chase to Brom Bones and his gang. 
 . — Dashing down a side street to escape the truant officer. 
 • — The boy who is overbearing and rough. 
 
*S TIT DIE IS IK IR VI NG 21 
 
 STUDY XVII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Achilles? What is a rantipole hero? To whom does it refer 
 here? What is a supple-jack? Explain: "mad cap prank," "shrink from 
 competition," "take the held against," "gently insinuating," "indulgent 
 soul," "meddlesome interference," "sagely observed," "plied the spin- 
 ning-wheel," "watching the achievements," "matters of riddle," "tri- 
 umph of skill," "redoubtable fellow," "entitled to renown." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : admiration, gentle, inclination, formidable, 
 thwarted, competition, pliability, insinuating. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of "Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — brawl, admiration, madcap, rustic, despair. 
 2. — discourage, retire, formidable, rival, sign. 
 3. — competition, pliability, perseverance, gentle. 
 4. — insinuate, thwarted, sagely, observe, man. 
 5. — 'indulgent, achievements, valiantly, path. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 I. — -Standing by to witness a rustic bravvl. 
 2.— Brom Bones wrestling with a bear. 
 3. — Crossing a lion at hi,s prey. •, .;; - ■ 
 4. — Taking the field against a (deadly enemy. 
 S. — Honest Bait smoking his evening pipe. 
 
28 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XVIII. 
 PART rmsT. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "degree of rough chivalry," "settled their pretensions," "con- 
 cise and simple reasoners," "knight-errant of yore," "by single combat," 
 "to enter the lists against," "obstinately pacific," "left no alternative," 
 "funds of rustic waggery," "boorish jokes," "harried his domains," 
 "relative situation," "pensive mood." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : degree, fain, wary, mode, adversary, pacific, 
 boorish, opportunity, alternative, pensive. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — perceptor, fain, wary, adversary. 
 2. — combat, obstinately, boorish, disposition. 
 3. — pacific, alternative, conscious, pretentions. 
 4. — domain, harried, whimsical, peaceful. 
 5. — annoy, ludicrous, relative, pensive. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Brom Bones boasting to his gang. 
 2. — Smoking out a singing school in Sleepy. Hollow. 
 3. — Breaking the fastenings of Ichabod's school-house. 
 4. — The witches of the country holding a meeting. 
 5. — Brom Bones teaching his dog to whine like Ichabod. 
 6. — The pensive schoolmaster enthroned on a lofty stool. 
 
.^ TUDIES IN IR VING 29 
 
 STUDY XIX. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "to sway the ferule," "scepter of despotic power," "birch 
 of justice," "terror of evil-doers," "sundry contraband articles," "ram- 
 pant game-cocks," "appalling act of justice," "buzzing stillness," "tow- 
 cloth jacket," "cap of Mercury," "petty embassies," "bustle and hubbub," 
 "skipped over with impunity," "to quicken speed," "help over a tall 
 word." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : ferule, despotic, detected, sundry, contra- 
 band, rampant, busily, impunity, petty, effort, intent. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — scepter, terror, prohibited, detected, legions. 
 2. — half-munched, contraband, rampant, apparently. 
 3. — recently, appalling, buzzing, intent, master. 
 4. — clattering, scampering, mission, negro, apt. 
 5. — importance, bustle, impunity, application. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentenc 3S. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — The master swaying the scepter of despotic power. 
 
 2. — The idle urchins eyeing the birch of justice. , 
 
 3. — The negro servant clattering up to the door on a half-broken. 
 
 colt. 
 4. — Ichabod reading the invitation to a quilting party. 
 5. — Hurrying the scholars through their lessons. 
 6. — Helping a tardy lad over a tall word. 
 
30 STUDIES IK IRVING 
 
 STUDY XX. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "legion of young imps," "yelping and racketing." "early 
 emancipation," 'gallant Ichabod," "brushing and furbishing," "style of 
 a cavalier," "choleric old man," "issued forth," "knigiht-errant in quest 
 of adventures," "looks and equipments," "gaunt and shagged," "glar- 
 ing and spectral," "fire and mettle," "furious rider." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for: emancipation, furbishing, cavalier, domicil- 
 iated, choleric, adventure, romantic, equipment, lurking. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — early, imps, racketing, loose, usual. 
 
 2. — gallant, extra^ furbishing, toilet, suit. 
 
 3. — appearance, cavalier, borrowed, style, choleric. 
 
 4. — mounted, quest, issued, spirit, adventurer. 
 
 5. — equipments, horse, outlived, viciousness, gaunt. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 I. — A legion of 3^oung imps racketing about. 
 2. — ^Ichabod arranging his toilet before a bit of broken glass. 
 3. — Borrowing a horse from a choleric old farmer. 
 4- — Removing the burrs from the tangled tail of Gunpowder. 
 5. — Helping Ichabod to mount a broken-down plow-horse. 
 6.— Ichabod setting off mounted in short stirrups. j 
 
STUDIES IJy IR VING 31 
 
 STUDY XXI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "horse jogged on," "shambled out of the gait," "sky clear 
 and serene," "nature wore rich and golden livery," "forests put on 
 sober brown and yellow," "streaming files of wild ducks," "querulous 
 note," "sable clouds," "broad black gorget," "chirping and frolicking," 
 What is a montero cap? Describe a cedar-bird. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : shambled, serene, associate, brilliant, files, 
 3able. coxcomb, querulous, nodding, splendid. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 — scanty, flapping, leisureh', shambled, wings. 
 
 — serene, sober, livery, tenderer, nipped. 
 
 — files, intervals, pensive, appearance, groves. 
 
 — banquets, birds, revelry, profusion, variety. 
 
 — querulous, favorite, cock-robin, sable, streaming. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — The schoolmaster and Gunpowder shambling out of the gate. 
 
 2. — Admiring the golden livery of autumn. 
 
 3-. — Jack Frost nipping the tenderer trees into brilliant dyes. 
 
 4. — 'Listening to the pensive whistle of a quail. 
 
 5. — The blue-jay acting as toastmaster at the autumnal banquet. 
 
 6. — The cock-robin interrupting the revelry with his querulous note. 
 
32 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XXII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 "Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "symptoms of culinar}- abundance," "treasures of jolly 
 autumn," "apples hanging in oppressive opulence," "golden ears peep- 
 ing out from lofty coverts," "holding out promise of cakes and hasty 
 puddings," "ample prospects," "soft anticipations," "slap-jacks garn- 
 ished with treacle," "sugared suppositions," "amber clouds," "goodli- 
 est scenes," "sun wheeled his broad disk down into the west." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonym.s. 
 
 Give five synonyms for : slowly, symptoms, culinary, ranged, ample;, 
 covert, oppressive, anticipations, undulations, gradually. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — slowly, jolly, symptoms, delight, beheld. 
 2. — opulence, stores, oppressive, hanging, vast. 
 3. — coverts, promise, hasty, golden, leafy. . 
 4. — luxurious, prospects, fragrant, ample, odor. 
 5. — goodliest, stole, dainty, delicate, soft. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — The sun wheeling his broad disk below the horizon. 
 
 2. — Feeding the mind on sugared suppositions. 
 
 3- — Breakfasting on a dish of slap-jacks garnished with treacle. 
 
 4. — The golden ears of corn peeping out from their leafy coverts. 
 
 5. — The eyes of Ichabod ranging over the treasures of autumn. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 33 
 
 STUDY XXIII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "a slanting ray lingered," "woody crests of precipices," "a 
 sloop loitered in the distance," "dropping slowly down with the tide," 
 "a castle thronged with the flower and pride of the adjacent country," 
 "a spare leathern-faced race," "homespun coats," "close crimped hats," 
 "symptoms of city innovation," "a lad of spirit," "a potent nourisher," 
 "a tractable horse." 
 
 PART SECOJSTD. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for: lingered, crest, loiter, thronged, potent, bux- 
 om, magnificent, innovation, antiquated, tractable. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — woody, dark-gray, slanting, lingered, crests. 
 2. — precipices, rocky, overhang, river, sides. 
 3.— thronged, spare, flower, leathern-faced, farmers. 
 4. — sloop, tide, uselessly, dropped, reflection. 
 5. — antiquated, stupendous, innovation, tractable. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — A slanting ray lingering on the woody crests. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 —Admiring the dark-gray and purple of a rocky precipice. 
 — Hailing a sloop in the distance. 
 
 ■The leathern-faced farmers thronging to the party. 
 
 ^Brom Bones arriving on his favorite steed Daredevil. 
 
34 STUDIED IN^ IRVIXG 
 
 STUDY XXIV. 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "world of charms burst upon." "enraptured gaze," ''state 
 parlor," "sumptuous time of autumn," "doughty dough-nut," "crisp and 
 crumbling cruller," "delectable dishes," "broiled shad," "motherly tea- 
 pot," "mingled higgledy-piggledy," "ample justice," "heart dilated," 
 "his skin filled with good cheer." "spirits rose with eating," "niggardly 
 patron." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : pause, enraptured, genuine, sumptuous, crisp, 
 delectable, niggardly, deserve, discuss, ample. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of "Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — dwell, burst, enraptured, state, gaze. 
 
 2. — luxurious, genuine, sumptuous, charms, display. 
 
 3. — doughty, crisp, cakes, slices, delectable. 
 
 4. — shad, discuss, broiled, deserves, eater. 
 
 5. — unimaginable, niggardly, creatures, spirits. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — A world of charms bursting upon the gaze. 
 
 2. — Ichabod entering the state parlor of the mansion. 
 
 3. — A dialogue between a doughty dough-nut. and a crisp cruller. 
 
 4. — The hungry pedagogue doing ample justice to every dainty. 
 
 5. — Snapping the fingers in the face of a niggardly patron. 
 
IS TUDIES IN TR VI NG 35 
 
 STUDY XXV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "a face round and jolly as the harvest moon," "hospitable 
 attentions," "brief but expressive," pressing invitation," "fall to," "not 
 a fiber was idle," "loosely hung frame," "a pyramid of shining black 
 faces,"' "flogger of urchins," "animated and joyous," "smiling gracious- 
 ly,'' "sorely smitten," "sat brooding." 
 
 PART SECO'^D. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : content, humor, expressive, summoned, fiber, 
 batter, loosely, animated, graciously, fiogger. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — guests, jolly, hospitable, invitation, pressing. 
 2. — orchestra, musician, gray, summoned, dance. 
 3. — battered, scraped, bowing, accompany, start. 
 4. — fiber, idle, loosely, figuring, admiration. 
 5. — delight, gathered, animated, graciously, tiogger. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — ^Honest Bait pressing the guests to fall to. 
 
 2. — The gray-headed musician scraping on two strings. 
 
 3. — The loosely hung frame of Ichabod in full motion. 
 
 4. — Forming a pyramid of shining black faces. 
 
 5.— Brom Bones brooding in the corner. 
 
36 STUDIES IN IE VING 
 
 STUDY XXVI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "a knot of sager folks," "drawing out stories," "highly fav- 
 ored places," "scene of marauding," "infested with refugees," "border 
 chivalry," "dress up a tale with becoming fiction," "blue-bearded Dutch- 
 men," "British frigate," "lightly mentioned," "an old nine-pounder," 
 "parried a musket ball," "happy termination." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : sager, attracted, gossiping, chronicle, infest, 
 whiz, marauding, fiction, parried, lightly. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — knot, smoking, sager, attracted, former. 
 
 2. — gossiping, stories, abound, chronicle, highly. 
 
 3. — marauding, scene, infested, border, enable, story. 
 
 4. — ^fiction, elapsed, indistinctness, recollection. 
 
 5. — blue-beard, frigate, discharge, breastwork. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — The sager folks gossiping on the piazza. 
 
 — Visiting highly favored places. 
 
 — Fleeing from a band of marauding cow-boys. 
 
 — Dressing up a tale with becoming fiction. 
 
 — Discharging a nine-pounder at a British frigate. 
 
 — Parrying a musket-ball with a small sword. 
 
STUDIES IN IB VI NG 31 
 
 STUDY XXVII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "rich in legendary treasures," "tales and superstitions 
 thrive," "sheltered retreats," "shifting throng," "encouragement for 
 ghosts," "prevalence of supernatural stories," "contagion in the very 
 air," "an atmosphere of dreams and fancies," "doling out wild and 
 wonderful legends," "dismal tales," "funeral train," "te'thered his 
 horse," Who was Major Andre? Tell story very briefly. 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : treasures, thrive, shifting, prevalence, doling, 
 eontagion, infecting, unfortunate, favorite. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — retreats, thrive, deeds, illustrious, settled. 
 2. — population, shifting, scarcely, country, seat. 
 3. — surviving, acquaintance, prevalence, immediate. 
 4. — atmosphere, infecting, fancies, dismal, "favorite. 
 S- — wailing, unfortunate, contagion, breathed. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — A ghost seeking shelter in a long-settled retreat. 
 
 2. — Jostled about by the shifting throng. 
 
 3. — ^The sexton making the rounds of a lonely churchyard. 
 
 4. — Taking up my abode in an atmosphere of dreams and fancies. 
 
 5. — Tethering the horse for the night. 
 
 6.- — ^Joining the funeral train of a departed hero. 
 
38 . S TUBIES Ii\ IK VING 
 
 STUDY XXVIII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "shine modestly forth,"' "shades of retirement," "a gentle 
 slope," "silver sheet of water," "peeps may be caught," "blue hills of 
 the Hudson," "grass-grown yard," "sunbeams sleep quietly," "a wide 
 woody dell," "brook raves," "fearful darkness," "frequently encount- 
 ered," "returning from his foray," "gallop over bush and brake," "thrice 
 marvelous adventure," "errant jockey." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five S}non}-ms for: lofty, modestly, gentle, quietly, raves, foray, 
 bolted, formerly, frequently, heretical. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — decent, modestly, beaming, retirement, always. 
 
 2. — peeps, silver, bordered, lofty, river. 
 
 3. — grass-grown, quieth^ woody, extends, rest. 
 
 4. — raves, formerly, stream, bridge, shaded. 
 
 5. — thickly, trees, gloom, overhanging. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 I. — Troubled spirits knocking at the door. 
 2. — Viewing a silver sheet of water from a gentle slope. 
 3. — Chasing shadows across a grass-grown yard. 
 4. — Coming upon a raving brook in a woody dell. 
 5. — Pursuing the headless horseman over bush and brake. 
 6.— The Hessian vanishing over the tree-top with a clap of thunder.. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 39 
 
 STUDY XXIX. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "drowsy undertone," "a casual dream," "invaluable author," 
 "sank deep into the mind," "the revel gradually broke up," "hollow 
 roads," "mounted on pillions," "light hearted laughter," "late scene of 
 noise and frolic," "silent and deserted," "have a tete-a-tete," "fully con- 
 vinced," "no great interval," "desolate and chop-fallen," "conquest of 
 his rival," "sacking a hen roost." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for: undertone, countenance, casual, invaluable, 
 mingle, convince, interview, gloat, frolic, revel. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words, 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — listeners, undertone, talk, casual, gleam. 
 2. — repaid, invaluable, extracts, nightly, walks, 
 3. — mingle, families, convinced, light-hearted. 
 4. — interview, interval, desolate, conquest, sham. 
 5. — uncourteously, roused, gloated, comfortable. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 
 I. — Talking in drowsy undertones. 
 
 2. — ^Listening to the wagons rattling along the hollow road. 
 
 3. — Catching an echo from the distant woodland. 
 
 4. — Sacking a hen-roost at midnight. 
 
 5. — A plow-horse dreaming of mountains of corn and clover. 
 
 6, — ^Ichabod rousing his steed from a deep sleep. 
 
10 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XXX. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "witching time of night," "heavy-hearted," "crest-fallen,** 
 "dusky and indistinct waste of waters," "dead hush of night," "vague 
 and faint," "dreaming sound," "gutteral twang," "stories crowding upon 
 the recollection," "stars sink deeper and deeper in the sky," "driving 
 clouds," "tree gnarled and fantastic," "tragical story," "ill-starred name- 
 sake," "doleful lamentations." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : pursue, cheerily, dusky, waste, vague, hush, 
 faithful, melancholy, fantastic, tragical. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — heavy-hearted, witching, dusk}^, hills, traverse. 
 2. — cheerily, crestfallen, dismal, hush, hour. 
 3. — midnight, barking, vague, faithful, long-drawn. 
 4. — awakened, occasionally, marsh, sudden, frog. 
 
 5. — clouds, sky, stars, deeper, lonely. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 — Pausing on the lofty hills above Tarry-town. 
 
 — Frightened by the barking of a dog in the dead hush of night 
 
 — Awakened by the crowing of a cock at day break. 
 
 — Startled by the gutteral twang of a bull-frog. 
 
 — Disturbed by the melancholy chirp of a cricket. 
 
STUDIES IN IB VI NG 41 
 
 STUDY XXXI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "blast sweeping sharpW," "looking more narrowly," "tree 
 scathed by lightning," "knees smote against saddle," "new perils lay 
 before him," "cavernous gloom," "identical spot," "sturdy yeomen," 
 "perverse animal," "lateral movement," "kicked lustily," "starveling 
 ribs," "margin of a brook,' "black and towering," "gigantic monster," 
 "sensitive ear," "affrighted pedagogue." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : doleful, fearful, blast, cease, smote, perils, 
 cavernous, identical, thump, lustily, sway. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — respect, sympathy, fate, doleful, fearful. 
 2. — cease, blast, sharply, swayed, lustily. 
 3. — narrowly, ill-starred, traitor, approach. 
 4. — scathed, suddenly, smote, lightning, flash. 
 5. — marshy, glen, cavernous, identical, bridge. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 ■ Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Approaching a tree scathed by lightning. • 
 
 2. — Entering a thickly-wooded glen at night fall. 
 
 3. — Enduring the severest trial. 
 
 4. — The sturdy yeomen lying in wait for Major Andre. 
 
 5. — Ichabod kicking lustily at the starveling ribs of Gunpowder. 
 
 6. — Meeting a gigantic monster at the witching hour of night. 
 
42 STUDIES IN IB VINO 
 
 STUDY XXXII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "summon up a show of courage," "stammering accents," 
 "agitated voice," "involuntary fervor," "shadow object of alarm," "made 
 no offer of molestation," "kept aloof," "bethought himself," "quickened 
 steed," "fell into a walk," "lag behind," "to utter a stave," "moody sil- 
 ence,' "pertinacious companion," "figure in relief against the sky," 
 gigantic in height." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : courage, stammer, agitate, cudgel, molest, 
 resume, ascertain, moody, pertinacious, involuntarily, gigantic. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — goblin, wings, ride, courage, show. 
 2. — stammering, voice, answer, demand, agitated. 
 3. — cudgel, involuntary, inflexible, fervor, time. 
 4. — ascertain, molest, resume, silence, moody. 
 5. — sociability, aloof, pertinacious, companion. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Riding on the wings of the wind. 
 
 — Summoning up a show of courage. 
 
 — Halting before a shadowy object of alarm. 
 
 — Ichabod quickening his horse in hopes of escape. 
 
 — Endeavoring to start a psalm tune. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 43 
 
 STUDY XXXIII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "horror-stricken," "terror rose to desperation," "rain a 
 shower of blows," "give companion the slip," "Spectre started up full 
 jump with him," "flimsy garments fluttered," "possessed with a demon," 
 "beyond swells the green knoll," "panic of steed," "goblin was hard on 
 his haunches," "horrible missle," "encounter his cranium," "stroll idly 
 about," "an inquiry was set on foot." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for: perceive, desperation, flimsy, famous, panic, 
 wrath, cleave, convulsive, tremendous, missle. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — horror-stricken, observed, head, terror, desperate. 
 
 2. — perceive, rained, kicks, shower, slip, sudden. 
 
 3. — flimsy, famous, panic, flight, convulsive, pursue. 
 
 4. — wrath, cleave, unskillful, comfort, eagerness, confront. 
 
 5. — verily, reflection, missle, tremendous, stroll. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Ichabod makes a last attempt to flee from the goblin. 
 
 — Gunpowder plunges headlong down the cliff. 
 
 — The girth of Ichabod's saddle gave way. 
 
 — The goblin hurling his head at Ichabod. 
 
 — The horrible missle encountering the cranium of Ichabod. 
 
 — Finding Gunpowder on the following morning. 
 
44: STUDIES IN IR VING 
 
 STUDY XXXIV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Hans Van Ripper? Who was the headless horseman? What 
 became of Ichabod Crane? What were the current stories at the time? 
 What became of Brom Bones? Katrina Van Tassel? Explain: "fur- 
 ious steed," "water ran deep and black," "executor of the estate," "mys- 
 terious event," "knots of gazers and gossips," "Ten Pound Court," "ob- 
 ject of superstitious awe," "diligently consider." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : dent, evidently, executor, scrawl, consign, 
 suspect, speculation, conclusion, triumph, altered, faricy. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : . ^ 
 
 I. — trampled, deeply, dented, evidently, furious. 
 
 2. — executor, examined, estate, consigned, fortunate. 
 
 3. — community, scrawl, speculation, furniture. 
 
 4. — knots, collected, gazers, diligently, considered. 
 
 5. — triumph, altered, fancied, laugh, hearty, event. . 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Finding the hat and saddle of Ichabod near the bridge. 
 
 — Disposing of all the worldy effects of the schoolmaster. 
 — Knots of gossips discussing the mysterious event. 
 — Brom Bones recalling the story of the shattered pumpkin. 
 — The whole country engaged in a heated discussion. 
 
Sip Vm Wmkit 
 
S TUDIEIS IN IB VING 47 
 
 STUDY I. 
 PART FIBST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Peter Stuyvesant? Where are the Kaatskill Mts. ? the 
 Appalachian? Explain: "dismembered branch," "noble height," "lord- 
 ing it over," "magical hues and shapes," "perfect barometers," "Mts. 
 print their bold outlines on the clear evening sky," "a hood of gray 
 vapors," "crown of glory," "fairy Mts.," "blue tints of upland melt into 
 fresh green," "village of great antiquity," "original settlers," "latticed 
 windows," "gable fronts," "weather cocks." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get two or three synonyms for : remember, disremember, noble, per- 
 fect, gather, glow, descried, original. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — voyage, remember, swelling, branch. 
 2. — noble, lording, magical, produces. 
 3. — regarded, barometers, change, season. 
 4. — purple, print, weather, settled. 
 5. — ^tints, green, melt, landscape. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences by introducing relative 
 clauses, adverbial phrases, adjective phrases, appositional clauses, etc. 
 I. — ^Making a voyage up the Hudson. 
 
 — Climbing the Kaatskill mountains. 
 
 — The mountains putting on a hood of gray vapors. 
 
 — Standing at the foot of a snow-capped mountain. 
 
 — Watching the light smoke curling up from the village roofs. 
 
 — Roaming over a cloudless landscape. 
 
48 STUDIES IN IB VING 
 
 STUDY II. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Where is Great Britain? Describe the personal appearance of Rip 
 Van Winkle. Where was Fort Christina? Explain: "sadly time-worn 
 and weather beaten," "chivalrous days," "meekness of spirit," "universal 
 popularity," "martial character," "hen-pecked husband," "later circum- 
 stance," "apt to be obsequious and conciliating," "discipline of shrews," 
 "pliant and malleable tempers," "fiery furnace of domestic tribulation," 
 "a curtain lecture," "patience and long-suffering," "termagant wife," 
 "tolerable blessing," "family squabbles." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : sadly, simple, siege, inherit, martial, 
 meekness, popularity, obsequious. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — time-worn, province, simple, descendant. 
 
 2. — siege, inherited, martial, character. 
 
 3. — moreover, hen-pecked, kind, meekness. 
 
 4. — circumstances, popularity, obsequious, universal. 
 
 5. — shrew, conciliating, tempers, pliant. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Standing in the doorway of a time-worn cottage. 
 
 2. — Consoling a hen-pecked husband. 
 
 3. — Going to the siege of Fort Christina. 
 
 4. — Trying to conciliate a termagant wife. 
 
 5. — Teaching the children of the village to fly kites and shoot 
 
 marbles. 
 6. — Playing tricks on a simple good-natured fellow. 
 
STUDIES IN IR VING 49 
 
 STUDY III. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "great error in Rip's composition," "an insuperable aver- 
 sion," "profitable labor," "want of assiduity," "Tartar's lance," "fowl- 
 ing-piece," "trudging through woods," "up hill and down dale," "rough- 
 est toil," "formost man," "country frolics," "pestilent piece of ground," 
 "in spite of him," "patrimonial estate," "dwindled away," "worst-con- 
 ditioned farm," "trooping like a colt," "equipped in a pair of cast-off 
 galligaskins," "had much ado to hold up." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : error, aversion, insuperable, labor, 
 assiduity, encourage, trudge, foremost. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — composition, profitable, want, perseverance. 
 2. — aversion, assiduity, want, trudge. 
 3. — fowling-piece, dale, assist, roughest. 
 4. — errands, obliging, employ, ready. 
 5. — pestilent, wrong, ground, declared. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 I 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Cutting a long heavy fishing-rod. 
 
 2. — ^Carrying a heavy fowling-piece up hill and down dale. 
 3. — AsS'isting a neighbor in the roughest toil of the farm. 
 4. — Performing odd jobs about the neighborhood. 
 5. — Building a stone fence around the cabbage patch. 
 6.— Falling heir to a pair of cast-off galligaskins. 
 
50 STUDIES IN IB VINO ' 
 
 STUDY IV. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "happy mortals/' "well-oiled dispositions," "take the world 
 easy," "keep dinning in his ears," "torrent of house-hold eloquence," 
 "cast up the eyes," "draw off his forces," "sole domestic adherent," 
 "scour the woods," "ever-during and all-besetting terrors," "crest fell," 
 "sneaks about with a gallows-like air," "fly to the door with yelping 
 precipitation." "a tart temper," "a sharp tongue," "perpetual club of 
 sages," "rubicund portrait," "talking listlessly." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get threeor four synonyms for: mortal, contentment, dinning^ habit, 
 shrug, provoke, volley, droop. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — well-oiled, world, mortals, disposition. 
 
 2. — contentment, dinning, whistled, continually. 
 
 3. — ruin, torrent, house-hold, produce. 
 
 4. — lectures, habit, shrugged, however. • 
 
 5. — adherent, befitting, domestic, scoured. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : * 
 
 I. — Whistling away the troubles of life. 
 
 2. — Dame Van Winkle pouring forth a torrent of house-hold elo- 
 quence. 
 3. — Rip shrugging his shoulders in reply. 
 4. — Wolf looking on with a falling crest and drooping tail. 
 5. — Frequenting a club of sages and idlers. 
 6. — Telling endless sleepy stories about George the III. 
 
>S TUniE^ IN IB VING 51 
 
 STUDY V. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "profound discussions," "listen solemnly," "drawled out,'" 
 "a. dapper little man," "daunted by a gigantic word," "sagely deliber- 
 ate," "opinions of this junta," "patriarch of the village," "sun-dial," 
 "gather dpinions," "smoke vehemently," "frequent and angry puffs," 
 "light and placid clouds," "perfect approbation," "call the members all 
 to naught," "habit of idleness," "august personage," "terrible virago," 
 "charged him outright." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : profound, solemnly drawl, dapper, 
 placid, deliberate, accurately, control, approbation, august. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — profound, solemnly, contents, drawled. 
 
 2. 
 
 ■3- 
 
 4.- 
 
 5- 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 
 I. — ^Listening to the contents of the newspaper. 
 
 dapper, daunted, deliberate, events. 
 — opinions, junta, patriarch, landlord. 
 
 controlled, accurately, adherents, understood. 
 — smoke, emit, clouds, placid. 
 
 —A dapper little man drawling out the village gossip. 
 .—Nicholas Vedder sending forth short angry puffs of smoke. 
 , — Inhaling the fragrant vapor from his pipe. 
 —Dame Van Winkle breaking in upon this stronghold of sages. 
 
52 _ STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY VI. 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : ''reduced almost to despair," '"only alternative," "share the 
 contents of his wallet," "fellow-sufferer in persecution," "look wist- 
 fully," "reciprocate the sentiment," "long ramble," "unconciously scram- 
 bled," "still solitudes," "panting and fatigued," "green knoll," "crowned 
 the brow of the precipice," "lordly Hudson," "silent and majestic 
 course," "sail of a laughing bark," "glassy bosom," "mountain glen," 
 "impending cliffs." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : clamor, stroll, wallet, persecution, 
 wistfully, reciprocate, sentiment, knoll, majestic. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — reduced, clamor, escape, stroll. 
 
 — wallet, persecution, sometimes, share. 
 — reciprocate, verily, sentiment, wistfully. 
 — rambled, scrambled, solitudes, reechoed. 
 — knoll, herbage, crown, threw. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — Strolling through the woods. 
 2. — Sharing the contents of your wallet with a beggar. 
 
 — Wolf trying to reciprocate the kindness of his master. 
 
 — Scrambling up to the highest point of a mountain. 
 
 — Stretching yourself panting and fatigued upon a green knoll. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 53 
 
 STUDY VII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "musing on this scene," "mountain threw long blue shad- 
 ows," "heaved a deep sigh," "solitary flight," "bristled up his back," 
 "skulked to master's side," "vague apprehension," "unfrequented place," 
 "antique fashions," "stout keg," "shy and distrustful," "usual alacrity," 
 "transient showers," "azure sky," "strange and incomprehensible," 
 "looked anxiously," "mutually relieving one another," "narrow gully." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for: sigh, descend, advance, solitary, 
 skulk, antique, alacrity, mutually, transient. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — musing, evening, shadows, valleys. 
 
 2. — heaved, descend, flight, solitary. 
 
 3. — 'bristled, looking, skulked, growled. 
 
 4. — yield, unfrequented, bending, assistance. 
 
 5. — singularity, nearer, surprised, dress. 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : ' 
 
 I. — ^A crow winged its solitary flight across the glen. 
 
 2. — Lost among the mountains. 
 
 3. — ^Wolf skulks to his master's side. 
 
 4. — ^A strange figure slowly toiling up the rocks. 
 
 5. — Bending under the weight of a stout keg. 
 
54 STUDIES IN IB VING 
 
 STUDY VIII. 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "amphitheatre," "quaint outlandish fashions," "short doub- 
 lets," "enormous breeches," "peculiar visages," "sugar-loafed hat," 
 "broad belt and hanger," "gravest faces," "mysterious alliance," 
 "melancholy party," "suddenly desisted," "statue-like gaze," "lack-lus^- 
 tre countenances," "knees smote together," "flavor of excellent 'Hol- 
 lands," "a thirsty soul," "repeat the draught," "one taste provoked an- 
 other," "reiterated visits," "senses overpowered," "eyes swam,' 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : quaint, enormous, similar, style, 
 visage, entirely, commander, mysterious, melancholy. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — amphitheatre, wonder, compan}^ odd-looking. 
 
 2. — fashion, enormous, quaint, style. 
 
 3. — visages, entirely, various, consist, 
 
 4. — painting, settlement, group, reminded. 
 
 5. — desisted, lack-lustre, smote, stare. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — Rip entering the amphitheatre in the mountains. 
 
 — A company of odd-looking personages playing at nine-pins, 
 — Trying to put on a sugar-loaf hat. 
 
 -Quaffing the liquor in profound silence, 
 
 -Sampling a flagon of excellent Holland. 
 
STUDIES IN IB VI NG 55 
 
 STUDY IX. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "eagle wheeling aloft," "breasting the pure mountain 
 breeze," "recall occurrences," "wild retreat," "woe-begone party," 
 "wicked flagon," "barrel incrusted with rust," "grave roysterers," "fit 
 of rheumatism," "babbling murmurs," "made shift to scramble," "im- 
 penetrable wall," "tumbling torrent," "sheet of feathery foam," "cawing 
 of idle crows," "secure elevation," "felt famished," "coils and tendrils," 
 "old firelock." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get three or four synonyms for : aloft, occurrence, excuse, suspect, 
 activity, preceding, entangle, astonishment. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — whence, rubbed, wheeling, aloft. 
 2. — 'breasting, breeze, occurrence, recalled. 
 3. — retreat, woe-begone, excuse, delay. 
 4. — suspected, activity, rheumatism, astonishments. 
 5. — shift, entangled, tendrils, impenetrable. 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 
 I. — An eagle breasting the pure mountain breeze. 
 
 — Rip awaking after a profound sleep. 
 
 — The grave roysterers of the mountains. 
 
 — Revisiting the scene of a favorite gambol. 
 
 — Listening to the cawing of a flock of idle crows. 
 
56 
 
 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY X. , '■ 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain: "skirts of the village," "village was altered," "populous 
 village," "mind misgave him," "sorely perplexed," "that flagon has 
 addled my poor head sadly," "silent awe," "forlorn and abandoned," 
 "connubial fears," "singular assemblage," "singularly metamorphosed," 
 "bustling and disputatious people," "bilious-looking people," "harangu- 
 ing vehemently," "Babylonish jargon." 
 
 PART SECOj^D. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five svnonA-ms for : strange, hoot, alter, perplex, harangue, addle, 
 abandon, resort, assemblage, metamorphosed. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — troop, hooting, altered, misgave, strange. 
 2. — precisely, perplexed, addled, sadly, brain. 
 3. — shrill, expecting, voice, decay, shattered. 
 4. — unkind, abandoned, overcame, desolateness, loudly. 
 5. — assemblage, singular, metamorphosed, decorated, 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 Build up the following picture-sentences: 
 
 I. — A troop of strange children hooting at him. 
 
 2. — A large and populous village. 
 
 3. — A half-starved dog skulking about. 
 
 4. — Entering a house that is empty and forlorn. 
 
 5. — Rip eyeing a singular assemblage of stars and stripes. 
 
 6. — A bilious looking fellow haranguing the citizens. 
 
STUDIES IN IRVING 57 
 
 STUDY XI. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 What is a Tory? a spy? a refugee? Explain: ''grizzled beard," "un- 
 couth dress," "enormous lapses of time," "army of women and children," 
 "great curiosity," "stare in vacant stupidity," "Federal or Democrat," 
 "planting himself," "one arm akimbo," "austere tone," "to breed a riot," 
 "self-important man," "a sharp cocked hat," "ten-fold austerity of 
 brow," "unknown culprit," "drowned in a squall," "a precise counter- 
 part," "completely confounded," "doubted his own identity." Where 
 is Stony Point? Anthony's Nose? 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 . Get five synonyms for : attract, curiosity, stupidity, important, loyal, 
 penetrate, austere, restore, culprit, confound. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — grizzled, rusty, attracted, tavern, politician. 
 
 2. — curiosit}^, bustled, stupidity, tip-toe, comprehend. 
 
 3. — self-important, akimbo, penetrate, austere. 
 
 4. — riot, loyal, subject, dismayed, bless. 
 
 5. — culprit, unknown, confound, squall, drowned. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — An army of women and children. 
 2.— Rip staring in vacant stupidity. 
 
 3. — A self-important man planting himself before Rip. 
 4. — Going to an election with a mob at his heels. 
 5. — Elbowing your way through a crowded street. 
 6. — The British storming Stony Point. 
 
58 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 STUDY XII. 
 
 PART FIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Who was Judith Gardenier? Peter Vanderdonk? In what way was 
 Rip indebted to him? Explain: ''winking significantly," "tapped their 
 fingers against their foreheads," "retired with precipitation," "critical 
 moment," "a train of recollections," "drop of comfort," "stood amazed," 
 "put their tongues in their cheeks," "screwed down the corner of his 
 mouth," "faltering voice," "well-versed," "events and traditions," 
 "corroborate his stor}-," "at his wits end." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for : significantly, mischief, suggestion, critical, 
 precipitation, comely, faltering, totter, peering, corroborate. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing : 
 
 I. — bystanders, wink, significantly, whisper, mischief. 
 
 2. — suggestion, precipitation, critical, comely, moment. 
 
 3. — peep, chubby, throng, look, frightened. 
 
 4. — intelligence, contain, comfort, longer, drop. 
 
 5. — tottering, women, brow, peering, exclaimed. 
 
 PART FOURTH. 
 
 Picture-Sentences. 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — The bystanders winked significantly. 
 2. — A comely woman presses through the crowd. 
 3. — Rip meeting his daughter Judith. 
 4. — Breaking a blood-vessel in a fit of anger. 
 5. — An old woman tottering up from among the crowd. 
 6. — Peter Vanderdonk corroborating Rip's story. 
 
STUDIES IN IB VING 59 
 
 STUDY XIII. 
 
 PART PIRST. 
 
 Word Study. 
 
 Explain : "assured the company," "kept a kind of vigil," "crew of the 
 Half-Moon," "scenes Oif his enterprise," "guardian eye," "make a long 
 story short," "stout cheery farmer," "evinced an hereditary disposition," 
 "former cronies," "grew into great favor," "idle with impunity," "dur- 
 ing his torpor," "species of despotism," "resignation to his fate," "re- 
 mained flighty," "life hangs iheavy," "quieting draught." 
 
 PART SECOND. 
 
 Synonyms. 
 
 Get five synonyms for :ancestor, affirm, vigil, enterprise, guardian, 
 cheery, evinced, hereditary, resume, crony. 
 
 PART THIRD. 
 Use of Words. 
 
 Write a sentence containing: 
 
 I. — Half-Moon, enterprise, guardian, ancestor. 
 2. — cheery, evinced, ditto, de.-potism, hereditary. 
 3. — cronies, impunity, patriarch, track, torpor, 
 4. — politician, disposition, impression, species. 
 5. — precisely, flighty, credit, draught, quieting. 
 PART FOURTH. 
 Picture-Sentences. " 
 
 Build up the following picture-sentences : 
 I. — The crew of the Half-Moon keeping vigil. 
 2. — A stout cheery farmer. 
 3. — Rip meeting his former cronies. 
 4. — Caught in a thunder storm. 
 5. — Playing a game of nine-pins. 
 
STUDIES IN IB VING 61 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 The following scenes taken from the several "Studies" of the "The 
 Legend of Sleepy Hollow," have often proved fruitful topics for orig- 
 inal composition. 
 
 They were also found to be very helpful to beget in the pupils a habit 
 of attentive and careful reading, by requiring them to be on the look- 
 out for similar scenes in Scott, Dickens, Hawthorne, or in any work 
 of classic fiction assigned for side reading. They should note accurate- 
 ly the title of the book, chapter and page where the same or a kindred 
 scene is to be found. 
 
 _ A report of their progress in this work should be had two or three 
 times a month. The pupils will he only too anxious to cite their refer- 
 ences and show the points oi similarity in the portrayal of the same 
 scene by different authors. This is an easy entrance to a more serious 
 and detailed comparative study of models in the higher classes. 
 
 Scenes From ''The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." 
 
 Study I. — A market town. 
 
 Study 2. — (a) A squirrel hunt. 
 
 (b) Description of Sleepy Hollow. 
 
 Study 3. — (a) The haunts of the dominant spirit. 
 
 (b) A haunted house, a haunted spot, a haunted stream. 
 
 Study 4. — A little retired valley. 
 
 Study 5. — -Personal appearance of Ichabod Crane. 
 
 Study 6. — (a) The exterior of an old Dutch school-house. 
 
 (b) The interior of an old Dutch school-house. 
 
 (c) Ichabod Crane during school hours. 
 
 Study 7. — (a) Ichabod Crane after school hours, 
 (b) A tramp pedagogue. 
 
 Study 8. — (a) Ichabod the singing-master. 
 
 ...■•,- (b) Ichabod the social lion. 
 
 Study 9. — Ichabod in his true light. 
 Study 10. — Ichabod as a story-teller. 
 Study II.— A lonely walk. 
 Study 12. — (a) Personal appearance of Katrina Van Tassel. 
 
 (b) Personal appearance of a well-conditioned Dutch 
 farmer. 
 
 Study 13. — (a) Description of a barn-yard. 
 
 (b) The pleasures of anticipation. 
 
62 
 
 STUDIES IN IRVING 
 
 Study 14. — (a) A pleasant fancy. 
 
 (b) A spacious farm house. 
 
 Study 15. — (a) Ichabod enters the hall. 
 
 (b) Ichabod loses his peace of mind. 
 
 Study 16. — The hero of the country round. 
 Study 17. — A formidable rival. 
 Study 18.— Description of Brom Bones. 
 Study 19. — (a) The scepter of despotic power. 
 (b) A sudden interruption. 
 
 Study 20. — (a) Making ready for the party, 
 (b) Description of Gunpowder. 
 
 Study 21. — (a) Mounted for the frolic. 
 
 (b) A perfect autumn day. 
 
 (c) The farewell banquet. 
 
 Study 22. — (a) The treasures of autumn, 
 (b) A glorious sunset. 
 
 Study 23. — A varied throng of guests. 
 
 Study 24. — A country tea-table. 
 
 Study 25. — (a) A rustic host. 
 
 (b) The dancer in full motion. 
 
 Study 26. — (a) Gossiping with the sager folks. 
 
 (b) True stories. 
 Study 27. — The sexton's experience with a ghost. 
 
 Study 28. — (a) The favorite spectre of Sleepy Hollow. 
 
 (b) A country church. 
 
 (c) A thrice marvellous adventure. 
 
 Study 29. — (a) The departure. 
 
 (b) A rude awakening. 
 
 Study 30. — (a) Homeward bound. 
 
 (b) Gruesome recollections. 
 
 Study 31. — (a) A memorable tree. 
 
 (b) Wiley's swamp. 
 
 (c) A severe trial. 
 Study 32. — (a) A shadowy object. 
 
 (b) A strange midnight companion. 
 
 Study 33.^A race for life. 
 
 Study 34. — (a) The finding of Gunpowder. 
 
 (b) The passing of Ichabod. 
 
 (c) The search. 
 
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