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ALL ABOUT 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 AND THE INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLE THERE. 
 
 [for gratuitous circulation.] 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO : 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE CALIFORNIA IMMIGRANT UNION, 
 
 316 California Street. 
 
 Printed by A. L. Bancroft & Co., 721 Market Street. 
 J 870. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Pagt. 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Map of California 42 
 
 Immigration as a Source of Wealth 7 
 
 Advantages of California for Immigrants.. .8 
 
 Disadvantages 1 1 
 
 ,How to Obtain Title to Public Lands Ii 
 
 Public Lands of California 13, 44, 62 
 
 Land Titles 15, 44 
 
 Northern Mining Counties 15 
 
 Main Belt of Mining Counties 15 
 
 Northern Coast Counties 17 
 
 Southern Coast Counties i?^ 44 
 
 San Joaquin and Tulare Valleys 17, 50 
 
 Sacramento Valley 18, 49 
 
 Wages 18 
 
 Business of San Francisco 20 
 
 Population and Products of California. 21, 64 
 
 Manufactures 22 
 
 Climate 24, 47 
 
 California Farming 26, 54 
 
 Wheat 27 
 
 The Grape 28, 55, 57 
 
 Apple, etc 29 
 
 Olives, Oranges, Lemons and Limes 30 
 
 Neat Cattle, Horses, Sheep and Goats, 31 to 34 
 
 Silk Culture 34 
 
 Expenses of Living and Traveling 35 
 
 Social Conditions 36 
 
 Advice to Emigrants 37 
 
 Mining Excitements 38 
 
 Business Prudence 39 
 
 Public Lands in Southern California 44 
 
 Prices of Lands in California 46 
 
 Pagf. 
 
 State Lands 47 
 
 What Sort of a Country California Is 47 
 
 Room for Immigration in California 57 
 
 Kind of Immigrants Wanted 3> 53 
 
 When to Come to California 54 
 
 Diversified Agriculture 55 
 
 Foothills of the Sierra 57. 62 
 
 Sugar Beet 58 
 
 Flax and Hemp 59 
 
 Castor Oil Beans, Hops, Alfalfa, Rice, 59 to 61 
 
 Picture of a California Home 61 
 
 Surveys in the Foothills 62 
 
 Colonies 63 
 
 Statistics of the Counties 64 
 
 Lands of thk Central Pacific R. R..65 
 
 Explanation of Public Surveys 2 
 
 Lands Granted to the Company 3 
 
 How Title is acquired and Land Sold, 3, 13 
 Advantages to purchasers of R.R. Lands 13 
 
 Character of Land in R. R. grant 3 
 
 Bottom Lands 4 
 
 Wheat, Grazing and Orchard Lands 4 
 
 Dairy Lands and Sheep Ranges 5, 8 
 
 Vineyard Lands 6 
 
 Timber Lands 7 
 
 Mines and Quarries 8 
 
 Markets 9 
 
 Climate " 
 
 Products of Counties in R. R. Grant. . . 11 
 Policy of Company in Sales of Lands. . .14 
 
 Lands of California and Oregon R. R 15 
 
 Lands of Southern Pacific R. R 17 
 
ALL ABOUT 
 
 L 
 
 CAL 
 
 Snoi- 
 this Sta*' 
 lands, tc 
 ces, an..! 
 of San 
 anxious 
 suggests 
 discussi 
 ble. A 
 without 
 
 Hi? 
 bic 
 
 D THE INDUCEMENTS TO SETTLE THERE 
 
 [for gratuitous circulation.] 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO : 
 PUBLISHED :BY THE CALIFORNIA IMMIGEANT UNION, 
 
 316 California Street. 
 
 Priated by A. L. Bancroft & Co., 721 Market Street. 
 1870. 
 
f?t; 
 
 2.dU 
 
 rapt. 
 
 ■47 
 
 • 47 
 
 ••••57 
 
 3. 53 
 
 • ■■•54 
 
 ••55 
 
 57, 62 
 
 ...58 
 
 ■ ••59 
 9 to 61 
 
 ...61 
 ... .62 
 
 I. 63 
 I.. 64 
 
 ^..65 
 
 ti 
 
 > 
 
 ^V 
 
t 
 
 THE 
 
 CALIFORNIA IMMIGRANT UNION. 
 
 Shortly before the commencement of the last session of the Legislature of 
 this State, the subject of immigration, to hasten the settlement of its rich farming 
 lands, to diversify its agriculture, to develop its various mineral and other resour- 
 ces, and to manufacture its raw products, was very fully discussed 1^' the journals 
 of San Francisco and the interior. Great interest was excited, and all were 
 anxious for some practicable plan to be put in operation. Several plans were 
 suggested, but owing to differences of opinion concerning matters of detail, the 
 discussions were prolonged until effective action upon the subject was impossi- 
 ble. Accordingly, greatly to the regret of all classes, the Legislature adjourned 
 without action, and things remained as they were. 
 
 His Excellency, the Governor of California, Hon, Llenry H. Haight, in his 
 biennial message to the Legislature, at the commencement of. its session in 
 December, 1869, alluded to the subject as follows (pages 19 and 20): 
 
 "Immigration. — The importance of facilitating immigration from the eastern States and 
 Europe is felt by all who are interested in our material development. A moderate expendi- 
 ture of money to establish agencies in New York and Baltimore and in Europe, would proba- 
 bly be of service in directing immigrants to this coast, and securing additional' means for their 
 safe and speedy transit hither. Agents of this character could do much towards diffusing 
 information as to the advantages offered by California, and making favorable arrangements 
 with railway and steamship corporations. 
 
 "We need population — not of races infeVror in natural traits, pagan in religion, ignorant 
 of free institutions and incapable of sharing in them without putting the very existence of those 
 institutions in peril — ^but we need immigrants of kindred races who will constitute a conge- 
 nial element and locate themselves and their families permanently upon the soil; who can be 
 admitted to an equal share in our political privileges, and respond to all the obligations im- 
 posed upon citizens under a republican government. One great need of California is a farm- 
 ing population from Germany and other European States, accustomed, to the cultivation of 
 the grape and other branches of agriculture, to which our climate and soil are so peculiarly 
 adapted. We have millions of acres of public lands in the mountains and valleys, on the 
 coast and in'tlre interior, open to purchase and settlement at moderate prices, and a climate, 
 as a whole, the most equable, genial and healthful, on the globe. For certain branches of 
 agriculture, especially the production of raw silk and the culture of the grape, no climate or 
 country can possess more favorable conditions ; but we need an agricultural population to 
 develop our resources in this direction, and we also need an immigration of Eastern and Euro- 
 pean mechanics and laborers. It is a general desire that some measures not involving extrav- 
 agant expenditure might be devised to facilitate this object." 
 
4 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA, 
 
 In speaking thus the Governor truly expressed the general sentiment and 
 feeling among all classes of people in California. Other State officers, in their 
 reports, spoke of this subject in a similar manner. Extracts from the reports of 
 the Surveyor-General and State Board of Agriculture are given elsewhere. They 
 were commented on approvingly by the entire press of the State. Other distin- 
 guished and intelligent gentlemen, on appropriate occasions, have taken pains 
 to cull attention to the great resources of California that await developmenl at the 
 hands of an industrious and enterprising population yet to come, to whom an 
 abundance of rich territory, both public and private, is still open upon terms the 
 mobt liberal ever offered, under laws expressly devised to hasten and encourage 
 its settlement. The remarks of some of these gentlemen, and official letters of 
 Federal land officers, are quoted elsewhere. 
 
 It will be observed that while they are not disposed to underrate the import- 
 ance of the establishment of manufactures in Cahfornia, or of our mining inter- 
 ests, all recognize the fact that the most pressing want of the State is an increase 
 of her land-owning farming population, and a more diversified and scientific 
 system of agriculture than that which now prevails. Nature has done for Cali- . 
 nia all that could be asked at her hands. It remains only for her people to 
 properly improve her gifts. Those who are prepared to do so niay rest assured 
 of a hearty welcome at the hands of all classes of our people. 
 
 A number of the leading and most public-spirited men of San Francisco, 
 engaged in various kinds of business, many of whose names are known in the 
 marts of commerce in all parts of the world, fully appreciating the importance 
 of immigration to California, formed themselves into an association which is duly 
 incorporated under the laws of this State by the title of the "California Immi- 
 grant Union." It is supported by voluntar}' contributions. Its object, as stated 
 in its certificate of incorporation, is "to encourage immigration from Europe and 
 the eastern parts of the United States to the State of California." At present its 
 offiC(?rs desire to encourage only the immigration of intelligent agriculturists, who 
 are able to come here and locate on government lands or purchase farms, and 
 commence business with their own means. They propose to facilitate the travel 
 of such immigrants by every possible itf^is, to aid them in making suitable 
 selections of public or private lands, and to furnish them gratuitously with relia- 
 ble information concerning any part of California in which tlicy may desire to 
 settle. Eventually the operations of the California Immigrant Union will be 
 extended further. Its principal office is in San Francisco. It will have its corre- 
 spondents and agents wherever its operations extend, from whom its publications 
 and such information or advice as emigrants to California may require can be 
 obtained. All ser\ices rendered or information afforded to immigrants are entirely 
 gratuitous. Its members expect no direct profit from the operations of the 
 association, but merely in common with all other citizens to share in the benefits 
 which an increase of our agricultural and productive population will insure. 
 They have simply voluntarily assumed a duty which, in all other new States, is 
 recognized as devolving properly upon the government. 
 
 This pamphlet is among the first of its publications. The information it 
 
INTRODU CTION. Jj* 
 
 contains is drawn from official and other sources and may be accepted as entirely 
 reliable. It has been our aim to state nothing which the facts do not abun- 
 dantly warrant. We have refrained from saying- much that might have been said, 
 which, though well understood by all Californians, might be regarded with 
 distrust by strangers or excite undue expectations and lead to disappointment. 
 They will be better pleased to find our statements exceeded by the facts. Our 
 fisheries and lumber business are veiy important, and growing rapidly. Our 
 mineral resources are here scarcely more than alluded to, though our annual 
 export of treasure speaks for itself. It is not that we imdervalue our gold, silver, 
 copper, tin, iron and quicksilver mines, that we say little concerning them ; but 
 because it is not a mining, but -Si. farming, population, that we most desire. What 
 we say and wish understood everj'where, is, that no country offers inducements to 
 men of moderate means, but of enterprising and industrious habits, and particularly 
 to agriculturists, equal to those presented by California. The facts here given 
 bear out this statement. Those who, in older countries, could never hope to 
 own the lands they lease and cultivate, may here readily become landed propri-. 
 etors, and, in the course of a ytrj few years, surround themselves and families 
 with all the comforts of life, in a climate that is unequaled for salubrity, and 
 upon a soil that yields the richest and most varied rewards to the toil of the hus- 
 bandman. Our laws are more liberal than those of the older States. They are 
 particularly favorable to poor men. There is no imprisonment for debt, and the 
 unfortunate debtor and his family are protected from merciless creditors by our 
 liberal homestead and exemption laws. The State provides liberally for the 
 education of all its children; the State University and its public schools, from the 
 lowest to the highest are liberally endowed, equal to the best in the world, 
 and open freely to the children of the poorest citizen. Ever}^ county receives its 
 share, pro rata, of the State School Fund, and wherever there are in a district 
 sufficient children to form a school, the parents are entitled to demand, as a 
 right, that a teacher, paid from the public treasur}^, shall be supplied them. 
 
 In conclusion, we invite all who desire information concerning the resources 
 of California, and the lands, public or private, open to settlement, and whether 
 they desire to come here singly or in numbers — to apply to us or our agents, by 
 letter or in person, and we shall take pleasure in furnishing it or enabling them 
 to obtain it, and to assist them otherwise m the manner above stated. With these 
 remarks, we invite a careful perusal of the other portions of these pages, in 
 order that the reader may see whether it will not be as much to his own interest 
 to settle in California as to the interest of California to have him settle here 
 with his family. 
 
 CHAS. S. CAPP, Manager, 
 
 California Immigrant Union. 
 
THE 
 
 CALIFORNIA IMMIGRANT UNION. 
 
 HONORARY 
 
 ills Excellency HENRY II. 
 Hon. THOMAS II. SELBY, 
 
 M.iyor of San Francisco. 
 
 Ex-Gov. J. G. DOWNEY, 
 Los Angeles. 
 
 D. J. OLIVER, 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 MORRIS SPEYER, 
 
 Merchant, 
 C. CHRISTIANSEN, 
 
 Of Auger, Chruitiansen & Co. 
 
 JOS. A. DONOTIOE, 
 
 Banker. 
 G. MAHE, 
 
 Director French Savings Society. 
 Ex-Gov. LELAND STANFORD, 
 
 President Central Pacific R. R. 
 
 Hon. ROBERT WATT. 
 
 Controller of California. 
 
 Ex Gov. M. S. LATHAM, 
 
 Banker. 
 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 IIAIGHT, Governor of California. 
 G. B. CERRUTTI, 
 
 Consul of Italy. 
 
 II. BARROILHET, 
 
 Peruvian ConsuL 
 
 F. ROEDING, 
 
 Of R. Feuerstein & Co. 
 
 Hon. E. W. McKINSTRY, 
 
 Judge Twelfth District. 
 
 JOHN A, McGLYNN, 
 
 Superintendent Central R. R. 
 
 JOSEPH G. EASTLAND, 
 
 Secretary S. F. Gas Co. 
 
 A. R. BALDW^IN, 
 
 Real F.slate. 
 
 J. W. STOW, 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 L. L. ROBINSON, 
 
 Capitalist 
 
 W. W. HOLLISTER, 
 
 Wool Grower, Santa Barbara. 
 
 BOARD OF TRUSTEES. 
 
 •H. J. BOOTH, 
 
 Mantifacturer. 
 L. GOTTIG, 
 
 President German Savings- Bank. 
 
 CHAS. CROCKER, 
 
 Vice-President Cen. Pacific R.R. 
 F. BERTON, 
 
 Banker, Consul of Switzerland. 
 P. H. C.\NAVAN, 
 
 Importer. 
 
 C. T. HOPKINS, 
 
 Pres't California Insurance Co. 
 
 THOxMAS BREEZE, 
 
 Of Murphy, Grant & Co. 
 CHARLES S. CAPP, 
 
 ALEX. WEILL, 
 
 Of Lazard Freres. 
 
 CHARLES KOHLER, 
 
 Of Kohler & Frohling. 
 G. O'HARA TAAFFE, 
 
 Danish Consul. 
 A. SELIGMAN, 
 
 Banker. 
 CHARLES CLAYTON, 
 
 Merchant. 
 
 AUG. HELBING, 
 
 Of Strauss & Helbing. 
 S. 0. PUTNAM, 
 
 Sec. Cal. Steam Navigation Co. 
 
 A. D. BELL. 
 
 President C. T. HOPKINS. 
 
 Secretary C. W. GRANT. 
 
 Treasurer J. SELIGIMAN & CO. 
 
 First Vice-President and Manager CHARLES S. CAPP. 
 
 General Agent W. H. MARTIN. 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE 316 California Street, San Francisco. 
 
 Agmt in New York HIRAM R. DIXON, 8 Battery Place. 
 
 Agent in Baltimore JOHN R. SCHLUTEN, 53^ North St. 
 
 Agent in Chicago D. KLINTWORTH, President " AUegemeine Colonisations- 
 
 Gesellschaft," Room 20, Ublich's Block, North Clark St. 
 
 Agent in Omaha J. BUDD, office, Omaha and Northwestern Railway Company. 
 
 Agent for Denmark, Swedeti and Norway .G'E.OKG^ GREIERSON, Copenhagen. 
 
 Traveling Agent for Germany and Central Europe SEBASTIAN BOEH. 
 
 Correspondent at Hamburg C. W. BALZER, of Messrs. Balzer & Co. 
 
 Correspo7tdent at Bremen E. KRUSE, of Messrs. E. Kruse & Co. 
 
CALIFORNIA 
 
 AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 
 
 A BRIEF STATEMENT OF 
 
 ITS PUBLIC LANDS, WAGES, CLIMATE, AGRICULTURE, MANU- 
 FACTURES, ATTRACTIONS AND GENERAL BUSINESS. 
 
 By JOHN S. HITTELL. 
 
 A PRIZE ESSAY, 
 
 WRITTEN FOR THE CALIFORNIA IMMIGRANT UNION, 
 ■ ANI> PUBLISHED UNDER ITS AUSPICES. 
 
 Migration as a Source of Wealth. 
 
 Migration has been one of the chief sources of individual wealth in the pres- 
 ent century. The old centers of civilization had become overcrowded ; the 
 land was unable to sustain the multitude; poverty and misery were the result for 
 a large proportion of the people. The establishment of A.merican Independ- 
 ence, the adoption by the United States of a free government and a liberal land 
 policy, the invitation to Europeans to become citizens, the invention of cheap 
 and speedy means of transportation by land and water, and the dissemination 
 abroad of information about America, led to a great peaceful migration, the 
 like of which had never been witnessed before. In the last eighty years six mil- 
 lion five hundred thousand persons have crossed the Atlantic to become perma- 
 nent residents of the United States, and at a moderate estimate they added each, 
 on an average, one thousand dollars to the wealth of the country, by merely 
 making their homes here, and much more by the labor which they did after 
 their arrival. Europe was benefited by their departure. There wa,s more room 
 and more comfort for those left behind; and soon there was more trade, because 
 the emigrants prospered in their new homes and were enabled to purchase many 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy, 
 by The California Immigrant Union, in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, for 
 the District of California. 
 
8 . ALL ABOUT CALIFORNLV. 
 
 comforts and luxuries which they never could have afTordcd if they had remained 
 in their native lands. They also supplied Europe with provisions and the raw 
 material for manufactures much cheaper than they could be obtained from other 
 sources. Thus all parties were benefited. 
 
 "Migration, as a source of wealth, has not yet ceased, and will not cease for 
 many years to come. It is proper that the enterprising and industrious should 
 migrate from old States, which offer no good chance for them, to new countries, 
 which present more favorable opportunities 
 
 Advantages of California for Emigrants. 
 
 The present population of California is sparse; and there is the more room 
 therefore for the growth of trade, and more opportunities for new comers to 
 establish themselves in business. It is far better for the emigrant to gato a new 
 country than to an old one; better to go to one where the population will double 
 than to one where it will increase only twenty per cent, in five years. The popu- 
 lation of lUinois is 2,500,000, and that of California is 600,000. An addition of 
 1,000,000 is only forty per cent, to the former, and one hundred and sixty-six 
 per cent, to the latter ; and the increase in the value of land and in the amount 
 of trade is about in the same proportion. The denser the population the smaller 
 will be the relative growth and the profits necessarily accompanying growth. 
 Other things being equal, the emigrant should always prefer the sparsely-settled 
 States, and California has in this respect a decided advantage over the more 
 populous countiy in the northern part of the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 The following are some of the advantages of California for emigrants : 
 
 1. INIany railroads will soon be built. The road from Stockton to Visalia, a 
 distance of one hundred and sixty miles, will run through the richest grain dis- 
 trict of the State, a large part of it now uncultivated because there is no mode of 
 transporting produce to market at any expense that farmers can afford to pay. 
 
 The Oregon and California Railroad is now being built from Marysville to the 
 State line, two* hundred ^nd thirty miles, opening up the northern part of the 
 Sacramento Valley, and bringing to California the trade of Oregon and Wash- 
 ington. Congress has granted 12,800 acres of land for each mile, and- r<;quires 
 the construction of twenty miles every year. A hundred miles are to be com- 
 pleted in 1870. 
 
 The Vallejo and Cloverdale Railroad, seventy miles long, will open up So- 
 noma and Mendocino counties, which are among the richest parts of the State. 
 
 The Copperopolis Railroad, thirty-eight miles long, running eastward from 
 Stockton, will be built soon. Congress has .given 230,000 acres of land to the 
 road, and the company CAvning the franchise say it shall be built this year. 
 
 2. Promises are made that the thirty-second parallel Southern Pacific Rail- 
 road shall be built soon. 
 
 A number of other railroad projects are seriously entertained, and some of 
 them will probably be carried to completion in a few years. Among these are, 
 the Saucelito and Humboldt Bay Road ; the Southern Pacific Railroad, from 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT.- 9 
 
 Gilroy to Fort INIohave; the Beckwourth Pass Road, from Oroville to Ogden, the 
 Vallejo and Stockton Road, to connect those two points; the road from Santa 
 Cruz to Redwood City; the road from Santa Cruz to Gilroy, by way of Watson- i 
 ville; the road from Gilroy to Monterey; and the road from Gilroy to San Diego 
 along the coast. . 
 
 It looks Hke promising much to speak of so many roads as likely to be built ; 
 but in the last five years six hundred of the Central Pacific, one hundred and 
 twenty-five of the Western Pacific, one hundred and thirty-eight of the California 
 Pacific (running from Vallejo to Sacramento, Marysville and Calistoga), thirty 
 of the Southern Pacific (from San Jose to Gilroy), forty of the California and 
 Oregon, and twenty of the Los Angeles — making nine hundred and fifty-three 
 miles in all — have been built ; and these roads will serve as a basis and stimulus 
 for others. 
 
 The construction of railroads implies the possession of important resources, 
 the rapid development of industrj-, and the increase of population and wealth. 
 All the roads mentioned, including the Southern Pacific, to terminate at San 
 Diego, and the Northern Pacific, to terminate at Puget Sound, will contribute to 
 attract people to all parts of the coast, and create a large trade to concentrate at 
 San Francisco Bay. 
 
 3. The Sacramento River is navigable from the bay northward to Sacra- 
 mento, one hundred and twenty miles, for large, commodious steamers, as fine 
 as any upon the rivers of the eastern States. They ply dai'f from Sacramento 
 northward ; smaller light-draft steamers ply regularly to Red JBluflf, two hun- 
 dred and fifty miles further, and on the Feather River sixty miles to Marys- 
 ville. The San Joaquin River is also navigable for large steamers which ply 
 daily to Stockton, one hundred and twenty miles. Above Stockton, light-draft 
 steamers ascend tow-ards Visalia, two hundred miles, and also for some distance 
 up its branches, the Stanislaus and Tuolumne, and also the Mokelumne River. 
 The light-draft steamers on all these rivers carry with them large barges in which 
 the' crops of the farmers, firew^ood and other products, are cheaply and rapidly 
 transported to a market at San Francisco at very low rates. A number of the 
 creeks and sloughs emptying into the Bay of San Francisco are also navigable 
 and ascended by numerous steamers and sailing craft, which carry freight and 
 passengers at reasonable prices. Thus, a large portion of the interior of the 
 State, and particularly both of its main valleys are, to a great extent, independ- 
 ent of railroads, while the competition between land and water carriage insures 
 low rates of freights and fares on both. 
 
 The people of California are distinguished for intelligence, enterprise, indus- 
 try, and cordiality of manners. They welcome strangers, and by the improve- 
 ments which they are continually making, they attract business and give value to 
 the land. The emigrant should never forget that the greatest resource of a coun- 
 try — better than gold, silver, coal, iron, wine or silk, or than all together — is an 
 educated, orderly, energetic population, such as California has. 
 
 Proximity to a main route of commerce is desirable, because the throng of 
 
lO ALL ABOUT CALIFORMA. 
 
 passengers and freight will create business and pay profits for millions of people, 
 and make a market for produce raised near the line. Proximity to a terminal 
 point on such a route is also desirable. Such a point is San FVancisco. Nearly 
 all the enlightenment, industry and wealth of the world, are in the northern tem- 
 perate zone, in which a great steam line of ^avel now -extends from Constanti- 
 nople westward to Shanghae, or from the western to the eastern shore of Asia, 
 across two contiiients and two oceans. There is only one point on tlie whole 
 line which the traveler circumn-^vigating the world by steam cannot avoid, and 
 that is San Francisco. 
 
 California has a number of remarkable natural attractions, which will draw 
 visitors from all parts of the world. The fame of Yosemite, the Big Trees, the 
 Geysers, IMonte Diablo, St. Helena, Clear Lake, and the California Alps, is co- 
 extensive with Christendom, and they will in time contribute much to enrich 
 lJ;»e State. 
 
 The emigrant wants to go to a country that has a large area of good land un- 
 occupied. California has, according to estimate, 80,000,000 acres of tillable 
 land, of which only 5,000,000 acres are inclosed, and more than 48,000,000 
 acres remain open to purchase. Much of this land is remarkably fertile, some 
 producing more wheat, more grapes and fruit, to the acre than any land in the 
 Atlantic States or Europe. 
 
 The climate of California contributes vastly to the enjoyments of life. The 
 winters in the lowlands are so warm that snow and ice are great rarities. The 
 thermometer ne\'er remains at the freezing point for twenty-four hours. There 
 is no intense suffering from cold. Along the middle coast the summers are 
 always cool, and heavy w'oolen clothing is worn throughout the year in San Fran- 
 cisco. In the interior and on the southern coast, the summer days are warm, 
 but the nights are always cool. California has a climate very similar to that of 
 Italy, and it is the only district in the New World so favored in that respect. 
 Many thousands of Europeans go to the Italian peninsula on account of the 
 climate, and large numbers of Americans will resort to this State. 
 
 The sanitary condition of California is excellent. The constant trade winds 
 on the coast keep the air in continual motion, and any unwholesome exhalations 
 from the earth are immediately carried away. The numerous diseases that result 
 elsewhere from severe cold, exhausting heat by night as well as by day, cloudy 
 weather and a stagnant atmosphere, are here lacking. Fever and ague are found 
 in the lowlands of the Sacramento basin, and the fogs of the middle coast are 
 not good for diseases of the throat and lungs; but otherwise, the climate of Cali- 
 fornia may be regarded as remarkably conducive to health and longevity. 
 
 The climate has many advantages for the farmer. He needs no barn to 
 shelter his grain, no stable for his cattle. His horses will work and his cows 
 yield milk tolerably well if they,never get any cultivated food. He can thresh 
 without stacking his grain; he can work all through the winter; he can grow a 
 great variety of fruits which will not thrive in the AtlaTitic States or northern 
 Europe. All domestic aniijials are healthier, increase more rapidly and thri\ e 
 with less care, than in the Atlantic States. 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT ll 
 
 There is a great opening for manufactures, which must be built up, because 
 tliis abundance of raw material, the great cost of exporting it and reimporting the 
 manufactured articles, and the distance from the manufacturing centers oil the 
 North Atlantic will give protection to home production. 
 
 The State possesses a variety of valuable minerals. The richest mines of the 
 northern hemisphere are here. The annual production of gold is more than 
 $20,000,000. There are also valuable mines of quicksilver, tin, copper, coal, 
 manganese, and beds of marble, slate, sulphur, porcelain clay, soapstone and 
 asphaltum. In the foot hills of the Sierra Nevada millions of acres contain gold 
 in quantities sufficient to pay well at some future day. At present, there are 
 many farmers who sluice out the ravines on their farms with profit in the inter- 
 vals of agricultural labor. 
 
 « All these advantages must infallibly result in attracting to California a large 
 migration, and consequently land will rise in value and trade will increase with 
 rapidity, thus securing a large profit to those who settle here soon. But if my 
 anticipations of the growth of the State should prove too sanguine, those who 
 come here will still have the satisfaction of living in a country where they can 
 enjoy life without painful exertion. 
 
 Disadvantages. 
 The country has some drawbacks. There is an occasional drought, about 
 ojice m seven years on an average; but even tjien our wheat crop is nearly up to 
 the ordinary yield in most of the Eastern States. When the bare plains shall be 
 covered with trees and cultivated, we can hope for more rain and for more 
 regular seasons then we have at present; and it is probable that irrigating canals, 
 like those of Lombardy, will, in time, supply water from the mountains to large 
 districts. In the Sacramento basin, we have occasional floods, but they are little 
 worse than those in the Atlantic States. Earthquakes are not uncommon, but 
 they are usually very slight, and have thus far resulted in very little loss of life, 
 while the number of persons killed in other countries, as in the Mississippi Val- 
 ley, by meteoric phenomena, such as lightning, tornadoes and sunstroke, is very 
 considerable every year. The high 'tates of wages and interest, which are dou- 
 ble those in the Eastern States, are disadvantages for some classes, but they are 
 advantages for others. _ 
 
 How to Obtain Title to Public Land. 
 
 The pubKc land of the United States is surveyed or unsurveyed. All, unless 
 specially reserved, is open to settlement and occupation by any citizen or white 
 man who has dedared his intention to become a citizen; and if unsurveyed, the 
 settler will be permitted to obtain the land,~unless wanted for some public pur- 
 pose. If it is not surveyed when he goes upon the land, he will get, not per- 
 haps the exact tract which he occupies, but one hundred and sixty acres bounded 
 by the lines run by the Government, which lines may not agree with his own. 
 
 The surveyed public lands are divided into townships six miles square; each 
 township is divided into thirty-six sections, each a mile square and containing 
 
12 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 six hundred and forty acres ; each section is divided into four quarter sections 
 each half a mile square of one hundred and sixty acres; and each quart^ is 
 diWded into four quarter-quarters of forty acres each. The township and sec- 
 tion hnes all nin either north and south or east and west. The sections are 
 always numbered in the same order, commencing with one on the northeast cor- 
 ner, running west to six; section seven is south of six, and the numbers run cast 
 to twelve, which is under one; on the next row they run back to the west line 
 and so on back and forth. Thus, the sections along the east line of the town- 
 ship running from north and south are one. twelve, thirteen, twenty-four, twenty- 
 five and thirty-six; and on the west line commencing at the top and running 
 south they are six, seven, eighteen, nineteen, thirty and thirty-one. The town- 
 ships in California are all measured from some mountain; in the middle of the 
 State from INIount Diablo; in the sOuth from INIount San Bernardino. INIeasur- 
 ing on the meridian, we say a piece of land is in a " town " of such a number, 
 north or south; measuring east or west it is in such a " range." Coloma, where 
 gold was discovered by INIarshall, is in town eleven north, range ten east from 
 the meridian and base of Mount Diablo. Counting six miles each way we 
 ascertain that the federal township of Coloma is sixty-six miles north and sixty 
 miles east of the summit of Diablo. The quarter sections are respectively the 
 northeast, northwest, southwest and southeast, and each quarter-quarter is desig- 
 nated in the same manner. Thus, for example, a deed conveying the southwest 
 quarter of the southwest quarter of section eighteen, in town three north, range 
 three Avest, meridian and base of IMount Diablo, is explicit enough to enable 
 any surveyor or any person familiar with the land system of the United States to 
 find the place at once on the map. The smallest " legal subdivision " in the 
 general suiTcys is forty acres, or a quarter-quarter. 
 
 The public lands are disposed of by sale at auction, private entry, pre-emp- 
 tion and homestead claim. After land is surveyed into sections or sectionized, 
 it is advertised for sale, and all that is not occupied by pre-emptors or home- 
 steaders who have filed notices of their claims, is sold to the highest bidder who 
 bids $1.25 per acre, or more. That which is not sold may be taken at private 
 entry at $1.25 per acre, in such amounts as the purchasers want. Poor men 
 usually get land by pre-emption or homestead claim. 
 
 The pre-emptor selects his quarter section of land, settles on it, within thirty 
 days after his settlement files a declaratory statement in the United States Land 
 Office that he has settled on it, builds a house, improves the land, and within one 
 year from the settlement files an affidavit and proves by two witnesses that he 
 has built a house and improved the land; and then on paying $1.25 per acre in 
 greenbacks, or some Government warrant receivable for lan^l, gets a patent. If 
 he settles on the land before it is offered at public sale, he must pay up before 
 the sale. Any adult male citizen or adult white male foreigner who can become 
 a citizen, and every widow citizen who has not three hundred and twenty acres 
 of other land, and does not move from his or her land to the public land, can 
 pre-empt once. 
 
 Homestead claims can be taken by any one entitled to be a pre-emptor. The 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 1^ 
 
 claim may be for one hundred and sixty acres or less in legal subdivisions. The 
 applicant goes upon the land, files his application, builds a house, and cultivates 
 the land for five years; files an affidavit sustained by two witnesses of continuous 
 residence and cultivation, and then gets his patent on payment of $22 fees if he 
 has one hundred and sixty acres, or $11 if he has eighty acres. The land is not 
 liable for debts incurred before settlement. If the person who has filed a home- 
 stead claim wishes to get a patent before the end of five years he can do so by 
 paying as much as it would have been sold for to a pre-emptor, - 
 
 The declaratory statements need no witnesses; and the affidavits are alt taken 
 by the land officers without charge. It is not necessary to employ a lawyer unless 
 there is a dispute about the land. The chief expense is in going to the land 
 office with two witnesses. 
 
 The Public Lands of California. 
 
 According to the United States surveys and estimates, California contains 
 188,981 square miles, or 120,947,840 acres; of which 30,408,426 acres have 
 been surveyed, and of these 16,409,422 have been disposed of by the Federal 
 Government before the first of July, 1868 — the latest date to which we have a 
 report. For schools and educational purposes 6,765,404 have been granted; 
 6,030,814 have been taken under Mexican grants; 500,000 have been granted 
 for internal improvements, 116,382 "for railroads and 6,400 for public buildings; 
 1,198,874 have been sold, 368,321 have been 'taken under the Homestead 
 Act, 470,452 under military warrants, 580,572 under "scrip," 343,169 under 
 swamp locations, and 28,129 under Indian scrip. Since June, 1868, nearly 
 2,000,000 acres more have been disposed of, and 86,000,000 acres of public 
 land in the State are open to occupation. There are 50,000 square miles in the 
 coast valleys and mountains, 50,000 in the Sierra Nevada, 30,000 in the low 
 land of the Sacramento Basin, 30,000 in the Utah Basin, which has no outlet to 
 the sea, 20,000 in the basin of the Colorado River, and 8,000 in the basin of 
 the Klamath. 
 
 Much land in Utah and Colorado basins, three-fourths of that in the Sierra 
 . Nevada and Klamath basins, and a third of that in the Coast District may be 
 considered as too rugged or barren to pay for cultivation in this century, with the 
 ^ exception of small patches. There remain 30,000 square miles in the Sacra- 
 •mento Basin, 32,000 in the Coast, 12,500 in the Sierra Nevada, and 2,000 in the 
 Klamath Basin; an aggregate of 95,000 square miles, or 88,000,000 acres, aa 
 available for tillage — half of it still belonging to the Government. No precise 
 measurements have been made, but these figures are near enough to give a cor- 
 rect general idea. The area valuable for pasturage but unfit for tillage is half as 
 great. 
 
 The acres of land inclosed number 4,200,000, or about one in sixteen of that; 
 suitable for tillage; but only 2,000,000, or one in thirty-two, are tilled. The 
 quantity held in private ownership is not known precisely, for large purchases- 
 which have not been reported have been made lately; some Mexican claims are 
 not yet finally settled ; and some railroad donations have not been perfected. 
 
u 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 To the Central Pacific Road, 1,394,000 acres have been granted; and to the 
 Western Pacific, an area which probably does not exceed 500,000 acres of 
 federal land. The comjianics have complied with all the conditions of these 
 grants, and have, or soon will have, the patents. The California and Oregon 
 Railroad Company are to have about 2,800,000 acres; but only a small part of 
 the road is built. The Copperopolis Railroad is entitled to 230,000 acres, if 
 built within the period fixed by law. Tiie Southern Pacific Railroad claimed 
 6,000,000 acres,. but has not built the road so as to perfect the claim. We have 
 here a^otal of 10,424,000 acres claimed by railroad companies. 
 
 The area of the confirmed Mexican land claims is 6,000,000 acres. 
 
 The most fertile land and that nearest to the market is occupied. The pres- 
 ent settlers are men of more than ordinary intelligence, and they have sought 
 to get the best. Nearly all the level bottorn lands in the coast valleys, from Lat. 
 39 deg. to the southern boundary, are taken up, and so are the best parts of the 
 low lands in the Sacramento Valley within one hundred and fifty miles of San 
 Francisco, and of the San Joaquin Valley within seventy-five miles of Stockton. 
 All the land on which it is supposed that grain can be grown with a profit, at 
 present, have passed out of the control of the Government. But the future 
 profit depends to a great extent upon the means of transportation, and large dis- 
 tricts that are now too far from market will become valuable when they shall 
 have been made accessible by railroads. , 
 
 Many districts also may pay well when supplied with water by irrigation; and 
 many others without irrigation may pay better in grapes and various fruits than 
 any grain fields. 
 
 It is my confident belief that the hills will pay better in wine, dried fruit, pre- 
 *.,er\-ed fruit, fresh fruit and nuts, than the low lands will in grains. 
 
 Nearly all the land belonging to the United States is oifered for sale at $1.25 
 per acre, and is called "minimum;" but in some places all the odd sections 
 within ten or twenty miles of a railroad have been give"n to the road, and then 
 the even sections arc not sold for less than $2.50 and they are called " double 
 minimum " lands; and the pre-emptor and homesteader cannot take more than 
 eighty acres of them. 
 
 It is impossible to explain here all the details of the federal land system, but 
 I have given the main points, and the others can readily be learned by inquiry 
 of intelligent farmers in th.)se districts where there arc public lands for sale. At 
 least forty out of the fi.'ty counties have some public lands, which can be got for 
 $1.25 per acre; but near the center of the State this unoccupied land is usually 
 hilly or covered with brush, so as to diminish its value. Good grape or grain 
 land in the coast valleys within sixty miles of the Bay of San Francisco is gene- 
 rally worth from $20 to $iqo per acre — the price being higher in proportion to 
 proximity to navigable water. In the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, fer- 
 tile land not subject to overflow ranges from $5 to $20 per acre, except near the 
 , larger towns, where it is higher. The prices in Los Angeles County are about 
 the same, except that in the latter county lands that can be irrigated command a 
 higher figure. 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 1_J 
 
 Land Titles. 
 
 Land is usually sold in California, not by warrantee, but by "bargain and 
 sale" deed, conveying, by the' words "grant, bargain and sell," which imply and 
 covenant that the grantor has not previously sold the land or permitted it to be 
 incumbered in any way since it came into his hands. It warrants that he gives 
 as good a title as he got. But as to the value of the title when the grantor 
 received it, the grantee must take the risk. It is the custom for the grantor to pro- 
 vide an abstract of title, made by a professional searcher; or the grantee gets the 
 abstract, and if it is not satisfactory the grantor takes it and pays for it. The 
 abstract is submitted to a lawyer, and land should not be purchased without this 
 precaution; and, with it, the grantee is safe. A poor man should not buy land 
 the title of which is not clear, and he should always stipulate that the search is 
 to cost him nothing if the title is not clear. It is bad policy to buy in a hurry. 
 The broker will often say that somebody else wants the piece, but that is -only a 
 trick to induce an inexperienced man to buy quickly. The buyer should always 
 find out what other lands are for sale in the vicinity, ascertain their prices, com- 
 pare their situations and advantages, and thus make certain that the bargain 
 when closed is a good one. 
 
 The Extreme Northern Mining Cotinties. 
 
 The mining counties at the northern end of the State are Klamath, Del Norte, 
 Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta, between Lat. 40 deg. and 42 deg. The first three 
 are very mountainous, and have only a small area of land capable of cultivation. 
 In the eastern end of Siskiyou there are some excellent natural pastures. Del 
 Norte and Klamath front upon the ocean, and have valuable forests of redwood. 
 The California and Oregon Railroad will run through Siskiyou and Shasta. 
 The latter count}' has some fertile unoccupied land, which will probably rise 
 much in value when made accessible by railroads. I head this paragraph " The 
 Extreme Northern IMining Counties," because the term " Northern Mines," is 
 frequently applied to all the mining counties north of Amador. 
 
 The Main Belt of Mining Counties. 
 The main belt of gold mining counties, extending from Lat. 40 deg. 30 min. 
 to 37 deg. on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, consists of Plumas, Sierra, 
 Butte, Nevada, Placer, El Dorado, Amador, Calaveras, Tuolumne and Mariposa 
 counties. The first two are very mountainous over their entire area, nearly all 
 their surface being more than four thousand feet above the sea; the others have 
 their eastern borders high up in the mountains and their western low enough 
 to include much land valuable for agriculture. All of these counties have fine 
 forests of pine and fir between the altitudes of three thousand and six thousand 
 feet; and the gold mines range generally from one thousand to three thousand 
 feet. The Beckwourth Pass Railroad will run for seventy miles through the mid- 
 dle of Plumas, which has a large extent of deep beds of auriferous gravel that 
 will not be exhausted for many years to come, and also rich beds of iron. Butte, 
 
1 6 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL\. 
 
 adjoining Plumas, though classed as a mining county, depends chiefly for the 
 support of its population on agriculture. Its Western border reaches to the 
 Sacramento River. The Beckwourth Pass Railroad \vi\\ run for twenty-five 
 miles in the county. The Northern California Railroad connects the county 
 seat, Oroville, with iMarj'sville,. and through that place with Sacramento and 
 Vallejo; and the California and the Oregon Railroad will run thirty miles through 
 the wc5tern part of the count}-. Butte is rich in pine forests, which yield con- 
 siderable quantities of resin and turpentine. Nevada is the niost populous and 
 prosperous of the mining counties. It includes Grass Valley, the chief center 
 of quartz mining; and the Blue Lead, a deposit of rich auriferous gravel in the 
 bed of a dekd river, extends across the county and yields considerable quantities 
 of gold to hydraulic and tunnel miners. There are some mulberry plantations 
 in the western part of the count}'. The Central Pacific Railroad runs seventy 
 miles in Placer County, and takes half of the fine timber in the higher districts, 
 and also in the adjoining counties of Nevada and El Dorado. The discovery 
 of gold in 1S48, by IMarshall, was made in the latter county, but now the placers 
 are nearly exhausted; quartz mining rarely was profitable, and a majority of the 
 people are turning their attention to agriculture. The lower parts of the county 
 are well adapted to horticulture; and vineyards and orchards abound, though 
 there is still room for many more. El Dorado is directly east of Sacramento, 
 and has the main wagon road leading across the Sierra. 
 
 Amador also has a wagon road across the Sierra, but there is very little travel 
 on it. The Mother Lode, or great quartz vein of the State, reaches into Amador, 
 and is very rich at the Amador, Oneida, Keystone and se^'eral other mines, 
 which form a cluster ranking next in productiveness at present to Grass Valley. 
 
 The INIother Lode also runs through Calaveras, and some of its mines have 
 been very profitable, but none is yielding much more than enough to cover ex- 
 penses at present. The most productive quartz mines of the county are on small 
 veins east of iMokelumne Hill. In the western part of Calaveras there is a belt 
 of copper, in which some large deposits of rich ore have been found. There 
 are also beds of slate, manganese and iron ore. The most accessible grove of 
 Big Trees is in this county. 
 
 Tuolumne produced, in early times, more large nuggets of gold than any 
 other part of the State. The IMother Lode passes through it, but does not pro- 
 duce much. There are, however, large deposits of rich auriferous quartz, and 
 they will be worked at a profit at some time not far distant. Tuohimne has 
 several groves of Big Trees, a big chasm in the mountains similar to Yosemite, 
 and a wagon road across the Sierra, with little travel over it 
 
 Mariposa possesses the Yosemite Valley and the Mariposa Rancho, which 
 last was sold for §10,000,000 to a New York company. The rancho, when sold, 
 was producing about $100,000 monthly; but immediately after the sale the pro- 
 duction declined rapidly and soon fell to nothing. But the mines are rich, and 
 they are now again worked at a profit. 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. I7 
 
 The Silver Mining Counties. 
 The silver mining counties are Alpine, Mono and Inyo; the first partly and 
 the other two wholly east of the main ridge of the Sierra. They extend from 
 Lat. 36 deg. to 38 deg. 40 min. Most of their area is more than four thousand 
 feet above the sea, and they have many peaks rising to thirteen thousand feet, ' 
 Mono Lake is in Mono County, and Owens Lake in Inyo. The latter county 
 has a large number of -lodes of rich argentiferous galena, which is now reduced 
 at a profit by smelting. The chief center of the mines is Cerro Gordo. 
 
 The Northern Coast Counties. 
 The northern agricultural coast counties, commencing at the north, are Hum- 
 boldt, Mendocino, Sonoma and Marin, fronting on the Ocean, and Napa and 
 Solano, fronting on San Pablo and Suisun bays, and Lake, north of Solano. The 
 first two are composed mostly of government land, which will become very val- 
 uable when the railroad from Vallejo or Saucelito is built to Humboldt Bay. 
 The rainfall is'^eater here than at San Francisco. Sonoma, Napa and Solano 
 contain some of the prettiest and most fertile valleys of the State, and the last 
 two are already well supplied with railroads. Lake has valuable deposits of 
 quicksilver, sulphur and borax. 
 
 The Southern Coast Counties. 
 The southern coast counties, commencing at the south, are San Diego, San 
 Bernardino, Los Angeles, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Monterey, Santa 
 Cruz, San Mateo, San Francisco, Santa Clara, Alameda and Contra Costa. The 
 last three front on San Francisco Bay, and the rest, save San Bernardino, front 
 on the Ocean. All have some of their territory, and most of them have all of 
 it, west of the main ridge of the Coast INIountains. The most fertile lands in all 
 these counties are held under grants made by Mexico, and large quantities have 
 been bought of late from the Federal Government. In San Luis Obispo and 
 the counties farther south, there are large areas of good soil, open to pre-empt- 
 ors and homestead claimants. From Santa Barbara to San Diego there is less 
 rain than farther north. Timber suitable for fencing or houses is scarce, save in 
 the mountains. Excepting a small railroad twenty miles long at Los Angeles, 
 there is no railroad in the State south of Santa Clara County; but there must be 
 a coast line, and it will do much to develop many resources now neglected. 
 
 The San Joaquin Valley. 
 The San Joaquin Valley counties, commencing at the south, are Kern, Tu- 
 lare, Fresno, Merced, Stanislaus and San Joaquin. In so large a district there 
 is, of course, a great variety in the character of the soil. Portions near the San 
 Joaquin River and in the vicinity of Stockton, have a deep, black, waxy or 
 "adobe " soil, which is very productive. Nearer the foothills the land is gravelly. 
 Other districts have a light, sandy loam, which is cultivated with very little labor 
 and has yielded fine crops, often enabling farmers to pay for their lands in one 
 or two years. The quantity of rain that falls is less than in the coast counties. 
 
1 8 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL\. 
 
 There is very little timber, so that no expense is incurred in clearing the land. 
 There are also large quantities of "tule" or overflowed lands immediately along 
 the river, much of which can readily be reclaimed, and will then form one of the 
 most productive portions of the State. Large tracts of the fine lands of this im- 
 mense valley have been taken up under the land laws of the United States within 
 a few years past, by capitalists who were aware of its desirable location and great 
 prospective value. They are, however, offering farms and large tracts for sale 
 to actual settlers at from three to five dollars an acre, .and on easy terms as to 
 credit. But there is still a large area open to purchasers and settlers. A rail- 
 road to ruR from Stockton to Visalia will pass through all the counties, save 
 Kern. 
 
 (Concerning this valley, see remarks of the Surveyor- General, and extract from 
 speech of Dr. E. S. Holden, elsewhere.] 
 
 The Sacramento Valley. 
 
 The Sacramento Valley counties, commencing at the north, are Tehama, 
 Colusa, Yolo, Yuba, Sutter and Sacramento. Shasta, Butte artd Placer, classed 
 among the mining counties, have some valley land. The soil of the Sacra- 
 mento Valley is mostly a fertile, gravelly clay or sandy loam. About one million 
 acres along the banks of the river and the mouths of its lower tributaries, are 
 "tulq" or sdiramp lands; and immediately in the rear of these, the low, level lands 
 that are dry during ordinary seasons are subject to overflow in times of flood. 
 This is for the want of a comprehensive plan of levees aud canals, to keep the 
 river within its banks or relieve it of surplus waters when necessary. Plans for 
 this purpose are under consideration in Congress, and have been recommended 
 to the State Legislature, but not yet acted on. In the mean time, detached tracts 
 and districts of these overflowed lands, and the adjoining lands subject to occa- 
 sional overflow, are being protected by levees and embankments extending out 
 from the foothills, the cost of which is defrayed by pro rata assessments upon 
 the lands benefited. When thus protected or reclaimed, such lands are among 
 the best and most profitable to cultivate, since the soil is a deep alluvium, and its 
 natural moisture renders a failure of crops unknown. 
 
 In the southern part of the valley the land is mostly taken up; in the north- 
 ern part much of it sUU belongs to the Government. The California and Ore- 
 gon Railroad will run through Sacramento, Placer, Yuba and Tehama, besides 
 other counties; the California Pacific runs through Yolo and Sutter; and the 
 valley is so situated that a number of other railroads must run through it. 
 
 Lassen, in the Sierra Nevada and most of it east of the main ridge, is a farm- 
 ing county, nearly all of it more than four thousand feet above the sea. The 
 people supply poultry, eggs, butter, vegetables and grain, to Nevada. 
 
 "Wages. 
 
 Wages are high in California. The best statement of the rates is found in 
 the reports of the California Labor Exchange, which furnishes employment to 
 about one thousand persons per month. The report made in June last, says: 
 
CALIFORNIA. AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 
 
 ^9 
 
 " The truth is clearly that the supply of laboring people has not been and still is not 
 sufficient to meet the necessities of the country, and that our laboring classes are the most 
 prosperous and ought to be the happiest people in the world. The demand, it will be fur- 
 ther observed, has been practically for common laborers, farmers, carpenters, miners, black- 
 smiths, cooks, boys, etc. Servants, who only command about §40 or $50 a year in Great 
 Britain and on the continent of Europe, have been eagerly engaged here at the rate of #20 to 
 $40 per month as fast as they have offered." 
 
 During the fourteen months preceding June, 1869, employment was fur- 
 nished to eighteen thousand six hundred persons, and among them were laborers 
 of the following classes : 
 
 Occupations and Terms. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Number 
 Employed. 
 
 $30 00 ©.$40 00 
 
 « 46 
 
 80 00 
 
 • 13 
 
 2 50 @ 3 00 
 
 2 
 
 2 00 @ 2 50 
 
 2 
 
 2 50 @ 4 00 
 
 [ 350 
 
 60 CO @ 100 00 
 
 2 00 @ 2 50 
 
 42 
 
 45 00 
 
 3 
 
 iooo@ 3000 
 
 496 
 
 4 00 @J 4 50 
 
 148 
 
 50 00 
 
 I 
 
 2 50 @ 3 00 
 
 4 
 
 35 00 @ 60 -bo 
 
 52 
 
 35 00 @ 40 00 
 
 9 
 
 35 00 @ 50 CO 
 
 3 
 
 30 00 @ 40 CO 
 
 18 
 
 2-50 @ 450 
 
 2 
 
 40 00 @ 60 00 
 
 4 
 
 35 00 @ 100 00 
 
 497 
 
 30 00 
 
 .... 
 
 40 CO 
 
 .... 
 
 2 00 @ 3 25 
 
 34 
 
 3 00 @ 4 50 
 
 8 
 
 3 00 @ 3 25 
 
 \ - 
 
 50 00 @ 60 00 
 
 2 00 @ 350 
 
 87 
 
 3 00 @ 4 00 
 
 1445 
 
 3 00 @ 4 00 
 
 32 
 
 2 50 @ 4 00 
 
 8 
 
 3 CO @ 4 00 
 
 I 
 
 3500 
 
 3 
 
 30 00 @ 40 00 
 
 3 
 
 40 00 @, 75 00 
 
 26 
 
 30 CO @ 40 00 
 
 198 
 
 40 00 
 
 12 
 
 20 00 @ 30 00 
 
 166 
 
 250® 450 
 
 8 
 
 60 CO 
 
 2 
 
 40 00 @ 50 00 
 
 I 
 
 3000 
 40 00 @ 50 00 
 
 ■ 1762 
 
 30 00 @ 40 00 
 
 100 
 
 3 5o@ 450 
 
 3 
 
 3 00 @ 5 00 
 
 3 
 
 40 CO @. 65 00 
 
 36 
 
 2 50 @ 4 CO I 
 
 182 
 
 3 50 @ 4 00 1 
 
 16 
 
 2 00 
 30 00 @, 35 00 
 
 [ 4694 
 
 Bakers, per month and found 
 
 Barbers, per month 
 
 Bellhangers, per day 
 
 Belt Makers, per day 
 
 Blacksmiths, per day 
 
 " . per month and found 
 
 Blacksmiths' Helpers, per day 
 
 Boot Blacks, per month 
 
 Boys, per month 
 
 Bricklayers, per day , , . , 
 
 Brewers, per month 
 
 Broom Makers, per day 
 
 Butchers, per month and found 
 
 Butter Makers, per month and found 
 
 Brick Makers, per month and found 
 
 Coachmen, per month and found 
 
 Coffin Makers, per day 
 
 Confectioners, per month and found 
 
 Cooks, per month and found 
 
 Cooks in private families, per month and found. . 
 
 Cooks in hotels, per month and found 
 
 Coopers, per day 
 
 Coppersmiths, per day 
 
 Tanners, per day 
 
 " per month 
 
 Cabinet Makers, perday ,,, 
 
 Carpenters, per day 
 
 Carriage Painters, per day 
 
 Carriage Builders, per day , , 
 
 Caulkers, per day 
 
 Charcoal Burners, per month and found 
 
 Cheese Makers, per month and found 
 
 Clerks, per month and found 
 
 Dairymen, per month and found 
 
 Deck Hands, per month and found 
 
 Dish Washers, per month and found 
 
 Door Makers, per day 
 
 Druggists, per month and found ,., 
 
 Dyers, per month and found 
 
 Farm Laborers, per month and found, in v/inter. . 
 
 " " " " in summer 
 
 Gardeners and Grooms, per month and found . . . . 
 
 Gas Fitters, per day 
 
 Gunsmiths, per day 
 
 Harness Makers, per month and found 
 
 House Painters, per day 
 
 Iron Moulders, per day , 
 
 Laborers, Common, per day 
 
 " " per month and found 
 
20 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNM. 
 
 Occupations and Terms. 
 
 Wages. 
 
 Number 
 Employed 
 
 $30 00 @ $35 00 
 
 
 3 oo@ 
 
 4 00 
 
 5 
 
 30 CX) @ 
 
 50 00 
 
 271 
 
 3 5o@ 
 
 450 
 
 54 
 
 4 oo@ 
 
 500 
 
 51 
 
 3oo@, 
 
 4 00 
 
 8 
 
 3 oo@ 
 
 5 00 
 
 6 
 
 2 00 (^ 
 
 350 
 
 321 
 
 40 00 @ 
 
 65 00 
 
 25 00 (4 
 
 3500 
 
 12 
 
 30 oo@ 
 
 5000 
 
 58 
 
 2 50 @ 
 
 350 
 
 2 
 
 4 oo@ 
 
 450 
 
 S 
 
 4 oo@ 
 
 5 00 
 
 48 
 
 
 "350 
 
 5 
 
 30 00 @ 
 
 5500 
 
 22 
 
 40 00 @ 
 
 7500 
 
 56 
 
 20 00 (^ 
 
 25 00 
 
 
 25 00 @ 
 
 3000 
 
 .... 
 
 25 00 (fb, 
 
 3500 
 
 60 
 
 3 oo@ 
 
 4 00 
 
 10 
 
 35 00 @ 
 
 40 00 
 
 4 
 
 4 oo@ 
 
 5 00 
 
 I 
 
 1 25 @ 
 
 2 00 
 
 »57 
 
 3 5o@ 
 
 400 
 
 10 
 
 3 00@ 
 
 4 00 
 
 10 
 
 30 00 @ 
 
 4000 
 
 25 
 
 3 oo@ 
 
 4 00 
 
 34 
 
 20 00 @ 
 
 40 00 
 
 287 
 
 50 00 @ 
 
 7500 
 
 7 
 
 40 00 @ 
 
 5000 
 
 825 
 
 Laundresses, per month and found 
 
 Locksmiths, per day ; 
 
 Lumbermen, per month and found 
 
 Machinists, per day 
 
 Masons, per day 
 
 Millers, per day 
 
 Millwrights, per day 
 
 Miners, per day and found 
 
 " per month and found 
 
 Nurses, per month and found 
 
 Ostlers and Teamsters, per month and found 
 
 Paper Hanijers, per day 
 
 Pattern Makers, per day 
 
 Plasterers, per day 
 
 Phnj|bers, per day 
 
 Porters, per month and found 
 
 Sawyers, per month and found 
 
 Seamstresses, Nurses and Chambermaids, per month and f'nd 
 
 Servants, general housework, per month and found 
 
 Shepherds, per month and found 
 
 Shipsmiths, per day 
 
 Soap Makers, per month and found 
 
 Stone Cutters, per day 
 
 Track Layers, per day , , 
 
 Turners, per day 
 
 Upholsterers, per day 
 
 Vineyard Men, per month and found 
 
 Wagon Makers, per day 
 
 Waiters, per month and found - 
 
 Watchmen, per month 
 
 Wood Choppers, per ihonth and found 
 
 Employment was furnished to 4,021 women. 
 
 The wages above given are those paid in May, 1870. The best workmen 
 could generally get employment without the assistance of the Labor Exchange. 
 
 Mechanics who work by the day get from $2.50 to $6.00 per day; and com- 
 mon laborers get from $1.50 to $2.50 per day, or from $25 to $40 per month. 
 
 The wages of Chinamen are seventy-five cents or one dollar a day, if they 
 find themselves, or from eighteen to twenty-five dollars per month if they are 
 found. Those who are "found," (or lodged and fed), usually understand some 
 English and have skill which the others have not. 
 
 All the prices mentioned are gold, and they are from twenty to two hundred 
 per cent, higher than- the wages paid to the same classes of laborers respectively 
 in New York. 
 
 It is much easier to get employment in rough or mechanical work than in 
 clerking or keeping books; and persons who have no money and no friends in. 
 California able to assist them, and no special knowledge that will certainly com- 
 mand employment, should not come here in the expectation of an easy life. 
 Men who expect to make their living by the shovel, the plow and the ax, are 
 wanted. 
 
 The Business of San Francisco. 
 There are in this city five thousand landholders and twenty-nine thousand 
 depositors in the savings banks, and few cities can show a larger proportion of 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 21 
 
 either. The hotels of San Francisco, according to many travelers, are unsur- 
 passed in excellence of their tables and the care of general management. Many 
 of the buildings are fine specimens of architecture. The majority of the people 
 live in more comfort and luxury than those of any other city in the world. 
 
 The number of vessels which arrive annually at San Francisco is about three 
 thousand four hundred, and they measure about 1,100,000 tons. In the value 
 of foreign merchandise imported, San Francisco ranks next to New York and 
 Boston, surpassing Philadelphia, Baltimore and New Orleans. 
 
 The annual export of treasure, including the silver of Nevada, is $40,000,000, 
 and of merchandise produced on the coast, $23,000,000. In the term "mer- 
 chandise," as here used, I include grain, ore, quicksilver, hides, and similar 
 articles. Among the merchandise exports of 1869 were the following values: 
 Wheat, $8,734,348; flour, $2,058,9 r9; wool, $2,370,165; quicksilver, $747,671; 
 furs, etc., $635,533; hides, $371,346; leather, $216,966; copper ore, $117,133; 
 wine, $499,628; barley, $338,788; mustard seed, $44,369; salmon, $180,367; 
 brandy, $209,610; potatoes, $29,893; tallow, $9,708; bread, $34,083 ; beans, 
 $12,022; borax, $321; abelones, $5,425; oats, $45,280; silver ores, $135,298; 
 bran, $8,700; and brooms, $6,875. 
 
 The annual exports of California are $100 to the person; while the exports 
 of the United States are about $10, and of Great Britain about $20 to the per- 
 son. The annual imports of California are about $60,000,000. 
 
 The Banks, Savings Banks, Insurance companies. Gas Company, Water Com- 
 pany, State Telegraph Company, Steam Navigation Company, and Street Rail- 
 road companies, of San Francisco, together pay out about $5,000,000 annually 
 of dividends. There are ten savings banks which have together $27,000,000 
 on deposit, and pay from nine to twelve per cent, per annum interest to the 
 depositors. The Courts enforce every agreement for interest, no matter what 
 the rate. In case no rate is fixed by the .parties, the legal rate is ten per cent, 
 per annum. Loans are usually made by the month, and the common rates are 
 from ten per cent, per annum to one and one-half per cent, per month. Interest 
 is higher in the country than in San Francisco, and higher in the mines than in 
 the agricultural districts. 
 
 The amount of gold and silver coined annually in the San Francisco Mint is 
 about $17,000,000. 
 
 The prosperity of California is implied by the taxes paid. The assessed value 
 of property is $247,000,000, and the average rate of assessment is about one- 
 fourth of the market value, so that the total true value is $988,000,000 or $1,646 
 to each of the 600,000 inhabitants. The assessed value of San Francisco prop- 
 perty is $104,000,000, more than two-fifths of that of the entire State of which 
 it has about one-fourth of the inhabitants. 
 
 Population and Products of California. 
 
 No accurate census -of the population of California has ever heeii taken. The 
 incorrect Uniteci States census of i860 reported the number of inhabitants as 
 365,439; the number reported now by the Surveyor-General is 568,000. There 
 
22 ALL ADOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 are about 1 20,000 voters, who represent 530,000 whites, and there are about 
 70,000 Chinaman, Indians and Negroes. 
 
 The State produces about 20,000,000 bushels of wheat, 8,000,000 of barley, 
 1,200,000 of oats, 16,000 of T)'c, 1,000,000 of maize, 10,000 of buckwheat, 
 64,000 of peas, 78,000 of peanuts, 150,000 of beans, 137,000 of castor beans, 
 1,400,000 of potatoes, 75,000 of s\yeet potatoes, 70,000 of onions, 350,000 
 tons of hay, 570,000 Tbs. of hops, 90,000 B)s. of tobacco, 3,500 tons of beets, 
 5,000,000 lbs. of butter, 3,000,000 Hjs. of cheese, 500,000 lbs. of honey, 
 4,000,000 gallons of wine, 300,000 gallons of brandy, 220,000,000 feet of sawn 
 lumber and 100,000,000 shingles annually. 
 
 It has 25,000,000 grape vines, 10,000,000 mulberry trees, 1,200,000 apple 
 trees, 1,000,000 peach, 300,000 pear, 200,000 plum, 100,000 cherry, 43,000 
 nectarine, 40,000 quince, 52,000 apricot, 33,000 fig, 4,000 lemon, 25,000 orange, 
 20,000 olive, 6,500 prune, 25,000 almond, and 15,000 walnut trees; 10,000,000 
 strawberry vines, 1,400,000 raspberry, and 172,000 gooseberry bushes, 209,000 
 horses, 24,000 mules, 500,000 neat cattle, 2,200,000 sheep, 7,000 Cashmere 
 goats, 412,000 hogs, 1,500,000 chickens, 150,000 turkeys, 25,000 geese, 80,000 
 ducks, 32,000 beehives, sixty-two steam grist-mills, two hundred and five water- 
 power grist-mills, two hundred and seven steam saw-mills, one hundred and 
 sixty-one water-power saw-mills, three hundred and sixty quartz-mills, eight hun- 
 dred and seventy-four mining ditches, with an aggregate length of 12,000 miles, 
 and seven hundred and twenty irrigating ditches, which irrigate 70,000 acres. 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 The factories of California are few and small, relatively. High wages make 
 it impossible to compete successfully with the cheaper labor of the Eastern 
 States and Europe except in a few articles, most of which are bulky in propor- 
 tion to cost or inflammable. 
 
 We make blankets, flannels and cheap cloths, because we have an abundance 
 of fine wool, on which by working it up here we can save freights to and from 
 New York, three or four commissions, and ten months' time. Yet we export 
 more than three-fourths of our wool, and import all our fine cloths, delaines and 
 worsteds. On the same principle we tan hides and make coarse boots; but we 
 export hides and sole leather and import fine boots, calf-skin and morocco. 
 Furniture, tubs and coarse baskets are made here. Hemp rope is manufactured 
 here because the material comes from IManila, and can be got here cheaper than 
 in New York, and the freight is high as compared with the CQst. Printing paper 
 we make because we have rags to export. Straw paper is very bulky and cheap 
 and is made here. Turpentine is inflammable and costly to freight, so we pro- 
 duce it from the pitch of our forests.. Resin is made because its production 
 costs very little when turpentine is distilled. We have an abundance-t)f broom- 
 corn and on account of the luxuriant growth of the plant can make brooms 
 cheaper and much better than those imported. The refuse of our slaughter- 
 houses furnishes cheap material for coarse soap and glue, which we make in 
 abundance. Coarse potteiy and tin and copper-ware tan be made for less 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HO^IE FOR THE EMIGRANT. 
 
 23 
 
 than the freight from New York. Common matches, acids, blasting powder, 
 and giant powder or dynamite, are so dangerous to ship that the high freights 
 protect production on our coast. Shot and lead pipe are made from lead 
 obtained in Nevada and Arizona. The old wrought-iron, which was for- 
 merly exported, is now sent to our rolling mill, which obtains its material 
 cheaper than do similar establishments in the Eastern States. The salt obtained 
 on our coast is ground, and the rice imported for our Chinamen is cleansed, in 
 San Francisco mills. The sugar from the Hawaiian Islands is refijied here for 
 the consumption of the coast. The coarse bottles are made at home, but the 
 fine ones are imported. The wire rope which is made to the order of the miners 
 is twisted here. One cotton mill makes coarse muslin. A silk weaver has com- 
 menced work in San Francisco, and he will probably thrive by confining his opera- 
 tions to a small scale for several years. We make one hundred billiard tables 
 and one hundred and fifty pianos annually. The tables cannot be transported 
 entire, and it is cheaper to make them here than to import them. Planing mills 
 and sash factories, of course, we have ; and the Chinese have gone extensively 
 into the making of cigars. - ' 
 
 The facts which I have stated show that there is room for a great develop- 
 ment of manufactures on the coast, and those persons who establish themselves 
 here so as to take advantage of the turn of events as soon as it comes, will be in 
 a fair way to make fortunes. The building up of extensive mechanical industry 
 is inevitable. The great distance of Cailifornia from the North Atlantic will 
 make continued importation of many manufactured articles impossible, and the 
 high tariflf, which, on account of the immense debt, must be maintained many 
 years, will be an additional protection. 
 
 The manufactures of California are now nearly all in San Francisco, and are 
 driven by steam; but there is an abundance of water-power along the base of the 
 Sierra Nevada, and there are many unoccupied sites for steam factories better 
 than any now in use. 
 
 According to the United States Census Report of i860, California had, in that 
 year, 3,505 manufacturing establishments, with a capital of $23,682,593, employ- 
 ing 24,266 persons, consuming raw material worth $16,558,636, and producing 
 manufactured articles worth $59,500,000. 
 
 The additional value given to the raw material by the manufacturers was 
 $42,912,000. Flour and lumber are the two largest items, and, together, make 
 up more than $8,500,000 of manufactured product, and malt and distilled liquors 
 made $1,500,000 more. Since i860, there has been a great increase of manu- 
 facturing industry, and many articles then imxported are now made here, includ- 
 ing tallow, boots, shoes, woodenware, candles, many varieties of furniture, gas 
 meters, glass, hose, belts, glue, lasts, linseed oil, matches, saws, sashes and doors, 
 tools, type, vinegar, and wire goods. Santa Cruz has a number of tanneries. 
 Santa Cruz_and Marin counties have each a powder mill and a paper mill; Oak- 
 land has a cotton mill; Sacramento a beet-sugar mill; Sacramento, Marysville, 
 Stockton, San Jose and Merced Falls, have each a woolen mill; every large town 
 has its planing mill, foundry and brewery; and distilleries, and flour, saw and 
 
24 LL ABOUT CALTTORNIA. 
 
 quartz mills, arc scattered through the respective grape, grain, lumber and min- 
 ing districts. But, with these exceptions, nearly all the manufacturing establish- 
 ments are in San Francisco. The following is a list of those in the city, with the 
 number of men employed in each branch, as reported in 1869 by the Assessor: 
 Axle-grease factory, i man employed; bellows factor)', i; billiard tables, 22 men 
 employed; boxes, 69; brass foundries, 85; boots, 122; breweries, 153; wooden- 
 ware, 66; candles, 11; acid, 15; cigars, 1,232; cordage, 50; flour, 134; furniture, 
 138; gas meter, 4; glass blowing, 86; glass cutting, 6; gold and silver refining, 5; 
 hats and caps, "2 6 ; hose and belts, 17; foundries and boiler shops, 1,093; '^^'i'^" 
 dows, 84; glue, 20; lasts, 4i lead pipe and shot, 18; linseed oil, 8; malt, 18; 
 matches, 43; mirror silvering, 5; piano fortes, 19; fireworks, 4; roUing mill, 58; 
 salt grinding, 35; saw making, 35; sash and doors, 261; saw and planing mills, 
 380; soap, 54; staves, 22; marble sawing, 28; sugar refineries, 264; tanneries, 
 .122; tools, 5; trunks, 30; type, 35; tubs, 20; vinegar, 6; wine 12; woolen mills, 
 750; total men employed, 5,786. 
 
 The values of the articles manufactured are reported thus in a few branches: 
 Bellows, $10,000; boxes, $200,000; brass work, $143,000; boots, $160,000; fur- 
 niture, $170,000; gas meters, $4,000; glass cutting, $8,500; lasts, $7,000; mirrors, 
 $20,000; fireworks, $7,000; saws, $70,000; sashes and doors, $773,000; tools, 
 $5,500; trunks, $37,000; type, $28,000; wire, $25,000. 
 
 Among the quantities of certain articles manufactured, the following are re- 
 ported : Billiard tables, 97; malt Hquors, 3,600,000 gallons; candles, 15,000 
 boxes; cigars, 38,000,000; cordage, 1,500 tons; flour, 529,000 barrels; gold and 
 silver, refined, 1,500,000 ounces; foundries and boiler shops, 11,600 tons iron; , 
 iron doors, 1,100 tons iron; lead'pipe and shot, 1,100 tons; linseed oil, 25,000 
 gallons; matches, 95,000 gross; pianos, 152; salt, 7,300 tons ground; lumber; 
 24,000,000 feet sawn; soap, 4,000,000 pounds; sugar, refined, 20,000,000 pounds; 
 leather, 16,000 hides; vinegar, 86,000 gallons. 
 
 Climate. 
 
 One of the most important elements of the wealth of California is its mag- 
 nificent climate, which along the coast south of Cape Mendocino, may be 
 described as an eternal spring. In San Francisco the roses bloom throughout 
 the year in the open air; and the olive, fig, orange and a multitude of other semi- 
 tropical fruit trees, thrive and bear fruit one hundred miles further north. The 
 fecundity of some orange trees at Sacramento, which bore abundantly in Novem- 
 ber, 1869, has induced several persons to plant out a number of trees. It is a 
 very rare event to see iqe in San Francisco, and it does not form a quarter of an 
 inch thick once in five years. The ground has not been white with snow in ten 
 years, and the snow never lay on the ground twenty-four hours without mcltingj 
 nor does the thermometer ever remain for twenty-four continuous hours below 
 the freezing point. The same reasons that induce hundreds of thousands of the 
 natives of Northern Europe to visit the shores of the Mediterranean every year, 
 will drive the people of the colder portions of the North American Continent to 
 resort to California. In clearness "of sky and mildness, and equality of temper- 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 2^ 
 
 ature, our coast surpasses Italy and it will therefore be more attractive. The long 
 shore of Southern Europe, from the Bosphorus to Gibraltar, has a mild climate, 
 so that the pleasure seekers in Europe can enjoy it in any one of half a dozen * 
 kingdoms; but here the area of comfort is more restricted and the profit in that 
 area must be greater. California occupies for America and Eastern Asia the 
 same place that the Mediterranean coast does for Europe. 
 
 The Pacific shore of North America is washed by a warm current that runs 
 northeastward from the Phillippine Islands; and so Washington, Oregon and 
 California, near the coast, have much milder climates than the States in the same 
 latitude on the eastern side of the Continent. California has many climates. The 
 coast is divided into three districts — by Cape Mendocino, in Lat. 40 and Point 
 Concepcion in Lat. 34. 
 
 North of Cape Mendocino, the rains occur frequently in the late spring and 
 summer; the amount of rainfall is fifty per cent, greater than at San Francisco; the 
 fogs are much heavier and longer in duration; the winds are stronger and the 
 temperature generally is colder. 
 
 South of Point Concepcion there are no steady breezes and fog but seldom; 
 the rainfall is thirty per cent, less than at San Francisco, and the summers are 
 often oppressively hot, even very near the ocean. 
 
 The middle coast has an average annual temperature of fifty-four degrees, 
 January averaging forty-nine degrees and July fifty-seven degrees, a diflference 
 of only eight degrees. The weather is uncomfortably cold at forty-five degrees and 
 uncomfortably warm at seventy-five degrees, and never did the average of any 
 week in San Francisco reach either figure, although sometimes the thermometer 
 has fallen to thirty-two degrees and risen to eighty decrees. Ice and snow are 
 never seen in the streets. On the twenty-ninth of December, 1856, snow cov-- 
 ered the hills about the city for a few hours in the morning, but there was not 
 enough even for snow-balling. There are not more than a dozen warm days in 
 a summer; never a warm night. During July and August, strong northwest 
 trade-winds blow regularly along the coast, and they bear the coolness of the 
 ocean over the land. In the evening and morning they cause heavy fogs, which 
 disappear about ten a.m. and eleven p.m. These fogs and winds are often made 
 the subjects of unfavorable comment by strangers, but they give to San Francisco 
 the most equable climate in the temperate zone. New York is eighteen degrees, 
 London twelve degrees and Naples three degrees, colder in January; and New 
 York fifteen degrees, London five degrees and Naples nineteen degrees, warmer 
 in July. 'Better wind and fog than freezing cold and torrid heat. No climate 
 can be -more favorable to labor and life in the open air than that of San Fran- 
 cisco. The constant coolness invites activity and even requires, it as a condition 
 of comfort. 
 
 As we leave the ocean and go inland, the influence of the trade-winds de- 
 creases and the heat of summer and cold of winter increase. The sea-breezes 
 make the winters warmer, as well as the summers cooler. At Sonoma, twenty 
 miles from the ocean and at Sacramento, ninety miles from the ocean, January is 
 four degrees colder and July is at the former place nine, and in the latter sixteen 
 
26 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 degrees warmer than in San Francisco. The ocean breezes seem to lose their 
 influence over the winter at twenty miles from the ocean, but their influence 
 over the summer weather extends much further inland. Sacramento is near the 
 central windgap of the Golden Gate, whence the breezes blow into the interior 
 basin; and the temperature of July is seventeen degrees less "there than at Fort 
 Miller and nine degrees less than at Fort Reading, which two points are near the 
 southern and northern extremites of the basin, respectively. 
 
 In the Sierra Nevada, the element of altitude comes in to affect the climate 
 and especially to prolong and intensify the winters. The higher portions of the 
 Sierra rise to the limits of perpetual snow, and the climate there is of course 
 arctic in its severity, the thermometer falling below the freezing point every night 
 in the year. The mining camps are mostly situated in deep ravines, where the 
 wind has little opportunity to blow, and the heat of summer in midday is very 
 oppressive, even at an elevation of five or six thousand feet, but the nights are 
 always cool. At Grass Valley, in Lat. 39 deg., two thousand five hundred feet 
 above the sea, the average of January is twenty-seven degrees, and of July sixty- 
 three degrees. At Fort Jones, about the same altitude, in Lat. 4 1 deg., the tem- 
 perature of January and July are about the same. Between the mountains and 
 the valleys, the coast and the interior, the north and the south, we have every 
 variety of climate save the tropical. Thunder-storms are almost unknown on the 
 coast, and are not frequent in the Sierra Nevada. 
 
 Rain seldom comes between May and October, which period is called the 
 diy season, the remaining months being the rainy season. The amount of rain 
 however, that falls in a year in the central and southern valleys of the State, is 
 considerably less than in tile Eastern States. At San Francisco, for instance, the 
 average rainfall is twenty-two inches, while in New York it is forty-three, in St. 
 Louis forty-one and in New Orleans fifty. As a general rule the amount of rain 
 increases in California with altitude and latitude. Thus, at Fort Yuma the average 
 rainfall is four inches; at San Diego, ten; at Stockton, fifteen; at Sacramento, 
 twenty; at Fort Reading, twenty-nine; at Sonora, thirty-five; at Grass Valley, 
 forty, and at Fort Humboldt, thirty-four. 
 
 General Features of Californian Farming. 
 
 The' farming of California is unlike that of the EastCKn States and Europe. 
 The peculiarities of climate and business exercise a great influence on the agri- 
 culture. Little maize is cultivated; no bams are used; little shelter is provided 
 for domestic animals, and little cultivated food is prepared for them; there is no 
 customary rotation of crops; plowing is not possible till after the rains of winter 
 have softened the earth; the amount of land seeded depends, to a great extent, 
 on the earllness of the rains. A considerable share of the grain is raised in 
 volunteer crops. The yield o£ grain is larger to the acre; and gang-plows are 
 used to a considerable extent. Irrigation is common. Fruit trees grow more 
 rapidly, and bear earlier than in the Atlantic States. Wine, silk, olives, prunes 
 and nuts, promise to occupy a verj' prominent place among our productions. 
 
CALIFORNIA. AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. X] 
 
 Wheat. 
 
 Wheat is cultivated more extensively than any other grain, and about one- 
 fourth of the cultivated land is devoted to i^ In 1869, according to the report 
 of the Surveyor-General, one million two hundred and eighty-six thousand one 
 hundred and thirty-three acres of land in California v/as sown in wheat. The 
 average yield in favorable seasons is thirty bushels per acre. In many instances, 
 sixty and seventy bushels have been grown to the acre, and in several cases, 
 eighty bushels. The berry is large, plump, hard, dry, white and strong, with 
 gluten. The Californian wheat is so hard that some mills abroad cannot grind 
 it, not being prepared for it. It is so dry that it can be stored in bulk in large 
 quantities and for long periods, without danger of sweating or molding. It can 
 be safely shipped through the tropics, whereas wheat grown in moist climates, or 
 flour made from it, would spoil. In whiteness, the Californian wheat is superior 
 to that of Europe, 'The " strength " of wheat consists in a large proportion of 
 gluten, which makes a tough dough and a loaf with a large proportion of moisture 
 and small and uniform air-bubbles, so that the bread will weigh more in propor- 
 tion to the flour used. In "strength," the Californian wheat is reputed to be the 
 best in the world, though there is considerable difference in the growth of differ- 
 ent districts in that respect. The districts which produce the strongest wheat are 
 Santa Clara and the southern parts of San Mateo and Alameda Counties, and the 
 valleys of Diablo, San Ramon, Amador and Suisun. The valleys of Santa Rosa, 
 Pajaro, Salinas, Sonoma and Petalttma, are second rate; and the Sacramento, 
 San Joaquin and Napa valleys, western San Mateo and northwestern Alameda, 
 are third rate; but all of them are superior to the average wheat of the Atlantic 
 States. 
 
 The general estimate among farmers is that wheat will not pay at less than one 
 dollar and sixty cents per one hundred pounds; but no general rule can be laid 
 down, for the profit depends as much on the quantity as on the price. There is 
 also a great difference in the cost of putting in wheat, some soils being much 
 more difficult to manage. As a general rule, the cost of plowing and sowing 
 may be put down at three dollars per acre; reaping and binding, two dollars; 
 threshing, three dollars; sacks, three dollars, and rent or interest, five dollars — 
 a total of sixteen dollars per acre. This is on the plan of letting the work out 
 by the job; a good farmer who employs the best hands and superintends his own 
 work can have it done cheaper. Twenty bushels or twelve hundred pounds to 
 the acre, at one dollar and twenty-five cents per sack, would barely pay the six- 
 teen dollars. On the sjnaller farms, the grain is put in precisely as it is in the 
 Eastern States and it is harvested in the same manner, except that it is frequently 
 left standing for weeks after it is ripe, as there is no fear of rain; and after being 
 cut it is left in the shock, usually until the thresher comes; and after threshing 
 it is left on the field, piled up in sacks, for weeks more, until the teamsters are 
 ready to haul it away. 
 
 Sometimes the volunteer crops are better than the sown. This is' especially the 
 case in those districts where the soil is sandy or the amount of rain small. 
 
28 ALL ABOUT CALIFOKNLV. 
 
 In the sandy plains, on large farms, it is common to use gang-plows six 
 abreast, drawn by twelve horses under charge of one driver. A sower is affixed 
 to the plow. Nine acres is considered a good day's work. The grain is har- 
 vested by a header, which cuts a swaUi from fifteen to twent}'-two feet wide, and 
 cutting from forty to sixty acres per day, and throws the grain into attendant 
 wagons, which carry it directly to a thresher, which sacks it ready for market. 
 The gang-plows with sower attached, cost seventy-five dollars; the header costs 
 four hundred and twenty-five dollars; the thresher and portable steam engine, two 
 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 * * 
 Barley is cultivated in the same manner as wheat, and produces a larger crop, 
 
 but usually is worth less per pound in the market. Four hundred and sixty- 
 eight thousand and seventy-six acres were sown with barley in 1869, according 
 to the report of the Surveyor-General. Seventy-nine thousand and sixty-four 
 acres of land were also sown with oats, of which the yield was stated at two 
 million five hundred and sixty-eight thousand seven hundred and fifty-nine 
 bushels. 
 
 The G-rape. 
 
 The cultivation of the grape is one of the leading branches of Califomian 
 agriculture. The State has about twenty-five million vines in vineyard and two- 
 thirds of them in full bearing. The amount of wine made annually is not 
 reported with precision, but it is probably about four million gallons. The pro- 
 duction of brandy amounts to about three hundred thousand gallons; and large 
 quantities of grapes are eaten fresh. Many of the vines.are very profitable, pay- 
 ing as much as five hundred dollars net per acre; and some even as much as two 
 thousand dollars. The Flame Tokay vines bear occasionally twelve thousand 
 pounds to the acre, and the grapes sell at wholesale for twenty cents per pound, 
 making the gross yield per acre twenty-four hundred dollars, and the expenses 
 are less than two hundred dollars. The White Tokay, the Muscat of Alexandria, 
 the Black Malvoisie, the Golden Chasselas, the Rose of Peru, the Black Ham- 
 burg and the White Hamburg, all in places well adapted to them, and near San 
 Francisco, have yielded more than two hundred dollars net per acre. The cheap- 
 est grapes are the INIission, and they have paid from fifty to one himdred dollars 
 net per acre. Persons who have Muscat of Frontignan can probably sell the crop 
 for several years at five hundred dollars per acre. The prospects of the vine- 
 growing interest are brilliant and large areas are set out in grapes every year, 
 
 California has great advantages for wine growing. The vines bear very 
 abundantly. The average crop is eight thousand pounds to the acre, while in 
 France it is three thousand, and in Ohio, five thousand. This difference is an 
 item of vast importance. The yield is much more regular in this State than in 
 France or the INIississippi Valley, where frosts in the spring, hail in the summer, 
 and rain in the fall, often destroy the crop. 
 
 In some parts of Germany the winters are so cold that the vines must be cut 
 off near the ground every fall and covered with manure — an expensive labor. 
 
 The land suitable for vineyards in Europe costs several hundred dollars per 
 acre, and in California it can be had for comparatively nothing. 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 29 
 
 The warmth of our winters saves the expense of fires during the period of 
 fermentation. 
 
 There are, on the other hand, some disadvantages. Many of our wine 
 growers are inexperienced, and do not know how to cultivate their vines, or 
 make their wines in the best manner. Labor, casks, bottles, and transportation 
 to the market, are dear. The interest of money is high and it is expensive to 
 keep wine for years. The wine merchants have not yet established themselves 
 firmly, nor can they get large supplies of wine of uniform quahty; and unifor- 
 mity is necessaiy to stability of market. These evils, however, will all be over- 
 come, while the advantages will continue to operate in our favor. 
 
 The average crop of grapes on vines more than seven years old, is about 
 eight thousand pounds per acre, and about thirteen pounds of grapes go to a gallon 
 of wine, making six hundred gallons per acre. The lowest price of wine when 
 six months old, well made, is twent}'-five cents per gallon, leaving one hundred 
 and fifty dollars per acre gross, and at least fifty dollars net. But the average 
 prices in November, 1869, were for Los Angeles, of 1869, thirty cents; Ana- 
 heim, of 1869, thirty-five cents; Sacramento, of 1869, forty cents; White Sono- 
 ma, of 1868, forty cents; Red Sonoma, of 1868, forty-five cents; White Sonoma, 
 of 1867, fifty cents ; Red Sonoma, of 1867 ; fifty-five cents. All those are wines 
 made of Mission grapes, and are the cheapest varieties. Sonoma Zinfindel, sold, 
 of 1868, for seventy-five cents ; mixed foreign, of 1868, sixty to seventy-five 
 cents; Zinfindel, of 1866, ninety cents; Zinfindel, of 1867, eighty-five cents; 
 Alexandrian Muscat, of 1869, one dollar; and of 1867, one dollar and twenty- 
 five cents ; Riessling, of 1868, eighty cents, and Frontignan Muscat, of 1868, one 
 dollar. The best wines cannot be got at retail for less than three dollars per 
 gallon. 
 
 It is the unanimous opinion of French and German wine growers now here, 
 that California will in time make as good wine as any part of Europe. We pro- 
 duce excellent wines, similar to Port, Burgundy, Claret, Hock and Champagne, 
 and as our wine-makers learn more of their business, the quality of their pro- 
 duction is steadily improving. 
 
 Apples, Etc. 
 The apple, pear, peach, plum and cherry, all thrive and bear abundantly in 
 California. The apples are larger than in the Atlantic States, but those grown 
 near the sea do not keep so well and are not so juicy. The varieties eaten in 
 the winter in New York will not keep later than fall here. Those grown in the 
 Sierra Nevada, where the winters are cold, will keep as well in New England. 
 The pears are much better than those of the Atlantic States. There are no 
 worms in our fruits. Thei curculio is unknown. Cherry trees pay well, some 
 having yielded one thousand dollars net per acre, in the spring of 1869. 
 
 The Olive. 
 The olive will be profitable in California. Our climate is very favorable to 
 the tree, and the diseases which have injured European olive orchards have 
 never appeared here. The tree is hardy and the crop sure ; at least there has 
 
30 
 
 ALL ABOT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 never been a failure in the State. The trees are planted twenty-five or thirty 
 feet apart, fifty or sixty in an acre, and they yield, in full bearing, from thirty to 
 •sixty gallons of oil per tree — worth, at present prices, in the orchard fifty cents 
 per gallon ; so that an acre of fifty trees, producing thirty gallons each, would 
 pay three hundred and seventy-five dollars. Strike off fifty per cent, allowance 
 for all possible over-estimates and depreciations, and we have a yield of one hun- 
 dred and eighty-seven dollars, which would leave at least one hundred dollars 
 net per acre. Imported oil, known to be genuine, is retailed at three dollars 
 per gallon. The olive does not come into bearing until ten years after planting, 
 and this long delay has been the only cause that the cultivation has not been 
 undertaken on an extensive scale. In fifteen or twenty years, olive oil will be 
 one of the staple productions of the State. A little oil is made now, but not 
 enough for home consumption. The making the oil is comparatively simple, ' 
 requiring nothing save pressing and straining ; but the art of preserving the fruit 
 is not so easy, and few persons in the State understand it. The Californian 
 olives are not quite so large as those imported ; and we rely almost exclusively 
 on importation for our table olives. 
 
 The Orange, Lemon and Lime. 
 
 The orange tree lives in the open air in all the low interior valleys south of 
 Lat. 39 deg. but it is exposed to occasional injury by frost, and is not a profitable 
 orchard tree north of Santa Barbara. Healthy trees in full bearing produce a 
 thousand oranges or more in a season, and the value in the market is from two 
 dollars to five dollars per hundred. The Los Angeles crop usually ripens from 
 December to May, at a time when there are very few oranges from the Hawaiian 
 or Society Islands in the market. As fifty trees stand on an acre, a fine income 
 may be derived from a small orchard. The orange tree is not very easy to raise. 
 INIany die in transplanting, and in the nursery they are frequently ruined by the 
 gophers, which are very fond of the roots. In the orchard, as well as in the 
 nursery, they are exposed to the attacks of a bug, the orange aphis, which injures 
 the trees so that they are barren, and some die. No method of killing the 
 aphis has been discovered, but after a time the bug disappears without any known 
 cause. The tree does not come into bearing until it is ten years old, and it 
 will not thrive in the soil of Los Angeles without irrigation. There are eleven 
 thousand orange trees in orchard in the State, and three hundred thousand in 
 nursery, with a probability that many of the nursery plants will be set out in 
 orchard within a year or two. Most of the large orchards are at Los Angeles. 
 
 The lemon tree is very similar in character to the orange. There are six 
 thousand lemon trees in the State, including one thousand eight hvmdred in Los 
 Angeles County, and four hundred in Santa Barbara. 
 
 The lime is also cultivated at Los Angeles, where four hundred trees are in 
 bearing. 
 
 The fig tree thrives and bears abundantly in all the valleys near the level of 
 the sea not visited by the ocean fogs. 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 
 
 31 
 
 Neat Cattle. 
 
 The neat cattle of Spanish stock are small and half wild in their nature. 
 They yield very little milk, do not fatten well, and when fat do not yield juicy 
 "beef. They are, therefore, not suitable either for dairy purposes or stall-feeding. 
 The dairy cows and most of the beef cattle in the northern part of the State are 
 of American stock. 
 
 The importation of fine Devon, Durham and Ayrshire, stock, has not yet led 
 to such pecuniar}^ benefits as were hoped, and many intelligent farmers seem to 
 be entirely satisfied to have American cattle, either for beef or for the daiiy. 
 The fine-blood cattle do not thrive on the wild grasses, and cultivated food is 
 too expensive for general use. Whatever the reason may be, there is a general 
 conviction among the owners of cattle ranches that the importation of pure- 
 blood cattle fiom England does not pay. The Durham blood would, no doubt, 
 thrive much better in Oregon and Washington, where the climate and vegetation 
 resemble those of England. The method of keeping the cattle varies much in 
 different parts of the State. . In the densely-settled districts, the anitnals are tame 
 and many of the cows are of fine blood and are kept for dairy purposes. Except 
 that they have no shelter and are seldom fed by hand, they are kept nearly like 
 cattle in the Eastern States. But in the San Joaquin Valley and on the Southern 
 Coast, the herds run almost wild, and they are never touched, as a rule, except 
 when they are branded or slaughtered. The law of California provides that the 
 ownership of horses and cows shall be proved by the brand; and every spring 
 and faU, in the southern cattle ranches, the herds are driven up, the calves and 
 colts are lassoed, thrown down and branded on the hip with the iron of the 
 owner. When the mark is well burned in, the victim is let loose, with no pleas- 
 ant impression of human kindness. The herdsman or vaquero is not expected 
 to recognize every one of a thousand head of cattle under his charge; but he 
 knows the brand and by that proves propert}^ When the animal is sold it is 
 lassoed again and branded on the shoulder, and this mark is called the venta or 
 sale. It is lassoed once more to be slaughtered, that is if killed on the ranch; 
 if driven off to a town, it may be shot in a corral. 
 
 The dairy business is very profitable, when well managed, in California; but 
 the number of those who manage it well is small. Good butter varies in price 
 from twenty-five cents to one dollar per pound, the average being over fifty cents, 
 and cheese of fine quality twenty cents. With such prices good dairymen can 
 make fortunes in a few years. The main difficulty has been the lack of succu- 
 lent food in the summer, fall and early winter; but the cultivation of root crops for 
 the cows has been commenced and it will steadily increase. The general esti- 
 mate is that a cow should produce a pound of butter per day for two-thirds of 
 the year; and one man (for there are no dairymaids in the country) takes charge 
 of twenty cows. The rancho of the Shafter Brothers, in Marin County, seventy- 
 five thousand acres, is occupied entirely for dairy purposes, and is probably the 
 largest dairy estate in the world. The methods of making butter and cheese 
 are the same here as elsewhere. 
 
32 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNLV. 
 
 There are five hundred thousand neat cattle in the State, and we make four 
 million four hundred thousand pounds of cheese and five million five hundred 
 thousand pounds of butter annually. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 Most of the horses of California are still of Mexican stock, and are admirably 
 adapted to wild pasture and the saddle. They are healthy and hardy; they keep 
 fat on scanty feed; they can travel long distances, even a hundred miles in a 
 day, without injury; and after having been broken, they are docile and kind. 
 For general service in the southern part of the State, they are decidedly superior 
 to American or English horses. They are usually allowed to run wild until 
 they are four years old, and they are then lassoed and broken. On some of the 
 ranchos, the old custom of keeping the mares exclusively for breeding is still 
 observed, and only the geldings are used for the saddle or harness. The Mexican 
 horse is be^er than any other for the herdsman or vaquero; but is not swift 
 enough for racing, and is not large enough for teaming. Near the middle of 
 the State most of the horses are of American stock. The cross of the Clydesdale 
 with the California stock makes a large horse, just suited for heavy work; but for 
 the buggy and parade, the Morgan and thoroughbred are in demand. There are ' 
 now several hundred thoroughbreds in the State, some of them fine enough to 
 be classed among the best of their kind. There are also large numbers of Amer- 
 ican horses, of mixed blood, but of fine quality, excellent for general farm work. 
 Most of the California horses are never fed with cultivated food ot kept in 
 stables, and many of the American horses, except when engaged in hard work, 
 are treated in the same manner. 
 
 There are one hundred and ninety thousand horses and twenty-four thousand 
 mules in the State.. 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 In 1853, the breeding of sheep for their wool was first undertaken in Cali- 
 fornia, by W. W. Hollister, who commenced in poverty and made a fortune at 
 the business, and his success was followed by that of a number of others. Now, 
 the breeding of sheep is an important part of the agricultural industry of the 
 State. The production of wool in 1869 was eighteen million pounds; the ave- 
 rage quality is about half merino, and the average net yield to the farmer about 
 eighteen cents per pound. The quality of the wool is improving every year, as 
 the blood of the herds is brought nearer the pure merino. The Spanish sheep 
 furnished the original stock, but the Spanish blood is rapidly decreasing. 
 
 Our climate is peculiarly favorable to sheep. They need neither shelter nor 
 cultivated food — at least most of them never receive either. The weight of the 
 animal is ten per cent., that of the fleece twenty per cent., and the increase almost 
 one hundred per cent, greater here than in the Eastern States. Besides, the 
 sheep generally live longer. There is no disease among our herds, save the scab, 
 and tliat is never fatal. If we add together the exemption from disease, the more 
 rapid increase, the greater weight of fleece and mutton, the saving in sheds and 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 33 
 
 cultivated food, and the difference in cost of pasture lands, there is a large total 
 in favor of the Californian wool-grower. 
 
 One shepherd can take charge of two thousand one hundred sheep, and the 
 common wages are thiity-five dollars per month, with board, which costs ten 
 dollars per month, making five hundred and forty dollars per year. About three 
 thousand acres of land are required for pasturage, and the interest on the cost is 
 three hundred dollars, making a total of eight hundred and forty dollars, or 
 twenty-five cents per head, for the ordinary annual expenses. It is necessary to 
 incur other expenses at lambing and shearing times, and these cannot be calcu- 
 lated so precisely, but they do not exceed ten cents per sheep, so that the expense 
 per head is thirty-five cents or less. The yield of wool averages six and a half 
 pounds per year, and the prices, if the quality is good, are from eighteen to 
 twenty-five cents. A gentleman of much experience in the sheep business sold 
 three thousand ewes for four dollars each, or twelve thousand dollars, and after 
 the sale calculated the profit that the purchaser would make in two years, thus : 
 
 First year's wool $7,200 
 
 Second year's wool of three thousand lambs 3j5oo 
 
 Second year's wool of three thousand ewes 7,200 
 
 ' Market value of one thousand five hundred wethefS 4)50° 
 
 Market value of three thousand old ewes 12,000 
 
 Market value of one thousand five hundred young ewes 4)500 
 
 Total $38,900 
 
 Deduct expenses of three thousand sheep at thirty-five cents for first year. . . $1,050 
 
 Six thousand sheep for second year 2, loo 
 
 Cost of three thousand ewes , 12,000 
 
 i5>iSo 
 
 Net profit... ^ ; $23,750 
 
 That may seem very extravagant, but there are men in the State who have 
 been making money at that ratio in sheep for a long period, with the exception 
 of the seasons of drought. One sheep-owner began the business in debt, in 
 1853, and now he owns forty thousand head of sheep, and seventy thousand or 
 eighty thousand acres of land — all made with sheep. 
 
 The yearling wethers usually weigh fifty pounds; the two year-olds from 
 sixty to sixty-five ; the three-year olds from sixty-five to eighty, and the four- 
 year olds from seventy-five to one hundred. The expenses of shearing are seven 
 cents per head. A cross of the Spanish- Vermont merino with the French 
 merino is preferred by the wool-growers generally. The best Spanish- Vermont 
 bucks can be obtained for two hundred dollars or three hundred and fifty dol- 
 lars each, and the ewes could probably be got for three hundred dollars, though 
 there are none now for sale here. There is one herd of Southdowns in Los 
 Angeles County, but they yield less wool, and it commands a smaller price than 
 the merino. There are several herds of Cotswolds in the State, and they are 
 growing in favor. 
 
 The exportation of wool began in 1855, with three hundred and sixty 
 
34 
 
 AI.L ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 thousand pounds ; the next year it was six hundred thousand ; the next one mil- 
 Hon one hundred thousand pounds ; and it has since increased rapidly. The 
 pi eduction for 181^9 will probably be nearly eighteen million pounds. 
 
 The Angora G-oat. 
 The Angora or Cashmere goat has been introduced in California, and it 
 multiplies rapidly, and is very health}', and as the wool is finer, more lustrous 
 and longer than that of the sheep, and commands twice as much per pound in 
 the market, and the fleece is about as heavy, hopes are entertained that it will 
 contribute much to the wealth of the State. It is ver}' similar in size, form and 
 general appearance, to the common goat, save that the color is white, and the 
 hair, instead of being coarse and short, is fine and from four to eight inches long. 
 The weight of the fleece, when clean, varies from two to five pounds. The goat 
 is healthier than the sheep, able to live on poorer food, more prolific, less stupid, 
 more courageous and less likely to be injured by struggling when it must be 
 approached or handled. These are qualities of much importance. The goaf 
 often has tsvins, and in favorable seasons bears twice a year, so that the increase 
 is more rapid than that of the sheep, an expectation of one hundred and twenty 
 per cent, increase annually on the« number of ewes being not unreasonabte it 
 they are properly cared for. 
 
 The Silkworm. 
 
 The silkworm is a very delicate animal, and it is subject in Europe to many 
 diseases, most of them directly traceable to climatic influences, from which this 
 State is exempt. Climate is a matter of vast importance to the breeder of the 
 silkworm, and nowhere is it so favorable as here. The worms are exceedingly 
 healthy and prolific, the cocoons large, the fiber strong and fine, the' mulberry 
 luxuriant in growth and hardy. The colds of forty-five degrees, the heats of one 
 hundred degrees, the thunder-storms and the summer rains, which frequently 
 prove fatal in France and Italy, are almost unknown in our coast valleys. In 
 Europe, even when there is no rain, there are many damp, cloudy days, which 
 prevent the evaporation of the dew, and if there is any moisture on the leaves 
 the worms sicken and die. The presence of the dew generally delays the feed- 
 ing until late in the morning, whereas it would be far better if the feeding could 
 be done early in the morning. It is customary in Europe to feed three or foul 
 times a day, with leaves plucked off separately ; but in California they can be fed 
 twice or even once with sprouts, each cut with a number of leaves on it. They 
 increase at the rate of a hundred-fold at each generation. The female generally 
 lays from two hundred to three hundred eggs, and it may be assumed that two 
 hundred worms will sur\'ive and make cocoons ; and as the females are about 
 half, the total number may be multiplied by one hundred to represent the 
 increase. In the fall of 1868, it was estimated that there were one million live 
 cocoons in the State, and these produced butter flies which laid one hundred mil- 
 lion eggs. The season of 1869, however, was disastrous for the silk-growers. 
 INIany of them were ignorant of the proper method of taking care of their eggs 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. ^5 
 
 and put them into ice-boxes and the worms died. It is supposed that the crop 
 of 1870 will do much better. 
 
 The Californian silk-growers have had so little experience that there is great 
 diversity of opinion among them in regard to the expense of breeding the worms, 
 the number that may be bred, and the area that will be required for feeding a 
 given number. A great number of mulberry trees have been planted in nursery 
 in this State, but very few in plantation or orchard, and for that reason the silk 
 business is arrested, for without the mulberry plantation there can be no progress 
 worthy of note. The trees should be planted not less than four feet, and per- 
 haps six feet, apart ; and when they are three or four years old, they will furnish 
 leaves from an acre to feed half a million worms at a time, and if there are 
 three generations in a year then each acre should feed a million and a half at 
 that time. One active man ought to take charge of fifty thousand worms ; Mr. 
 Prevost thought he should attend to one hundred thousand. A plantation once 
 made will last fifty or a hundred years, perhaps longer. The soil is never 
 exhausted, nor does the silk deteriorate .in quality with time. The plantation 
 should have. a moist, rich, sandy loam ; and it requires occasional plowing and 
 hoeing to keep the earth loose and clean. 
 
 There are forty-two thousand eggs in an ounce, which is now worth four dol- 
 lars, with a probability of a steady demand at that price for years to come. The 
 eggs of a million worms would be worth twenty-five thousand dollars, _and the 
 cocoons left by the worms would be worth six hundred dollars ; or if the cocoons 
 were not hatched, they would be worth two thousand six hundred dollars. In 
 three thousand cocoons there is a pound of silk net, and the; unhatched cocoons 
 are worth eight dollars per pound of silk ; the hatched cocoons, having been 
 eaten through at one end, are worth ^ two dollars a pound. A square foot of 
 room must be given on a table for a hundred worms ; and there may be tiers of 
 tables ; twenty thousand may be bred in a room twelve .feet long and nine wide, 
 with height enough for three tables. 
 
 Only the Japanese worms can be depended upon to produce three genera- 
 tions in a yey. 
 
 California expends over two millions of dollars annually for imported silks, 
 all of which and much more can in the course of a few years be raised and 
 ^^manufactured here with a profit. The United States imports an average of thirty 
 million of dollars worth of silk annually on which the duty is "over sixteen mil- 
 lions of dollars, a little more than fifty per cent, of its invoiced price. The stock 
 is now being taken for the establishment of a silk factory in San Francisco. 
 
 Expenses of Living and Tjcaveling. 
 
 Flour and potatoes, kitchen vegetables generally and fine fruits, are cheaper 
 in California than in New York, Sugar, tea, colFee and rice, are about the same 
 price ; butcher's meat is cheaper. 
 
 The price of boarding without lodging, at the best hotels in San Francisco, 
 is twelve dollars per week ; the ordinary charge at good hotels is two dollars and 
 fifty cents and three dollars per day. The charge for board and lodging in San 
 
36 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Francisco for poor people, is from twenty to forty dollars per month, and for 
 those who have means to live comfortably, from forty to seventy-five dollars. 
 Houses well furnished, with six or eight rooms, bring from thirty to forty dollars 
 per month rent on retired streets, and from forty to eighty dollars on fashionable 
 streets. In the smaller towns the rents are from twenty to fifty per cent. less. 
 The cost of hving is greater in California than in any other country, but it is not 
 so great relatively as the rates of wages and the general profits of business. 
 
 The following table shows the distances, time and fares, first and second 
 class, and modes of conveyance from San Francisco to various points. The 
 asterisk means c^irrency ; other prices gold : 
 
 Localities. 
 
 
 New York. . . . 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Omaha 
 
 Ogden 
 
 Salt Lake . . . . 
 White Pine . . . 
 Virginia City. 
 Sacramento . . 
 Sacramento . . 
 Sacramento . . 
 Marysville . . . 
 Marysville . . . 
 
 Stockton 
 
 Stockton 
 
 Gilroy 
 
 Oroville 
 
 Calistoga . . . . 
 Los Angeles . . 
 San Diego . . . 
 
 Visalia 
 
 Yreka 
 
 Red Bluff. . . . 
 Healdsburg . . 
 
 La Paz 
 
 Monterey . . . . 
 
 Olympia 
 
 Portland 
 
 Prescolt 
 
 Victoria 
 
 Sitka 
 
 Idaho City . . . 
 
 I130 00* 
 
 1x8 CO*' 
 
 100 00* 
 
 50 00 
 
 60 00 
 
 60 00 
 
 21 25 
 
 3 00 
 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 50 
 
 50 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 00 
 
 2 
 I 
 4 
 4 
 . I 
 2 
 
 4 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 22 00 
 25 00 
 
 24 DO 
 
 35 06 
 12 00 
 
 3 5° 
 62 00 
 
 7 00 
 46 06 
 
 36 00 
 130 00 
 
 41 00 
 
 100 00 
 
 86 00 
 
 Mio 00* 
 93 00* 
 80 00* 
 40 00 
 
 2 00 
 I 50 
 
 2 50 
 2 50 
 
 I 50 
 
 16 00 
 
 15 GO 
 
 35 00 
 25 00 
 
 30 00 
 60 00 
 
 3,300 
 
 6 days 
 
 2,290 
 
 5 days 
 
 1,850 
 
 4 days 
 
 742 
 
 2 days 
 
 770 
 
 2 days 
 
 714 
 
 2%days 
 
 29s 
 
 27 h'rs 
 
 82 
 
 4 h'rs 
 
 130 
 
 6 h'rs 
 
 125 
 
 8 h'rs 
 
 106 
 
 5 h'rs 
 
 175 
 
 8 h'rs 
 
 125 
 
 8 h'rs 
 
 H5 
 
 4 h'rs 
 
 80 
 
 4 h'rs 
 
 133 
 
 6%h'r3 
 
 65 
 
 4 h'rs 
 
 389 
 
 50 h'rs 
 
 450 
 
 70 h'rs 
 
 228 
 
 32 h'rs 
 
 375 
 
 60 h'rs 
 
 255 
 
 30 h'rs 
 
 80 
 
 9 h'rs 
 
 679 
 
 5 days 
 
 100 
 
 12 h'rs 
 
 850 
 
 4%days 
 
 670 
 
 4 days 
 
 750 
 
 8 davs 
 
 750 
 
 4 days 
 
 1,660 
 
 9 days 
 
 765 
 
 4 days 
 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 Railroad 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 R.R. and Stage. 
 
 R.R. and Stage. 
 
 Vallejo route. 
 
 W. P. Railroad. 
 
 River route. 
 
 Vallejo route. 
 
 W. P. Railroad. 
 
 River route. 
 
 W. P. Railroad. 
 
 Railroad. 
 
 Vallejo route. 
 
 Steamer & R.R. 
 
 Steamer & R.R. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 K.R. and Stage. 
 
 R.R. and Stage. 
 
 R.R. and Stm'r. 
 
 Hm'rand Stage. 
 
 Stm'r and Stage. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 Stm'r and Stage. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 Steamer. 
 
 R.R. and Stage. 
 
 In some cases, the prices will be reduced within a year, by competition,, and 
 the distance will be shortene.d by opening new routes. 
 
 Emigrants are carried in freight trains from New York to- San Francisco for 
 seventy-five dollars, and from Omaha for sixty dollars^ currency. 
 
 Social Conditions. 
 The people of California, are intelligent and liberal in their opinions. Schools 
 are numerous and excellent. Benevolent institutions abound. In no part of 
 the world are the ISIasonic, Odd Fellow, and kindred benevolent Orders sup- 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. , QfJ 
 
 ported better. Few countries have more churches in proportion to the popula- 
 tion. The laws'are generally good, and the administration of justice is as strict 
 as in any other American State. In San Francisco, life and propertj' are quite 
 as secure as in New York or Chicago. 
 
 Advice to Emigrants. 
 
 The following advice may be valuable to emigrants, especially to those going 
 into a strange countr)'^, or not accustomed to travel : . 
 
 1 . Buy your tickets for passage on railroad or steamboats, only at the office, 
 Defore starting. Many of the runners who offer tickets for sale in the streets are 
 swindlers. If you intend to go in a steamer or ship, examine the vessel before 
 '■etting your ticket, and engage a particular birth or room in a part of the vessel 
 ;hat is clean, well ventilated and just comfortably warm. 
 
 2. Never show your money nor let any stranger know that you have any. 
 rhieves prefer to rob emigrants, who generally carry money with them, and 
 :annot stop to prosecute them, and have no acquaintances to aid in the prose- 
 :ution. Do not mention the fact that you are an emigrant to persons who have 
 lo business to know it. 
 
 3. Never carry any large sum of money with you. You can always buy 
 irafts at banks, and if you are going to a strange place, you can give your photo- 
 ;'raph to the banker to forward to your destination, so that you can be identified 
 vithout trouble when you want to draw your money. 
 
 4. Avoid those strangers who claim to be old acquaintances, and whom you 
 lo not recollect. A certain class of thieves claim the acquaintance of ignorant 
 :ountrymen whom they want to rob. 
 
 5. Do not drink at the solicitation of strangers. The first point of the thief 
 s to intoxicate or drug his victim. 
 
 6. Do not play cards for money with strangers. In many cases they confed- 
 xate to rob emigrants. 
 
 7. Travel in company with- old friends, if possible, and do not leave them, 
 rhieves prefer to take their victims one at a time. 
 
 8. If you see anybody pick up a full pocket-book, and he offers it to you for 
 small sum ; or if you see some men playing cards, and you are requested to 
 »et on some point where it seems certain that you must win ; or if you see an 
 uctioneer selling a fine gold watch for five dollars, don't let them catch you. 
 immigrants are systematically swindled by such tricks. 
 
 9. If, when you arrive in a strange place, you want information and advice, 
 ou can always get it by applying at the right place. First, apply at the office of 
 tie Immigration Society, if there is one. If you are a foreigner, you will proba- 
 bly find in the large cities a Consular office or a benevolent society of your coun- 
 :ymen, and you can apply there. Usually, there are attentive and polite men at 
 le police office. Public officers generally in the United States are ready to assist 
 nd advise strangers. 
 
 10. Before starting from home, carefully read all the accessible books about . 
 le State or Territory to which you intend to go ; and when you .arrive go to 
 
38 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL\, 
 
 some place ^vhe^e you can find old friends, if }0u have any. If you are poo 
 commence work immediately, but do not be in a hurry to buy land unless with 
 the approval of men whom you can trust. Take a month or two to get informa- 
 tion about the country. Advice about the purchase of land is often given with 
 corrupt motives. It is very seldom that anything is lost by a delay of a week or 
 two in closing a bargain for land, though the seller will frequently say that some- 
 body else is just going to take it. • But do not delay to purchase, if you have the 
 means, for more than two or three months ; it is always cheaper for you to live 
 on your own land. 
 
 II. Engage in some business with which you Tire familiar; and if its condi- 
 tions are different from those to which you are accustomed, commence slowly, 
 so as to learn at little expense. The agriculturist from Europe or the Atlantic 
 States must learn anew many things iri his business here. 
 , 12. Never fear failure at farming on your own land, if you live -economically, 
 
 work hard and select your place well. 
 
 13. It is better to be very poor for a few years on your own land than tabe 
 moderately poor as a tenant for others. 
 
 14. In selecting a home, look ahead. Care more for ultimate than for 
 immediate success. Wherever there is a large-district of fertile soil with a good 
 climate, you can confidently settled down. It must fill up, and the land must 
 rise in value. The fewer the people the better opportunity you have to select 
 
 ' the most desirable spots, and when immigration comes in the greater will be the 
 relative increase of population. 
 
 15. Before finally fixing upon a place to settle in California, examine what 
 the average rainfall is; whether there are facilities for irrigation; what are the 
 average temperatures of January, May and August; whether it is exposed tc 
 floods; whether fevers are common; whether it is in or near the line of any 
 railroad likely to be built soon, and whether the soil is adapted to the vine, the 
 mulberry, fruits and grain. 
 
 Mining Excitements. 
 One of the common incidents of business in California is the occurrence of 
 mining excitements, under the influence of which thousands of men leave their 
 homes and regular occupations in the hope of making a fortune in a few months 
 at new diggings, of which marvelous reports are published. These reports are 
 usually exaggerated, because there are many persons IJvich as owners of stages 
 and steamers, hotel-keepers, brokers, owners of claims, etc.) who derive profit 
 from the excitement. Experience has shown that these persons, or others work- 
 ing in their inteiest, do not hesitate to devise and circulate deliberate falsehoods, 
 with intent to deceive and defraud the ignorant and credulous. Experience also 
 shows that false statements are often published by writers who know nothing 
 about mines, and are misled either by designing men, or by their own over- 
 sanguine disposition. Even in those cases in which the mines are marvelously 
 . rich, there is lit'de chance for the new-comer not familiar with mining. The 
 discoverers usually take up all the good claims before they let the public know 
 anything of the discover^'. If there is anything that they fail to find, the old 
 
CALIFORNIA AS A HOME FOR THE EMIGRANT. 3^ 
 
 miners, of whom the country is full, stand the best chance. But if the new- 
 comer gets a good mine, he will find that it requires much money to open a 
 mine, and much experience to open one properly. If he is poor, he must get 
 the assistance of capitalists, who will take most of the profit. The day has gone 
 by when men could make their fortunes with a pick and shovel in a few months 
 of mining. As a proprietor of mines, the poor man, bred to other business, has 
 little chance of success; and as a laborer, he can do better elsewhere. Wages 
 are high, but the expenses are high too, the comforts of life are scarce, the work 
 is often uxihealthy and dangerous, and the employment uncertain. Nine out of 
 ten of the old miners who go off on these mining excitements come out losers, 
 even when the mines are rich, as in 'the case of White Pine; and when the 
 diggings are poor, as they were at Kern River, all the time and money spent are 
 entirely lost. 
 
 Business Prudence. 
 
 The poor man coming to California should understated that it is difficult to 
 get a start here, but that after a good start is once obtained, life is easy. If he 
 obtains employment, he should endeavor to become very skillful in his business, 
 for an excellent workman gets better wages here and is more sure of employ- 
 ment than in any other country. He should also exert himself to gain and 
 deserve the confidence of his employer, for such exertion will pay well. He 
 should stick to one place and one business, as nearly as possible. If he has a 
 business in which he can invest his savings, or if he needs a home, that is the 
 proper place for it; if not, he should take or send it to a Savings Bank. Neigh- 
 bors or friends will want to borrow it, and will offer security and high interest ; 
 but the safer plan is to prefer the bank. It requires much experience to know 
 how to lend money without risk of loss. This State is full of men who know 
 scores of methods for making fortunes in a few months, and they will lay out 
 plans that may well delude the inexperienced; but the facts that they live from 
 hand to mouth, have not a foot of ground, and are in debt to everybody that will 
 trust them, furnish pretty good proof that he who lends to them will never see 
 his money ^ain. The man who is making a start should be content with slow 
 and sure profits. There is so much wild speculation in California, that strangers 
 often imagine it is necessary for them to take part in it, and they lose their 
 money before they suspect that they are in peril, and perhaps at the very time 
 when they fancy that they are on the road to fortune. There is no country in 
 which clqse attention to the strictest rules of business prudence pays better than 
 in California. 
 
 The rate of wages is so high that a man with a good trade and economical 
 habits can accumulate a little fortune in ten or fifteen years by putting his money 
 in the savings bank, which is next to a home and a man's own business, the best 
 place for money. The savings banks generally pay ten per cent, per annum, 
 and the interest compounds semi-annually, so as to double the principal in eight 
 years. But the savings of every month can always be added to the principal in 
 the bank, and this is an important item in the course of years. California is full 
 of speculators, but the majority do not make ten per cent, interest on their 
 
40 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 investments, and iniiny lose both principal and interest. Among the multitude 
 there are some cases of briUiant success; but the stranger should look for his 
 guide to the general and not the exceptional result. Speculation is a luxur)- in 
 ^vhich rich men can aflbrd to indulge; but poor men should be shy of it. There 
 are now thousands of poor men who would have been independently wealthy if 
 they had known enough when they had money to keep out of speculation. . 
 
 The following rules are applicable in California as well as elsewhere: 
 
 Stick to your craft and master it thoroughly. Buy nothing at a distance. 
 Invest no money in business which you do ncJt understand or which you cannot 
 oversee. Be industrious; work as hard to save a dollar as to earn one; live 
 "within your income, no matter how little it is, and lay by something every month 
 as long as you are poor. Do not be afraid to appear poor. Avoid positions in 
 which you must spend money in show and give your time without compensation, 
 unless you can well afford it. Do not let others get in your debt, and do not. 
 get in debt to others beyond your means to pay. Self-respect and health are 
 worth more than riches. Do not believe that youth is the only season for enjoy- 
 ment. Take care of yourself; and a healthy and reputable middle age, with its 
 experience, its ripened mind, its accumulated knowledge, friendship and money, 
 will give you more pleasure than youth would have been capable of securing 
 or appreciating. 
 
 Conclusion. 
 
 California is a laige State, rich in many valuable metals, fertile in soil, pecu- 
 liarly blessed in climate, inhabited by an intelligent, active and enterprising, 
 people, and strange in many of the conditions of its business; and it affords far 
 more information, desirable for immigrants, than can be compressed into a 
 pamphlet like this. They who desire to learn more of the State are referred to ' 
 the following books: 
 
 " The Resources of California," by John S. Hittell, published by A. Roman 
 & Co., of San Francisco and New York, is a duodecimo volume of five hundred 
 pages. It treats at considerable length, of the topography, climate, botany, 
 zoology, agriculture, mining and scenery, of the State. Price, one dollar and 
 fifty cents. 
 
 " The Natural Wealth of California," edited by T, F. Cronise, published by 
 H. H. Bancroft & Co., of San Francisco, is a large octavo volume of eight huft- 
 dred pages, treating the same topics, 'and also giving full descriptions of the 
 several counties, and a sketch of the early history of the State. Price, five dollars. 
 
 "The Report upon the Mineral Resources of the Pacific Slope, for 1866," 
 by J. Ross Browne, is a federal document of three hundred and sixty octavo 
 pages, of which two hundred are devoted to the mines and mining laws of Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 " The Report upon the Mineral Resources of the Pacific Slope, for 1 867," by 
 J. Ross Browne, is a federal document of six hundred and seventy-five pages, of 
 which three hundred are occupied with a description of the mines of California. 
 
 All these books can be found in the principal libraries and bookstores of the 
 United States 
 
California Immigrant Union, 
 
 [ORGANIZED OCTOBER, 1869] 
 
 FOR THE PURPOSE OF 
 
 ENCOURAGING IMMIGRATION 
 
 TO THE 
 
 PRINCIPAL OFFICE : 
 
 316 CALIFORNIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Immigrants and others desiring reliable information in reference to Public 
 OR Private Lands in California and the mode of acquiring them, can address 
 their communications to the Manager or General Agent, of apply at the 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE, 316 CALIFORNIA STREET, SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
 Information can be obtained of the best quality of Farming Lands, in the 
 valleys and foothills, at prices varying from 
 
 $1.50, $2, $2.50, I3 and $5 per Acre and upwards — 
 
 On liberal terms — one, two, three, four and five years' credit. 
 
 The "Union" takes particular care to inform applicants in regard to Govern- 
 ment lands and lands belonging to railroad companies. 
 
 The "Union" is prepared to make the most desirable arrangements for the 
 settlement of colonies from the States east of the Rocky Mountains and from 
 European countries, and to obtain cheap transportation for them direct to 
 California. 
 
 Good Farming Lands, in tracts of 5,000 to 50,000 acres, can be obtained at 
 $1.50 to $2.50 per acre, and on liberal terms. 
 
 New-comers visiting the different counties of California, in search of farming 
 or other lands for settlement, will be provided with letters to the Agents of the 
 " Union " or other intelligent resident-s who are disposed to favor settlers, from 
 whom such precise information^as they may need — concerning the quality, values 
 and titles, to property in the locality — may be obtained. 
 
 Pamphlets containing reliable information in regard to California sent to any 
 part of the United States or Europe, when ordered. 
 
 Parties in California having lands suitable for Immigrants, and wishing them 
 offered, can send description and terms to this office. 
 
 Information of all kinds, beneficial to Immigrants, respectfully solicited, and 
 wiW be carefully given to new comers upon their arrival. 
 
 Agent in New York HIRAM R. DIXON, 8 Battery Place. 
 
 Agent in Baltimore JOHN R. SCHULTEN, SY^ North St. 
 
 Agent in Chicago D. KLINTWORTH, President " Allegemeine Colonisations- 
 
 Gesellschaft," Room 20, Uhlich's Block, North Clark St. 
 Agent in Omaha J. BUDD, ofBce, Omaha and Northwestern Railway Company. 
 
 President C. T. HOPKINS. 
 
 Manager CHARLES S. CAPP. 
 
 Geiteral Agent W. H. MARTIN. 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE 3!6 California Sheet. San Francisco. 
 
42 
 
 ALL ABOUT <'.ALil-OKNL-\. 
 
 Total Area of California. 
 
 j Sq. Miles, 1 88,98 1 
 
 ( Acres, 120,947,840 
 
 Surveyed, - - ' - - - - - •* 
 
 Spanish and Mexican Grants, - - - - - " 
 
 Granted for School and Educational purposes, - " 
 
 " Internal Improvements, Public Buildings, etc., " 
 
 30,500,000 
 
 6,030,814 
 
 6,765,404 
 
 506,400 
 
 CENTRAL OFFICE of the 
 
 No. 316 CALIFORNIA 
 
 President, C. T. Hopkins. 
 
MAP, ETC., OF CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Claimed by Railroads, 
 Disposed of by Government, 
 Still open to Settlement, - 
 Available for Tillage, - - 
 Of which is Government Land, - 
 Land Inclosed, 
 
 Acres, 
 
 . 43 
 
 10,424,000 
 18,500,000 
 86,000,000 
 88,000,000 
 44,000,006 
 4, 500,000 
 
 California Immigraat Union , 
 
 ST., SAN FRANCISCO, . , 
 
 Manager, Charles S. C.pp. General Agent, Wm. H. MARTI^. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 lNFORr4ATION CONCERNING CALIFORNIA, 
 
 FROM 
 
 OFFICIAL AND OTHER RELIABLE SOURCES. 
 
 The Public Lands of Southern California. 
 
 The following copy of a letter from Hon. Joseph S. Wilson, Commissioner 
 of the National General Land Office at Washington, to the American Consul at 
 Rotterdam, replying to inquiries made by residents of Holland intending to 
 emigrate to California, contains information that will be of interest to every 
 person who wishes to be well informed concerning the public lands of this State : 
 
 Qnited States of America, Department of the Interior, j 
 General Land Office, May i3tTi, 1869. j 
 
 Albert Rhodes, Utiited States Consulate, Rotterdam, HoHand—'DEAVi SiR: In reply 
 to your letter of the 7tli ult., requesting information in regard to public lands in Southern 
 California, especially in the neighborhood of Los Angeles, I have to state that the valuable 
 lands in the southern portion of that region, in the counties of San Diego, Los Angeles, San 
 Bernardino, Kern, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo, are to a considerable extent held 
 under Mexican grants, many of which have been confirmed by the United States since we 
 have succeeded to the sovereignty of the country. The counties of San Luis Obispo and 
 Kem may form an exception to this statement, as Government land of excellent quality exists 
 in each; but so much has been recently entered under the pre-emption and homestead laws, 
 and located with college scrip, and still contmues to be taken, in consequence of a numerous 
 emigration to Southern California within the past two years, that it would be hazardous to 
 undertake to specify the quantity of public land at present subject to entry, as the next 
 returns from the local officers may show the amount considerably diminished. There is 
 however an abundance of unoccupied land of the best quality in each of the counties named, 
 which, whether belonging to the Government or in the hands of private owners, may be 
 readily obtained at very moderate prices, generally varying from one dollar to five dollars 
 and upwards per acre, according to value. 
 
 Lands in the hands of persons claiming under Mexican grants confirmed by the United 
 States, are perfect as to title. Lands claimed under grants not so confirmed, seldom rate at 
 a high figure; and should the title subsequently fail, and the lands be declared a part of the 
 public domain, the laws of the United States extend to parties in possession under con- 
 veyances from former grantees, a pre-emption right to enter the land so occupied at the 
 minimum price of one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, so that in either event the settler 
 will obtain the land at a very low price. Indeed, at the present day no apprehension need 
 be felt about the title of lands in California, as most of the old Mexican grants, valid or 
 ■nvalid, have passed through the ordeal of judicial investigation, and have either been con- 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 45 
 
 Brmed or the lands claimed declared part of the public domain; and even if an occasional 
 ;laim should be met with not acted upon, the Acts of Congress make such liberal provisions in 
 favor of botia fide settlers that no great injury can result in the event of such claim proving 
 Invalid. 
 
 An emigrant from Europe, entirely unacquainted with the land system of the United 
 States, or the nature of titles in this country, and the mode of recording them, might be 
 liable to make a bad bargain, unless he fully mformed himself. But there are abundant 
 opportunities of ascertaining the condition of the title of every tract of land, and a person of 
 ordinary prudence need not to go amiss. 
 
 Government lands in California may be taken under the pre-emption or homestead laws, 
 the entries being effected in the manner pointed out in the accompanying circular from this 
 office, dated March loth, 1869. In the southern part of the State these lands are mostly 
 located to the eastward from the Coast Mountains; but there are, nevertheless, in the western 
 portion of each of the above-named counties, small quantities of public land not yet occupied, 
 which may be entered at the District Land Office at San Francisco, excepting lands in Kern 
 County, which must be entered at Visalia, in Tulare County. The localities of the different 
 places mentioned may be readily understood by^ inspecting the accompanying map of that 
 State ; an examination of which will also show the localities of private grants confirmed at 
 the date of the map, the names of which, with corresponding numerals, are placed in the 
 margin. 
 
 It will be observed that the good' lands of Southern California are found on the Pacific, 
 in the valleys and on the foot-hills of the Coast Mountains, extending inland from twenty- 
 five miles to seventy-five miles, embracing an area susceptible of cultivatioa and admirably 
 - adapted to horticulture, equal in extent to the State of Massachusetts. 
 
 The climate of these valleys, some little distance from the coast, is not surpassed in any 
 portion of the world; the intense heat experienced in the arid plains further to the east being 
 modified here by an altitude of several thousand feet above the level of the ocean. Nu- 
 merous streams of water flow through the valleys — many of them permanent — furnishing 
 the means[]of irrigating large bodies of land. The grape vine flourishes here luxuriantly; 
 more than six million being cultivated in Los Angeles County alone, yielding one and a half 
 million gallons of wine, and more than one hundred thousand gallons of brandy, besides 
 large quantities of choice grapes for the San Francisco market. 
 
 The grape attains vigorous growth in almost every variety of soil, is remarkably free 
 from disease, and requires no irrigation. ■ It flourishes as well in the foothills and on the sides 
 of the mountains as in the valleys, and produces a fetock strong enough to dispense with the 
 necessity of stakes, thus greatly reducing the amount of labor required in a vineyard. A 
 vine is now growing in Santa Barbara County twelve inches in diameter four feet from the 
 ground. At six feet from the ground the stem is divided, the branches extending in every 
 direction, covering an area of ten thousand square feet, and producing annually twelve thou- 
 sand pounds of grapes, in bunches from fifteen to eighteen inches in length, averaging from 
 six to seven pounds each. This vine is of the old Mission grape, and was planted forty-three 
 years ago. 
 
 But the soil and climate of these valleys are equally well adapted to the growth of the 
 
 orange, lemon, lime, citron, fig, walnut, olive, banana, almond, filbert and current; and 
 
 wheat, barley, com, potatoes, cotton, tobacco and sugar-cane thrive well. In an orange 
 
 grove of two thousand trees, near Los Angeles, the annual crop averages one thousand five 
 
 hundred oranges to each tree, some of the trees producing as many as four thousand each.. 
 
 The sides and summits of the mountains contain an abundance of pine, cedar, hemlock, 
 
 maple and oak; and deposits of gold, silver, copper, tin, marble, alabaster, asphaltum,. 
 
 petroleum, sulphur, salt and coal, are numerous. 
 
 » « * * « »i> «»*» 
 
 Of the four million or five million acres in Southern California adapted to the vine and 
 
 the mulberry tree, and a great variety of semi-tropical fruits, not much over one hundred 
 
 thousand acres are thus cultivated — probably not that quantity; and although that region is 
 
^6 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL^.. 
 
 capable of accommodating and comfortably supporting a population of one million five hun- 
 dred thousand, its present population falls short of forty thousand. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of acres of the finest lands, blest with a climate equal to that of 
 the fairest portions of Itjly, are held in extensive tracts under Mexican grants, and are either 
 entirely unoccupied or devoted to grazing; the proprietors, however, manifesting a willing- 
 ness to subdivide and sell their claims as rapidly as the increase of settlers creates a demand 
 for the same. 
 
 As an illustration of what may be; accomplished by an enterprising colony of settlers, 
 the village of Anahfcim, in Los Angeles County, may be referred to. In the summer of 1857 
 a company of Germans acquainted with grape culture, bought one thousand two hun- 
 dred and sixty-five acres of land in the valley of the Santa Ana River, at two dollars 
 per acre, dividing it into fifty rectangular lots, of twenty acres each, with streets between 
 them, and suTxlividing the residue into sixty town lots — one for each of the proprietors, and 
 ten for public purposes. The lots were all fenced with willow, sycamore and poplar, and 
 about ten acres of each planted with vines. At present there are over one million vines 
 growing in this village — most of which are in bearing — already producing annually over one 
 hundred thousand gallons of wine and some ten thousand gallons of brandy. Of the various 
 kinds of fruit trees there are more than ten thousand. Every one of the fifty lots contains a 
 comfortable homestead, and the village has a population of about four hundred, with a good 
 public school, several stores and a post-office in the town. Each of these lots is worth at the 
 present time fully ten thousand dollars, and is continually increasing in value. The history 
 of Aiiaheim demonstrates the advantage of settlements by colonies. Had each of the original 
 fifty settlers of the village located by himself, cut off from the encouraging sympathy and 
 mutual counsel of congenial neighbors, it is doubtful whether success would have crowned 
 the efforts of one-fourth of their number; but adopting the colony plan, they have in twelve 
 years advanced to a situation not only of comfort, but of comparative wealth. 
 
 There are many opportunities, not only in the County of Los Angeles, but in each of the 
 others named above, and, in fact, in nearly every county in California, to repeat the experi- 
 ment of the Anaheim settlement, under circumstances even more favorable than existed in 
 that case. 
 
 Since 1857 the character of California as one of the best wine -producing countries in the 
 world has been fully established; many foreign varieties of the grape have been tested, and 
 much that twelve years ago rested upon uncertainties has been established by repeated 
 experiments; in addition to which the great continental railway from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific has been completed, opening a market for the products of the California vineyards. 
 
 All these advantages, that did not "exist when Anaheim was founded, will render the 
 trials of similar colonies much less severe. 
 
 Very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 JOS. S. WILSON, Commissioner. 
 
 Prices of Land in California, 
 
 The Surveyor-General of California, in his report for 1869 (page 12), says: 
 
 The emigrant (of limited means) will find, on his arrival here, that the price of land around 
 the Bay of San Francisco is high, entirely out of his reach, but the lands in the valleys not 
 bordering the bay are not unreasonably high. In San Joaquin County, good agricultural 
 lands can be bought for from seven dollars to thirty dollars per acre ; in Stanislaus County, 
 at from five dollars to twenty-five dollars per acre ; in Merced, at from five dollars to twenty 
 dollars per acre ; in Fresno, from two and one-half dollars to ten dollars per acre ; in Tulare 
 and Kern, about the same as in Fresno. These counties are all in the San Joaquin Valley, 
 and for productions they have no superior anywhere. In Los Angeles and San Diego, lands 
 are reasonably low. In Mendocino, Humboldt, Del Norte and Trinity counties, the im- 
 proved lands are high, but there are thousands of acres of unoccupied land that the settler can 
 get for one dollar and a quarter per acre, with fine timber, water and grass. 
 
APPENDIX, 47 
 
 The " California Immigrant Union " is prepared to enable immigrants to 
 make rpurchases- of fine farming and grazing lands in the counties above named, 
 at the prices mentioned, the rates varying according to the location and the 
 amomit of improvement already made. Public lands, concerning which all 
 necessary information will be given at its office, are obtainable at Government rates, 
 two dollars and twenty-five cents per acre within the railroad reserves, and. one 
 dollar and fifty cents per acre elsewhere. Where locations are made in advance 
 of the surveys no payments are necessary until the land is surveyed, and mean- 
 time the settler is abundantly protected in his rights under both National and 
 State laws, and taxes are only levied upon the improvements as long as the title 
 to the land remains in the Government 
 
 State Lands. 
 In addition to the lands offered by the General Government, the Report of 
 the Surveyor-General of California, made to the Legislature November ist, 1869, 
 shows that there are in this State in the neighborhood of one miUion acres of 
 school lands granted by Congress to the State yet undisposed of. These com- 
 prise the sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections in each township, and such other 
 lands as may be selected in Ueu of those sections where they are covered by 
 Spanish grants, etc. They are mostly located in the mining and timbered 
 regions of the State, and have not been sold because the General Government 
 has not yet extended its surveys over them, and population is sparse or wanting 
 altogether in their vicinity. The surveys are, however, being gradually extended 
 over these districts. These school lands are sold by the State at the price of one 
 dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, of which twenty per cent, only need be 
 paid down, while the balance remains on credit, with interest at ten per cent, 
 per annum, until full payment is made, when the patents are issued. The 
 swamp and overflowed lands along the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, and 
 their tributaries in the valleys, are sold at one dollar per acre, of which twenty 
 per cent, only is payable within fifty days of the approval of the survey — 
 the balance remaining at legal interest — the whole of the proceeds being appli- 
 cable to their reclamation for the benefit of the purchaser. When reclaimed 
 they become among the most valuable farm lands in the State, the soil being a 
 rich alluvium, and the moisture preventing any failure of the crops. Sherman 
 Island, at the confluence of the San Joaquin and Sacramento ' rivers, has been 
 thus reclaimed by the purchasers, and proves admirably adapted to the raising 
 of vegetables and fruits of all kinds, which find ready sale in the market of San 
 Francisco, and the land sells at thirty dollars per acre. The success of this 
 enterprise is encouraging similar undertakings 
 
 What Sort of a CoTintry California Is 
 
 The following is an extract from the Annual Address, delivered by Hon. J. 
 B. Crockett, Judge of the Supreme Court of California, before the State Agricul- 
 tural Society, September 21st, 1868: 
 
 The true secret of our rapid growth in all that constitutes the real greatness and gran- 
 
48 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL\. 
 
 ikur of a State, lies chiefly in the fact that nature has furnished us with a genial climate of 
 unparalleled salubrity ; with a soil of unexampled fertility, diversified with beautiful plains, 
 enchanting valleys, undulating hills and rugged mountains — the whole being washed on one 
 side by the Pacific Ocean, with its healthful breezes, and intersected by navigable streams 
 from the mountains to the sea. When we remember that these beautiful plains and valleys 
 not only rival the delta of the Nile in their wonderful fertility, but far excel it in the variety 
 of their products and in the salubrity of the climate, and that these rugged mountains are not 
 only covered with gigantic forests of valuable timber, but contain within their rocky caverns 
 hidden treasures which have long since put to an open shame the story of Aladdin and his 
 lamp, it requires no profound political economist to disclose by subtle reasoning the real 
 secret of our unexampled progress as a people. Where Nature has been so prodigal in her 
 gifts, tempting the husbandman with such generous returns for his labor, stimulating the 
 enterprise of the miner with such enormous stores of hidden wealth, and infusing new energy 
 into the merchant by spreading out before him the Pacific Ocean, with its sunny islands and 
 its distant shores courting our growing commerce, the wonder is not that we have accom- 
 plished so much but that we have not accomplished more. The truth is, that we are so 
 absorbed in the daily pursuits of business, in the fierce strife of politics, in the eager rivalry 
 for wealth, and in the frivolities of fashion, that we but seldom pause to contemplate the bound- 
 less resources of our favored State, and to return thanks to God for the goodly heritage He 
 has given us. Of all people who breathe the free air of heaven, we have the best reason not 
 only to be satisfied with our condition, but to be devoutly thankful for the innumerable bless- 
 ings which we enjoy. I say this in no spirit of exaggeration, but as a fact which is capable 
 of complete demonstration. Let us see if it is so. 
 
 In the first place, good health is essential to the happiness of every human being. The 
 poor invalid, pining on his bed of anguish, is blind to the beauties of nature, deaf to the 
 " concord of sweet sounds," indifferent to all the appliances of luxury and art, and consumed 
 with the longing, eager desire for renewed health. In no other country can there be found 
 such assurance of good health as in California. With a genial, agreeable climate, subject to 
 but few variations in temperature, with an atmosphere of wonderful purity, kept fresh and 
 sweet by the trade winds from the Pacific, and with no summer showers to produce a putrid 
 mass of decaying vegetable matter in the summer months, it is not a matter of surprise that 
 robust health is the general rule, and serious sickness, except from constitutional or abnormal 
 causes, is the rare exception. All strangers observe the beautifully-developed forms, the 
 rounded limbs, swelling bust and rosy cheeks, of California children ; and with a climate so 
 favorable to sound health and muscular development, if we shall properly train the moral 
 and mental faculties, the men and women hereafter to grow up in California will furnish the 
 finest types of the Anglo-Saxon race. The time is not distant when invalids from all parts o) 
 the world will flock to California to avoid the extreme cold of Northern winters, the sultry 
 heat of Southern summers, and to breathe the health-giving breezes of our mountains and 
 valleys. 
 
 Let it be remembered that we as yet have a population of only about five hundreJ 
 thoHsand, whilst we have about sixty-five millions of acres suitable for agricultural purposes, 
 less than two millions of which are in actual cultivation. When it is borne in mind that, 
 owing to the amazing fertility of the soil and the variety of its products, a family can be 
 maintained in comfort upon an area incredibly small, as compared with other countries, it 
 requires no. prophetic vision to foresee that, when our unoccupied millions of acres shall be 
 reduced to cultivation, and improved methods of culture shall be introduced, we can not 
 only support a population of many millions, but Califomia^must, of necessity, become one ol 
 the richest agricultural districts on the habitable globe. 
 
 It is, therefore, to the farmer, the honest tiller of the soil, that we must chiefly look for 
 the highest development of our material wealth. And here, let me inquire, what other coun- 
 try wears so captivating an aspect to the thrifty, enterprising, industrious farmer? His lands 
 will prcKluce from twenty-five to thirty bushels of grain per acre, with moderate care ; and 
 the next year he will get a good volunteer crop of twelve or fifteen bushels to the acre, with- 
 
APPENDIX. 49 
 
 out sowing. His grain is free from weevil, but seldom damaged by rust or smut, can be har- 
 vested without fear of rain, and then thrashed and pried up in the field until sent to market. 
 .The winters are so mild that but little fuel is required, and, for the same reason, stock demand 
 but little feeding. When we add that all kinds of stock thrive and grow beyond precedent,, 
 comparatively free from disease, and that the most delicious fruits and the finest vegetables 
 abound on every side, we complete the picture of this farmer's elysium. But why need I 
 repeat facts which you all know better than I ? Why weary you with dry details, which are 
 as familiar to you all as the days of the week ? Suffice it to say, that whilst these millions 
 of acres remain untilled, let no ungrateful wretch complain that he can find no work for his 
 hands to do in California. Instead of loafing about the cities earning a precarious living, 
 often by questionable methods, and daily complaining of a lack of employment, let him go 
 into the country and rent, if he cannot buy, a small piece of land. If he will then go to 
 work upon it with courage and industry, abstain from vices, deport himself honestly, and 
 thank God that his lot has been cast in so goodly a land, he will soon have cause of grati- 
 tude to me for this advice. If unmarried, he will soon be worthy to become the husband o£ 
 some honest girl, which, if he be a sensible man, he will consider it his bounden duty to I'lC, 
 
 The Sacramento Valley. 
 
 The following description of the valley of the Sacramento River is taken from 
 an address delivered by Hon. George Barstow, at Chico, Butte County, before 
 the Upper Sacramento Agricultural Society, September 13th, 1869. A glance 
 at the map will show that he indulged in no mere figures of speech, but is 
 abundantly justified in all he said : 
 
 rHE SACRAMENTO VALLEY. 
 Let us survey for a moment the ground where we stand. We are assembled ih the midst 
 of the Upper Sacramento Valley, at a spot which the genius of American enterprise dedicated 
 to civilization only nine years ago. Yonder in the valley comes the Sacramento River, pour- 
 ing down from gold-bearing mountains and carrying in its current the melted snows of the 
 Sierra Nevada. Far through the trees it winds and flows. It is the child of the Sierras, and 
 reflects their grandeur in its course. Still and deep it rolls on, bearing ma,ny a bark and 
 goodly steamer upon its bosom and constituting the charm of this landscape. On its left 
 bank stands the Capital of the State, whose people built a barrier against its current'and con- 
 quered the power of its floods. To me there are few objects in nature more truly sublime than 
 a valley spread out by an Omnipotent hand, from foot-hills to foot-hills, on such a vast scale 
 as this. When dry and parched, no desert is more dreary. When uninhabited, no solitude 
 is more profound and imposing. But when the abodes of man dots its surface, when the plow 
 has furrowed it, when greenness clothes it as with a garment, or when its fields are loaded 
 with harvest stores, then it is one of the loveliest objects that gladdens the eye of man, and 
 its riches are but a type of the inexhaustible riches of the Creator. But the great valley yet 
 waits for the railroad and the canal. Wherever such a system of internal improvements as I 
 have sketched shall be carried out, its teeming population will be counted by millions. San 
 Francisco will be greater than ancient Thebes was. Sacramento will be greater than San 
 Francisco now is, and Vallejo will be the second city west of the Rocky Mountains. Look 
 again at the valley as it lies spread out around us, forty miles in width from side to side. 
 There are principalities in Germany where civil government is maintained, and all the pomp 
 of a court kept up, on a much smaller extent of territory than the Sacramento Valley. The 
 inhabitants of New England can, with difficulty, conceive of a valley forty miles wide. The 
 dwellers by the Mohawk and the Shenandoah can have just as little comprehension of it. The 
 valleys of the Rhine and the Rhone are insignificant in point of territory when compared 
 with it. And we have just as little idea of the beautiful cultivation of their valleys as they 
 have of the prodigious extent of ours. Can we not learn a lesson each from the other ? Our 
 lesson is that the most magnificent natural advantages are nothing unless we improve them. 
 4 
 
^O ALL ABOUT CALIFORNLA.. 
 
 Their lesson is, not to remain clinging to the scanty acres of Europe, but to take up their 
 march for the New World. 
 
 San Joaquin and Tulare "Valleys. 
 The following description of San Joaquin and Tulare valleys is an extract 
 from an address by Dr. E. S. Holden, an old and distinguished resident of the 
 district, delivered at Stockton before the San Joaquin Stock and Agricultural 
 Implement Association, September, 1869, to be found in the Report of the 
 State Agricultural Society for 1868-9, ^t page 341 : 
 
 The great valleys, San Joaquin and Tulare, extending from Stockton to Tejon Pass, 
 three hundred miles, by an average width of fifty miles, embracing twelve counties, contain 
 over eighteen million three hundred and sixty-eight thousand acres, a territory larger than 
 all the New England States, save New Hampshire. These counties contain land suscepti- 
 ble of cultivation, six million of acres; swamp and tide lands, five hundred thousand acres. 
 This amount of land good for cultivation does not embrace land in the hundreds of little 
 valleys in the mountains and on the foot-hills, now well known to be perfectly adapted to 
 fruit culture, particularly the grape in most of its varieties. These valleys have been little 
 known or thought of outside of their resident population until recently. Since eighteen hun- 
 dred and sixty-eight more land has been entered in the Stockton Land Office (over two hundred 
 thousand acres) than in all previous years. The lands in the valleys bordering on the Stanislaus, 
 Tuolumne, Merced, Mariposa, Owens, Fresno and Chowchilla rivers, are extensively rich in 
 soil, being a sandy loam, alluvium, and enriched for ages by the accumulation of decomposed 
 vegetable matter and mineral washings from the mountains and hillsides ; also, similar lands 
 bordering on King's, White, Kern and Tulare rivers, and the score of smaller streams which, 
 like the larger streams or rivers, meander through the land from the base of the Sierra Nevada 
 mountains, and empty their waters into the San Joaquin River and Tulare Lake, at a distance ol 
 from twenty-five to forty miles from the mountains. Hundreds of thousands of acres in the 
 mountains and hillsides afford abundance of rich grasses the entire year for grazing. This 
 section of the State has always been preferred by the Spanish and American settlers, the cli- 
 mate being more genial for raising the immense herds of stock than the northern section. 
 The old Spanish breed of cattle and horses, that have continually grazed by the hundreds of 
 thousands in these valleys since eighteen hundred and fifty-five, have been reduced in num- 
 bers, and stock of all kinds has wonderfully increased in quality by the introduction of pure 
 American breeds, and recently by pure blooded or thoroughbred horses, Devon and Durham 
 cattle, Spanish and French Merino sheep, Berkshire, Suffolk and Essex hogs. 
 
 One instance in regard to what this valley (San Joaquin) has produced this season, of 
 wheat, is worth a moment's mention, from the fact that three years ago this section was a 
 wide waste, not supposed to be woi'th the expense and time to cultivate. This section, called 
 the Paradise Country, lies between the Stanislaus and Tuolumne rivers, embracing a territory 
 of two hundred and thirty thousand three hundred acres, in one field of wheat. Fifteen bush- 
 els to the acre is the estimated average per acre, or equal to about three million four hundred 
 and fifty-six thousand bushels. About an equal amount of wheat was raised this season in 
 the neighborhood of this truly Paradise. A nice little freight for a railroad. 
 
 In the Alpine regions, dense forests cover millions of acres, producing valuable woods for 
 mechanical purposes, and varieties of pines for lumber ; also minerals of all kinds, inexhaust- 
 ible quarries of pure marble, quartz, lime, slate and freestone. 
 
 This State contains one hundred and fifty-four thousand one hundred and sixteen square 
 miles, or ninety-eight million six hundred and thirty-four thousand two hundred and forty 
 acres of land. Of this, sixty-five millions of acres are adapted to agriculture and fifteen mil- 
 lions to grazing, the balance being mountain and swamp, or tule land. Under judicious 
 management, experience has demonstrated that almost all productions of the soil that are 
 raised elsewhere can be produced in California. This fact is by this time undoubtedly well 
 
APPENDIX. 51 
 
 known to all observing and reading persons, yet it is well for Califomians to keep this fact be- 
 for the people, a la Sherman, who made an immense fortune by keeping his lozenges before 
 the babies. 
 
 There are several magnificent features in these valleys (the San Joaquin and Tulare) 
 probably unsurpassed in the world. The unparalleled grandeur of the scenery ; the soil and 
 climate ; the facilities for irrigating the whole valley land at a small expense, comparatively ; 
 the many large rivers and scores of intervening streams that all spring from the mountains and 
 meander through the land, and empty their waters into the San Joaquin and Tulare Lake, 
 have a fall from the base of the Sierra Nevadas to the river and lake of about eight feet to the 
 mile, thus giving sufi&cient force to spread their waters over the plains, by a system of canals 
 and ditches. 
 
 The picturesque scenery is on a scale grand beyond description. Throughout all the 
 Alpine region, hundreds of lofty peaks piled one above the other, like stepping-stones to 
 other regions, varying in height from four hundred to fifteen thousand feet above the level of 
 the sea, are truly sublime and majestic, surpassing that of Switzerland, which for ages has 
 been famed for possessing the largest body of elevated land and the largest number of moun- 
 tain peaks known, and the greatest number of square miles eight thousand feet above tide 
 water. While Switzerland has only four peaks above thirteen thousand feet, and but one 
 hundred and fifty square miles above eight thousand feet, the Sierra Nevada Mountains have ^ 
 one hundred peaks above ten thousand feet, and three hundred square miles above eight 
 thousand feet. There are several peaks, according to Professor Brewer's estimate, above 
 twelve thousand feet. Mount Shasta, which towers in solitary grandeur seven thousand feet 
 above everything in its vicinity, and shows three States, is no longer the highest peak, being 
 but fourteen thousand four hundred and forty feet. In Kern County, opposite Tulare Lake, 
 is a peak supposed by Professor Brewer to be the highest in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 
 Mr. King, of the Brewer surveying party, reached an elevation of fourteen tliousand seven 
 hundred and thirty feet, as high as he was able to get, and from three hundred to four hundred 
 feet was supposed to be above him. This peak not only dethrones Mount Shasta, but also 
 the highest Alpine region of the Alps. 
 
 The Sierra Nevada Mountains, which flank on the east the length of California, seven hun- 
 dred miles, overlooking these splendid valleys, is one of the most romantic features of the 
 State, snow-capped in the winter, and in the summer and fall wearing a somber blue, which 
 gives them an indescribable grandeur and leads one's thoughts to an infinite power — the 
 Creator of the heavens and the earth. 
 
 Room for Immigration in California. 
 
 The Surveyor-General of the State of California, in his last report to the 
 Legislature, November ist, 1869 (page 12), says, when speaking of Immigra- 
 tion: 
 
 A few remarks on this important subject would not be out of place in this report. The 
 valley of the San Joaquin, stretching three hundred miles southward, with an average widtJi 
 of thirty miles, is capable of sustaining a population of one hundred thousand.* The Sacra- 
 mento Valley, lying in a northerly direction from Sacramento, will sustain as many or more 
 than the San Joaquin. The western slope of the Sierra Nevada can more than quadruple its 
 present population. 
 
 The rolling hills belonging to the two coast ranges can sustain a pastoral population of 
 many thousands. The valleys of Napa, San Jose, Suisun and Sonoma, can comfortably sup- 
 port ten times their present population. The counties of Mendocino, Humboldt, Del Norte, 
 Trinity, Siskiyou and Shasta, with their inexhaustible forests of timber, rich soil and pastur- 
 
 * Since the foregoing was in type we are informed by the Surveyor-General that this was a typographical 
 error occurring in the office of the State printer, and that for " one hundred thousand " we should read " one 
 million." 
 
5^ 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL^.. 
 
 age, will give employment to tens of thousands of industrious people. The counties of Los 
 Angeles, San Diego, San Bernardino, Santa Barbara and San Luis Obispo, with their semi- 
 tropical climate and excellent soil, will furnish homes for as many inhabitants as the whole 
 of New England now contains. 
 
 The smallness of these estimates will surprise any one who compares them 
 with the figures concerning the density of population in any of the countries of 
 Europe or the older Eastern States. They were probably intended only to apply 
 to such occupation and cultivation as now prevails in the portions of California 
 already settled. 
 
 That a better idea of the size of California and its capacity for additional 
 population may be obtained by those who have not heretofore examined the 
 subject, we give the following figures, taken from the " American Year Book 
 and National Register" for 1869, Vol. i, showing the areas and population of 
 some of the Eastern States: 
 
 Square Mites. Population. 
 
 ' New York 47,000 ' 3.880,735 
 
 Pennsylvania 46,000 2,906,115 
 
 Maine 35>ooo 628,279 
 
 Maryland 11,124 687,049 
 
 Vermont 10,212 31S.098 
 
 New Hampshire 9,280 326,073 
 
 Massachusetts 7,8oo 1,267,031 
 
 New Jersey 7>S76 672,035 
 
 Connecticut 4,674 460,147 
 
 Delaware 2,120 112,216 
 
 Rhode Island 1,306 184,965 
 
 182,092 11,439,743 
 
 The areas of all these States, which are contigtious, added together do not 
 equal that of California by over six thousand eight hundred square miles, a terri- 
 tory exceeding that of Connecticut and Delaware, so that, if the populations of 
 those two States (five hundred and seventy-two thousand three hundred and 
 sixty-three) were again added to that which the above States contain, on an 
 American basis, California is'c^rpable of supporting a population of over twelve 
 millions, if not more densely settled than the States mentioned. 
 
 If, however, we compare its area and population with those of European 
 countries, the possible future of California, and the number of people it is " capa- 
 ble of sustaining," calculated on such a basis, is surprising. The following 
 figures are as given by the same authority: 
 
 Sguare Miles, Population. 
 
 France 209,428 38,192,094 
 
 Spain 195,607 16,302,625 
 
 California 188,981 600,000 
 
 Sweden 170,634 4,160,677 
 
 North German Confederation. 160,207. 29,910,377 
 
 Great Britain 121,115 29,321,288 
 
 Italy 109,837 24,368,787 
 
APPENDIX. 53 
 
 If we take the smaller States of Europe, not much larger than some of our 
 counties, and together not equaling our State in size, the figures will further sur- 
 prise the reader. They are taken from the same authority: 
 
 square Miles. Population. 
 
 Portugal 37,977 4,351.519 
 
 Bavaria 29,373 4,824,421 
 
 Greece 19,353 1,348,522 
 
 Switzerland 15,722 2,510,494 
 
 Denmark 14,734 1,608,095 
 
 Belgium 11,373 4,984,451 
 
 Baden 5,912 1,434,970 
 
 Saxony 5,779 2,423,401 
 
 Thus the San Joaquin Valley alone, estimated as above by the Surveyor- 
 General as three hundred miles long, with an average width of thirty miles,* 
 which will not include the foot hills, has an area of nine thousand square miles, 
 or nearly that of New Hampshire, with its population of over three hundred and 
 twenty-six thousand ; is one-third larger than Massachusetts, with its population 
 of one million two hundred arid sixty-seven thousand, and nearly twice as large 
 as Connecticut, with a population of four hundred and sixty thousand. 
 
 Together, the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys are larger than Belgium 
 and Saxony, with their more than seven millions of population, and, with proper 
 cultivation, equal in fertility. . We do not wish, however, to see our State thus 
 crowded, but merely refer to these figures for comparison, and to show the large 
 amount of vacant land we possess. 
 
 The Kind of Immigrants California "Wants. 
 The following extract from the Report of the State Board of Agriculture for 
 1869, to the State Legislature at its last session (page 9), correctly states what 
 kind of immigrants California desires to receive. All such can rest assured that 
 no other country offers equal rewards for enterprising and industrious men : 
 
 The class of immigration we most need in California is such as will come to make per- 
 manent homes for themselves and families. We want, above all others, persons skilled in 
 a great variety of agricultural pursuits. We want persons skilled in the culture and manu- 
 facture of silk, in all its departments. We want vine growers and wine makers. We want 
 beet raisers and sugar manufacturers. We want tea culturists and fruit preservers. In short, 
 we want people skilled in the production of all the necessaries and luxuries of life, for we have 
 a State possessed of all the requisite conditions for their successful cultivation. We want such 
 as will bring with them sufficient means, energy and capacity, to enter upon business for 
 themselves ; such as will buy land and become citizens and practical and prosperous farm- 
 ers, or build shops and factories, and follow some mechanical or manufacturing occupation. 
 In order to induce this class of persons to leave their homes and business in the Atlantic 
 States and come here to reside, we must promise them opportunities for making better homes 
 and better business here. Are we prepared in good faith to make such promises ? And, having 
 made them, are we prepared in like good faith to fulfill them ? So far as natural advantages, 
 such as climate, soil and location, are concerned, we are prepared to answer both these ques- 
 tions in the affirmative. We ma.y also say there are millions of acres of arable land, much 
 of it as good as any now cultivated in the State, lying idle and unoccupied, and that by the 
 completion of railroads already projected, and many of them now being built, much of this 
 
54 ALL ABOUT CALIP'ORNIA. 
 
 land will in a short time be brought within easy distances of good markets for products that 
 may be raised upon it. 
 
 On this subject tlie Sun-eyor-General of California, in his report to the Legis- 
 lature, dated November ist, 1869, also says (page 13): 
 
 The State should use every exertion to promote immigration of the industrious classes 
 from Europe. We want workers; we have non-producers enough here already; we have 
 doctors, lawyers clerks and politicians, in abundance ; we now want farmers, mechanics, 
 artisans and wine growers; all of this class can find profitable employment here, and in a 
 very short time can make comfortable homes for themselves and their families. 
 
 We have already quoted the views of the Governor of the State upon this 
 subject. 
 
 When Farmers should Come to California. 
 
 Persons desiring to come to California to engage in agriculture, should 
 arrive here as early as September, and not later than October, as then the first 
 rains occur, and plowing commences. An earlier arrival will give them time to 
 look about them and make a judicious selection of their lands. 
 
 Diversified Agriculture. 
 
 Intelligent agriculturists, coming here from other States and countries where 
 farming is carried on upon scientific principles, and where rotation of crops and 
 careful manuring of the soil are universally practiced and stipulated for in all 
 leases, that the land may be kept at its highest productive condition, will be sur- 
 prised to learn that in the majority of instances neither of those essentials of good 
 farming have yet been practiced to any great extent in this State. Instead of 
 that, very many of our farmers are simply grain raisers, devoting their whole 
 land, time and capital, year after year, to the raising of a single crop, and buying 
 even their vegetables from store keepers and vegetable peddlers, who bring them 
 from other districts. Thus our railroads and steamboats are often engaged in 
 bringing grain to the city and carrying vegetables back to the grain-raising dis- 
 tricts ! The report of our State Board of Agriculture for 1869 (page 24), says: 
 
 One of the most remarkable features connected with California agriculture, is the almost 
 entire absence of vegetable gardens in the best agricultural districts. Farmers, whose tables, 
 above all others, should and could be well supplied the year round with the greatest abund- 
 ance of delicious vegetables, fresh each day from their own gardens, are notoriously the poor- 
 est supplied with these luxuries of any other class of people in the State ; and, strange to say, 
 what they do have, generally come from th? vegetable dealers in the towns and cities, and 
 are stale and uninviting. Vegetable peddlers buy their supplies in the towns and cities, and 
 make their regular trips among the grain raisers in the country to sell them. This anoma- 
 lous state of affairs is brought about by two causes — first, that the soil of our grain land is not 
 so well adapted to the production of vegetables as grain, and next, to an indisposition on the 
 part of the farmers themselves tc cultivate in the garden. Time to do so is certainly not 
 wanting, for garden work could and should be done here in the winter and early spring, when 
 the other work of the farm is slack. Half an acre of ground, properly prepared and judi- 
 ciously cultivated in a variety of garden produce, would yield more real profit to the farmer 
 than five times that amount sown to grain. It would employ his idle moments, stimulate 
 him to useful experiments, and be the means of bringing up his boys to habits of industry, 
 besides furnishing his table with a constant supply of health-producing luxuries, to which. 
 
APPENDIX. ^^ 
 
 under the present system of management, it is a stranger. The man who cultivates a garden 
 well, insensibly becomes a good and successful farmer, and he who neglects to cultivate any 
 g!^rden at all, just as insensibly, but surely, becomes a slovenly and unsuccessful farmer. 
 
 It is very evident, therefore, that we want a more intelligent and industrious 
 class of farmers than many of our present citizens, and that all such will be able 
 to do far better than the most prosperous of those who thus violate every rule of 
 agricultural economy. Upon the necessity for a more diversified agriculture to 
 the proper development of the resources of California, and which is itself a suffi- 
 cient hint to thoroughly-educated farmers of the prosperity that is here offered 
 them, we quote again from the report above-mentioned (page 1 1 ) : 
 
 Probably no equal portion of the earth's surface is so well calculated, from its great 
 variety of soils and climate, to sustain a diversified, and hence,"profitable, agriculture, as Cal- 
 ifornia. All the products of the temperate and many of those of the tropical climates, flourish 
 here with equal luxuriance. Nature seems to have marked out this country as the special 
 paradise of the agriculturists, and yet the great curse of our agriculture and the State is the 
 sameness of production — the over production of a few agricultural products. It is a stigma 
 upon the intelligence and enterprise of our farmers that very many of the common necessaries 
 of life, and those, too, for the production of which our State is most peculiarly adapted, and 
 which would yield the greatest profit to the producer, are constantly imported. The very 
 money received by our farmers for their grain, sold at a low figure in consequence of over 
 production, is, much of it, exported from the State to pay for these same necessaries con- 
 sumed by themselves. It is a shameful and deplorable fact, that many of the naturally best 
 grain-producing portions of our State have been cropped every year for from ten to fifteen 
 years in succession, with grain, and in many cases with one single unvaried crop — wheat. 
 The result has proved just what the farmers have time and again been told it would bring 
 about — exhaustion of the soil. In many localities, where on^e the land yielded from forty to 
 sixty bushels of wheat per acre, it now yields scarcely enough to pay for the labor of sowing 
 and harvesting. What is still worse, many of these improvident grain fanners are disposing 
 of their exhausted lands and moving to other sections to find a virgin soil, which they, in 
 tVKm, will in like manner exhaust. 
 
 Farms of this character, in good localities, possessing many advantages over 
 lands more remote from the centers of business, and often with considerable 
 improvements, such as buildings, fences, etc., upon them, can bfe bought at rates 
 that will make purchases highly profitable to thorough' farmers, as with proper 
 cultivation they will soon return to their original productive condition. The 
 report quoted adds (pages 12, 13,): 
 
 What we wgnt, above all things, to give us universal prosperity and constant and remu- 
 nerative employment for all classes, is a diversified agriculture ; an agriculture so varied in 
 its products and so constant in its operations that it will require about an equal amount of 
 labor every month in the year ; an agriculture that will produce not only all that a dense pop- 
 ulation would require for home consumption, but one that would furnish for export, products 
 a thousand times more valuable than would be all the wheat our State could produce, if every 
 acre of land within its borders, adapted to its cultivation, were to yield a hundred bushels a 
 year. That nature designed California for an agriculture as diversified in its character as are 
 the soils and climates of her thousands of valleys and innumerable mountain and hill-sides, 
 and as valuable as the world has ever known, cannot be doubted. 
 
 G-rape Culture in California. 
 
 The following is an extract from a report and memorial presented to the 
 Senate of California by the Committee on Culture of the Grape, at its session in 
 
s« 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALLFORNL^.. 
 
 March, 1870. General Wilson, of Los Angeles, one of the oldest settlers, and 
 the oldest and one of the most extensive grape raisers and wine makers in the 
 State, was chairman of the committee : 
 
 Perhaps no other country on the globe, and certainly no other portion of the American 
 continent, is so well adapted, in all respects, to the successful and profitable cultivation ol 
 grapes, as the State of California, which, indeed, seems as it were, to be the natural home ol 
 the grape, where it grows readily, from cuttings, upon the most arid hill-sides, and without 
 irrigation. 
 
 The culture of the grape gives more employment to labor than any other branch of farm- 
 ing, and Us development will tend greatly to the rapid peopling of our State with immigrants 
 from among the honest, industrious and moral, natives of the wine-growing districts of Eu- 
 rope. 
 
 To the immigrant who comes to California without means, with the expectation of a 
 dependence upon farm labor for support, the districts devoted solely to the culture of the 
 cereals offer small inducements; for, while the demand for labor is comparatively great and 
 the pay liberal for a short period during the rush of gathering and harvesting the crop, it is 
 succeeded by a long interval of inaction, when there is little or no need of hired labor, and 
 the employee is turned adrift, perhaps to suffer from want before another job offers; besides, 
 in our country, where the use of labor-saving machinery in agriculture is so universal, the 
 demand for maiyial labor is comparatively small, and is decreasing every year. Tlais is not 
 the case in vine culture; the careful planting and annual pruning of the vines, and the 
 gathering of the ripened fruit, can only be done by the employment of human hands. 
 
 The growing of the grape is not in conflict with any other branch of agricultural indus- 
 try, but can be made auxiliary to nearly all other kinds of farm labor, as for example: if you 
 raise grain, your seeding is over before the labor of pruning the vine commences, and at the 
 time of grain harvest there is little or no work required in the vineyard; and if the cultiva- 
 tion of the mulberry and feeding the silkvvoHm should prove a success in California, its prose- 
 cution will present no conflict with the vintage work. And in a country blessed with so 
 genial a climate and fruitful a soil as California, where all these several branches of agricul- 
 tural industry— grain growing, stock raising, vine culture, and rearing the silkworm — can suc- 
 cessfully be blended together and practiced in the same district, skilled and willing labor 
 can find an abundant field, with continuous employment, at remunerative wages the year 
 round. 
 
 The following is also an extract from a report by the same committee,'made 
 earlier in the same sessipn, in February, 1870: 
 
 Our vintners have no motive for adulteration. The crop is always good; there is no lack 
 of legitimate material; grapes are abundant every year. It is not with us as with European 
 vine growers. There, one good, full crop, safely harvested, in five years, is a fair average 
 for the last half century ; while there has been no single year in which the grape crop has 
 been a failure in California, since the introduction of viniculture here in seventeen hundred 
 and forty — now more than a century and a quarter. Still further : while the European crop 
 is always subject to rains, at the season of gathering, producing mold and rot in the berries, 
 which transmit their offensive qualities through every stage of the products, California vine 
 growers enjoy an entire immunity from this evil, and hence can regularly and certainly pro- 
 duce a purer wine or brandy than is possible in the other case. 
 
 Summing up on this point, an experienced and intelligent Hungarian vine grower, after 
 extensive investigations in our State, says: " Of all the vinegrowing countries in Europe, not 
 one possesses the advantages of California; and I am satisfied that even if the separate advan- 
 tages of these countries could be combined in one, it would still be sui-passed by California 
 when her resources shall be fully developed. Nowhere m France, the Netherlands, Holland, 
 Rhenish Prussia, Bavaria, Nassau, Baden, Switzerland, Spain, Italy or any other country. 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 57 
 
 can be found wines more noble and generous than this young State on the Pacific is capable 
 of producing. Nor has she ever been anywhere equaled in the amount of her vintage per 
 acre, or the annual certainty of her crop. 
 
 Raisins. 
 The State Agricultural Society, in their report for 1868 (pages 15 and 16), 
 also say: 
 
 We have frequently called the attention of our people to the cultivation of this fruit, 
 and pointed out the peculiar advantages our climate offers, not only for the growing of the 
 grape but curing of the raisin. Experiments in many portions of the State, on a small scale, 
 have proved the correctness of our views, and have also, in our opinion, shown that the 
 industry could be so managed as to be very profitable. The importation of raisins into our 
 State is about fifty thousand boxes a year, at a cost of from one hundred and seventy-five, 
 thousand dollars to two hundred thousand dollai's. The importations of the United States 
 average about one million five hundred thousand dollars in value. The process of making 
 raisins is as simple as drying apples or any other fruit. WTien the grapes are thoroughly 
 ripe they are picked and spread on tables, or on the ground, cleaned and prepared for that 
 purpose. Two or three weeks exposure to the sun, and turning once or twice, perfects the 
 process, and the raisins are ready for boxing and market. The black Corinth Grape flour- 
 ishes in our climate as well as any other variety, and the Zante Currant has been made from 
 it to some extent and of very superior quality. This is a most useful and delicious fruit, 
 and its general introduction and cultivation would be a great acquisition to the fruit product 
 of the State. 
 
 The Foothills and G-rape Growing. 
 
 The Grass Valley "Union," of May loth, 1870, says: 
 
 When a wine maker of Europe imagines a country exactly adapted to the wine growing 
 business, the picture in his mind's eye is a faithful representation of the foothills of Califor- 
 nia, He, in his dreams, sees hillsides of red and rocky soil, in a metamorphic or volcanic 
 region, where there are seams in the rocks, through which the vine roots can pierce to find 
 what moisture is needed for the grape, and in which moisture so derived and pumped up are 
 dissolved the elements so necessary to the flavor of \^e, as well as to the growth of the 
 grape. The very lands desired, the foothills furnish in abundance, and, moreover, the lands 
 here have proved in every instance where trial has been made, the European wine maker's 
 dream the truth, when he described this country. The foothills do grow good grapes and do 
 make the best of wines, and the foothills are to be the first wine-making country of the world, 
 in excellence. 
 
 The European wine-maker describes also the climate of our foothills, when he pictures to 
 himself the country he would wish for his business. He wants a dry clunate, for he knows 
 that blight and mildew affect the vine in climates subject to rains ; summer showers wash 
 from the skin of the grape the sugar which exudes, and which is essential to wine making, 
 being a basis for alcohol ; grapes ripen slowly and imperfectly in climates liable to rains, and 
 the vine needs no such showers for its growth. The experienced wine maker wants no sur- 
 face water on his vines, because it causes his grapes to grow too watery and insipid. In Cal- 
 ifornia, we have the desired climate. No rains in much of the.growing season of the vine, and 
 none in the ripening time of the grape. Blight and mildew are unknown among us, so 
 entirely unknown that we can spare sulphur, the remedy for such vine diseases, to be shipped 
 to the rainy climates of the East. In short, the foothills of California make a perfect country 
 for grape growing and wine making. 
 
 With such adaptability to the production of an article for which there is an universal 
 demand, and an article which such few countries can pretend to produce, there is no doubt 
 of the ulimate greatness of the foothills of California. It will soon be demonstrated that 
 money can be made by manufacturing wine at twenty cents a gallon, and at that small price 
 
^8 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNL\. 
 
 there is more golil now ready to be taken out of the ground through the vine, than has been 
 hitherto extracted by the pan, rocker, long-tom, sluices, arastras, and stamps of the miners. 
 Then, too, our vines will make and keep a population, the keeping part gold has not done. 
 But the vineyard business is in the future — let us hope the near future. 
 
 In this part of the region of which we speak, lands held by the Central Pacific Railroad 
 are sold at two dollars and fifty cents per acre, and on five years' time. In the respect of pay- 
 ment, the railroad is more liberal than the Government. United States lands are two dollars 
 and fifty cents per acre, in greenbacks, with cash terms. 
 
 The Sugar Beet. 
 Among the new products to the cultivation of which the soil and climate 
 of California are peculiarly adapted, is that of beet sugar. The report of the 
 State Agricultural Society for 1868-9 (pagei4), says: 
 
 California imports annually about thirty million pounds of sugar and about five hundred 
 thousand gallons of molasses. The sugar costs our people about four million five hundred 
 thousand dollars, in gold ; the molasses, two hundred and fifty-thousand dollars, in all 
 four million seven hundred and fifty thousand dollars. This amount of gold is shipped from 
 the State annually to pay for these two articles. On the sugar we pay an import duty of 
 an average of four cents per pound, equal to one million two hundred thousand dollars ; on 
 the molasses we pay a duty of about five cents per gallon, equal to twenty-five thousand dol- 
 lars ; making our annual duty on sugar and molasses, one million seven hundred and fifty 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 The foregoing statement is sufficient to show how great are the inducements 
 to farmers to settle in this State, and make the extensive culture of the sugar 
 beet a leading branch of their business. No special tax is here levied upon the 
 production, as is the case in Europe. It is a business in which competition is 
 never injurious or to be feared, since the demand for the manufactured article 
 is unlimited, and the consumers at our doors. Capitalists have offered to erect 
 the mills and apparatus for sugjr manufacture wherever farmers will stipulate 
 to devote a sufficient breadth of land to the beet culture to justify the necessary 
 investment. There is room for an unlimited number of co-operative enterprises 
 of this character. Lands of the character required for this culture, and posses- 
 sing all the requisite facilities, can be obtained along our navigable rivers and 
 railroad routes at very moderate prices. 
 
 The sugar beet has been successfully raised in many parts of California. 
 Careful experiments have demonstrated that the soil is admirably adapted to its 
 culture, the yield remarkably heavy, and that the beets contain a much larger 
 percentage of sugar than those raised in France, Belgium and other countries 
 in which the business of beet-sugar making is carried on extensively and with 
 large profits. The length of our summers also permits the beets to mature 
 more perfectly than where their growth is interrupted by frosts. They may be 
 allowed to remain in the ground for an indefinite time withgut injury or neces- 
 sity for protection of any kind, as there is no frost to be feared. They may be 
 stored without danger of rotting. The dry weather and warmth of the Sun is 
 also sufficient to render the drying of the beet, when sliced, a simple and easy 
 matter, without the use of fuel, so that the sugar may be much more cheaply 
 concentrated than is possible elsewhere. These advantages have commenced to 
 
APPENDIX. 59 
 
 attract the attention of enterprising men, and two companies have been formed 
 to carry on the business. One of these is located at Sacramento, the other in 
 vicinity of Alvarado, in Alameda Comity, The latter company are already 
 building an extensive mill, of sufiBcient capacity to work into sugar fifty tons of 
 beets per day. Messrs. Otto and Klind, formerly engaged in this business in 
 Germany, and subsequently in Minnesota, and a Mr. Bonesteel, are the man- 
 agers. The company at Sacramento are also making their arrangements for 
 engaging largely in the business. Mr. Wadsworth, who studied the business in 
 Evirope, is their managef , 
 
 Flax and Hemp 
 
 Another branch of agriculture to which the State of California is peculiarly 
 adapted, and which in other States and foreign countries affords profitable 
 employment to thousands of farmers and operatives and large amounts of 
 capital in the manufacture of the raw product, is the culture of flax and hemp. 
 On this subject the last report above quoted (page i8) says: 
 
 We would call the attention of our fanners to the cultivation of flax and hemp. B6th 
 these plants are natives of our State, and experiments in their cultivation show that they may 
 both be very successfully cultivated in the rich alluvial soils of all our river bottoms and val- 
 leys. Formerly, there being no factories here for working up the flax seed, or for converting 
 the fibers of these plants into cloth, there was no market and no inducement for engaging in 
 this branch of agriculture. Now, there is a market for both seed and straw. The oil factory 
 in San Francisco is using all the flax seed produced in this State, and importing largely to keep 
 the factory running. The cultivation of flax for the seed alone would prove much more 
 remunerative than wheat or barley on our river bottoms. It may be sown after the water of 
 the river has subsided, and mature well. An acre of ground will produce, on an average, 
 two thousand pounds of seed, which is worth four cents a pound, giving eighty dollars as the 
 product per acre for seed alone. The yield of straw will be from two to three tons per acre. 
 This, in the Alantic States, is worth from twenty dollars to thirty dollars per ton. The im- 
 mense demand for bags and bagging material on this coast, estimated at not less than one 
 million dollars in value annually, has induced some of our woolen factories and the cotton 
 factory to turn their attention to the manufacture of burlaps and other bagging material from 
 flax and hemp straw, and the latter is now offering twenty dollars per ton for the straw of 
 the farmer. At these prices, then, land may be made to yield at the rate of over one hundred 
 dollars per acre. This branch oi agriculture has been sadly neglected. 
 
 Castor Oil Bean. 
 On the culture of this plant, the report above mentioned (page 19) says: 
 The soil and climate of our State is peculiarly adapted to the growth of the castor beiti. . 
 The plant here, in good localities, becomes a perennial tree, bearing its annual crop like our 
 fruit trees, and the average yield per acre, by the actual experiment of the few who have 
 engaged in the business, is from one thousand five hundred to two thousand pounds per 
 annum. The oil factory at San Francisco pays for the beans, four cents per pound, making 
 the crop average from sixty dollars to eighty dollars per acre. The small bean only should 
 be planted. The tree of the large bean grows too large for gathering the crop, and is not so 
 good a bearer. 
 
 Hop Culture. 
 
 Hops have yielded well wherever planted in California. They have been 
 extensively tested and raised succssfully in the counties of Alameda, Amador, 
 
^ 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Butte, Colusa, El Dorado, Los Angeles, Mendocino, Mono, Monterey, Napa, 
 Placer, Sacramento, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa 
 Cruz, Shasta, Sonoma, Sutter, Tuolumne, Yolo and Yuba. The largest yields 
 shown by the reports of the County Assessors to the Surveyor-General, in 1869, 
 were as follows: Sacramento, two hundred and seventy-seven acres, three hundred 
 and ten thousand eight hundred and eighty pounds; Mendocino, one hundred 
 acres, one hundred and twenty thousand pounds; Sonoma, fifty and three-fourths 
 acres, twenty-si.x thousand nine hundred and fifty pounds; Yolo, thirty-four acres, 
 thirty-four thousand pounds; Yuba, twenty-nine acres, twenty-four thousand five 
 hundred pounds. The total yield reported for the year 1868, was stated in said 
 report at six hundred and thirty-two thousand and sixty-eight pounds, the pro- 
 duct of seven hundred and sixty-five and three-fourth acres, much of which was 
 experimental. The absence of rain during the season, when the vines are in 
 blossom, preserves the entire strength of the flower. The Assessor of Monterey 
 County, in his annual report for 1869, says, concerning his county: 
 
 The culture of hops has lately been undertaken. Fifty-five acres have yielded, in eight- 
 een hundred and sixty -eight, twelve thousand five hundred and eighty pounds. A tract ol 
 land of thirty-five acres, at the foot of the liills on the east side of the Salinas Plain, and in 
 the neighborhood of the village of Natividad, has yielded eight thousand pounds. The 
 yield of eighteen hundred and sixty-nine promises to be handsome. Seventy-two acres have 
 been planted with hops. 
 
 California hops have taken the highest premiums when exhibited abroad, 
 and, when grown upon suitable- soil, are far superior to those used in other 
 countries. 
 
 Chile Clover or Alfalfa. 
 
 Concerning this valuable grass or forage plant, the same report (page 25) 
 says: 
 
 This clover seems to be especially adapted to the peculiarities and wants of the country. 
 It has been thoroughly tested for years, both on the rich alluvial soils of the river borders 
 and on the higher lands of the plains, and has proved satisfactorily successful in all locali- 
 ties. Its roots strike deep into the soil, in the form of what we generally term tap roots. On 
 the borders of some of our rivers they have been known to penetrate seventeen feet below the 
 surface. On the uplands, deeply plowed and well tilled, they will find constant moisture 
 sufficient to produce rapid growth the year round. For hay, this clover, when cut in proper . 
 condition, when in bloom, is of good quality for stock of all kinds, and especially for milch 
 cows. 
 
 It will produce three and four crops a year — say in April, May, June and July — averag- 
 ing from a ton to a ton and a half at each cutting. After the last crop it continues to grow 
 rapidly, and furnishes a very large amount of feed for stock, as pasturage, the balance of the 
 year. We have the testimony of good dairymen, to the effect that cows taken from the 
 native grasses, and pastured on fields of Chile Clover, will increase in the product of milk 
 and butter, or cheese, from sixty to seventy percent. Also, that one acre of land, well 
 seeded with it, will produce more pasturage in a year than ten acres of the same quality of 
 land will in the native grasses. 
 
APPENDIX. 61 
 
 Rice Culture, 
 
 Concerning this product the State Agricultural Society, in their report above 
 quoted (page 16) say: 
 
 It is one of the strangest things in the history of California agriculture, that the cultiva- 
 tion of this grain has never been undertaken. We have thousands of acres of land, on the 
 lower Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers, eminently suited in every respect to the success- 
 ful and profitable culture of rice. Probably the best explanation for the neglect of this pro- 
 duct is found in the general and chronic indisposition of the American — and particularly the 
 Califomian — agriculturists to step out of the old grooves and routines of cultivation learned 
 by the examples of their fathers. 
 
 We import and consume from forty million to fifty million pounds of rice annually, in 
 our State, at a* cost of about two million five hundred thousand dollars. We have a large 
 population among us well calculated for this industry, and many of them are already skilled 
 in its management. By directing their labor into this channel it might be made to contribute 
 very materially to the wealth of the State, while, at the same time, the success of the enter- 
 prise would tend to stimulate the reclamation and utilization of the hundreds of thousands 
 of acres of tule lands now comparatively worthless. 
 
 There is also a variety of rice grown upon uplands, which could doubtless 
 be cultivated with profit in many portions of the State. 
 
 A-long list of other agricultural products, fruits, etc., could be mentioned, 
 but it is sufficient to say that whatever can be grown in any part of the Eastern 
 States or Europe, and many of the products of the semi-tropical regions, can be 
 successfully, and with labor cheaper than at present — as it will be when our agri- 
 culture is more varied, employment regular and engagements made by the year 
 instead of by the day — profitably grown in California, since our climate is so 
 diversified, and our soil so generous to the husbandman. Upon this point it 
 is only necessary to refer to any standard work on California. 
 
 Picture of a California Home. 
 A correspondent of the " Woman's Pacific Coast Journal," writing from 
 Yuba County, gives the following picture of one of the many similar homes that 
 are to be seen in that vicinity. The scene is in the foothills, is not overdrawn, 
 and there are thousands of acres of unoccupied Government lands in the State 
 which can be obtained and easily brought to the state of perfection that char- 
 acterizes the pretty home which the correspondent graphically describes: 
 
 Fifty-five miles from the bay window where we write, the snow-covered heads of the 
 Sierra Nevada mountains stand out clear and sharp against the eastern sky. Here in the 
 foothills, fuchias, geraniums and roses, are bright with half-open buds and blossoms. In the 
 closet are crisp, hard quinces of last year's crop ; along the borders the quince trees are thickly 
 covered with blossoms. The purest crystal waters come leaping from the hearts of the hills, 
 and all the meadows laugh with the gayest-colored flowers. Humming-birds and swallows, 
 calla-lilies and verbenas, orange trees, lime trees, lemon trees, are all mixed up in sweet 
 confusion. Yonder are olive trees in perpetual green, and a little further, English walnuts 
 and grape-vines, with leaf-buds fast swelling. The apple trees do not believe summer time 
 has come, and patiently bide their time and season, but peaches and apricots, and nectarines 
 are tossing to the breeze sweetest perfumes. Fig trees generously giv(; tnree crops a yei r, 
 iiXid in these early MttV" r^i-v. Viavo nnsh'^rl nut all aloncr th^^ii nil'Pf' arms hundreds of figs xs 
 
62 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNLV. 
 
 large as an infant's thumb. Pomegranates, almonds and Newtown pippins, grow in the same 
 border as peaceably as if they had been life-long friends. Oleanders and sweet cassia trees 
 are from ten to twenty feet liigh, out of doors all winter. Down the garden walk I see 
 blackberries, raspberries, currants and gooseberries. There, also, are half-grown strawber- 
 ries. In the vegetable gardens the beet, carrot and cabbage, do not seem to know when sum- 
 mer leaves off, and so they keep on growing all the year, until surprised out of all propriety 
 by being rudely pulled and thrust into market. 
 
 Down the hill slope there is one acre of alfalfa and red clover six inches high which 
 gives three crops, and furnishes an average of eight tons a year of sweet and tender hay. 
 Around these boulder rocks are grape vines that every year rejoice in ten-pound clusters of 
 perfect fruit. A little further along, against the fence, is a seven-year old vine, three feet 
 high, with three or four short arms from its head, that annually bears one hundred pounds of 
 grapes. There is a patch of raisin grapes, three years old, the old wood, three inches in 
 diameter, headed three feet from the ground, with triangular frames around them to support 
 the fruit. After the children and chickens and wasps had picked at them last year, they 
 yielded ten pounds each of perfectly luscious dried raisins. The quality and quantity of 
 pears, plums and cherries, is to us so marvelous we dare not risk our reputation for truthful- 
 ness by repeating the items as they were told to us. Around the east porch is a solitary rose- 
 bush, trained in festoons, reaching over seventy feet — at that point cut back, because it was 
 encroaching upon the rights of its neighbor, who was ambitious to share the honor of crown- 
 ing this sweetest of mountain homes with buds and blossoms. This, dear reader, is a pic- 
 ture of the thousands of homes that it is possible, with a little perseverance and wisely- 
 directed industry, to build up in this sunny clime. The owners of this paradise are working 
 people. The wife is equally at home in the kitchen, nursery or chicken yard, at the piano 
 or in the parlor. The husband is the son of a Puritan sire, and a pioneer Califomian, who, 
 in addition to his daily work, has used the eaily morning houxs to transform this rocky hill- 
 side into a fruitful flower-crowned paradise. 
 
 Surveys in the Foothills. 
 
 Until recently, very few public surveys had been made in the foothills of the 
 Sierra Nevada. Miners, stockraisers and agriculturists, alike entered upon and 
 occupied them and made such improvements as they chose, with the full per- 
 mission of the government, but without acquiring titles to the land they used. 
 The lands were not surveyed, because it was not the wish of the miners who 
 formed the great bulk of the population, that the government should sell the 
 lands, and the government acceded to their wish. Within a few years past the 
 policy of the government has been changed in this respect, and now the surveys 
 are being extended over the foothills and the mining regions. As fast as this is 
 accomplished, the miners are able to obtain absolute titles for their quartz and 
 placer-mining claims, and farmers, stockraisers, vineyard planters and lumber- 
 men, to purchase the land they require. 
 
 The Hon. Sherman Day, United States Surveyor-General for California, in 
 his report to the Land Department for the year ending June 30th, 1869, says: 
 
 Of the mineral lands, only two townships were subdivided last year, both in Nevada 
 County. * » * J jjj^ j^Qyf letting a series of contracts extending along 
 
 the mining foothills from Mariposa County to Shasta, for the purpose of enabling the agricul- 
 turists of those regions to secure permanent titles to their homes, and to enable the deputy 
 surveyors to locate the surveys of mining claims with reference to the subdivisions of the 
 public lands. * * * Contracts were let early in the spring for the sub- 
 
 division of nineteen townships or fractional townships, in Tehama and Shasta counties, be- 
 
APPENDIX. 63 
 
 tween the fifth and seventh parallels north. « » « These lands will 
 
 fall within the Oregon and California railroad belt. Three additional townships have been 
 subdivided within the limits of the Central Pacific Railroad grant, and only a few more now 
 remain to be surveyed within those limits. * , * * * * 
 
 A contract has been taken to subdivide the foothills lying south of the Merced River, and 
 west and south of the Mariposa Rancho. Another has been taken for the subdivision of 
 lands between the Stanislaus and Calaveras rivers, comprising the copper-mining region. 
 Continuing still further northwest, two other contracts have been let for subdividing the mine- 
 ral lands of Amador County, east of lone Valley, and reaching up into the southern portion 
 of El Dorado County, comprising many rich gold mines, and some of copper. 
 
 These surveys will cover some of the best vineyard land in the State, and many small 
 valleys and rolling hills, capable of cultivation with wheat or barley, covered with scattered 
 groves of oak or nut pine, and well adapted for dairy fanns, gardens, orchards, and the rais- 
 ing of cattle, sheep and hogs. * * * j (joubt not that in a few years 
 the wheat and barley mines, the potato mines, the grape mines, the peach, plum and pear 
 mines, the olive-oil mines, the butter and cheese mines and the silk mines, will be found to 
 be paying better dividends than the mines of gold and copper of the same region. Neverthe- 
 less, they can both go hand in hand to help each other if sound titles attract labor and 
 capital. 
 
 Two contracts have been let for townshiping and subdividing among the valleys of Plu- 
 mas County, comprising also some timber lands. Two contracts have been let among the 
 table lands of San Luis Obispo County, which are principally adapted to grazing purposes. 
 Two fractional townships have also been let for subdivision south of San Diego, adjoining 
 the boundary line and the ocean. 
 
 From inquiry at his oflfice in San Francisco, we learn that a large part of the 
 work in the contracts mentioned, has been completed, so that settlers can now 
 enter these lands which are not strictly mineral, for agricultural purposes, under 
 the homestead and pre-emption laws. Besides these, a large number of other 
 contracts for surveys, in the same districts, have been let during the past twelve 
 months, the work upon which is progressing and being rapidly completed. 
 
 Colonies 
 Whenever farmers and others intending to come to settle in California are 
 acquainted with each other, if possible, it is advisable that they shall move 
 together and settle in the same locality. The advantages of this course are 
 numerous and important. By moving at the same time, reduced rates of fares 
 and freights can often be obtained from railroad, steamship and transportation 
 companies ; lands can be purchased in large tracts at wholesale prices ; teams 
 and expensive farming implements can be purchased jointly, and, by settling 
 together, much expensive fencing can often be avoided ; a neighborhood grows 
 up at once ; a certain and rapid enhancement in the value of the land purchased 
 is secured ; schools, churches, post and express offices, stores, good roads and, 
 eventually, railroads and all the other conveniences of life enjoyed in older com- 
 munities are created far earlier than is possible where one settler is located at a 
 time and the growth of population is slow and precarious. By writing to the 
 "California Immigrant Union," 316 California Street, San Francisco, or its 
 agents at New York, Baltimore, Chicago or Omaha, transportation can always 
 be secured at the lowest possible rates. 
 
64 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 The following statistics, though not strictly accurate or complete, are mostly 
 from the latest official reports of the Stale Surveyor-General and the Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, and will be of interest to the reader : 
 
 COtJNTIES. 
 
 Alameda 
 
 Alpine 
 
 Amador 
 
 Butte 
 
 Calaveras 
 
 Colusa 
 
 Contra Costa.... . 
 
 Del Norte 
 
 El Dorado 
 
 Fresno 
 
 Flumboldt 
 
 Inyo 
 
 Kern 
 
 Klamath 
 
 Lake , 
 
 Lassen 
 
 Los Angeles . . . . , 
 
 Marin 
 
 Mariposa 
 
 Mendocino 
 
 Merced 
 
 Mono 
 
 Monterey 
 
 Napa 
 
 Nevada 
 
 Placer 
 
 Plumas 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 San Bernardino. 
 
 San Diego 
 
 San Francisco. .. 
 
 San Joaquin 
 
 San Luis Obispo . 
 
 San Mateo 
 
 Santa Barbara . . 
 
 Santa Clara 
 
 Santa Cruz 
 
 Shasta 
 
 Sierra 
 
 Siskiyou 
 
 Solano 
 
 Sonoma 
 
 Stanislaus 
 
 Sutter 
 
 Tehama 
 
 Trinity 
 
 Tulare 
 
 Tuolumne 
 
 Yolo 
 
 Yuba 
 
 c 5 
 
 £ p. 
 5 
 
 • o 
 
 
 
 S,u, 
 
 00^ 
 
 17,796 
 
 400 
 11,400 
 14,609 
 11,056 
 
 9,500 
 9.500 
 
 1,600 
 
 9.592 
 
 2,400 
 
 6,500 
 
 700 
 1,400 
 2,500 
 4,100 
 1.550 
 14,500 
 6,900 
 7,00c 
 8,000 
 3,000 
 
 500 
 
 8,478 
 
 9,600 
 20,000 
 13.750 
 
 5,000 
 35.000 
 
 5,200 
 
 150,000 
 
 24,000 
 
 6,440 
 
 4,300 
 
 8,600 
 
 24,000 
 
 10,000 
 
 Totals. 
 
 5,000 
 
 9,500 
 
 13,000 
 
 22,321 
 
 3.644 
 
 5,200 
 
 3.1 
 9,000 
 6,009 
 11,780 
 6,500 
 
 4.440 
 86 
 
 1,872 
 
 2,099 
 
 2,193 
 939 
 
 2,297 
 246 
 
 2,348 
 768 
 
 1.395 
 78 
 304 
 210 
 760 
 347 
 
 4,424 
 
 1,110 
 
 799 
 1,814 
 
 738 
 144 
 
 2,264 
 1,727 
 
 3.995 
 2,109 
 
 598 
 S.036 
 
 1.353 
 
 700 
 
 25,785 
 4.304 
 1,145 
 1,551 
 1,748 
 
 5,648 
 2,403 
 987 
 1,067 
 1,440 
 3,233 
 5.361 
 1,305 
 1,166 
 768 
 448 
 1,227 
 1,839 
 I, 
 2,127 
 
 568,827,112,743 
 
 62 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 40 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 35 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 
 M 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 36 
 II 
 
 6 
 I 
 
 28 
 52 
 45 
 18 
 
 65 
 15 
 
 4 
 40 
 
 73 
 14 
 19 
 II 
 
 75 
 35 
 26 
 
 23 
 33 
 36 
 97 
 25 
 32 
 15 
 10 
 21 
 17 
 35 
 36 
 
 
 1354 
 
 2." 
 
 512,000 
 
 972,800 
 
 332,800 
 
 1,344,000 
 
 512,000 
 
 1,640,000 
 
 500,000 
 
 960,000 
 
 1,280,000 
 
 4,992,000 
 
 1,800,000 
 
 3,041,080 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,150,000 
 
 576,000 
 
 2,880,000 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 400,000 
 
 1,164,800 
 
 2,000,000 
 
 1,075,200 
 
 3,840,000 
 
 2,500,000 
 
 450,000 
 
 704,000 
 
 716,800 
 
 1,280,000 
 
 691,200 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 8,500,000 
 
 26,861 
 
 896,000 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 154,980 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 700,000 
 
 320,000 
 
 2,640,0001 
 
 640,000 
 
 5,300,0001 
 
 538,000' 
 
 850,000 
 
 798,720 
 
 384,000! 
 
 1,920,000 
 
 1,530,000 
 
 8,320,000 
 
 1,344,000 
 
 461,000 
 
 657,000 
 
 P n 
 
 
 97,383 
 6,000 
 
 57,274 
 164,902 
 
 45,914 
 135,350 
 
 83,210 
 
 5,265 
 
 103,444 
 
 11,930 
 
 30,115 
 
 5,000 
 5,000 
 4,111 
 
 12,009 
 
 24,855 
 23,200 
 
 202,146 
 23440 
 
 139,000 
 
 135,000 
 11,720 
 
 124,550 
 99,665 
 55,000 
 77,875 
 51,155 
 
 231,609 
 
 18,550 
 8,000 
 
 14,000 
 270,000 
 
 61,08 
 150,000 
 
 30,553 
 476,547 
 
 51,092 
 
 129,039 
 
 700 
 
 17,855 
 
 35,658 
 
 11,658 
 
 69,745 
 69,948 
 
 1,354 
 12,464 
 14,865 
 12,976 
 
 2,398 
 
 1,525 
 
 7,500 
 
 5,838 
 
 35,600 
 
 18,240 
 
 4,800 
 
 54,000 
 
 58,000 
 
 3.879 
 97.874 
 40,795 
 25,000 
 22,000 
 
 2,500 
 
 46,757 
 
 23,850 
 
 16,000 
 
 2,000 
 
 200,000 
 9,530 
 80,000 
 21,1 
 
 147,120 
 17,787 
 
 18,132 
 
 75,200 
 
 212,647 
 
 510,782 
 
 110,000 
 
 134,870 
 
 102,040 
 
 10,370 
 
 16,681 
 
 46,025 
 
 123,773 
 57,660 
 
 2,140 
 
 27,984 
 202,956 
 220,420 
 250,000 
 
 74,547 
 38,000 
 
 3,947 
 83,111 
 
 9,169 
 80,701 
 29,788 
 
 $10,011,561 00 
 
 333,000 00 
 
 1.737.458 00 
 
 2,614,389 00 
 
 1,260,085 00 
 
 3,912,490 00 
 
 3,335,080 00 
 
 515,67400 
 
 1,820,945 00 
 
 2,007,108 00 
 
 1,691,557 CO 
 
 237,167 00 
 
 1,346,500 00 
 
 352,768 00 
 
 648,416 00 
 
 518,555 00 
 
 3,764,045 CO 
 
 2,717,603 00 
 1,093,102 00 
 
 2,042,924 CO 
 
 2,278,877 00 
 
 358,853 00 
 
 2,125,237 55 
 3,924,885 00 
 5,986,232 CO 
 4,749,289 00 
 1,201,830 00 
 
 10,574,364 00 
 
 624,983 00 
 
 If 
 
 107,640,646 00 
 
 7,601,500 00 
 
 1,580,439 75 
 1,512,720 00 
 1,428,197 00 
 11,765,177 00 
 2,441,39200 
 
 2,246,032 00 
 1,950,318 00 
 4,374,13400 
 6,138,836 00 
 
 1,609,124 CO 
 
 1,887,486 00 
 1,880,736 00 
 
 690,394 00 
 
 4,170,870 00 
 
 1,177.24900 
 4,127,45700 
 4,066,935 00 
 
 120,947,8404,463,127,2,343,204 $242,074,520 30 
 
 * Not reported. 
 
'^mh ai t|e Central lacific liailroaij. 
 
 The Central Pacific Eailroad Company of California; was one of the 
 Companies authorized by Act of Congress to construct a railroad from 
 the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean — a part of the Continental rail- 
 road that extends fi'om the Atlantic to the Pacific oceans. It was em- 
 powered by Congress to construct its road eastward from the navigable 
 waters of the Sacramento river until it met and connected with the 
 Union Pacific Eailroad. This connection was made near Salt Lake. 
 
 Its Lands. 
 The Avork of constructing this railroad was considered of such great 
 national importance, that the Government of the United States, as also 
 the Governments of the States through which it passes, have, by loan- 
 ing their bonds to it, by grants and franchises and by friendly legisla- 
 tion, given their aid to its speedy completion. In addition to direct aid 
 in bonds, and right of way over the public domain, etc., the Congress of 
 the United States has given this Company an extensive grant of lands. 
 Under the Pacific Eailroad Acts of Congress, passed July 1st, 1862, and 
 July 2d, 1864, there is granted to this Company every alternate section 
 of public land, designated by odd numbers, within twenty miles on each 
 side of its railroad, excepting, however, mineral lands, and tracts to 
 which pre-emption and homestead claims had legally attached. This 
 grant is equivalent to about twenty sections to each mile of the road, 
 and as the sections contain six hundred and forty acres each, it amounts 
 to twelve thousand eight hundred acres per mile, less the exceptions 
 above noted. On the reserved mineral lands, the timber is granted to 
 the Company. These Acts are in terms a present grant, and are, there- 
 fore, a full and perfect conveyance from the original source of land titles, 
 the N^ational Government. 
 
ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 Mode by which Public Lands are Surveyed and Designated. 
 
 To persons not fumiliar with the public land system of the United 
 States, it may be necessary to make a brief explanation of the manner 
 in which they are snrvoyod, as, with an undei'standing of this, a definite 
 idea will bo had of the extent and situation of the Company's grant of 
 lands. 
 
 The United States causes its lands to be surveyed by its officers into 
 'townships of six miles square; these townships are subdivided into 
 thirty-six sections of one square mile each — or six hundred and forty 
 acres. Each section is again subdivided into four quarters of one hun- 
 dred and sixty acres each, and again into sixteen quarter-quarter sec- 
 tions of forty acres each, which is the smallest quantity sold, except 
 fractions on the borders of rivers, lakes, etc. In making these surveys 
 in California, Mount Diablo, a prominent peak near the junction of the 
 Sacramento~and San Joaquin rivers, was selected as the initial or start- 
 ino" point, from which four lines were run, two north and south called 
 the meridian line, and two east and west called the base line, and from 
 these lines the several townsliii:)S are surveyed; those north and south 
 being numbered from the base lines 1, 2, 3, etc., north or south of the 
 base line as the case may be, and those lying east and west described 
 in the same way, as east or west of the meridian line. Thus, the city of 
 Sacramento is described as being in township eight north, of range five 
 «a8t, of Mount Diablo base and meridian; that is, it is in the eighth tier 
 ©f townships north of the base line, and the fifth east of the meridian line. 
 
 The following is a plat showing the manner of subdividing and num- 
 bering the sections in each township : 
 T. 8 N., JR. 5 E. 
 
 3 2- 
 
 ! I 
 
 -10 11- 
 
 -18- 
 
 -17- 
 
 -14- 
 
 I I I 
 
 -la- 
 
 -19- 
 
 I I I I I I i 
 
 -21 22 23 24 
 
 SO- 
 
 Ml I i I «. 
 
 -29 28 27 26 26- 
 
 -31- 
 
 -sa- 
 
 -83- 
 
 -36- 
 
 N 
 
 W- 
 
 — E 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC EAILROAD. 3 
 
 The Lands Granted to the Company. 
 From the Acts of Congress quoted, it will be seen that the Govern- 
 ment has granted to the Company all the alternate sections designated 
 by odd numbers, as 1, 3, 6, 7, etc., for twenty miles on each side of the lino 
 of the road, that had not at the date of the grant been otherwise dis- 
 posed of by the Government; thus, as before stated, for each mile of 
 road constructed it receives 12,800 acres. 
 
 Process by which Title is Acquired. 
 As each section of not less than twenty miles of the railroad is com- 
 pleted and accepted by the Government, the Company makes a list of 
 the lands to which it is entitled lying within twenty miles on either side 
 of such completed section. This list, if found correct, is duly certified 
 by the proper United States Land Officers and forwarded to the Land 
 Department at Washington, where it is again examined. Upon this the 
 patent is issued and thus the title of the Company is perfected. 
 
 Even Numbered Sections Retained by the Government. 
 The minimum price of ordinary public land is $1 25 per acre, or $200 
 for a quarter section of one hundred and sixty acres, but from the fact 
 that the construction of railroads increases the value of the land in their 
 vicinity, a general Act of Congress provides, that when the alternate 
 sections are donated to aid in the construction of a railroad, the re- 
 maining ungranted sections are increased in price to the " double mini- 
 mum," or 12 50 per acre, so that the even numbered sections within the 
 limits of the grant to this Company can only be purchased at that price. 
 
 Character of the Land through which the Road Passes. 
 The City of Sacramento, which is the western terminus of the Central 
 Pacific Railroad, is situated near the center of the great valley of the 
 Sacramento; it is in latitude 38° 31' north, and longitude 121° 29' west. 
 It is the Capital of the State of California, and has a population of 
 twenty-five thousand. From this city the general course of the rail- 
 road is northeast, over the river bottom and level prairie lands, a dis- 
 tance of twenty-five miles ; at this point it meets the rolling timber 
 lands and low hills that lie at the base of the Sierra Nevada mountains; 
 reaching one of the main spurs of the Sierras it ascends to the Summit, 
 a distance of one hundred and five miles from Sacramento, and at an 
 elevation of 7,042 feet above the sea. At the crest of the mountains it 
 passes through a tunnel and along the mountain side to the bank of the 
 Truckee river. This river is the outlet of Lake Tahoe, whose surface is 
 6,247 feet above the sea ; its waters flow northeast and empty into Pyr- 
 amid Lake, one of the lakes of the Great American Basin, whose waters 
 have no outlet to the ocean. The road follows the banks of the Truckee 
 
4 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 river to the Big Bend ol" the Truekcc, a distance of one hundred am 
 ninety miles from Sacramento. From this point its course is northeast, 
 until it meets the IlumboUlt river, which flows westward and also emp- 
 ties into the Great Basin. It follows up the banks of the Humboldt river 
 to its source, and so on in the same general direction around the north- 
 ern end of the Great Salt Lake. i 
 
 Alluvial or "'Bottom" Lands. 
 From this statement of the route of the road it will be seen that the 
 Company has every variety of land, situated in the different climates 
 between semi-tropical and temperate. Near the City of Sacramento it 
 has large quantities of what are called bottom lands; that is, lands that 
 are overflowed by the swelling of the rivers and streams in Winter, and 
 which are annually enriched bj' the deposits brought down by the water 
 from the mountains. Like the Valley of the JNile, they produce yearly 
 unvarying large crops, the deposit during each rainy season causing 
 them to be inexhaustible in their fertility. They yield every variety of 
 garden and field vegetable cultivated in a serai-troj)ical climate, includ- 
 ing potatoes, onions, cabbage, pumpkins, beets, tomatoes, peas, and the 
 various small fruits. Large tracts are annually planted with maize or 
 Indian corn, of which large crops are produced. Many farmers have 
 cultivated tobacco, which has always been found profitable. On theso 
 lands are also grown large quantities of hops, from the cultivation of 
 which many persons have become wealthy. The hops produced are not 
 excelled by any known in the markets of the woi'ld. From the fact 
 that it never rains in this climate during the season they are maturing, 
 they lose no portion of the extractive principle for which they aroused, 
 and are said by brewers and others who make use of them, to be from 
 ten to fifteen per cent, more valuable than those grown in climates 
 where there are Summer rains. Many plantations have been made on 
 these lands with mulberry trees, which thrive almost without cultiva- 
 tion. It is found that the climate of California is admirably adapted to 
 the silk worm, and that here it is not subject to the diseases that affect 
 it in Europe. The weaving of silk goods has been commenced in Cali- 
 fornia, and there are not as yet mulbeiTy trees sufficient to supply the 
 yearly increase of silk worms. It is expected that in a few years Cali- 
 fornia will export silk. Many kinds of fruit are grown on theso lands, 
 such as the pear, apple, plum, cherry and peach. The largest peach or- 
 chards of the State are situated on " bottom lands." 
 
 Wheat, Grazing and Orchard Lands. 
 Within the railroad grant, above the bottom lands, and less than 
 twenty miles on each side of the road, and for the length of twenty 
 miles, are the prairie lands. This is pre-eminently the wheat, grazing 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. 5 
 
 :and orchard section of the State. The land is level, without trees, or 
 with scattering and small groves of oak; it has no underbrush, and with 
 the first rains of JSTovember is, without any preparation, ready for the 
 plow. If preserved from the herds of cattle and sheep it produces an- 
 nually, without cultivation, large crops of native grasses and wild oats, 
 which make excellent hay. 
 
 The exports of wheat from California within the past few j^ears have 
 attracted the attention of the world. From July 1, 1867 to January 1, 
 1868, there was received at San Francisco — the greater part from the in- 
 terior of the State — i, 579, 736 centals of wheat, and the export — princi- 
 pally to the Eastern States and Europe — for the same period was 
 3,246,524 centals. The report of the Surveyor General of the State to 
 the Legislature, shows that for the ^'■ear 1866, 690,745 acres were culti- 
 vated to wheat, froni which the product was 14,080,752 bushels, and 
 472^621 acres to barley, from which the product was 11,605,922 bushels. 
 The number of acres cultivated to wheat in 1867 was 846,377, and to 
 barley 354,873 acres ; the statistics of the product have not as yet been 
 reported. The greater part of these large quantities was produced in 
 the great valleys and on the prairie lands. The principal sales by the 
 Eailroad Company have, thus far, been of this class of its lands, over 
 75,000 acres having been sold. There still remain unsold of the same 
 kind of land quantities sufficient to support a population of 20,000. 
 These prairie lands, in addition to producing wheat and the other ce- 
 reals, are perhaps the best in the State for general farming and orchards. 
 All kinds of fruit that will grow in a semi-tropical or temperate cli- 
 mate thrive on these lands, including the almond, olive, pomegranate, 
 plum, pear and apple, as well as many of the nut bearing trees. They 
 iire also well adapted for grazing and dairy purposes. The native 
 .grasses start after the first Winter rains of December and grow to June, 
 when they dry to hay in the rainless Summer and remain standing 
 upon the ground until the rains of the following year. Farmers, there- 
 fore, are not required to cut and save hay for their dairy cattle, except 
 for the short period between the early rains and the springing up of the 
 new grass. 
 
 Grazing Lands and Sheep Ranges, 
 Still going east along the line of the railroad, after leaving the prairie 
 lands, the road passes over about twenty-five miles of rolling lands and 
 low hills. These contain groves of oak trees, and many tracts are heav- 
 ily timbered. In the more elevated regions of this section the oaks are 
 intermixed with pines. The land in this section not only produces wheat 
 and barley, but will, if not cultivated or too closely grazed, produce the 
 native wild oats, which were found growing upon them at the time the 
 Americans took possession of the country. Among these hills are 
 
6 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 grazed large horde of cattle, horses and sheep. At a distance of twenty- 
 five miles from Sacramento, on the lino of the railroad and within a dis- 
 tance of fifteen miles on each side, more than fifty thousand sheep arfr 
 grazed throughout the year. No hay is cut or saved for these sheep, or 
 if any is given them it is for the short period after the first rains in De- 
 cember before the springing up of the new grass. The best sheep ranges- 
 of the State arc in this section ; the wild oats and native grasses are nu- 
 tritious and abundant; the groves of oaks afford shade from the heat of 
 the mid summer sun, and the numerous streams flowing through these 
 hills give a plentiful supply of water. 
 
 Vineyard Lands, 
 
 The success that in California has followed the cultivation of the 
 European grape, has led to the planting of numerous vineyards. After 
 an experience of eighteen years, the fact has been demonstrated that 
 in no place do the various kinds of European grapes, both for wine and 
 the table, thrive so well and produce such excellent qualities of wine 
 and table fruit, as on the hills that lie at the base of the Sierras, The 
 soil is composed of the worn down particles of granite, quartz and slate^ 
 intermixed with lime fi*om the numerous bands of limestone that tra- 
 verse the mountains. Since the European grape was cultivated in this 
 State — and there aro vineyards planted by the Jesuit missiooaries that 
 are ninety years old — no instance has boon known of a failure of the 
 grape crop. There are no frosts to injure it at the time it is in blossom, 
 and no rain to injure the fruit during the period of ripening. Some of 
 the largest vineyards in the State are on lands that have been purchased; 
 from thoKailroad Company; many of them producing from two to ten. 
 thousand gallons of wine annually, and in one instance producing yearly 
 over forty thousand gallons. More than two hundred varieties of tho 
 grape have been imported from France, Spain, Germany and Hungary,, 
 and been propagated in California, Every variety that is grown in^ 
 Europe succeeds well in this soil and climate, and bears more abundantly 
 than in its native home. 
 
 The usual manner of planting vineyards iu California, is to plow the 
 land thoroughly immediately after the early rains of December; holes 
 are then dug with a spade, eight feet from each other in rows; in these 
 holes are planted cuttings, or one year old rooted vinos. Cuttings can 
 be obtained for a trifle, and often without cost, of the kind of grapes 
 most cultivated, at any of the vineyards during the season of prun- 
 ing — January and February. One year old rooted vines can bo pur- 
 chased for four or five dollars per hundred. The vines are planted eight 
 feet from each other for the purpose of working among them with a 
 one-horse cultivator ; and as laborers are scarce in California, this and 
 all other branches of agriculture are most economically conducted, by 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. 7 
 
 subBtituting the labor of animals for that of man. If the vineyard has 
 been planted with cuttings, an average of from ten to fifteen per cent, 
 fail to take root, and these have to be replanted the following year. If 
 rooted vines are planted, not to exceed two or three per cent, will fail 
 to grow. Each year the vines have to be pruned and the vineyard 
 plowed; the vineyard should also be cultivated in May or June to kill 
 the weeds. The third year the vines will commence bearing, and in- 
 crease in quantity each year for a great many years. It has been -eKtS- 
 mated that the average annual production of all the vineyards in the 
 State, of five years old and upwards, is one thousand gallons of wine to 
 the acre. The process of making wine is as simple as that of making 
 cider. The grapes when i-ipe are pressed, and their juice poui'ed into 
 clean casks, where it is left to ferment. In 1866, as shown by the re- 
 port of the Surveyor General, there were made in California, one mil- 
 lion seven hundred and ninety-one thousand six hundred and thirty-three 
 gallons of wine, and one hundred and twenty-seven thousand one hun- 
 dred and forty gallons of brandy. 
 
 Raisins, 
 A new industry has been developed by Mr. B. N. Bugbey, on a piec© 
 of land purchased fi'om the Railroad Company, near the town of Fol- 
 som ; that is, the cultivation of the raisin grape, and the manufacture of 
 raisins. The process of converting the grape into raisins is so simpl© 
 that it can be done by children ; when the grape is ripe the bunches are 
 cut and spread upon boards in the sun, and turned each day until cured, 
 after which they are boxed and forwarded to market. In 1867, Mr. Bug- 
 bey, in addition to making seventeen thousand gallons of wine and three 
 thousand of brandy, also made thirty thousand pounds of raisins. Of 
 the unsold lands of the Railroad Company, there are at least fifteen 
 thousand acres, all of which is suitable for vineyards. 
 
 Valley Lands Among the Hills. 
 Ascending the Sierras, and above the vineyard lands, the oaks give 
 place to dense forests of pines, firs and cedars. In the valleys of these 
 hills are numerous farms and dairies, as well as sheep ranges. In these 
 valleys all the fruits of the temperate climates are cultivated with re- 
 markable success. The principal field crops of this region are barley, 
 potatoes, tui'nips and hay. 
 
 Timber Lands. 
 The pine forests of these hills, in quantity and in the quality of lum- 
 ber made, are hardly excelled on the North American Continent. They 
 give employment to many saw mills and a large number of men. The 
 construction of the railroad thi'ough this region has cheapened the price 
 
8 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 of lumber, and in a largo measure stopped its importation from other 
 States, A large feature in the business of the railroad, is the transport- 
 ation to the valleys of lumber for building and fences. The average 
 price in the valleys for lumber for fences, since the construction of the 
 railroad through the pine forests, is sixteen dollars per thousand feet. 
 In a few years, when branch railroads shall have reached the vast min- 
 eral legion of the treeless interior of the continent, these inexhaustible 
 forests will supjjort a large population of men engaged in felling trees 
 and manufacturing lumber. Of timber lands and valleys among the 
 hills of the timber region, there remain unsold lands — to which the Com- 
 pany is entitled — amounting to at least five hundred thousand aci'cs. 
 
 Dairy Lands of the Mountains. 
 Among the higher ranges of the mountains are extensive and numer- 
 ous valley's that produce nutritious and luxuriant grasses, which are 
 extensively grazed by large and numerous herds of cattle and sheep 
 during the Summer and Autumn months. The amount of butter and 
 cheese that is sent to market from these valleys is yearly increasing. 
 The quantity of butter made in this State in 18GG, was 4,449,835 pounds, 
 and of cheese, 2,110,058 pounds, not nearly sufficient to supply the de- 
 mand ; and as yet large quantities are imported. 
 
 Mines and Quarries. 
 The railroad passes through the entire length of Placer county, one of 
 the principal gold mining counties of California. Lands containing gold 
 and silver are not included in the grant to the Company. All the lands 
 in the mineral region are not what are denominated minei'al lands. The 
 mineral lands are a very small proportion of the area, even in the 
 strictly mineral regions. Lands containing coal and iron are not deemed 
 mineral lands. Near the line of the road are extensive beds of iron 
 ore, said to be valuable, but none of which have yet been worked. The 
 granite quarries near the road are numerous, and those that have been 
 opened give employment to a large number of men. Nearly all the 
 gi'anito now being used in the State, including that used by the Govern- 
 ment for fortifications, b}' the State for its Capitol, and for the bulkhead 
 in the harbor of San Francisco, as well as for street and building pur- 
 poses, is from quarries on lands purchased from the Company, 
 
 Lauds belonging to the Company containing limestone, with an abund- 
 ance of oak and pine wood on the same, are to be found at various points 
 near the line of the road, within a distance of forty miles from Sacra- 
 mento, Many of these quarries have been opened, and large quantities 
 of lime are transported by the railroad to Sacramento, and from this 
 point distributed over the State, "White and variegated marble, for 
 building and ornamental purposes, have been discovered at several 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. 9- 
 
 points, and work has been eomrnencod in opening the quarries and for- 
 warding the product to market. 
 
 Grazing and "Bottom" Lands in Nevada. 
 The raih^oad passes througli the whole lengtli of the valley of the 
 Humboldt, in the State of Nevada. On the banks of the Humboldt 
 river, and on the banks of the streams that flow into this river, are ex- 
 tensive tracts of bottom land that are being successfully cultivated. 
 The hills in this section of the country are covered with bunch grass 
 and other grasses, which support large herds of cattle and sheep, and 
 within the past year the San Francisco market has been largely supplied 
 with beef fattened on the natural grasses of these hills. Settlement 
 has but commenced on these lands, and the company has at least one mil- 
 lion acres of them yet unsold. 
 
 Estimated Population the Lands will Support. 
 From what has been stated, it will be seen that the Eailroad Company 
 has every variety of land for sale, including alluvial, bottom, prairie, 
 grazing, wheat and vineyard lands, as well as lands covered with forests 
 of oak and pine, and containing iron ore, granite, limestone and marble. 
 It has been estimated that the lands of the Company, remaining unsold, 
 will support a population of one and a half million of persons, while 
 the estimated present population within the limits of the raih'oad reser- 
 vation does not exceed 30,000. 
 
 Markets. 
 
 There yet remain large quantities of land to be sold, within distances 
 from two to ten miles from railroad stations. There are also many 
 towns and villages at various points within the reservation, and at va- 
 rious distances from the line of the road, so that a purchaser has no dif- 
 ficulty in finding land in the immediate vicinity of schools, stores, black- 
 smith and wagon shops. The farmer cultivating these lands has a choice 
 among three markets in which to dispose of his productions. He can 
 send them to the cities or towns in his immediate neighborhood; to the 
 gold mining regions of California, or to the silver bearing regions of 
 Nevada. Wheat, barley, and various other crops, can always be sold on 
 the land where produced to the agents of millmen and shippers who 
 traverse the country for the purpose of making purchases. 
 
 Stations on the Constructed Line of the Road. 
 The following table shows the various stations on the line of the road 
 in California, at which the cars stop and discharge and receive passen- 
 gers and freight, as also the distance of these stations from Sacramento^ 
 and their elevation above the sea ; 
 
lO 
 
 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 NAMES OF 8TATI0N8. 
 
 fit 
 I? 
 
 50 
 
 Total distance 
 
 from 
 Sacramento. 
 
 Slevatlon 
 In feet 
 
 Sacramento 
 
 
 54 
 
 Arcade 
 
 7 
 8 
 3 
 4 
 3 
 3 
 3 
 5 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 8 
 3 
 2 
 2 
 
 4 
 5 
 6 
 6 
 2 
 13 
 14 
 9 
 
 15 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 25 
 
 28 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 49 
 
 54 
 
 62 
 
 65 
 
 67 
 
 69 
 
 73 
 
 78 
 
 84 
 
 90 
 
 92 
 
 105 
 
 119 
 
 128 
 
 143 
 
 150 
 
 76 
 
 Antelope 
 
 180 
 
 Junction 
 
 189 
 
 Rocklin 
 
 269 
 
 Pino 
 
 420 
 
 Penrvn 
 
 735 
 
 Newcastle 
 
 930 
 
 Auburn 
 
 1385 
 
 Clipper Gap 
 
 1785 
 
 New England Mills 
 
 2306 
 
 Colfax 
 
 2448 
 
 Secret Town 
 
 2985 
 
 Gold Run 
 
 3245 
 
 Dutch Flat 
 
 3425 
 
 Alta 
 
 3625 
 
 Shady Run 
 
 4175 
 
 
 4725 
 
 Emigrant Gap 
 
 5285 
 
 
 5780 
 
 Cisco 
 
 5950 
 
 
 7042 
 
 Truckee 
 
 5866 
 
 Boca 
 
 5560 
 
 Verdi 
 
 5000 
 
 
 4640 
 
 
 
 Schools — Education. 
 
 Every sixteenth and thirty-sixth section of land, or one-eighteenth of 
 all the land in the State, was given by Congress to the State to bo sold 
 and the proceeds applied to the support of public schools. In addition 
 to this, Congress gave to California five hundred thousand acres of land 
 for purposes of internal imj^rovement; the proceeds of the sales of these 
 lands are also devoted by the State Constitution to public education. 
 The interest on the money derived from the sales of these lands, as also 
 an annual ta.x levied on all property, are annually distributed to all the 
 school districts in the State. Whenever, in a neighborhood, a sufficient 
 number of children can be gathered to form a school, it becomes entitled 
 to support at the public expense. The public free schools of California 
 are the pride of its people, and are not excelled by those of any of the 
 new States. No child need lack an education because of the poverty of 
 its parents; the State provides free education, and establishes schools 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. II 
 
 in every neighborhood. Every increase of population but adds to the 
 demand for the State's land, and thus increases the fund to be applied 
 to the support of public schools. 
 
 Climate. 
 Our climate is similar to that of Spain, Italy and the south of Europe, 
 The greater part of California is within the limits of the influence of the 
 trade winds. There is no rain in Summei*, from May until November, 
 The period from November till May is called the rainy season, for in the 
 great valleys and the lower hills at the base of the Sierras this season 
 cannot be called Winter. In the valleys the average annual fall of rain 
 is twenty-five inches ; this gradually increases as the slopes of the moun- 
 tains are ascended, to sixty inches. During the twenty years the 
 Sacramento valley has been inhabited by Americans, snow has covered 
 the ground but twice, and this had disappeared by the noon of the day 
 on which it fell. The rainless Summers give every facility to the farmer 
 in gathering his crops; the hay is cut and left to cure on the ground as 
 it fell from the mowing machine ; the wheat or barley is cut and per- 
 mitted to remain for days or weeks before it is gathered and threshed, 
 with the certainty that there will be no rain to injure it. Plowing and 
 the sowing of grain commence with the first rains, in November or De- 
 cember, and by the first week in June the crop is ripe. Grapes ripen, 
 the earlier kinds in July, the latest by the last week in October. In the 
 valleys the heat of the midsummer sun is oppressive at noon, but the 
 mornings, evenings and nights are cool and bracing. There are no prev- 
 alent diseases. In some of the low lands, overflowed by the rivers, and 
 in places where the reservoirs for the supply of water to the minei'S are 
 constantly emptied and refilled, exposing the bottom to the sun, there 
 are, in the Autumn, some forms of miasmatic disease. Thepraii-ie lands, 
 the rolling lands and hills', as well as the mountains, and valleys among^ 
 the mountains, are free ft'om any peculiar disease, and their climate is, 
 considered conducive to health, especially to persons of weak lungs. 
 
 Counties in which the Company Owns Lands — Agricultural 
 
 Productions. 
 The Railroad Company has lands for sale lying in the counties of Sac- 
 ramento, Placer, El Dorado, Sutter and Nevada, of California, and in 
 many counties in the State of Nevada. Of these five counties in Cali« 
 fornia, where large quantities of land have already been sold by the 
 Company, the clearest exhibit of their soil and climate, and of their 
 varied agricultural productions, will be made by the following statistics^ 
 taken from the sworn returns of the Assessors of these counties to the 
 Surveyor General of the State for the year 1866. In these counties 
 there were in that year 545,516 acres of land enclosed, and of these 204,r 
 
12 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 ■-25-t acres were cultivated. Tliero wore produced 547,041 bushels of 
 -wheat; ],272,28C bushels of barley; 20,471 bushels of oats; 3,G8G bushels 
 of rye; 58,211 bushels of Indian corn; 1,991 bushels of buckwheat; 
 59,030 pounds of peanuts; 5,500 bushels of beans; 28,000 bushels of 
 castor oil beans: 49,071 bushels of potatoes ; 73,258 bushels of sweet 
 potatoes; 251 tons of turnips; 2,155 tons of squashes and pumpkins; 
 1,248 acres of broom corn; 304 bushels of onions; 40,020 pounds of 
 hops; 215 tons of beets; 5G,G17 tons of hay; 005,881 pounds of butter; 
 39,667 pounds of cheese; 58,390 pounds of honey, and 404,588 pounds 
 of wool. 
 
 For the game year, there were also returned, as owned in these coun- 
 ties, 22,300 horses; 3,903 mules ; 13,495 cows; 7,416 calves; 8,834 beef 
 cattle; 2,219 oxen; 79,125 sheep; 39,225 hogs; 127,425 domestic fowls, 
 and 3,420 hives of bees. 
 
 . At the same time there were cultivated in orchards 297,121 apple 
 trees; 200,407 peach trees; 82,812 pear trees; 23,033 plum trees; 7,012 
 cherry trees; 7,995 nectarine trees; 0,352 quince trees; 4,650 apricot 
 trees; 6,631 fig trees; 109 lemon trees; 159 orange trees; 37 olive trees; 
 269 prune trees; 2,338 mulberry trees; 2,558 almond trees ; 2,230 wal- 
 nut trees; 135,574 raspberry and gooseberry bushes, and 680,502 straw- 
 t)erry vines. 
 
 There were also planted in vineyard 4,077,118 grape vines, which pro- 
 duced 363,593 gallons of wine, and 15,471 gallons of brandy. 
 
 The same returns show that during the same year in these counties 
 there were six steam grist mills with twenty-one run of stone, and four 
 water power grist mills with six run of stone, and that they ground 
 844,471 barrels of flour and 165,700 bushels of Indian corn. There were 
 also at the same time forty-eight water power and twenty-two steam 
 power saw mills for sawing lumber. The production of these mills for 
 that year was 22,017,000 feet of lumber, and 7,718,000 shingles. 
 
 The official returns for the following jear will be largely in increase 
 on almost every article produced, in consequence of the increase of pop- 
 ulation by immigration, and the greater breadth of land cultivated, but 
 as yet they have not been published. Those given above are the latest 
 printed by authority of the State. 
 
 How Lands are Sold. 
 The price fixed by the Company for the best class of agricultural, 
 -wheat, orchard, dairy and vineyard lands is $2 50 per acre, oak wood 
 land 65 00 per acre, and first-class pine timber land $10 00 per acre. 
 With a desire on the part of the Company to dispose of its lands to men 
 -who will cultivate the soil, it sells its agricultural lands on a credit of 
 five years if desired, the pui'chaser paying at the time of the purchase 
 twenty per cent, of the principal, and the remainder bearing interest at 
 
LANDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD. i^ 
 
 ten per cent, per annum, that being the rate of interest established by- 
 law in California, Oak and pine lands are required to be paid for at 
 the time of purchase. At the Land OflSce of the Company in Sacra- 
 mento are maps showing the route of the road, the counties through 
 which it passes, the rivers and streams that flow through the land, and 
 the United States surveys designating the lands granted to the Company 
 and those retained by the Government; also the towns, villages and 
 settlements within the railroad grant. A person desiring to purchase is; 
 directed to points near the line of the road, where he can examine the 
 kind of land desired. After selecting the land, if he wishes to pay for 
 it in full at the time of purchase he does so, and takes a fee simple deed 
 under the United States patent. A purchaser from the Company can* 
 buy any quantity of land, or as many sections as he may desire, but, as- 
 has been explained, each odd section being surrounded by four even 
 numbered sections, which are retained by Government for settlers, no 
 compact body of land can be sold of greater extent than one section of 
 640 acres. Supposing the purchaser desires to purchase a quarter sec- 
 tion — a tract of half a mile squai-e, containing 160 acres — and that he 
 wishes this land on the credit allowed by the Company ■ 160 acres at 
 $2 50 per acre would be $400 ; twenty per cent, of $400 is $80 ; he would 
 pay this $80 to the Cempany, leaving $320 due ; on this he would pay 
 interest at ten per cent., or $32 per year, for five years, payable yearly 
 in advance. At the time of making the payment of $80 and the first 
 year's interest, he would receive a contract for a deed from the Com- 
 pany, signed in duplicate by him and the officers of the Company, in 
 which he would agree to pay the yearly interest and the balance due at 
 the end of five years, and the Company agreeing on its part to give him 
 a fee simple deed when the balance was paid. At any time the pur- 
 chaser desires he is allowed to pay the balance due and take his deed^, 
 thus stopping the payment of interest; the Company will not, how- 
 ever, receive it in installments. Practically but few persons avail them- 
 selves of the five years' credit, although purchases are frequently made 
 on credit, yet in most instances by the second or third year they are en- 
 abled, from the sale of their crops, to pay the balance due and receive 
 their final deeds. 
 
 Advantages to the Purchaser of Railroad Lands. 
 The purchasers of railroad lands have many advantages over those 
 purchasing from the Government, some of which can be best explained 
 by stating the mode in which the Government disposes of its public lands 
 — the even numbered sections — within the railroad reservation. A per- 
 son, to acquire title from the Government by pre-emption, must first go 
 upon the land, commence its cultivation and erect a dwelling house : he 
 then files in the United States Land Office his " declaratory statement ;" 
 
14 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 that is, a document setting forth that ho has seloctod a certain piece of 
 land, describing it, together with the date of hia sottlomont, the fact that 
 he is a citizen or has legally declared his intention to become a citizen, 
 his age, etc. After three months he must appear at the United States 
 Land Office, with two witnesses, where a trial is had and proof made on 
 oath before the Land Officers that he has com])lied with all the provis- 
 ions of the pre-emption law. If the law has been complied with he then 
 pays $2 50 per acre and a receipt is given him ; in a year or two a 
 patent is received and he returns his receipt and obtains the patent for 
 his land. No man can obtain from the Government, by pre-emption, 
 more than IGO acres of land, and having i-eceivod this his privilege is 
 exhausted. 
 
 There is one other way by which a person can obtain lands from the 
 Government — on even numbered sections within the railroad reserva- 
 tion — and that is by filing a homestead claim on eighty acres. As in the 
 <;ase of pre-emption, he must erect a dwelling, live on and cultivate the 
 land J he must then file in the United States Land Office his declaration 
 of homestead, setting forth substantially the same facts as in the case 
 of pre-emption. On the day he files, he receives a homestead certificate. 
 If he continue to live on the land and cultivates it for five years, from 
 the day of filing, he can, after that time, make proof of the facts as ia 
 the case of pre-emption, and if the law has been complied with, ho re- 
 turns his certificate, and in time will receive a patent without other ex- 
 pense, except the fees of the officers and the fees of an attorney, if ne- 
 cessary that one should be employed. A pre-emption cannot be for more 
 than 160 acres, nor a homestead for more than 80 acres on Government 
 land within the railroad reservation. Neither the pre-emption *nor 
 homestead can be abandoned, sold, mortgaged or leased until after the 
 patent is issued. On the other hand, the purchaser from the railroad is 
 not limited as to quantity, and when the money is paid and the deed 
 issued, he can do as he pleases with the land — it is his in fee simple. 
 There are no complicated laws or rules — he selects his land, pays for it, 
 and takes a deed, or buj's on credit, and takes a contract for a deed, 
 which is assignable. In either case he does with the land as he deems 
 proper — he may sell, lease, reside on the land, or reside elsewhere, or he 
 may lot it remain to increase in value, by the settlement of the country 
 about it. Many purchasers of railroad lands do not build upon the land 
 purchased, but erect their dwellings upon the adjoining even sections, 
 thus taking advantage of the privilege granted by Government, and ob- 
 taining in one body, a larger tract than could otherwise bo obtained. 
 
 Policy of the Company in the Sale of its Lands. 
 
 The policy of the Company is and has always been, to sell its lands 
 at low prices, and upon easy terms of payment. Its Directors believe 
 
LANDS OF CAJLIFORNIA AND OREGON R. R. I 5 
 
 its best interests are promoted by selling its lands near the line of the 
 road to men who will personally cultivate the soil, and who will own 
 the land they cultivate. During the coming three years, the Eailroad 
 €ompany will be at work completing its road. It will employ all the 
 labor that may be offered. It pays to laborers thirty dollars per month 
 in gold, and provides them with board — to mechanics proportionally 
 greater prices. Thus, any man coming to California, who can labor, 
 may be certain of employment, and if he so desires, he can, with the 
 proceeds of seven months' labor, become the owner of eighty acres of 
 the finest wheat land in the world, in a climate that for salubrity has no 
 -equal; in a State where all children are educated in free schools at the 
 public expense, and where slavery never had existence, among a people 
 who honor labor, and whose laws give ample protection to life and 
 property. 
 
 All communications in relation to the lands of the Company, if ad- 
 dressed to B. B. Eedding, Land Agent, Central Pacific Railroad Com- 
 pany, Sacramento, Cal., will be promptly answered. 
 
 Sanbs of tlje (IDaIif0rma M)i Oregon ^aflroab. 
 
 The California and Oregon Railroad Company has a grant of lands 
 from the United States, consisting of all vacant odd numbered sections 
 within twenty miles on each side of its road, and where the odd num- 
 bered sections have been taken up by pre-emption or otherwise, the Com- 
 pany has the right to select other vacant odd numbered sections as in- 
 demnity, within thirty miles on each side of its line. This road com- 
 mences at Eoseville, in Placer county, California, on the line of the Cen- 
 tral Pacific Eoad, and extends north by way of Marysville, in Yuba 
 county, through Chico, in Butte county, to Red Bluff, in Tehama county, 
 and so on north through Shasta and Siskiyou counties to the State of 
 Oregon. This road is now completed to Chico, and is being rapidly ex- 
 tended. 
 
 The route of this road is nearly parallel to the general course of the 
 Sacramento river, and its grant embraces some of the finest bottom lands 
 of the Sacramento Valley. The Directors have not as yet determined 
 upon the prices and authorized the sale of its lands, but will probably do so 
 
1 6 ALL ABOUT CALIFORNIA. 
 
 within A low mouths. This Company will pursue the liberal policy to 
 Bcttlers in the sale of its lands that has been followed by the Central 
 Pacific Eailroad. 
 
 Its Land Agent is B. ]J. Ecdding, Sacramento. 
 
 faniis of tjjc Souiljtru llHcifit fxailroab. 
 
 The route of this road extends from San Jose, in Santa Clara county, 
 south by the town of Gilroy, and through one of the passes of the Diablo 
 range of mountains to the San Joaquin and Tulare valleys, and through 
 these valleys to San Bernardino county, and so on east to the Territory 
 of Arizona. 
 
 Its grant of lands is similar in terms to that of the California and Or- 
 egon Railroad. This road has been completed to Gilroy. Its further 
 construction into the San Joaquin and Tulare valleys will open to culti- 
 vation vast tracts of the most fertile lands, the productions of which 
 cannot now be profitably transported to market. The Company has not 
 as yet appointed a Land Agent. Its President is Lloyd Tevis, San 
 Francisco. 
 
 To th.e Reader. 
 
 When you have read this pamphlet, preserve it and lend it to your 
 neighbors or send it to some friend in the Eastern States or elsewhere, 
 who will value the information it contains and might be likely to como 
 himself or send intelligent, industrious farmers to settle in California. 
 Other copies of this, and similar information for the same use, may be 
 obtained gratis of the California Immigrant Union, No. 316 California 
 Btreet, San Francisco, or will be directed and mailed to suitable persons 
 in the Eastern States, Great Britain or her colonies and provinces on 
 request, and letters requesting information will be answered promptly. 
 A German edition is also published for the same purpose, and transla- 
 tions in other languages will be issued. 
 
t: 
 
 ?) 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. 
 
 JOHNSON & GOm (-^«*^ of Lich House), Proprietops. 
 
Carew's Fine Writing Papers, Shaw's Superior Blank Books, 
 
 Kurtz & Monaghan's Cold Pens, Hart's Playing Cards. 
 
 JOHN G. HODGE & CO. 
 
 IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 
 
 STATIONERY, 
 
 KEEP THE LARGEST STOCK OF 
 
 Blank Books, School Books, Stationeiy, 
 
 COLD PENS, PLAYING CARDS, 
 
 Pocket Cutlery, Razor Strops, Money Purses, Etc., on the Pacific Coatt. 
 The Trade Supplied at the Lo'^est Market Rates. 
 
 SAN" FRANCISCO, 
 t^ AGENTS FOR A. W. FABER'S LEAD PENCILS, 
 
 %. 
 
New York, Jan. 1, 1870. 
 
 TO THE TRADE GENERALLY : 
 
 In view of .the illegitimate importation, by parties on tha 
 Pacific Coast, of the goods for which I am Sole Agent for the United 
 States, and in order that purchasers of the same, through other 
 sources than myself, may receive only goods bearing my counter 
 stamp, thereby protecting them against too freanent counterfeits 
 and imitations, I have made arrangements with 
 
 Messrs. J. G. HODGE St CO., San Francisco, CaL, 
 
 to keep on hand, and in stock at all times, at the lowest market 
 rates, a full assortment of the manufactures of A. W. Faber, of 
 Stein, Bavaria, including the well-known 
 
 A. W. FABER'S LEAD PENCILS, 
 
 together with my other specialties. 
 
 Very truly, 
 
 EBERHARD FABER, 
 
 No. 133 WnUam St., New York, 
 
 In consequence of the above, we are prepared to supply these 
 well-known Pencils in great variety and in quantities to suit, at 
 greatly reduced prices. 
 
 John G. Hod2:e & Co., 
 
 327 f 329 and 331 Sansome Street^ - - corner of Sacramento , 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
QUICK TIME AND CHEAP FARES, 
 
 FROM 
 
 Cuins^^ A.]srD J^p^n 
 
 TO 
 
 New York and Liverpool. 
 
 THE! great: OVER-LAND R,OUXE 
 
 VIA 
 
 Central & Western Pacific Railroads, 
 
 Is now in complete running order 
 
 FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO THE ATLANTIC SEABOARD. 
 
 Through Express Trains leave San Francisco daily, making prompt con- 
 nections with the several Railway Lines in the Eastern States, for all the Cities of 
 the United States and Canadas, and 
 
 ©OHIflCHlf® 41" IflW ¥OEK 
 
 with tlie several Steamship liines to 
 
 ENGLAND. FRANCE AND ALL EUROPEAN PORTS, 
 
 Through Time going East. From San Francisco to Omaha, 4 days 
 and 7 hours; to Chicago, 5 days and 7 hours; to New York, 7 days. 
 
 Through First-Class Fare Reduced and Payable in Currency. 
 
 From San Francisco to Omaha, $100; to St. Louis, $118; to Chicago, $118; 
 to New York, §140; to Boston, $144.50. 
 
8!l¥eF Palace Sleeping CoaAe^^ 
 
 SECOND TO NONE IN THE WOULD, 
 
 ARE RUN DAILY, 
 
 From San Francisco to New York 
 
 ANn lyTJEJRMJEDIATJE POIJfTS, 
 
 These Drawing-Room Cars by day, and Sleeping Cars by night, are unex- 
 celled for comfort and convenience to the passenger while en route — combining 
 the elegance of a private parlor and all accommodations pertaining to a well- 
 furnished chamber, with comfortable couches, clean bedding^ etc. A competent 
 Porter accompanies each car to attend to the wants of our patrons. 
 
 SECOND CLASS TRAINS leave San Francisco daily, (Sundays excepted). Fare 
 to Omaha, $80; St. Louis, $93; Chicago, $93; New York, $110. 
 
 CHILDREN not over TWELVE (12) YEARS of age Half Fare ; under FIVE (5) 
 YEARS, of age. Free. 
 
 100 POUNDS OF BAGrGAGE (per Adult Passenger), Free: 50 lbs. of Baggage 
 per Child, between 4 and 12 years of age. Free. 
 
 EXTRA BAGGAGE (Over 100 pounds) between Sacramento and Omaha (currency) 
 $15 per 100 pounds. 
 
 iti 
 
 THROUGH TICKET OFFICES 
 
 THROUGH FREIGHTS from San Francisco to New York and other Eastern 
 Cities, contracted through at low rates. 
 
 MARK GOODS CARE C. P. R. R. 
 
 MONEY SAVED by Fnrcliasing TICKETS at the Company's Office in 
 SAN FJRANCISCO. 
 
 T. H. GOODMAN, A. N. TOWNE, 
 
 Gen. Passenger Agent. Gen. Superintendent. 
 
IT. m:. CA.RKOLL 
 
 wmmwmEmwmm^ 
 
 Board per day, 
 Board per iveelc, 
 Single Meals, 
 
 $1.00 
 
 5.00 
 
 25 cts. 
 
 This fine and commodious House is beautifully and centrally 
 located and no pains "will be spared to make guests comfortable. 
 
 The House is directly in front of the wharf. Patrons of this 
 EstabUshment "will be brought to the House 
 
 FREE OF CHARGE. 
 
SAN JOAQUIN" VALLEY 
 
 Grain Lands. 
 
 JOHN T. LITTLE, 
 
 nsro. 1 sa?E]"srEiisrsoisr'3 loxjii-iXDinsro, 
 
 S. W. COR. MONTGOMERY AND CALIFORNIA STREETS, 
 
 Offers for sale 200,000 acres of land comprising some of the richest soil in 
 the great San Joaquin Valley. This land will be sold in quantity from half a 
 section upwards, at 
 
 VERY MODERATE RATES, 
 
 and on a liberal credit. Maps and Plans can be obtained at his office, as above. 
 
 are situated in the San Joaquin Valley, and the facilities now offered for 
 
 obtaining 
 
 A SMALL FARM, 
 
 Will never again be equaled. For full particulars concerning the soil, climate, 
 LATE PROPRIETOR OF MANHATTAN HOUsk. 
 
kK^ 
 
 
 4P 
 
 SANT/ 
 
 11/ 
 
 IIT^i 
 
 R,U 
 
 )STA 
 
 
 VI 
 
 M&l' 
 
 •3"*^* 
 
 Mi: 
 
 i'/- 
 
 kSIan 
 
 LAI 
 
 A 
 
 >Mm 
 
 SAN JOAQUIN VALLEY GRAIN LANDS, 
 
 FOB SALE ON A IJBERAl, CREDTT BT 
 
 JOHN T. LITTLE. 
 
 No. 1 STEVENSON'S BUILDING, 
 "S. W. COR. CALIFORNIA AND MONTGOMERY STREETS. 
 
 XITI.B_msriTE3D SX-A.TJBS y-A-TEaSTT, 
 
 .5^1.^ 
 
 xin 
 
 »t Terr iDoderafeDrU^ and n„^ nSl,"?' '^Si?/ '° ,1"''"'"^ f""" one-balf secUon opward, 
 "he.,%rio ™of CTlX^^ i^A^^^lTfK ^"^ valley of the San Joaquin la the finest 
 the« I, ,fe,er° able to b^ d«1ro.ef bv rns?* ^.^u™?, ""•. ^™""^ J^,">'." "^•"'v ^'"^' 
 where It is expowd to fogs and wlh winds. Th^.^n-^" '1°° «.°?'* '*"?' "*'" '^" «°"* 
 inextmusllble. It Is claimed u> hn ...nin^t . .^ "°" " " "<='' **"'* '<'*™ of E'eatcleptb, and 
 lull, «qual 10 tod In other lo^aUon»'ih« i!°h m'T'S?;? ?'"■'"« '»°<'» *° '"« ^late. and 
 Jwampy, nor U It ever ovorflowiS Tt! ^i''."''* ?' .^*' '" "" P*' »<='«■ ^'on* "f " '» 
 and gri us, and s now covered ,Wth I.^S ?" '' ""^^ * '^°' »" ""'"'' "^ vegetables, fruits 
 a<f. \l,e land ll we" watered^.. t.T.ii'"'"" "!? '""^' «''*»'-*°« « fine range for cat. 
 .pringi, and good w.terT«„TAh7i *''« .P^fno and other strfama. There are numerous 
 tfact. Tfhe sf^cktl and vNatla R.u'^R ".V"* ^ ■"»"'■"'« .I^P'" "P"" ^"J «^o«o° "f either 
 »t,£irU)i,o^„'f"* «>'",''i.? '»"?"•'' Wt'l* present facilities, the cost of traoeportini 
 olslion o/dU^Jof te^.?. "' *^„*"* ':?''• '5^'"=,'' ■"»"* '^'l '■« ■ua'enally reduced upon com? 
 "■■ wwldandfutui^t?, '^'if!'^;''^,, California has been pictured aa the Hneyard of 
 'AVref/erftaimithl^ltM? ,'•'*, y,?'."""';, '° "-n" P'" of '^^ State doea the g™^ 
 
 zy 
 
 XVI 
 
 ZVD 
 
 "m 
 
 ^C 
 
 .Sitit^ 
 
 
 FR ESMCJ 
 
 1?^-; 
 
 XX 
 
 i:U<K;^. 
 
 
 
 [.fcxrvaix y :xx vi 
 
 I ^^;fs 
 
 L^: 
 
 _<:£: 
 
 A-^P 
 
 ■">i|^%'^V- 
 
 ON 
 
 '^«^ 
 
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 iiij^ 
 
500,000 -Azores Farming Lands. 
 
 JOHN T. LITTLE, 
 
 Real Estate Agent, 
 
 OFFICE, NO. 1 STEVENSON'S BUILDING, 
 
 Offers for Sale on Liberal Terms, 
 
 Zznproved Farxns, 
 
 Stock Ilazicb.es and ^ 
 
 Grain Ziands, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Sacramento, Napa and San Joaquin 
 VALLEYS, 
 
 and in tire Northern and Southern Counties of the State, at prices ranging 
 from $2.00 per acr», upwards. 
 
 Strangers calling at his ofBce will be furnished with Maps of the State, and 
 all desirable information connected with farming in California. 
 
T 
 
 SAN JOAQUIN VALLET 
 
 Grain Lands. 
 
 JOHN T. LITTLE, 
 
 3SrO. 1 STEi'VEJlsTSOHST'S lOTJIX-iIDIISrO, 
 
 S. W. COR. MONTGOMERY AND CALIFORNIA STREETS, 
 
 OfFers for sale 200,000 acres of land comprising some of the richest soil in 
 the great San Joaquin Valley. This land will be sold in quantity from half a 
 section upwards, at 
 
 VERY MODERATE RATES, 
 
 and on a liberal credit. Maps and Plans can be obtained at his ofiice, as above. 
 
 are situated in the San Joaquin Valley, and the facilities now offered for 
 obtaining 
 
 A SMALL FARM, 
 
 Will never again be equaled. For full particulars concerning the soil, climate, 
 products, etc., of the San Joaquin Valley, see pages 17, 18, 46 and 50. 
 
 -^ 
 
500,000 ^cres Fanning Lands. 
 
 JOHN T. LITTLE, 
 
 Real Estate Agent, 
 
 OFFICE, NO. 1 STEVENSON'S BUILDING, 
 
 Offers for Sale on Liberal Terms, 
 
 Cxnproved Farzns, 
 
 Stock Ilanch.es and ^ 
 
 Grain Ziands, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 Sacramento, Napa and San Joaquin 
 VALLEYS, 
 
 I 
 
 and in the Northern and Southern Counties of the State, at prices ranging 
 from $2.00 per acr», upwards. 
 
 Strangers calline at his office will be furnished with Maos of _the State, and _ 
 
 ^ FREE OF CHARGE. I 
 
Tremont House, 
 
 J^CZSOIT STRSET, 
 
 mmtm^^®^w ^affl P^mi 
 
 lW)®$ 
 
 SAN FBMCISGO. 
 
 The undersigned begs to inform the Public that he has openr ■, the above- 
 named House, The Furniture is entirely new. The Sleeping Apartments have 
 been furnished with the bfest Patent Spring Beds and Hair Mattresses. 
 
 The Rooms are all lighted, large, and the best ventilated in the city. 
 
 PRICES TO SUIT TSE TIMES. 
 
 The .TABLE will be supplied with the BEST the MARKET AFFORDS, 
 making this the cheapest Hotel in the city. Coach Free to the Hotel. 
 
 Board\and Lodging from f5.00 to $6.00 per JVeek. 
 
 The Coach will convey Passengers to any part of the City, for 50 cts. 
 
 P. C^SSEELY, Proprietor, 
 
 LATE PROPRIETOR OF MANHATTAN HOUSE. 
 
CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND 
 
 AND 
 
 ®lfi® B^I1p#^## 
 
 The Great Central Iowa Short Line Overland 
 
 Route, via Chicago, Rock Island, Des Moines and Omaha. 
 
 B^- SHORTEST, QUICKEST AND BEST ROUTE, 
 
 BETW'EEN THE ATLANTIC AND THE PACIFIC. 
 
 Carrying the 
 
 THEOTJGH OYERLAND LETTER MAIL. 
 
 THROUGH TICKETS 
 
 to the Western Territories and California, can be obtained at Company's 
 offices at 
 
 NEW YORK, 257 Broadway, 
 BOSTON, MASS., 87 Washington St., 
 CHICAGO, S7 Clark St., 
 
 And at all the Principal Ticket Offices in the East. 
 
a?i3:E] 
 
 Chicago, Hock Island &> Pacific E .H., 
 
 WITH ITS CONNECTIONS WITH THE 
 
 Mlfli- 1411 §7 ' illi4< 
 
 WITH THE 
 
 Union and Central Pacific Railroads, 
 
 WEST FROM OMAHA, 
 
 FORMS 
 
 The MOST RELIABLE ROUTE between the East and the Par West. 
 
 IT IS UNEQUALED IN SPEED, COMFORT AND SAFETY. 
 
 THE MOST 
 
 lisli 
 
 EVER USED ON ANY RAILROAD, ARE BUILT, OWNED AND RUN BY THIS COMPANY, 
 BETWEEN CHICAGO AND OMAHA. 
 
 ^^ Particular facilities offered for the comfort and conve- 
 nience of Families going West for settlement. -"^^ 
 
 Be Sure your Tickets read "VIA EOOK ISLAND." 
 
 HUGH RIDDLE, Gen'l Supt., Chicago. 
 
 P. A. HALL, Ass't " 
 
 A. M. SMITH, Gen'l Pass.Agt,- " 
 
 A. L. WAIT, General Agent for the Pacific States, 
 
 413 CALIFORNIA ST., SAN FRANCISCO. 
 
t 
 
 New York to Chicago, Without Change of Cars. 
 
 pERNSTLTANU CENTRAL 
 
 A Railroad^ 
 
 AND 
 
 Pittsburg, Ft. Wayne & Chicago 
 
 DR^^ILTV^^^". 
 
 THE AlOS-r DIRECT ROUTE TO 
 
 Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Paul, Omaha, Salt Lake City, San 
 Francisco, and all points in the West and NorthAvest. 
 
 Passengers for Salt Lake City, Sacramento, San Francisco, and all points 
 on the Pacific Coast, should ask for Tickets 
 
 Via the "PENNSYLVANIA ROUTE," 
 
 And take the Compartment Cars attached to the Pacific Express, which connects 
 at Omaha, with the 
 
 Running through to San Francisco without change of Cars. 
 
 THROUGH TICKETS 
 
 FOR SALE AT 
 
 5/36 BroadiiFay ; 435 Broadw^ay ; 271 Broadivay ; Jlo. 1 Aator House ; Depot of 
 
 IT. J. R. R., foot of Conrtlandt St. ; Depot of Central R. R. of N. J., 
 
 foot of Liberty St.; OiBce of Allcntown Line, 254 Broadiray ; 
 
 Tfo. 8 Battery Place ; Office of Allentovrn Line, 10 
 
 Greenwich St. ; No. 81 Courtlandt St. 
 
 D. M. BOYD, Jr., HENRY W. GWINNER, 
 
 1st Asst, 6«n. Pass, and T^ck«t Af^st, FUladelpMa. Oes. Pass, and Ticket Ajent.. 
 
Newr ITork; to Cincinnati; 
 
 WITHOUT CHANGE OF CARS ! 
 
 Pennsylvania Central Railroad 
 
 AND 
 
 Pan Handle Route. 
 
 The Most Direct Route to CINCINNATI, LOUISVILLE, NEW 
 
 ORLEANS, INDIANAPOLIS, ST. LOUIS, 
 
 KANSAS CITY, and 
 
 ALL POINTS IN THE 
 
 ^WEST ^]SrD SOTJTH^WEST. 
 
 Passengers will secure pleasure, comfort,' quickest time and the 
 
 greatest degree of safety, by asking for TicJcets via the 
 
 I. 
 
 Saving 113 Miles in Distance, without Change of Cars, to CUTCINITATI ancl 
 LOUISVILLE, and with but one Change to NEW OBLEANS. 
 
 RATES OF FARE 
 
 ALWAYS AS LOW AS BY ANY OTHER ROUT 
 
 ^ F6r ticket offices, see OPPOSITE PAGE, .^i 
 
 JOHn'h. miller. THOS. L. KnVTBALL, 
 
 Qe&. Eastern Faes. Agent, 17ew 7ork. ~ Gen. Western Pass. Agent, Chioago. 
 
LEANDER RANSOM, 
 
 Also, ILat© State Locating Agemt for Bclool Lands. 
 
 Having been engaged in the construction and management of the Public 
 Works of the State of Ohio for twenty j'ears, and having had charge of the Pubhc 
 Surveys of the State of Cahfornia for seven }-ears, and the disposition of the 
 School Lands of the State for ten years, and having provided his office with maps 
 of all the Public Sun'eys of the State, as well as with the Land Laws, Instruc- 
 tions, Rules and Regulations of the State and the United States, he deems him- 
 self prepared to give any desired information relating to the lands of the State, 
 or to transact any business appertaining to the entry, location, purchase or sale of 
 the same. 
 
 Maps and Plats furnished vrhen required. 
 
 Field Notes of Intricate Surveys platted, and quantities calculated. 
 
 Deeds -with difBcult descriptions carefully draw^n. 
 
 Field Work, either Surveying or Leveling, executed promptly, and every 
 other kind of business connected with Public Works or Lands attended to with 
 dispatch. 
 
 OFFICE, No. 522 MONTGOMERY STREET, ROOM No. 11, 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 CHARLES D. CARTER, 
 
 Real Estate Agent, 
 
 410 California St., Two Doors West of the Bank of California. 
 
 Every Department of Real Estate Business Attended to. 
 
 Full Maps, Books, Charts, Diagrams, etc., of all property in the City. 
 Having a set of Books containing all bona fide sales made of late years, is in 
 a position to show owners at what figures property in their locality is selling at. 
 
 ' COLOl^IES^ 
 
 PERSONS IN THE EASTERN STATES OR EUROPE DESIRING 
 to form Agricultural Colonies and settle in California, by writing to the 
 
 No. 316 CaUfot'iiia St., San Francisco, 
 
 can obtain, gratis, such information as they desire concerning Public and Private 
 Lands in the different Districts of this State, and their movements will be facili- 
 tated in ever}' possible way. 
 
 President, C. T. HOPKINS. Manager, CHARLES S. CAPP. 
 
 General Agent, WM. H. MARTIN. 
 
SECOND 
 
 ^NNTJA^T, STA-TEMENT 
 
 OF THE 
 
 California Trust Company 
 
 FOR THE 
 
 YEAR ENDING JUNE 30th, 1870, 
 
 CIRCUL^K 
 
 AND LIST OF 
 
 Office i\_s, Trustees, 
 
 STOCKHOLDERS. 
 
CALIFORNIA TRUST COMPANY. 
 
 SECOND ANNUAL STATEMENT, JUNE 30th, 1870. 
 
 ♦.♦- 
 
 Assets and Liabilities, June 30, 1869. 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Loans outstanding ^ 4 1 5.686.29 
 
 Furniture, Safes, etc ^'1 o 5 
 
 Cash on hand 3^628.45 
 
 $450,633^9 
 
 LIABILITIES. "" 
 
 Capital Stock paid in $ 177,250.00 
 
 Deposits with Company 259,853.59 
 
 Surplus— Net Profit ^3..530-00 
 
 ^450,633-59 
 
 ReceiDts and Disbursements from Jime 30, 1869, to June 30, 1870. 
 ^ RECEIPTS. 
 
 Cashonhandjuly I, 1869 ? 31,628.45 
 
 Capital Stock paid in 122,750.00 
 
 Deposits received ^,716,331. 21 
 
 Loans paid in M 4,496.81 
 
 Interest collected 86,469.99 
 
 Commissions " 1 1,425.58 
 
 Safe Deposits " 1,788.01 
 
 §9,284^89005 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS. 
 
 Deposits paid out $8,433,642.95 
 
 Loans made 1,177,296.90 
 
 Literest paid out M, 752-55 
 
 Commissions paid out i, 457-51 
 
 Safe Deposits paid out 1 1 . 1 2 
 
 Bought — Furniture, Safes, etc 1,742.80 
 
 Expense — Salaries, Rent, etc 20,324.13 
 
 Dividends paid Stockholders ^ 17.863.25 
 
 Cash on hand June 30, 1S70 _~ 117,798.84 
 
 $9,784,890.05 
 
 Assets and Liabilities June 30, 1870. 
 
 ASSETS. 
 
 Loans outstanding ? 770,486.38 
 
 Furniture, Safes, etc 5.061.65 
 
 Cash on hand 117.798.84 
 
 $901,346.87 
 
 LIABILITIES. ~~ 
 
 Capital Stock paid in $ 300,000.00 
 
 Deposits with Company 54-", 54 1-^5 
 
 Surpkis Earnings 57,918.27 
 
 Dividends uncalled for 886.^ c 
 
 $901,346.87 
 
 YEARLY IPKOFIX. 
 
 Surplus June 30, 1870 $57,c) 18.27 
 
 Dividends since Jan. la.st, i| per mo. . ... 18.750.00 
 
 $ 76,668.27 
 
 Less Surplus June 30, 1 869 i3,530-0° 
 
 Profits for the year ending June 30, 1870 $63,138.27 
 
CIRCULAR 
 
 California Trust ^ 
 
 42. Pal,-- - v^OMPANY, 
 
 - v^rcNiA Street, San jP'rancisco. 
 
 INCORPORATED CAPITAL STOCK— ONE MILLION DOLLARS. 
 
 Capital Paid in, ) j^^^ ^^ j Surplus Earnings, 
 
 $300,000— Gold. ) o / I $57,918— Gold. 
 
 This Company will transact all kinds of legitimate Banking Business on 
 the most favorable terms, and act as Agent for Corporations and Individuals in 
 Financial, Trust and other appropriate business. 
 
 Gold and Currency Exchange drawn, and Telegraphic Transfers made on 
 New York, available in any part of the United States; Exchange on Europe, 
 China, etc., furnished at lowest rates. 
 
 Notes and Drafts collected in San Francisco and vicinity without charge, 
 and in any part of the Pacific Coast or Eastern States at cost, and proceeds 
 credited here, or remitted at current rates of Exchange. 
 
 Money deposited to our credit with our correspondent, the First National 
 Bank of New York, will be paid here by us, or remitted by Draft to any part of 
 the Pacific Coast, free of charge. 
 
 Certificates of Deposit issued payable on call or at any specified time, 
 with interest from Six to Nine per cent, per annum; Check Accounts kept in 
 Gold, Silver or Currency, and Interest allowed on average daily balances as per 
 agreement with the Company. 
 
 Loans made on Bullion, Real Estate, Public Securities, Bonds, Local Stocks, 
 Merchandise, Produce, and other good Securities; approved Business Notes dis- 
 counted for depositors. 
 
 We have the largest and strongest Vaults and Safes in the State, built ex- 
 pressly for the Safe-deposit Business, in which we will guarantee the safe-keeping 
 of Bonds, Stocks, Papers, Jewelty, Silverware, Cash Boxes, etc., at moderate 
 charges. 
 
 The Company has now a paid-in Capital of $300,000; which will be in- 
 creased from time to time as business may require, and a surplus of $57,918. 
 This, with a profitable and increasing business, and the high character and re- 
 sponsibility of the Officers, Trustees and Stockholders, we deem a sufficient 
 guarantee for the fulfillment of all its obligations. 
 
 Deposits and general business respectfully solicited from Courts, Corpora- 
 tions, Public Officers, Eastern and Foreign Banks and Bankers, Firms and In- 
 dividuals, with the assurance that all business intrusted to this Company will be 
 transacted with promptness and fidelity, and on liberal terms, corresponding as 
 far as possible with the rates and customs of our Eastern Cities and Commercial 
 Countries with which we are connected. 
 
OFFICERS, TRUSTEES AND STOCKHOLDERS 
 
 OK THK 
 
 
 OFFICERS : 
 
 President, 
 HENEY L. DAVIS. 
 
 Cashier, 
 D. W. C. THOMPSON. 
 
 HENRY H. HAIGHT, 
 JOHN H. BMED, 
 C. W. HATHAWAY. 
 HENRY L. DAVIS, 
 MOSES EOSENBAUM, 
 CHARLES M. PLUM, 
 HENRY J. BOOTH, 
 
 TRXJSXEES : 
 
 SOL. HEYDENFELDT, 
 WILLIAM H. SHARP, 
 JOHN CURREY, 
 JACOB C. JOHNSON, 
 HENRY BARROILHET, 
 JOHN O. ELDRIDGE, 
 CHARLES J. DEERING, 
 
 SAMUEL CRIM. 
 AYM. BLACKWOOD, 
 F. S. WENSINGEE, 
 W. B. CUMMINGS, 
 TYLER CURTIS, 
 CALEB S. HOBBS, 
 A. D. MOORE. 
 
 STOCIiHOLDEPtS 
 
 H. H. HAIGHT, 
 JOHN CENTEK, 
 CHAS. J. JANSON, 
 
 E. L. GOLDSTEIN, 
 J. C. JOHNSON. 
 WM. H. LYON, 
 
 H. BARROILHET, 
 Wll. A. PIPER, 
 CALEB S. HOBBS, 
 JOSEPH SELLER, 
 THEO. Le ROY, 
 R. F. MORROW, 
 
 F. G. BORNEMANX, 
 CHAS. C. HARVEY, 
 
 A. J. SAULMANN, 
 E. B. MAfTIUK. 
 HENRY L. DAVIS, 
 JACKSON TEMPLE, 
 TYLER OURTIS, 
 
 E. D. CHANDLER, 
 HERBERT BIRD, 
 
 B. P. AVERY, 
 
 J. M. JOHNSON, 
 
 C. A. STEWART, 
 S. T. KING, 
 
 H. F. AVILLIAMS, 
 FRANK EASTMAN, 
 CHAS..L. WIGGIN, 
 W. H. FARWELL, 
 L. E. WECK, 
 0. H. BAILEY. 
 JOHN CUBREY, 
 W. B. Cli.MMINGS. 
 EODMOND GIBBONS, 
 C. S. BENEDICT, 
 BENJ. ALLEN, 
 
 M. S. LATHAM, 
 WM. BLACKWOOD, 
 CHAS. J. DEERING, 
 WILLIAM McCOLL, 
 CHAS. H. SAWYER, 
 JOHN R. SIMS, 
 HENRY A COBB, 
 ALEX. ROBERTSON, 
 H. E. UHRLANDT, 
 G. D. GARDINER, 
 M. HUBBARD, 
 H. L. VAN WYCK, 
 AAEON DOUD, 
 R. P. CLEMENT. 
 JABISH CLEMENT, 
 JAS. S. THOMSON, 
 MILTON E. WILLIS, 
 JAMES M. GOEWEY, 
 GEO. B. KNOWLES, 
 HUGH WHITTELL, 
 CHARLES P.ACE. 
 L. F. ROWELL. 
 N. VAN BERGEN, 
 H. J. BOOTH, 
 8. B. BOSWELL, 
 C. H. BURTON. 
 JAS. S. KENNEDY. 
 R. E. ROWL.AND, 
 M. LYNCH, 
 JOHN H. KEMP, 
 G. PALACHE, 
 JOHN C. INNES. 
 
 A. D. GRIMWOOD. 
 S. W. HOYT, 
 JAMES HERON, 
 
 B. E. MAETIN, 
 
 O. C. PRATT, 
 WM. H. SHARP, 
 J. O. ELDRIDGE, 
 
 C. W. HATHA W.AY. 
 WM. CODINGTON, 
 JOHN HAEEOLD, 
 W. A. WOODW^AED, 
 M. EOSENBAUM, 
 Mbs. J. R. LEWIS, 
 EPES ELLEEY, 
 ISAAC BLUXOME, 
 JACOB BACON, 
 
 A. CALDWELL, 
 
 F. E. E. WHITNEY, 
 CHAS. S. OAPP. 
 
 T. T. ATKINSON, 
 WM. W. PHELPS. 
 E. E. CARPENTIER, 
 
 D. W. C. THOMPSON, 
 W^M. THURNAUER, 
 CHARLES M. PLUM, 
 J. B. SCOTGHLER. 
 JOSEPH BRITTON. 
 RICHARD O'NEILL. 
 JOHN H. DALE, 
 HENEY VOORMAN, 
 J. J. McKINNON, 
 
 H. L. KOHN, 
 
 E. T. PECK, 
 
 M. S. WHITING, 
 T. N. CAZNEAU, 
 J. H. G.ARDINER, 
 W. C. PARKER, Jr., 
 L H. BAILEY, Jr., 
 WM E. LOOMIS. 
 
 G. W. STEWART, 
 
 S. HEYDENFELDT, 
 SAMUEL CRIM. 
 JOHN H. BAIRD, 
 O. F. GIFFIN, 
 
 F. S. WENSINGEE, 
 WM. H. GEAVES, 
 L. B. DELL, 
 
 W. D. 8HALLCE0SS, 
 
 A. D. MOOEE, 
 H. A. EUNYON, 
 W. G. WAYMAN, 
 E. BUFFANDEAU. 
 S. C. BATES, 
 
 E. J. BACON, 
 
 G. G. CLAEK, 
 
 B. C. WRIGHT, 
 SUSAN T. WOOD, 
 S. H. WALLACE, 
 CHAELES ROBERTS, 
 GEO. L. BRADLEY, 
 WM. H. CEIM, 
 ELIZA A. CEOWELL, 
 A. G. DAVIS, 
 
 JAS. L. FIELDS, 
 RUTH A. HUBBARD, 
 A. K. P. HARMON, 
 
 C. J. HANN.\TH, 
 FREDRICA B. JONES, 
 A. E. M.AGILL, 
 
 M, C. G. MILLS, 
 DAVID PINKNEY, 
 CHAS. C. EOHELE, 
 JAMES SIMPSON, 
 J. L. SMITH, 
 S. C. THOMPSON, 
 
 TrusUe, 
 
^0tf tiS^ 1^ fftOUiitUG 
 
 i 
 
 Estahlished 1854. 
 
 GROWERS OF AND DEALERS IN 
 
 California Wines 
 
 AND 
 
 #^'^ Mpm 
 
 SAN FliANCISCO, - - - OA.LIFOIi]VIA. 
 
 Agencies: 
 
 EENNEET, PEOSCH & CO. 
 
 26 and 28 Vesey Street, Neiv YorJc. 
 
 FELDKAMP, KNOlLOGH & LEMBGKE, 
 
 S4 TuA. S^^LLE STI^EET, 
 
 ./"VT • ^ J, -m ' 
 
GREAT TRANS-CONTINENTAL ROUTE, 
 
 Union Pacific Railroad 
 
 From the Atlantic to the Faciflc, avoiding the dangers of the Sea ! 
 
 All mi south" ACnOSS THE CONTmHNT. 
 
 This Route is the Safest for Travelers, Most Attractive for Tour- 
 ists, Most Du'ect for Emigrants to the Great 
 Agricultural Sections of 
 
 ^cbraslia, ^olorada, laluominj, Ifali and Jdaho, 
 
 And the Rich Mining Districts of 
 
 By this route the traveler witnesses the beauties of the Great Valley of the Platte ; over 
 five hundred miles of rail to the base of the Black Hills, and the magnificent panorama of 
 the Rocky Mountains. 
 
 At Sherman, eight thousand two hundred and forty-two feet above the sea, the line passes 
 the highest point in the world crossed by a railroad. 
 
 At Creston, the road passes the "Backbone of the Continent," where the waters divide, 
 flowing to the Atlantic and Pacific. 
 
 The Union Pacific Railroad, passing between the great natural walls of 
 
 ECHO AND WEBER CANONS, 
 
 Connects at Union Junction with the Central Pacific Railroad, which runs through the Moun- 
 tain Passes and elevated valleys of the Sierra Nevadas, and over the rich plains of Califor- 
 nia to the Golden Gate. 
 
 The Utah Central Railroad, forming a junction with the Union Pacific Railroad at Ogden, 
 is now completed, and Three Daily Trains run regularly between Ogden and Salt Lake 
 City, on the 
 
 s^ aREA.T SA.LT L^KE. «^ 
 
 Passengers have now the opportunity of visiting that interesting country without, as form- 
 erly, enduring a tedious stage ride. The trains pass, on the route. Wood's Cross, Centre- 
 ville, Farmington and Kaysville. 
 
 Only thirty -seven miles from Ogden to Salt Lake City ; fare two dollars — time, two hours. 
 Route through magnificent scenery and over a good Railroad. Through passengers are 
 allowed to stop over at Ogden for rest, and to make this delightful excursion to the Capi- 
 tal of Utah, which is the principal city in this great interior country. 
 
 THE MOST COMFOBTABLE ACCOM3IODATIONS 
 
 Are furnished by the hotels at Salt Lake for Tourists, as well as for those who wish to make 
 a longer stay in this curious and interesting locality. The Medicinal Waters and Hot 
 Spring Baths of this neighborhood are a great attraction to pleasure-seekers as well as to 
 
LEAVE BRYAN, ON THE UNION PACiriC RAILROAD, 
 
 Every Monday, Wednesday and Friday. Stage fare to Atlantic City or South Pass, twenty 
 dollars, currency. Distance will be shortened twenty-five miles this Spring. 
 
 Stages for points in Montana leave Corinne Station, on the Central Pacific Railroad, 
 twenty-three miles west of Ogden, on the Union Pacific Railroad, every day at 5 a.m., and 
 arrive at 5 P.M. Fare to Virginia City, sixty dollars, currency. Fare to Helena, seventy- 
 five dollars, currency. 
 
 Stages for points in Idaho leave Kelton (ninety-one miles west of Ogden), on the Central 
 
 Pacific Railroad, Fare to Boise City, sixty dollars, currency. 
 Stages for 
 
 YOSEMIITE VA-LLEY, 
 
 Leave Stockton, on the Central Pacific Railroad, daily at 6 A.M. 
 
 Daily stages leave Truckee, on the Central Pacific Railroad, for the beautiful Lake Ta- 
 hoe. Distance, fourteen miles — fare, three dollars ; and Donner Lake — distance, two miles ; 
 fare, one dollar. 
 
 P® 
 
 l^si mm<& MmmmmM WEmmm WimMmtm 
 
 Can be pnrchased at all the principal Ticltet Offices and large Railroad 
 
 Stations in the United States and Canada, for Principal 
 
 Points on this Line. 
 
 FROM 
 
 Through Rate 
 
 IN U. S. CURRENCY. 
 
 1st Class. 2d Class, 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 $140 00 
 
 $110 00 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 140 00 
 
 110 00 
 
 Marysville, 
 
 140 00 
 
 110 00 
 
 Colfax, 
 
 139 00 
 
 109 00 
 
 Eeno, 
 
 ■ 138 00 
 
 108 00 
 
 Battle Mountain, 
 
 135 00 
 
 105 00 
 
 Elko, 
 
 134 35 
 
 104 35 
 
 FROM CHIOACfO OS ST. LOUIS TO 
 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 118 00 
 
 93 00 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 118 00 
 
 93 00 
 
 Marysville, 
 
 118 00 
 
 93 00 
 
 Colfax, 
 
 117 00 
 
 92 00 
 
 Keno, 
 
 116 00 
 
 91 00 
 
 Battle Mountain, 
 
 113 00 
 
 88 00 
 
 Elko, 
 
 112 35 
 
 87 35 
 
 FEOM OMAHA TO 
 
 
 Cheyenne, 
 
 38 75 
 
 31 00 
 
 Denver, 
 
 50 75 
 
 43 00 
 
 Ogden, 
 
 77 40 
 
 62 00 
 
 Salt Lake City, 
 
 79 40 
 
 64 00 
 
 San Francisco, 
 
 100 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 Sacramento, 
 
 100 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 Marysville, 
 
 100 00 
 
 80 00 
 
 Coltax, 
 
 99 00 
 
 79 00 
 
 Eeno, 
 
 98 00 
 
 78 00 
 
 Battle Mountain, 
 
 95 00 
 
 75 00 
 
 Elko, 
 
 94 35 
 
 74 35 
 
 Emigrant Tickets from New York or 
 Baltimore, to San Francicso, $60, cur- 
 rency. 
 
 Emigrant Tickets from Chicago or St. 
 Louis, to San Francisco, $48, currency. 
 
 Children, between 5 and 12 7rs., HAiiF 
 FAEE ; under 5 yrs., fkee, 
 
 100 lbs. Baggage allowed to each full 
 Passenger. 
 
 C. G. HAMMOND, 
 
 Gen' I Superintendent. 
 
 a W. MEAD, 
 
 Asst. Gen'l Sup't. 
 
 PRANS. COLTON, aen'l Pass. Agent. 
 
 jg^ Persons wishing to send Through Tickets 
 to their friends or relatives in the Eastern States or 
 Europe, can procure them at the office of the 
 
 CALIPOENIA IMUiaEANT UOTON, 316 Califoriiia Strest. 
 
VALUABLE LAND FOR SALE! 
 
 19,000 ^CRES 
 
 § 
 
 f 
 
 FORMERLY KNIGHT'S VALLEY. 
 
 ^m^ ^ixiii 
 
 liii Htftif I 
 
 The Peace Valley Rancho, containing nineteen thousand acres of land, five miles 
 northwest of Calistoga, is now offered for sale, at moderate prices, in lots varying in size from 
 five to forty acres. Not more than one hundred and sixty acres will be sold to any one person. 
 Of first class soil, suitable for gardening and grain, there are eight thousand acres, and the 
 remainder is all adapted to fruit, vineyards, and pasturage, though some of it is now covered 
 by a dense growth of large redwood and fir .trees very valuable for building and fencing pur- 
 poses. 
 
 Peace Valley is the heart of the northern coast of California. It is roundish in shape, and 
 lies between Napa and Russian valleys in one direction, and between Sonoma and Clear Lake 
 in the other. The country around it is the most fertile, the most beautiful, the best watered, 
 and the best timbered part of the State, and it is advancing more rapidly than any other in 
 wealth and population. No drought or grass-hopper plague has ever troubled the farmers 
 there. Of this rich region Peace Valley is the heart or central point through which the roads 
 running north and south, and east and west cross. It is only five miles from the present ter- 
 minus of the Napa Valley Railroad, which will no doubt soon be extended to Healdsburg, 
 through the valley which offers the shortest line for a road to Healdsburg, and the rich valley 
 of Russian River. When that road is completed the dwellers in Peace Valley will all be 
 within hearing of the locomotive whistle. Then, too, the trade of the central portions of 
 Lake county will come to Peace Valley ; whereas, now it goes to Calistoga. The shortest 
 road from Calistoga to Lakeport and the northern end of Lake County runs through Peace 
 Valley. 
 
 The scenery about Peace Valley will contribute much to its value. Only twenty miles 
 distant are the Geysers, a world-famous place of resort ; at the same distance is Clear Lake, 
 a. beautiful sheet of water, the shores of which are visited every year by many pleasure-seek- 
 ers. Five miles off, and only eight miles from the railroad, is the summit of St, Helena, four 
 thousand three hundred and forty-three feet high, which commands a very extensive view, 
 including the snow-covered sides of the Sierra Nevada for several hundred miles. The coast 
 at the mouth of Russian River, is twenty miles distant and is a favorite resort. The hills 
 about the valley abound with deer, hare and quail, and the creeks have salmon and trout. 
 
The Healdsburg and Calistoga Stages 
 
 And the Calistoga and Geyser Stages, pass each way every day eight miles 
 
 through the ranch. 
 
 The valley is surrounded by hills, and on the east is bordered by high mountains which 
 arrest the storm-clouds and compel them to let the rain fall just there. The ranch has four 
 or five permanent creeks, including one that drives a saw-mill. It has, besides, two hun- 
 dred living springs. The wild grasses grow luxuriantly, and the ranch has, for twenty-five 
 years, sustained large herds of cattle, sheep and horses. 
 
 The hills between the valley and the ocean being low, the coast winds temper the heat of 
 summer, and make a temperature like that of the southern end of Sonoma, Peace Valley is 
 one of the few places in the State suitable for the production of light, tart wines made in the 
 hot valleys. Wheat, barley, Indian com, apples, peaches, pears, figs, prunes and grapes 
 have been grown in the valley for years, and bear abundantly. 
 
 A town, to be call Mallacoma (from the Indian name, meaning the flowery vale), will 
 soon be laid out near the old homestead, and a post office will be established there. 
 
 The ranch is seventy miles in distance, and four hours in time, from San Francisco, and 
 forty-seven miles from Vallejo, which last is destined to be one of the chief cities of the 
 coast. 
 
 The central positron, the rich soil, the genial climate, the expected railroad, the throng 
 of pleasure-seekers to the Geysers, Clear Lake, Calistoga and St. Helena, the rush of set- 
 tlers to Russian River Valley and the proximity to Vallejo, make Peace Valley a very de- 
 "Sirable place for gentlemen seeking country residences, and foV farmers seeking farms, that 
 will increase much in value in a few years. 
 
 THE TITLE IS PER-FECJT 
 
 BASED ON A MEXICAN GRANT. 
 
 Apply in the Valley, at tlie old Homestead, to tlie Broprietors, 
 or to 
 
 WM. H. MARTIN, 
 
 ^emeral Agent Cfiilifomia. Im- ml grant lErmioiii, 
 
 316 California Street 
 
n[^H()SK DESIRING INSURANCE SHOULD REQUIRE COMPANIES 
 _L to show their Balance Sheet, before asking patronage; and should also ask 
 this Question: Are your Dividends available in sctllcmenl of the Second and each 
 subsequent Aunual Premium ? 
 
 Twenty-Fifth Annual Report 
 
 OF THli 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Life Insurance Co. 
 
 Oilice, J%*08. 346 and 348 Broadway. 
 
 CASH ASSETS, January I, 1879, " " $i3>327'924-63 
 
 INCOME for 1869, 5,974>798.39 
 
 DIVISIBLE SURPLUS, - - - 1,670,750.72 
 
 The following is a Summary of the Company's business for the year 1869: 
 
 10,717 New policies, Insuring $34,446,352.00 
 
 Income from premiums, $5,104,640.99 
 Income from interest, etc. 870,157.40 
 
 $5,974,798.39 
 
 Disbursementa for divi- 
 dends and expenses.. $2,804,607. 54 
 Disbursements for losses, 758,104.07 
 
 $3,562,711.71 
 
 Interest accrued to Jan. 
 
 1, 1870 $ 65327.77 
 
 Premiums on Policies in 
 
 hands of agents, and in 
 
 course of transmission. 633,218.81 
 
 Add excess of market value of invest- 
 ments over cost 
 
 -$13,026,561.23 
 
 303,363.30 
 
 Balance in favor of policy 
 holders, who are the only 
 Stockholders, and re- 
 ceive all the profits of. .$2,412,086.00 
 
 Assets January 1, 1870: 
 
 Cash on hand, in Bank and 
 in Trust Company $ 830,090.61 
 
 Invested in United States 
 Stocks— costs 2,261,037.49 
 
 Invested in New York City 
 Bank Stocks 41,549.00 
 
 Invested in New York State 
 and other Stocks 1,623,383.11 
 
 EealEstate 1,545,537.17 
 
 Bond and Mortgages 4,570,400.00 
 
 Loans on existing policies 910, 859. 35 
 
 Quarterly and semi-annu- 
 al premiums due subse- 
 quent to Jan. 1, 1870. . . 638,156.92 DIVISIBLE SURPLUS $1,670,750.71 
 
 MORRIS FRANKLIN, Pr^xV. WM. H. 'BY.ERS,^Vice-Pres't and Actuary. 
 
 Theodore M. Banta, Cashier. Charles Wright, M. D. Assistant Medical Examiner. 
 
 H. A. Dyer, Superintendent of Agencies. 
 
 Cornelius R. Bogert. M. D., I ,.r .• , it 
 r'-^T,-,,- \^T„.,„^ AT TN r Medical Examiners. 
 
 (jEorge Wilkes, M. D., ) 
 
 CRANE & HAWES, Gen. Agents for Pacific Coast. 
 
 THOMAS COLE, Jr. Agent for CaUfornia. 
 P. O. Box 493. 
 
 Assets, Jan. 1, 1870 $13,327,924.63 
 
 Balance Sheet of the Com,pany Jan. 1 1870: 
 Assets as above $13,337,924.63 
 
 Idabilitiea : 
 
 Amount of adjusted losses, 
 due subsequent to Jan. 
 1, 1870 $ 167,000.00 
 
 Amountof reported losses, 
 awaiting proof, etc 66,500.00 
 
 Amount reserved for rein- 
 surance on existing pol- 
 icies 11,213,955.84 
 
 Return premium 1869 and 
 prior thereto, payable 
 during the year 209, 718 .07 
 
 -$11,657,173.92 
 
 )li 
 
To Settlers and Stock Raisers! 
 
 SHASTA VALLEY. 
 
 r# W^^w ®i If® mill M® P^llmf© ®i ittfil 
 
 50,000 jSlC^'BS 
 
 OF CHOICE 
 
 FARMING m mim land, in the SHASTA VALLEY 
 
 Comprising all tlie Valley Ijand of that beautiful and fertile District, 
 
 except that iwliicli has heen owned and occupied toy 
 
 Farmers and Settlers for years. 
 
 The above described land is offered for sale in tracts to suit purchasers from one hundred 
 and sixty (i6o) to 20,000 acres in a body; all the land is a dark alluvial soil vi'hich produces 
 Timothy hay, vegetables, and every kind of grain. 
 
 Situated in the northern part of our State, it always has abundance of rain and running 
 streams of water in all parts of it the year round, 
 
 The whole valley is now, and always is, covered with a ric/i growth of grass beautiful to 
 look upon. The Oregon stages run daily throughout the length of this valley; and the 
 California and Oregon Rail Koad, now being rapidly built, will, within two or three 
 years, pass through it on the direct route to Oregon, and then it will be only ten hours from 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Farmers may here find a home with all the comforts of life, and with the least labor to ob- 
 tain them, and at the smallest possible cost. To Stock Raisers great uiducements are pre- 
 sented, as the purchasers of the valley must always control the range of the hills covered 
 with rich bunch grass, which are unsurveyed, and extend for miles ; timber and lumber 
 plenty, and the best of sugar-phie lumber can be bought in the valley at $10 per thousand 
 feet. 
 
 This is the only opportunity to obtain land in large bodies in the northern part of our 
 State. 
 
 Those who have large herds of cattle and sheep will do well to examine this rich section 
 of country so well adapted by nature to all their wants. 
 
 «S" Prices Very low, and terms Extremely Easy! "Sir 
 
 For Maps of the Valley, showing the topography of the country, the land occupied by 
 settlers, and the land offered for sale or lease, and for all other particulars, apply to 
 
 FRAMOIS &n BURKIS^ 
 
 " Rincon "Wool Depot, " 
 
 W>mmmm (M#,«,« bet. Folsom and Harrison, W,mm Wwmmm%m®'^«!i ^®1® 
 
539 California St.^ San Francisoo^ 
 
 OFFERS FOR SALE 
 
 WHEAT, VIMEYAR'B, PRDIT, 
 
 DAXH7 AXTD GB.AZZITG ZiAlTDS, 
 
 SITUATED IN THE FOLLOWING COUNTIES: 
 
 Shastaf 
 
 Mendocino, 
 Colusa, 
 
 Napa, 
 
 Sonoma, 
 
 Santa Clara, 
 San Joaquin, 
 Merced, 
 
 Fresno, 
 
 Tulare, 
 Kern, 
 
 Los Angeles and 
 ^ San Louis Obispo. 
 
 In Tracts of from 160 to 20,000 Acres upon 
 
 ^nd Long Credit to Settlers, 
 
 At Prices Eanging from $1.50 per Acre Upward, 
 
 According to Location and Quality. 
 
 . TITLE Wc S« PATSSf To 
 
 Maps, Diagrams, Titles and full information furnished at his 
 
 Office, JVo. 539 California Street, 
 
 \ 
 
 1 1> A xTntcnn 
 
W. H. J. BROOKS, 
 
 AND 
 
 """^tt OF TITLES 
 
 EXA.MXi> 
 
 IN ALL THE COUNTIES OF CALIFOENIA. 
 
 Furnished or Exatnined and Reported on. 
 
 HAVING DEVOTED HIS ATTENTION TO THIS BUSINESS 
 exclusively during the past twelve years, he is thoroughly familiar with the 
 land and Conveyancing Laws of California, the Spanish, Mexican and 
 American Records, and the Titles tc^ Real Estate in San Francisco and all 
 the Counties of California. 
 
 Persons contemplating the purchase of Real Estate in any portion of 
 California can have the Titles thereto examined and reported on with accuracy 
 and dispatch on reasonable terms. 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 STREET, 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
 Refers to the California Immigrant. Union, the Real Estate Dealers, the Federal 
 and States Judges and the Legal Profession generally in California. 
 
m 
 
 THEY ARE NOT A VILE FANCY DRINK 
 
 Made of poor Rum, Whtskev, 'Proof Spirits, and refuse Liquors, doctored, spiced 
 and sweetened to please the taste, called "Tonics,"' "Appetizers," 
 " Restorers," etc., that lead the tipler on to drunkenness and 
 ruin, but are a strictly medicinal preparation '- - 
 
 factured from the Native '^'^ 
 
 f ,, ,.f . . . .uanu- 
 
 ofCahfo-- ..outs and Herbs 
 
 -.xid, gathered when the 
 juices are richest in their 
 healing properties, 
 
 And fz'ee from all Alcoholic Stimulants. 
 
 THEY ARE THE GREAT 
 
 BLOOD PUEIFIEE 
 
 ^nd Life g^i-vinjj: PriBioiple. 
 
 Their Alterative, ISolvent, Diuretic and Tonic Properties Exceed any 
 Medicine in the World. 
 
 Blood is the great circulating medium, passing through all parts of the body, 
 and, if impure, it leaves its impurities beliind, which breeds sickness and death. 
 Medical science has utterly failei.1 hitherto to furnish a medical agent for renovat- 
 ing and purifying the blood equal to Dr. J. .Walker's Vinegar Bitters. They are 
 easy in their administration, prompt in their action, and certain in their results. 
 Their peculiar vegetable properties penetrate at once to the seat of disease, and 
 eradicate all impure or poisonous matter from the system. They are used suc- 
 cessfully in all climates and countries, and have never been known to fail in a 
 single instance when the directions have been followed. To those who seek 
 health we would say, there is no man, woman or child, however wasted by 
 disease, but what may be relieved or cured by these Bitters, if their system is in 
 a condition to receive nourishment, and the Lungs, Liver and Kidneys and 
 otiier vital organs are not wasted beyontl the hope of repair. 
 
 J. "WAIiBZEH, Proprietor. 
 
 ^^-</5-R. H. McDonald & co., 
 
 Druggists and General Agents, San Francisco, Oal., 
 and 32 and 34 Commerce Street, N. T» 
 
 Sold by all Druggists and Dealers. 
 
THE MANUFACTURE AND SALE 
 
 OF 
 
 BOOKS AND STATIONERY 
 
 BY 
 
 A. L. Bancroft & Co., 
 
 721 MARKET STREET, 
 
 SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 
 
 The Business is divided as follows 
 
 I. Wholesale Department. — At least one good man, and always the best man in every 
 town, keeps our goods, acts for us, and takes orders for our Manufactures. We guard his 
 interests, and he works for ours. We both make by it. Mr. N. J. Stone, a man in whom 
 our customers may place every confidence, who means what he says, has charge of this De- 
 partment. The Wholesale Desk is on the First Floor, Stevenson-st. entrance, where goods 
 are delivered. 
 
 H. Retail Department.— One room, elegantly fitted up, unequaled in America, is de- 
 voted to the comfort of all who will make avail of it. Ladies, Literary, Professional and 
 Business Gentlemen, are cordially invited to spend any leisure time here, as in New York and 
 Boston. Prices at retail usually the same. This is the Sales-room of the Establishment. 
 Mr. James T. White, who manages this Department, gives most faithful attention to all 
 matters intrusted to him. Visitors desirous of looking through the Establishment will please 
 ask for Mr. White. 
 
 III. Lavr Department. — Under the management of Mr. F. P. Stone this Department 
 represents all that a Judge or Attorney can wish. To buy and sell Eastern books at Eastern 
 prices is the simolest part of it. To superintend the authorship, printing and publication, of 
 such Law Books as are useful and indispensable to the Bar of the Pacific States and Terri- 
 tories and exclude all others, to attend to the correcting, printing and selling, of over fifteen 
 hundred Blank Forms, to manufacture Special Blanks and Blank Books for County Officials 
 and others, and supply a superior. line of Stationery to Attorneys, are some of the duties of 
 this Department. As the results of the last year's labor we have published Vols. 36 aitd 37 
 Cal. Reports ; Mr. Esteems valuable work on Pleading and Practice, in three vols.; Mr. 
 Zabriskie's Public Land Laws; Re-printed Vol. ^, California Reports. We have, also, in 
 press, a Treatise on Criminal Law aitd Practice; a Law Encyclopedia, and a Treatise on 
 Justices^ Courts. Attorneys, Officials and Authors will find Mr. F. P. Stone at the desk of 
 the Law Department. 
 
 IV. Educational Department. — Under the superintendence of Mr, F. H. Swett such 
 School Books and School Stationery as are required by teachers and scholars are dispensed. 
 
 V. Subscription Department.— Two or three hundred men traveling over the country 
 urging the people to buy and read good books. Their object is to make money, but they 
 accomplish great good, and ought always to be encouraged. Under the vigorous manage- 
 ment of Mr. T. C. Smith, this Department is doing a large business. Good live men can 
 make money by canvasing for books sold only through agents. 
 
 VI. Printing Department. — A clean, cheerful room, with fine machinery, is, under the 
 close attention and careful management of Mr. Walter Turnbull, turning out the very 
 neatest work, at very fair rates. Books, Pamphlets, Briefs, Circulars, Job Printing of every 
 description. 
 
 VII. Bookbinding Department.— Messrs. Wm. B. Cooke & Co. having sold to us their 
 stock of Blanks and Stationery, will do Bookbinding of every description on our fourth floor. 
 Mr. Cooke will devote his entire capital and energy to the Manufacture of Blank Books and 
 Stationery for our sales. 
 
 Vm. Engraving Department'. -Mr. A W. Stott, the elegant Engraver and De- 
 signer, has formed an engagement with us. On our fifth floor, under his supervision, all 
 kinds of Visiting Cards, Wedding Stationery, Monograms, Initial Stamping and Engraving, 
 is neatly executed. 
 
 IX. Iiithographic Department. —Under the direction of Mr. W. Vallance Gray 
 every description of Engraving on stone is done. Maps, Bonds, Bill-Heads, Letter Headings, 
 Circulars, Plans, Certificates. 
 
JSan Francisco Employment Office^ 
 
 ESTABLISHED, A. D. 1855. 
 
 MALE. 
 Cooks, per month, ■ 
 Hostlers, 
 Farm Hands, " 
 Dairymen, 
 
 VALE & WARNER, 
 
 $40 - $80 
 
 - 30 ■ 45 
 
 -30- 35 
 
 - 30 - 45 
 
 FEMALE. 
 Cooks, per nionth, - 
 Housemaids 
 Chambermaids," 
 Nurse Girls, 
 
 $25 ■ $30 
 
 20 - 25 
 
 -15-20 
 
 - -10- 15 
 
 230 Slitter Street, 
 
 San Francisco. 
 
I 
 
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