NEW YORK. COLLINS a BROTHER. LIBHAHY OF CONGRESS. I NITKU SI Al KS or AMKKU A, SCOTT'S MAITTTAL OP UNITED RTATEB HISTOET. MANUAL OF HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES: A NEW EDITION, Jroug^t bofort to i\^t gibministrHtion of ^nsibntt pages. ILLUSTRATED 'WITH MAPS. TO WHICH IB A>rKEXED THE DECLAEATION OF INDEPENDENCE A2n> THB CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, WITH QUESTIONS. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS V By DAVID B. SC NEW YORK : COLLINS & BROTHEK, 414 BROADWAY. \ Copyright^ 1878, by David B. Scott. PEEFACE. In presenting to the public a new edition of the Manual of United States History, it does not appear necessary to draw attention to the plan on which the work was originally con- structed. Its merit has been tested by twenty years' use in the schools. It is hoped by the publishers that this new and improved edition, in which the narrative is continued to the close of President Grant's administration, will retain the favor hith- erto accorded to the work. New York, September 1st, 1878, .1- HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. SECTION 1. n&OM THE DI8C0VEKT OF AMERICA IN 1492, TO THB SETTLtMENT OF VIEGINIA IN 1607. WTien and by whom was America discovered f America was discovered in 1492, by ChFwISTO- PHER Columbus, a native of Genoa, in Italy. What prompted him to the discovery f The genius of this great man, fired by the ac- counts of the wealth of the East, as given by Marco Polo, led him to believe, that by sailing v/estward he might discover a passage to the Indies. Under vhose patronage did he sail f After many discouragements at different courts, he set sail from Spain under the patronage of Fer- dinand and Isabella, king and queen of that coun try. Where and when did he land f Taking a southwesterly course, he landed, Octo- ber 12 th, 1492, at one of the Bahama islands, which he named St. Salvador. Tn vhat year and voyage did he reach the continent f U was not till the year 1498, in his third voyage, 1* DISCOVERY. that Columbus reached the coast at the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South America. Was he conscious that he fiad discovered a new world f Ignorant of the greatness of his discovery, he cave to the new lands the name of the West In- dies, and died believing that he had merely reached the Eastern shores of Asia, What v&yage took place in 1499 f Amerigo Vespucci an Italian^ sailed in 1499 and landed on the coast of Paria in South America, What gave the natne to the new continent ? He was the first who announced to Europe that the newly discovered lands were not a part of Asia, and it is to this that America owes its name. Wliat nation Jirst explored the coast of North America f To England belongs, the honor of having sent out navigators who first explored the coast of North America. W7io ioere the navigators f In the year 1497, John Cabot, a Venetian, and his son, Sebastian, set sail from Bristol, England, under a commission from Henry VII., and ex- plored the coast of Labrador. Did either of them make a}i<)ther voyage f In the following year, Sebastian, in a second expedition, sailed along the coast from Labrador to Florida. Wlien was Yttcacan discovered ; and the Pacific f In 1506, the coast of Yucatan was discovered , and in 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa, havini^ crossed the Isthmus of Darien, saw the Pacific Ocean from the heights of the Andes. W\at led to Ponce de Leon^s voyage t Ponce de Leon, a Spanish veteran, in the ycai DISCOVERY. 1512, sailed from Porto Tiico in search cf a foun- tain, said to exist in one of the Bahama islands. To this fountain was ascribed the virtue of impal- ing immortal youth to those who should drink of its waters. What discovery did he make t During his search among the islands, he descried land abounding in flowers. To commemorate the day of his discovery, which happened to be Palm Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida, he named the country Florida. Was his search for the fountain successful f Having taken formal possession of the country for the crown of Spain, he continued his search farther south; but this proving unsuccessful he returned to Porto Rico. What happened on his second voyage ? De Leon went on a second voyage, but was mortally wounded in a skirmish with the Indians. Wlien and hy whom was the coast of Mexico explored ? The coast of Mexico was explored by Cordova, in 1517. WJiat effect did Cordovas exploration produce ? On his return to Cuba, he praised the country go highly, that Velasquez, the governor, sent out an expedition under Grijalva. This returned so rich a cargo, that Velasquez was prompted to attempt the conquest of the country. Give the date of this second expedition, and the commander. In 1519, Hernando Cortes, who was chosen to command this second expedition, sailed from Cuba, and landed first at Tabasco, then at San Juan d'Ulloa. 8 DISCOVERY. Describe the progress of Cortes' expedition. Here h-aving destroyed liis ships, he marched to the city of Mexico, into which tie was invited, and to overawe the inhabitants, seized Montezuma the king. What took place soon after f Soon after, Montezuma died. Eoused by this, the Mexicans rose upon the Spaniards, and drove them from the city with terrible loss. What happened on their retreat f On their retreat towards the coast, they were opposed by an immense number of the natives; but the bravery of Cortes saved his little army from destruction. GKve an account of the bravery of Cortes. Bushing into the thickest of the fight, he slew the Mexican standard-bearer and took the standard. The Mexicans seeing this, fled in confusion, and Cortes continued his retrea.t unmolested. Wlien was Mexico retaken by the Spaniards f Cortes returned with fresh troops, and after a vigorous siege, the capital was retaken in 1521. When and where did Magellan sail f In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, sailed with several ships under the flag of Spain, in search of a western passage to India. What was his success? Pursuing a southerly course, he explored the coast of South America, and in the spring of 1520 entered the Pacific through the straits which bear his name. \\^at became of Magellan and the expedition f Magellan himself was killed on one of the Phil- ippine islands ; but one of his vessels reached Spaio DI6C0VERY 9 by the Cape of Good Hope, having sailed round ihe globe in a little more than three years. Give the date and direction of VerrazanVs expedition. In 1524, Verrazani, in the service of France, • explored the coast from North Carolina to New- foundland, and gave the country the name of New France. When and by whom was the St. Latnence discovered f In the year 1534, Jaques Cartier, a French- man, sailed through the Straits of Belleisle, into the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and discovered the river of the same name : he then returned to France. Give an account of Cartier's second voyage. In the following year, 1535, he sailed up the St. Lawrence as far as the Indian town of Hochalaga, where Montreal now stands, and in the following spring returned to France, taking with him the In- dian king, whom he had decoyed on board. When and where did De Soto sail ? In 1539, De Soto, a Spanish noble, who had served with Pizarro in Peru, hoping to find in Florida an empire that could rival Mexico, sailed from Cuba with a large and well-appointed force. Where did he land, and what is said of his wanderings f He landed near Tampa Bay, in Florida, passed np north, then westward, and after wandering for two years, at length reached the Mississippi, in 1541. In what direction did he then move f Crossing the river, he pushed on, and passed the winter as it is supposed in Arkansas, but returned to the Mississippi early in 1542. What is said of his march f His march was one continued series of contests 10 DISCOVERT. with the natives, and his troops suffered dreadfully from famine, exposure, sickness, and constant skir- mishing. What filially became of De Sotof Worn out by care and disappointment, De Soto died on the banks of the Mississij^pi in the spring; and to conceal his death from the natives, who had the highest ideas of his valor, his followers buried him at night in the waters of the river. And of the remains of his army i After his death, the remnant of his army having built some frail vessels, dropped down the Missis- sippi to the Gulf, and finally reached a Spanish settlement in 1543, after an absence of four years and three months. What ia said of Roberval ? In 1541, Roberval, a French nobleman, sent out Jaques Cartier with five vessels to form a settle- ment in New France. Narrate the fate of Cartier' a band. ' Cartier arrived in the St. Lawrence, but the na- tives, indignant at his treatment of their king, at- tacked and compelled him to build a fort for his defence, near the present city of Quebec. Was the expedition finally succeaiful / Next June, 1542, Cartier departed for New France just as Iloberval arrived with fresh colo- nists. After passing a dreary winter Roberval abandoned the idea of forming a settlement, and returned to France. What ia aaid of Ribault f In 1562, Ribault, with a party of Iluguenots — French Protestants — was sent out by Coligni, pdmir^.l of France. DISCOVERY. 11 Where did he settle f He established a colony at Port Royal entrance, in South Carolina ; but the settlers, unable to en- dure a solitary life in a wild country, soon returned to Europe. Was the secorui colony more successful f Another colony, established by Coligni in Flori- rla, in 1564, was attacked by the Spaniards, and the seitlers put to the sword. When was St. Augustine founded f In 1565, the town of St. Augustine, in Florida, was founded by the Spaniards, under Melendez. This is the oldest town north of ttie Gulf of Mexico. Wlien was the first English colony attempted? In 1583, Sir Humphrey Gilbert sailed from England for the purpose of forming a settlement In this he was not successful, and on the home- ward voyage, his ship went down with all on board. WJm sailed in 1584? In the following year, 1584, Sir Walter Raleigh, half-brother of Gilbert, having obtained an ex- tensive grant of territory from Queen Elizabeth of England, sent out two vessels under Amidas and Barlow. What was the result of this voyage f After a successful trading voyage, they returned to England, and gave such flattering accounts of the country, that Elizabeth bestowed on it the Qame of Yirginia. Btate what became of Grenvill^s colony. In 1585, Raleigh sent out Sir Richard Gren- VILLE, who left a colony under Ralph Lane on the idland of Roanoke. After a year cf trou}>le8. fhe 12 DISCOVERY. settlers were carried back to England bj Sir Fran- cis Drake. Did Raleigh send ont another colony f Raleigh, not discouraged by this failure, sent out another colony in 1687, which landed on the island of Roanoke, and there formed a settlement. What was its fate f Being in want of supplies, the colonists sent Capt. White, their governor, to England. He did not return for three years, and then no vestige of the colony was to be found. To whom had Raleigh given up his right to the territory ? Previous to White's return to Roanoke, Raleigh had given up his patent to a company of mer- cliants and othei's in London. Give date and account of Gosnold's voyage. In 1602, Bartholomew Gosnold discovered Cape Cod, and endeavored to form a settlement on an island he named Elizabeth. The design, how- ever, was abandoned, and he returned to England. When and by whom was Port Royal settled ? In 1605, De Monts, who had been made pro- prietor of the territory from the southern boundary of IN'ew York as far north as the St. Lawrence by the French monarch, made the first permanent set ,tlement in Acadia, and named it Port Royal. Wlien and by whom was Quebec settled f In 1608, Champlain, another French voyager, laid the foundation of Quebec. What happened in tht year 1606 ? In the year 1606, James I., of England, divided that portion of the continent from the Sith to the 4=5 th degree north latitude. TO IltXTS TIV^Tira TH E COUNTRY lvojnM02 "tilL ICGT. 4 7J3lJ\^*' S ^3 CoTinnoii' I \ r ........ • )) Tir rol:o jn j\Tkiuis.i:sL;.:i>y Do Soto /^7 iliscovexs "truT iS K Xonilon '^\ ^ \. -, „t ® ^i J-ract IT/' ; '/ S7 DISCOVERT. IS How was this tract dioided, and to whom given f From the 34t]i to the 38th was given to the'Lon- don Company ; and from the 41st to the 45th to the Plymouth Company: the intervening three degrees, from the 38th to the 41st, formed a boun- dary between the two companies. Spdnlth Navigators. Columbus, Ponce De Leon, Cortes, De Soto, Magellan, Cordova. RECAPITULATION. French Navigaton. Verrazani, Cartier, Koberval, Ribault, De Monts, Champlain. English Narig^tvn. The Cabots, Gilbert, Ami das and Barlow, Grenville, White. Gosnold. EARLY VOYAGES. 1492 Columbus. 1497 Cabot's first voyage. 1499 Amerigo Vespucci. 1498. Sebastian Cabot. 1498 ColumbuB — Orinoco River. 1512 Ponce De Leon — Florida. 1518 Balboar— Pacific. 1520 Magellan — Straits. 1521 Cortes — Mexico. 1524 Verrazani. 1584 Cartier'B first voyage. 1M6 ^ second voya^ 1589 De Soto— llorida. 1541 Mississippi discovered. 1541 Roberval. 1562 Ribault. 1565 St. Augustine founded. 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert 1584 Amidas and Barlow. 1585 Roanoke colony. 1587 " second colony^i 1602 Gosnold— Gape Cod. 1605 Port Royal settled. 1608 Qaebec settled. 14 VIRGINIA. SECTION II. PaOM tmt SBTTLKMSNT OF VTBOINIA IN 1607, TO THE OOMMBNOKMiOn OF THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAE, 1764. CHAPTER I. VIRGINIA. WTio commanded the first expedition of the London Company f The first expedition sent out by the London Company, was commanded by Captain Christopher Newport. Where and when did he settle f By severe weather, he was driven north of the Island of Roanoke, and entering a river which he named the James, he formed the settlement of Jamestown, May 23d, 1607. WTiOrt occurred during the voyage f On the voyage, which lasted upwards of foui months, dissension and jealousy arose among the leading persons ; and John Smith, their best man, was placed in confinement. CH.ve the cause of this Jealousy. Sealed instructions, with the names of seven per- eons inclosed as a local council for the colony, had been given by the Supreme Council in England, with orders that these should not be opened till th« arrival of the colonists. ffote were affairs settled on their arrival t On their arrival, the persons thus designated, VIRGINIA. 15 chose Edward Wingfield president; and John Sriiith, tboug]^ at first excluded, soon took his place in the council. WJiat at first was the succejs of the colony? The colony, composed principally of poor gen- tlemen, and broken-down tradesmen, dissolute and idle, fell rapidly to ruin. Sickness set in, and in a few months half their number died., among these, Bartholomew Gosnold. WJiat is said of Wingjieldf Wingfield being discovered in an attempt to plunder the stores, and abandon the colony, was deposed. What is said of hh successor f Ratclilfe succeeded him, but he was sick and in- efficient, and the control of affairs fell into the hands of Smi th. What effect did this produce ? Smith by his energy, raised the spirits of the colonists, pacified the Indians, and obtained sup- plies of provisions. Wliat happened to Sinith in an exploring voyage 9 In a voyage up the Chickahominy, he was cap- tured by the Indians, after a desperate struggle, and taken to Opecancanough, the brother of Pow- hatan, the Indian king, November, 1607. By whmn was he at length condemned ? He was finally taken to the residence of R)w- hatan, and by him condemned to die. How was his life saved f As Smith was lying bound, ready to be ex ecuted, Pocahontas, the favorite daughter of Pow- hatan, threw herself between her father and his victim, and implored Smith's life. Powhatan 16 VfRGIMA. yielded to her entreaties, and Smith, kept prisonei for seven weeks, was sent back to Jamestown. How was Smith's captivity beneficial to the colony f During his captivity Smith won the confidence and friendship of the Indians, and also acquired a knowledge of their language and customs, which proved of great benefit to the colony. What was the state of things on his return / On his return, the affairs of the colony were in disorder ; but his energy soon restored thiogs to a prosperMis condition. State what led to Smith's being made President. The inefficient Eatcliffe soon after resigned the Presidency, during the absence of Smith on an exploring expedition, and Smith on his return was formally made President, September, 1608. When was a new Cha'^ter given, and what change was made f In 1609, a new charter was obtained, by which it was ordered that a governor should be appointed for life, and that he should reside in the colony. What IS said of the new governor, and the expedition f Lord Delaware, a wise and virtuous nobleman, was appointed the first governor, and five hundred eniigraTit'' were sent out before him, under Gates, Newport, and Somers. What disaster befell the expedition f A severe storm drove the vessel that contained these three, on the Bermudas, where they remained several months. Seven of the ships reached Jrmes U:)wn. Did Smith still retain the Presidency f Smith, therefore, still retained the government; but being injured by an explosion of gunpowder, he returned to England, leaving Percy to irovcrr VIRGINIA. 17 fche colony, until the arrival of Gates or Dela- ware. WJtat miseries followed SmitKs departure f Percy was incapable of ruling with the steady hand of Smith. The Indians began to be hostile, the colonists quarrelled, and famine and vice re- duced their numbers from four hundred and ninety to sixty. This dreadful period was long known as the " starving time." What occurred during their distress ? In this state of affairs, June, 1610, Gates and his friends arrived, and measures were at once taken to disperse the colony ; but Lord Delaware fortu- nately appeared, with ships and supplies, and saved it from ruin. What is said of his administration f His government v/as wise and prudent, and the dtfairs of the colony prospered rapidly under his management, but sickness soon compelled him to return. Who siu:ceed9d Lord Delaware f Sir Thomas Dale was sent out by the Company to succeed him. \VJien toas the third Charter granted, and with what change f In 1612, King James granted a new charter, which gave the whole London Company the privi- lege of voting for officers, thus making it a demo- '^ratic assembly. What important event occurred in 1616 ? In 1616, the cultivation of tobacco was com menced, under the able administration of Deputy- Governor Yeardlej^ And in 1620 ? In the year 1620, the colony was lastingly bene 2* 18 VIRGINIA. fited by the arrival of ninety respectable young women, who were given as wives to the planters, on condition that the cost of their transportation to Virginia should be paid by the latter. Wliat other hnportant event occurred ? In tlie same year twenty negroes were brought by a Dutch vessel to Jamestown, and sold as slaves. This was the beginning of negro slavery in the English Colonies. Give the account and date of the Indian massacre. Troubles now arose from a new quarter. The Indians, who had long been quiet, organized and carried out a plot with so much secrecy, that on April 1st, 1622, in one hour, SiT men, women, and children, were massacred. What was the result ? A bloody war followed, but the Indians were everywhere beaten, and at length fled to the inte- rior. In this disastrous war, the number of plan- tations was reduced from eighty to eight. Why had King James become displeased with the London Com- pany ? Meanwhile, the king had become dissatisfied with the debates of the Company at their meetings in London. They meddled with his kingly rights, and used a liberty of speech inconsistent with his notions of passive obedience in the subject. In what way did he rid himself of this annoyance ? He thereupon dissolved the Company by an exercise of his royal authority, and took the gov ernment of Virginia into his own- hands in the year 1624. Who was the most celebrated of the royal governors ? The most distinguished governor under tlie VIKGII^IA. 19 royal administration was Sir William B^xkele}'. who ruled from 16i2 to 1652 ; and again fron^ 1660 to 1677, a period of 27 years. Give an account of the second Indian massacre. In 1644, a second Indian massacre occurred, ir which three hundred whites were killed. A war of vengeance lasted two years, at the close of which the Indians were reduced to obedience. From what other source did troubles arise ? The distresses of the colony were farther increased by the passage of the IMavigation Act, which was re-enacted in 1660 by the English Parliament. What is said of this oppressive law ? This oppressive measure first passed in 1651, but not enforced until 1660, prohibited the Yirginians from importing or exporting goods, except in Bri- tish vessels, and ordered that the chief products of the colony should be sent to England alone. What caused Bacon's rebellion ? This, and other oppressive acts, together with the inefficient measures adopted by Berkeley to repel the renew^ed attacks of the Indians, led to Bacon's rebellion. When did this break amt, and what is said of Bacon ? In the year 1676, the people chose Nathaniel Bacon as a leader, without regard to the authority of the governor. Bacon assumed the command, repelled the Indians, and forced Berkeley to sub mit to his authority. How ended the rebellion, and what were Berkeley's measures? While at the height of his power, Bacon sud- denly died, and the rebellion was suppressed. Berkeley's measures Avere in the last degree cruel ; iO MASFaOSUSETTS. for, not content with fines and confiscations, he hanged twenty-two of the leaders of Bacon's party. What changes took place afterxoards in the government f In 1673, King Charles 11. granted the principal part of Virginia to Arlington and Culpepper. In 1677, the latter became governor for life, but he was deprived of his office in 1684, and Virginia passed again under the royal government, until the revolution. RECAPITULATION. 1607 Jamestown settled. " John Smith captured. 1609 Second Charter. 1610 ''The Starving Time." 1612 Third Charter. 1616 Cultivation of Tobacco. 1620 Slavery introduced. 1622 First Indian Massacre. 1624 Koyal Government. 1644 Second Indian Plot. 1651 Navigation Act. 1673 Proprietary Government. 1676 Bacon's Rebellion. 1684 Royal Government. CHAPTER II. MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW HAMFSHIRK. MASSACHUSETTS. Wliat is said of John Smith f Captain Joha Smith, having recovered from the severe wound he had received in Virginia, sailed from England, on a trading voyage to the coast of 'America, in thb year 1614. /jfoto much of tiu coast did he explore f ITe explored the coast from Penobscot to Cape MASSACHUSETTS. 21 Cod, made a chart of the oountry, and named it New England. What happened to him in 1615 ? In 1615, he made a second voyage; but a mu- tiny having arisen among the crew, he was cap- lured and imprisoned by the French ; he eseaped, however, from France, alone, in an open boat. What effect did Smi^Vs account prodv^e on the Plymouth Ccnu- pany f The Plymouth Company, encouraged by Smith's description of the country, appointed him admiral for life, and applied for a new charter. What new name and grant did they receive f Under a new name, the Council of Plymouth, they obtained a grant of th3 territory lying between the 40th and 48th parallels of north latitude. When and by whom was the first settlement made? The first permanent settlement on this tract was made on the 21st of December, 1620, by a body of Puritans, who, to avoid persecution on account of their religious opinions, had determined to settle in America. Oive an account of their first emigration. They first went to Holland, under the care of John Robinson, their minister, in 1608, and set- .tled at Amsterdam: thence they removed to Ley- den. What prompted them to leave Holland f In the hope of bettering their condition , by sev tling in America, they sought for and obtained a grant of land from the London Company. State what is said of their departure. They then passed from Le5^der to Southampton, England, and being joined by a body of Puritans 22 MASSACHUSETTS. from London, a company, to the number of on« hurxirorl and one, sailed in the Mayflower froro Plymouth, on the 16th of September, 1620. Of thtir voyage, place, a7id date of landing. After a tedious and stormy voyage, they reached the coast of Massachusetts, entered the harbor of Plymouth, and finding the shore pleasant and agreeable, they landed there, December 21st, 1620. Why did they not settle on the London Company's tract ? They had intended to settle on the banks of the Hudson, withi.n the limits of New Netherlands ; but the lateness of the season, their long voyage. and the distance from the spot they had selected, compelled them to seek a settlement. State the trials of the first winter. The winter had now set in, and exposure, sick- ness, and famine, made sad havoc with the infant colony. Before spring, forty-six died, and among these. Governor Carver and his wife. What fortunate alliances were madef In the spring of 1621, alliances were entered into with the neighboring Indian tribes, the Wampa- noags and the Narragansetts. These alliances se- cured the colony against danger from the Indians. What became necessary to secure their right to the landf Being without the limits of the territory of the Virginia Company, they obtained a grant from the Council of Plymouth. The land thus obtained was divided equitably, and prosperity began to visit the colony. Who were the leading men f The leading men were Carver, Bradford, Bre^^ tcr, Standi?h, and Winslow. MASSACHUSETTS. 28 What other colony was commenced f Another body of Puritans had received a grant of land from the Plymouth Company, under the name of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Where and when was a settlement madef Under tlms grant, Boston with its neighborhood •ras settled by three hundred Puritan families in 1630. When and by whom were their numbers increased f Like the Plymouth Colony, they suffered much from sickness during their early settlement; but in the year 1635, three thousand emigrants arrived, among whom were Hugh Peters and Sir Henry Vane. Froom what source did difficulty arise, aiid who was banished f Religious dissensions had already arisen in the colony, and Roger Williams was banished on ac- count of his opinions, in 1635. What is said of Mrs. Hutchinson f A woman, by name Mrs. Hutchinson, who held meetings of her own sex, and claimed the right to decide on the religious faith of others, was also banished, although she was supported by many distinguished men in the colony. What arrival took pla4;e, and when f Great numbers of Puritans continued to arrive from England, and the king attempted to prevent the emigration. Notwithstanding this, a fleet of eight ships, with a number of settlers on board, arrived in 1638. Give the date, names, and object of the (Jyiion of the Nev Ent ifvmnd \,of utiles. In the year 1643, the colonies of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Haien, and Connecticut, formed a 24 MASSACHUSETTS. league, under the name of The United Colonies OF New England, for defence against the Dutch, French, and Indians, on the continent. Jlmo voere the general affairs of tlu Colonies regulated f All matters relating to this Union were deter mined in a yearly meeting, composed of two dele- gates from each colony. It greatly promoted the welfare and independence of the colonies. WJiat is said of the first arrival of the Quakers? In 1656 the Quakers first arrived from England, but the authorities would not permit them to land. Describe the cruel measures adopted by the colonists. Fresh numbers arriving, many were banished, and the punishment of death was decreed to all who should return from banishment. Four were thvLS put to death. WTiat was the result of this persecution f These severe measures proved ineffectual. The Quakers were above the fear of death ; their suffer- ings changed the current of popular sympathy, and the severity of the law was at length relaxed, and the Quakers permitted to enjoy their opinions in peace. What is said of tJte Navigation Act f The Navigation Act, which has been mentioned in the history of Virginia, pressed heavily on ^Massachusetts; and tlvere, as in Virginia, formixi one of the remote causes of American Independ ence. What war broke out in 1676 ^ The quiet of the colon j was at length interrupted Dy an Indian war, commonly known as Kin^ Philip's. MASSACHUSETTS. 26 Who was Philip f King Philip of Mount Hope was ihe son aj-d successor of Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoags, who had proved a steady friend of the colonists^ firom their first settlement till his death in 1662. What was the caufie of the war ? A converted. Indian accused Philip of plotting tlie destruction of the whites, and soon after, the informer was murdered. Three of Philip's men, suspected of the crime, were seized, and on verj slight evidence, hanged for the murder. What followed t Philip, burning with revenge, and urged on by the young men of the tribe, retaliated by plunder- ing the settlements around Mount Hope, and m July, 1675, he attacked Swansea, and killed sev- eral persons. What movements were made against him. / The colonists flew to arms, and a force was sent to Mount Hope, to seize Philip ; but his home waa found deserted. On their return they found him posted in a swamp at Pocasset. Did they attack him f Here they surrounded him, but Philip, with the most of his men broke through their lines and fled fco the country of the Nipmucks. What disasters followed f Several tribes now pressed upon the colonists; the settlements at Brookrield, Deerfield, and Hadiey were successively attacked, and many men were lost in, different skirmishes. By whom was Philip now joined f To increase their terror, the colonists leameu 8 26 MASSACHUSETTS. that Pliilip had been joined by the powerful tribg of the N;irrai2ansetts. o WJt:if nitainirrs were taken bi/ the colonists f A body of lifteen hundred men was hereupon lent into Rhode Island, where, in Deeeniber, 1675, it found Philip with oOOO men, strongly posted in ft swamp, and defended by rude, but strong works. Describe the attack. Over a log thrown aeross the swamp, the colo- nists pressed, amid a shower of bullets, t^) the attack, but were driven back with dreadful loss. A second attemjU. which lasted two hours, waa more successful, and they elVected an entrance. Wliiit followed f ^ Thev then set fire to the wigwams, consuming the old men, women, and children; killed a thou- sand Indians, and took several hundred prisoners, who were sold t\s slaves. Their own loss in killed and wounded, was two hundred and thirty. Was Philip taken prisojier f Philip, with a part of his force, escaped into the country of the Nipmucks. State iphat is said of the death of Philip. In August of the following year, a detachment (/f colonists endeavored to capture Philip at Mount Hope, but as he was attempting to escape, he was shot by one of his own tribe, in revenge for the death of his brother, whom Philip had killed for pro[>osing submission to the whites. When was the wvjr ended f Ilis death put an end to the war in 1676. What chaiuye in the (jovernment took place in 1686, and vhyf The colony of Massachusetts continued to resist ihe con\mercial oppressions cf England ; to punish MASSACHUBETTa. 27 their obptinacy, the charter was taken away in 1686, and MassachusettH became a royal government. WJm leas thefiritt royal rjovernor, and give Inn character? Sir Edmund Andros was appointc^l first gover- nor, but his tyranny so exasperated tlie people, that when the news of the revolution in Knglano arrived in Boston in 1689, Andros was seized, im- prisoned, and sent to England. What war nrm broke out f The English revolution, however, involved the .'X)lonie8 in a war commonly known jis King Wil- liam's WAR. Oive the cause/i of this war, and the date of iln commencement William of Orange having ascended the English throne, the French supported the claims of James II., the dethroned king, who had fled to France, and war was accordingly declared in 1689. Name the im.portant eventn of the war. No events of great im{)ortance marked the pro- gress of the war in the colonies ; an unsuccessful expedition was undertaken against Port Royal, and many atrocities were committed }>y the French and Indians. The villages of Schenectady and Salmon Falls were burned by them, and many of the inhabitants massacred. How lonff did the war last, and when did it endf A stop was finally put to the war by the treaty of Ryswick in 1697, afler a duration oi eight years. \Vliat excitement broke o^d in 1692 ? In the month of February, 1692, during King William's war, a great excitement broke out in Sa- 'em ; this is generally known by the name of the Salem Witchcraft. 28 MASSACHUSETTS lIutD did it commetvce f It commenced amid the family and relatives of the minister, whose daughter and niece were troubled with fits of a strange nature. The phy- sicians pronounced them bewitched, and the friends ut once fell in with the idea. '?7»o ioas accused of heuntching them f The crime was charged upon an old Indian woman in the family, and she was whipped into a confession of the charge. Wliat M said of the progress of the delusion f The progress oi the delusion kept pace with the fcxirs of the people. It s'^n spread throughout the colony ; multitudes were thrown into prison ; many were tried and convicted, and nineteen were exe- cuted, for witchcraft. How tons it terminated f At length reason began to resume its sway. The community became ashamed of the lengths to which they had been hurried, and those imprisoned were set at liberty. No new charges being pre- ferred, the delusion gradually died away. When did Quee^* Anne's war break out f Fn 1702, five years after the treaty of Ryswick, Queen A nne's war broke out. State its origin. James 11. having died in France, the French proclaimed his son king of England. War waa immediately declared by Queen Anne, who then reigned in England. W7iat preparations were made on this continent f The French and English colonies thereupon commenced hostilities, and the French having se- cured the help of the Indians, the horrors of the MASSACHUSE'Kra. 20 Erevious war were renewed with increased baj arity. Wliat was the principal event of the war f Massachusetts made two attempts to capture Port Koyal, which surrendered in 1710, and Acadia at length came into the possession of the EngUsh. Oive the limits of Acadia. Acadia comj)riscd New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Cape Breton Island. Ilf/w and vjhen was the war ended ? The war was terminated by the treaty of Utrecht in 1713. What war followed, and give the date aiid cause f Queen Anne's war was followed by King George's war, in 1744. This had its origin in dis- putes in Europe about the succession to the k'ing- dom of Austria, and is sometimes called "the war of the Austrian succcssi^jn." Mention the most important event of the war. The most im[K)rtant event during the war, was the capture of Louisburg by a colonial expedition, assisted by a British fleet under Commodore War- ren. What treaty terminated the warf Louisburg was, however, given back to the French by the treaty of Aix la Chapel !e, which terminated King George's war in 1748. What ia said of th^ furtlter histor'j, of Massa/;husetts f The further history of Massachusetts is combincxi with that of the other colonies in the French and l!j<:iian war. 8« 30 NEW HAMPSHIRE. NEW HAMreHIRE. Wfien and under what was New Hampshire settled f In the year 1623, New Hampshire was first setf tied, under a grant of kuid made to Ferdinando Gorges and John Mason, by the Council of Ply- mouth. }V7tere were the first settlements mcuief The first settlements were made at Dover, and at Little Harbor, near the present town of Ports- mouth. What is said of the early government f From the period of settlement, down to 164-1, each village governed itself by its own laws ; but at the last-mentioned date, they sought, and were admitted to the protection of Massachusetts. Wliat change occurred in the year 1680? Their existence became merged in that of this colony, until the year 1680, when New Hampshire was made a separate province. Did a7iy dlfflculties ari*e in the colony f. The peace of the colony was constantly disturbed by bitter quarrels about the lands, till at length the claims of the proprietor were bomglit up in the year ITtlf) ,for £1,500, and quietness was restored. From what external misfortunes did it suffer? Lying north of Massachusetts, and forming an exposed frontier, it was thus liable to the attacks of the Indians ; and its history during the ditierent wars, is a narrative of Indian murders, massacres, and burniiiijjs. Mention the most memorable of these attacks. Of these scenes, tlie most memorable is the mas- *cre at Dover in 3 6Si), during King William's CONNECTICUT. 31 war, in which twenty-three persons were killed, and twenty-nine made prisoners and sold into slavery in Canada. To what colo7iy does the history of New Hampshire properh belong f The history of New Hampshire is to a great ex- feent embraced in that of Massachusetts, for though a separate colony, her fortunes rose or fell with those of her more powerful neighbor. RECAPITULATION. MAS8A0HUaETT8. 1614 John Smith's voyage. 1620 Plymouth settled. 1630 Boston " 1685 Rower Williams banished. 1643 Union— N. Eng. Colonies. 1656 Arrival of the Quakers. 1675 Kino Philip's War. 1676 Death of Philip. J 686 Royal Government. 1689 Kino William's War. 1690 Schenectady burned. 1697 Treaty of Ryswick. 1702 Queen Anne's War. 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. 1744 Kino Geokok's War. 1745 Louisburfj captured. 1748 Treaty— Aix la Chapefia. New-Hampshirk, 1623 Dover settled. 1680 A scfMirate pro\dnoo. 1689 Dover Mjwsucra CHAPTER III. HI8TOET OF THE REMAINING Cf LONIE8. CONNECTICUT. Wlien and by %ohoin wait Connecticut settled? Connecticut was settled in 1685 by emigrant** from Massachusetts, who travelled across the wi3 82 CONNECTICUT. demess, and established themselves at Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield. Was the couutrv previousli/ settled f The Dutch had previously attempted a settle- ment at Hartford, on the Connecticut, but it was finally abandoned. Bi/ what tt>a4 the nete settlement ^angered f Hardly had the colonists obtained a footing in the territory, when a war sprung up, which threat- ened their destruction. Wlien and what was the cause of the warf The Pequod war began in 1637, and had its origin in the jealousy of that tribe, which com- menced a series of attacks on the settlers. H^o was sent a(jainst tliem, and what of the erpedition f Captain M:ison, with eighty English, seventy Mohegans, and three hundred Narragansetts, was sent against them; and arriving at the encamp- ment of the Pequods on the banks of the Mystic, attacked them suddenly on the morning of June 6th, 1637. I)escnbe the attack arid resiilts. Roused by the barking of a dog, the Indian? made a brave defence ; but Mason fired their wig- wams, and six hundred Indians, of all ages, were slain, and the power of the Pequods was completely broken. In what was Connecticut more fortunate than her neighbors ? Connecticut "vas more fortunate than Massachu- setts in ret-i\iuiug her liberties; and despite the at tempts of Governors Andros and Fletcher, retaiDed her colonial charttr till the revolution. RHODE ISLAJ^D. — NEW YORK. 33 RHODE ISLAND, When and by whom was Rhode Island settled f Rhode Island was settled in 1636 by Roger Wil- liams, who had been banished from Massachusette on account of his opinions. What were those opinions f He held to entire religious freedom, and to pro- tection from the magistrate in the expression of his opinions; that allegiance to the king and the magistrate ought to be voluntary, and that the king could not give away the territory of the In- dians. What name did fie give the settlement ? The place where he and his companions finally settled he named Providence Plantation. Was the colony successful? Here the utmost freedom of opinion prevailed; political matters were determined by a majority, and harmony marked the history of the new colony. What is the date of the charter of Rhode hi and? When the New England colonies united in 1643, Rhode Island was not received into the union ; but it obtained a charter in 1644, through the exertions of Williams, its founder. The further history of the colony contains no events of marked importance. NEW YORK. Give an account of the discovery of the Hudson, and the date. In the year 1609, Henry Hudson, in the em- ployment of the Dutch East India Company, while 34 NEW YORK. attempting to discover a passage to the Pacitic Ocean, discovered the Hudson river, and sailed ujj as far as the present city of Hudson. TT7i turned too late in favor of the sufferers. 86 NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY. Wk^n and where v;as New Jersey first settled by t?ie EnglUhf New Jersey was first settled by the English, at Elizabethtown, in 1664. Of wfuU did New Jersey previously form a part ? It formed a part of New Netherlands, and had been first settled by the Datch at Bergen in 1624. Roxo did it come under English government ? It fell into the hands of the English in 1664 when the Dutch surrendered the New Netherlands to the squadron under Colonel Nichols. To whom had the territory been granted? The territory had been granted to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, and was named New Jer- sey in honor of the latter, who had been governor of Jersey, England. What was the success of th* nev colony ? The proprietors neld out great inducements for emigrants to settle on their lands, and so secured the rights and liberties of the people, that at first the colony prospered greatly. State the difficulties that etisued. In 1670 troubles arose, occasioned by attempts m the part of the Duke of York to wrest New .Jersey from the proprietors, but the question was legally decided against the uuke. Jnto lehose hands did the colony finally fall f William Penn aad other Quakers finally bought up the claims of Berkeley and Carteret; but on the accession of James II. to the throne, he set (jiide their rights, and appointed Andros governor. When was Nev Jersey ttr^ited to New York f Id 1702, New Jersey became a royal province MARYLAND. 37 united to New York. This union continued till 1738, when in answer to a petition from the as- Bembly, New Jersey was made a distinct province, under its own governor. MARYLAND. To whom was the Urritory of Maryland first granted f The territory of Maryland, originally a part of Virginia, was granted to Cecil Calvert, Lord Balti- more, and in honor of Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., was called Maryland. When and for what was the colony established? The first colony was established in 1634, under the superintendence of Leonard Calvert, on the St. Mary's river, as an asylum for persecuted Catholics. state the principles upon which it was founded. Entire civil and religious freedom was granted to all, and Maryland has the honor of being the first colony where the latter was guaranteed by law. Was the colony allowed to exist in peace ? The infant colony was much harassed by Virginia^ which laid claim to the territory. What happened to Lord Baltimore ? During the troubles incited by Clayborne, an officer in the service of Virginia, Governor Calvert v/as compelled to flee; but after the restoration of Charles II. Lord Baltimore was restored to his rights, and peace and contentment reigned. Did the proprietorship remain in the Calvert family f By a stretch of regal power, the son of Cecil Cal- vert was deprived of his proprietorship, and Lionel Copley became the first royal governor. 88 PENNSV^LVANlA. Whjt change took place in 1715 ? Another change took place in 1715, and tho proprietor's rights were restored in the perso\ oi tlie infant Lord Baltimore. These he retaineo a]i the revolution. PENNSYLVANIA. Wliat is said of the early settlement in Pennsylvania f Pennsylvania was colonized by the Swedes, in 164:3 , but the lirst grant of the territory was made in 1681, to William Penn, a distinguished Quaker and in high favor at the court of Knglaud. When did the English settlers come ovet / The influence of Penn secured a colony of sot- tler:5 the same year — 1681, and in the following year, Penn himself, accompanied by a number of' (juakers, landed at Newcastle. Describe Penn^a treatment of the Indians. Shortly after his arrival, he assembled the In- dian tribes, and made a treaty of peace with them ; purchased and paid for their lands; and by his wise and generous treatment, secured the peace of the colony. What happened in 1702? But, notwithstanding Penn's deep interest in its ^elfore, difficulties arose during his absence in En- gland, and the three lower counties separated in 1702, and afterwards became the CoLOXY of Del AWARE. Did Penn arrange matters on his return? Penn's efforts to restore harmony were unavail Lng, and with separate assembhes the divided co 'zny was only united under one governor. DELAWARE. — CAROLIN^A. 89 When did Penn die, and what became of the proprietor. thip ? In 1718, William Penn died, and his rights, falling to his heirs, were finally tx)ught by Penn* Bylvania after the revolution, for half a million of dollars. DELAWARE. Wliat is said of the settlement of Delaware f Delaware, like Pennsylvania, was originally seti* tied by a colony of Swedes, in 1643, but the history of its settlement by the English, is comorised in that of Pennsylvania. What name was at first given to Delaware f The "three lower counties on the Delaware,'' went under the name of "the territories," while Pennsylvania proper was styled " the province." What quarrels ensued? The inhabitants of these three counties became exceedingly dissatisfied with Penn's constitution, and constant quarrels ensued between them and the province! What occurred in 1691 and 1702 f As early as 1691, they refused to meet with the provincial assembly, and at last, in 1702, a mutual and final separation was effected although they continued under one governor till the revolution. NORTH AND S0T3TH CAROLIN/ , When and where toas North Carolina first setf edf About the year 1650, several sett/ement^ were wiade by planters from Virginia, at the moath o/ 40 GEORGIA. the Cliowaii river. These were the first settlo ments in North Carolina. What grant was niade in 10ti3 ? The counlry, from Virginia to Florida, was grant- ed, in 1663, to Lord Clarendon and others, and a constitution was drawn up for the government of the colony. Did this cotiStitHtion ffo in force f This proving unsatistactory to all parties, was finally annulled by the proprietors. Oit, Georgia became a royal government. RECAPITULATION. 1685 CoxiTECTictT pettled. 1687 Pequod War. 1006 Rhode i«L.vxD settled lC't4 First Charter. 16i)9 IlcDsoN river discovered. 1G14 New- York settled— Dutci. 1664 Becomes an EnjjlisJi cvjlony. 1600 B'-.rning of Scheuectadv. 1741 Ne^/ro Plot. 1394 N?:w7Jerset settled. 1702 Hnited to New Yoriu 1634 Maryland settJed. 1643 pENNSYLVAJflA ^Sw'Pid'iW. 16S1 Settled by William Wz^i 1643 Delaware — Swedes. 1702 Separated from Pennsyl. 1650 North Carolina settled 1670 South Carolina settled 1733 Gkorgia settled. 1752 Koyal Govemrnerit. 4* 42 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. SECTION III. raOW THE OOMlTEyCEMENT OF THE FREXC»;AND EN'DIAH WAS, TO TKB AMEBICAN EEVOLDTIOX. CHAPTER L FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Name the wars that preceded the French and Indian war. Previous to the French and Indian war, fiye wars had desolated the colonies. The Pequod, King Philip's, King William's, Queen Anne's, and Kinsr Georsre's. Give the origin of these wars. The Pequod and King Philip's originated in the jealousy of the Indians; the others in disputea between France and England, in Europe. And the cause of the French and Indian. The French and Indian war, on the other hand, had its origin on this continent, in rival claims to the same territory. What is said of tJie French and English claims f The Engflish based their rig^ht to the continent on the discovery of the Cabots in 1-197. The French claimed the most northern and western portions by settlement and exploration. What yneasrires were takeii by the French .' To secure their possessions, the French estab lished a chain of forts stretchinof from Lake Eric •X" the mouth of the Mississippi. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 43 What is said of Governor Dinwiddie f Several of these forts being within the limits of the territory granted to Virginia, Governor Din- widdie, in October, 1753, sent a letter to the French commandant, M. De St. Pierre, requesting him to withdraw from these posts. Who was chosen to carry the messacje f For this mission George Washington was cho- sen. What is said of him ? Born in Westmoreland county, Virginia, Feb- ruary 22d, J 732, he was only twenty-one years of age when he undertook this journey to the French fort on the Alleghany river, but of a vigorous and enterprising character. Give an account of his journey, and the result. His route lay through a wilderness, amid hostile savages, and in the depth of winter. Through all these perils he returned in safety, but without suc- cess, for the French general refused to evacuate the forts. —1754.— What followed in 1754 ? In consequence of this, an expedition was fittei out by Virginia, and Washington was appointed to , the command. ^ Give cm account of the expedition. Being sent against l^ort du Quesne, he threw his troops into a small fort which he had erected, and named Fort Necchsity. Here he was attacked by a superior body of French, and was finally com- pelled to surrender, with the honorable privile;;v of returning to Virginia. 44 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. —1755.— Wlio arrived in 1755 ? In the spring of 1755, Gen. Bradd-ock arrived from England with reinforcements. Wfiat expeditions were resolved OJi f Three expeditions were resolved on, the most important of which was the expedition against Fort dii Quesne, by Braddock in person. M^at befell this expedition ? While pushing on at the head of an advanced fbr(!e, heedless of the advice of Washington, who was an officer in the expedition, he fell into an am- buscade of French and Indians, and with many of his best officers, was himself slain. Narrate the conduct of Washington. AYashington, though exposed to the constant fire of the enemy, was fortunately preserved unhurt, and with his Virginia troops covered the retreat of the army, and saved it from total ruin. Wltat was the success of the other two expeditions ? The other expeditions were scarcely more sue* eessful: The one against Niagara was abandoned; and the other against Crown Point, under Gen. Johnson, went as far as Lake George, where, Sept. 8th, tliey were attacked by the French under Baron Dieskau, who was defeated and made prisoner. Soon after, Johnson returned to Albany. —1756.— Who took command of the French army f The Marquis Montcalm now took command of the French forces. What was the principal event of the year f He this year attacked and took Oswego, and rREI4CH AND INDIAN WAR, 4fi with it the garrison, amounting to fourteen hun- dred men, and a great amount of military stores and ammunition were captured. —1757.— What fort was attacked and taken by Mordcahn in IVSY ? Montcalm this year attacked Fort William Hen- ry, which surrendered after a brave defence. What disaster followed the surrender ? By the terms of surrender, the English garrison were to be allowed to retire with the honors of v/ar ; but Montcalm, being unable to restrain the ferocity of his Indian allies, a savage massacre en- sued, in which many of the garrison were slain. —1758.— Oive the plan of the campaign of 1758. In the year 1758, three expeditions were sent against the French — one to attack Louisburg, another against Fort du Qaesne, and the third against Ticonderoga. Who commanded the one against Louisburg, and with what sue- tne of thf sts were destrovod, the stamp officers meuiu'od, aiul the dt^tenninatiou of the people raised to the utmost pitch. What t>c<.'urnd in (Its assnnhHtsof lltyivia civt/ }fiiss bered about fourteen thousand men. 56 A^JERICAX REYOLmON. What frfy^ditioH V(W tf^nt out in S^^tftnb^r f While Wiishiiigtou was busily engaged in disci' plining his troops, and providing military stores an expedition was sent against Canada, undeT Gens. Schuyler and Montgomery, in September, 1775. TI'Ad/ had prfi'ioiislu happfned in J/at// In May of tiiis year, Ethan Alien and Benedict Arnold had captured the torts of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, and with them a hundred pieces of c-\nnon ana military stores. JiTierf, and of tehai iinpK>rtance irrr? these jort$ t These two forts were situated on Lake Cham- plain, and commanded the entrance to Canada, State Montaom frit's success aaainst St Johtis. Bv this route, Generals Schuvler and Montc^om- ery proceeded against St. Johns, which surrendered to Montgomery, November 3d : Schuyler l>eing detained by sickness at Ticonderogx Whither did he then march f Montgomery then marched rapidly to ^fontreal, which surrendered on the 13th. lie then hastered to Quebec ^V vhoin vas he joined, and tchat is said of this bajid? Here he was joined by Arnold's detachment which had ascended the Kennebec, crossed the mountains, and after incredible hardships from hunger and fatigue, was now waiting the arrival of Montgomery. Did the troop* now retnain idief After an unsuccessful siege of Quebec for three weeks, the troops moved early on the morning of December 31st, 1775, in the midst of a heavy snow storm, in four columns, to the assaiilt. Ml IN n \ ? QUEBEC ^s^- -•v MASSACHUSETTS. CONNECTICUT, RHODE ID. & CAST PART Of NEW YORK JMkrM.rtrteili IT ;.K TT X' / \ s^mn V ^ ^l^au3rCi»5 J.<^ VICINITY OF NEW >ORK. •<'ij^Jrrs«KA^. ^Tei ttrooklxa. VICINITY OF PHILADCLPMU AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 57 Givf thf parfieiilars of the assault. Moritgoiiiery ami liis two aids were slain by a discharge of grape, after they had passed the firs' barrier, and his corps fell back disheartened ; Ar nold had his leg shattered by a musket ball, while cheering on his division, and was borne from the field. Give the close of thr battle. Morgan at the liead of his riflemen then led the assault, and took a two-gun battery, but being overpowered by numbers his whole corps were made prisoners of war. The other columns re- treated and encamped above Quebec, under the command of Arnold. Describe Movtqomrriis character. Montgomery was a young man of uncommon merit, who had. distinguished himself in the French and Indian war, and his death was lamented by his friends and the country. After his death, the ex- pedition was abandoned. RECAPITULATION 1775. Battle of Lexinirton April 19. Capture of Tiooii.lorocrft and Crown Poii:t Ma/. Wasliinirton appointed cominandor-in-ohief Juno 15, Bjittle of Hunker Hill .lune 17. ftisgo of Q,ueboc and death of Montgomery . , . . Docciubor 8L —1776.— On Khat course did Washinrjton decide in the spring of 1776 I The month of March, 1776, had arrived, and the British were still confined to Boston and its iinme- vliate environs. Washington, therefore determiner tkijt yj.^i\wf For tbis p-iriv^e, ^ne eiwrea :\ line of works on Dorchester iieii;li:is wLiioh oominandevl the oiiv and harbor. Loi\i Howe, unable to dislodge the Americans fix>m this pvxsition, agreevl to leave the city, on ev>n- dition that he should not be exjxvsevl to the lire from Washington's kitteries. He then sailed lor nalif:\x, accompanied bv ^leen hundred ^nilies of loyalists, Mareh, 177^. AVashinsrton immevliatelv marchea his armv to Xew York, in order to defend that city against an anticipated attack bv Clinton. Upon hearing of this movement of Washington, Chnton changed his course, and sailed against Charleston South Carolina. BtMf Mtfnr tJkf p^ttriiii prfwtrfi U> rterhe him f The patriots of Carolina, however, were prepared for his arrival, and had already tbnided Sullivan's Lsiar ' ■ -• '?h controlled the entrance to the town, uivl ^ -ced Colonel Moultrie in command. Oi9€ ikf 4at*. mmdJSm jMri ^ tie mitmck. On the 2Sth of June, an attack was made bv Clinton: during its progress, three of his ?hi;>c were stranded, and his pliins were otherwise totally disarranged. IHd i\ s* frmatr^tt tM* mttmfk t A heavy bombardment was, however, earned c^ against the fort during eleven hours, but the militia behaved with the greatest cvX)lnes ; and being de fended bv the bulwarks of Palmetto wood. x?f which AMERICAN RK VOLUTION. 69 {Jio fort was const nicte-l, repulsed the attack with success. State the loss, ami nsiilt of the battle. The loss of the patriots was but ten killed, and twenty-two wounded. ^IMie Britisli retired wiili the loss of two hundred men, luid soon after set sail for New York. What occurred in Congress on the ^th of June f Congress was at this time in session, and public opinion demanded of them decided measures. On the 7th of June, Kichard Henry Lcc, of Virginia, offered his celebrated resolution, " ^Phat these colo- nics are free and inde})endent states; that they are absolvinl from all alh^giance to the liritish crown ; and that all j>olitical connection between them and tlie state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved." How was this received f It was earnestly debated, passed with much oppo- sition, and a committee was ai^pomted to draft a Declaration of Independence. Bi/ whom was this written, and when passed f This paper, drawn up by ^I homas JcfUerson, of Virginia, fmally passed Congress; and the eolonici were declared " Krec and Independent States" on the 4th of July, 1776. Wltere had the British army encamped f Meanwhile, a British army of twenty-four thou- gand men, under the command of General liowc, had encamped on Staten Island. Where and in what state was the American army? The American army, disabled by siekncSvS, num fecrcd bat seventeen thousand able to bear aima^ f.O AAfERICAN RKVOLVTION. Rnd occupied the American camp at Brooklyn andor the command of Gcnonvl Putnam. H7ia/ »s SiiiJ of General Hotty's tnovftHfrnts f Geneitil Howe, determining to attack tlie Amer- icai^.s in lUis position, crosm Stateii Island, and landing lii^ troo}.v» at Utrecht and Gravesend, prooecvied slowly bv three routes to the attack. On the 27th of Aujirnst, two of these divisions moved forwaixi against the Americans, when a brisk eng-:\gement took place. l>v another route, Clinton, in command of the thiixi division, gained the rear of the Americans, and cut them off fix>m nheir camp. Wliat then ocrurtrdf In this divadful situation, exposed to the attacks of the British, front and rear, many weiv killed and taken prisonei'S, although some broke through and escaped. State thf fos9 OH both fidrs. The loss of the Americans was three thousand three hundred, while that of the British Wiis but four hundred. By tfMtit stii/ul mtimewrre did Was.k!v:t^>n skiv* thf rtfHaindet tf thf mrmy f On the second night at\er the engagement, Wa^^'b- inrton quietly withdrew his troo].\> fivm BrooklN u, without the kno\y ledge of the enemy. In ftkat dirttticH did he rttmU f He then retreated to the heisrhts of Harlem, ai^i afterwards to White Plains, where a battle wv;? fought^ Octol>er 2Stb, in which the Americans wr*^ defeated. W:vshington then fell back to No"*') Cn-^^tle, closely pursued by Howe. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 61 Did he aftertmrds change his route f The pursuit then somewhat slackened, rth] Wasliington crossed the Hudson with his arrnj, and entered New Jersey, having left a garrison to defend Fort Washington on the east side of the river. Did the for f remain in the pofisession of the Americana f The fort, however, was taken, after an obstinate defence, by General Uowe. In the attack, he lost one thousand men. Describe the proffrens of the enemy. The enemy then crossed the Hudson, took Fort Lee, which was abandoned, together with a great amount of military stores, and pursued Washing' ton, who hastily retreated through New Jei'sey, and crossed the Delaware on the 8th of December What happened to the American feet ? To complete the misfortunes of the Americans, their fleet was blockaded in Providence river. WJtat is said of Washinc/ton^s movements f Undismayed by such a train of disasters, AYash- ington recrossed the Delaware on the night of the 25th of December ; and at eight o'clock on tho morning of the 26th, attacked a body of one thou- sand five hundred Hessians, stationed at Trenton. Describe the battle of Trenton. The Americans moved in two divisions; one look the road by the river, the other a rond more inland. The Hessians, sleepy with the effects of their Christmas debauch, were speedily overpow- ered, their commander was slain, and one thousand surrendered themselves prisoners of war. WJiat effect d>d this produce f Such sudden and unlooked-for success, revived 62 AMERICAN REVOLLTIO^. the hopes of the Americans, and Washington de- termined to take post at Trenton, and commence oiiensive operations. RKCArrXl'LATION* — 177G. British eTacr.At« Boston March. Attack on Fort Moultrie by the British June iJSth IXvlaratioii of lndo}v.ndeuoe ,1uiy 4th. Battle of l.i^ns: Island Auunst '27th. of Whito Plains Ootobor 2Sth. Captnre of Fort Washincton November 16tb. *• ofFortlA'e NovemWr ISth. Wasliiuirton retreats across the Delaware • . . December Sth. B«ttld of Treutou Deoouibei 26lh. — 1 i i ( . — At Trentoji, Wiishington was joined by Grenerals Miftiin and Cadwallader, with the other divisions of the American army. H'j^o advancfid trj^Ti'^iSt him, vriton :ilso, ihe Br:::sli came np witi die Americans on :iie 7th of J-lIv, and «ie:eatod iheni w-ith severe loss. W\:J if ft;Ti J o/ FcTt JSdmard «W tt* frmrrisvm ' Fort Edward w;as the next post on tlie route ol Burgovne, Gen. Soiiuvler, who commanded it, on learn inz the capture of Ticonderoga fell back with his M:ile armv to the mouth of the mohawk river. Owing to file state of the roads; which had been cut up and destiv^yed by Schuyler's orders, the Briiish wer^ delayed three weeks on their man^ to Fv>rt Edward. Witt ttramd mftrr Jkarmsme* terriml •t Rrt £fmarii On Biirgoyne's arrival there, he found himself straitened tor 'orovisions, and sent a small force to Bennington under Colonel Baum to seize the Amer- ican stores. Col. Baum was m^ by tien. Stuk and the Green Mountain boys and defeated, he himself being slain. A leinfixoanent seat by Buigoyne was also VKSi and defeated the same day. August Idth by C6L Wainer. The Ivxss of the British m the two battles wa? Ofter ax hundred; that of the Americans abo^J one-sixth of that number. In this slate of a^^dis, Bnrgovne drtermined tc move forward, and ^[icamped at Stillwater on On I8th of Sei>tiKaber. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 6f» ^liert vas the American armij, and by uhor.i com v. a ?jr7-cii. Tlie American army, which had been increa-sed by arrivals of Eastern miUtia, w:is commanded bj Gen. Gates, who had been appointed general of the Dorthern army in place of bchuyler, and was en- oamj)ed about two miles off. ]Vhat is said of the Jir3t battle of Sfilhcafer f On the following day, the 19th, both armies met, and a furious eniiatrement took place without an*-- decisive result, although the British maintained their position with heavy loss. Whitt teas the state of both armies for some time after this f Both armies remained quiet for nearly four weeks after the battle. Burgoyne having fortified Lis camp, anxiously expected a;?sistance from New \"ork, while he wa^ closely watched by Gates. Describe the battle of the 1th of October. On the 7th of October, Burgoyne made an attack on the American lines. This brought on a despe- rate battle, in which the British suffered dreadfully, and were tinally compelled to retreat, with the losa of four hundred men. Was Aruold enpac/ed in this battle f Gen. Arnold, although without any command under Gates, threw himself into the thickest of the battle, and by his valor mainly contributed to the iuccess of the day. Give the closing account of Bnrpoyne's career. After this, Burgoyne fell back to Saratoga, and there finding himself unable to break through the militia that had flocked in from all quarters, being ivithout provisions and without hopK?, he surren- dered his army, to the number of five thousand men, prisoners of war, October 17th, 1777. 70 AMERICAN REVOLLTIO.N. W7ta4 tetll niph brol-e of the nepoiiatiom for t/tf rurrfrxdtr f On the night previous to the surrender, Bur- govne received notice of Clinton's approach from New York to his j^istance. He had serious thoughts of breaking off the negotiation, but finally decided to sign the papers, VThmt is $aid of CUntoii f Clinton, wlio had already taken Forts Clinton and Mont-g-omery, and had passed up as far as the villag-e of Kingston, which he burned, on learning the surrender of Bursrovne, immediatelv returned to New York. Ho^ teas ihf nem rece i ved Mrow^Aoirf the eoutUrjff The capture of Burgoyne diffused the greatest jov and hope throughout the country, and com- pletely relieved the American army from the fears of a northern invasion. KSCAPirrLATios — 1777, Bdttle of Prinoeton Jannarr ?d, Laiayette arrives from Fnmc© . June. Trro'n's expedition to Xorwalk and Fairfield ApriL Battle of Chad's forvi. or Brandvwine September 11th. Battle of Gennantown . . . ' Octcoer 4tli. Evacuation of Forts ^fflin and Mercer .... NovemV.T 1»-1S. E"rE>-rs I>* THK NOKfH. Tbe British under Barcr-^viie take Tieonderoga . . . . J nly *th. Defeat of St. Lecer at Fort Sciiuyler ...".... Auirust Sth. Battle of Benuiiio:ton August 16th. First KsrJo of Stillwater Se; tember 19th. Skecond " " October Tth. Surrender of BuTgovne October iTth — 177S.— What i$ $cid of the Emglish covfmment at the hecinnin^ o The year 177S opened with brighter Drospecta AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 71 The English government, astonished at the capture of Burgoyne, began to hsten to the complaints of the nation, and made offers towards a settlement of difficulties. How were these offers received f These offers were promptly rejected by Congress, and the British Co-mmissioners being discovered in an attempt to bribe the members, were ordered to leave the country. WJiat treaty was made in February ? On the 6th of February, a treaty of alliance with France was signed at Paris, by which she bound herself to assist America in its struggle for inde- pendence. What assistance was given f Agreeably to this treaty, a French fleet under D'Estaing sailed from France. When and why was Philadelphia evacuated f The British general, Clinton, who had succeeded Howe in command, fearing for the safety of hia army should D'Estaing and Washington make a combined attack, evacuated Philadelphia on the 18th of June. WoA Clinton followed f His army of eleven thousand men was followed by Washington, who came up with it at Mon- mouth, when a spirited engagement took place, June 28th. What occurred at the beginning of the battle? In the commencement of the engagement, Gen. Lee, w^ho had command of the advanced corps, waa twice compelled to retreat. Wai Washington successful f The main Dody, however, remained firm, and the 72 AMERICAN EEVOLUTIOj^. engagement was continued througlioiit the d&y The loss of the British in killed and wounded was about four hundred and fifty, that of the Ameri cans was stated at three hundred and thirty. Sev- eral on both sides died from the heat of the dav. Did the JE^nglish arrny refnain at Monmouth t During the night Clinton broke up his order of battle, and retreated rapidly to Xew York. State what is said of Genera! Lee. Geiieral Lee, who had been reprimanded by Washington during the battle, challenged his com- mander; was then arrestevi, and tried by a court martial, and suspended from the army for one year. What eTpedition was now planned f Washington now sent a body of troops under Gren. Sullivan to co-operate with Count D'Estaing in an attack on Gren. Pigot's army, st^ationed et Newp<">rt, Ehode Island. rid jyEstaing prove of any tuststixnct f But the French fleet being severely shattered in a storm, when about to engage the deet of Lord id owe, was compelled to sail to Boston to repair d^maores, o What occurred on the 29f A of A lur^st ? Sullivan thereupon deemed it wise to fall back to the northern part of the island, whither he was followed by Gen. Pigot, on the 29th, when a sharp engagement took place, in which the British were repulsed with the loss of two hundred and sixty. What was th'i next movement of Sullivan? Next night Sidlivan crossed over to the main land, and thus narrowly escaped falling into the hiiiids of Clir»ton, who with four thousan i men wa** h:iStening to the relief of Gen. Pigot AMERICAN HE VOL U^ITO.T. '^3 WTiai happened at Witoming, Pennsylvania, in July ? In the month of July, a body of Tories and Indians, under Butler and Brandt, burst into the fertile valley of Wyoming, laid waste the settle- ments, and slew a body of the inhabitants who opposed them. Give the closing account of their atrocities. They then attacked and took the two forts, and setting fire to the barracks, where the inhabitants had taken refuge, men, women, and children were consumed. W7iat afterwards became of Butl^ ? Butler was afterwards shot by a party sent to revenge these cruel murders. Wliere and when were these atrocities repeated? The cruelties at Wyoming were repeated at Cherry Yalley, New York, in November of the same year, but the fort was not taken, although many were murdered and made prisoners. Whither was the seat of wa/r now changed ? The attention of the British was now directed towards the Southern States, and about the last of November, Col. Campbell was dispatched from New York by Clinton with two thousand men, Kgainst Savannah, the capital of Georgia. What occurred on the 29th of December ? On the 29th of December, the British landed about three miles fi'om the town, and attacked G^n. Robert Howe, who with six hundred regulai^ and a few hundred militia, worn out by disease apposed their progress. (?*'♦« an account of the battle. At the commencement of the battle » portion oi 1 74: AMERICAN REVOLUTION. the enemy gained tlie rear of tlie Americans, while at the sume time the British advanced in front. A disastrous retreat followed. One hundred were killed, thirty-eight officers and four hundred pri- vates made prisoners, and forty-eight pieces of cannon with all the miUtary stores taken. WJuit followed f Thus Savannah fell into the hands of the enemy at the comparatively trifling expense on their part of seven killed and nineteen wounded. RECAPITULATION 1778. TroRty of Alliance with France February 6th. Battle of Monmouth June '28th. iiassivcro of "Wyoming J uly. Battle of Rhode Island Ausjust 2yth Massacre at Cherry Valley Novembe • Battle of Savannah December SdtL —1779.— Wliat was the first extent of 1779 f On the 9th of January, 1779, Sunbury, the only remaining military post in Georgia, was captured by General Prevost, who now took the command 01 the British forces in the South. Who WM sent against the British f To prevent the ravages of the British troops and Tories who now scoured the country, General Ash was sent against them with two thousand men. Oif»« an aeeount of the battle of B^iar Creek. On the 8d of Ma'ch, Greneral Prevost suddenly AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 78 attacked this detacliment at Briar Creek, in front, while the river hemmed them in on the rear. The American army was ahnost destroyed. Whitfier did General Frevost now march ? General Prevost, elated with success, advanced to Charleston, South Carolina, but the timely arri- val of Lincoln compelled him to raise the siege. Sta'e what is said of Stono Ferry. Lincoln can^ie up with the British, and the battle of Stono Ferry was fought on the 20th of June. The Americans were compelled to retreat, with considerable loss. What took place about the -in'tddle of Septemher ? About the middle of September, the army con- sisting of three thousand French troops under Count D'Estaing, and one thousand Americana under General Lincoln, laid siege to Savannah, then held by General Prevost. What is said of the sierje and of Count D'Estaing ? By the 1st of October, the besiegers had pushed their batteries within three hundred yards of the British lines ; but D'Estaing anxious for the safety of his fleet in the advancing season, was unwilling to continue a regular siege, and nothing was left but t'O attempt the works by storm. Give an account of tfce assa%ilt. On the morning of the 9th of October, the com- bined army advanced in three columns to the a3sault, but they were received so v,^armly, that although the French and American standards were planted on the walls, the besiegers were finally repulsed v/ith the severe loss of one thousand men. 4^» AMERICAN IIEVOLUTIO^. Jiyrt any distin^tished persona killed ot wonmled w t^e Coil at Pulaski, a distiiiguislied Pole, who ha»i joiuod the American cause, was mortally wounded al the head oi' a column; and the Count D\Kstain^, with several of his princip;vl oilicers, Wi\s wouudeS. The loss of the British was only lil\y-tive. r \MMt were the movetnents of the l^Yench and American cen- trals/ D'Estaing -sailed shortly after this repulse to the West Indies, and General Lincoln reci'ossed the Savannah, and fell back into South Carolina. Was this the last et'ent of the yt\tr f This unfortunate defeat closed the events of the year in the South. What is said of Govenior 2yi\>nf In the North. Governor Tryon conducted two nivirauding expeditious into Connecticut^ in Febru- ary and July ; and after plundering the inhabitants, ourncvl ti^e villager of East liaven, Fairiield, and Norwalk. Wh*U forts feil tnto the h.mds of the British f About tlie beginning of June, the forts at Stonv Point and Verplanck's Point were surrendered t-o Clinton. Did Washinci^^u uni of the assttnlt. At twelve o'cLx^k on the night of the 15th of July, the trcK^ps, in two columns, stormed the fort amid a 4.MEKICAN KEVOLUTION. 77 heavv tire of grape and miipketrv. So \ igorous was ilie attack, that at one o'ck)ck the heads of" Ihe two columns met in the centre of the works, which thej had carried at the point of the bayonet, and without firino; a sins-le shot. o o What was thM loss on both sides? Tlie loss ol the British in killed was sixty -three , in prisoners five hundred and forty-three; and, in addition, a considerable quantity of military stores was taken. The loss of the Americans did not ex- ceed one hundred. JIoio was this action regarded? This spirited and brilliant action created a lively sensation throughout the country, and Congress voted General Wayne a g6ld medal for his bravery. By what success was this follov;ed? Three days after, the British garrison at Paulua Hook was attacked by Major Lee, and one hundred and sixty prisoners taken. Tn v>hat way were the. massacres of Wyoming and Cherry Valley mveiKjed ? The Tories and Indians, on the borders of New Y'ork and Pennsylvania, now met with summary vengeance at the hands of General Sullivan, who wjis sent thither with four thousand men. Oive the results of Sulliva7i's expedition. The bloody battle of the Chemung, August 29th, {n which the enemy were defeated with tremen- dous loss, was followed by the burning of forty Indian villages, and immense supplies of corn. Thus the power of the Indians was completely broken. W'lai -laval act^ci took place in S^cpfeynh'-^ ' In the month of September, a small squadron, 73 AMERICAN REYOLUTIO^ fitted out in France, but in the American service, and commanded by Paul Jones, while cruising off the coast of Scotland, fell in with two British fri gates and a convoy. How was the battle commenced F The battle commenced at half-past seven at night, and Jones lashed his ship, the Bonhomme Eichard, to the Serapis, commanded by Captain Pearson. M^at was Jones' success? At ten at night the Serapis surrendered, but Jones' vessel was so shattered, that she sunk soon after. The other British frigate was also captured. How did the army pass the vnnter of ^^9 ? The winter of 1779 repeated the same distress in the American winter-quarters that was experienced at Valley Forge, in 1777. Describe the condition of the troops. The troops were again without clothing ; famine stared them in the face, and Congress was unable to supply their wants. Public credit had well-nigh ceased, and nothing but the influence of Washing- ton, and the patriotism of the troops, prevented tho total dissolution of the army. RECAPITDXATION 1779. Bttttle of Briar Cree-k, Mjtroh 8 rryon's Expeditions, • February and JuIt Capture of Stony Point, ' July lotrx Siege cf Savannah, October %ih Pan) Jonoe' Victory, . , , September 2Siasures did he then takef While the British general in successive parallels, gradually approached the American works, Web- ster and Tarleton were dispatched to attack the American cavalry, stationed at Monk's Corner, about thirty miles above Charleston. Oive an account of the battle of Monlc's Corner, and its result. The attack was confided to Tarleton, who, ob the 14th of April, fell suddenly upon the Amen- <3ans in the night ; killed and took about one hun- dred, capturing fifty store wagons, and about four hundred horses, and thus completely cut ofi" Lin- coln's communications with the country. What is said of the progress of the siege f General Clinton continued the bombardment with vigor; Lincoln's guns were nearly all dis- mounted, his troops were worn out with fatigue, his shot and provisions were exhausted, and thr British approached so near, that thej picked the men off from the guns. What followed on the \2th of May i In this situation, seeing no hope of assistance, an-d being earnestly petitioned by the inhabitants, he, on the 12th of May, surrendered the garrison, to the number of two thousand men, prisoner? o/ wax. 80 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. Wliat disasters followed ? Carolina was now overrun by the British, tl ^st of Ninety-six taken, and Colonel Tarleto rendered himself notorious by the massacre of body of four hundred Americans at Waxha" Creek, May 29th, after they had laid down the arms. What is said of Sumter f This and similar excesses roused the spirit of tt Carolinians, and Colonel Sumter taking the fiel( on the 6th of Ausrust attacked three hundred c the enemy at Hanging Rock, nine of whom onl escaped. Who now appeared for the relief of Carolina? Ivfeanwhile General Gates, who had been a] pointed by Congress to the comm-and of the Souti em army, was approaching with four thou&ac men. Where and when did the British meet Gates ? The British, under Corwallis, met him at Sai der's Creek, August 16th, where was fought ti first battle of Camden. WJtut occurred ai thf beginning of the engagement f A regiment of Virginia militia lied at the fir fire, and their terror was speedily communicate to the rest of the militia, who then broke up i utter disorder. IIoijD did the battle tertninate f The continentals, in two separate divisions, mail taine i their ground for several hours with tl: greatest firmness, but being attacked by Tarleton cavalry, and overpowered by numbers, they wej compelled to retire. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 81 WJiat i$ said of the dhattroua lo^ of the Americans f The victory of the British was complete. Tlie Americans lost nearly two thousand, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, together with the baggage, etores, and artillery. The brave Baron de Kaib died from the effects of eleven wounds, and Gen- eral Gates, with a few friends, fled to Ilillsboro., a distance of eighty miles. What is said of Tarleton and Sumter ? Tarleton now followed up^ this success, by the pursuit of Colonel Sumter, whom he surprised at the fords of the Catawba, and put nearly all his troops to the sword. Who was sent into North Carolina ? Lord Cornwalli« thinking South Carolina sa^fe, sent Colonel Ferguson, with a body of troops, into North Carolina, intending himself to follow him. How was this expedition of FergvsorJs received? Roused by Ferguson's cruelties, one thousand picked men from the neighboring country, armed with rifles, and on horseback, under Colonel Wil- liams of Virginia, suddenly attacked him at King's Mountain, October 7th. Describe the battle of Kino's Mouniain. The battle was exceedingly obstinate and bloody; one hundred and fifty tories were killed ; Ferguson himself was slain, and the remainder, to the num- ber of eight hundred, surrendered. The American loss was but twenty. I^^iat uas the effect of this battle f This checked the progress of Cornwallis, and compelled him to a retrograde movement. What occurred during his march f On his march, Generals Marion and Sumter con- 82 axericax revolutiox. Btantlv harassed his outposts. Tarleton w.os sent against Sumter, but on this occasion was driven back with considerable loss. H'hai Assisianc^ krtf In the mean time, six thousand men under Count de Eoohambeau. and a fieet under Admiral de Tiernay, arrived at 2'\"ewport firom France. IHd tke . J^Wndb mnmjf mnd naaey promt iif gvtmi terwiee dmrmg 17S0! Great expectations were formed firom this assist- ance: but to the extreme dissatisfaction of the American people, thev remained idle during the year. Wk^ nam kappemei ik tke ITortJk f Treason in the North was now addevi to disaster in the South. WMo if*M tMf trait&ry and tekiti it said of Aim f General Arnold, who by his brilliant conduct at Quebec and Saratoga had won a distinguished rep- nuition, had been appointed commandant at Phila- delphia, on its evacuation by Clinton, in 1775. Df scribe his carf^r at Philadelphia Here he lived expensively, gambled, and, to sup- ply his wants, embezzled the public funds. IJc was at length discovered, tried, found guilty, and reprimand«?d by Washiiiffton. S» their march f On their march, three agents from Clinton met them, and endeavored to entice them into the Brit- ish service. These the troops seized and delivered up as spies. How teas the tnutiny stopped ? At Princeton and Trenton, commissioners from Congress came to meet them. Arrangements were made to relieve their present wants, and many of them were tinallj persuaded to retui'n to the service. Who assisted the nation preatli/ at this time f It is to Hobort Morris, of Philadelphia, that the honor of preserving the sinking credit of the nation at this critical moment is justly due. ^^llat important enterprise teas undfrtake'i f At his instigation the Bank of North America was established ; to this he contributed his private fortune and credit. Encouraged by his exmnple, others did the same; and thus American affairs bt^gan to assunie a more flourishing aspect. WTio troi now appointed general of the Southern army, and tfhy / The bad success of General Gates induced Con- gress to appoint Gen. Greene to the command ol tiie Southern arm}'. AMERICAN REVOLUTION. 85 W7iat was the first movement of Oreenef Greene immediately commenced active opera- lions, and sent one lialf of his forces under Mor- gan, who had distinguished himself at Quebec, to repress the excesses of the Tories in South Carolina What British officer teas sent against Morgan f Colonel Tarleton was dispatched by Lord CorK.- Tvallis against Morgan, and overtook him at the Cowpeus, where a severe battle was fought, January I7th. Describe the first part of the battle. Confident of victory the troops of Tarleton rushed shouting and with great impetuosity to the attack. The American militia met them with a steady fire, and then fell back to the rear of the continentals. Was he opposed, and by whom f lie was inefiectually opposed by a greatly infe- rioi army under Lafayette. Where did CornwalHs take up a position, and whti? In order to be in readiness to assist Clinton, who, stationed at New York, was now menaced by Washington, Cornwallis took post at Yorktown, at the mouth of York River, on Chesapeake Bay, where he threw up fortifications. Wliat movements were now made by the French and Ameri- tans f A French fleet fortunately arrived, and blocked ap the Chesapeake ; and Washington having com- pletely deceived Clinton, by a threatened attack on New York, moved rapidly towards Yorktown with the French and American forces. When did Clinton discover this movement, and did he attempt io tonnteract it? Washington had nearly reached the Delaware S8 AMERICAN RErOLCnOX and tlie river became sw-ollen: this prevented the crossing of the British for several davs. Who cjane t? Jfor^^iTiS cissis:.'.':c* f Gener^ Greene now arrived at the camp of \forg:sn to assist him, and the retreat and pursuit again commenced. The Americans then pressed towards the Yadkin, ftnd crowed it, but were again so closel j pursued bv Comwallis, that part of the baggage fell into his bauds, and night closed in upon the two armiea oceupving the opposite banks. By v\jt tu-re Ae Briiisk prevfrUed from pmnmU next dayf During the night, the river was again swollen by a storm, and Comwallis being compelled to cross higher up at the ibrds, made vigorous e3brta to continue the pursuil SfMt mu tJig Bmrxmt tndtiit But he only reached the banks of the river Dan in time to see Greene's last corps cross over m sftFety. The pursuit was then given up in despair. WktrtSd €fnen» tkg» mmkf m ttmmdf Greejie being now reinforced by the other divi- sion of his army, drew up his forces at Guilford Court House, where he was attacked vigorously b^ Comwallis, on the 15th of March. At the first fire the Carolina troops fled, but the regulars 'disputed every inch oi the gionnd for an hour and a halZ and then retreated dowly and •teadily. The loss was neariy equal, and did not vary far fi\)m five hundred. Whmi aAwfaj* w« Ike mebtry to Otrmmtifitf This victory of Comwallis was dearly purchased AMERICAN KEVOLUTION. 87 Nearly one third of his army was destroyed, and three days after he was compelled to fall back by easy marches to the British post at Wilmington. Wliat is said of G^resnes rnoveme7its / General Greene, not dispirited by the defeat^ pursued Cornwallis, but his troops needing rest, ho waited to recruit, and afterwards changing his plans, he boldly entered South Carohna, and marched rapidly to the British post at Camden. }Miat took place at ffobkirk's Hill ? He took up a position at Ilobkirk's Hill, about two miles from the British. Here he was attacked in his camp by the enemy, under Lord Eawdon, on the 25th of April. 0-ive an account of the battle. The commencement of the battle was highly favorable to the Americans ; but a veteran Mary- land regiment, distinguished for its former bravery, became panic-struck, and the rout soon became general. The loss on either side was about two hundred and fifty. What was the effect of these engagements f Although the patriots were generally unsuccess- ful, these battles were of great advantage to the American cause, for the British, unable to profit by them, were compelled to fall back to the neighbor- hood of the sea-coast. WHiere and wfien was the last battle in the Carolinas ? The battle of Eutaw Springs was the last deter- mined struggle in the Carolinas. It was fought on the 8th of September, between Greene and Col. Stewart, who now commanded in place of Rawdon. Describe the battle. The British being attacked with great ardor b^ 6^ jjoscizir KrfXH.rT?05r IJ Cjf -1 ?^ -s^.- ^-s- ir ij:^:: rfirfj.:f'I_ '; i: IT" e Xiii ^is&^cer^ AMERICAN REVOLUTIOX. 89 K:fore Clinton became aware of his design. On learning this, the British general sent a strong force iinder Arnold, against Xew London, with the hope of drawing off W:ishington's attention from Corn- wallis. Give the account of this incursioyu Fort Griswold commanded the entrance to !N'ew London. This the British carried by assault, after an obstinate defence. Colonel Ledyard, after sur- rendering his sword, was b;\i'barou-lv slain by the British officer in commaixl. The town was then burnL Wlmt ifiW thf er'rct of this? These nx-»vements failed entirely to accomplish the object Clinton had in view, since the march of Washington was not arrested by this inciirsion into Xew England. WTiiit is said of the allied artJit/ and their tnovetttents at York- te^cri .' The allied army reached Yorktown on the 30th of September, and by the Oth of October had thrown up a line of works, completely cutting oil' Cornwallis's communications with the land, while at the same time the French fleet prevented his escape by the bay. Give an acfouni of fhe Hege, From all points the besiegers hurled a tempest of shell and red-hot shot into the fort ; they broke down the entrenchments, dismounted the enemy 'g cannon, and the capture of two strong redoubts left the srarrison at the mercy of the besiesrers. What ita* no¥)the design of CornxceUUs, and state lehat occjrrco ON the ly.'/i c;.'" October f The situation of Cornwallis being now desperate; ^0 AMERICAN REVOLUTION. he formed the bold design of forcing his way ta New York ; but a severe storm broke up hi? plans. Seeing no hope of escape or assistance, he at length capitulated on the 19th of October. Mention sotne of the arrangements connected mth the surrender. The army, artillery, arms, mihtary chest, and public stores were surrendered to Washington ; the British ships in the harbor, with the seamen, to the Count de Grasse. The number of prisoners exceeded seven thousand. Was there any battle of importance after this f This joyful event terminated th« contest of the Revolution, and completely crushed the hopes of the British Grovernment. RECAPITULATION 1 78 1 . Mutiny of the Pennsylvania txoops, January IsL Battle of the Co wpena, January 17th. t'amous retreat ol Greeiue, Jan. and Feb. Buttle of G uilford Court House March 15th. " " Camden, or llobkirk's HiU, April 25th, " •' Eutaw Springs, September 8th, Attack on New London. — Fort Griswold taken, . . . September. Eurrexi-ler of Comwallis at Yo?kto^m, ... . Octooer 19th TO IIXTT S XHATB HieTTar of th.e REVO LUTiON. 0^5^55^^ 'A —T c^ X r 3r /i -A- <- yV' VICINITY or KEWPORlj ^Greene 'ijfp^ ^Q-J^^^ .Vbeitmrli : li y/v. f)i..i>i.?y, -ri.\^ -r . J AJi'ltlttll /rl^'-C ((Jt'cMARLESTON 92 DISBANDING OF THE ARMY. the great lakes and the Mississi})pi, with the exception of Florida, which passed into the hands of Spain. » O^ve the dates of the different posts evacuated by the British. In accordance with this definitive settlement, tne British army evacuated New York on the 25th of November, and Charleston in December; Savan nah had already been given up in July. Wliat proclamation was issued by Congress in November ? On the 3d of November, Congress issued a pro- clamation, disbanding the army on the 3d of the following month. What was the condition of things in the country, and the army? • Serious difficulties lay in the way of disbanding, for the finances of the States had sunk to a low ebb ; public credit was gone, and the army, seeing no well-grounded hope of obtaining half-pay for life, had become clamorous for justice. What fears agitated the country? Matters looked gloomy, and it was feared that a war would break out between Congress and the army, for the discontented feelings were encouraged by several officers of high rank. Hoxo was the excitement allayed f Gen. Washington exerted his great influence in quieting the excited feelings of both officers and soldiers ; and Congress finally made an arrange- ment, granting the officers five years' full pay, and the soldiers full pay for four months. Wliere and when did Washington bid adieu to his army f On the fourth of Dec. 1783, the day following that appointed for the disbanding of the array, General Washington took au aiiecting farewell of his officers at New York. * CONSTITUTION PASSED. 93 WhMer did he go after thisf He then repaired to Congress, at Annapolis; an^ on the 28d of December, amid circum-stances of the greatest solemnity, resigned his commission bs commander-in-chief. Did he still continue in public life? His military life being thus ended, he retired to his es'^ate at Mount Vernon. fl'yu) did the States attempt to pay thrir debts / The authorities in the several States, finding them heavily laden with debt, began to impose taxes for its payment. IVhat was the restilt of this measure f This measure created great and general opposi- tion ; and in Massachusetts the people rose in re- bellion, under a leader named Daniel Shay, but were put down by a strong military force, in 1787. To v)hat did these disturbances lead? It therefore became evident that a stronger gen- eral government was needed, and accordingly a Convention of Delegates was held at Philadelphia, May, 1787, of which Gen. Washington was Presi- dent. Wliat great measure did this Convention pass, and when f The Convention was in secret session four months, and at the end of that period, September 17th, 1787, a Constitution was agreed on, which was finally ratified, although not without consider- able opposition. Wlio was the first President, and who Vice President? Under the Constitution, which thus became the strong bond of union throughout the States, George Washington was unanimously elected first Presi- dent, and John Adams, Vice President. 06 DKATII OF WASUINQTON. and persisted in by M. Genet, at the request of the former, M. Genet was promptly reealled, and a new ambassador Jippointed. The good understanding jtreviously existing betwe-eii the two governments was tliereupon. renewed. J)id this Mate of things continue f These friendly relations did not last long, for a treaty eoneluded by the American government with Great Britain, in 171^5, highly irritated the Kreneh Direetory. What vwre Oie feelings of the Jitnerican people at this time f 'Vo add to this unpleasant state of things, the American people were divided into two parties: one in favor of, and the other op})Osed to, the French revolution. What chaiu/e took place in Ainerican affairs f In the midst of these troubles, the second term of Wnshington's presidency expired. lie there- upon declined a re-election, and Jc^hn Adams was cn()S(>ii in his stead. yy> what measure did Adams resort f Three month3 after his inauguration, March 4.th, 1797, he convened Congress to deliberate on the outragi^"? of the French government, which had com- menced attacks on American vessels. What was the result f The result wavS, that preparations were made for war, but the contest had scarcely begun at sea, 1798, when arrangements were made for peace. For what was the year 1790 remarkable f Tho, year 1799 became memorable as that of Washington's decease. This great and good mat died at Mount Vernon, in Virginia, on the 14th oi December, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. THE SEW CAPIlALu 07 Uov vyu kit df<>:t Lolois were diverted to iiis meiaoiy. »BCAFITCI.ATI03r, CHAFTEK I. Ceww^jQ of h, AprJlV, 17§$ Ildbutive tres^ of peeiee, gepiArii^Tjer ?, " f 'iri^iMikstlSoa dl^Mttdnii^ the srmf Koverr.t^r ^, ^ X«v York eraeaisitod bj tiie BdtaMi, . . . S 'n-*;vJj*ir tfj, ** ^inMtt^jB^% tkrerwdl to the anaj, . . . . 1>^:^tij\^t 4, ** C«a9iUtatJoa pacned, Sej:>i«ifib*;r 17, 17^. Insr^ireetka m ManMinHetto soppree^o, . . . T^hrxutijf *■'■ WawldiiftQa naide Frcndotf^ Ar^ri! 9, 17^. tiea. Esarauar* 6t§uA, fk'ifAjer, VIVt. Vennoat •Jnutted M » SlMte, Fet^nas/j, 17«1. iC Chut** defeattf yoresitbtT, " WTajnie** TieSo(y«— Bflttie of tiM MnuBfee, . , . . Acsxist, 17M. II«Mbof Watfrbixiftoa, .!>»»%-£; Ur, 17i>. FROM THE TEAE 1«00 TO 1812. fHUf «mn€ tfiarkei the jemr 1800f The year 1800 was marked bj tiie removal oi the seat of goyemnient from FnOadelpliiay to the ste whicli bad been selected bj Washington, on the banks of the Potomac The new oso^AaX was aamed WashingtoiL ir%i> t mttieed ed Jokm Adam* m$ Premdemt t Thomas Jefferson saocseeded John AdiLms as Irreadsni, March 4th, 180L ir%«/ md£tifma were made Va the State* im. ISO* cui ISOSt In 1802, Ohio became a State, and in 1803 the f 98 WAR WITH TRIPOLI. ten ^hv. X y of Louisiana was purchased from France, for the aiim of fifteen millions of dollars. What ts sxtid of the purchase of Louisiana ? This purchase became necessary, in order to secur? the free navigation of the Mississippi, the cutlet of which was la the possession of a foreign nation. WAR WITH TRIPOLI. For what purpose %ias Preble sent to the Mediterranean f In 1803, Commodore Preble was sent to the Mediterranean loi the purpose of chastising the Barbarj powers, ^hich had long committed pira cies on American vessels. What happened on the cruise f While cruising in ihe harbor of Tripoli, the frigate Philadelphia stranded, and falling into the bands of the Tripoli tans, her crew were made slaves. Describe the brilliant action that followed. The prize, however, did not remain long in their hands, for in the following year Lieutenant Decatur entered the harbor of Tripoli in a small schooner, boarded the frigate, and killing several of the Tri- politan crew, drove the rest into the sea. What did he then do f He then set fire to the frigate, and in the midst of a cannonade from the enemy's batteries, escaped with only four wounded. By what was this succeeded ? This brilliant achievement was succeeded by another of a romantic character. Mr. Eaton, who was at this time the American Consul at Tunis, planned an expedition with Hamet, the exiled, bui lawful, sovereign of Tripoli, and being appointed general by Hamet, he set out from Alexandria with DEATH OF HAMILTON. 9% a mij:ed force of Tripolitans, Egyptians, and seventy American seamen. Describe his march. His march was through a thouii^and miles of desert; the heat, the drifting sand, and the want of water, produced intense suffering, but he finally reached Derne, a Tripolitan city, April, 1805. Wliat was his success ? Here he fought two battles, defeated the enemy m both engagements, and took Derne, but was stopped in the middle of his success by a treaty of peace between the Bashaw and Mr. Lear, the American Agent. An end was thus put to the war. WJiat happened in 1804 ? In the month of July, 1804, Gen. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury under Washington, and the intimate friend and aid-de-camp of the latter was shot in a duel with Aaron Burr. State the cause of the duel. The duel had its origin in political exasperation, and its fatal result threw a gloom over a great por- tion of the nation. Give an account of Burros future career. Burr afterwards, in 1806, made a treasonable at tempt to establish an empire in the Southwest of the United States; was tried for this, and though acquitted, was generally believed guilty. He final- ly died in obscurity. By v)hat measures teas American commerce injured f The constant war between France and England proved a serious injury to American commerchio a.lmhtod a.i a Stato M:uvh, "IS02. lA^iisuma iniroh:isod April, 1S08. Com. Trobic soiU airaiu^t Tripoli, , " IVoatur's tauious exploit, February, ISlM Doatli ofllanu.tou iu a duel, .'uW, " Capture of Dome April, ISOa Battle between tbe Cbesapeake luid Leopard, .... June, 18<">7 liritisb orders in eouncil, November, *' IxMiaparte's Milan Divreo December, " fikinuish between tbe Little Ixxlt and Presideut, . • . May, '811 lUttlo of Tippecanoe, November " SECTION YI. THE wjoi with KXQLASD — 1 SI '2-1 816. — 1S12.— Ti^at teas the cause of the %rar of ISI'2 ? The restrietions of Great Britain on American coinineree, and the right she claimed and exercised of se:ux^hing American vessels for deserters, had slowly, but surely, prepared the way for a rupture with the American government. Congress had maae preparations for war as early t^ ISll and on the 19th of June, 1S12, wrr waa rUE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 108 formally proclaimed by President Madison, in ao cordanco with the resolutions of Congress. / llV/rt teas appointed Commander-in-Chief f Efforts were made to rais^ an army of twenty- five thousand men, and Henry I)earl>oni, of Mas- sachusetts, who had served with credit in the Revolution, was chosen Commander-in-Chief. What was the first movement of the war f The war was begun on the northwestern fron- tier by the march of General Hull, Governor of Michigan Territory, towards the British Ibrt at Maiden, July 12th, 1812. Wh^n was Fort Mackinaw surrendered f On the 17th of the same month, Fort Mackinaw, on the straits of Mackinaw, was surrendered to the British. What happened to Major Van Home? Meanwhile Hull liad sent a small detachment under Major Van Ilorne, to guard a convoy of supplies on the road to his camp. Van Ilorne was met and defeated at Brownstown on the oth of August. Hov) was this misfortune retrieved f Col. Miller was sent with six hundred men to the same spot; and on the 9th of August, the second battle of Brownstown was fought, in which a large body of British and Indians was defeated. What movement did General Hull make f Gen. Hull, learning the approach of Gei^u Brock \/ith a force of British, Canadians, and Indians, fell back timidly to Detroit, and here determined fco awa't the enemy. Wliat is said of the preparations for the assault f Brock davanced to the assault. The Americana 104 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. were drawn up ready to oppose him ; the utmost order prevailed among the troops, and. confident of victory, they only awaited the orders of theii generaL Wfiat was Hull's conduct f To the astonishment of the whole army, Hull hung out a flag of truce, and, shortly after, basely surrendered himself and army prisoners of war on the 16th of August. Was IIuWs conduct approved of by the country f Nothing could exceed the indignation of the country ; Hull was brought to trial for his conduct, and sentenced to death, but was finally pardoned by the President. What was the result of the surrender of Detroit ? By this unfortunate affair the territory of Mich- igan fell into the hands of the British. Who was stationed on the Niagara frontier ? General Yan Rensselaer commanded another di- vision of the army stationed at Lewiston, on the N"] agar a river. Describe his movement against Queenstown. With a portion of this force he crossed the river on the 13th of October, and attacked and took the British batteries on Queenstown heights. Pld the British attempt to retake the fort f A reinforcement under General Brock arrived and tried to retake the works, but was gallantly repulsed, and General Brock was slain. Give the closing account of the battle. In this state of affairs, the militia, who were stiJ on the American side of the river, refused to cross to the assistance of their coun jrymen ; and a fresh THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1812. 105 body of Britisli arriving, the unfortunate party was overpowered and either killed or made prisoners. Was the year 1812 favorable to the Americans ? This closed the campaign of 1812 ; on land, everywhere disastrous to the Americans ; but their victories on the ocean retrieved the honor ol the nation. What was the first of these engagements f These battles were — 1st. The capture of the British frigate Guerriere, Captain Dacres, by the Constitution, Captain Hull, in thirty minutes. The Guerriere had nearly every mast and spar shot away, and one hundred and fourteen of her crew were either killed or wounded. She was burnt after the victory. The American loss was seven killed, and seven wounded. Describe the battle between the Wasp and the Frolic. 2d. The capture of the Frolic by the Wasp, Captain Jones, after a bloody battle of forty -five minutes. Nearly all of the Frolic's crew were killed, her decks were slippery with blood, and strewed with the wounded and dying. The Frolic lost eighty men, the Wasp but eight. The battle between the United States and the Macedonian. 3d. The battle between the United States, Com- modore Decatur, and the British frigate Macedo- nian. It lasted two hours, and ended in the cap- ture of the latter. The loss of the British was one hundred and four, that of the Americans only eleven. The engagement between the Constitution and Java. 4th. The capture of the British frigate Java, by the Constitution, Captain Bainbridge. The action lasted three hours. The killed and wounded or* 106 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND -1813. board the Java amounted to one hundred and sixtj one, the Constitution's loss to thirty -four. What is said of the stuxess of the privateers f In addition to these, more than five hundred prizes were captured by the American privateers, and over three thousand prisoners were taken. RECAPITULATION 1815^. War proclaimed by President Madison, Juno 19ta. Surrender of Fort Mackinaw, July 17th. First battle of Browustown, August 5th Second battle of Brownstown, August 9tb Surrender of Detroit by Hull, August 16th. Battle of Queeustown Heights, . October 13th NAVAL BATTLES. fhe Guerriere captured by the Constitution, . , , August 19th. The Frolic " "" " Wasp, October 18th. riie Macedonian " " " United States, . , . October 25ch. The Java " " " Constitution, . . December 29ta —1818.— How was the American army arranged this ye--^ t The American army was this year arranged in three divisions — the army of the North, of the Centre, and of the West. Who commanded the army of the West, and for what purpose f The army of the West was commanded by General Harrison, and had for its object the re- taking of Michigan territory. What detachment was sent out by Harrison t Harrison sent General Winchester to the village of French town, to disperse a large body of British and Indians, in which he was successful. WHiat happened to Winchester ? While lying here carelessly encamped, he was THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. 10? surprised on the morning of the 22d of January, by a mixed force under General Proctor. Give an account of what followed. Winchester, attempting to rally his troops, wa^i taken prisoner; but though they still fought bravely without their general, Winchester surren- dered his army prisoners of war. What is said of their treatment by the Indians ? The Indians perpetrated the most revolting cruel- des on the wounded, and it does not appear that they were restrained by General Proctor and his ofiicers. Wliat is said of Harrison's situation ? When General Harrison heard of this defeat, he erected a fortified camp, which he named Fort Meigs. Here, May 1st, he wai besieged by Proc- tor, with an army of two thousand British and Indians. Did any one come to Harrison's assistaiue, and with what t^ie cess? On the 5th of May, General Clay arrived with twelve hundred Kentuckians, and immediately at- tacked and defeated the British with considerable loss. In the pursuit eight hundred Americans un- fortunately fell into an ambuscade, and nearly all were slain. What occurred on the 9th of May f Four days after, the British general, seeing no hope of taking the fort, and having been deserted by Tecumseh and his Indians, raised the siege, and retired to Fort Maiden. What fort did Proctor next attack t In July, Proctor, with twelve hundred British and Indians, proceeded against Fort Lower Saa 108 TPIE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813, dusky, a few miles south of Lake Erie, command ed by Major Croghan with a force of one hundred and fifty men, and but one field piece. \VJiat occurred previous to the 2d of August f For two days the enemy cannonaded the fort, and having made a breach in the walls, they ad- vanced in two columns to the assault, on the 2d of August. Describe the assault and defence. One of these columns was met by a heavy fire, end driven back with dreadful loss. The othei party was literally mowed down by the field piece loaded to the muzzle, and which was discharged or the approach of the British. WHiat vsas the result of the attault f Panic-struck with this reception. Proctor fled in the greatest confusion, and abandoned his dead and wounded to the care of the Americans. His lost was one hundred and fifty in killed and wounded Croghan had one killed and eight wounded. Wliat post was now attacked by the Americans f A portion of the Army of the Centre, commanded by General Dearborn, crossing Lake Ontario, pro- ceeded against York, the capital of Upper Canada, where the British had a large supply of mihtary stores. Describe the attack. General Pike led the assault; but as he was car- rying every thing before him, he and many of Lii? troops were killed by an explosion of the enemy's magazine. The troops, however, rallied, and ob- tained possession of the town and all the public magazines, April 27. What was the loss on both sid^ f THE WAR WITH ENGLAND —1813. 109 The British lost one hundred killed, and seven hundred in wounded and prisoners. The Ameri- can loss was three hundred and twenty killed and wounded. Against what British fo^t did Dearborn next move f General Dearborn left the wounded and prisoners at Sacketfs Harbor, and having received fresh troops, sailed against Fort George, on the IsTiagara, which he easily captured. JVJiat occurred during the retreat of the British f The British garrison retreated, but were followed by Generals Winder and Chandler, who, in the night, were unfortunately taken prisoners, and the Americans then returned to Fort George. Wliat was Prevost doing in the mean time i As soon as the British general, Prevost, had learned that Dearborn had gone to Fort George, he sailed to attack Sackett's Harbor. How Ufas he received? The militia fled at his approach ; but taking to the houses, checked his progress by a murderous fire. General Brown rallied another body, and m^aking a feint as if about to cut off Prevost's re- treat, the enemy retired to their ships, leaving be- hind the most of the wounded, May 29. WJiat is said of the warlike preparations on Lake Erie f During the year two rival squadrons had been built and fitted out on Lake Erie. The British squadron, of six vessels, mounting sixty-three guns, waa commanded by Commodore Barclay ; and the American, of nine vessels, carrying fifty -four guns, by Commodore Perry. Did the sq^iadrons meet? A battle was fought by the two fleets off Fori 10 no THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. Maiden, on the 10th of September. In the begin uing of the action, Perry led the advance in tl>ff Lawrence ; but his ship was attacked by two of tlie enemy's ships and completely disabled. Describe the remainder of the action. He then left the Lawrence in an open boat, amid Clie fire of the enemy, and reaching the Niagara, continued the combat. The wind freshened, and the Americans thus being enabled to fight more compactly, the battle was terminated by the sur render of the whole British squadron. Did Per ry write to Harrison after the battle ? Immediately after the battle, which had lasted four hours, Perry sent a short but spirited note to General Harrison, announcing the victory in these words, " We have met the enemy, and they are ours I" In what direction did Harrison then move f Upon the receipt of this General Harrison, as sisted by Governor Shelby and a body of Kentuck ians, speedily crossed the lake, took Fort Maiden and then pressed towards the enemy, who were encamped on the river Thames. Describe the battle of the Tlianies. Here the battle of the Thames was fought on the 6bh of October. General Proctor was assisted by Tecumseh and his Indians. The British were first routed, and Tecumseh being slain, the Indians also flixL Wliat was the res^ih of the battle f Nearly all of Proctor's force was either killed oi taken, and Proctor only saved himself by the flcet- ness of his horse. This victory restored all the territory that had been lost }ij Hull's surrender. THE WAR WITH ENGLAIn^D — 1813. Ill WTiat is said of the Creek LidiaiiS? In the latter part of August, the Creek Indians, in Alabama, ravaged the country and massacred the inhabitants. WJto were sent against them, and with what success / Generals JaK3kson and Coffee being sent against (hem, obtained several advantages, and at last com- pletely routed them in a great battle at the Horse- shoe Bend of the Tallapoosa. In this battle one thousand Indians were slain. ^Vhat were the movements of the Army of the North ? The Army of the North, stationed on the shores of Lake Champlain, was joined in October by the Army of the Centre, commanded by General Wil- kinson, who had succeeded Dearborn as command- er-in-chief, and proceeded down the St. Lawrence against Montreal. State what is said of the action at Williamshirg. On the 11th of November, a body of troops, un- der General Boyd, landed at Williamsburg; but they were driven back with the loss of three hun- dred in killed, wounded, and prisoners. WJiat was the final success of the Americans? Being dispirited by this check, and disappointed in reinforcements, and the winter approaching, the army went into winter-quarters on the south bank of the St. Lawrence. What is said of the success at sea f The fortune of war was various on the oceaii during 1813. i/ive the action of the 24 th of Fehruary. On the 24th of February, the sloop of war Hor- net, Captain Lawrence, took the British brig Pea ciock, after an action of fifteen minutes. 112 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1813. Mention what occurred after the surrender. The Peacock was so completely riddled, that she sunk immediately after the action, carrying down with her thirteen British seamen, and four Ameri- c:xns who were trying to save them. Mention that of the \st of June. On the 1st of June, the American frigate Chesa- peake, Captain Lawrence, was captured by th-e British ship Shannon, off Boston harbor. WJiat was the cause of the battle? Captain Lawrence had been promoted from the Hornet to the Chesapeake for his bravery, and while shipping a new crew, was challenged by Captain Brooks, who was cruising olf the coast with a picked crew. Give an account of the action. The challenge was accepted — the ships met ; out so terrible was the fire of the Shannon, that in a few minutes nearly every officer on board the Chesapeake was killed or wounded — her rigging was cut to pieces, and the British having boarded, struck her flag. WJiat is said of Lawrence t Lawrence lived in a state of delirium four days after the action, repeatedly exclaiming, "Don't give up the ship I" ELe died regretted by the whole American people, and his remains were in- terred at Halifax wii*h every honor. Wliat other naval actions took place ? In August, the British brig Pelic^r captured the American brig Argus ; and on the 5th of Septem- ber the British brig Boxer was taken by the brig Enterprise, off the coast of Maine. THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1814. 113 RECAPITULATION 18 1 3. Battle of Fr^nchtown, January 22d. iiege of York, Ai.ril 27th. Battle of Fort Meigs, May 5tli. Attack on Fort George, May 27th. «* Sackett's Harbor May 29th. " Fort Lower Sandusky, Auffust 2d Battle of the Thames, October 5th. *' Williamsburg, November 11th. NAVAL EVENTS. The Peacock captured by the Hor- et, February 24tl: Tlie Cliesapeake " " Shannon, June Isi- The Argus " " Pelican, August 14th The Boxer " * Enterprise, . . . September nth. Perry's victory on Lake Erie, Septenioer K'th —1814-15.— How was the campaign q/* 1814 opened^? The campaign of 1814 was open^^d by the cap- ture of Fort Erie, on the Niagara, by Generala Scott and Ripley, on the 8d of July. \VJiat battle was fought on the 5tk, and with v:?iat sticcess? Next day the Americans advanced, and on the 5th of July, being met by the British under Gen- eral Riall, the battle of Chippeway was fought. The British were compelled to fall back with the loss of five hundred men. The American loss was three hundred and thirty-eight. Br/ irhat battle was this followed, mid when ^ General Riall was reinforced by General Drum- mond, and both armies again met near Niagara falls, where was fought the obstinate and bloody battle of Lundy's lane, July 25th. Wliat is said of the force engaged on each side ? This proved the most remarkable as well as the best fought action of the war; for the British foice 10* 114 THE WA.B. WITH ENGLAND — 1814 was about five thousand, wliile that of the AmeH cans was only three thousand five huv'^dred. Give the c(ymmenccnieyit of the battle. The battle was begun before sunset, by the ad- vance of a brigade under Genera^ ScxOtt, but Gen- eral Brown soon came up with the v^aio. bo0.y, and the battle raged with great fury. Wtiat incident occurred during the progress t^f the hcUlef A British battery swept with ^'ts gVTns all quar- ters of the field. General Ri>.^®>' pv^rcoiving this, asked Colonel Miller if he could stv.rnv it. "1 'ian try, sir," was his noble reply. Wliat r/.'o'"t the success of Miller's attempt ? The trial was made, the battery taken, and though the enemy thrice attempted to retake :t, they were driven back with dreadful loss. What was the result of the engagement, and the loss on botk fides f The Americans finally compelled the British to retire, though the loss on both sides was nearly equal, being about eight hundred in killed, wound- ed, and missmg. Generals Brown and Scott we^'e both wounded. What movement teas then made by the American army f General Kipley then took the command, and deemed it prudent to fall back to Fort Erie, where he was besieged by General Drumm.ond on he Itb of Ausfust. Wliat took place on the \Hh of Axigustt On the 15th, Drummond ordered an assault^ which terminated in his repulse with the loss of one thousand. The Americans lost ei^htv ^ovr The siege, however, was still continu^\ H^a/ took place ok ' ^^ l^th a " S>cp*-*-^ber ' THE WAR WITH ENGLAND— 1814. 115 General Brown recovering from his wou ads, took ihe command, and on the 17th of September made a sortie, which was completely successful. The enemy were driven from their works with the loss of nine hundred men. How was the siege terminated ? General Drummond hearing that five thousand Americans, under General Izard, were approaching to the assistance of the garrison, at length raised the siege, which had been continued for seven weeks. Who had been left at Plattshurg by General Izard f General Izard had left General Macomb at Platts- burg, on Lake Champlain, with scarce two thousand men. Describe the plans and movements of the British. Tc the attack of this post Gen. Prevost marched with fourteen thousand veterans, while at the same time a British fleet, under Commodore Downie, sailed to attack the American squadron, command- ed by Commodore MacDonough, in the harbor of Plattsburg. What is said of the position of both armies ? General Macomb had drawn up his troops on the banks of the river Saranac, and on the 11th of September, while Prevost attempted to cross the river and dislodge him, Commodore Downie at- tacked the American fleet. What was the result of the engagement on the Lake f After a severe contest of two hours and twenty minutes, the British vessels were nearly all sunk or taken ; and when the action ended, neither squad- ron had a mast standing on which a sail could be hoisted. 116 THE WAR WITH ENGLANI>— 1814. Give an account of the battle of Plattshurg. On land, General Prevost made three desperate efforts to cross the river, but was each time re- pulsed. He continued the battle till nightfall, when he hastily retreated with the loss of twenty- five hundred, in killed, wounded, and missing. State what was no%o taking place in the South. While these events were in progress, five thou- sand British, under General Eoss, sailed up the Chesapeake, and marched to attack the American capital. Describe the progress of the British. He received a slight check at Bladensburg, Au- gust 24th, by Commodore Barney, who w^as taken prisoner, but arriving at Washington, Ross burned the capitol and public buildings, and destroyed a great amount of property. }V7(at other place on the Potomac was attacked? The town of Alexandria was also taken and plundered by the British squadron on the 29th of the same month. Against what place did General Ross ntxt move? General Ross then embarked on board the flee and sailed up the Chesapeake to attack Baltin:)ore, with six thousand men. }V7iat occurred on his arrival ? Landing at North Point, fourteen miles below the city, he was here met by General Strieker, at the head of thirty-five hundred militia, who dis- puted his progress for an hoar and a half, but was at last compelled to retire. In the battle Generai Ross was slam. In what direciio'i did the enemy then movt ? The British then advanced and encamped before TUE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1514. 117 the city, which was defended by about fifteen thousand militia. Here the enemy halted to await the attack on Fort McHenry by the fleet. Describe the bombardment on Fort McHenry. At sunrise on the 13th, a fleet of sixteen ships commenced a heavy bombardment on the fort which commanded the entrance to the harbor. The attack continued twenty-four hours without success, and next day the fleet retired. Wliat was the termination of this expedition ? The land forces, upon learning the ill success of the bombardment, embarked on board the ship- ping, and soon after left the Chesapeake for the South. At what point were the British now bust/? During the month of October, the British were engaged fitting out a force at Pensacola, in Florida, at that time in possession of Spain. Bi/ whom were their preparations disturbed? Against this place General Jackson marched, and took forcible possession of the town, on the 7th of November, upon which the British left the harbor of Pensacola. When, and against what point did the British move f In the month of December, a British fleet with an army of ten thousand men on board, advanced towards New Orleans, through Lake Borgue the nearest route from the Gulf. Were they opposed in their progress ? On their way through Lake Borgne, an American flotilla was captured by the British after a bloody battle ; and a spirited attack by Jackson was also repelled, with the loss of four hundred men on the part of the British. 118 THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1815. Was the city in a position to be successfully defended? About four miles below New Orleans, General Jackson bad thrown up entrencbments strengthened by bales of cotton, which successfully resisted the cannonading of the enemy. Packenham, the Brit- ish general, therefore, ordered an assault. Describe the assault and defence. The American militia, with loaded rifles, coolly waited the approach, and poured upon them a de- structive fire. General Packenham fell mortally wounded. His soldiers were struck down on all sides, and order being lost, they finally fled, leaving on the field two thousand of their comrades. What was the loss on the side of the Americans ? The loss of the Americans was but seven killed and six wounded. The battle was fought on the 8th of January, 1815. Which nation had been successful at sea during this year ? During the year 1814, success at sea had inclined to the Americans, and several British vessels had been captured. WJiat misfortune befell an American frigate f On the other hand the frigate Essex, after taking many prizes, was herself taken, after the most bloody naval battle of the war, in the harbor of Valparaiso, by a superior British force. When, and where was a treaty of peace signed? The end of the struggle now arrived, for on the 24th of December, 1814, a treaty of peace was signed, at Ghent, and was ratifi^ed by the President on the 17th of February. Wliat is said of the treaty ? By the terms of this treaty all the conquests on both sides were restored ; but the oriorinal cause of TWATP (DIFTME labile Xe ax- 1815 & J LLU STRATI NG THE WAROFISI t: ^IJE THE WAR WITH ENGLAND — 1815. 119 the war — the impressment of American seamen — bad been done away with by the peace of Europe, which made that measure unnecessary. On thia point the treaty was therefore silent. Had the war been popular? Throughout its whole course the war had been /ery unpopular in the East, and great bitterness had arisen between different sections of the country. RECAPITULATION. 1814. Capture of Fort Erie, July 3d Battle of Chippewa, July 5th. " Luudy's Lane, July 25th. Siege of Fort Erie, August dth to September 21st. Battle of Bladeusburgh, August 24th. Burning of Washington, August 24th. Battle of Plattsburg, September 11th. " North Point, September 12th. Bombardment of Fort McHonry, September 13th, Treaty of Peace, December £4th 1816. Battle of New Orleans, . . January 8th. NAVAL BATTLES. 1814. The Essex captured by two British shipb, . . . March 28th. The Epervier captured by the Peacock — Am., . . . April 29th. The Keludeer " " Wasp — Am., . . . June 28th McDonough's victory on I^ake Champlain, . . . September 11th. 1815, Fue Cyane and Levant captured by the Constitution, Ifebruary 20t\i rha Penguin capt&red by the Hornet— Anu, .... March 28d 120 WAR WITH ALGIERS. SECTION YIl. KROM THE END OF THE WAK "WITH GREAT BRITAIN TO THE COMMENCEMENT OF THE MEXICAN WAR. To what direction was the attention of the American Oovernr nient now turned? The American government being now released from the contest with Great Britain, determined to suppress the pirates of Algiers, who were in the habit of seizing our vessels and enslaving their crews. Who was sent against them, and with what success f Decatur was therefore sent, May, 1815, to the Mediterranean. He there took two Algerine frig- ates and six hundred prisoners; killed the admi- ral, and compelled the Dey of Algiers to release the American prisoners, and sign a humiliating treaty of peace. lie then proceeded to Tunis and Tripoli, and compelled them to sue for peace. Who succeeded Madison in the Presidency, and when ? James Monroe succeeded Madison as President, March 4th, 1817. WJiat war broke out in 1817, and who put an end to it f In 1817, a Seminole war broke out at the South. ^General Jackson was sent against the Indians, and soon overran their country. What severe measures were purs^ied by Jackson f Thinking that the Indians were instigated by persons in Florida, he entered that possession of Spain, and seizing two men by the name of Ar buthnot and Ambrister, hung them as spies. THE FLORIDA WAR. 121 Scab ira« this measure regarded f This summary procedure caused mucli debate throughout the country : but Congress approved of his conduct by a decided majority. It also met tlie approval of the President. Wlien was Florida ceded to the United States f In 1820, Florida was ceded by Spain to the Uni- ted States. State what is said of Lafayette's visit in 1824. Towards the close of Monroe's administration, Gen. Lafayette visited the United States. Ilis pro- gress was one continued triumph ; he became the guest of the whole nation, and finally returned to France, laden with honors, in a frigate prepared by government for his accommodation. Who succeeded Monroe, and what is said of his presidency ? John Quincy Adams was inaugurated President, March 4th, 1825. His administration was one of peace, and no events of importance marked the period of four years. Who succeeded Adams, and wheii ? General Jackson succeeded Adams, March 4th, 1829. Afention the leading measures of his administration. His measures throughout his eight years were marked with great energy. He vetoed the bill to recharter the United States Bank, in the face of great opposition ; and repressed by his firmness the discontents of South Carolina, which had refused to pay the duties on imports levied by the Gov- ernment. FLORIDA WAR. What war brokt out in 1836? Id the year 1835, the Seminole war broke out in 11 122 THE FLORIDA WAR. Florida, and proved bloody, expensive, and pro- tracted. W7uit was the cause of this war f The cause of the war was a refusal on the part of the Indians to remove to the lands west of the Mississippi, agreed on by a treaty with the minority of the tribe. State what was said of one of their greatest chiefs. Osceola, one of their chiefs, distinguished for hi? talents, was placed in irons *by the Government agent. General Thompson, but was subsequently released on a promise that he would use all his in- fluence to persuade his people to remove. How was his imprisonment revenged f He, however, did not forget the affront, for lu the month of December, the house in which Gen Thompson was dining, was suddenly attacked. Thompson fell pierced with fifteen bullets, and the rest were nearly all killed or scalped. WJiat massacre occurred on the same day f On the same day, December 28th, Major Dade, while marching with a body of men to join Gen. Clinch, was slain with nearly all his corps. What other attacks followed? Gens. Clinch and Gaines were also successively attacked soon after, and with difficulty maintained their ground. Did the war continue through the year 1836 f Through 1836 the war still progressed, attended with the usual calamities of Indian warfare, massa cres, burnings, and single murders. WJiat became of Osce<^laf In 1837, Gen. Jessup drew Osceola into a con fereuce, and then imorisoned him. This remark THJS TLORl. A. WAR. 123 able man died a prisoner in Fort Moultrie, January, 1838. Was the American army mtccessftU during 183*7 1 In December, 1887, Colonel Taylor, afterwards made President, distinguished himself by defeating the Indians near Lake Okeechobee, after a hard bat- tig of three hours. What foas the resielt ^f the battle? The loss on both sides was heavy, but the power of the Indians was completely broken, and they never afterwards assembled in any great bodies. Wlten and how was the war finally ended f The war continued till 1841, when it was ended by the capture or dispersal of the Indians, towards the close of the administration of Martin Yan Bu- ren. Who sricceeded Jackson as President, and when f Martin Yan Buren had succeeded Jackson as President, March 4th, 1837. Wlcat was the length of Van Buren^s administration f Yan Buren continued in office but one term, and was succeeded by Gen. William Henry Harrison, who was inaugurated in 1841. How long did Harrison remain in office, and by whom suc- ceeded? He died at the expiration of one mon;th, and was succeeded by John Tyler, Yice President. WJio succeeded Tyler, arid when ? On the 4th of March, 1845, James K. Polk, of Tennessee, became President. What is said of the state of the nation, up to the year 1845 ? From the termination of the Seminole war till the year 1845, no events of great importance had occurred. The nation, being at peace at home 124 THE MEXICAN WAR and abroad, grew rapidly great, prosperous, and happy. RECAPITULATION. War with Algiers— Decatur's expedition, Mav, 1815. Seminole War— Jackson's expedition, .... February-, 181 S. Florida ceded to the United States, October, 1820. Lafayette's visit to the United States, August, 1824 SEMINOLE WAU. War with the Seminoles breaks out, December, 1835. General Thompson's massacre, " " Dade's massacre — same day, " " Oscetla imprisoned, . .' October, 1887. Battle of Lake Okeechobee, December, 18S7 Termination of the war, In the svring of 1841 SECTION YIII. MEXICAN WAR. What im'portayit measure was authorized in 1845 ? In the early part of the year 1845, a bill was passed by Congress, authorizing, under certain limiU the annexation of Texas to the United States. Give a sketch of the history of Texas. Texas had been a province of Mexico, but hav* ing revolted, the inhabitants declared themselves independent, and. formed a republic in 1836. WJiat led to the war with Mexico ? Mexico did not, however, guarantee the inde- pendence of her revolted province, and accordingly when the annexation of Texas was ratified, war ensued between Mexico and the United States. THE MEXICAN W iR. 125 U^eri and how were hostilities commenced? In January, 1846, Gen. Taylor was ordered to the mouth of the Eio Grande, to protect the fron- tier. On his march he fortified Point Isabel, and on the 28th of March encamped on the eastern h'ixns. of the river, opposite Matamoras, where he threw up fortifications, afterwards named Fort Brown. How did the Mexican Oovemment regard the^e movements ? The Mexican government, considering these acta as a declaration of war, and an invasion of their territory, notified Gen. Taylor, through Gen. Am- pudia, that t'hey should at once commence hostili- ties. Give an account of the capture of Captain Thornto'^^ party. On the same day, April 26th, Captain Thornton, with sixty-three dragoons, was surprised, about thirty miles from Taylor's eneampment, and com- pelled to surrender after a loss of sixteen men. Wliat is said of the manoeuvres of both armies ? A portion of the Mexican army then attempted to cut Taylor off from Fort Isabel, where were his stores : Taylor immediately marched against th^e enemy, and met them at Palo Alto on the 8th of May. WJien was the battle fought, and with what success? The Mexicans were six thousand strong, and the Americans only two thousand three hundred. After an obstinate engagement of five hours, the enemy were driven from the field. What was the loss on both sides f The loss of the Americans was nine killed and forty wounded; among the former was the brave 11* ]26 THE MEXICAN WAR. Major Ringgold of the artillery. The Mexican losa was about five hundred. What occtirred the next day P The next day — the 9 th — the Mexicans made a stand at Resaca de la Palma, three miles from Palo Alto. Give the first part of the battle. The American infantry advanced to the attack, and though they were well seconded by the flying artillery, were successfully resisted by the Mexican batteries which commanded the road. How was the engagement decided f Colonel May, at the head of the dragoons, was then ordered to charge the enemy's batteries. So furious was the onset, that Gen. La Yega was taken prisoner at his own guns. The infantry followed, and the Mexicans were everywhere driven from the field at the point of the bayonet In what direction did General Taylor noxo march ? Gen. Taylor then marched to Fort Brown, where he waited some months for reinforcements. These having arrived, he crossed the Rio Grande and at- tacked the fortified town of Monterey, on the 21st of September. What is said of the situation of Monterey f The siege presented fearful difficulties, for the town was situated on a rocky eminence, garrisoned by nine thousand men, and was well supplied with cannon and munitions of war. Describe the taking of Monterey. The troops, however, commanded by Generals Worth ani Quitman, surmounted every obstacle — took the works by assault, and passing into the THE MEXICAN WAR. 127 streets, cut their way from house to house, under a galhng fire. How was the siege terminated f The enemy being now hemmed in, within the great square of the city, Gen. Ampudia, the Mex- ican commander, surrendered on the 24th of Sep- tember, and an armistice of eight weeks was agreed upon,' which was broken off before the expiration of that period. Were any other expeditions sent out f Two other enterprises had meanwhile been prosecuted in other directions — one under Gen. Wool against Chihuahua, and the other under Gen. Kearney against Santa Fe. WJiat is said of Kearney's f Kearney's expedition was entirely successful, for he experienced but little opposition in taking possession of the whole cf New Mexico. What occurred after this f The main body, under Colonel Doniphan, theu pressed on to Chihuahua, and on its march twice fought and repulsed the Mexicans, numbering four thousand. The Americans were but nine hun- dred. G^"* date and names of the battles, and the result of these vie- lories. The first of these engagements, the battle of Bracito, was fought December 25th, 1846, on the Rio Grande. The second, the battle of Sacra- mento, February 28th, 1847. Chihuahua was shortly after occupied by the Americans. What was Woors success? Gen. Wool's expedition, unable to find a route over the mountains of the Sierra Madre to Chihua- 128 THE MEXICAN WAR. hua, changed its course and assisted Gen. Worth in overranning the state of Coahuila. WJiat is said of Taylor's situation ? Gen. Taylor remained at Monterey till the begin ning of February, 1847. While there, a great portion of the army had been withdrawn to strengthen the army of Gen. Scott, who had been ordered to march on the capital by way of Vera Uruz. State what happened to Taylor in this condition. In this critical situation, with many of his best troops gone and several of his generals, Santa Anna, the Mexican general, advanced against him with an army of seventeen thousand men. What course did Taylor at once adopt f Gen. Taylor thought it prudent to fall back to the plains of Buena Yista, and there prepared to meet the Mexican force. His troops numbered four thousand seven hundred. How did the battle commence f Here he was attacked by Santa Anna, Feb. 23d, ^847. Give an accoicnt of it. The battle continued throughout the day. Sev- eral times victory seemed to incline to the enemy but the skill and bravery of the officers, together with the confidence of the army in Gen. Taylor, iinally prevailed. State the loss on both sides, and the effect. The enemy were routed with the loss of nearly two thousand, while that of Taylor was only seven hundred and forty-six. The battle of Buena Vist^ ended the war in the northern part of Mexico. THE MEXICAN WAR. 129 What had happened on the Pacific coast f In the west, the province of California had been taken by the bravery and enterprise of Colonel Fremont, who was at the head of a party survey- ing a new route from California to the United States. Did he meet with opposition ? After several severe skirmishes, De Castro, the Mexican governor, was driven from the province, and California declared an independent State. When did this happen f This was in 1846, before the news of the break- ing: out of the war had arrived at the Pacific. o Did Fremont continue in power ? On the arrival of the declaration of war with Mexico, Commodore Stockton took the command, and by January, 1847, the whole province of Cali- fornia v,^as in possession of the Americans. GENERAL SCOTt's EXPEDITION. To the command of what expedition had Oen. Scott been ctp pointed ? Gen. Scott had been appointed to command an expedition which was to proceed to Mexico, by way of Vera Cruz. What was the first post taken, and when? On the 9th of March, 1847, hia troops landed near Yera Cruz. Batteries were soon erected, and 80 terrible was the fire of the besiegers, that on the 27th, Vera Cruz and the Castle of San Juan D'Ul- loa surrendered. uliat is said of the loss on both sides ? The American loss was only forty-five. The 130 THE MEXICAl^ WAR. Mexicans had over one thousand killed, five hun dred of whom were the inhabitants, comprising men, women, and children. What spoils fell into the hands of the Americans t Five thousand stand of arms, four hundred pieces of ordnance, together with a great amount of ammunition and military stores, fell into the hands of the Americans. What is said of the Mexican force opposed to him f The march to Mexico now began. To oppose nim, Santa Anna, with fifteen thousand men, was encamped on the heights of Cerro Gordo, which commanded a defile on the road through which the army must pass. What was the plan of attack f Against this post Gen. Twiggs led one division of the army, while another was to proceed by a circuitous route, and make an attack on their rear. And what its success f About noon on the 18th of April, every post on the heights was in possession of the Americans, and three thousand prisoners captured, together with the entire military stores of the army. Narrate the progress of Gen. Scott. Next day the Americans occupied Jalapa ; they then advanced, and took the strong fortress of Pe rote without a blow, April 22d, and on the loth of May, Puebla was entered, where the whole army rested for reinforcements. Give the further movements of the army. On the 7th of August, Gen. Scott resumed his march to the city of Mexico at the head of ten thousand men, and on the 11th reached the valley THE MEXICAN WAR. 131 &f Mexico, anncj to obedience, but on promise of pardon the leaders submitted without bloodshed. Tlliat States were admitted under this administration? In the year 1858, Minnesota was admitted as a State; Oregon followed next year, 1859; and in 1861 Kansas was also admitted into the Union. These all came in as free States. Was Kansas admitted without dlfJicuUy ? The contest in Congress over the admission of Kansas with its anti-slavery Constitution was par- ticularly bitter and protracted. It began as early as December, 1855, and was not closed until more than five years afterwards. W^as ike excitement on slavery confined to Congress ? The agitation extended throughout the country, and was increased by a decision of the United States Supreme Court, March, 1857, that negroes were not citizens. Wltat increased the excitement? In the midst of this continued excitement, the country was astounded, in October, 1859, by the news of tlie seizure of the United States arsenal at Harper's Ferry by John Brown, at the head of wenty-one followers. How was Brown's movement met ? He was immediately attacked by United States troops, and after a determined resistance of thirty hours, in which the greater part of his band was either killed or wounded. Brown, with others, was taken prisoner. He and six of his compan- 138 Buchanan's administratton. ious were soon afterwards tried, convicted, and hung. What appears to Tiave been Brown's object f Brown's object, as constantly avowed by him after his capture, and at the trial, was to free the felaves, and assist them to escape. Who were elected President and Vice-President f The Presidential election followed in JS'ovember, and Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was elected President, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, Yice- President. Stephen A. Douglas, John C. Breck- inridge, and John Bell were the opposing candi- dates. What foUowed the election of Lincoln ? Mr. Lincoln was the candidate of the Repub- lican party, which was opposed to slavery, and his election so exasperated the Southern leaders, that they determined to break up the Union. Which was the Jirst State to secede ? The State of South Carolina was the first to move, and on the 20th of December, 1860, she resolved, in convention at Charleston, to secede from the Union. What events followed ? Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louis- iana, and Texas followed, and on the -Ith of Feb- ruary a Government was formed at Montgomery. Alabama, called the Confederate States of America, and. Jefferson Davis was elected Pro visional President, February 8th. Hoiu did the new Government act ? The new Confederate Government acted with great vigor ; forts and arsenals were seized, and troops were called out and drilled. WAK OF THE REBELLION — 1861. 139 What measures did the United States adopt ? The Government of the United States, on the other hand, did little or nothing. Without troopa, and surrounded by those who at heart sympatliized with secession, it took no active measures to eii "^.ourage the country or repress the rebellion. RECAPITULATION. Mormon disturbances, 1857 Minnesota admitted as a State, 1858. Oregon " " " . 1859. Excitement in relation to admission of Kansas, . . . 1855-1861- John Brown's raid, October, 185if. Abraham Lincoln elected President, 1860. South Carolina secedes from the Union, . . . December 20, 1860 SECTION X. LINCOLN'S ADMINISTRATION. WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. What is said of the inauguration of Lincoln ? The inauguration of Mr. Lincoln as President took place March 4, 1861, in the midst of this gloomy and deplorable state of affairs. What event roused the %ohole nation ? Matters were brought to a crisis on the 12th of April, 1861. Fort Sumter, which commanded the entrance to Charleston harbor, and was still held by the United States Government, was bombarded by South Carolina troops, under General Beaure- 14 WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. gard, and after a heroic resistance of thirty-four hours was compelled to surrender. Haw teas this met hy the President and tJie North? The attack on Sumter roused the feelings of the entire North, and a call by the President for sev- enty-five thousand men was answered by the people with the most hearty readiness. What effect did it prodiice on the South ? It produced a similar feeling throughout the South — and Virginia, April IT ; North Carolina, May 20 ; Arkansas, May 6 ; and Tennessee, June 8, joined the Confederacy. Kentucky remained neutral, and Missouri was only prevented from seceding by Captain Lyon, United States army, who broke up a camp of rebels, and saved the United States arsenal. W?iat places were seized hy the Covfederates ? Harper's Ferry and the armory there were seized by the Confederates, April ISth ; the navy yard at Norfolk, April 20th ; and the national capital was threatened with an immediate attack. When and where was the first blood shed ? The first blood in the rebellion was shed in the streets of Baltimore. A body of Massachusetts militia, on their way to the defense of Washington, was attacked by the mob, April 19, and two Bol- diers were killed. What was doing by the national Government f Meanwhile troops were moving from all parts of the loyal States to the defence of the capital, and President Lincoln called for eighty-two thou- sand volunteers for the army and navy. What is said of the Federals at Fortress Mom-oe f General Butler was stationed at Fortress Mon- WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. 14:1 roe with fifteen thousand troops — and on the 10th of June he attacked the enemy at Big Bethel, but was repulsed with loss. What occurred in Western Virginia ? Western Virginia was overrun by the Federal troops, after a seri^ of battles. The most im- portant of these were Eich Mountain, won by General McClellan, July 11, and Carnifex Ferry, on the Gauley liiver, by General Eosecrans, Sep- tember 10th. miere was the main portion of the Confederate army stationed? The Confederate army was stationed at Ma- nassas Junction, twenty-seven miles from Alex- andria. General McDowell attacked them in force, July 21st, at Bull Eun. What ivas the result of the battle ? The beginning of the battle was favorable tu the national troops; but the Confederates being re-enforced, the Union army was compelled to retreat to the vicinity of Washington. Where and when did the Confederates appoint their capital ? On the 20th of July Eichmond was made the capital of the Confederate Government, Who was now appointed to command the army t After the disaster at Bull Eun, General McClel- lan, who had been successful in Western Virginia, was placed in command of the army around W ash- ington, which soon amounted to one hundred and fifty thousand men. State what is said of the disaster at BalVs Bluff? On the 21st of October, Colonel Baker was sent across the Potomac, with one thousand men. He was attacked by a superior force at Ball's Blu^* 142 WAR OF THE REBELLION 1861. he himself killed, and his command compelled to recross the river with great loss of life. How was this regarded hy tlie North ? The North was deeply agitated by this defeat, and great blame was thrown on Baker's superiors for leaving him unsupported. EVENTS IN MISSOURI AND KENTUCKY. What was the state of affairs in Missouri ? In Missouri the rebels were making desperate efforts to bring the State into the Confederacy. What occurred at Carthage on Hie htli of July f On the 5th of July a battle was fought near Carthage, between the rebel forces and a body of Union troops under Colonel Sigel. He was at lirst successful, but was compelled to fall back, overpowered by superior numbers. What attempt did General Lyon malce to save the State f General Lyon, with a small force, attacked a large body of Confederates at Wilson's Creek, August 10th. During the battle he was killed ; and his army, unable to hold the ground from which they had driven the enemy, were compelled to retreat. Mention the movements of fhe Confederates in Kentucky? Although Kentucky had declared herself neu- tral, the Confederates fortified Columbus on the Mississippi, and also occupied Belmont, which lay uu the opposite bank. What occurred^ Novernber 7th, at Belmo7it f General Ulysses S. Grant attacked Belmont, November 7, and drove the enemy from the post ; but re-enforcements arriving, the Confederatea rallied, and drove him back with severe loss. WAR OF THE REBELLION — 18G1. 143 OPERATIONS ON THE COAST. What forts were captured on tlie North Carolina coast f On the 29th of August, the forts on Hatteras" Inlet, North Carolina, were taken by a combined force under Commodore Stringham and General Butler. State the operations on the South Carolina coast ? On the 7th of November. Commodore Dupont and General Thomas W. Sherman took the forts at Hilton Head, the entrance to Port Royal, South Carolina. What is said of the blockade of the coast ? The National Government had with great vigor begun to blockade the ports on the entire Southern coast. The Confederates, assisted by English capitalists, made strenuous efforts to break through the blockade. What persons did Captain Wilkes seize ? Towards the close of the ye?.r, November 8, James M. Mason and John Slidell were seized by Captain Wilkes, United States steamer San Ja- cinto, on board the British steamer Trent, while on their way from Havana, as Confederate envoys, to France. How did Great Britain receive the news ? Great Britain at once demanded the return of the envoys, and pronounced their capture an in- sult to her flag. She also prepared for war by Bending troops to Canada. What was the conduct of the United States Government ?' The United States Government had, however, promptly disavowed the acts of Captain Wilkes, \B(\. restored the two captured envoys to liberty. 144 WAR OF THE KEBELLION— 1862. EVENTS OF 1861. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, secede, January Kansas admitted into the Union, January 2ytu. Texas secedes, February 1st. Rebel delegates meet to organize a Confederacy, at Montgomery, Alabama, February 4th. Jefferson Davis elected Provisional President, . . February 8th. Lincoln inaugurated, Marcli 4tli, Fort Sumter attacked, April 12th. " evacuated, April 13th. Virginia secedes, April 17th. Harper's Ferry seized by tlie Confederates, .... April 18th. First blood shed in the rebellion — Baltimore, .... April 19th. Norfolk navy yard seized by Confederates, .... April 20th. President calls for 82,.U00 troops, May 3d. Arkansas secedes, May 6th. Korth Carolina secedes, May 20th. Tennessee secedes, June 8th. General Butler repulsed at Big Bethel, June 10th. Battle at Carthage, Missouri, July 5th. Battle of Eich Moautain, Virginia, July 11th. Richmond, Virginia, made the Confederate capital, . . July 20th, Defeat of Union troops at Bull Run, Virginia, . . . July 2l8t. Battle of Wilson's Creek, August lOth. Forts at Hatteras lulet, North Carohna, captured, . August 29th. Battle at Carnifex Ferry, Virginia, September lOth. Battle of Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21st. Battle of Belmont, Missouri, November 7th. Capture of Forts at Hilton Head, Port Royal, S. C, November 7h. Seizure of Mason and Slidell on the Trent, . . . November 8th. WAR OP THE REBELLION— 1862. EVENTS IN KENTUCKY AND TENNESSEE. What victory contnhvted to free Kentucky frcrm Confederatetf On the lOtli of January General Thomas jmt new life into the Union canse, by gaining the battle of Mill Spring in Kentucky. Against u'?iat two forts did the Union army mov« in the m mih fcUowing f -r* -r\ i j Fort Henry on the Tennessee, and Fort Donud- WAK OF THE REBELLION 1862. 145 Bon on the Cumberland, were important points. Against these, a flotilla of gunboats under Com- modore Foote, and a land force under Genera] Grant, were put in motion, and captured Fort Henry, February 6th, and Fort Donelson on the 16th. Was tloe capture of Fort Donelson particularly important f In Fort Donelson were taken twelve thousand prisoners, and an immense supply of warlike ma- terial and provisions. The capture of the forts opened the way to JSTashville, the capital of the State. In what direction did Grant then move f General Grant did not remain inactive. He advanced as far as Pittsburg Landing, on the Tennessee River. Here, on the 6th of April, he was suddenly attacked by Generals Beauregard and Johnson, and after suffering terrible loss, was only saved by the gunboats from destruction. How did he retrieve this disaster ? On the following morning he was re-enforced by General Buell, and in turn attacked the enemy. After a severe battle the Confederates fell back, leaving behind them nearly all they had captured on the previous day. The battle is known also by the name of Shiloh. Who assumed command ? General Plalleck arrived and took command of the Union army, and followed the Confederates to Corinth, which they evacuated on Halleck's com- mencing to bombard it, May 30th. What was talcing place elsewhere on the second day of the hattk 5/ Pitt>tb urg Landmg ? The struggle for the control of the upper Mia- 14:6 WAR OF THE EERELLION 1S63. sissippi continued, and on tiie 7tli of April Conj- modore Foote, assisted by a land fopce under General Pope, captured Island No. 10, with live thousand prisoners, after a bombardment of twentj-three days. Island Ko. 10 was a very strong place in the river between Kentucky and Missouri. Where did the flotilla tJien move f The gunboats, under Commodore Davis, then moved down the river, and after two engagements with the enemy's fleet, in which the latter w^.-j almost destroyed, Memphis, Tennessee, surren- dered, June 6 th. CAMPAIGN IN VIRGINIA. Mention the first movements of General McGlellan in 1862. Early in the spring General McClellan made a forward movement from his quarters south of the Potomac ; but the enemy retired before him. Bid McClellan continue to advance? Changing the plan of the campaign, he em barked his forces, and proceeded to Fortress Mon- roe, from which place he commenced his inarch towards Richmond, April 4. Where did he stl WAR OF THE EKBELLION — 1864. more and Washington, they retired across tlia Potomac with immense quantities of plunder, fol lowed by the Union troops. Did they return ? Being re-enforced, they again moved forward, and entering Pennsylvania burned Chamber.-i- burg, July 30th, but afterwards made good the^r retreat up the Shenandoah valley. Who was selected to chastise Early ? General Sheridan was selected to command the Union troops in the Shenandoah valley. He at once acted with the utmost vigor — met and defeated General Early at Winchester, September 19th, and again at Fisher's Hill, three days after, Sep- tember 22d. Whai occurred at Cedar Greek ? Sheridan's army fell back to Cedar Creek. Here it was suddenly attacked, early on th<^ morning of October 19th, and compelled to retreaS four miles in disorder. Who turned the retreat into a victory? Sheridan, who was at Winchester, twentv miles away, when the battle began, rode at once to the scene of action, stopped the rout, restored order, attacked the enemy, and gained a brilliant victory. This ended active operations in the Shenandoah valley for* the year 1864. CONFEDERATE RAID INTO TENNESSEE AND KENTUCKY. Give an account of ForresVs raid? Towards the end of March, General Forrest, a Confederate general, made a raid into Tennessee iiiid Kentucky. He captured Union City, Ten •WAR OF THE REBELLION 1864:. 165 oessee, on the 24th of March, but waw reptilsed next day at Paducah, on the Ohio River. On the 12th of April, Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi River, was taken by assault. WTiai is said of the conduct of ForresVs troops ? Forres-t's troops are charsjed with h-aving com mitted great atrocities on the colored troops after they had surrendered. This is generally known as the Fort Pillow massacre. EXPEDITIONS AGAINST MOBILE AND WILMINGTON. Describe the gallant conduct of Admiral Farragut. Admiral Farragut, who had acquired so much glory on the Mississippi, was &elected to force an entrance into Mobile Bay. Lashing his vessels in pairs, and himself to the maintop of his flagship, the iiartford, on the 5th of August he ran past Forts Gaines and Morgan, that commanded the entrance. miat followed? lie then attacked the Confederate Heet ot three gunboats and the iron plated ram Tennessee, and captured or disabled all but oue gunboat, which escaped to Mobile. When and to ivhom did the forts surrender ? Fort Gaines on the 8th, and Fort Morgan on the 23d of August, surrendered to a land foice after a severe bombardment, and Mobile thus lay at the mercy of the Union troops. What is said of the importance of Wilmington ? Wilmington in North Carolina had been during the war the headquarters of the blockade runners. 166 WAR OF THE REBELLION-— 1864. and it was determined to attempt its capture. 1 1 was defended by Forts Fisher and Caswell. Describe the first attach on Fort Fisher. An expedition, under General Butler and Ad- miral Porter, was sent against these forts, and on December 2tl:th, Porter bombarded the forts with great vigor. General Butler then landed, but on reconnoitering thought the works too strong to be taken by assault, and returned to Fortress Monroe. What important event at sea marked tJie year 1864 ? This year was signalized by the destruction of the Alabama, a Confederate cruiser which had for a long time been engaged in capturing and burn- ing American merchant vessels. Where was she in the month of June^ and what became of her f She had been chased into Cherbourg, France, and was tliere watched by Captain Winslow in the United States steamer Kearsarge. At length being compelled by the French Government to leave, June 15th, she was at once attacked by Winslow, who in a short time sent her to the bottom. What lecame of Semmes f Semmes, captain of the Alabama, was saved by an English yacht cruising there for that pur- pose, and thus escaped to England. He had com- manded another pirate ship, the Sumter, as early as the year 1861. WJcat is said of the Florida ? The Florida, another piratical ship, continued her career to the end of the war, and after doing immense damage was finally surrendered to Spair*, and by her to the United States. WAK OF THE REBELLION 1864. t6t EmjD were these ships the ccmse of litterness against England ? These ships were all built in England, and the use for which they were intended, viz., the ruin of American commerce, was well known to tlie builders. This produced intense feeling througii- out the United States against England, and odJ y the greatest prudence preserved peace between the two nations. Ebw did France act towards the Union dxiring the war ? France, whose sympathies were also with the rebellion, had also taken advantage of our con- dition, and had sent troops to assist in placing Maximilian of Austria on the throne of Mexico, and in putting down the republic. This was ex- ceedingly distasteful to the American people. What State was admitted in October f On the 31st of October, J^evada was admitted into the Union. What was the result of the Presidential election m 1864 ? In JSovember, 1S64, the Presidential election was held. The opposing candidates were Presi- dent Lincoln and General McClellan. The latter was defeated by a great majority, and Mr. Lincoln was chosen for a second term of four years. EVENTS OP 18G4. President calls for 300,000 men, February lat. Grant made Lieutenant-General, March 3d. Capture of Fort De Rufssy, March ISth, President calk for 200,000 men, ]\Iarch 14th, Battle of Cane River, Red River country, March 26th, Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, April 8tk, Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisana, . April 9th. Fort Pillow massacre, April 12th. Battles of the Wilderness, May 5th-7th. '^ttr&s near Spottsylvania Court House, Virginia, . May 7ch-l2thi ioS WAR OF THE REBELLION- -1865. Bhcnnan's battles in Georgia, May 13th. to July. Lee draws witliin the defeuces of Richmond, Juuft. The Keursarge destroys th-e Alabama, June 15th. Early invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, Julj Hooi repul;C!> I^Cl c bH !5 (^ S "v r-" ' o O oiPQ OC_) f„P, ^c3a;!ya;53oOi2 !3 oj « a fi5 ^ S^ I- th gi I- 1ft 05 t- 1-1 1-1 o o; o CO t- T-H lo OiO O -rH C.Ss s ^ S^ ^ Ci,c3 cc3 7h c3 0,03 c3 e3 ; c8 g : "3 eS a : CO o a; =3 t« S O &r5 OQ G 2 O ^ ^ ^"s a o -a o > i^ H Ti a a -u o ^ 01 »-5 3 (^ a -4-3 » OJ U o 0) >- o ou O) rl Ph (X, '■J «J (U ,£3 > >► 73 (B '7-t ^ a> ^ aj >% -Q T3 41 Ti ^CJ <^ 0) ^ O O O) t3 a a o Oj a S3 m c3 m lO fe sj 00 ri 1-) 'C , a '^ ^ c3 a 03 f— 1 1-1 ^ ;_, Tf o p. <1 00 lO 00 ■^ 13 05 t^ oj a. a '3 'ZS TS 0) P fl ^i RECAPITULATIONS. SECTION I. 1492 Colinubus. 1497 Cabot's first voyage. 1499 Amerigo Vespucci. 1498 Sebastian Cabot. 1498 Columbus — Orinoco River. 1512 Ponce De Leon — Florida. 1513 Balboa— Pacific. 1520 Magellan— vStraits. 1521 Cortes — Mexico. 1524 Verrazani. 1584 Cartior's first voyage. 1535 " second voyage. 1539 Do Soto— Florida. 1541 Mississippi di8COvaT07. Mormon disturbances 1857. Minnesota admitted as a State, 1858, Oregon " " *' 185ft. Exciteirient in relation to admission of Kansas, . . . 1855-1861. John Brown's raid, October, 1852. Abraham Lincoln elected President, 180.0. South Carolina secedes from the Union, . . . Df cember 20, 1860. EVENTS OF 1861. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, secede, January. Kansas admitted into the Union, January 2 9t]i. Texas secedes, February let. Rebel delegates meet to organize a Confederacy, at Montgomery, Alabama, '. . February 4tb. Jefferson Davis elected Provisional President, . . February 8th. Lincoln inaugurated, March 4tl.. Fort Sumter attacked, April 12tlu " evacuated, April ISth. Virginia secedes, April 17th. Harper's Ferry seized by the Confedsrates, .... April 18th. First blood shed in the rebelliou — Baltimore, .... April 19tb. Norfolk navy yard seized by Confederates, .... April 20tL, President calls for 82,000 troops, May 8d, Arkansas secedes, May 6th. N©fth Carolina secedes, May 20th. lVuaoti»"e Bec^idos, June Sth ^ftwertii Britler repulsed at B'^ Bethel, . . . Juno lOih RECAPITFL ATI0N8. 1 ,S 3 f'.attle at Carthaffe, Missouri, July 5th. Battle of Rich Mountain, Virginia, J"ly 11th. Richmond, Virginia, made the Confederate capital, . . July 20th. Defeat of Union troops at Bull Eun, Virginia, . . . July 21st. Battle of Wilson's Creek, August lOtli. Forts at Hatteras Inlet, North Carolina, captured, . August 29th. Battle at Carnit'ex Ferry, Virginia, September 10th. Battleof Ball's Bluff, Virginia, October 21st. Battle of Belmont, Missouri, November 7th. Capture of Forts at Hilton Head, Port Royal, S. C, November 7h. Seizure of Mason and tilidell on the Trent, . . November 8th. EVENTS OF 1862. Battle of Mill Springs, Kentucky, January 19th. Capture of Fort Henry, Tennessee, .... . February 6th. Capture of Roanoke Island, North Carolina, . . F'ebruary 8th. Capture of Fort Douelson, Tennessee, ... . February 16th. Battle of Pea Ridge. Arkansas, . March 6th-8th The Congress and tne Cumberland sunk by the ram, . March 8th. Monitor disables the ram Virginia, March 9th Newbern, North Carolina, captured, March 14th. Battle of Pittsburgh Landing — Shiloh, April 6th-7th. Island No. 10, Mississippi River, taken, April 7th. Capture of Fort Pulaski, Georgia, April 11 tli. Farragut passes Forts Philip and Jackson, April 24tii. New Orleans captured, , . April 25th. Capture of Beaufort, North Carolina, April 25th. Forts Philip and Jackson surrender, ....... April 28t}t. Battle of Williamsburgh, MayStli. Norfolk evacuated bythe rebels, May 9tk. Evacuation of Corinth, MaySOtlu Battle of Fair Oaks, May 31st to June lat. Memphis surrendered, June 6th. Seven days' battles — Chickahominy to the James, June 25 to July 1. President calls for 300,000 men, July 1st. Battle of Cedar Mountain, August ^ih. Pope's retreat — heavy battles, . . August 26th to Septeniber 1st. Battle of South Mountain, September 14ih. Capture of Harper's Ferry, September 15th. Battle of Antietam Creek, September 17th. Battle of luka, September 19th. Battle of Corinth, October 4th, Battleof Perrvville, October 8th. Battle of Fredericksburg, December 13th. •Jattle of Murfreesboro, . . . December 30th to January 2d, 18ft3. £VE>-TS OF 1863. P'*eaiuent Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, . . January 1st "4tpturc of Arkansas i'uj. , .irkansas, . . , Januuiy ilth 1 84 RECAPITULATIONS. Naval aKack on Fort Sumter, April 7tli. Dariug cavalry raid of Grierson through Mitwissippi, . April I7tli Battle of Chaiicellor\il]e, May '2d aud S -1. Graut's battles in Mississippi, Alay lst-l7tii Lee again invades Maryland, Juno. West Viro[iuia admitted as a State, June 20tlu Battle of GettA'sbufi^, Pennsylvania, July lst-8d. Surrender of Vicksburg, Mississippi, July 4:th. Surrender of Port Hudson, Louisiana, July 8th. Great riot in New York city, July 1.3th-16th Morgan's raid through Ohio ended, July 26th. Forts Wagner and Gregg, South Carolina, evacuated, S'eptemhor 7th, Capture of Little Kock, Arkansas, September 10th. Battle of Chickamauga, Georgia, .... September 19th-20th. Battle at Lookout Mountain, November 24th. Battle at Missionary Kidge, November 25th. Lengotreet repulsed at Knoxville, Tennessee, . November 29th. Longstreet retreats, December 8d. EVENTO or lft84. Presixient calls for 300,000 men, ....... February Ibi. Grant made Lieutenant-General, March Bd. Capture of Fort De Russy, March 13th. President calls for 200,000 men, March 14th Battle of Cane River, Red River country, March 26th. Battle of Mansfield, Louisiana, April 8th. Battle of Pleasant Hill, Louisana, April 9th. Fort Pillow massacre, April 12th, Battles of the Wilderness, May 5th-7th. Battles near SiKyttsylvania Court House, Virgins, . May 7th-12th. Sherman's battles in Georgia, May 13th to July. Lee draws within the defences of Richraond, June. The Kearsarge destroys the Alabama, June 15th. Early invades Maryland and Pennsylvania, July Hood repulsed by Sherman, near Atlanta, Ga., July 20, 22, and 28. Union assault repulsed at Petersburg, July 30th. Farragut runs past Forts Gaines and Morgan, . . . August 5th. Forts Gaines and Morgan surrender, .... August 8th-23d. Grant soizoa the Weldon railroad, August 18ti». rapture of Atlanta, Georgia, September 2d. Kittle of Winchester, Virginia, September 19th. Battle at Fisher's Hill, Virginia, September 2:i9. The Provincial, the Proprietary, and the Charter eovern- meDS% 2. Q. What were the Provincial governments 7 Ans. Those under the control of the King of G-reat Britain. 3. Q. What were the Proprietary governments ? Ans. Those under the control of proprietors, who had received gri.Qts from the king. 4. Q. What were the Cliarter governments ? Ans. Those under the control of the crown, but having certain rights secured by cliarter. 5. Q. Name tlie colonies under Provincial government when the Revolution began. Ans. New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 6. Q. Name those under Proprietary government. Ans. Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. 7. Q. Name those under Charter government. Ans. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. 8. Q. Under what government were the States during the Revo- lutionary war ? Ans. They were governed by the Continental Congress until March, 1781. 9. Q. What form of government then took its place ? Ans. That known as " the Articles of Confederation." 10. Q. How long was this in operation ? Ans. From 1781 till 1789. 11. Q. Wliat was the objection to the Articles of Confederation 7 Ans. Its power was too weak for the purposes of the genera) government, and it could only act tardily on the people tl. rough the States themselves. 12. Q. By whom was the Constitution of the United Stat en framed ? Ans. By a convention of delegates who met at Philadelphia Lji 1787, of which convention General Waahington was president THE CONSTITUTION' OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. a THE PREAMBLE. " We, the people of the United States, in order to fono a more perfect union, esteblish justice, insure domestic tranquil- lity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establisii this Constitution for the CTnited States of America," 1. WTtat is the introductory paragraph of the ConMifntion called t 2. What does it declare to he the object of the Constitution T 8. From whom did it emanate f 4, Into irhat departments is the government of the United Slates dividetl » Ans. Lecislative, Executive, and Judicial, 5. What is the offlce of each of these departments f Ans. The LecrislatH* department makes the laws; the Executive carries them into effect; and ib* Judicial interprets tbem. ARTICLE I. TuE Legislative Department. Section I. Congress in general. " All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a Congre«3 of the United States, which shall consist of a Seiwao »ad House of Representatives." ft. What is the subject of the ^rst article t T. In rc^at body is the legiiuative power vested? & Of what does Congress consist? Section IL House of Representatives. Clause I. " The House of Representatives shall be com- posed of members chosen every second year by the people of fcb« several States, and the electors in each State shall h&va THE CONSTITOTION. 193 the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the Si^te legislature." 9. Of what is ih« Uount of RepresentaUvM composed f 10. Haw often, and by whom, are the members chusen f 11. What are the quaiijicaiions of electors t Clause II. " No person shall be a representative, who iihsill not have attf.inod the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shaD be chosen." 12. What vfuM be the age of a person chosen representative T 18. How long mu*it h* havi been a oitieen of the United States t 14 Where must he reside when elected f Clause III. " Representative and direct taxes shall be ap- poi'*.loned among the several States which may be included wicJLm this Union, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those bound to ser\-ice for a term of years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- fift lis of aU other persons. The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty tliousand, but each State shall have at least one representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampsliire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Con- necticut five, New Yorli six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania *»ight, Dela^vare one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North llaro- Una five. South Carolina five, and Georgia three. 15. BiHc are representatives and dire^jt taxes apportioned f 16. In wfiat iciiy are theae numbers to be obtained T 17. What is rfi€^-int by '^ other pertonsf Ans. Slaves 13. WTiat is prodded in regard to Indian^ T 19. When was the first enumeration to be made? 20. WJcen was it actually m-ade f Ans. In 1791'. 21. ff'/w often is thi^ enumeration to be taken f 'ii. Bow was the ^m/mher of represenU.itite* limited t M. What did u provide in itie cae of a mate 7iot haxing ihe re>jui«it4 •■i^nber of inJuib iUi nts t >4. What is thepresent number of representativesT Ans. 2S8. Clause IV. " When vacancies happen in the representauvyn 194: THE CONSIITCTION OF THB from any State, the executive authority thereof shall issue writs of election fo fill such vacancies." 25. Uow arc vacancies in the representation of a State JlUed t Clause V. " The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers; and shall have the sole power of impeacliraent." 26. What officers doe/i the House of Representatives choose f 27. What power helongs enccltinively to itf 28. MTiat is '■" impeachvientV Ans. An accusation brought against aa otticer for inaladministralion in office. 29. By whom are im^/eachmeiitH tried t Ans. The Senate. Section III. Senate. Clause I. " The Senate of the United States shall be com- posed of two senators fi'om each State, chosen by the legisla- ture thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have cue vote." 80. ITow mani/ members compose the Senate f 81. Bi/ trhom are they chosen, and for what ti/tne f 32. \Vhat is the diference in the mode of electing senators and repr»- tentatives t See Clause I. Sec. II. 83. Dow do the senators vote t Clause II. " Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided, a.s equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the sen- ators of the first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year ; of the second class at tlie expiration of the fourtii year ; and of the third class, at the expu^ation of the sixth year ; so that one-third may be chosen every second year ; and if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any State, the executive thereof may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill such vacancies." 84. Into how many classes toas the Senate divided f 86. Jn what order did they vacate their seats f 86. Vf7/j/ was this divii--it mi"'t he the age ofeoery senator / CNITSD STATE3 OF AMERICA. 195 I <4. flow long mutt he have been a citietn qfth* United Sttte* t 4S. Where mitythe refiide at the time of election f 45. Compare the qualificatiofis of genatora and representatives. Clause IV. " The Vice-President of the "CTnited States shaU be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless thej be equally divided." 44. Who U Prem'Jentofthe Senate f 46. Under what circu'matancei U he entitled to vote T Clause V. '•' The Senate shall choose their other officere, and also a President pro tempore^ in the absence of the Vice- President, or when he shall exercise the office of President of the United States." 46. What officers Tuis the Senate power to choose T 47. W^ien does it chooee a President ^ pro t-em^pore T' Clause VI. " The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. "When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside ; and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present." 48. W^iOt poxrer belongs exclu*itely to the Senate t 49. WJun trying impeachmenta, how does their sitting difer from tKtAr u^ual mode of proceeding f 50. Who preauleH when the PrenderU of the United States is on trial f 5L W/iut is necessary to concictton T Clause VII, " Judgment in cases of impeachment sha'l not extend further than to removal from office, and disquaiil:- cation to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit, under the United States ; but the party convicted shall, never- Uieless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law." 52. ffT 68. In tvhat way do the Yeas and Nays effect thisT A7is. Becaas* th* fcauies of iLe members ami their votes are recorded, ami not merel/ the num- be ho^o the veto is limited. 9t). IIow can a bill becot/ie a laic withoiU the signature of ths President t Clause III. " Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment), shall be presented to the President of the United States ; and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations proscribed in the case of a bill." 91. To what other matters is the veto poicer e-irtended f 92. Over what question has the Presideiit no pmoer t 93. What is the object of this T Aiis. To guard the independence of Coj- ^esa against the power of the executive. Section Yin. Powers granted to Congress. Clause I. Congress shall have power : " To lay and col- lect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to pay the debts an ! provide for the common defense and general welfare of Lh<«- United States; but all duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States." 94. What power is given to Congress nnder Clause I. Soo. VTJf. ^ 96. Wiat are taxes f Ans. All contributions imposed by govornnieiDt oa 'ndivlduala for the service of the State. 96. How may tii iiursons or their piopeiti. UNITED STATES 01 AMERICA. 199 98. What are indirect taxes f Ana. Every other method of taieing rer enue, whether by duties, iujposts, excises, etc., is called indirect. 99. What are duties T Ann. Taxes on goods imported or exported. 100. What «"«• imposts f A ns. Taxes on goods imported. 101. What are e^rcisea t Ans. Taxes on goods manufactured. 102. Can one Slate be taxed more than another? Clause II. Congress shall have power : " To borrow money on the credit of the United States." 108. In what way can Congress borrow money f 104. Ti'hy is this power given f Ans. Because the immediate revenue msy But bo sufficient in cases of great emergency, such as war or national calaui ity. Clause III. Congress shall have power: " To regulate com- merce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian tribes." 105. What potcer has Congress to regidate commerce? 106. Why is this poioer not left to the several States t Ans. Because their rival interests would interfere with its progress. Clause IV. Congress shall have power : " To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the sub- ject of bankruptcies, throughout the United Stiites." 107. Who has power to frame a rule of naturalisaUon ? 108. Wliat is meant by naturalUiation t Ans. Giving foreigners the rigl.t* of citiienship. 109. WJiy should the rule be uniform f Ans. Without this, one State might, by shortening the time, invade the privileges of the rest. 110. '\i7iat is the ti9ne Jki-ed by law T Aiui. Five years. 11 i. i/ has the poicrr to establish post offices and post roads t 15* 200 THE CONSTITUTION OF THl 116. Why wan this not left, to each State f Ana. Because th« getf^rftl pn» wninent can alone secure prompt and regular postal arrangements tiu<»ugtt •at the entire country. Clause YIII. Congress shall have power : " To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for lim- ited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries." 117. How can Congrean promote science and the useful art«f lis. Wkat rifjht is granted to authors f Ati-s. A copyright. 119. How long docH a copyright extend t Ans. For a period of fourtee* fears, with the privilege of renewal for the same time. 120. What right is granted to inventors t Ann, A patent. 121. What does this secure to themt .4 »«. The exclusive right to m&nu ^acture and sell any machine invented by them for fourteen years. Clause IX. Congi-ess shall have power : " To constitute tribunal" inferior to the Supreme Court." 122. Wfiat power to establish courts is given to Congress f Clause X. Congress shall have power : " To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, anJ offenses against the law of nations." 123. Who punishes crimes committed on the high seas f 124. What is meant by the high seas f Ans. The ocean beyond low w»t« mark. 125. What is piracy T Ans. Eobbery at sea. Clause XL Congress shall have power : " To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules con- cerning captures on land and water." 126. Recite what power is given to Congress in Clttuse XI. 127. What are letters of marque and reprisal T A n«. Commissions grant**! to private individuals to capture at sea the property of the subjects of foreinn nations. 12S. W?ien are they generally issued f Ans. In time of war. Clause XII. Congress shall have power : " To raise an(? support armies ; but no appropriation of money to that u?e ihall be for a longer term than two years." 129. With whom is left the raising and surpporting of armies f 18<». What legi-diition is necessary to disband the army f -.81. I'or what length of time art appropriations for the support nf tfu »rmy made f 18y. Why is the time limited to two years t Ant. Because the peonir Justl)' '-land in fea- of a standing army, ami their rights need to bo carefolly (tAI led. ( UNITBD STATES OF AMERICA. 201 Clause XITI. Congress shall have power: " To provide ard (uaintain a navy." 183. WTiat power is left to Congress over the n(wy t Clause XIY. Congress shall have power : " To make niles for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces." 1S4. Wiat power is given in CUiuse XI V. f Clause XV. Congress shall have power : " To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions."- 135. When can Congress call out the militia f 136. What is the advantage of this T Ana. It does away with the necewity of maintaining a large standing army. Clause XVI. Congress shall have power : " To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for gov- ernmg such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States; reserving to tiie States respectively, the appointment of tlie officers, and the authority of training the militia, according to the discipUne prescribed by Congress." 87. What urther power is given to Congress over the militia f 138. What power is left to the States respectively t Clause XVII. Congress shall liave power ; " To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of par- ticular States, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places, purchased by the consent of the legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and othei needful buildings." 189. Over what extent of tsrritory, and under what limiiation, sfuiU Congrttit have eoKiusi^e )wrisdicMont 140. What is providid in respect to forts, arsenals, etc, T 141. What consent is necessary to such atUhority t Clause XVIII. Congress shall have power : " To make &it laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregomg powers, and all other powers vested Dy this Constitution in the Government of the United States or in any department or officer thereof." 142 miat general powers cfleginUition are given U> Congress T 202 THE CONSTITUTION OF THF Section IX. Povxrs denied to the United States. Clause I. " The migration or importatioa of such persoiw as any of the States, now existing, shall think proper to ad- nii-t, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the year one tliousand eight hundred and eight ; but a tax or duty may be imposed on such importation not exceeding ten dollars for each person." 143. To what action was Congrest restn^Ud by this clause in regard to fhe aholition of the African slave trade f 144. When did Congress prohibit the importation of slaves T An*. At the earliest date allowed by the Constitution — .January Ist, 1808. 145. What could Congress impose pretrious to that time t Clause II. " The privilege of the writ of habeas corpns shall not be suspended unless when, in cases of rebellion or inva- sion, the pubUc safety may require it." 146. W?ien only can the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus be sus- pended T 147. What is the writ of habeas corpus ? Ans. The writ of Jutbeas corpus is a written order directed to an officer, requiring him to bring forth tha body of the prisoner from confinement, and give hiui an immediate hearing before a jadg« or magistrate. 148. What protection does this right give T Ann, It furnishes the poorest citizen & security against illegal imprisonment. Clause III. " No bill of attainder, or ex post facto law, shall be passed." 149. What is provided in regard to bills of attainder ^ or em post facUt laws t 150. What is a bill of attainder T Ans. A bill passed by the legislature, by which a person is convicted of treason or felony, and punished for the (orted from any State. No preference shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the ports of one State over tliose of another ; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties, io au- •»tJiCT. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 203 ?V Can Congress impose a tax on goads carried from oi.« State to an 9th4rf IW. Can preference he given to the port-t of one State more than another T 166. What is «aid about vessels bound to or from any State T Clause VI, " No money shall be drawu from the treasury, but in consequence of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published, frcm time to time." 157. In what tray Tfumt idl. mon^i/ be drawn from the treasury f 158. How is reftponsibUity for the icse of public money secured f Clause VII. " No title of nobility shall be granted by tne United States ; and no person, holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign state." 159. What is taid with regard to iitUs of nobility f 16(1. When only can s.,ffice.-h State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on tonnage, keep troops, or ships of war, in time of peace, enter mto any agreement or compact with another State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually ''nvaiied, or m !tt>'H. L!:.:minent danger, as will not admit of delay." 204 THE CONSTITUTION OP THB 1*4. Can any State lay impotta or duties without the consent of (\n^ grm% f State the etcception, if any. 1C5. What are inspection laws t Ana. Laws lequiring certain product* i»f the State to be approved before exportation. 166. What is the object of such law»T Ans. To raise and keep tha niana- feotured articles up to a bipli standard. 1«7. What is done with the net produce ofnuch duties T ' 69. What other powers are denied to the States T lb9 When, only, can a State engage in war f ARTICLE II. Executive Department. Section I. President and Vice-Preeident Clause I. " The executive power shall be vested in a Presi- dent of the United States of America. He shall hold his of- fice during the term of four years, and together with the? Vice- President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows :" 1 70. Of what does Article Second treat f 171. fn whom is the executive power vested t 172. ITow long is his term of office f 173. WTio is chosen for th& same period f 174. Compare the terms of office of Bepreaentatives, Senators, and Prett- Jent. Clause II. " Each State shall appoint, in such naanner as the legislature thereof may direct, a number of electors, equal to the whole number of senators and representatives, to which the State may be entitled in the Congress ; but no senator or representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit, under the United States, shall be appointed an elector." 1^. /Tow are vhe electors appointed T 176. To horo many electors is each State entitled f 177. What persons can not he appointed electors f [Clause III. " The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two persons, of whom one, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with them- selves. And they shall make a list of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for each ; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the gov- ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the cer- tificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes shall be the President, if sncli number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; an i if there be more than one who have such UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 205 oaajority, and have an equal number of votes, then the House of Renresentatives saall immediately choose, by ballot, one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then, from the five highest on the list, the said House shall, in like manner, choose the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. In every case, afler the choice of the President, the person having the greatest number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them, by ballot, the Vice-President."] N. B. The above clause has been repealed, and the following AmoadoMat <)ubstitutt'd : — Amendment, Article XII. Mode of Choosing the President and Vice-President. Clause I. " The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per- son voted for as Vice-President ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all persona voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes foi each, which lists they shall sign, and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate : the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Eep- reseatatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall thee be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number bo a ma- jority of the whole number of electors appointed ; and if no person have such majority, then, from the persons having the nighest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. Bit in choosmg the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the repre- •jontatioa from each State having one vote ; a quorum tor Uiia 206 THE COXSTITUIION OF THE purpose shall consist of a member or members frcm two-Chirdj of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be neces- fsary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall uot choose a President, whenever the right to choose shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next fol- lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as ^ case of the death, or other constitutional disability, of the President." Clause II. " The person having the greatest number ot votes as Vice-President shall be the Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap- pointed ; and if no person have a majority, then, from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice- President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two- thirds of the whole number of senators ; a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice." Clause III, " But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President, shall be eligible to that of Vice-Presi - dent of the United States." 178. WTiy is the nresen', mode ofch<>o»ing i?i6 P> esid^rj and Vic6-l*reM det^t inserted in tke form of an amendment t Ans. Because the origint! ci«u8e lias beeu repealed, and this amendment substituted. H9. Where d<) the electors meet, and how do they vote T 180. Uoto do they make out their ballots t 181. Can they choose both President and Vice-President from the aanu State with themselves T 182. Jn balloti7ig, what provision it made to prevent mistakes f 183. What regulation, is made to prevent frauds f 184. Where and to whom are the lists to he sent t 186. What does the President of the Senate do with these T 180. Who is declared to be Pres^ident t 187. If there be tw c/ioice by the electors, tohat is done? 1S8. When the electioji is tnade by the Iloicse of Representative*, kovi it Vie vote taken t IS'J. What constitutes a quorum for this purpose f 190. Ho^c many vot«s are necessary to a choice t 191. 7/ >^t /ong can the House defer the choice of President? 192. If the House fails to choose before the fourth day of March foli<»oio%^ tcho acts as President f 193. Who is declared to be Vice-President m Clause II. T 194 What House chooses if no one has a majority f 196. How many senatorial votes constitute a quorum f 196 How many votes are necessary to a ciunce T If 7. W/u} are imeligible to the office of Vice-President t Clause IV, '• The Congress may determine the time ^f tLoosing the electors, and the day on which they snail give 5i*ir vote 3 ; which day shall be the same throughout tbti i^uited States." UNITBD STATES OF AMERICA. 207 198. How in t?i« time of chnosinff electom determined f IW. What ii- thin choice cr6vented. Clause V. "No person, except a natural-born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President : neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall cot have attained to the age of thirty-five years, and beea fourteen years a resident within the United States." 202. What persona are elirihle to the offlce of President ? 203. How mariy and what qualifications are necessary f Clause VI. " In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall de- volve on the Vice-President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or inabihtv, both of the President and Vice-President, declaring what of- ficer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act ac- cordingly, until the disability be removed, or a President shall be elected." 204. Whtn does the office of President devolve on the Vice- President t 205. What provision is made in ease of the removal, death, or ttMbiMif of both President and Vice-President f 206. Has Congress passed any law providing for such a case? Ans. Is the year 1792 Congress enacted that in the case of removal, death, re&igu.itioD or inability, both of the President and Vice-President, the president of th« {Senate pro tempore should act as President. 207. What officer is, by the same act, to fill the -vacancy should there ht no President of the Seriate pro temj)oret Atis. The Speaker of the Hou»« of Representatives then acts as President. 208. For hmc long a time does either of these officers discharge the dn4ie* Qf Preside7it f Ajis. Only until the 4th of March following a new election of President, held in the usual manner, after due notice to the executive of •very State. Clause VII. " The President shall, at stated times, recei^ e» for his services, a compensation, which shall neither be in- creased noi diminished during the period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that pe- riod, any other emolument from the United States, or any of them." *J9 Wkiit it provided in regard to the compensation of the Pra*id«»A t 16 208 THE CONSTITUTION OF THfl 210. Whitt is his salary f An-s. 25,000 dollars per annam, with the bm el Ji© rresidential mansion an<•*?«)*" f I UNITED STATES OP AMERICA. 209 822. Is there any provision for r&movalfrom offlce of persons tJvu* ap- poinUd f Ans, There is none. 5S2&, Who eoMrcises the power T Ana. The President Clause III. "The President shall have power to fill up all facancies that may happen, during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions, which shall expire at the end of their next session." 224. Row are vacancies Jllled f 226. When do commissione so granted ewpire t Section III. IhUies of the President. " He shall, from time to time, give to the Congress infor- mation of the state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in case of disagreement be- tween them, with respect to the time of adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he sha) receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall commisaion all the officers of the United States." 226. What are the Presidents commwiicationn to Congress called f Ant The President's messagea. 227. W?)at is he in these messages required to do f 228. When can fie call both Houses, or either of them, together f 229. What power has he in case of disagreement between the Souses v>tiA respect to adjouj'nment f 230. What is the Presidents power in regard to tfie laws f 281. Fromfh whom do all officers receive their cotntnissions t Section IV. Impeachment of the President. " The President, Vice-President^ and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office, on impeachment tor, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high Crimea and misdemeanors." 232. What officers are liable to impeach/ment f 283. What are the offenses no/med t 284 What is the punishment on conviction T ARTICLE III. Judicial Department. SirOTiON I. United er mitted to be brouj^ht against a State by a private citizen. Amendment, Article XI. " The judicial power of the United States shall not be cod- •txued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced oi prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of au- other State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State." 245. now is the judicial power limited in this amendment T Clause II. " In all cases affecting ambassadors, other pub- lic ministers, and consuls, and those in which a State shall be UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 211 a party, the Supreme Oourt shall have original jurisdictioQ. lu all the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fiict, with eucb exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress 8hail make." 246. W/iat t/ico kinds of jurisdiction has the Supreme Court t 247. In what cases has it original jurisiHcUo/t f 24S. What ifi orii/inal jurisdiction f Atis. A court has origiual jurisdle- ISon when a suit coinincuces in such court. 249. What is appellate jurisdiction f Ana. The trial of cases carried ap from a lower court on ai>peal. 250. Over what has the Court appellate jurisdiction f Clause III. " The trial of all crimes, except in cases of im- peachment, shall be by jury; and such trial shall be held m the State where the said cr.mes shall have been committed, but when not committed within any State, the trial sliuU be at such place, or places, as the Congress may by law i)av« du-ected." 261. Whaii» said of the trial of all crimes, except in cases of ii ptanJ • tneni t 252. Wli^re must the trial be held? 253. W?iere are crimes to be tried when not committed within th^ furi* diction of a State t Section III. Treaaon. Clause I. " Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying w^ar against them, or in adhering to their ene- mies, giving them aid aud comfort. No person shall be con- victed of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court." 254. In what does treason against the United States consist t 266. In what way can a person be convicted of treason f Clause II. " The Congress shall have power to declare th« punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of ti le person attainted." 256. Who has po^cer to deilare the punishment of treason f 257. What is attainder of treason f Ans. Such con--equences of convie lion of treason as lorfeiture of estate, corruption of blood, and loss of civL rights. '258. What is corruption of blood ? Ans. It is the exti-nction of the iahpr* liable quality of a person's blood, so that he can D«ither inherit any estsf aor transmit it to ©thers by descent 259. How far may tibt estate of a traitor be forfeited t 260. What has Con^-em declared the punishment of treas(>nT >i«»a, Dt'Etli by hanging. IG* 212 THK CONSTITUTION OF THl • —■ «» —^^ ARTICLE IV. Section I. State Records. " Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to th« public acts, records, and judicial proceedings, of every other ctate. And the Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings, shall be 9roved. and the effect thereof." 261. Whdt is declared oft?is public acta^ ito., of each State T 262. What does Congress prescribe in regarU to tfit/m T Section XL Privileges of Oitizem, etc. Clause I. " The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." 268. Wliat privileges do the citizens of each State enjoy f Clause II. " A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive au- thority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime." 264 What formality must be observed in reclaiming fugitives from jut- tice found in another State T Clause III. " No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service of labor may be due."' 265. Can a person held to service or labor in one State be freed from either by the laws of another State? '/•m:ent " The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Consti- tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by Oonventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; pro- vided, that no amendment, which may be made pi'ior to thi year one thousand eight hundred and eight, shall, in any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth sectioE ol the first arucle ; and that no State, without its constsu^ ahail be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate." tlA. When shall OongresH propose amendments to t?i6 Constittttionf 275 In what other tcay may they be proposed f 276. In howmaiiy ways may nm,endments be ratified f 277. Wltat force has an amendment thus ratified t 27S What restriction is there to the power ofainendmeKi * 27S Give the clauses which are referred to here 1 214 THB CONSTITUTION. ARTICLE VI. Public Debt, Supremacy of thx Constitution, Oath of Office, Religious Test. Clause I. " All debts contracted, and engagements enterei V have been ratified by the requisite majoripy of three-fourth* of all tKt States.) Section 1, — Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except £8 a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly eonvicted, shall exist within the United States or any place sub ject to their jurisdiction. Section 2.— Congress shall Lave pv>wer to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ARTICLE XIV. Section 1. — All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of*the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge thn privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws. Section 2. — Representatives shall be apportioned among the se'V3ral states according to their respective nimibers counting the whole number of persons in each state, exclud .ng Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice-Pre? ident of the United States, representatives of Congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the Leidslature thereof, is denied to any of the male members o< !20 OOKSTITDnON OF THE UNITED STATEH. eucli slate, being twenty-one yeara of age, and citizens of tke United States, or in any way abridged, except far participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein ghall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state. Section .'3. — No person shall be a senator or represen tative La Congress, or elector of President and Vice-President, oi hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, oi under any state, who, having previously taken an oatli, as a member of Congress, or as an otBcer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu'iive or judicial officer of any state, to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or reoellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the eaemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability. Section 4. — The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for pay- ment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing in- surrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But )3either the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion Rgainst the United States, or any claim for the loss or emanci- pation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void. Section 5. — The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XV. Section 1. — The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of race, color, or previous condition oi st^rvitude. Section 2. — The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions of this &Tiicl&. SiHTLEMENT OF IHE DIFFERENT STATES, ETO. ST1.TS9. Wtiere settled. Virginia Jamestown N 8W York jNew York MasaRchusettB 1 Plymouth New Hampshire . . iDoTer New Jersey Bergen (Connecticut | Windso? Maryland |St. Mary Rhode Island ! Providence [Delaware j Wilmington [North Carolina . . . Albemarle South Carolina . ICharleston (old) iPennsylvania. . . JPhilailelphia . . . GeorjciA iSaraanah •Vermont IFort Dumraer . . I Kentucky iBooneborough. . !Tennt««t* I Fort Ijondon . . . j< LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 010 546 451 4 VALUABLE SCh Collins & BivOther, 414 Broadway, New York. Abboti's A.bercrombie's Intellectiial IPowerSj . $1 jibbott's A.berc7'ombi€'s J^foral Philosophy, . . 1 Adams' Iwproyed Arithmetic, Addick's Elements of the F^rench Lcvjuage, . Dym^ond's Moral Philosophy, 1 E'i7^kham,'s £Jnglis?i Gram,niar, A''o7'the/fd'6 Little Speaker, ^Yorthend's America?! Speaker, 1 JVorthend's School Dialogites, 1 Olmsted's Tvudim^ents ofAst?'onomy