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MATHEO'S 
 
 MNEMONIC GRAMMAR 
 
 FRENCH LANGUAGE. 
 
 JERSEY : 
 R. GOSSET, PRINTER, 20, QUEEN STREET. 
 
 MDCCCXLVII. 
 
 V <»"W^ 
 
 C/f ? tf mr 
 
.ft* 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 In the following pages, the rules are brought before 
 the mind's eye in a concentrated form ; and arranged 
 on mnemonic principles, so as to render them easy 
 of acquirement, and to bid defiance to obliteration. 
 
 Every one must be aware how easy it is to remember 
 a place once seen, and that no sooner do w-e think of 
 it, than a whole train of ideas connected therewith pre- 
 sent themselves — thus all that the learner has to do, 
 is to take notice in what page, what square, in connec- 
 tion with what number, under what form, space, or 
 colour, any rule is contained, and when required, will 
 at all times be instantaneously suggested by this simple 
 mode of association. 
 
 Grammars generally have set exercises on each 
 rule, but the author has known many, who, after 
 having gone once or twice through the most popular 
 grammars, committed blunders in almost every sen- 
 tence, when required to write a fresh theme ; and if a 
 few years had elapsed, every thing was forgotten : 
 these rules being merely consulted en passant, un- 
 derstood in a vague manner, and consequently could 
 make no lasting impression. 
 
 Now a far better method will be to commit the fol- 
 lowing rules to memory in a set of lessons ; whilst 
 learning the contents of my word book, for in the acqui- 
 
IV PREFACE 
 
 sition of a living language we have three main points 
 requiring attention, viz., a knowledge of words, proper 
 pronunciation, and idiomatic construction — thus during 
 the first course, while the rules are being learned, the 
 exercises fully mastered, and pronunciation perfected, 
 the pupil should translate French into English, and 
 back again into French, after the plan indicated in my 
 class book — and during the next course his private 
 study should be to translate a good English work into 
 French for the application of the rules ; and the les- 
 sons may be principally devoted to familiar conversa- 
 tion in the language. 
 
ARTICLE, Definite. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 PL. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 ac. 
 
 fc, 
 
 la* 
 
 les. 
 
 the 
 
 G. 
 
 ab. 
 
 de, du, 
 
 de la, 
 
 des. 
 
 of or from th 
 
 D. 
 
 
 a, au, 
 
 a la, 
 
 aux. 
 
 to the. 
 
 In the Nominative and ac. I with the apostrophe alone is prefixed to nouns 
 singular beginning with a vowel or h mute of both genders : Vhomme, Vame. 
 
 In the Genitive and Dative, de, a, are used before nouns masculine beginning 
 with a vowel or h mute ; when they moreover require V after them : de Vhomme ; 
 a V 'amour ; and du, au, before those beginning with a consonant or h aspirated. 
 
 The elision also takes place before nouns F. beginning with a vowel or h mute 
 a Vamitie, de Vhumanite. ■ 
 
 In French the article is not only used before individual nouns ; 
 but also before nouns of virtues, vices, arts, sciences, substances, 
 elements, and metals taken in a general sense : 
 
 La paresse est un vice horrible. L'or est plus durable que 
 V argent. 
 
 Also before names of countries, provinces, mountains, rivers, 
 seasons, and divisions of the Globe : 
 
 La France est plus grande que V Angleterre. 
 
 L 'etc est plus ogr cable quelluver. 
 
 Also before adjectives [or any other word] used substantively : 
 Le vert est plus beau que le gris. 
 
 Observe. — "When speaking as coming from any country, town 
 or place in Europe, de alone is used : II vient de France. 
 
 The same between two substantives : 
 
 La Heine d' Angleterre . Du vin d 'Italic 
 
 Except when representing countries in their resources, commerce, 
 extent, greatness, virtues or vices : 
 
 La prosper it c de la France. Le commerce de V Angleterre. 
 
 A. All countries out of Europe take the article compound in the genitive, 
 dative and ablative ; that is, either du, de la, des, instead of de ; and either au, 
 a la, or aux instead of a : 
 
 II vient des hides, du Brazil, de V Arable, §c % II va au Brazil, a. la Gruadloupe, 
 %c. Except Alger, Tunis, Tripoli, Madagascar, Maroc, Cartage, Candle, Baby- 
 lone 4" Cliipre. ■ 
 
 B. Portugal and the following provinces, le Milanais, le Parmezan, le Man- 
 tuan, VAbbruzze, also take the article compound. 
 
 The same with a few provinces in France : U Anjou, le Dauphine, le Maine, le 
 Perche. Also a few cities : la Fleche, le Havre de Grace, la Rochelle, la Ferte. 
 
 Observe however, that in the dative the above provinces take dans : J'irai 
 dans V Anjou, be. 
 
 Countries composed of an Adj. and Sub. [except Terre Neuve] 
 also take the article compound : It est alle aux Pays-Bas. 
 
 Note. — In English the Genitive may be expressed either by 's 
 or the pre. of: [and in some instances even by to : he is an enemy 
 to good order. 77 est ennemi du bon ordre.] Louisa's sister — 
 the sister of Louisa ; but in French it can only be expressed in 
 the last form : La soeur de Louise. 
 
THE ARTICLE IS USED ALSO 
 
 1. Before nouns of dignities and professions, when followed by 
 Monsieur, Monseigneur, Madame or Mademoiselle : 
 Monsieur le Docteur. Madame la Duchesse. 
 
 2. Before abusive appellations : 
 
 Monsieur lejoueur. Madame la paresseuse. 
 
 3. Before an adj. followed by a noun in sentences of exclama- 
 tion and admiration expressed without a verb ; with the noun re- 
 peated and que between them. 
 
 L'enorme Eglise que Saint Pierre. 
 
 4. Before the names of the following Italian Poets and 
 Painters : 
 
 Le Tasse, VArioste, VAretin, le Guide, le Corege, le Carache, le Tintoret, VEs- 
 pagnolet, le Pinturichio, le Dominicain , le Bernardin ; all of which take the 
 article compound in the genitive and dative : Je parle du Tasse. On Vattribue 
 au Carache, 
 
 Cases where no article is used : — 
 
 1. When Nouns are not taken in their full extent of significa- 
 tion : Homines, femmes, enfants et Men, toutfut sacrifie. 
 
 2. After the conjunction ni : vous riavez ni or ni argent. 
 
 3. When nouns of countries are preceded by en : avez-vous 
 ete en Italie ? II ira bientot en France. 
 
 There are also a few cases where the article is omitted in French 
 though used in English : 
 
 1. Before proper names numerically qualified : Louis XVIII, 
 Guilleaume IV, Charles XII, Francois premier, George III. 
 
 2. Before substantives thus qualified : Livre Wrne, Chapitre 
 I2me, Section 2me, Page \3me. 
 
 3. Before comparatives of proportion : Plus on voyage et 
 moins on devient affect e. 
 
 4. In the genitive before a noun of relationship, dignity or 
 office, when preceded by a proper noun, or its pronoun : Madame 
 D. sceur de Monsieur B ., g Oliver neur de G.., II est Maire de 
 N. . Except after ce : C'est le maire de *\ r ... 
 
 M. * F. PL. 
 
 Ce, cet, cette — this, that. Ces — these, those. 
 May be considered as demonstrative articles ; being always used 
 with a noun : Ce gar con. Cette jillc. 
 
 Mark. — When wishing to indicate more distinctly the object or 
 person referred to, ci and la are placed after nouns, preceeded by 
 ce, cet, cette, ces : 
 
 Cet homme-ci ; cette femmc-la. 
 
 * Cet is used instead of re before nouns masculin, beginning with a vowel 01 b mute '• 
 ami, cet enjant, cet hommc. 
 
7 
 ARTICLE, Indefinite. 
 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 ac. 
 
 un, 
 
 une, 
 
 a, an. 
 
 G. 
 
 ab. 
 
 dun, 
 
 d'une, 
 
 of or from a or an, 
 
 D. 
 
 
 a un, 
 
 a une, 
 
 to a or an. 
 
 This article is omitted in connexion with the v. to be, in the 
 third person singular ; except when the pron. ce is joined to it. Ex. 
 Elle est bonne jille — not une bonne fille. 
 
 Example with ce. 
 C'est un honnete komme. C'est une bonne Jille. 
 
 Nor is this article expressed in the N. or ac. in any of the fol- 
 lowing cases, after the verb etre. 
 
 1. Before nouns denoting title or dignity : 
 
 II a etefait membre de V academic des sciences. 
 
 2. Before National qualifications : 
 
 Vous n'etes pas Anglais ? A'on^je suis Ecossais. 
 
 3. Before profession or business : 
 
 Etcs-vous medecin? Non, monsieur, je suis JLvocat. 
 
 NOR IS THIS ARTICLE USED IN FRENCH IN THE FOLLOWING CASES: 
 
 1. Before a substantive characterizing a preceding one: M. D. vient d'etre ilu 
 maire, honneur quHl desirait depuis long-temps. 
 
 2. After quel answering to what, beginning an exclamation : Quelle somme 
 enorme. 
 
 3. Before the title of a work or any performance : Trait 6 de literature Anglaise, 
 
 Observe. — Before nouns of measure, weight and number, the de- 
 finite article must be used : 
 Un chelin la pinte ; trois louis Varpent ; quatre sols la douzaine. 
 
 In speaking of time and distance ; a or per, are expressed by 
 par: 
 
 Trois chelins par jour. Tant par mille. 
 
 A head, a man ; are likewise rendered 
 
 Par the, par komme, or chacun. 
 But, a piece, is rendered by the article definite, la piece. 
 
8 
 ARTICLE, Partitive. 
 
 M. F. PL. 
 
 N. ac. du, de la, des some, any. 
 
 G. ab. de, de, de of or from some, any. 
 
 D. a du, a de la, a des, to some, any. 
 
 De V, d\ a de V before nouns beginning with a vowel or h mute 
 masculine and feminine. _— 
 
 A. This article denotes the limited sense of the noun, and must 
 be used on all occasions w T here the English word some is either ex- 
 pressed or understood, and repeated before every noun : 
 
 Apportez du pain, de la viande et des fruits. 
 
 B. It answers to any when asking questions: Avez-vous die 
 vin ? Ya-t-il de Veau ? Ont-ils apporte des noisettes ? 
 
 Remark. — -Whenever an adjectiveor adverb of quantity or nega- 
 tion* precede a noun spoken of in a partial sense, only the genitive 
 can be used : Elle a de beaux yeux et beaucoup de grace, mais 
 trespeu d' esprit. 
 
 Rien and la plupart. are the only adverbs of quantity forming 
 an exception to this rule : II a bien du courage. Voila bien des 
 affaires. Elle a bien de Vaudace. La pluspart des gens. 
 
 De is also used — 
 
 1. After the words espece, que, quelque chose, rien, sorted 'genre 
 and melange, when preceding a noun or adjective : Rien de bon. 
 Quelque chose de blanc. Un melange defarine et d'eau. 
 
 2. After all adverbs of quantity immediately preceding a noun : 
 
 Reaucoup de travail et peu de profit. 
 
 3. After que and quoi in sentences of admiration : Que de 
 peine et de soin ! 
 
 4. After with in the sense of some preceded by a verb, participle 
 or noun : RempUssez-le de vin. II est saisi dhorreur. 
 
 Observe — 'Some or any pronouns genitive of partitive nouns, 
 meaning some or any of it or them ; are rendered by en and must 
 always be expressed though often merely understood in English : 
 
 Have you any? yes I have (some) — En avez-vous ? oui,fen at. 
 
 Have you? (some or any) En avez-vous? You have (some). 
 Vous en avez ? 
 
 The same in speaking of any object preceded by the indefinite 
 article, or in connexion with number ; the genitive pronoun en, 
 of it, of them, must always be expressed in French though often 
 omitted in English : Have you a pencil ? yes, I have (one) (of it). 
 Have you three horses ? yes I have (three) (of them). Avez-vous un 
 crayon? out, fen ai un. Avez-vous troischevaux ? oui,fen ai trois. 
 
 * Should a substantive be follo-wod by a word qualifying it the other cases must be used 
 even after a negation: AV eroyczpas des choscs si absv'rdes. 
 
9 
 SUBSTANTIVES, Number of. 
 
 In general the plural only differs from the singular by the ad- 
 dition of s. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 1. Those ending in au, eu, take x in the plural. 
 
 2. Bijou, caillou, chou, genou, hibou,pou, also take x. 
 
 3. Those ending in al change al into aux in the plural, except 
 bal, cal, carnaval, pal, regal, which follow the general rule. 
 
 4. Bail, email, cor ail, plumail, soupirail, vantail, travail* 
 also change ail into aux. 
 
 5. Ciel makes cieux, except in the sense of testers, canopy, 
 climate, temperature, and first bed of a quarry , when it merely 
 takes s. 
 
 (EU makes yeux, in the sense of natural eyes ; in other cases it 
 takes s. 
 
 A'ieul makes a'ieux, in the sense of ancestors ; but it takes 5 
 when merely meaning grandfather ox grandmother. 
 
 6. Words which end in s, z, or x, in the singular, remain the 
 same in the plural. 
 
 * Travail meaning machines for horse-shoeing or statistical reports merely takes *. 
 Betail has no plural ; hence bestiaux is used. 
 Ail makes aulx in the plural. 
 
 Nouns in ant and ent, may either retain or reject the / in the -plural : dos presents or des 
 presens, except in those of one syllable, where the i is never dropped : une dent, dea dents. 
 
 B 
 
10 
 COMPOUND SUBSTANTIVES. 
 
 1. When compounded of a noun and adjective both take the 
 plural.* 
 
 Un cerf -volant. Des cerfs -volants. 
 
 2. When compounded of two substantives both also take the 
 plural, f 
 
 Un chien-loup. Des c7iiens-loups. 
 
 3. In compound nouns, divided by a preposition, the first 
 alone takes the plural. J 
 
 Un jet-d'eau. Des jets-d'eau. 
 
 4. In those compounded of a preposition and a substantive, or 
 of a verb and substantive, the noun alone is pluralised. 
 
 Un avant-coureur. Des avant-coureurs. 
 Un garde-fou. Des garde-fous. 
 
 Observe. — Should there be a sense of unity in the noun no s is 
 added in the plural : 
 
 Serre-tete, reveille-matin. 
 
 But if there be a sense of plurality in the noun it always takes s 
 both in the singular and plural : 
 
 Un porte-mouchettes, des porte-mouchettes. 
 
 5. Those compounded of adverbs, prepositions or verbs ; as 
 passe-pa?'tout, will naturally remain singular, substantives and ad- 
 jectives alone being susceptible of pluralisation. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 
 * Des blanc-selngs, des terre-pleins, des chevau-lerjers, des grand-mere or messes. 
 
 t Un appui-main, un bec-fiqucs, un breehe-dents, un hotcl-dicu. 
 
 Des appuis-mams, des bec-figues, des breehe-dents, des Iwtcl-dieu. 
 
 % Des coq-a-Vdne, des pied-a-terre, des tete-a-tete. 
 
11 
 
 ADJECTIVES, Gender of 
 
 1. Adjectives ending in e mute, such as sage, pale, aimable, 
 rouge, avare, large, Sfc, are of both genders. 
 
 2. Those not ending in e mute add one in the F. : grand, 
 
 3. Those of the following terminations el, eil, en, et, on,/, s, 
 x, make their F. in elle, eille, enne, ette, onne, ve, sse, se. 
 
 4. Those in eur formed from participles present, as : chantant, 
 chanteur, change into euse, thus : chanteuse, except debiteur, 
 executeur, inspectem\ inventeur, persecuteur which change into 
 ice, as debitrice, executrice, fyc. 
 
 5. Those in teur not formed from participles change all into 
 ice: protecteur, protectrice. 
 
 6. Those in erieur take e mute : inf erieur, inferieure, as also 
 majeur, mineur, meilleur. 
 
 7. Bailleur, chasseur, defendeur, devineur, demandeur, 
 enchant eur, pecheur, vengeur, change into esse: devineresse, &c. 
 
 8. Those in eur expressing professions principally exercised by 
 men, as : imprimeur, auteur, are the same for both genders. 
 
 9. Those in c only 7, three of which add he, viz., Mane, franc, 
 sec; and the rest, caduc, grec, public, turc, change c into que. 
 
 Complet, concret, discret, secret, inquiet, re-let, make complete, concrete, 
 discrete, secrete, inquiete, replete. 
 
 The following change thus : 
 
 
 
 m. 
 
 f. m. f. 
 
 m. 
 
 f. 
 
 mauvais, 
 
 mauvaise. 
 
 faux, fausse. 
 
 vieillot, 
 
 vieillotte. 
 
 niais, 
 
 niaise. 
 
 prefix, prefixe. 
 
 paysan, 
 
 paysanne. 
 
 ras, 
 
 rase. 
 
 roux, rousse. 
 
 ambassadeur 
 
 ambassadrice 
 
 tiers, 
 
 tierce. 
 
 frais, fraiche. 
 
 gouvemeur, 
 
 gouvernante. 
 
 donx, 
 
 douce, 
 
 sot, sotte. 
 
 serviteur, 
 
 servante. 
 
 
 m. f. m. 
 
 f. 
 
 
 
 favori, favorite. 
 
 nut, 
 
 nulle. 
 
 
 
 lointain, lointaine. 
 
 pret, 
 
 prete. 
 
 
 
 prochain, prochaine. 
 
 gentil, 
 
 g entitle. 
 
 
 
 benin, benigne. 
 
 long, 
 
 'ongue. 
 
 
 
 malin, 
 
 maligne. 
 
 
 
 
 fou, mou, vieu, make 
 bel, tiouvel, fol, mol, vieil, before a vowel or h mute, and 
 
 belle, nouvelle, folle, molle vieille, in the f. 
 
 PLURAL OF ADJECTIVES.— The generality merely add s. Those in s and 
 x do not change in the plural. Those in au make their masculine plural by 
 adding x. The generality in al make aux in the masculine plural ; as, moral 
 moraux ; egal, egaux ; original, originaux ; brutal, brutaux ; though fatal, final, 
 glacial, nasal, naval, theatral, frugal, pastoral, jovial, merely take s, and the fol- 
 lowing have no m. plu. : beneficial, diagonal, diametral, experimental, instrumen- 
 tal, medicinal, mental, virginal, voca-l, zodiacal, 
 
12 
 
 Degrees of Comparison. 
 
 Comparisons may be made in three different senses; by equality, 
 superiority, and inferiority. 
 
 That of superiority is made by prefixing plus. 
 
 That of inferiority by moms. 
 
 That of equality by \ ( aussi. 
 
 In the affirmative ) i aidant. 
 
 In the negative (^ 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ISkomme honnete est plus heureux que lefourbe. 
 Les pauvres ont moins d* inquietude que les riches. 
 Mon cheval est aussi gras que le voire. 
 
 II y a autant d'arbres dans mon verger que dans le voire. 
 Cejardin ri 'est pas si beau que V autre. 
 II rtapas tant de bien que vous. 
 
 When adjectives express qualities in a high or highest degree, 
 they are called superlatives ; of which there are two sorts, the ab- 
 solute and relative. 
 
 The absolute is formed by prefixing 
 
 ires, fort, bien. — very. 
 L'Espagne est un tres beau pays. 
 Cest unfort honnete homme. 
 II est bien severe. 
 
 The relative is formed by prefixing the ar. defi. le, la, les ; Cest 
 la plus belle femme de V endroit. 
 
 Thus the additions er or r, si, to the positive, are rendered by 
 plus, le plus: rich, richer, richest — riche, plus riche, le plus riche. 
 
 Remark.— plus. ??ioi?is, a?tssi, autant, 
 are often qualified by bien ; answering to a deal with the two first, 
 and at least, in connexion with the two last. 
 
 II est bien plus or moins riche que lui. 
 II est bien aussi savant que nous. 
 II a bien autant d'esprit que vous. 
 
13 
 
 The ADJECTIVES. 
 
 bon mauvais petit 
 bad small 
 
 Ion 
 
 good 
 
 mauvais 
 
 bad 
 petit 
 little 
 
 J form their degrees as follows. 
 
 meilleur 
 
 better 
 
 pire 
 
 worse 
 
 moindre 
 
 less 
 
 le meilleur 
 
 the best 
 
 le pire 
 
 the worst 
 
 le moindre 
 
 the least 
 
 The ADVERBS. 
 
 Men mal 
 well ill 
 
 HtUe?few j form their 
 
 degrees as f 
 
 lien 
 
 
 mieux 
 
 le mieux 
 
 well 
 
 
 better 
 
 the best 
 
 mal 
 
 
 pis 
 
 le pis 
 
 ill 
 
 
 worse 
 
 the worse 
 
 peu 
 
 
 moins 
 
 le moins 
 
 little, few 
 
 
 less, fewer 
 
 the least 
 
 Observe. — Never say plus Ion instead of meilleur ; nor yet 
 plus lien instead of mieux 
 
 Nor must the comparative adjectives meilleur, pire, moindre, 
 and the adverbs mieux, pis, moins, be used indiscriminately ; 
 though generally rendered by the same words in English, which 
 is easily avoided by knowing that the adverb qualifies a verb and 
 the adjective a noun : 
 
 II parle mieux que vous. 
 
 Son drap est meilleur que le voire , 
 
14 
 Place of the Adjective. 
 
 In English the adjective preceeds the noun, but in French it is 
 generally placed after, especially in the sense : 
 
 1. Of colour : desyeux gris. 
 
 2. Of figure : line table ronde. 
 
 3. Of nations : un chapeau Francois. 
 
 4. Those derived from participles : un arbre fleurissant, une 
 fille instruite. 4 
 
 5. Those denoting natural properties : du lait chaud. 
 
 6. Those ending in il, Us, if, ive, ule, esgue, ic, ique, and indeed 
 most adjectives expressing moral qualities : 
 
 Une femme vertueuse. Des peuples heureux. 
 Une vie paisible. Un homme sage. 
 
 Observe. — Some may however either preceed or follow the noun, 
 for we may say charmante fille as well as fille charmante ; but 
 as it requires one well versed in the language to know when; it will 
 be safer for the beginner to always place them after. 
 
 The following are however mostly placed before, for both 
 genders : 
 
 beau, bon, brave, cher, chetif, galant, gros, honmte, jcune, jolt, mauvais, 
 mechant, meilleur, grand, moindre, petit, saint, vieux, vrai. 
 
 When grand means tal, galant a courtier, and cher dear in 
 price, they follow the substantive. 
 
 Comparatives of proportion, made cither between substantives 
 or adjectives, must follow the verb : 
 
 Plus un homme est sage plus il est estimable. 
 
 Should two or more adjectives follow to qualify a noun : they must always be 
 placed after : Un enfant beau, aimable ct spirit ucl. 
 
 In the feminine of grand the c is suppressed, and supplied by an apostrophe 
 before faim, peur* soif, mere, messe, c/tambrc. 
 
15 
 
 Concord. 
 
 1. Adjectives must agree in gender and number with their sub- 
 stantives. 
 
 2. Two nouns singular require the adjective plural; as,sonpere 
 et sa mere sont aveugles. 
 
 A. When two substantives are of different genders the adjective 
 must moreover be masculine; as, son nez et sa bouche sont trop 
 petits. 
 
 The adjectives demi, except e, nu, suppose, are only declined 
 when following the noun, and even then demi only varies in gen- 
 der : une demi heure, deux heures et demie. 
 
 Adjectives of Dimension. 
 
 Generally the adjectives gros, epais, 7iaut, profond, large, are 
 turned into their substantives grosseur, longueur, epaisseur, hau- 
 teur, profondeur, largeur. 
 
 1. With the prep, de before them: Trent c pieds de largeur et 
 huit pieds de hauteur. 
 
 2. After un, une or any other number de is also required before 
 the word of measure : 
 
 Un arbre de trente pieds de hauteur. 
 
 Cinq appartemens de vingt -cinq pieds de largeur 
 
 Et de irente-deux pieds de longueur. 
 
 3. The same in speaking indeterminately or collectively; 
 Des montagnes de treize mille pieds de hauteur. 
 
 Observe. — That whenever in English the verb to he is employed 
 in relation to measure, the verb avoir must be used in French : 
 
 JVotrejardin a deux cents pieds de largeur. 
 Cet arbre a quar ante-cinq pieds de hauteur. 
 
 Mark. — The above construction may be reversed ; that is instead of the sub- 
 stantive the adjective can be used : 
 
 Une maison liaute de qtuirante pieds. 
 Une riviere large de trois milles. 
 
 But the former construction is preferable. 
 
16 
 
 Govern mment of Adjectives. 
 
 A. Some adjectives govern the preposition a and others de. 
 The following govern a 
 
 utile 
 cher 
 occupc 
 
 admirable 
 
 ' beau 
 
 de'sagre'able 
 
 hardi 
 
 pareil 
 
 adroit 
 
 bon 
 
 diligent 
 
 mgenieux 
 
 porte 
 
 agile 
 
 civil 
 
 dispose 
 
 inexorable 
 
 prit 
 
 agreable 
 
 incivil 
 
 doux 
 
 inutile 
 
 premier 
 
 aise 
 
 conforme 
 
 enclin 
 
 laid 
 
 propre 
 
 alert e 
 
 comparable 
 
 exacte 
 
 lent 
 
 prompt 
 
 ardent 
 
 contraire 
 
 facile 
 
 nuisible 
 
 sensible 
 
 ass id u 
 
 dernier 
 
 habile 
 
 oppose 
 
 semblable 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 Ce rf est pas facile a croire. 
 Je snis pret apartir. 
 
 B. The following govern the preposition de. 
 
 accuse 
 
 aise 
 
 assure 
 
 avide 
 B ' besom 
 capable 
 certain 
 cheri 
 
 digne 
 
 droit 
 
 ennuye 
 
 enrage" 
 
 en etat 
 
 envie 
 
 exempt 
 
 fache 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 II est digne de recompense. 
 II est libre defaire ce qu'il veut. 
 Cest une chose qui depend de vous-meme. 
 Je suis ravi de vous voir. 
 
 content 
 
 comble 
 
 contrit 
 
 coutume 
 
 curieux 
 
 dependent 
 
 dessin 
 
 fatigue 
 
 fou 
 
 furieux 
 incapable 
 indigne 
 incertain 
 
 joyeux 
 las 
 
 libre 
 
 lieu 
 
 mecon+ent 
 
 occasion 
 
 plain 
 
 qualife 
 
 ravi 
 
 raiso?i 
 
 satisfait 
 soin 
 siir 
 surpris 
 
 taxe 
 tord 
 vide 
 
 C. The adjectives, affable, complaisant, bon, cruel, genereux, 
 indulgent, prevenant, govern the prep, envers in the sense of to- 
 wards : 
 
 II etait si bon envers ses connaissances. 
 Soyons genereux envers le prochain. 
 
 D. Plus, moins, autant, tant, when immediately followed by a 
 substantive, govern de ; Plus de tendresse ; moms de jierte ; au- 
 tant d'ennemis ; tant de courage. 
 
 Observe. — When plus or moins are adjectives of quantity, or 
 used in connexion with a noun of number, than is expressed by de, 
 instead of que: 
 
 Bile a plus de trois cents low's par an. 
 
 E. Cardinal numbers preceeding a past participle require de af- 
 ter them : 
 
 II y en cut trente de tues ct vingt de blesses. 
 
 Note. — The words one, ones, are not expressed after an adjec- 
 tive : 
 
 He has three coats ; a blue one, a green one, and a black one. 
 II a trois habits, wi bleu, un vert et un noir. 
 
 There arc some excellent ones. 
 27 y en a d'cxccllcntes. 
 
17 
 
 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 
 
 
 CARDINAL. 
 
 
 Un, une. 
 
 unite 
 
 Quatorze 
 
 Soixante soiocantaine 
 
 Deux. 
 
 cot/pie, paire 
 
 Quinze quinzaine 
 
 Soixante et un 
 
 Trots 
 
 trio 
 
 Seize 
 
 Soixante-dix 
 
 Quatre 
 
 
 Dix-sept 
 
 Soixante et onze 
 
 Cinq 
 
 
 Dix'huit 
 
 Quatre-vingt 
 
 Six 
 
 demi-douzaine 
 
 Dix-neiif 
 
 Quatre-vingt-un 
 
 Sept 
 
 
 Vingt vingtaine 
 
 Quatre -vingt-dix 
 
 Suit 
 
 huiiaine— week 
 
 Vingt et un 
 
 Cent centaine 
 
 Nenf 
 
 
 Vingt- deux 
 
 Mille millier 
 
 Dix 
 
 
 Trcnie trentaine 
 
 Tin million 
 
 Onze 
 
 
 T rente ct un 
 
 Un millard 
 
 Douze 
 
 douzaine 
 
 Q uarctn te quaranta hie 
 
 Un billion 
 
 Treize 
 
 
 Cinquante cinquantaine 
 
 
 Ordinal numbers, except premier and second, 'are all formed by- 
 adding ieme to the cardinal : deuxihne, troisieme, quatrieme, Sfc. 
 
 Immediately before a noun cent takes an s in the plural, if not 
 followed by another number. 
 
 Deux cents arbres. Deux cent trente arbres. 
 
 Mille never alters in the plural : quarante mille fantassins. 
 Mille is contracted in dates ; as, mil huit cent douze. 
 
 In reckoning the days of the month, the cardinal numbers are 
 used in French : Le vinyl du mois prochain. Le troisjuillet. 
 lis seront ic'i le dix. 
 
 Remember. — That on is never expressed in dates nor yet of 
 before any names of months. 
 
 The same in speaking of kings : Louis XVI., Charles XII., 
 George IV '; except first and second, or Charles the fifth; as 
 Francois premier, George second, Charles quint. 
 
 Before onze and onzieme the definite article is used, as if these 
 words began with a consonant; le onze, du onzieme. 
 
 Observe. — Un is never used with cent or mille, thus we say, 
 cent per sonnes, mille ans. 
 
 Nor is et expressed in dates or when stating any number of ob- 
 jects ; thus we say : 
 
 Mil huit cent trente — not et trente. 
 Cent dix maisons — not ct dix. 
 
18 
 Definition of the Parts of Speech. 
 
 The noun represents an object of any kind, either physical, mo- 
 ral, or ideal : tree, virtue, ghost. 
 
 The Article is a word placed before nouns to define them : a 
 tree, the trees. 
 
 The Adjective is a word qualifying the substantive : blue eyes, 
 large eyes. 
 
 The Pronoun is a word supplying the noun or other words re- 
 ferred to : he, it, which. 
 
 The Verb is a word which affirms a peculiar state or action : the 
 weather is hot, the tree falls, Peter studies. 
 
 The Adverb is a word which qualifies either a verb, adjective, 
 or even another adverb : he writes well, the weather is very hot, 
 he very willingly agreed to my terms. 
 
 The Preposition is a word which shews the relation one object 
 bears to another : we are out of danger, he is going towards 
 London. 
 
 The Conjunction is a word used to connect different members of 
 a sentence : he and I are on very good terms. 
 
 The Interjection is a word expressing emotions of joy, sor- 
 row, &c. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 By Cases we understand certain relations in which nouns or pro- 
 nouns stand to each other, and other parts of speech in a sentence. 
 
 Thus though we have strictly speaking but three cases ; Nomi- 
 native, when the person or thing acting is named; Possessive or 
 Genitive, when an object is said to belong to an object; Objective, 
 when the person or thing named is the end of an action. Yet in 
 the objective, nouns or pronouns stand again in three different re- 
 lations to each other, a thing may be given to, taken from, or sim- 
 ply referred to, as in the following sentence: Frederick took Wil- 
 liam's book from the shelf and gave it to Robert, or, he took his 
 book from it and gave it to him. 
 
19 
 
 And thus we shall find it at least convenient to subdivide the 
 objective into Dative, [giving to] Accusative, [simply pointing out 
 the object on which the action implied in the verb terminates,] and 
 Ablative, [taking from,] though the ablative is in French ex- 
 pressed exactly like the genitive. 
 
 Every sentence has a subject or thing named which is the No- 
 minative case, and a predicate or what is affirmed of the subject, 
 which is the object. 
 
 The subject will always be either a noun, (which may be quali- 
 fied by an adjective,) pronoun or infinitive. 
 
 The predicate, at least one verb representing the thing or action 
 affirmed or denied, and whatever object may be affirmed by such 
 action ; as, " Frederick thinks." " Frederick thinks of the money 
 which Mr. D. promised him." 
 
 The subject may always be known by putting the question, who 
 or what, to the verb ; as, " she sings delightfully;" " their noise 
 amused me." Who sings delightfully? she. What amused me? 
 their noise. 
 
 The object is known by putting the question, whom or what, to 
 the verb ; as, " she sings Scotch airs most delightfully;" "he gave 
 them all he had." She sings what ? He gave to whom ? 
 
 Thus it will be understood that the object is the regimen, or com- 
 plement, of the attribute or verb ; for the word or member of a sen- 
 tence governed by a v. is called regimen ; as, Education developes 
 the mental powers ; the mental powers is the regimen or clause 
 governed by the verb developes. 
 
 We have two kinds of regimen, or objects, direct and indirect ; 
 the direct object completes the signification of the verb without 
 the aid of any other word, and answers to the question qui, for per- 
 sons, and quoi, for things : II estime beaucoup les anglais. 
 f 'crime le commerce. II estime qui ? J'aime quoi ? And the 
 indirect regimen only completes the signification of the verb by 
 the aid of certain words called prepositions: a, de, dans, pour, 
 avec,8fc. and hence answers to the question, a qui, de qui, Sfc, in 
 relation to persons ; and a quoi, de quoi, Sfc. in relation to things : 
 
 Ilparle de Platon. II iapplique au commerce. 
 
 Government means influence in construction ; that is one word 
 requires another to be in such or such a form ; thus, certain verbs 
 always govern the next in the subjunctive; some always govern 
 one preposition, others another ; and certain substantives, adjec- 
 tives, and prepositions, govern certain cases. 
 
20 
 
 PRONOUNS, Personal. 
 
 SUBJECTIVES. 
 
 je, moi I 
 
 tu, toi thou. 
 
 il, lid he. 
 
 elle she. 
 
 Objectives. 
 me, moi me. 
 ft?, toi thee, 
 
 fe, £wi him. 
 
 la, elle, ltd her. 
 
 Subjectives. Objectives. 
 
 nous we ?2o?w us. 
 
 vous you flows you or yc. 
 
 Us, eux, ) ., les, lew, eux, \ ., 
 
 !, ' v thfiv. , ' . ' „ * V them 
 
 ' } they. 
 
 >s, leur, elks J 
 
 1. Subjectives, except in interrogations, precede the verb : 
 
 Je parte de vous, il part demean, quefait-il ? 
 
 2. The subjective pronouns may become separated from the 
 verb by ne or an objective one : Vous 7ie Vavez pas recu ,- but 
 never by an adverb, hence we could not say, as in English, Je 
 souvent danse, but Je danse souvent. Je rarement reve, but 
 Je reve rarement. 
 
 31 The subjectives moi, toi, lux, eux, are used with the v. etre 
 accompanied by ce, instead of their relatives, je, tu, il, Us : C'est 
 moi, (notje) e'est toi, (not tu) est-ce lui ? (not il) e'est eux qui 
 me Vontdit, (not Us). 
 
 The same when the v. is merely understood, which often hap- 
 pens especially in relation to the words qui,que,seul: qui Vafait? 
 moi or pas moi. 
 
 Lui qui a tout perdu. Eux seuls sont coupahles. 
 
 Objectives, though placed after a verb in English, must always 
 preceed it in French : 
 
 Vous les connaissez. Je leur ai parU. 
 
 EXCEPTIONS. 
 1. When speaking affirmatively in the imperative : 
 Domiez-moi du pain. Apporicz-lui de Veau. 
 
 2. In the dative, when relating to a reflected verb, or any of 
 the following : penser, songer, courir, accourir, alter, venir, avoir 
 affaire-egard-recours, prendre garde, /aire attention, viser, and 
 etre, in the sense of belonging. In which cases it is expressed by 
 a moi, a toi, a lui, a elle, a nous, a vous, a eux, a elles after the 
 verb : 
 
 Vous pouvez vousfier a nous. Jepenserai d vous. 
 But in other cases the dative is expressed by the pronouns me, 
 te, lui, nous, vous, and leur, before the verb : 
 
 lime parte, elle lui plait, nous leur rcr irons. 
 And remember that in the D. the pre. to a is always implied in 
 the above pronouns : il me parte instead of parte a moi, Ac. 
 
 3. In the genitive and ablative : 
 
 Nous parlions (Telle. T^ous venez de ckez lui. 
 Except when expressed by en : A bus en parlions instead of 
 nous parlions d'elle, de lui, tVcux, d' elles. 
 
21 
 
 A. When a verb governs a plurality of pronouns in the third 
 person, the ac. precedes the dative : 
 
 Nous le lui pardonnons. 
 
 B. But when the verb governs pronouns of different persons, 
 the dative precedes the accusative : 
 
 Nous vous le payerons. 
 
 C. The pronouns je, tu, nous, vous, must be repeated before 
 each verb in different tenses : 
 
 Je disetje dirai tovjours que f avals tort. 
 In the same tense they may or may not be repeated. 
 
 D. Governed pronouns are always repeated: 
 
 II V aime, V adore et lui obeit. 
 
 Pronouns precede the verb in the following order : 
 
 Me, te, se, nous, vous. 
 
 Le, la, les. 
 
 Lai, leur. 
 
 Y. 
 
 En. 
 
 lime I'avait Men dit. 
 Se lesjit-il appcrter ? 
 Le lui avez-vous dit? 
 Les leur ont-ils promisl 
 II ne fy en envera pas. 
 Vous ne les y avez pas mis. 
 Leury en avez-vous apporte ? 
 Vous leur y en passerez auplutot. 
 
 In a reflective sense pronouns succeed thus : 
 
 Je me, tu te, il se, nous nous, vous vous. Us se, §c. ; and correspond to I my- 
 self, thou thyself, he himself, we ourselves, you yourselves, they themselves : 
 Je mejlatte. Nous nous fiattons. 
 
 They arenever separated except interrogatively : se plaint -elle? 
 
 In the genitive meme is added to the pronouns moi, toi, lui, elle, 
 nous, vous, eux, elles in a reflected sense after all verbs : 
 
 Elle s'occupe trop cVelle-meme. Vous parlez toujours de vous-meme. 
 
 Mark. — No pro. being used in the Imperative after the second 
 person of verbs not reflected, only one must be used in reflective 
 or reflected ones, and toi used instead of te : depeche-toi. 
 
 Soi. — One's self, itself, himself, herself. 
 
 In speaking of persons soi is only used with indefinite pronouns, 
 such as on, celui, celle, quiconque, cliacun, personne, or after an 
 Infinitive : 
 
 Cliacun pense a soi. Pourquoi tant soncjer a soi ? 
 One's self is always rendered by soi or soi-meme when preceded 
 by a pre. : 
 
 Cent folic que oVavoir line trop bonne opinion de soi or soi-meme. 
 Soi is always placed after the v. and preceded by a preposition. 
 
 Se — The Indefinite personal pro. se — one's self (always used 
 with verbs reflective or reflected) is defined by the subjectives il, 
 elle, Us, elles, or even lui, eux, preceding it.- Us or elle se flatte ; 
 eux se vanter de.... and can only become separated from the verb 
 by one of the following objectives le, la, les, en,y : 
 lis se les mettrons en cheruin. II £ en passer a. Elk sy rendra clemain. 
 
22 
 
 The pronouns it, they, or them, used in relation to animals or 
 things are expressed as follows : 
 
 SINGULAR. PLURAL. 
 
 N. it il, elle or ce | they or them Us, clles orce. 
 
 G-. of it en \ \ of them en, \ 
 
 D. to it lui, y*> objectives. I to them leur,y. [objectives. 
 
 A. it le, la) | them les. ) 
 
 These are subjected to the same laws as the former, in their position relative to 
 the verb. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Cest un beau chapeau ; metis il me coute cher. 
 En etes-vous sur ? Y en mettrez-vous ? 
 Le eroyez-vous f Je les mangerai. 
 
 1. En generally refers to a noun previously named, and ex- 
 presses the genitive in speaking either of persons, animals or 
 things ; as, 
 
 II s' en plaint, he complains of him, her, it or them. 
 
 II en est fatigue, lie is tired of him, her, it or them. 
 
 2. The dative is expressed by lui, y, leur. 
 Lui and leur generally refer to animals : 
 
 Ce chien afaim, donnez-lui a manger. 
 And y to inanimate objects : 
 
 Ce vin est tropfort mettez-y de Veau. 
 
 3. With the verbs sejier, andpenser, y also stands for a lui, a 
 elle: 
 
 Vous pouvez vous y fier. U n 'y pense plus. 
 
 4. En and y also partake of an adverb of place ; y stands for 
 here, there, within, hither, toil; as, allez-y, venez-y, ily est. En 
 for from thence, from it or there; &s,fen viens, I come from it, 
 thence or there. 
 
 And remember that though in English the words corresponding 
 to en and y are often merely understood ; they never can be 
 omitted in French, whether they act as pronouns or adverbs. 
 
 Observe. — The pronouns corresponding to it and they must al- 
 ways assume the gender of the noun they represent : 
 
 Cettemaison est petite, mais elle est commode. 
 
 Le is also used, when so conveys the meaning of it. 
 I told him so — Je le lui dit. 
 
23 
 
 Remember. — That it and them employed indirectly, that is with 
 a preposition, are always expressed either by en, y, or an adverb in 
 speaking of inanimate objects. 
 
 EXAMPLE : 
 
 Prenez cette bourse et mettez-y voire argent, or : — ) , , 77 
 
 Mettez voire argent dedans j 
 
 Qu'en pensez-vous, or que pensez-vous de cela ?.. . . not d'elle, de lui, §c. 
 
 But in the N. and ac. it, they or them must be expressed by 
 either it, elle, Us, elles, le, la, les, or ce, in connexion with etre, 
 everything being either m. or f. 
 
 Me, te, le, la, les, leur, are never separated from the v. nor used 
 without it, except with the words voici, voila, or in that sense. 
 
 Hence after prepositions and conjunctions, we can only nse their 
 relatives, moi, toi, lui, elle, (nous, vous,) eux, elles : comment 
 vivre sans lui / venez avec eux. 
 
 Except me* te, le, la, les, leur, be immediately followed by an In- 
 finitive, in which case they must be preceded by the prepositions : 
 
 Sans les voir, pour la punir. Qtfavez-vous a leur donner. 
 
 Moi is used instead of je or me in pointing out differences, but 
 then it is always followed by its relative je. 
 
 JElle apprend la danse et moi fapprends le dessin. 
 
 And the same rule applies to . . toi, lui, eux. 
 Which are followed by their relatives . tu, il, Us. 
 
 An additional pronoun must be placed before the verb after pro- 
 nouns of different persons : 
 
 Lui et moi nous travaillons toujours. 
 
 The same when a noun accompanies personal pronouns : 
 Son pere et moi nous vous assisterons. 
 
 Remember, le, la, les, always express the ac, lui, leur theD. 
 whenever to is or could be applied in English. 
 
 Je le, la, les, poursuiverai. Je lui, lui, leur ecrirai. 
 
 Le — it, them, so representing a substantive or adjective used substantively 
 must do this in gender and number. 
 
 Etes-vous Madame B. ? Oui, Monsieur, je lasuis 
 
 But remains invariable when representing an adjective or substantive used 
 adjectively. 
 
 Ne sont-clles pas malades ? Non, elles ne le sontpas. 
 
24 
 PRONOUNS, Possessive. 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 
 PL. 
 
 
 Mon 
 
 ma 
 
 * — 
 
 mes. 
 
 my. 
 
 Ton 
 
 ta 
 
 — 
 
 tes. 
 
 they. 
 
 Son 
 
 sa 
 
 — 
 
 ses. 
 
 his, her or his 
 
 Notre% 
 
 
 — 
 
 nos. 
 
 our. 
 
 Voire 
 
 
 — 
 
 vos. 
 
 your. 
 
 Leur 
 
 
 — 
 
 leurs. 
 
 their. 
 
 Absolute or 
 '.possessive adjectives, 
 f repeated before 
 
 each noun. 
 
 M. p. PL PL. 
 
 Le mien, la mienne — les miens, les miennes. 
 
 Le mien, la mienne — lea miens, les miennes. mine. ^ 
 
 Le lien, la sienne — les tiens, les tiennes. thine. Relatives, used 
 
 Le sien, la sienne — les siens, les siennes. his or hers. ', instead of sub. : 
 
 Le notre, la noire — les notres. ours. / hence take the 
 
 Le voire, la voire — les vdires. yours. article. 
 
 Le leur, la leur — les leurs. theirs. J 
 
 1. Possessive adjectives do not agree in gender with the noun 
 of the possessor, as in English, but with the object possessed. 
 In accordance with the general rule that the adjective agrees in 
 gender and number with the substantive. 
 
 JJFjj)oux doit aimer safemme — not son femme. 
 
 2. The genitive, thus expressed in English, my sister's, her 
 brother's, &c, is put in the dative in French, either with appar- 
 tenir or etre, when preceded by the sub. : Ceparapluie appartient 
 a ma soeur, et ce baton est a moi. But when followed by the sub. 
 it is, like in English, put in the genitive : 
 
 My brother's hat. Le cliapeau de mon fr ere. 
 
 3. After the verb etre, implying to belong to, possessive pro- 
 nouns must be expressed by personals with the prep, a, as follows : 
 mine, thine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs. 
 
 a moi, d tot, a lid, a elle, a nous, a vous, a eux. 
 
 Ex. Ce cheval est d moi, ce carosse est a vous et le baton est a lui ; except the 
 sub. be lcfc out and ce joined to verb etre ; as, Est-ce le sien t Non, e'est le voire. 
 
 4. The relatives mine, thine, his, &c, preceded by of placed 
 after a sub. to which they relate, must be expressed by the abso- 
 lutes mes, tes, ces, fyc. 
 
 A brother of his — Unde scsfrercs. 
 A house of mine — line de mes maisons. 
 
 Mon, ton, son, must he used before nouns f. beginning with a vowel or h mute, 
 in order to avoid the hiatus. 
 
 Nouns of relationship (except papa and mama) and friendship must be pre- 
 ceded by their corresponding pronouns : J'y vais monperc. N'yaflee 2 )as mon 
 ami. 
 
 Notre and voire take no accent when proceeding a sub., but must have it when proceeded 
 by the article. 
 
25 
 PRONOUNS, Demonstrative. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 eelui, 
 
 
 celle. 
 
 
 he, that, she, that. 
 
 celui-ld 
 
 
 celle-ld. 
 
 
 that. 
 
 celui-ci 
 
 
 celle- ci. 
 
 
 this. 
 
 M. 
 
 
 F. 
 
 
 
 ceux 
 
 
 eelles. 
 
 
 they, these, those. 
 
 ceux-ci 
 
 
 celles-ei. 
 
 
 these. 
 
 ceux-ld 
 
 
 ceUes-ld. 
 
 
 those. 
 
 ce qui, ce 
 
 que, 
 
 what. 
 
 ceci, 
 
 this. cela, that. 
 
 1. When he, him, she, her, they, or them followed by who or 
 whom in the sense of that, does not relate to any individual pre- 
 viously mentioned, or if used in an indeterminate sense; that is, 
 implying any one, demonstratives must be used instead of per- 
 sonals. 
 
 Ex. Celui qui paie ses defies vit heureux. Celle quefaime demeure loind'icu 
 But if denominating persons previously mentioned, personals are used. 
 
 Ex. Eux qui mefirent tant de promesses. File quefaime si tendrement. 
 Lzii qui venait ?ne voir si souvent. 
 
 2. In English the demonstratives are often left out and construed 
 in the possessive casein a manner which cannot be done in French. 
 Ex. You may put those books amongst my brother's — those of my brother. 
 Vous pouvez mettre ces livres parmi ceux de monfrere. 
 
 3. When ce qui or ce que begin a sentence of two parts, ce is re- 
 peated before the verb etre, if it be not followed by an adjective : 
 
 Ce qui m'intercsse leplus, ce sent ses enfants. Ce quHldit est vrai. 
 
 4. Observe. — What in the sense of that which, that thing 
 which is rendered by ce qui when it stands as subject to the 
 verb following, and by ce que as object: 
 
 What you say is true. — Ce que vous dites est vrai. 
 What amuses me vexes you. — Ce qui m 'atnuse vousfuche. 
 
 In the first sentence the verb is say, well and who says? You ; 
 hence you is the subject, and what expressing the thing said, the 
 object. 
 
 In the second sentence the verb is amuse ; well and what amu- 
 ses me ? the thing represented by what ; hence what is the subject. 
 
 6. Ceci and cela are never used but in speaking of inanimate 
 objects : ceci est amer et cela est doux. 
 
 D 
 

 26 
 PRONOUNS, Relative. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 D. 
 Ac. 
 
 qui who which or that. 
 de qui or dont of whom whose, of which 
 a qui, au quel, fyc. to whom which or that. 
 qui or que whom which or that. 
 
 A. Qui when not preceded by a prep, is used both for persons 
 and things in the nominative : 
 
 La personne qui vint liter. L'arbre quifieurit si hien. 
 But when preceded by de or a it can only be applied to rational 
 objects. 
 
 B. Que is used for all objects in the accusative : 
 
 Les homines et les chevaux que nous vimes hier. . . 
 Observe. — Qui, que, dont, cannot relate to two nouns without 
 ambiguity, hence lequel, Sfc., which refer to the first of two succes- 
 sive ones must be used in such cases : est-ce V enfant de lafemme 
 lequel vint hier'? lequel relates to enfant; but qui would relate to 
 either. 
 
 
 M. 
 
 F. 
 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 le quel 
 
 du quel or dont 
 
 la quelle 
 de la quelle 
 
 which, 
 of which. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac. 
 
 au quel 
 le quel 
 
 a la quelle 
 la quelle 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 to which. 
 which. 
 
 N. 
 G. 
 
 les quels 
 
 des quels or dont 
 
 les quelles 
 des quelles 
 
 which, 
 of which. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ac 
 
 aux quels 
 les quels 
 
 aux quelles 
 les quelles 
 
 to which, 
 which. 
 
 
 qicoi 
 what 
 
 de quoi or dont 
 of what 
 
 a quoi. 
 to what. 
 
 1. When in the genitive relative pronouns immediately follow 
 their antecedent, (that is the word to which they relate,) they are 
 generally expressed by dont. 
 
 Lliomme dont il est question. 
 La chose dontje rn'occupc. 
 Observe. But if they become separated from their antecedent by a substantive, 
 then those corresponding to dont must be used. 
 
 Voild un homme sur Vhonneur de qui on await ford de se rcposer. 
 Voild tin lac sur les bonis duquel je meplairait. 
 
 2. In speaking of inanimate objects, whenever the relative pro- 
 nouns which and what governed by any of the prepositions to, at, 
 in, into, and with, can be expressed by the adverbs whereat, 
 wherein, whereto, they must be rendered by the adverb oil : 
 Le postc ou il est place. Le hut oii il tend. 
 
27 
 PRONOUNS, Interrogative. 
 
 Qui ? — who ? whom ? Quoi ? que ? — what ? 
 
 m. F. 
 
 s. Quel, lequel. — quelle, laquelle. ) what or 
 PL. Quels, lesquels. — quelles, lesquclles. ) which, 
 
 1. Quoi and que, are never applied to persons, but to things : 
 De quoi iagit-il ? d quoi pensez-rous ? 
 
 2. The difference between quoi and que interrogative is, that 
 que always begins the sentence : 
 
 Que faites-vous ? Que pensez-vous f 
 Whereas quoi never does so, except when by itself : quoi ? what ? or quoi 
 quoi? what what? Or in a declamatory sense in the place of comment: 
 Quoi rous daignez encore lui parhr ? But in all other cases quoi is preceded 
 by a prep. : 
 
 De quoi tons occupez-vous t A quoi est-il propre? 
 
 3. Quel, quelle, Sfc., are always joined to some noun with which 
 they agree : 
 
 Quel ouvrage avez-vous Id ? Quelle plainte veut-il dire ? 
 
 Various kinds of que. 
 A. Besides que relative and que interrogative, we have que ad- 
 mirative, how or how much ; as, 
 
 How bountiful is nature ! Que la nature est bienfaisante ! 
 
 How fortunate we are ! Que nous sommes heureux ! 
 
 13 . Que conjunctive has a very extensive application, and not only 
 characterises most conjunctions as, sans que, plus que, des que, 
 fyc, but may even supply many, and must be used every time the 
 word that (conj.) is or could be expressed. 
 
 Nous (ttions d Paris le jour qiCilfut couronnc. 
 
 Qu'il I'aime ou non il faut qu'il le fasse. 
 
 C. Que also answers to than : II est plus sage que moi , 
 also to but or only in a restrictive sense : 
 
 II n'a que tres peic d 'esprit. 
 
 When que stands for how much or how many, followed by a substantive, it re- 
 quires de after it ; as, que de rumeurs. Que d'enfanta gates. 
 
 IIoio many, preceded by a preposition, is rendered by combien dc : Dans com* 
 bien de difficulty ne s' est- Upas trouvc. 
 
28 
 PRONOUNS, Indefinite. 
 
 Autrui — others, other people, is invariable, and used only in the G. and D. 
 Ne touchez point au Men d' autrui. 
 
 Chacun* — every one, every body, is invariable : Chacuna son tour. 
 L'tm, Vautre— one another take both gender and number, and when governed 
 by a prep, it must not as in English be placed before, but between them : 
 Elles se detestent les lines les autres. lis parlent toujours mal Vun de V autre. 
 
 Vun et V autre — both ( take also both gender and number, and when prece- 
 
 L'un ou l' autre — either. < ded by a pr. it must be repeated before Pun and before 
 Ni Pun hi V autre— neither ' V autre: Je ne le dirai ni aux wis ni aux autres. 
 
 Nul — no one, no body, can only be used as subject to the v. : Nul nepeut se 
 vanter d'etre par fait. 
 
 Quelquun — somebody, is invariable : QuelqiCun vous Va dit. 
 
 Quelgu'utiy quelqxCune — some, any, make in the pi. quelques-un, quelques-une. 
 
 Quiconque — whoever, is invariable, and as a nominative governs the v. in the 
 the third per. sing. 
 
 Qt» que ee soit qui or ^e-whoever, whosoever, J n ^ subjunctive . 
 
 Quoi que ce soit qui or que — whatever, whatsoever, ) ° J 
 
 Qui que ce soit oxfut £ when attended by ne mean no one, no body whatever, 
 
 Quoi que ce soit or fut $ nothing, nothing whatever. 
 
 Qui or quo i que ce soit, are used in the present, future, imperative, preterite 
 indef. and 
 
 Qui or quoi que cefut in the imperfect, preterite and conditional : 
 
 Nefaites de mala qui que ce soit. II ne voulait ecouter qui que cefut. 
 
 The following words though generally classed among the Indef. pronouns are 
 mere adjectives, and mostly placed before a noun with which they agree. 
 
 Quelque — some, any. Chaque — each, every. Certain — certain, some. Nul 
 — not one. Aucun — none, no one, not any. 
 
 Quelque — whatever makes two words before a verb [which must be in thesubj.J 
 and the first always agrees with the subject of the verb : 
 
 Quel que soient ses profits il n 'est pas ricke. 
 
 Quelque — however, followed by an adjective, participle or adverb is invariable 
 being then an adverb : quelque riches qu'ils soient. 
 
 Aucun ) take gender but no number, except when joined to a sub., which has 
 
 Nul / no singular, as: troupes, pleurs, gages. 
 
 Chacun* — each, (every one) is an adjective, and takes no number, but agrees 
 in gender with the noun to which it relates: Chacune deces dames a un parasol. 
 
 On — one, any body, corresponds to such indefinite and general 
 expressions as, people say, one supposes, it is rumoured, &c, 
 it requires the verb in the third person singular ; and must be 
 repeated before every verb of which it is the subject : 
 
 On lejlatte et on le trompe sans cesse. 
 
 Note.— After et, si, ou, ou, an I' is prefixed to on, for the sake of euphony. 
 
 Si I'on me demands dites (/no je suis occupe. 
 The same after que when the next word begins by e. or q : 
 
 Pottrvu que Con ne quitte />ax le certain 2'our Fincertain. 
 EXCEPTIONS.— When the following words togiu by / ; // veut q>ton le quitte. 
 
29 
 Verbs. 
 
 There are five kinds of verbs, Active, Passive, Neuter, Reflec- 
 tive, and Impersonal. Active verbs express an action done by the 
 subject, and we may always put immediately after them somebody 
 or something : 
 
 Je les aime beaucoup. J'estime le merite. 
 
 Passive verbs express an action received or suffered by the sub- 
 ject, and we may always put after them, de or par — by : 
 
 Elle est estimee de tout le monde. 
 
 Neuter verbs either express no action or else an action done by 
 the subject ; but can never have a direct object after them ; hence, 
 contrary to the active verb, we can never put somebody or some- 
 thing immediately after : we could not say demeurer quelqu'un, 
 voyager quelque chose. 
 
 Reflected or Pronominal verbs express an action reflecting upon 
 its author, that is, the subject acts upon itself, and is at the same 
 time the agent and the object of the action, and we may always 
 place oneself after the infinitive present, or one another, each other 
 in a reciprocal sense. 
 
 Some verbs, such as s'adonner, s , e?nparer, se repentir, s'ab- 
 stenir, fyc, are called essentially pronominal ; being never used 
 without a double pronoun. 
 
 Impersonal 'erbs are only used in the third person singular : 
 
 II suffit. II convient. 
 
 Moods. 
 
 Mood means mode or manner of affirming. 
 There are five moods, the Indicative, which affirms in a positive 
 manner : 
 
 Je soutiens, soutenais, soutint, et soutiendrai toujours. 
 
 The Conditional, which affirms in a conditional manner : 
 Je lirais si f avals le temps. 
 
 The Imperative, in a commanding and exhorting manner : 
 Partons sur le champ. 
 
 The Subjunctive, in a subordinate or dependent manner : 
 Je doute qitils reussissent. 
 
 And the Infinitive, in a manner vague, without designation of 
 either number or person : 
 
 Chanter, danser, rire et boirc. 
 
30 
 
 TENSES. 
 
 In French there are five kinds of past tenses between simple and 
 compound. 
 
 The Imperfect and Preterite definite are simple : 
 II parlait, elle parla. 
 
 The Preterite indefinite, Plusperfect and Preterite anterior 
 are compound ; that is, formed out of the auxiliary and participle : 
 II a-avait-eut parte. 
 
 The Imperfect is used — 
 
 1 . To denote an action present or taking place at the time of 
 another also past : 
 
 Je dansais quand vous entrdtcs. 
 
 2. Every time we speak of habitual actions, and reiterated 
 events : 
 
 Pile se promenait tons lesjotirs. Cela arrivait tres sonvent. 
 
 3. In speaking of inclinations and qualifications bodily or mental 
 of persons no longer existing : 
 
 Napoleon avait beaucoup d'esprit ; mats il etait trop ambitieux. 
 
 4. After the conjunction if, instead of the conditional : 
 
 S'il parlait moins on Vecouterait dJavantcuje. 
 
 The Preterite definite denotes a time entirely past, and requires 
 an interval of one day at least ; 
 
 II vendit son cheval hier. 
 And is also used in speaking of things happening but once : 
 77 naquit a Rome et mourut a Paris. 
 
 The Plusperfect denotes an action taken place before another 
 also past : 
 
 II avait fini lorsque fcntrais. 
 
 The Preterite anterior definite also expresses an action taking 
 
 place before another that is likewise past ; but here the following 
 
 sentence must determine when the action took place, hence the 
 
 first part of a sentence or section will be subordinate to the second : 
 
 Des qiCil eut finit nous [enframes. 
 
 The compound of the present ; J'ai chante, fyc, is used to ex- 
 press an action past in a period not yet elapsed or at a time which 
 is not specified : 
 
 Nous avons eu une bonne recolte cctte annee. 
 
 lis ont regit beaucoup de marvliandises. 
 
 Future. — The future anterior denotes that an action will be just 
 ended, when or even before another is about to commence ; 
 Quand fauraijini ma lettrc firai sur Ic quai 
 
31 
 
 Auxiliary Verbs. 
 
 Infin- 
 
 P. Pr. 
 
 P. pa. 
 
 Ind.pr. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Future 
 
 Condit. 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 Stib.pr. 
 
 Imperfect 
 
 have 
 
 having had 
 
 I have 
 
 1 had or 
 
 I had 
 
 I shall 
 
 I should 
 
 have thou 
 
 that I 
 
 that I had 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■was 
 having 
 
 
 or -n ill 
 
 have 
 
 could 
 
 •would 
 
 might have 
 
 &c. 
 
 may 
 have 
 
 or might 
 have 
 
 avoir 
 
 ayant 
 
 Clt 
 
 j'ai 
 
 trais 
 
 -ens 
 
 -aurai 
 
 -a lira is 
 
 
 qucfaie 
 
 quefeusse 
 
 
 
 
 tu a 
 
 a a is 
 
 eus 
 
 auras 
 
 aura is 
 
 aies 
 
 — aies 
 
 — eusses 
 
 
 
 
 il a 
 
 trait 
 
 nit 
 
 aura 
 
 riurait 
 
 qu'i? ait 
 
 — ait 
 
 — eat 
 
 
 
 
 nous avoni 
 
 ivions 
 
 e limes 
 
 aurons 
 
 aurions 
 
 ai/ons 
 
 — ai/ons 
 
 — fissions 
 
 
 
 
 vous arez 
 
 aviez 
 
 elites 
 
 aurez 
 
 avriez 
 
 ayez 
 
 — ai/ez 
 
 — ussiez 
 
 
 
 
 its Old 
 
 a cedent 
 
 curent 
 
 auront 
 
 auraient 
 
 fjii'ils aicnt 
 
 — a lent 
 
 — eussent 
 
 Compound tenses of this verb are formed by merely adding the participle past ; as, 
 
 Pretindefi. Plnp. Pret. ant. Fut. ant. Cond. past. Preterite. Plusperfect. 
 J'ai tit, j'avais eu, j'eus eu, f aurai eu, j'aurais tu, que j'ai eu, 
 
 to be bein<?been'I am 
 
 efant 
 
 I was 
 
 je suis 
 tu cs 
 
 ilest 
 
 vous etes 
 
 Us sont 
 
 e'tais 
 eta is 
 etait 
 
 I was 
 
 fus 
 fus 
 fut 
 etions fumes 
 etiez \futes 
 tiientfurent 
 
 I shall 
 
 orwill 
 
 be 
 
 serai 
 
 sera 
 
 sera 
 
 serons 
 
 serez 
 
 I would be thou 
 orshould 
 
 terais 
 serais 
 serait 
 serious 
 seriez 
 seront'seraient 
 
 i fcusse eu. 
 
 that I be I that I 
 or may imight be 
 be I or were 
 
 queje sois quejefitsse 
 
 -so is I — fusses 
 
 ■soit — fut 
 
 ■soyons \—fussions 
 
 -soyez — -fussiez 
 
 'qu'ils soient — soient ' — fussent. 
 
 qu'ilsoit 
 
 Compound tenses of this verb are formed by merely adding the participle past to the 
 simple tenses of avoir : J'ai — avais — eus — aurai — aurais — aie — eusse — etc, §c. 
 
 "When the auxiliaries are learnt the Pupil should conjugate them negatively, which is 
 done by placing the verb between ne and pas : je rial pas or ne suis pas, &c., after which 
 they should be conjugated with an interrogation affirmative, and an interrogation ne- 
 gative. 
 
 Interrogative Form. 
 
 
 Arc 
 
 )JB. 
 
 
 ETRE. 
 
 Affirmative. 
 
 
 Negative. 
 
 Affirmative. 
 
 
 Negative. 
 
 ai-je ? 
 
 
 ri ai-je pas ? 
 
 suis-je ? 
 
 
 ne suis-je pas ? 
 
 as tu ? 
 
 
 rias-tu pas ? 
 
 es-tu ? 
 
 
 ri es-tu pas ? 
 
 a-t-il f 
 
 
 n' a-t-il pas? 
 
 est-il ? 
 
 
 ri ' est-il pas ? 
 
 avons-nous f 
 
 
 riavons-notis pas ? 
 
 sommes-nous ? 
 
 ne sommes-nous' pas? 
 
 avez-vous t 
 
 
 riavez-vous pas? 
 
 etes-vous ? 
 
 
 rietes-vous pas ? 
 
 oni-ils f 
 
 
 n'o?it-ils pas f 
 
 sont-ils ? 
 
 
 ne sont-ils 2>as ? 
 
 Observe. — The verb to be is never used with the participle present in 
 French ; as, you are writing, he is walking;, &c. ; in all such cases the 
 sense is expressed by the simple verb as follows : 
 
 You are writing — vous ecrivez ; (you write) not vous vtes ecrivant. 
 
 He is walking — il marclie ; (he walks) not il est marchant. 
 
 In English the verb to be is used before the adjectives, cold, hungry, 
 thirsty, hot, afraid, right, wrong ; but the French idiom requires the verb 
 to have and these adjectives turned into their corresponding substan- 
 tives : 
 
 J'aifaim, soif chaucl, peur, raison, tord,froid. 
 
 The same in speaking of age : Quel age avez-vous ? Tai douze ans. 
 
 Observe. — We may also say etre efrayc,allere, affame, dans Verreur. 
 
32 
 
 Regular Verbs. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 P.pr. 
 
 P.p. 
 
 Pr. ten. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Future 
 
 Condit. 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 Subj.pr. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 ui 7n-cr 
 
 ant 
 
 6 
 
 e 
 
 ais 
 
 ai 
 
 erai 
 
 era is 
 
 
 que-e 
 
 que-asse 
 
 
 
 
 es 
 
 ais 
 
 as 
 
 era 
 
 era is 
 
 es 
 
 cs 
 
 asse 
 
 
 
 
 e 
 
 nit 
 
 a 
 
 era 
 
 erait 
 
 qu'il-e 
 
 e 
 
 at 
 
 
 
 
 0718 
 
 10US 
 
 ames 
 
 erons 
 
 erwns 
 
 ons 
 
 ions 
 
 assions 
 
 
 
 
 ez 
 
 xez 
 
 ates 
 
 erez 
 
 ericz 
 
 ez 
 
 icz 
 
 assiez 
 
 
 
 
 ent 
 
 aient 
 
 event 
 
 eront 
 
 er aient 
 
 qu'ils-ent 
 
 ent 
 
 assent 
 
 fin-ir 
 
 issant h 
 
 IS 
 
 nsais 
 
 IS 
 
 issa is 
 
 it 
 
 issa it 
 
 issens 
 
 issions 
 
 msez 
 
 issiez 
 
 is sent 
 
 issait 
 
 sens 
 
 ais 
 
 sens 
 
 a is 
 
 sent 
 
 nit 
 
 -ons 
 
 tons 
 
 is 
 
 irai 
 
 is 
 
 irus 
 
 it 
 
 ira 
 
 imcs 
 
 i7 ens 
 
 ttes 
 
 urz 
 
 irent 
 
 iront 
 
 n nis 
 ire; it 
 irions 
 iriez 
 ■ira lent 
 
 isse 
 
 isse 
 
 isses 
 
 i.sses 
 
 isse 
 
 it 
 
 tssons 
 
 issions 
 
 issiez 
 
 issiez 
 
 issent 
 
 issent 
 
 c 
 
 isse 
 
 es 
 
 isses 
 
 e 
 
 it 
 
 10718 
 
 issions 
 
 iez 
 
 issiez 
 
 e7it 
 
 issent 
 
 •0718 
 
 irez 
 iront 
 
 irais 
 i7'ais 
 ira it 
 irions 
 iriez 
 irai ent 
 
 ens 
 iens 
 
 ient 
 enons 
 enez 
 ienent 
 
 ins 
 
 iend-rai 
 
 ins 
 
 ras 
 
 inl 
 
 ra 
 
 imes 
 
 rons 
 
 fntes 
 
 rez 
 
 inert 
 
 ront 
 
 Viend-rais 
 
 rais 
 rait 
 rions 
 riez 
 
 i ens 
 ienne 
 en no /is 
 ennez 
 
 le \insse 
 les unsses 
 ienne lint 
 ennions linssions 
 e/iniez \inssiez 
 iennent [insscnt 
 
 couvnr 
 
 ojl'rir 
 
 souffrir 
 
 ons 
 lent 
 
 ait 
 ions 
 
 is 
 
 irai 
 
 IS 
 
 iras 
 
 it 
 
 ira 
 
 fmes 
 
 irons 
 
 ttes 
 
 irez 
 
 irent 
 
 iro7it [ 
 
 ira it 
 i rions 
 iriez 
 
 isse 
 
 issions 
 issiez 
 issen t 
 
 re-cevoir 
 
 cevant 
 
 cu 
 
 co is 
 
 co is 
 
 cerais 
 cevais 
 
 cits 
 qus 
 
 cev-rai 
 ras 
 
 eev-rais 
 rais 
 
 cois 
 
 coire 
 coives 
 
 cusses 
 cusses 
 
 
 
 
 all 
 
 
 
 co it 
 
 cevait 
 
 cut 
 
 ra 
 
 rait 
 
 coive 
 
 coire 
 
 qSt 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 cevons 
 
 cevions 
 
 cumes 
 
 7'ons 
 
 rions 
 
 CCC071S 
 
 cerions 
 
 cussions 
 
 -evoir 
 
 
 
 cevez 
 
 ceviez 
 
 hates 
 
 rez 
 
 riez 
 
 cerez 
 
 cenez 
 
 cussiez 
 
 
 
 
 cokent 
 
 cernient 
 
 curent 
 
 ront 
 
 raient 
 
 coir ent 
 
 coirent 
 
 cusscnt 
 
 •out] 
 
 raient 
 
 issions 
 
 issiez 
 
 issent 
 
 ig7iant 
 
 i-nis 
 
 ir/n 
 
 -is 
 
 ais 
 ait 
 
 
 is 
 it 
 
 ions 
 
 
 hues 
 
 xez 
 
 
 ites 
 
 aient 
 
 
 irent 
 
 ind-rai Hnd-rais 
 7'as 7-ais 
 
 ra rait 
 
 rons rions 
 rez | riez 
 ront I raient 
 
 ains 
 
 gne 
 
 gnons 
 
 gnez 
 
 gnent 
 
 ign-isse 
 isses 
 it 
 
 issions 
 issiez 
 issent 
 
 instrui-re 
 
 sunt 
 
 t 
 
 s 
 s 
 
 t 
 
 sais 
 
 sis 
 
 sis 
 
 sit 
 
 >-ai 
 ras 
 ra 
 
 all 
 
 
 
 snit 
 
 m 
 
 
 
 sons 
 
 sions 
 
 simes 
 
 rons 
 
 tare 
 
 
 
 S"Z 
 
 siez 
 
 sites 
 
 rez 
 
 
 
 
 sent 
 
 saient 
 
 sirent 
 
 ront 
 
 ais 
 rais 
 ■ait 
 •ions 
 
 sions 
 
 siez 
 
 sent 
 
 sisse 
 
 i isses 
 
 sit 
 
 sissions 
 
 conn-aitrc 
 
 aissa/d 
 
 u 
 
 nis 
 ais 
 
 aissnis 
 
 a issa is 
 
 us 
 us 
 
 ai-trai 
 tras 
 
 
 
 
 all in 
 
 
 
 ait 
 
 a issa it 
 
 ut 
 
 tra 
 
 aitre 
 
 
 
 aissons 
 
 aissions 
 
 nines 
 
 trons 
 
 except 
 
 
 
 aissez 
 
 mssie/. 
 
 tites 
 
 trez 
 
 ncutre 
 
 \ 
 
 
 aisscnt 
 
 a issa ient 
 
 u rent 
 
 trons 
 
 i-trnis 
 tra is 
 trait 
 trions 
 iriez 
 trions 
 
 ais 
 
 a isse 
 aissons 
 
 aissez 
 i issent 
 
 ssionslussions 
 
 ssiez 
 ssent \ assent 
 
33 
 
 Irregulars. 
 
 Infinitive. 
 
 P.pr. 
 
 P.p. 
 
 Pr. tense. 
 
 Irnpcrf. 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Future 
 
 Condit. 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 Subj.pr. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 alter 
 
 all ant 
 
 alle 
 
 vais 
 vas 
 va 
 all-ons 
 
 -ez 
 vont 
 
 all-ais 
 -a is 
 -a 
 
 -ions 
 -iez 
 -uie nt 
 
 all-ai* 
 
 -dines 
 -dies 
 -crent 
 
 ir-ai 
 -as 
 -a 
 -ons 
 ez 
 out 
 
 ir-ai s 
 -ais 
 -ait 
 -ions 
 -iez 
 
 ca 
 
 qu'U aille 
 allons 
 aHez 
 -ail I ent 
 
 que faille 
 ailles 
 aille 
 aillions 
 
 ail! iez 
 -a ill cut 
 
 quefall-asse 
 
 asses 
 at 
 
 assious 
 assiez 
 assent 
 
 icqu-er-ir 
 
 e-rant 
 
 u 
 
 vers 
 iert 
 er-ona 
 
 -ierent 
 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 er-rai, etc. 
 
 er-rais,etc 
 
 iers 
 
 irons 
 
 erez 
 
 ierent 
 
 lere 
 ie>es 
 iere 
 erions 
 
 eriez 
 ierent 
 
 isse,ete. 
 
 \remii!-ir 
 
 ant | 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 ens. etc. 
 
 \is, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 ra is, etc. 
 
 -e, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 wuill-ir 
 
 ant 
 
 i 
 
 bo us 
 
 lout 
 
 -ons 
 
 -ez 
 
 -ent 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 irai, etc. 
 
 irais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 veiil-ir 
 
 ant 
 
 i 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 a is. etc. 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 erai, etc. 
 
 "rais, etc. 
 
 -e, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 u-tr 
 
 fuyani 
 
 Jul 
 
 is 
 
 is 
 it 
 fuy-ons 
 
 -ez 
 fuient 
 
 fuy-ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 irai, eic. 
 
 
 -is 
 -ie 
 fuy-ons 
 
 fuient 
 
 ie 
 ies 
 
 fuy-ons 
 
 -ez 
 fuient 
 
 isse, eic. 
 
 lour-ir 
 
 ant 
 
 mart 
 
 meur-s 
 -s-t 
 ons, cz 
 met/rent 
 
 jais, etc. 
 
 us, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -incurs 
 -e, ons 
 
 ez 
 men rent 
 
 -e, ions, 
 
 iez 
 men-rent 
 
 russe 
 
 tmr-tr 
 
 ant 
 
 u 
 
 S: etc 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 us, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. \e,etc. 
 
 usse, etc. 
 
 orm-ir 
 
 ant 
 
 1 
 
 dors, dors 
 dort,-ons,etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 irai, etc. 
 
 irais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. ie, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 trSt-ir 
 
 ant 
 
 a 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 irai, etc. 
 
 irais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. \p. etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 zn-T 
 
 ant 
 
 'i 1 sers, sers 
 
 ' sert-ons.etc 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 irai, etc. 
 
 irais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. ie, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 ss-eoir 
 
 eyant 
 
 is 
 
 ied, etc. 
 eyons, eyes 
 
 rient 
 
 eyais, etc. 
 
 in, etc. 
 
 ierai, etc. 
 
 ierais, etc. 
 
 -ieds, ey, 
 
 eyons, eyez 
 
 eyent 
 
 eye, etc. 
 
 isse 
 
 lech-oir 
 
 
 u 
 
 018, OtS, 
 
 oit, oi ions, 
 ■■ 5, oi ' 
 
 
 us, etc. 
 
 errai, etc. 
 
 errais, etc. 
 
 -ois, oie 
 oyons, oyez 
 oient 
 
 oie, oies 
 oie, oyons 
 ouez, oient 
 
 usse, etc. 
 
 lou-voir 
 
 'ant 
 
 mu 
 
 nteus, etc. 
 incut, -vons, 
 -vez, meuvent 
 
 cais, etc. 
 
 inus, etc 
 
 erai, etc. 
 
 vruis, etc. 
 
 iieus,meur 
 tons, ez 
 meuvent 
 
 meu-ve,etc 
 
 musse,etc- 
 
 our-roir 
 
 voyant 
 
 Mi 
 
 vois, etc. 
 
 ■oiiais, etc. 
 
 mis, etc. 
 
 POirai, etc. 
 
 roirais.pt'- 
 
 -vois, etc. 
 
 voie, etc. 
 
 visse, etc. 
 
 ou-iotr 
 
 cant 
 
 pu 
 
 inns or peux 
 peux, pent 
 -ions, rcz 
 peucent 
 
 tats, etc. 
 
 i)iis, etc. 
 
 rrai, etc. 
 
 rrais, etc. 
 
 
 puisse, etc. 
 
 puisse, etc. 
 
 a-voir 
 
 rhnnt 
 
 su 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 vais. etc. 
 
 tus, etc. 
 
 aurni, etc. 
 
 a ura is. etc. 
 
 sache, etc. 
 
 sache,etc. 
 
 susse, etc. 
 
 a-loir 
 H-ta-loir 
 
 tant 
 
 hi 
 
 us, ux, 
 aut. Ions, 
 lez, lent. 
 
 lais, etc. 
 
 lus, etc. 
 
 udrai,etc. 
 
 udraes,etc 
 
 -ux, ille, 
 'ons, lez, 
 lent. 
 
 ille, etc. 
 
 Ie, les. Ie. 
 lions, licz, 
 
 ill ent. 
 
 lusse, etc. 
 
 rhoir 
 
 pant 
 
 vtt 
 
 IS, is, 
 
 oit, iions, 
 yez, lent. 
 
 i/ais, etc. 
 
 vis, etc. 
 
 c errai, etc. 
 
 preroirai, 
 etc. 
 
 verrais,etc 
 
 prevoirais. 
 etc. 
 
 -is, ie, 
 
 yons, yez, 
 
 ient. 
 
 ie, ies, ie, 
 
 yons, yez, 
 ient. 
 
 cissc, etc. 
 
 •u-loir 
 
 lent 
 
 /u 
 
 veux, etc. 
 -Ions, lez, 
 
 veulent. 
 
 lais, etc. 
 
 ItlS, etc. 
 
 drai, etc. 
 
 drais, etc. 
 
 
 :euille, etc. 
 -lions, 
 lies, 
 
 euillent 
 
 lusse, etc. 
 
 t-ti: 
 
 taut 
 
 dit 
 
 8, 8, t, 
 
 sons, tes, 
 sent. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 ?, etc. | 
 
 rai, etc. 1 
 
 rais, etc. i 
 
 -a, etc. 
 
 se, etc. | 
 
 sse, etc. 
 
 * Or fus-fus— fut— fumes— f Cites— fur ent 
 
Infinitive, i 
 
 P.-pr. 
 
 P.p. 
 
 Indi. pr. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 34 
 
 Preter. 
 
 Future. 
 
 Condit. 
 
 Imperat. 
 
 Subj. pr. 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 ecri-re 
 
 vant 
 
 t 
 
 , etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 lis, etc. 
 
 rai, etc, 
 
 'ais, etc. 
 
 s, etc. ve, etc. 
 
 ■isse, etc. 
 
 li-re 
 
 sunt 
 
 lu 
 
 >■, etc. 
 
 mis, etc. 
 
 us, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 •ais, etc. 
 
 •s, etc. se, etc. lusse, etc. 
 
 ri-re 
 
 ant 
 
 ri 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 ■ions, iez, 
 aient. 
 
 9, etc. 
 
 •ai, etc. 
 
 •ais, etc. 
 
 ■s, etc. 
 
 ?, es, e, 
 ons, iez. 
 ent. 
 
 ise, etc. 
 
 viv-re 
 
 ant 
 
 vecu 
 
 vis, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 vecu, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -vis, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 ;ecusse, etc. 
 
 tui-re 
 
 sant 
 
 tu 
 
 s. etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 tus. etc. 
 
 -ai,etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 c, etc. 
 
 usse, etc. 
 
 suffi-re 
 
 sant 
 
 suffi, 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 se, etc. 
 
 sse, etc. 1 
 
 trai-re 
 
 treyant 
 
 t 
 
 s, s, t, 
 tra-yons, 
 yez, 
 tent. 
 
 tray ais, etc 
 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rats, etc, 
 
 -s, -e, 
 
 tra-yons, 
 
 -yez,ent. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 
 fai-re 
 
 sant 
 
 t 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 fis, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, fosse, 
 
 sons, tes, 
 f assent. 
 
 fasse, etc. 
 
 fisse, etc. 
 
 croi-re 
 
 croyant 
 
 cru 
 
 s, s, t, 
 
 croyons, 
 
 yez, 
 
 croient. 
 
 croyais, etc. 
 
 crus, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, e, 
 croyons 
 yez, ent. 
 
 e, s,e, 
 croyons, 
 yez, ent. 
 
 cr usse, etc. 
 
 hoi-re 
 
 buvant 
 
 bu 
 
 s, s, t, 
 
 bu-rons. 
 -vez, cent. 
 
 buvais, etc. 
 
 bus, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, ve, 
 bu->-ons, 
 
 boivent. 
 
 ve, ves, ve, 
 bu-vions, 
 
 boivent 
 
 busse, etc. 1 
 
 conclu-re 
 
 ant 
 
 conclu 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 s. etc. 
 
 rai, etc . 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 ssc, etc. 
 
 luin-cre 
 
 quant 
 
 cu 
 
 cs, cs- c, 
 quons, 
 quez, 
 quent 
 
 quais, etc. 
 
 quis, etc. 
 
 crai, etc. 
 
 crais, etc. 
 
 -cs,que,etc 
 
 que, etc. 
 
 quisse, etc. \ 
 
 batt-re 
 
 ant 
 
 " 
 
 bats, bats, 
 bat, ons, 
 
 ent. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -bats, bate, 
 -ons, ez, 
 ent. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 rom-pre 
 
 pant 
 
 pu 
 
 ps, etc. 
 
 pais, etc. 
 
 pis, etc. 
 
 prai, etc. 
 
 prais, etc. 
 
 -ps, etc. 
 
 pe, etc. 
 
 pissc, etc. 
 
 cou-dre 
 
 sunt 
 
 su 
 
 ds, ds, d, 
 -sons, etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 sis, etc. 
 
 drai, etc. 
 
 drais, etc. 
 
 -ds,se, 
 sons, etc. 
 
 se, etc. 
 
 sisse, etc. 
 
 mou-dre 
 
 lant 
 
 lu 
 
 ds, ds, d, 
 -Ions, etc. 
 
 lais, etc. 
 
 his, etc. 
 
 drai, etc. 
 
 drais, etc. 
 
 -ds, le. 
 -Ions, lez, 
 lent. 
 
 le, etc. 
 
 lusse, etc., 
 
 suiv-re 
 
 ant 
 
 i 
 
 suis, suis, 
 
 suit, 
 -ons, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 is, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -suis 
 -c, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 isse, etc. 
 
 exclu-re 
 
 ant 
 
 exclu 
 
 s,ctc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 e, etc. 
 
 sse, etc. 
 
 cojifi-re 
 
 sant 
 
 t 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 se, etc. 
 
 ssc, etc. | 
 
 plai-re 
 
 sant 
 
 plu 
 
 s, etc. 
 
 sais, etc. 
 
 plus, etc 
 
 rai, etc. 
 
 rais, etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 se, etc. 
 
 pi usse, etc.] 
 
 pre/i-dre 
 
 ant 
 
 pris 
 
 ds, ds, d, 
 -ons, etc. 
 
 ais, etc. 
 
 pris, etc 
 
 drai, etc. 
 
 drais, etc. 
 
 -ds, ne, 
 -ons, etc. 
 
 ne, nes, ne 
 
 ions, etc. 
 
 prisse, etc. 
 
 re-soudre 
 
 solvant 
 
 solu 
 
 so itds, ds, 
 d, -sol- 
 rons, etc. 
 
 solrais, etc. 
 
 solu, etc 
 
 sou drai, 
 etc. 
 
 soudrais, 
 etc. 
 
 sous, etc. 
 
 solve, etc. 
 
 solusse, etc 
 
 met-tre 
 
 tant 
 
 mis 
 
 s, s, t, 
 tons,tez, 
 tent. 
 
 tais, etc. 
 
 mis, etc 
 
 trai, etc. 
 
 trais, etc. 
 
 -s, e, 
 -tons, etc. 
 
 te, etc, 
 
 misse,etc. 
 
 nai-tre 
 
 ssant 
 
 ne- 
 
 s,s, t, 
 ssons, 
 etc. 
 
 ssais, etc. 
 
 naquis, 
 etc. 
 
 naitrai, etc 
 
 naitrais, 
 etc. 
 
 -s, etc. 
 
 sse,etc. 
 
 naquisse, et 
 
 croi-tre 
 
 ssant 
 
 cm 
 
 s, s, t, 
 
 ssons, etc. 
 
 ssais, etc. 
 
 eras, etc 
 
 trai, etc. 
 
 trais, etc. 
 
 ^ssons, etc. 
 
 ssc, etc. 
 
 crusse, etc. 
 
35 
 Defective Verbs. 
 
 Assaillir— is seldom used but in the Preterite, Infinitive and 
 past Participles. 
 
 Faillir — is seldom used except in the Imperfect and Compound 
 Tenses, in other cases manquer is used. 
 
 Defaillir — is used only in the Infinitive ; in other cases toniber 
 en def alliance or s'evanouir is used instead. 
 
 Ferir — to strike is only used thus : Sans coup ferir. 
 Gesir or gir is used only in the third persons : II git , ci git. 
 Ou'ir — is used only in the compound tenses with dire : Nous^ 
 avons oici dire. In its simple tenses entendre or ajpprendre takes 
 its place : 
 
 Quand apprttes vous sa mort f 
 Vetir — to clothe is used only in the Infinitive and past Partici- 
 ple, and so is revetir — habiller supplies the other tenses. 
 
 Choir — and its derivatives d echoir, echoir, are seldom used but 
 in the past Participles : chu, dechu, echu. 
 
 Though echoir is used in the third person singular of the present 
 and future echoit, echait, echerra, in speaking of term or rent 
 day and inheritance. 
 
 Voire term echoit aujourcThui. Mon loyer echait demain. 
 II vous echerra qnelque chose de cette succession. 
 
 Seoir — to sit. is only used in the Infinitive with aller or devoir 
 and in the Participle past with etre. 
 
 Seoir — to become, to fit or suit ; is used only in the present, 
 preterite, future and conditional. 
 
 Braire — is used only in the third person of the Indicative pre- 
 sent ; the other tenses and persons are expressed by placing se 
 mettre before the Infinitive. 
 
 Accroire — is used only in the Infinitive with faire : En faire 
 accroire, Sfc. 
 
 Clore — is only used in the present thus : Je clos, tu clos, il or 
 elle clot, its or elles closent. and in all the persons of the future ;■ 
 Je clorrai. Sfc, and conditional je clorrais, Sfc. 
 
 Its derivatives — eclore, declore, forclore, as also enclore ; are 
 seldom used but in the Infinitive, and compound tenses, with both 
 etre and avoir. 
 
 Dcdire, contredire, interdire, medire, predire, derivatives of 
 dire ; are regular in the second person of the Indicative present : 
 Vous dedisez — contredisez — interdisez — medisez — predisez. 
 
 Preclure — is seldom used but reflected in the Infinitive and 
 compound tenses. 
 
 Joindre — is only used in the Infi. preceded by commencer or 
 aller. 
 
 Frire — is used only in the past Parti ciple frit and the following 
 persons of the Indicative and future : Je fris, tu fris, il-elle or 
 on frit, — Jefrirai, tufrira, il-elle or onfrira. The other tenses 
 and persons are formed with faire before frire. 
 
36 
 Observations on some Verbs 
 
 en 
 
 Alter in the sense of leaving a place is used pronominally with 
 
 Jem' en vais. lis s'ent vont ; that is going from it— the place 
 
 The same with venir, revenir, retourner : listen retournent 
 
 Employer and all other verbs in yer, change y into i when 
 
 forming a single syllable: J'emplo.ie, Its emphient Sec, and the 
 
 first and second persons plural of the Imperfect of the Indicative 
 
 and bubjunctive present take an i after y : 
 
 Vous grasseyiez toujours alors. 11 veut que nous pat/ions, 
 hnvoyer makes in the Future and Conditional • 
 
 J'enverrai, fenverrais, instead of f envoy erai, f envoy erais. 
 Verbs which end in the Infinitive in eler and eter, as ; appeler 
 projeter double the / and / before e mute : ' 
 
 Je prqjette. II appelle, £c. 
 Except however those in eler, eter, as : rtlever, repSter, &c. 
 which change the accute e into the grave before a mute sylla- 
 ble^: Jepese. Use promene, etc. 
 
 A Hyphen is always placed between the v. and the pronoun in 
 an interrogative sense : vient-il? 
 
 A Verb ending in e mute in the first person sing, takes an accute 
 accent : Parle-je ? 
 
 If a verb ends with a vowel and its subjective pro. begins with 
 an £u eY A a 1 1S plaCed between them t0 av oid the hiatus : dame-t-elle * 
 lhe first and second person plural always take an accent circum- 
 flex : JVous vimes, Sfc. 
 
 Verbs in^r require an e between y, e,ando,- to soften the 
 sound ofy .• Ilnagea ,- nous mang eons. 
 " Verbs in cer, require a cedilla under c before a, o, u, to give it 
 th e soft sound of s.- Il P la ca. Nous placons. lis apercarent. 
 7 / he £ artlcl P le smasculinof devoir, redevoir, are accentuated 
 du, redu. 
 
 Luire and nuire take no t in the Participle past : ha, md. 
 
 Note.— Every verb has one of the terminations seen in the fore- 
 going tabular arrangement; that isr or*, and in this sense there are 
 only two classes of verbs ; but if we look at the syllabic termina- 
 tions there are four ; er, ir, oir, re -the first includes above three 
 iourths (about 2700) which are all regular except alter ; that is 
 they are in every person, mood and tense inflected like aimer. 
 
 The rest are more irregular ; hence in order to facilitate the ac- 
 quisition of them, the models have been extended to 10 ,• which 
 greatly reduces the irregular list. In ir for instance, there are only 
 10 ; as all besides those in the tables of ouvrir, venir, sentir, are 
 conjugated like punir, about 200. 
 
 Observe.— The foregoing models regular and irregular, include every primitive 
 verb m the language, and that all derivatives are conjugated like their primitives ; 
 thus: comentir,pressenUr,ressentir, &;r., follow sentir, 
 
 Revenir, preveuir, survenir, #6\, follow venir. 
 
 Abstraire, eoctralre, soustraire, $c , follow traire, and so with the rest. 
 • J :' )ie '— Ha>r 1S regular, and takes two points in every tense and person except 
 m the three singular of the indicative present, je hais, tic hais, il halt, and the 
 second person singular of the imperative : hais. 
 
37 
 
 Impersonal Verbs. 
 These are conjugated only in the third person singular with il. 
 
 Those in er ; such as geler, greier, arrioer, Sfc, belong to the 
 first conjugation and are all regular except y aller de, which is 
 conjugated like aller, — — — 
 
 I* /euvoir, falloir, y avoir, valoir, and etre, are conj. as follows : 
 
 Infinitive 
 
 pleuv-bir 
 
 falloir ) 
 valoir \ 
 y avoir 
 il est 
 c'est 
 
 it Is 
 
 P. pr. 
 
 phc 
 
 y ay ant 
 
 y ay ant en 
 
 r.ndi 
 
 il -pleat 
 
 faut 
 
 y a 
 est 
 
 i est 
 
 Imperf. 
 
 ilpleuvait 
 
 fallait 
 
 y a rait 
 
 Halt 
 
 etait 
 
 Preter. 
 
 ilplut 
 fallut 
 y eat 
 fut 
 
 f"t 
 
 il pleuvera 
 faudra 
 
 y aura 
 
 sera 
 
 sera 
 
 Condit. ( Subj. pr. 
 
 ilpleuverait 
 
 faud r ait 
 
 qu'ilpleuvc 
 faille 
 
 sera it 
 sera it 
 
 y ait 
 
 soit 
 so it 
 
 Impel 
 
 rf. 
 
 u'ilplat 
 fallut 
 y eat 
 % 
 fit 
 
 Y avoir stands for there is : II y a du danger. 
 
 Also for it is when used in relation to time, space and number : Y a-t-il long temps ? 
 
 II y a plus de huit ans. Quelle distance y a-t-il ? 
 
 A. In speaking of time il est must be used instead of c' est : 
 
 11 est temps, trop tot, trop tard, minuit, huit keures, 8fc. 
 The same before an adjective having no reference to anything 
 previously expressed : 
 
 11 est doux de penser a ceux qu'on aime. 
 But if the adjective refers to anything previously mentioned, 
 c'est must be used : 
 
 C'est assez, c'est malheureux. 
 
 B. C'est must be used before articles, nouns, pronouns, and in- 
 finitives : 
 
 (Test mon argent qitil depense. 
 
 C. To be, used in English to denote the state of the weather, 
 must in French be rendered by the third person singular offaire ,- 
 
 Ilfaitfroid, il fait chaud, except when weather is the nom. 
 case of to be : Le temps est trcs mal sain. 
 
 1 II est requires de before the in- 
 finitive : 
 // est difficile de satisfaire tout le monde. 
 
 2. C'est followed by a noun also 
 requires de before the infinitive : 
 
 C'est le moyen de s'enrichir. 
 
 3. When c'est precedes a noun fol- 
 lowed by an infinitive, it requires que 
 besides de : 
 
 C'est gratitude que d' 'avoir agi de la 
 sorte. 
 
 4. If there be more than one infini- 
 tive in a sentence, the first takes no 
 preposition after c'est : 
 
 C'est agir en brave que de se sacrifier 
 pour sa patrie. 
 
 1. The impersonals c'est a nous-d 
 vous-d lui, and so forth, — and il y a ; 
 must have d before the infinitive : 
 
 II y a du danger a agir de la sorte. 
 
 2. Must used with the verb to have 
 before a noun, is most elegantly ex- 
 pressed by falloir without the auxil- 
 liary ; having one of the pronouns, me, 
 te, lui, nous, vous, leur between il and 
 the verb : II me faut un cheval. 
 
 The verb want may also be thus ex- 
 pressed : II nous faut une bonne ondee. 
 
 3. When must relates to pronouns of 
 the first and second persons sing, or 
 pi. we may generally use either the 
 infi. or subj. : Ilfautpartir. II faut 
 venir. But whenever must relates to 
 pronouns of the third person sing, or 
 pi., the subj. must be used, and the 
 same applies to valoir mieux. 
 
A. Passive verbs require either de or par before the next 
 noun : when the verb expresses a moral action it takes de* and 
 par when the action partakes of art, or is purely physical : 
 
 II est aime de tout le monde. Us ont ete pris par des corsaires. 
 Iffut eerase par une poutre. 
 
 38 
 Government of Verbs. 
 
 Two verbs of different regimen cannot govern the same noun ; 
 hence though we may say : II aime et honor e ses concitoyens, 
 aimer and honorer having both a direct regimen ; we could not 
 say : 
 
 II aime et donne de tons avis a ses concitoyens—donner having 
 an indirect regimen. We must say : 
 
 II aime ses concitoyens et leur donne de bons avis (donne a eux.) 
 
 B. Passive verbs followed in English by from or with always 
 govern the genitive : 
 
 II est done de plusieurs bonnes qualitss. 
 
 The following verbs abuser, heriter y jonir, medire, rour/ir, user, avoir besoin, 
 avoir pitie, etre alteri f rendre raison, govern the prep, de : U jouit d' une bonne 
 sante. 
 
 Consent ir, contrevenir, contribuer, de'plaire, pardonner, de'sobeir, nvire, obeir, 
 obvier, parvenir. penser, plaire, remedier, ressembler, resister, songer, subvenir, 
 succeder, survivre, govern the prep, d : Ilpardonne a ses ennemis. Ilpense a ses 
 affaires. 
 
 Reflected Verbs. 
 
 The following govern the preposition d 
 
 S'abandonner, s'accoutnmer, s'adoimer, s'amuscr, s'appliquer, s'appreter, s'ap- 
 pauvrir, s'arreter, s'attacher, s'addresscr, s'attendre, s'abaisser, s'ainnser, s'allier, 
 s'acharner, s'agguerrir, s'attrouper, s'assoupir, s'accorder, s'exposer, se defer miner, 
 se disposer, s'enhardir, s'etudier, se resoudre, se miner, s'endurcir, s' engager, s'en- 
 teter, sejier, s'habituer, s'obstiner, s'ojipinutrcr, s'opposer, se plaindre, se plaire, 
 se preparer. 
 
 The rest govern the preposition de. 
 
 II a eu tord de s'exposer a 'la fureur publique. 
 Je me rappele de V avoir vu a Paris. 
 
 Note.—Jouer requires de or its compounds when relating to an instrument : 
 and d or its compounds in relation to games. 
 
 • Use permits par to be employed in the second member of a sentence, instead of re- 
 peating- dc. 
 
39 
 
 Many verbs required before the next infinitive; some a; and 
 others none. The following require de. 
 
 abhor rer 
 
 choisir 
 
 defendre 
 
 enrager 
 
 indiquer 
 
 trembler 
 
 retarder 
 
 absoudre 
 
 choquer 
 
 degoQtcr 
 
 epargner 
 
 insinuer 
 
 tenter 
 
 resoudre 
 
 accuser 
 
 cesser 
 
 dependre 
 
 epouvanter 
 
 inventer 
 
 preferer 
 
 risquer - 
 
 accepter 
 
 commander 
 
 deplaire 
 
 essayer 
 
 jurer 
 
 presser 
 
 rassasier 
 
 accorder 
 
 consigner 
 
 desesperer 
 
 etonner 
 
 soupconner 
 
 prescrire 
 
 ravir 
 
 achever 
 
 consoler 
 
 desoler 
 
 etre 
 
 sugg-erer 
 
 preserser 
 
 recompenser 
 
 admirer 
 
 conspirer 
 
 detourner 
 
 excuser 
 
 justifler 
 
 prier 
 
 recrire 
 
 affecter 
 
 convaincre 
 
 discontinuer 
 
 exempter 
 
 louer 
 
 proposer 
 
 redire 
 
 affliger 
 
 convenir 
 
 disconvenir 
 
 surprendre 
 
 languir 
 
 promettre 
 
 redouter 
 
 ambitionner 
 
 conjurer 
 
 disculper 
 
 sommer 
 
 me dire 
 
 protester 
 
 reduire 
 
 appartenir 
 
 conseiller 
 
 dispenser 
 
 exiger 
 
 mediter 
 
 pardonner 
 
 refuser 
 
 applaudir 
 
 craindre 
 
 ecrire 
 
 fa c her 
 
 menacer 
 
 precher 
 
 remender 
 
 approuver 
 
 defier 
 
 statuer 
 
 falloir 
 
 meriter 
 
 premediter 
 
 repr ndre 
 
 appvehender 
 
 differer 
 
 suffire 
 
 fatiguer 
 
 mander 
 
 presumer 
 
 reprimender 
 
 arreter 
 
 scandaliser 
 
 eluder 
 
 finir 
 
 negliger 
 
 priver 
 
 repugncr 
 
 arriver 
 
 signifier 
 
 empecher 
 
 frissonner 
 
 notifier 
 
 prouver 
 
 requerir 
 
 attribuer 
 
 sortix 
 
 enjoindre 
 
 gronder 
 
 obtenir 
 
 projeter 
 
 conspirer 
 
 avertir 
 
 dire 
 
 eviter 
 
 gagner 
 
 offrir 
 
 punir 
 
 rire 
 
 rire 
 
 dispenser 
 
 entreprendre 
 
 gemir 
 
 omettre 
 
 refuser 
 
 risquer 
 
 rougir 
 
 dissuader 
 
 feindre 
 
 hair 
 
 ordonner 
 
 recommender 
 
 rougir 
 
 satisfaire 
 
 deconcerter 
 
 fremir 
 
 hasarder 
 
 oublier 
 
 regretter 
 
 supplier 
 
 blanier 
 
 decourager 
 
 effrayer 
 
 inspirer 
 
 parler 
 
 taxer 
 
 
 charger 
 
 decreter 
 
 eloigner 
 
 interdire 
 
 permettre 
 
 triompher 
 
 
 chagriner 
 
 dedaigner 
 
 embarrasser 
 
 imputer 
 
 persuader 
 
 remercier 
 
 
 charmer 
 
 d£dommager 
 
 enchanter 
 
 inculper 
 
 plaindre 
 
 reprocher 
 
 
 The following require a 
 
 accoutumer 
 
 assujettir 
 
 consister 
 
 enseigner 
 
 necessiter 
 
 ranimer 
 
 tarder 
 
 admettre 
 
 astraindre 
 
 borner 
 
 exhorter 
 
 nourir 
 
 redemander 
 
 tendre 
 
 aider 
 
 attendre 
 
 devouer 
 
 exceller 
 
 occuper 
 
 resigner 
 
 trouver 
 
 aimer 
 
 avoir 
 
 disposer 
 
 exciter 
 
 perdre 
 
 retenir 
 
 travailler 
 
 apprendre 
 
 chercher 
 
 donner 
 
 inviter 
 
 plaire 
 
 restraindre 
 
 veiller 
 
 aspirer 
 
 condamner 
 
 depenser 
 
 incliner 
 
 preparer 
 
 reussir 
 
 viser 
 
 autoriser 
 
 consentir 
 
 destirer 
 
 former 
 
 presenter 
 
 renoncer 
 
 vouer 
 
 ajourner 
 
 contribuer 
 
 determiner 
 
 instruire 
 
 parve'.iir 
 
 repugner 
 
 commencer 
 
 amasser 
 
 citer 
 
 desapprendre 
 
 imiter 
 
 penser 
 
 rester 
 
 
 amener 
 
 commencer 
 
 divertir 
 
 hesiter 
 
 preserver 
 
 servir 
 
 
 animer 
 
 coir.mettre 
 
 dresser 
 
 habituer 
 
 persister 
 
 songer 
 
 
 appeler 
 
 conconrir 
 
 employer 
 
 monter 
 
 porter 
 
 sacrifier 
 
 
 apprGter 
 
 condescendre 
 
 ehgager 
 
 mettre 
 
 provoquer 
 
 soudre 
 
 
 assignor 
 
 conduire 
 
 encourager 
 
 montrer 
 
 pousser 
 
 soumettre 
 
 
 The following take no preposition 
 
 affirmer 
 
 compter 
 
 devoir 
 
 s'imaginer 
 
 preferer 
 
 retourner 
 
 valoir mieux 
 
 aimer mieux 
 
 confesser 
 
 ecouter 
 
 juger 
 
 presager 
 
 revenir 
 
 voir 
 
 annoncer 
 
 counaitre 
 
 entendre 
 
 laisser 
 
 pretendre 
 
 rGver 
 
 voler 
 
 aller 
 
 eroire 
 
 envoyer 
 
 observer 
 
 prevoir 
 
 savoir 
 
 vouloir 
 
 apercevoir 
 
 daigner 
 
 esperer 
 
 oser 
 
 publier 
 
 sembler 
 
 
 assurer 
 
 declarer 
 
 estimer 
 
 parier 
 
 regarder 
 
 souffrir 
 
 
 attester 
 
 deposer 
 
 examiner 
 
 paraitre 
 
 remener 
 
 souhaiter 
 
 
 avouer 
 
 desavouer 
 
 faire 
 
 pouvoir 
 
 renvoyer 
 
 soutenir 
 
 
 certifier 
 
 descendre 
 
 se figurer 
 
 predire 
 
 reputer 
 
 suposer 
 
 
 Continuer, discontinuer, contraindre, determiner, essayer, engager, forcer, 
 consentir, conter, obliger, occuper, suffire, take either, according to the context. 
 
40 
 
 Venir requires de when expressing a tiling happened, and a 
 when a thing is to happen, but in the sense of to come it requires 
 neither. 
 
 Elle vient de quitter a V instant pour Paris. S'il vient a mourirje quitte. 
 Je viens vous consulter sur une affaire d 1 importance. 
 
 Manquer generally requires de when used negatively, and a 
 when used affirmatively. 
 
 Taclier — to endeavour, requires de, and a when meaning to aim 
 at. 
 
 Tarder — to delay, requires a, and de when used impersonally. 
 
 1. The infinitive takes no prep, when the nom. case of another 
 verb, or when it could be expressed by the participle present in 
 English. 
 
 Trop manger est nuisible a la sante. 
 
 2. When infinitives following an adj. complete the sense, they 
 require a,- but when the infinitive explains why the adjec. has 
 been used, it requires de. 
 
 Cest une chose Men difficile a croire. Je serais bien fdche de le croire. 
 
 The same when the infinitive governed by the sub. is necessary to the affirma- 
 tion. 
 
 Quelbonheur de trouver ce que Von cherche. 
 
 3. When a verb following a substantive is, or might be, expres- 
 sed by the gerund with in, the infinite requires a before it. 
 Nous avons perdu bien du temps a le chercher. 
 
 4. After adjectives preceded by either of the following imper- 
 sonal verbs, de must be used : 
 
 U est difficile de plaire a tout le monde. U par ait satis/ait de vivre au 
 Jour la journee. 
 
 5. Also after many impersonal verbs : 
 
 Ilsuffit de vouloir. II importe de U savoir. 
 
 6. De also generally precedes the infinitive, when immediately 
 following a substantive. 
 
 J'aurai le plaisir daller vous voir. II ria pas peur de lui parlor. 
 Exception. — When the infinitive implies something to be done or to take 
 place, it is generally preceded by d : 
 
 J'ai bien des choses d dire, a f aire, d observer, §r. 
 Ilaplusieurs chevauz a vendre. J'ai un avis a vous donner. 
 
41 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 THE SUBJUNCTIVE IS USED 
 
 1. After verbs expressing absolute will, command, fear, doubt, 
 desire, joy, sorrow, envy, or any strong emotion of the feelings, 
 when followed by que, 
 
 Je vcux qiCon le fasse. Je crains qu'il ne vienne. 
 
 2. After a verb used interrogatively or negatively followed by que: 
 Voidcz-vous que je sois heureux f Ke pensez-vous pas qu'il ait tort f 
 
 Except. — The following v. should express a fact existing at the time of speaking 
 as the subj. always implies doubt, uncertainty: 
 A-tM remarque quej'ai unejambe de bois ? Avez-vous oublie qu'il est etranger ? 
 
 3. After quelque — que, quelgue, quoique, quoi que. 
 
 Quelque savant qu'il soit. Quoique vous soyez riche. 
 
 4. After a superlative followed by que or qui: 
 
 C'est la plus belle femme queje connaisse. 
 Except. — When que or qui relate to a genitive case preceding them : 
 C'est le plus uge. de ses enfans que vous avez xu. 
 C'est le plus jeune de ses fils qui est venu ce matin. 
 
 5. After verbs impersonnel or used impersonnally followed by 
 que : 
 
 II estfdcheux que vous n'ayczpas ecrit. II est juste qu'il soit puni. 
 
 Except. — II y a, il y a apparence, il par ait — re" suite — est clair — certain—' 
 
 evident — indubitable — manifeste — notoire — palpable— sensible — sur — vrai — 
 
 visible and all formed with on; as, on dit — suppose, &<?., require the indicative even. 
 
 after que. As also Ilsemble when preceded by an objective pro. personal: 
 
 llparait qu'il a reussi. II me semble qu'il s'est trompe. 
 
 6. After the relatives qui, que, dont, and the adverb oh, when 
 either of them are preceded by le seul, peu, or followed by a verb 
 that could be used with may or might : 
 
 II y en a fort peu qui le sachent. La seule chose dont il soit capable. 
 Ilcherche un pays ou il jfuisse purler librement. 
 Qui que vous soyez laissez-moi en paix. 
 
 Tenses. — Both the present and preterite of the subj. are used af- 
 ter the present and future of the Indicative. 
 Mark i ^ lie ^ rst wnen wishing to express a present or future — the second 
 \ when wishing to express a past. 
 
 T1 . t S qu'on le fasse a present, demain, kc. 
 
 II vcut or voudra •{ i , „ J .. 1 .. f . , ' . ' - , 6 
 
 / qu on rait fait /tier, la semaine passee, &;c. 
 
 Exception. — When the subj. is followed by a conditional expression, the Imper- 
 fect is used instead of the present and future, and the plusperfect instead of the 
 preterite, after the present and future of the Indicative. 
 
 Je erains or craindrai I J"™ * c f™mp# si on les laissait ensemble. 
 
 ( qu a I cut corrompu si on les avait laisses ensemble. 
 
 The Imperfect and Plusperfect of the subj. are used after the 
 Imperfect of the Indicative, Preterits and Conditionals. 
 Mark i ^ ie ** rs * Av ^ en wishing to express a present, or future. 
 \the second when wishing to express a past. 
 
 I que j'allasse d present, de 
 Ilvoulait—voulut — a voulu—voudrait—auraitvoulu \ main, be. 
 
 quejej'usseallr hicr, §c. 
 F 
 
42 
 Reflected and Nutre Verbs. 
 
 All reflected verbs form their compound tenses with etre: 
 Je me suis depeche. lis se sont trompes. 
 
 The generality of nentre verbs form their compound tenses with 
 avoir : 
 
 JEUe a dormi, nous avons marche, its ont party $c. 
 
 Exceptions. — Alter, arrive?', choir, deceder, entrer, mourir, naitre, tomber r 
 venir, and all its derivatives are conjugated W\\hHre. 
 
 Mark. — The verb avoir used with a participle denotes action, and etre the state 
 or condition : 
 
 On I'apuni — expresses the act of him having been punished. 
 
 // est puni — expresses that he is in a state of punishment. 
 
 And as the participles alle, arrive, echu, de'cede, mort, ne, tombe, vemi, &;c, f 
 merely express the state of being gone — arrived— fallen, &c, etre must be used. 
 
 In accordance with the same law the participles of accourir, 
 
 cesser, crottre, descendre, disparaitre, entrer, grandir, monter, 
 
 passer, perir, sortir, vieillir, take avoir in relation to action, and 
 
 etre in relation to state : 
 
 f the act of having as- 
 
 II a monte, or descendu Vescalier > J cended, &c. 
 
 II est monte, or descendu depuis longtemps\ " P | the state of being above 
 
 [_ or below. 
 
 Elle a passe par ici hier \ .. , £ ■,. . . 
 
 , 7 < c • ■? j > express the act of having past. 
 
 II a passe en Suisse %l y a deux ans ) r 
 
 L'hiver est passe ) ,.„ . , 
 
 ■at * j. ' \ express a difference of state. 
 
 Nos jours prosper es sont passes J v a " lilCiC "^ c Ui 
 
 Demeurer and rester take etre when no change of state is im- 
 plied : 
 
 II est demeure or reste a Paris pour f aire ses etudes. 
 And avoir in other cases : 
 
 II a demeure or reste quatre ans a Paris. 
 
 The part, echappe in the sense of avoiding requires a before the 
 object, and de in the sense of evasion from one state to another: 
 Ila echappe dun grand danger ) figuratively — avoided or escaped from 
 Elle a echappe a la mort ) danger — death. 
 
 II est echappe de sa prison — he has escaped from prison or a state of impri son- 
 ment. The last sense is however better and generally expressed reflectively : 
 II s 1 est echappe de sa prison. 
 
 Cettefaute m y a echappe, means — that fault has escaped my notice. 
 
 Cettefaute m'est echappee, means — I have committed that fault. 
 
 Expirer requires avoir in speaking of persons — h malheureux a expire. 
 And etre in speaking of things le terme est expire. 
 
 Reflective verbs are conjugated after the following form : 
 
 Je me leve, tu te leoe, and so on with every tense and person. 
 
 {me leve-je? te leve-tu ? 
 ne me leve-je pas f ne te leve-tu pas ? 
 or est-ce queje ne me leoe pas? est-ce que tu nete leve pas? 
 Negatively — Je ne me leve pas. Tu ne te leve pas, §c 
 Compound — M'elre leve. Wetant leve. Je me suis leve, etc. 
 
43 
 
 Observations on certain Verbs. 
 
 Can, could, may and might, are all expressed by the verb pouvoir 
 except when can stands in the sense of to know : 
 
 Je ne puis oiler chez vous ; metis vous pourriez venir chez moi. 
 Savez-vous lire ? Sait-il neiejer f 
 
 In connexion with the verh to have, immediately followed hy a paiticipla 
 could or might are rendered hy the conditional past oi pouvoir : 
 
 Vous auriez pu venir plustut. Nous aurionspu partir hier. 
 
 Oughts and also sfiGuld when it can be turned into ought are ex- 
 pressed by the conditional present of devoir : 
 
 11 deverait venir ?wus voir. Vous deveriez leur parler. 
 
 And by the conditional past of devoir ; when connected with the 
 verb to have immediately followed by a participle : 
 
 II uurait elu demeurer ici. Vous auriez die partir avec lid. 
 
 Any tense and person of the verb to he placed either before its 
 own infinitive, or that of another verb implying a fixd event, is ex- 
 pressed by the verb devoir : 
 
 He is to come to-morrow — II doit venir domain. 
 
 We were to dine at five — Nous devions diner a cinq heures. 
 
 Willox will have, resolvable into be willing is expressed by the 
 indicative present : Voidez-vous venir chez moi ? 
 
 And would implying a past in the sense of being willing ; by the 
 imperfect oivouloir : Je voudrais avoir jini. 
 
 May expressing a wish is rendered by the subj. present of 
 pouvoir in an interrogative form : Fuissiez-vous ctre heu reuse / 
 
 Do, am, will, shall, can, have, &c, are frequently used with a 
 simple negative or affirmative to answer questions ; in which case 
 the verb and pro. which have served to ask the question must be 
 repeated in French ; 
 
 Avez-vous vu Madame B. hier ? Non, je ne Vcdpas vue. 
 
 La connaissez-vous ? Out, je la connais. 
 
 Note. — Remember, that except in the cases above mentioned do or did; even- 
 will, would, should, can, may, might and coxdd, are never used in French in con- 
 nexion with other verbs, (that is as auxiliaries) the two first being then mere ex- 
 pletives, and the rest simple signs of. tenses expressed by the verb itself in- 
 French. 
 
44 
 Participle Present. 
 
 1. The participle present being indeclinable always terminates in 
 ant, and is never used after any prep, except en : 
 
 En lisant et en ecrivant nos idees se muttvplient. 
 After other prepositions the infinitive is used. 
 
 Sans dire un mot. Vous paie-t-on pour venir id? 
 
 2. Thus it is seen that the participle present is not so extensively 
 used as in English ; ayant and etant when followed by a participle 
 past, are however used on all occasions where the English use it : 
 Ayant dormi. Etant parti. 
 The same when followed by an adverb : 
 
 Ayant tort. Etant malade. 
 
 3. Remember. — That when the English participle present is 
 preceded by another verb, or a preposition, the French idiom re- 
 quires the infinitive : 
 
 I see him coming — Je le vois venir. 
 He prevents me from going — II m'empeche de partir. 
 
 4. When the English participle present relates to a substantive 
 preceded by the article definite, it must be rendered by the indi- 
 cative in French : 
 
 The gentleman who was walking by the side of you. 
 
 Le monsieur qui marchait a cote de vous. 
 
 Note.— 1. Both the participle present and verbal a. end in big 
 in English, and in ant in French. 
 
 It is always a participle when ■ following the substantive in 
 English, and an adjective when preceding it ; hence like all 
 French adjectives declinable in the latter case and indeclinable in 
 the former: 
 
 An amusing person — JJne personne amusante. 
 
 A person amusing everybody — Une personne amusant tout le monde. 
 
 2. By, preceding a participle, is generally rendered by en and 
 by par when following it : 
 
 II Vapprit en lisant. II Vapprendpar cceur. 
 
 3. Whenever, in English the article definite or a possessive ad- 
 jective precede the participle, it is used as a substantive, and 
 therefore rendered by a corresponding substantive in French : 
 Le chant des oiseaux. Son chant me plait. 
 
45 
 PARTICIPLE PAST. 
 
 The participle past agrees with the subject when accompanied 
 by the verb etre. 
 
 Monfrere est parti. 3Ies cousincs sont arrivecs. 
 
 When accompanied by the verb avoir the participle is de- 
 clined if preceded by the direct object. 
 
 Les lettres que fax recues. Les ouvrages qiCil a Iks. 
 
 If the participle precedes the direct object no declension. 
 J'ai recu vos lettres. lis ont hi plusieurs ouvrages. 
 
 Lettres and ouvrages are the objective cases, recu, lu, the par- 
 ticiples. 
 
 The participle of pronominal verbs is also declined only when 
 preceded by the direct object, etre being then used in the accep- 
 tation of avoir, as : 
 
 lis se sont imagine Men des choses. Les choses qu'ils se so?2t imaginces. 
 
 Here the sense is have imagined ; hence the part, follows the 
 rule of those accompanied by amir. 
 
 Except — The participle of verbs essentially pronominal which is always de- 
 clined: lis se sont emparcs de tous nos biens. 
 
 THE PARTICIPLE FOLLOWED BY AN INFINITIVE. 
 If the infinitive is the direct object of the participle, no de- 
 clension. 
 
 Les lettres qiCil nous a prie de ltd envoy er* 
 La regie queje vous ai conseille d'apprendre. 
 But the participle is declined if the noun or pronoun preceding it is its direct 
 object. Je les ai entendus parler.f Les dames que nous avons vues passer. 
 
 Marie. — The participle is always declined if used without 
 auxiliary : On y volt beaucoup de maisons mal bdties. 
 
 The participle of impersonal verbs is always invariable. 
 Les grandes pluies qiCil a fait. Les mauvais temps qiUl y a eu. 
 
 The participle of neuter verbs conjugated with avoir is inva- 
 riable. 
 
 Elles ont dormi depuis six heures. Nous avons ri toute la soiree. 
 
 The Participle remains invariable in all the following cases : 
 
 1. Between two que-s; because in such cases it precedes the direct object: 
 Lesfolies que j'ai cru qu'ilferait — which means : J'ai cru qu'ilferait des folks. 
 
 2. When /' representing a member of a sentence is the direct object ; V being 
 then in the masculine singular: Cette affaire se termiua comme vous I'aviezprcdit. 
 
 3. When du,pu, vouht, are followed by an infinitive understood : 
 
 lis lew ont donne toutes les informations qu'ils ontpu — letcr donncr being un- 
 do stood. 
 
 4. When fait in the sense of to cause — bespeak — order is followed by an infini- 
 tive, the two forming then but one idea: Les bottcs qu'ils ont fait f aire. 
 
 * If we ask the question prie de qxioit the answer is, de lux envoycr les lettres; hence the 
 infinitive is the direct object, 
 t Entendu qui! enx. Do ^vhat? parte; hence eux, is the direct object. 
 
46 
 PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 Some prepositions require a, (au, aux,) others de, (du, des,) 
 before the next noun or pronoun. 
 
 The four following, jusque,par rapport, quant, conformcment, 
 require a. 
 
 JusqiCa demain. Conformcment aux his. 
 
 a cause 
 
 a la faveur 
 
 au dessous 
 
 au devant 
 
 au trarers 
 
 a convert 
 
 a la maniere 
 
 au desstts 
 
 au lieux 
 
 a raison 
 
 afleur 
 
 a J a mode 
 
 a cote 
 
 au pn.v 
 
 a la reserve 
 
 a force 
 
 a Vinqu 
 
 au tour 
 
 aux environs 
 
 a Ventour 
 
 a mo his 
 
 a Vopposite 
 
 aux depens 
 
 pres orproche 
 
 au milieu 
 
 a V exclusion 
 
 au deed 
 
 au niveau 
 
 pour Vamour 
 
 au risque 
 
 a Fabri 
 
 au deld 
 
 au dedans 
 
 a up res 
 
 faute 
 
 a Vcgard 
 
 au dehors 
 
 au derriere 
 
 a V exception 
 
 hors 
 
 The following required or its compounds. 
 
 le long 
 loins 
 rez 
 
 vis-a-vis 
 au peril 
 en depit 
 au tour de 
 en deed 
 Rules to know when en is used instead of dans or vice versa. 
 
 1 . En always expresses an indefinite sense, except before a noun 
 of country. 
 
 II en est de meme en tout temps et en tons lieux. 
 Savez-vous en quoi consiste sa vertu ? Vous etes en bonne compagnie. 
 
 Hence en can never be used before an article definite*— we could not say en 
 la maison, but dans la maison, except with the word presence : en la presence de 
 tout le monde. 
 
 2. Dans always expresses a definite sense, and conveys the idea, 
 that the object spoken of is contained within something else. 
 II est toujour s dans sa boutique. II Va dans sa bourse. 
 
 " embarras. Elle a vu cela dans Pope. 
 
 3. These prepositions are often followed by a pro. 
 
 En is used before personals : Ayez conjiance en moi-lui-nous, &c. Dans before 
 possessives and demonstratives : lis sont dans lew pays. Qui demeure dans cettc 
 maison? 
 
 4. En indefinitely answers in what time a thing happens, and 
 dans definitely answers when. 
 
 11 sera ici enpeu de temps. II sera ici dans une heurc. 
 
 5. En is always used for to, or, in, before a noun of country. 
 II y a de grandes fortunes en Angleterre. Elle ira bientot en France. 
 Before names of towns, &c, a is always used for to, at or in: a Paris, d 
 
 York. 
 
 A, de, en must be repeated before every noun they govern : the 
 same with all other prepositions, especially monosyllabic ones; ex- 
 cept the nouns they govern be synonimous expressions; as, par la 
 force et la violence. 
 
 * Nor is on vised before the article Indefinite, except in one or two instances '. En un mot ; 
 but we must say dans un an, dans une scmaine. 
 
B 
 
 47 
 Rules on the Prepositions, a and de. 
 
 1. Remember. — That in French prepositions always precede the 
 word they govern, though often placed after in English. 
 
 D'oii venez-yous ? Where do you come from ? 
 A qui parliez-vous ? Whom were you speaking to ? 
 
 2. When in English two substantives form but one word, and 
 the first expresses the nature, form, or use, it must be reversed in 
 French, with a between. 
 
 A windmill — tin moulin a vent. The butter market — le marcheau beurre. 
 
 Except there he a corresponding substantive expressing the whole, which is 
 often the case in hoth languages ; as, the inkstand — Vencrier ; a wafer — un 
 pain a cacheter. 
 
 There are also a few instances where the second is put in the infinitive : 
 Fire-wood — du bois a briefer. A dining-room — une salle a manger. 
 
 3. Observe. — When hi English the first substantive expresses 
 the substance of which an article is made, it requires de instead 
 of a. 
 
 Tin chapeau de soie. Une bague d"or. 
 
 4. On or upon, preceded by verbs implying dependency, are 
 rendered by de ,• as, cela depend de vous. And if preceded by 
 the v. to play upon an instrument, by one of the articles du, de la, 
 de V, de or des : 
 
 Elle joue de la guitare et du piano. II joue de plusieurs instruments. 
 
 5. With is rendered by de, after the verbs to do, to cover, to 
 die, to dispose, to yneddle, to starve, to load, to Jill, and after ad- 
 jectives implying to be endowed, pleased, or displeased. 
 
 Que ferez-vous de ca ? II Va rempli de sable. 
 Elle est douee de plusieurs bonnes qualites. Je suis content de lui. 
 
 6. After the verbs tojight and to draw, with is rendered by a, 
 or one of the articles compound, au, a la, a V ', aux. 
 
 lis se sont battus a Vepee. Elle dessine au crayon. 
 
 Note. — On or i/ponaxe also expressed hy de after verhs in the sense of to live, 
 to subsist : II vit de ses rentes. 
 
 On before nouns of days is never expressed when it could he dispensed with, 
 or expressed hy next or last, as: I saw him (on) last Monday. I shall see him 
 (on) next Monday. But when the sense requires on, as : on Christinas- day, the 
 preposition d or the compound article take its place : a Noel, au jour de I' An, 
 a (a Saint Jean. 
 
48 
 CONJUNCTIONS. 
 
 a fin que \ except e que 
 
 dram' que [jusgn'a <<> que 
 
 lien que Yhormis que 
 
 en ens que \hors que 
 
 encore que \1oin que 
 
 nioyennant que 
 malgre que 
 
 nonobstant que 
 ?i on pan que 
 pone que 
 
 pour que 
 povriu que 
 pour pen que 
 
 quoi que 
 nans que 
 
 <ot que 
 
 Mai tntendu que 
 mpposons que 
 font s'enfaut que 
 (ant que 
 
 it nan us que 
 
 ainte que 
 depcur que 
 
 The above conjunctions always govern the subjunctive ; and the three last re- 
 require moreover tie before the verb. 
 
 A mains quits ne reussissent. De crainte or de peur qitils ne le /assent. 
 
 Observations on the Conjunctions, que and si, 
 
 1. When si signifies supposing that, the present must be used 
 instead of the future, and the imperfect instead of the conditional. 
 Ilira a la chasse demain HI fait lean temps. 
 II dev lend rait savant sHl eta-it plus studieux. 
 
 2. Que is employed in the second part of compound sentences, 
 instead of repeating the conjunctions si, comme, quand, pour quoi, 
 puisque, and parceque ; hut especially such as are compounded of 
 que ; and governs also the same mood as the conj. it represents. 
 Comme el le doit bientut arrive r, et que vo-us desirez la voir, venez sans tarder 
 Quoiqu'elle soit belle, et qu'elle ait recu deV education, per sonne ne V admire. 
 
 A. Observe. — That though a verb following si is never put in 
 the subjunctive, when meaning if; yet when que is used instead 
 in compound sentences, it always governs the subjunctive. 
 
 Si vous y allez demain, et que vons les trouviez chezeux ; /aites-leur mes 
 
 compliments. 
 
 B. Whenque signifies whether, it always governs the subjunctive. 
 
 C. After comparatives, as must be expressed by que instead of 
 comme : 
 
 II est aussi savant que vous. 
 
 D. Than is generally expressed by que de before the infinitive, 
 when drawing comparisons : 
 
 II est ptus facile fleparler que iTagir. 
 
 E. When may generally be rendered either by quand or Jorsquc, 
 except in asking questions, where we must always use quand : 
 
 Quand viendrcz-vous ? Quand aura-t-iljini ? 
 
 In English when any of the verbs to come, to go, to return, are followed by 
 another verb, the conjunction find is used instead of to, in order to ; but neither 
 conjunction nor preposition is used in these cases in French; Allcz-lui parlcr. 
 
49 
 ADVEKBS. 
 
 In French, as in English, many adverbs of manner and qua- 
 lity are formed by merely adding a syllable to the adjective, that is, 
 merit corresponding to ly ; as, seohre, secerement ; chaud, ckaude- 
 ment. 
 
 1. Adverbs joined to an adjective are placed first, and both fol- 
 low the noun. Vn homme ires sage. Unefdle extrememcnt modeste. 
 
 2. Compound adverbs also follow the noun ; as, 
 
 Unefemme a la mode, Uti homme tout a fait singidicr. 
 
 3. Adverbs are generally placed after the verb in simple tenses, 
 and in compound tenses between the auxiliary and participle. 
 
 II chante toujours avec gout. II a toujours chante avec gout. 
 
 Except such as are composed of more than two syllables, which 
 follow the participle as in English ; as, II ria pas ar/i honncle- 
 ment. 
 
 Beaucoup stands both for many and much or a deal, but is never qualified by 
 another adverb ; thus, we cannot say, Bien beaucoup $ homme. Ties or fori 
 beaucoup d 'argent. 
 
 NEGATIONS. 
 
 1. Pas and point may in some instances be used indifferently, 
 though point is a stronger negative than pas. 
 
 Pas implies not, and point, not at all. 
 
 JPas may deny in part and admit of a modification. 
 
 Point denies positively and without reserve. 
 
 Thus elle ne chante pas may merely imply that she is not singing at the time 
 of speaking ; but elle ne chante point, signifies that she cannot sing. Je ne 
 ptaisante j)as conveys the meaning of, I am not jokiug; Jeiie plaisante point, I 
 seldom or never joke. 
 
 2. Point being an absolute negative is never used to modify 
 another adverb, hence before adverbs of comparison and quantity 
 or words of number pas is used : II ria pas tant $ esprit qrielle. 
 
 Elle ne vient pas souvent nous voir. II rig avaitpas trente personnes. 
 
 3. Both pas and point always require de before the noun : pas 
 de nouvelles, point de merite. When the sense requires the 
 definite article pas is used, and not point; 
 
 Elle ria pa.s T esprit de sa sccur. 
 
 4. .Ye is in many instances merely amplificative, neither pas nor 
 point is ever used without it in a complete sentence ; hence 
 when there is a v. not is rendered by ne pas or ne point, but if 
 there is no verb ne is omitted. Pas encore. Point tfargent. 
 
 As also in answer to a question with the v. savoir: pas que je sache. 
 
 5. The negations, jamais, nullement, rien, guere, aitcun, nul, 
 personne, ni VunniV autre, also require ne before the verb. 
 
 Rien riest plus facile dfaire. Ilria jamais voulu vogagtr. 
 
 6. Ni answers to neither and nor, and when used before two 
 successive verbs in the infinitive, or two substantives, the pre- 
 ceding verb requires ne. 
 
 Je nepuis ni boire ni manger. Jc rial nifaim ni soif. 
 
 a 
 
50 
 
 ne used though there be no dlrect negation 
 in English. 
 
 1. After the conjunctions de peur que, de crainie que, a moins 
 
 que : 
 
 Partcz de crainte qiCil if arrive. 
 
 2. After que and si, signifying before, unless, or but in the 
 middle of compound sentences ; when the former part has a nega- 
 tive sense : 
 
 • Je ne leferai pas, qu'ils ne niecrivent. 
 
 3. In comparisons before verbs following que, required by plus, 
 moins, mieux , pis , meilleur, pire, autre, autrement : 
 
 Vans etesplus sage queje ne pensais. 
 
 4. But, nothing but, or only, in the sense of seulement, are 
 generally gallicised by ne-que : 
 
 JElle n'a que douze arts. Je ne dirai que deux mots. 
 
 Exceptions. — Ne is omitted before the infinitive, or if a conjunction be required 
 between que and the verb. 
 
 II est plus doux de donner que de reeevoir. 
 Vous etes plus heurcux que si vousfussiez riehe. 
 
 Place of Negations. 
 
 1 . Ke always precedes the verb : .77 n' est pas riche. 
 
 2. Pas or point always follow the verb in simple tenses : 
 Je ne crois pas cela. II iia point d'amis. 
 
 3. In compound sentences pas or 2 y oint come between the auxi- 
 liary and the participle : 
 
 Ulle n'a pas fait cela pour vousplaire. 
 
 4. In the Imperative they follow the verb : Nefaites pas cela. 
 
 5. When the v. is in the Inf. both ne and pas or point are ge- 
 nerally placed before it : Ileraint de ne pas reussir. Though the 
 Infinitives ctre and avow, may either follow the negations or be 
 placed between : 
 
 Cost dommage de nepas etre or dertetrcpas sur Ic lieu. 
 Je suisfdche de nepas avoir orde ri avoir pas le tanjy&iTy alter. 
 
51 
 
 ADDITIONAL RULES ON SOME PARTS OF 
 SPEECH. 
 
 Adjectives, place of. 
 As already seen, some adjectives change the signification of the 
 substantive by being placed either before or after : 
 
 Un bon homme — harmless Un komme Ion — good natured. 
 
 Un pauvre homme — insignificant Un homme pauvre — poor 
 Un brave homme — good, Un homme brave — brave. 
 
 Some come moreover first with certain nouns, and last with, 
 others : 
 Unc action juste — Une juste plainte. Unejille vive — Unc vive emotion. 
 Apres une mure deliberation — Le lie n'cst p>as encore mar. 
 
 Co>;cohd of Adjectives. 
 
 1 . An adjective, placed after two or more substantives, agrees 
 with the last if similar in signification or part of a whole : 
 
 Elle a un corps et une tailh eler/ante. 
 
 2. If however two substantives of different genders are qualified 
 by an adjective of a particular termination for each gender, it is 
 better to put the masculine last : Elle a une vivaciieet tin esprit etonnant.. 
 
 3. When there are two adjectives, and the first is qualified by 
 the second, both remain undeclined : Des Sloffes bleu/once. 
 
 4. The adjective is never declined when following a verb : Ces 
 enfants mangent vile. « — — 
 
 Adjectives, Degrees. 
 
 The more or the less is always expressed by plus or moms: 
 
 The more he works the more he earns — Plus il travailte plus il gayne. 
 
 4. Comparatives of proportion made between two adjectives- 
 must, in the first part of a sentence, be placed after the verb, quite 
 the reverse of the English. 
 
 The more modest a girl is, the more she is esteemed. 
 Plus unejille est modeste, plus elle estesti/ue'e. 
 
 5. jIs^ after comparatives, is always expressed by f[l(e: 
 You aie as tall as I am. — Vans C-tes ausai grand que moi. 
 
 6. Titan, used after a comparative and followed by a noun or 
 pronoun, is also expressed by que: 
 
 lie i3 more learned than I am. — 11 est phis savant que moi. 
 
 7. Before cardinal numbers, than is always expressed by de- 
 
 lta plus de einquante louis dans sa pochc. 
 
 8. Before an Infinitive than is generally expressed by que de m 
 comparatives : 11 est plus difficile de se ta'ire que de pari r. 
 
 But if d precedes the first infinitive than is expressed l>y qua: lis scront 
 tovjours plus disposes a vous vraindre qu'd vous obeir. 
 
 9. By used after a comparative is expressed by de : 
 This loom is larger than mine by many feet. 
 Cettc chambre eat plus prande que la mic/me de plusieurs pied$. 
 
52 
 
 Pronouns, Place of. 
 
 THEY FOLLOW THE VERB: 
 
 1. When it is in the subjunctive without a conjunction being 
 expressed : 
 
 Fussiez-vous le meilleur homme du monde. 
 
 2. When forming the nominative of continner. dire, s 1 eerier, 
 repliquer, repondre, and poursuicre, quoted in the following form: 
 
 Je ne le crois pas, repondit-il. 
 
 3. When preceded by any of the following words, aussi, encore, 
 en vain, du moins, peut-etre : 
 
 Peut-etre viendra-t-elle ce soir. 
 
 A. When two imperatives are joined by the conjunctions et or 
 ou, the governed pronouns follow the first and precede the second : 
 Pretez-le moi ou me le vendez. 
 
 B. Y is placed before moi, and instead of moi en we must use 
 m'en •• 
 
 Conduisez-y moi. Apportez-m'en. 
 
 The Pronouns it and them. 
 
 A. These when preceded by a preposition cannot be expressed 
 by lui or elle, eux or elles ; indeed, in such cases no pronoun is 
 used : 
 
 Get upon-near-under it or them. — Allez dessus-aupres-au dessous. 
 On the other hand it, though often merely understood in reference to an ad- 
 jective or verb, must always be expressed in French. 
 
 II estfuche, et moije ne le suis pas. Je suisheureux, et lui il ne Vest pas. 
 
 The Pronouns its and their. 
 
 1. Its and their are expressed by en every time we could use of 
 it, as regards the first, and of them as regards the second : 
 Cette Eijlise est belle, fen admire la structure. 
 Cesfeurs sont belles, fen admire les couleurs. 
 And by son, sa, ses, leur or leurs, when this cannot be done. 
 
 U avez-vous mis en sa place? Mettezces c/ioses d lews places. 
 
 A. When referingto any part of the body my, thy, his, her, Sfc., 
 are rendered by the dative of the article definite, every time we 
 could express the sense by saying a pain at the or in the; as : 
 J'ai mal au doiyt-d lajambe-d V estomac-aux yeux, §c. 
 
 B. When the verb expresses action, but especially over any part 
 of the body,???//, thy, his, her, &fc, are expressed by the personals 
 me, te, se, nous, vous, lui, leur, before the verb, with the article 
 preceding the noun, as follows: 
 
 Vous lui avez blcsse la jambc. Ilssc sont fyraticpies lafyure. 
 
53 
 
 • Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 1. The pronouns that rtkieh, or what, signifying that thing 
 which, are expressed by ce qui in the nominative, by re dont in 
 the genitive, by ce a quoi in the dative, and by ce que in the 
 accusative. 
 
 Ce qui in? oecupe nc vous regardepas. 
 
 On nepeut savoir ce dont il se plaint. 
 
 Vous ne save?, pas ce a quoi il passe son temps. 
 
 Vous lui parlez de ce qu'il deteste lejrfus. 
 
 2. Cclui qui, ceux qui, celle qui, celles qui, cannot become se- 
 parated like the English pronouns corresponding to them: 
 
 Cehti qui nepense qu'ci sol n' est pas digue de vivre. 
 He is not worthy of living who only thinks of himself. 
 Except when expressed by celui-ld, celle-ld, or ceux-ld: Celui-la, n 'est pas 
 digne de vivre qui ne pense qiCdsoi. 
 
 Verbs. — Agreement with the Nominative. 
 
 As a general rule the v. agrees in number and person with its 
 subject: Je vous aime. Us vous aiment. And when the subject 
 is composed of several nouns or pronouns the v. is put in the plural 
 as in English. 
 
 Exceptions. — 1. When among the words forming the subject 
 there are expressions embodying the whole, as — all, nothing, every 
 body, no one : Honneur et bien tout est "perdu. 
 
 2. When united by ou: V avarice ou la crainte Vaprecipite. 
 Observe. — Should the words united by ou be of different persons, the verb is 
 put in the plural : Mes sceursou moi irons les trouver. 
 
 3. When two subjects, substantives or pronouns are united by 
 any of the following conjunctions, comme, aussibien que, ainsi que, 
 dememe que, the verb agrees with the first : 
 
 Le riche aussi bien que lepauvre a ses besoins. 
 
 A. Generally all parts of a subject united by ni require the verb 
 in the plural : 
 
 Ni Vamour ni la crainte ne purent le restreindre. 
 Observe. — If the action expressed by the verb could be effected by either 
 of the words united by ni, the verb is put in the singular : 
 
 NiPun ni V autre neserarequ a Cacadtmie. 
 
 B. Adverbs of quantity always require the verb plural : 
 Peu dejeunes gens aiment V etude. 
 
 C. When the subject is composed of a plurality of infinitives, the 
 verbis always in the singular, with ce preceding it: 
 
 Danser, chanter etjouer, e'est la seule chose qu'il sache. 
 
 D.* W T hen the subject is a collective substantive, the verb agrees 
 with it, if it be general'. 
 
 La quantite d' enfans qui passu par ici hier. 
 
 And with the substantive following the collective, if it be par- 
 titive : Une quantite d' enfans passerent par ici hier. 
 
 * The collective general is preceded by le or la ; and the partitive generally by un or unc . 
 
54 
 Tenses and Meeds of the Indicative. • 
 
 The present is often used instead of the past in order to render 
 the narration more striking : 
 
 Toyant sen uni dans unc tMuaticn tfangereitge ; il cant, se pricipiie 
 et le saisit. 
 
 The Imperfect. 
 This tense must not be used to describe circumstances or phe- 
 nomenon existing at the time speaking : 
 
 II soutint que V amour etait — but est la plus forte de toutes les passions. 
 
 The Pluperfect. 
 
 This tense must not be used for the past : 
 
 On m'a dit qiCil etait arrive — but est arrive. 
 
 The Conditional Past. 
 
 This mood must not be used for the conditional simple : 
 On auraitpu juger que cela serait arrive — but arriverait. 
 
 Place of the Subject. 
 
 1. When a noun or either of the following words, ceci, cela, 
 aucun, quriqu' 'un , per sonne, Hen, is the nominative to a verb in 
 an interrogative sentence, it is placed before the verb : 
 
 Leur pere est-iljjarti f Cela votes a-t-il coute cher t 
 
 Remarks on some Verbs. 
 
 1. After the v. to will, have is never expressed: En voulez- 
 vovs ? 
 
 2. May expressing a wish, is rendered by the subjunctive pre- 
 sent oipGUVGir : 
 
 Puissiez-vous etre Jieurevx ! 
 
 3. The verb to know in speaking of persons is rendered by 
 connaitre — not savoir. 
 
 4. Y/hen after not the v. is understood it must be rendered by 
 non : 
 
 Whether he does it or not. — Qu'il lefasse ou non. 
 
 5. Melirc expresses the beginning of an action when conjugated 
 as a reflected v. ; hence used for the v. to begin, and always fol- 
 lowed by a and the infinitive present or a noun : 
 
 Mettons-nous a Vouvragc. Nous mcttrons-nous a /aire cela ? 
 
 6. The v. venir is often made use of to express an action re- 
 cently past, and is then immediately followed by de: 
 
 Nous vennns cle le voir arrivcr. 
 The same with fai?'e preceded by ne and followed by que de : 
 
 Bile nefait que cVarriccr. 
 But with de, ne /aire que implies reiteration or continuity of 
 action : 
 
 Vous nefaites que monicr et descendre. 
 
 7. In speaking of arts, sciences, and national prosperity the v. 
 fleuriv makes Jlorissait, Jlorissaient in the Imperfect and Jlorissant 
 in the Participle present : 
 
 Les arts et les sciences Jlorissaient a ccttc t'poquc. 
 
Prepositions. 
 
 In English the prep, to is often used before infinitives, and when- 
 ever it can be turned in order to we must usepour. 
 
 J'gfuspour le voir en personns. Nousferons tout pour vous servir. 
 
 In order to is rendered by afin de before the infinitive, and in 
 order that by afin que before the subjunctive : 
 Ajin de monter an premier rang. Afin quHlse souvienne de ses devoirs. 
 
 By, after the verbs to sell, to buy, to work; and such like, pre- 
 ceding a noun of weight, measure or time, is rendered By the dative 
 of the article definite : 
 
 Le vendez-vous a la livre ? 
 
 When preceding two adjectives of number, by is rendered by sur: 
 Mon appartement a douzepieds de longueur sur huit de largeur. 
 
 Over is expressed by the past participle of the verbs passer, 
 Unir, or achever, when denoting events taken place : 
 
 Ses beaux jours sont passes. La comedie est-elle jinie ? 
 
 If and but, in the sense of without, are expressed by sans : 
 But for me, or if it were not for me, what would you be ? Sans moi, que 
 
 senez-vous ? 
 
 With is not expressed after such verbs as to supply, to trust, to 
 fall out, to reproach, to meet, to honour, in such cases another 
 turn must be given : 
 
 II luifoumit de Vargent. Ellcs ont essuie lien des chagrins. 
 
 With is rendered by contre after words denoting anger or 
 passion : 
 
 lis sont en colere contre nous. 
 
 At is rendered by efeor one of the articles compounded with de, 
 after verbs implying sorrow, joy, surprise, concern, derision, resent- 
 ment, provocation : 
 
 Je suis surpris de ce qu'il dit. 
 
 At or to, followed by the word home, are rendered by chez, and 
 the word home is supplied by the personal pronoun corresponding 
 to the possessive understood in English. 
 
 II est chez lui. lis sont chez eux. 
 The same before the word house expressed or understood. 
 Are you going to Mr. D. ? Allez-vous chez Monsieur D. f 
 Observe. — We may also say a la maison : 
 Est-il d la maison. 
 
56 
 
 Negations. — Ne used without Fas or Point. 
 
 1. With the verbs, cesser, oser and pouvoir ,- except in very 
 emphatic negations : 
 
 Elle ne cessede me tourmenter. II n'ose luiparler. Je ne puis le croire. 
 
 2. With savoir, especially in the conditional with the meaning 
 of pouvoir : 
 
 Je ne-sais quoifairc. Vans ne sauriez lui plaire. 
 
 3. After que beginning a sentence in the sense of pourquoi ; 
 Que n'est-il vena liter. 
 
 4. After depuis que or il y a-que, preceding verbs in the prete- 
 rite definite and preterperfect : 
 
 Depuis que je ne Vai vu. II y a plus dun an que je n'ai de ses nouvelles. 
 
 5. "When apprehender, avoir peur, craindre, empccher and 
 prender garde are used affirmatively : 
 
 J*ai peur quelle ne veuille venir. 
 
 6. When de follows a verb : 
 
 Je ne Vai vu de lajournee. 
 
 7. When mot is used with dire, and goute with voir ; 
 II ne dit mot. II ne voit goute. 
 
 8. With plus in the sense of no more or not any more . 
 Je nc le ferai vlus. II ne vicndra plus. 
 
0/ 
 
 On some Adverbs. 
 However, followed by an adjective, is rendered by quelque, with 
 the verb in the subj. : Quelque savant qu'il soit. 
 
 Where is rendered by que not oil after ici and la. 
 
 Cest ici queje V attends. Cest Id qiCil demeure. 
 
 How long, relating to an event no longer existing, is rendered 
 by pendant, with the verb in the compound of the present. 
 Pendant combien de temps ont-ils eteici ? 
 But if the event be not suspended it is rendered by combien y 
 a-t-il que, with the verb in the indicative present : 
 
 Combien y a-t-il qu'ils sont ici ? — or depuis qnand. 
 
 The same with since ; How long is it since they arrived ? 
 
 Combien y a-t-il qu'ils sont arrives f or depuis quand sont-ils arrives ? 
 
 In speaking of things to come, aussitot que, des que, quand, al- 
 ways require the verb in the future : 
 
 Venez aussitot que or des que vous aurez jinx. 
 
 After aussi, a moins, encore, peut-etre, toujours, en vain, for 
 the sake of elegance the verb is used interrogatively : 
 II a bienjoue son role, aussi Va-t-on applaudi. 
 
 Adverbs formed from the adjectives aveugle, commode, incom- 
 mode, conforme, enorme, uniforme, take 6 acute, thus, aveugle- 
 ment, and impurd makes impunement. 
 
 Ccnfus, precis, commun, importun, ohscur, profond, profits, 
 take 6 acute, thus confinement. Expres, gentil, make expresse- 
 ment, gentiment. 
 
 Those formed from adjectives ending in ant and cnt, change 
 into amment and eminent — except lent, present, which make 
 lentement, prescntement. 
 
 Rules on the word Tout, 
 
 Tout is either an adjective or an adverb. 
 As adj. it agrees with the noun it qualifies : 
 
 Tous les soldats. Toutes lesfemmes. 
 
 Tout adverb signifies all, entirely, quite, however, and remains 
 invariable except when followed by an adjective or participle fern, 
 beginning with a consonant or h aspirated : 
 
 Elle parut tout irritec. Toutes savantes qii'elles sont. 
 Toute liardie qiCelle est. 
 
 Tout followed by a noun used without a determinative is also an 
 adverb, and therefore invariable : 
 
 Bile est tout en pleurs. 
 In the sense of each, every we may either use tout or tous : 
 En tout genre. En tous genres. 
 
 Tout ce que, tout ce qui are pronouns signifying all that, every 
 thing that, whatever • 
 
 Tout ce que vous elites. Tout ce qui irioccupe. 
 
 H 
 
58 
 
 Interjections. 
 
 All / expresses joy, grief : 
 
 Ah quel bonheur ! Ah que je suis malheureux 
 
 Ha / surprise : 
 
 Ha, est-il possible ! 
 
 Oh / expresses surprise, affirmation : 
 
 Oh, qiCil est beau ! Oh, oui. 
 
 Ho I is used to call, but expresses likewise surprise : 
 
 Ho, par ici. Ho, ou allez-vous ? 
 
 Eh / depicts grief, lamentation. 
 
 He I is used to call, to warn. 
 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 
 CORRECT. 
 
 25. 
 
 iE. — - 
 
 — B. does. 
 
 
 do. 
 
 32. 
 
 — Venir. Ind. pr. ennons, 
 ienent. 
 
 ennez, \ 
 
 enons, enez, iennenU 
 
 
 Subj. pr. ennions, enniez 
 
 
 enions, eniez. 
 
 33. 
 
 — Asseoir. Imperative eye, 
 
 eyent. 
 
 s' asseoir. — eie, eient. 
 
 
 Bouillir. " -s, &c. 
 
 
 bous, bouille, &c. 
 
 
 Dormir. " -s, &c. 
 
 
 dors, dorme, &c. 
 
 
 Servir. " -s, &c. 
 
 
 sej's. serve, &c. 
 
 34. 
 
 —Faire Future, rai, &c. 
 rats, &c. 
 
 Cond. ) 
 
 ferai, &ic.,ferais, &C. 
 
 35. 
 
 — Derivatives of dire. 
 
 
 Should be placed page 36. 
 
 " 
 
 Joindre. 
 
 
 Poindre. 
 
 36. 
 
 — Relever. 
 
 
 Reveler. 
 
 17.— C. Cent multiplied, always takes the s if not followed by another number; 
 11 y en a deux cents. 
 
 Vingt follows the same rule : II y en a quatre-vingts. 
 41. — B. The subj. is also used in those cases after qui : 
 
 Connaissez-vous quelqn'un qui soitplus temper* f 
 
59 
 
 Conversational Exercises. 
 
 The following exercises may be commenced, as soon as the auxi- 
 liary verbs have been fairly committed to memory — the pupil must 
 be made to write them out, and learn every sentence by heart, so as 
 to have the whole at ready command during the lessons. In 
 classes, pupils should address the phrases to each other, re- 
 commencing in succession : and in private tuition, master and pupil 
 may alternatively address them to each other. By this method the 
 student will acquire a conversational habit and confidence, which 
 the mere writing of long unconnected sentences, never can bestow. 
 
 The first twelve are merely preparatory, and intended to impart 
 a ready facility in putting questions, and giving answers. 
 
 Exercise First. 
 
 Have you a new pair of boots ? 
 
 You have a new pair of boots ? 
 
 Have you not a new pair of boots ? 
 
 You have no new boots ? 
 
 Are you ready ? 
 
 You are quite ready ? 
 
 Are you not ready yet ? 
 
 You are not quite ready yet ? 
 
 Has he a horse ? 
 
 He has a very fine horse ? 
 
 Has he not a very fine horse ? 
 
 He has no horse ? 
 
 Is he rich ? 
 
 He is very rich ? 
 
 Is he not very rich ? 
 
 He is not very rich ? 
 
 * If even' word in this phrase were expressed it would run thus : Yes I of 
 them have one pair, and remember that this is the form all similar phrases must 
 have in French. 
 
 f It being understood must be expressed in French, hence say : Yes I it am. 
 
 X Yet adverb, must be placed immediately after not : I am not yet quite ready. 
 
 B. 
 
 Y'es I have a new pair of boots. 
 
 Yes I have.* 
 
 No I have no new boots. 
 
 No I have not. 
 
 Y"es I am quite ready. 
 
 Yes I am.f 
 
 No I am not quite ready yet.f 
 
 No I am not. 
 
 Yes he has a very fine horse. 
 
 Yes he has. 
 
 No he has no horse, 
 
 No he has not. 
 
 Yes he is very rich. 
 
 Yes he is. 
 
 No he is notf"ery rich. 
 
 No he is not. 
 
 Have we any meat ? 
 
 "VYe have plenty of meat ? 
 
 Have we not some meat ? 
 
 We have no meat ? 
 
 Are we too late ? 
 
 We are a deal too late ? 
 
 Are we not too late ? 
 
 We are not too late ? 
 
 Have they a house ? 
 
 They have a beautiful house? 
 
 Have they not a beautiful house ? 
 
 They have no house ? 
 
 Are they poor? 
 
 They are extremely poor? 
 
 Are they not extremely poor? 
 
 They are not very poor ? 
 
 2nd. B 
 
 Yes we have plenty of meat. 
 
 Y T es we have. 
 
 No we have no meat. 
 
 No we have not. 
 
 Yes we are a deal too late. 
 
 Yes we are. 
 
 No we are not too late. 
 
 No we are not. 
 
 Y'es they have a beautiful house. 
 
 Yes they have. 
 
 No they have no house. 
 
 No they have not. 
 
 Yes they are extremely poor. 
 
 Yes tne'y are. 
 
 No they are not very poor. 
 
 No they are not. 
 
 Observe. — The figures above the words refer to the pages, and the 
 letters to the tables containing the rules to be consulted. 
 
Imperfect A 
 
 Had you company often ? 
 
 You often had company ? 
 
 Had you not company often ? 
 
 You had not company often ? 
 
 "Were you busy when he called* ? 
 
 You were busy when he called ? 
 
 AV ere you not busy when he called? 
 
 You were not busy when he called ? 
 
 Preterite. 
 
 Had you a good crop last year? 
 
 You had a very good crop ? 
 
 Had you not a very good crop last 
 
 year? 
 You had not a very good crop ? 
 
 20— e 
 
 Were you surprised to see me yes- 
 terday ? 
 
 You were rather surprised to see me ? 
 
 Were you not surprised to see me 
 yesterday ? 
 
 You were not surprised to see me ? 
 
 * To call at a house, or person is rendered by the 
 il passu. 
 
 60 
 
 3rd. B 
 
 Yes we very often had company. 
 
 Yes we had. 
 
 No we had not company often. 
 
 No we had not. 
 
 Yes I was busy when he called. 
 
 Yes I was 
 
 No I was not busy when he called. 
 
 No I was not. 
 
 Yes we had a very good crop. 
 
 Yes we had. 
 
 No we had not a very good crop. 
 
 No we had not. 
 
 Yes I was rather surprised. 
 
 Yes I was. 
 
 No I was not much surprised. 
 
 No I was not. 
 
 , passer, hence say quand 
 
 4th. 
 
 Will you have a little garden ? 
 You will have a little garden ? 
 Will you not have a little garden ? 
 You will have no garden ? 
 Will you be at home to-morrow ? 
 You will be at home to-morrow ? 
 Will you not be at home to-morrow? 
 You will not be at home to-morrow ? 
 Would you have time now ? 
 You would have time now ? 
 Would you not have time now? 
 You would not have time now ? 
 
 20— e 
 
 Would you be glad to see him ? 
 You would be glad to see him ? 
 Would you not be glad to see him ? 
 
 You would not be very glad to see 
 him? 
 
 Yes I shall have a little garden. 
 
 Yes I shall. 
 
 No T shall have, no garden. 
 
 No I shall not. 
 
 Yes I shall be at home to-morrow. 
 
 Yes I shall. 
 
 No I shall not be at home to-monow 
 
 No I shall not. 
 
 Yes I should have time now. 
 
 Yes I should. 
 
 No I should not have time now. 
 
 No I should not. 
 
 Yes I should be very glad to see him 
 
 Yes I should. 
 
 No 1 should not be very glad to see 
 
 him. 
 No I shoixld not. 
 
 5th. 
 
 Let him have patience. 
 
 Have more economy in future. 
 
 8— f 
 
 Let them have more energy. 
 Do you think I have done my duty ? 
 Do you think they have succeeded? 
 Do you think she is arrived ? 
 Do you think they are gone ? 
 
 Yes let him not be so impatient. 
 Yes let us not be so extravagant. 
 
 Yes let them not be so idle. 
 
 No I fear not. 
 
 No I fear they have not succeeded. 
 
 No I fear she is not arrived. 
 
 No I fear they are not gone yet ? 
 
You wished I might have less ex- 
 pense. 
 
 You wished they were bolder ? 
 
 You wished they were more econo- 
 mical ? 
 
 You wished they might have more 
 money ? 
 
 Yes I wished you might not have so 
 much expense. 
 
 Yes I wished they were not so timid. 
 
 Yes I wished they were not so ex- 
 travagant. 
 
 Yes I wished they might not have 
 so much privation. 
 
 6th. 
 
 13 
 
 Have you had much work this 
 
 week ? 
 You have had a deal of work this 
 
 week ? 
 Have you not had a deal of work 
 
 this week ? 
 You have not had a deal of work 
 
 this week ? 
 Have you been ill to day ? 
 You have been very ill to day ? 
 Have you not been very ill to day ? 
 You have not been very ill to day ? 
 Has he been in the country this 
 
 year ? 
 He has been in the country this 
 
 year ? 
 Has he not been in the country this 
 
 year ? 
 He has notbeen in the country this 
 
 year ? 
 We have had but very little frost 
 
 this winter. 
 We have had a veiy good harvest 
 
 this year : 
 
 Yes I have had a deal of work this 
 
 week. 
 Yes I have. 
 
 No I have not had much work this 
 
 week. 
 No I have not. 
 
 Yes I have been very ill to-day. 
 
 Yes I have. 
 
 No I have not been very ill to-day. 
 
 No I have not. 
 
 Yes he has been in the country this 
 
 year. 
 Yes he has. 
 
 No he has not been in the country 
 
 this year. 
 No he has not. 
 
 No we have not had much frost 
 
 this winter.*' 
 Yes and I hope we shall have a 
 
 16— d 
 
 good one next year. 
 
 On the four Conjugations. 
 A 7th B 
 
 Do you speak French ? 
 He does not speak English ? 
 
 31 — 
 They are speaking of the harvest ? 
 
 Where did you use to lodge ? 
 Did he always pay ready money ? 
 
 Did they often travel ?f 
 Did you find him at home yester- 
 day ? 
 Will you buy those houses ? 
 Would you weep if he were to die ? 
 Shall I bring him with me ? 
 
 Let us both call ? 
 
 * To be fond of, and to like are both rendered by the verb aimer, without 
 auxiliary. 
 
 f Say ; Travelled they often. 
 
 Yes I speak it a little. 
 No but he speaks Italian. 
 
 Yes whilst we are speaking of the 
 seeds. 
 
 30— b 
 
 I generally lodged near the bridge. 
 No he was not very fond* of paying 
 
 ready money. 
 Yes they travelled very often. 
 No but we met him in the street. 
 
 No I do not think I shall. 
 
 Yes nothing would afflict me more. 
 
 Yes and let him not forget to bring 
 
 his flute. 
 Very well let us make haste. 
 
62 
 
 fc 
 
 A 8t: 
 
 Has he done his drawing? 
 But you have finished yours ? 
 And I was just finishing mine when 
 
 you knocked at the door. 
 "When do you start ? 
 
 Let us all start together ? 
 
 When is your sister coming hack ? 
 
 h. B 
 
 22-b 
 
 No* he has not quite done it yet 
 Yes I finished mine yesterday. 
 Well I am very glad T did not come 
 
 sooner to disturb you. 
 I should start immediately if my 
 
 brother were ready. 
 Agreed, let us start together. 
 She will not be back before to-mor- 
 
 Shall we go out a little ? 
 
 Has your friend succeeded in his 
 
 undertaking ? 
 Who filled his head with those 
 
 speculations ? 
 He often builds castles in the air ? 
 
 * Say ; no he not it has not. 
 
 row. 
 Yes let us go out a little. 
 No unfortunately he has not. 
 
 Oh he has been entirely dazzled by 
 
 appearances. 
 Yes he does not reflect much. 
 
 9th. 
 
 How do you receive your money ? 
 And how do they receive theirs ? 
 
 Has he received his papers ? 
 
 Did you receive letters every clay ? 
 
 Did you receive that parcel yester- 
 day ? 
 
 They received a large basket of 
 apples yesterday ? 
 
 When is he to be here ? 
 
 Should you not recede those books 
 to-day ? 
 
 Well and if not, you w 7 ill receive 
 them to-morrow ? 
 
 How have you been received ? 
 
 * All the months. f 
 
 B 
 
 I receive it every* month. 
 We all receive it in the same man- 
 ner. 
 Yes I think he has. 
 Yes wef received some every day. 
 Yes I received it last night. 
 
 Well and we received a great jar of 
 
 honey. 
 They are all to be here to night. 
 Yes I ought to receive them to-day. 
 
 I hope so for I ought to have re- 
 ceived them yesterday. 
 Oh I was received with open arms. 
 
 We of them (en). 
 
 Do you know him ? 
 
 He does not seem to know you ? 
 
 They know almost every body ? 
 
 He was always afraid of being 
 
 cheated ? 
 
 Did they not* sell butter formerly ? 
 
 She returned you the book yester- 
 day ? 
 
 Will you take those papers with 
 you? 
 
 Will they sell their gig ? 
 
 Would you know^ him again ? 
 
 Instruct him as well as you can. 
 
 Take care of your pockets. 
 
 Have we lost ? 
 
 10th. 
 
 B 
 
 know 
 
 Yes I know him very well. 
 He only pretends not to 
 
 me. 
 Yes and we know scarcely anybody. 
 Yes he often pretended to have been 
 
 taken in. 
 No but they used to sell cheese. 
 Yes and she told me it amused her 
 
 very much. 
 Yes I will take them all. 
 
 No I do not think they will. 
 Yes 1 think I should. 
 Fear not, I will do him jusiice. 
 Oh I have nothing to lose. 
 Yes we have lost this time. 
 
 * Phrases of this kind may either be expressed thus : cst-ce quils ne vendaient 
 2ms, or simply : ne vendaient-iis 2>as ? 
 
63 
 
 On Impersonal Verbs.* 
 
 At what timef must I start? 
 They must not go too far ? 
 What must we do ? 
 At what o'clock must he get up ? 
 Will it be necessary to start early ? 
 We must not mindj these things ? 
 You must not allow yourself to be 
 
 persuaded by those people ? 
 He is obliged to go to London ? 
 
 llTH. B 
 
 You must start at six. 
 
 No they must not go very far. 
 
 We must tell him not to come. 
 
 He must be up at day break. 
 
 Yes they must start before breakfast". 
 
 No we mast be more reasonable. 
 
 No I must mistrust them. 
 
 He will be obliged to leave the 
 
 house ? 
 You must soon have a new hat ? 
 
 Well but I must necessarily speak to 
 
 him before Sunday. 
 If so he must sell his furniture. 
 
 Yes I must have one very shortly. 
 
 * Before commencing this exercise consult rules. s page 37 
 
 f Heure. % Faire attention d. 
 
 12th. 
 
 B 
 
 Is* it not better to be satisfied with 
 
 our lot ? 
 Is it worth while to speak to him ? 
 
 Would it not be better for J him to 
 
 be quiet ? 
 How long is it since § you saw him? 
 
 Yes it is much better than to grum- 
 ble. 
 
 No it is not worth while tof say 
 anything about it. 
 
 Yes it would be much better. 
 
 Is there any danger ? 
 
 Is there no means of finding him ? 
 
 Were you not in London a fortnight 
 
 ago«f[? 
 Howtt many years has your sister 
 
 been there now ? 
 It is not very easy to please her. 
 
 * Ne vaut-ilpas mieux. -f d'en parley. % for after to be better, must 
 be rendered by que, the same after to be expedient, propre, good, necessary, 
 difficult. § Que vous ne Vavez vu. || All such phrases are rendered by 
 y avoir heading the sentence. ^[ Ago stands for it is so long since, and must 
 therefore be expressed by y avoir, hence say : it there has ff teen days. ** Plus 
 d'ttti an que je n'y ai ete. ff Say: hoiv many years there has it, that your 
 sister there is. %% It there will have. 
 
 I have not seen him these || six 
 
 months. 
 No there is nothing to fear. 
 No it is useless to seek him. 
 No it is above ** a year since I was 
 
 there. 
 lt\X will have been five years at 
 
 Easter. 
 Is it true ? 
 
 13th. 
 
 The Lesson. — Have you a penknife ? Yes I have. Where is 
 it ? In my desk. W 7 ill you lend it to me ? Certainly, with pleasure. 
 Where' are all the pens ? They are below. Is the ink here ? 
 Yes the ink is here. Have we paper enough ? Yes, we have 
 enough. Are you sure of that? Yes, I am sure of it. Y r our cousins 
 are not here ? No, they are in the country. Have they found 
 their dog ? Y^es they have found it. When do you expect 
 them ? Not before next week. Well, are we ready ? Yes we are 
 
64 
 
 all ready. And are all the books here ? Yes, I believe so. Wait, 
 I have lost my pencil ? Your pencil. Yes, have you seen it ? No, I 
 
 43— a 22— a 
 
 have not. Where can it be ? Perhaps in your pocket. Yes heref 
 it is. 
 
 * I believe or think so, I believe or think not in the sense of yes or no, are ex- 
 pressed thus : Je crois, or pense que oui, Je crois or pen se que non, and / should 
 say or think so or not thus : Je dirais que oui, Je dirais que non. 
 
 f Here, there, preceding the pronouns it, he, she, they, joined to the verb to be 
 are rendered by le (la les) void, or le (la les) voild. 
 
 14th. 
 
 The Lesson. — Where is your exercise ? Here it is. Have you 
 made many mistakes ? Yes, I fear there are a great many. Have 
 
 12— e 
 
 you found it difficult ? Yes very. The next will be easier ? I am 
 glad of that. Do you know it well by heart ? Yes, I think so. 
 Well we shall see ? At least I knew it very well this morning. Is* 
 this your book ? No, that f is my brother's. Where is yours? 
 I have mislaid it somewhere. Is my slate there ? No I do not see 
 it. Perhaps it is upon the other table ? Yes, there it is, well let 
 us begin. Shall I read a little ? Yes, you may read a little for pro- 
 nunciation. Is this your translation ? Yes, but I could not very 
 well understand it. Well it must be explained to you, 
 
 * Is this, is that preceeding a pronoun, or article, are rendered by est-ce Id. 
 
 f This is, that is, these are, those are, meaning it is that, they are those, must 
 be rendered by c'est celui [m.] c'est celle [f.] ce sont ceux [pi.] 
 
 15th. 
 Of the Hour. — What o'clock is it ? Why* what o'clock do you 
 
 41— b 
 
 think it is. I should say about three'. What threef ? It is not 
 two yet. Oh it must be at least half-past two ? you mean half- 
 past % one. It was twenty minutes after twelve when I left home. 
 Well, and you have not been above a quarter of an hour coming. 
 I had to wait nearly ten minutes at the drawbridge. Wait I"U 
 soon tell you the hour. Well was I not right ? It wants precisely 
 a quarter to two. Well, then I can stay three quarters of an hour 
 longer. Can't you stay 'till four ? No, I promised to be back at a 
 quarter past three. Louisa will be here in about an hour. Until- 
 what time will she stay ? Oh, perhaps 'till twelve. § If so you 
 wont be in bed before one. 
 
 * Mais. f The word hour must always be expressed in French. + In 
 English the halfs, quarters, and minutes are always expressed before the hour, 
 and in French after the hour, thus : 7 heures moins un quart, 7 heures ct quart, 
 7 heures dix. § Twelve, is always rendered by midi, mimtit. 
 
65 
 
 16th. 
 Of the Hour. — Is * your watch right ? To the minute with 
 London time. What o'clock is it now ? 25 minutes to one. 
 Mine does not go very well. Do you wind it up regularly? Not 
 always, for it is down now. Well then you cannot expect it to go 
 well. No, but it generally loses |. Mine did the same before I 
 had it regulated. And it goes well now ? To a second. Just see 
 what it is by our clock. Precisely a quarter past one. Well then, 
 it gains. Yes, it generally gains a little. Hark ! that is the town 
 clock striking a quarter past. They keep very well together. Not 
 always, sometimes our clock is 20 minutes fast. That is a 
 mere trifle during these long days. 
 
 * Goes. f In speaking of watches, &c, to lose, to gain, are rendered by 
 avancer, retarder. 
 
 17th. 
 Salutation.— 
 
 {morning — sir, Mr., gentlemen. [jour — monsieur— messieurs, 
 
 evening — madam — ladies. Bon< soir — madame — mesdames. 
 
 night — miss — young ladies. -ne. [ nuit— mademoiselle— mesdemoiselles 
 
 How do you do* ? Very well thank you, and how are you ? 
 As well as can be, thank you. I am very glad to hear it : how are 
 they all at home r They are all very well except my sister. Is 
 she ill, what ails her ? I think she has taken cold. I am very sorry 
 to hear it, but I hope it will not have serious consequences. I 
 hope not. How long has she now been indisposed r Only since 
 last Sunday. What does the Dr. think of it ? Oh, he says that 
 there is not the least danger. I believe your father and mother 
 have enjoyed very good health lately ? Yes, and my brother is en- 
 tirely recovered. What ! has he been ill too ? Yes indeed, so 
 bad that we had lost all hope of his recovery. Bless me is it 
 possible ! 
 
 * In speaking of a person's health the v. se porter is always used instead of 
 to do and to be : comment vous portez-vous ? 
 
 In a familiar way the v. aller is also used from person to person : comment ca 
 va t mais ca va assez bien. 
 
 18th. 
 Parting. — Well I must leave you. What ! already ? Yes, I 
 really must go. You are in a great hurry. Do you know that I 
 have yet two visits to pay*. Ah, well if so, we must excuse you. 
 Yes, if you please, forf it is getting rather late you see. Well, but 
 when shall we have the pleasure of seeing you again ? I shall call 
 as soon as I can. Well do not fail. No, I certainly shall not. 
 I am sorry Mrs. D. should be engaged. Yes, I regret exceedingly 
 not to have the pleasure of seeing her. I know she will be quite 
 vexed. Well I hope to have that pleasure next time. Oh yes, I 
 hope so. Well then until we meet again, adieu. Farewell, give J 
 my love at home. I shall not fail. 
 * Faire. f Car il commence a sej mre un peu tard. % Faiies mes amities. 
 
66 
 
 19th. 
 
 Breakfast. — How do you feel this morning ? Oh tolerably Well. 
 At what time did you get up* ? Not before half-past seven. You 
 have been idle this morning ? Yes, I went to bed rather late. 
 "What were you doing so late ? I spentf the evening at Mrs. B's. 
 Oh, I did not know you were at J a party. Oh, she only had a 
 few friends. Which will you take, coffee or tea ? A cup of coffee 
 first, if you please. Here is toast and bread and butter. I should 
 prefer bread, for § I am going to take a little ham. Do so, with a 
 little fowl. Will you pass me the salt, if you please. Oh ! I beg your 
 pardon. Take an egg. Thank you, I have made an excellent break- 
 fast. What ! you have not done yet? Yes I have done thank you. 
 
 * Vons Hes-vovs levc. f passed. J En soiree. § Remember 
 
 always to translate for meaning because by parceque or car. 
 
 20th. 
 
 Dinner. — I am very glad dinner is ready. Well, I* am not 
 sorry for it. Whatf shall I help you to ? A little soup if 
 you please. Well, are you ready for a little fish ? Yes, I shall"]: take 
 a little, if you please. How do you find it ? Truly excellent. Well, 
 will you allow me to help you to a little more ? No more, thank 
 you. Shall I trouble you to pass me that dish ? You mean§ the 
 mutton. Yes, shall |i I cut you a little of it ? Well, thank you, I 
 shall take a little of the duck. What vegetables shall I help you 
 to, potatoes or cabbage \ Well, I prefer taking a few of the turnips. 
 Shall I have the pleasure of taking a glass of wine with you ? I 
 shall be very happy to do so. Will you take a little pudding ? 
 Nothing more thank you. 
 
 * I not of it am not sorry neither. f What {que) to yon shall serve I. 
 % Of it. § Voulez dire. \\ (To) you of it shall cut I a little ? 
 
 21st. 
 
 Tea. — You* will do us the pleasure to stay and take tea with 
 us ? Well, thank you, I accept your invitation. Well then, will 
 you draw nearer the table ? Thank you I am quite comfortable 
 here. Do you take sugar ? Very little, if you please. You take 
 
 20— c 
 
 cream no doubt ? No thank you I never take any.f Shall I pass 
 you the cake, or some bread and butter? The bread and butter if 
 you please. Is your tea agreeable ? Quite]: so, thank you. Will 
 you allow me to pass you a few shrimps ? Thank you, I never eat 
 any. Well, then a little ham ? Thank you, I prefer a few radishes. 
 Will you pass me your cup ? Only half a cup, if you please. 
 We never make half cups here. Well then just as you please. 
 
 * You will to \is make the honour of. t Of it. 
 
 % Say ; he not could it be more — d'avantagc. 
 
G7 
 
 22nd. 
 'Travelling. — What time was it when we started* r Half-past 
 eight precisely. We are not going very fast. No, the roads are 
 rather bad. At what Inn do you put up in London ? At the Green 
 Lion. That is a very good Inn I believe. Yes, the accommo- 
 dation! is very good. Where do you start for to-morrow? For 
 Dover. By coach or by railj ? Oh, by rail. Do you stay§ any 
 time at Dover ? No, I shall take the first steamer for Havre. And. 
 from there where do you go ? Probably direct to Paris. Do you 
 go any further than Paris ? Well,|| I may have occasion to go as 
 far as Bordeaux. Well then, perhaps,^ you will come back by 
 water ?** Yes, it is possible, if the weather keepff fair. You H 
 will have to take a sailing vessel. No, I believe there are steamers 
 during the summer season. 
 
 * Som?7ies partis. f Say, yes one there is very well. J Chemin-de-Fer. 
 § Vous arretez-vous. \\ Mais ilpeut se fa ire que j'aie. % Place perhaps 
 after the verb. ** Par mer. ft $ e tient beau. %% II vous faudra 
 prendre. 
 
 23rd. 
 Morning Inquiries. — Well, after all you did not go to the con- 
 cert last night. No, I went* to the theatre* Where there many 
 people ? No, not a great many. What was the piece ? The Lady 
 of Lyons. Did they go through it well ? Yes, pretty well. I 
 think you would have been more amused at the concert. Itf was 
 well attended I believe ? Oh yes, quite full. How did Miss D. 
 sing ? Oh, as usual most delightfully. Were there many of our 
 acquaintances : Not so many as I expected^. Mr. and Mrs. D. 
 were there I suppose ? Yes, they sat§ close by me. And who else|| 
 did you observe ? W T ho do you think sat just behind me ? I can 
 not tell. Mr. S. Is it possible! So^[ shortly after his wife's 
 death ? Yes, and he seemed more cheerful than** ever. 
 
 * Fus. f 11 y avail beaucoup de monde. % Je m'attendais. § Were 
 seated. || En outre. ^ Sltot. ** Que. 
 
 24th. 
 At a Party.— It is a long time since* I had the pleasure of 
 meeting you. Yes indeed, it is a very long time. I hope we shall 
 
 44-a 
 
 have the pleasure of hearing you sing. No, no, you mean to say, 
 that you will grant us the pleasure of hearing you. Oh, I see, you 
 begin already to make excuses, but they will not be listened to. 
 I wish you would askf Miss F. to| sing. What a§ beautiful voice 
 she has. Yes, and she knows so well how to|| use it. Have^f you 
 had dancing already ? Yes, they** have had two or three 
 waltzes. I wish you would introduce me to Miss B. I assure you, 
 I shall have great pleasure in ft doing so. We must wait a little, 
 for she is just going to perform a pieceJJ on the harp. They say 
 she plays delightfully. 
 
 * Queje n'ai eu. f d. + De. § This article is never expressed 
 after what admirative, hence what a fine girl, what a large house, would be 
 merely rendered thus : quelle belle fille, quelle grande maison. || S'en aervir. 
 % Has one danced. ** One has made. ff d le /aire. X+ When piece 
 signifies production in music or writing it must always be rendered by ?norceav, 
 except as a title to plays, or a book containing plays. 
 
68 
 
 25th. 
 
 "Walk. — Shall* we take a walk ? Yes, let us take a walk before 
 dinner. Where is your stick ? I have lost it. Well, and I cannot 
 find my parasol. Oh, I have found them both. Where were they ? 
 In the study. Whichf way shall we go ? WhichJ way you please. 
 I believe that is a very pleasant road. Well then let us take it. 
 This road is generally very smooth. Yes, I see (it, that). Shall 
 we go far ? No, not far, if you please. Have you walked this§ 
 way before ? No, I generally walk along the riverside. Howjf 
 green those hedges are ? Yes, and the fields have a be&utiful ap- 
 pearance. Listen to those birds. How|| well the one on that tree 
 sings. Really, I do not think I can go much further. Well, if 
 you feel tired let*j[ us turn back. 
 
 * Allons faire une promenade? Remember that walk is always rendered by 
 its corresponding noun promenade with faire instead of prendre as in English, 
 and the verb to walk for pleasure, that is, promenading, by the verb se promener. 
 f De quel cote. % Par oil il vous plaira. § Par ici. \\ Que ces hales. 
 
 \ Que celui sur cet arbre chante done Men. ** Retournons. 
 
 •26th. 
 Garden. — Shall we take a* 4 walk into the garden ? Have you 
 anything interesting in it ? Come and see. I had no idea your 
 garden was so large. You do not see the half of it yet. What 
 have you in this bed ? There I have sown some carrots. And 
 what have you in the next ? Turnips. And what on the other 
 side ? There I intend sowing beetroot. Your beans are coming]; 
 up well. Yes, but the slugs have eaten some. I am looking if 
 there are any flowers. Well,§ I have scarcely any. They require 
 so much attention. Yes, and I really have not much time for it.|[ 
 You used to have some in the other garden. Well, % and I have 
 a few here, down at the bottom. I must go and have a** look at 
 them. I will see if I can gather you a little nosegay. Oh you 
 are very kind. 
 
 * A short approximate turn, as here understood, is expressed by faire vn [or 
 un petit'] tour. f Say, there have yon any thing interesting. J Viennent 
 bien. § Mais. \\ Cela. \ Out. ** Them to see. 
 
 27th. 
 
 Garden. — I went to see Mrs. B's. garden yesterday. Has she 
 any strawberries ? Yes, a great many. Are they ripe ? A few 
 here and there. Has she many currants ? No, not a great many. 
 Last year she had such beautiful* gooseberries. Well, I believe 
 she will have some fine ones this year. But there are no raspberries. 
 No,f I do not think there are any. Has she many lettuces ? Oh, 
 I should think ten different sorts. Some large ones ? Yes, some 
 as big as a cabbage. What fine rhubarb she generally has. I 
 do not think she has any this year. Did you observe any 
 cucumbers? No, there is not one. But a great many potatoes I 
 suppose? Yes, one % half of the garden has|| nothing but potatoes. 
 
 * De si belles. f Non,jene crois pas qu'il // en ait, + La moitie, 
 || X'est que. 
 
69 
 
 29th. 
 Market. — How is the market to-day ? Oh full of every kind of 
 provisions. What* do they sell chickens a couple now ? They are 
 rather dear. What do you call dear ? When they ask from three 
 and sixpence to four shilling a couple. Are there many geese 
 and turkeys ? Yes, I never saw so many before. And plenty of 
 game I suppose ? Yes, especially hares. Eggs and butter are 
 cheap now. Yes, but meat is very dear. Especially lamb and 
 mutton. Well yes, beef and veal are a little more reasonable. 
 Pork is about thef cheapest thing there is. NorJ do I think fish 
 very dear. What splendid salmon were there this morning. 
 Any soles ? Yes, and eels in quantity. Well, and was there much 
 fruit ? More apples than anything else. 
 
 * Combien. f Ce qxCily a de meilleur marchc. % Say, I not find not 
 
 the fish dear neither. 
 
 29th. 
 Consultation. — I come to* ask your advice. You meanf res- 
 pecting that affair? Yes, what is to be done ? I should be really much 
 puzzled to tellj you. Well, but let us see what means might§ 
 be adopted. If I were in|| your place I ^f should have nothing to 
 do with it. I was of that opinion too at first. An idea has** just 
 struck me. Well what is it ? Nay, we must resortff to other 
 means. Leavej^ it to me. Would §§ it not be better? Perhaps 
 so. But I am of opinion. Very well, then let |||| us keep to that. 
 
 31- 
 
 Has Mr. D. mentioned^ anything to you about it ? Not a 
 word. That is strange, he told me he would. I saw him 
 yesterday, but he never mentioned it. He must have forgotten it. 
 That may be. 
 
 * Say, you to ask an advice. f You will to say. J Of to you it to tell 
 § Onpourrait. || d. ^ Je ne m'en melerais pas. ** To me is come, 
 ft Avoir recours. XX Leave me to do. § § Ne vaudrait-il pas mieux. 
 || || Tenons nous en Id. ^ Vous en a-t-il parle . 
 
 30th. 
 Asking aFavour. — I have a favour to ask of you. In what can 
 I oblige you? Would you have the kindness to lend me two 
 thousand pounds until next week ? Why not? undoubtedly with 
 
 12-e 
 
 the greatest of pleasure. I am infinitely obliged to you. I beg 
 you will not mention it. I give you a great deal of trouble. Pray 
 do not mention* that. You are extremelyf kind. I shall always 
 have great pleasure in'| obliging you. I have no reason§ to doubt 
 it. IlelyJI always on mv friendship. You have already obliged 
 me more than once. How will^f you have it, in gold or paper ? 
 Just as it will be most convenient to you. Well then, I shall 
 give you the half in notes, and the rest in gold. Entirely as you 
 please. 
 
 * En parhr. f Bien bon. J «. § Of it to doubt. || Comjptez. 
 
 TI Le souhaitcz-vous. 
 
70 
 
 31st. 
 
 Supper.— At what time shall we sup r Immediately, if you like, 
 Well, shall I ring to* have it brought up ? Yes, and then we shall 
 have time forf a little music after. WhatJ is there for supper ? 
 Some cold mutton, salad, a veal pie, and some very nice cheese. 
 Now, will you help yourself to what there is ? I want another fork 
 
 22— c 
 
 to mix the salad. Do you put mustard to it ? No, only pepper, salt, 
 vinegar and oil. Which will you take, wine or beer ? A glass of 
 porter, if you have any. Well I do not know if there is any in the 
 house. Your cheese is excellent. Why do you not take some 
 butter with it ? Nothing else now. What, have you done already ? 
 Yes, and made an excellent supper. 
 
 * For that one it bring up. f Of to make a little music. J Qu'est-ce 
 qxCil y a. 
 
 32nd. 
 News. — Is there anything new ? No* there is nothing stirring. 
 Have you seen the papers ? Yes I have seen the Courier. When ? 
 This morning. And it contains no news ? Nothing whatever. Oh, 
 heref comes Mrs. B. Ha ! she will no doubt have some news. 
 Perhaps so, for she is always full of news. Well Mrs. B., what:j: 
 news are there ? What ! have you not heard ? Heard what ? 
 That Miss B. got§ married this morning. Is it possible! Yes, 
 and they have started for France. Well, you astonish me. It|[ 
 surprises every body. I suppose her sister will soon follow her 
 example. Very likely, at the first opportunity. I was saying to 
 Mrs. D. when you came, you were bringing us some news. Well, I 
 generally amau courant 'of all the local news. Politics, you never 
 meddle with. No never. 
 
 * Non, on ne dit rien de nouveau, or, non on ne parte de rien. f Voila 
 Madame D. qui vient. + Que dit-on de nouvsau. § S'estmarie'e. || Cela. 
 
 33rd. 
 Weather. -^-How* very cold it is to day. Yes it freezes very 
 
 15— g 
 
 hard. Is the river frozen ? Oh the ice is above an inch thick. 
 How suddenly the weather has changed. Yes, for yesterday it 
 was so mild. Indeed last week it was quite hot. What fine wea- 
 ther we had last Sunday. Beautiful for the season. I think we 
 shall have snow before long.f I hope not, for I hate snowy wea- 
 ther. It is the thawing that is so disagreeable. According to 
 accounts there have been some heavy tempests at sea. There has 
 been a deal of wind lately. What continual rain they have had in 
 London. Well, we had some heavy showers here. How foggy it 
 was last night. Yes, we very often have fogs at this season of the 
 year. It begins to^ be very gloomy. Yes, and this morning it 
 was so fair. 
 
 * That it makes then cold. f Feu. % a se faire. 
 We should now advise, that all the exercises be recapitulated, 
 (two or more per lesson may be prepared) and at the close of the 
 second course, the pupil will or ought to be able to converse on fa- 
 miliar topics without exercise : as also be prepared with a sufficient 
 stock of words and rules, to commence translating any English 
 work into French, in his private study. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
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