>^-A Geotfva^Wy op \\\ mois Copyright N°_ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. M'T. ©nthe'i^a-t' a.s\v ILLINOIS GEOGRAPHICAL FOSITIOJ^.-ABEA. Illiiiois, one of the leading states in the Union in wealth and population, extends from latitude 36° 59' to 42° 30' north, and from longitude 87° 35' to 91° 40' west from Greenwich. The capital of the state is in about the same latitude as Phila- delphia. Denver, Madrid (Spain), Mount Olympus, Mount Ararat, Bokhara, and Pekin (China). The greatest length of the state from north to south is about 3Sn miles," and its greatest width about 215 miles. It contains an area of 56,()50 square miles, and its population in 1880 was 3,077,871. GEOLOGY. Geologry is the science which treats of the structure of the earth. l\y it we are enabled to determine the order in which the different strata, or layers of the earth's crust, were formed. All rock has been formed by the action either of fire or of water. That which has resulted from tlie action of fire is called Igneous Rock ; that due to the action of water is Aqueous Rock. It is believed that at a certain time in its histor}-, the earth was a globe of molten matter. When the surface of the globe had become sufiiciently cool, a crust wa.s formed ai'ound the eartii. This crust was the bed of the first ocean, and its outside is the line of dcmarkation between the igneous and llie aqueous rocks. »t\ I*HOFES86i{ H All below this line has been formed by the action of fire, and is unstratijitd ; all above, excejit what has been deposited by volcanic agency, has been formed by tlie action of water, and is stratified., but the stratification is indistinct in the oldest atpieous rocks. Sometimes the aqueous rocks are subjected to heat and other agencies, by which their original condition is changed ; such are termed jSIetamorpIiic Rocks. There are but few points in the state where the results of nietamorphic action have been ol)served; these are in the southern part. The accompanying: diagram shows tl;o {rcoloyical sysiiins kiiowm at present; it also sliovvs the systems whidi liavc thus far been fcmnil in Illinois. It will be seen by this that the igneous rock crops out nowhei-e in the st.itc ; neither does the Laiu-cntian nor Huronian system, both of which are composed of aqueous rocks. Section of tub Geolociical Systems Section op tbb Obolosical Systimb AT PKK9ENT KNOWN. nBCOOSIZED IN IlLIVOIS. Quatpniary. Qiiatcrnnry. | Teitiiiiv. Tcrtiarv. Cietacci)ii9. Jii lassie. Carboniferous. A(jrE0US ROCK. ^ CarbonifiTou.f. Devonian. Devonian. Silurian. Silurian. Iluronian. LnnrLMitiaii. IGNEOUS ROCK. - - ij t Copvhiobt, 1888, by D. APPLETON AN» co.MPANV. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. The Silurian formation is the lowest outcropping rock found in Illi- nois. St. Peter's sandstone belongs to this system. It forms the plateau of Starved Eock, and is found in several other localities. When free from coloring-matter it serves as an excellent material for the manu- facture of glass. Galena limestone, found in the northwestern part of the state, is also a Silurian deposit. It is of especial interest, as in it are rich deposits of lead and zinc. The Niagara limestone, so extensively quarried at Joliet, belongs to the Silurian system. It is of a grayish color, and is susceptible of quite a polish. Many of the principal build- ings in the state are built of "Joliet stone.'' The Devonian deposit is found outcropping along the Mississippi River, from Rock Island southward. The Carboniferous formation underlies the greater portion of the state. The lower part of the system is rich in limestone, which is used exten- sively for building purposes and for the manufacture of lime. The prin- cipal outcroppings are in the vicinity of Burlington, Wareaw, and Alton. The Coal-Measures are foiuid in the upper part of the Carboniferous Sys- tem. In the central and southern parts of the state they rest upon some one of the lower Carboniferous series, while in the northern part of the coal-field they i-est either upon Devonian or Silurian strata. Hence, when these formations are reached, the search for coal should cease. The Secondary rocks, formed in the Reptilian Age, and consisting of the Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic systems, are not encountered out- erop])ing anywhere in Illinois ; and, as the systems above and below have been found, the absence of the former indicates that the surf;M?e of the state was elevated above the level of the ocean during the entire time they were forming in other parts of the countrj'. The Tertiary System has been identified in the sontliern part of the state only. Pulaski County offers the best ojipor- t unity for its study. The Quateriiai'j' System consists of accumulations of sand, clay, and gravel, which overlie the stratified rocks, and are known under the general name of drift. This drift varies from ten to two hundred feet in thickness. It is generally believed to have been brought from the northern part of the continent, in the Glacial Epoch, by great icebergs which floated in an inland sea covering a large part of the Mississippi Basin. As the icebergs moved southward into a warmer climate, they dropped the detrital mat- ter over the bottom of the inland sea, whose southern shore in Illinois was formed by the ridge of highlands which extends from Grand Tower on the Mississippi River to Shawneetown on the Ohio. This ridge forms the southern boundary of the drift. There are a few small areas in the northern part of the state in which the drift is not found. — (Consult "'Geological Surcey of Illinois,'" by A. H. Worthen.) SURFACE. The Surface of Illinois is generally level or slightly undu- lating. It slopes gently to the .*outh and west. A large portion of it consists of vast prairies, which are level or moderately rolling ; l)ut the surface along the courses of the streams is rough and broken, and in the northern and southern parts it may be termed hilly. Yet the highest elevations are so slight, wiien considered in connection with the extent of the state, that the surface as a whole may be regarded as level. The liighest lands are in the northern part of the state, between Free- port and Galena, where the surface culminates in mound-like elevations that reach a height of about 000 feet above the level of the river at Cairo, 5.50 feet above Lake Michigan, and from 1,100 to 1,150 feet above sea-level. The surface descends gradually along the central line of the state to the valley of the Big Muddy River, where the elevation is only 50 or 60 feet above the level of Cairo. From the P>ig Muddy tlie .surface ri.ses rapidly, the state being crossed from Grand Tower to Shawneetown by a range of hills which reach an altitude of 500 or COO feet above the level of the river at Cairo. DRALYAGE. River-Systems. — Illiuois has, four systems of rivers: 1. Tho.^e flowing into the Mississippi ; 2. Those flowing into the Ohio ; 3. Those flowing into the AV abash ; 4. Those flowing into Lake Michigan. The first system comprises the Fevre, Rock, Illinois, Kaskaskia, and Big Muddy. Of these the most important are the Rock, Illi- uois, and Kaskaskia. Rock River is a beautiful stream that enters the state from Wiscon- sin. It flows southwest and joins the Mississippi about three miles be- low Rock Island City. Practically it is not a navigable stream, but it furnishes abundant water-power, which is used extensively by many of the enterprising cities on its banks. The Illinois River is the largest in the state. It is formed in Grundy County by the union of the Des Plaines River from Wisconsin and the Kankakee from Indiana. It flows a trifle south of west, until it reaches a point a little north of Hennepin. From this place its com-se is south- west to the Mississippi, which it enters about eighteen miles above Alton. By means of dams at Copperas Creek and Henry, it is rendered navi- gable in favorable sea.sons to Peru. In the upper part of its course it furnishes excellent water-power. The Illinois and Michigan Canal, of which Peni is the southern terminus, connects the river with lake navi- gation at Chicago. The principal tributaries of the Illinois are the Fox, Vermilion, Spoon, and Sangamon Rivers. Kaskaskia River, sometimes called the Okaw, owes its importance chiefly to the fact that the first permanent settlement in the state was made on its banks. It is not a navigable stream. The rivers that flow directly into the Ohio are all small and of little importance. The principal ones are the Cache and the Saline. The streams that flow into the Wabash are the Little Wabash, Embarras, and Big Vermilion, no one of which is navigable. The Chicago and Calumet Rivers drain tiie northeastern part of the state and flow into Lake Michigan. Both of these streams are small, but they are very important. The Chicago River is the most important river in the state, forming as it does the harbor of Chicago. Lakes. — Lake Michigan borders the state for alxmt sixty miles, affording facilities for an immense comineree. There are a few lakes in the northeastern part of Illinois, but they are all small. Peoria Lake is simply a widening of the Illi- nois River. CLIMATE.- SOIL. Climate. — Illinois extends through five and a half degrees of latitude, hence its climate varies considerably. The summers are hot in all parts of the state. The winters are long and severe in the northern part, cold in the central portions, and short and mild in the south. The climate throughout the state is subject to great extremes, sudden changes of 30° or 40° sometimes occurring within a few hours. The annual precijsitation, including rain and snow, is about thirty- six inches in the northern part of the state, and about forty-five inches in the southern part. Most of the rains are brought by the southwest winds which prevail in summer. North and northwest winds prevail in winter, and fre- quently sweep over the treeless prairies with great violence. Soil. — The soil of Illinois is of unecjualed fertility. In no other part of the world, perhaps, can so large an area of highly productive soil be found. The surface of nearly the entire state consists of a sti-atum of drift, formed by the decomposition of many varieties of rocks mingled together in one mass. Being enriched by so many minerals, tiie soil is fitted to nourisli a large variety of plants, and to produce them in great abundance. MINERALS. — LEADING I N I) U ST I! I ES. The soil of the prairies and bottom-lands is very rich, deep, and free from stones. That of the timbered portion is not so rich, but it is better adapted to tlie growth of wheat and fruits. Timber. — The natural forests are mostly in the south, al- though there is considerable woodland in the nortli ; the central part has but a few scattering " groves." The timber area is being increased from year to year by the planting of many thousands of trees. A recent act of the legislature establishing an " arbor-day" has emphasized the importance of this work. The prevailing kinds of trees are the oak, maple, black-walnut, elm, hickory, linilen, and ash. There are but few evergreens among the natural forest trees. MIJ^ERAL PRODUCTS. MiiieraLs. — Illinois has comparatively few minerals, but some of these are found in great abundance. Bituminous coal underlies about three-fourths of the state. It is found from the Ohio River to Sterling, and from tlie Mississippi to Indiana. It is mined in immense quantities, and forms the principal fuel of the treel&ss prairies. No anthracite coal has been found, but caimel-coal is some- times mixed with the bituminous in small quantities. Lead is next to coal in importance. The principal lead-mines are in the northwestern part of the state ; they have been worked continuously since 1825. Lead has also been found in Hardin and Massac Counties, along the Ohio River. Zinc is found in paying quantities in the lead-regions around Galena. Peat occurs in several parts of the state, but it is not used to any great extent. Building-stone is abundant, the quarries of Joliet, Lemont, Alton, and Chester, being famous all over the Northwest. Patterns clay and hydraulic limestone, or cement, are found in several parts of the state. Salt is made in considerable quantities in the southern part of the state, from the waters of salt-springs and artesian wells. Petroleum has been found in the southeastern part of the state, but there are no paying wells. Iron is also met with in the southeastern counties, but it is not e.xtensively worked at present. LEADIJfG IMDUSTBIES. Agriculture. — Illinois is pre-eminently an agricultural state. Its level surface, treeless plains, and rich soil, combine to make it the farmer's paradise. It was believed for a long time that the prairies could not be inhabited, owing to the absence of .fuel; but, since the discovery of coal, they have been settled very rapidly. It has further been demonstrated that it is more economical to buy coal than it is to keep a " timber-lot " and prepare the wood for use. The principal crop is corn, in the production of which, a.s well as of wheat and oats, Illinois is a leading state. Large quantities of barley, rye, flax, and potatoes, are also raised. Hay is one of the most valuable crops produced in the state, and tobacco is cultivated extensively in the southern portion. Fruit-growing is an important interest. A])ples are raised through- out the state, and peaches in the soulii. Berries abound in the central and southern parts, and find ready sale at remunerative prices. Much attention is given to the raising of stock. The state is un- equaled in the number and quality of its lioi-se-s and swine ; and horned cattle and .sheep form the wealth of many of tlie inhabitants. Dairying is carried on very extensively. The rich natural meadows of the state invite the dairyman to convert their nutritious grass&s into golden treasure. Elgin, on the Fox River, is the center of the dairy business in the Northwest. Manufactures. — This state excels every other state in the Union in the manufacture of farming-implements, packed pork, and malt and distilled licjuors. It is also largely engaged in the manufacture of machinery, railroad supplies and rollingstock, zinc, barbed wire, flour and mill products, carriages and wagons, planed and sawed lumber, furniture, paper, clothing, boots and shoes, watches, glass, starch, etc. The largest manufacturing interest in the state is that of the Pullman Palace-Car Company, at Pullman. The manufacture of drain-tile has of late become an important industry. Coniiuerce. — The connnercial facilities of Illinois are very superior. The Mississippi River on the west, and the Ohio on the south, give it a natural outlet to the North and West, and to the Gulf of Mexico ; while Lake Michigan, on the northeast, opens uj) a highway to the Atlantic. Illinois has more miles of railroad than any other stiite in the Union. This is largely due to its geographical position. It is situated directly in the great route of commerce, and at the point from which branch routes start out for the Northwest and Southwest. Perhaps nothing can show the commercial importance of its position better than the fact that twelve railroad-bridges span tlie Slississippi from this state. The chief exports are grain, packed pork, and live- stock. The leading imports are lumber, iron, and manufactured goods. I'm. I'li. I.MAN r.vi.AiK-i'Aii Works, I'i i,i.ma.\, Illinois. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. HISTORICAL SKETCH. Inhabitants. — Illinois was settled by people from other parts of the United States. The southern counties were occupied by families from Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Xorth Carolina. The northern part was settled by emigrants from New Northwestern Uxitersitt, Etaxston, Illinois. York and New England. Each section of - the state still shows the leading characteris- tics of its first occupants. The early French settlers exerted but little influence on the cus- toms and usages of the state. The First Permanent Settlement Illinois was made at Kaska.*kia by French mission- j aries. The date of the settlement is not positively known, but it is believed to have been between 1680 and 1690. Other settlements were soon established in the vicinity. The settlers were all French, and France retained possession of the state imtil 1763, when it was ceded to England. Illinois was a dependency of Canada up to 1711, although the actual government was in the hands of the missionaries. In 1711, it became a part of the province of Louisiana, whose capital was at Mobile. In 1717, tlie province of Louisiana came under the Company of the West, later known as the Company of the Indies, of which the famous John Law was the ruling spirit. His " Missi.ssippi Scheme " soon col- lapsed, the company surrendered its charter to the king, and Louisiana, including Illinois, was ruled by royal governors until the cession to the Engli.sh. The English controlled Illinois until 1778, when Patrick Henry, Gov- ernor of Virginia, ordered Lieutenant-Colonel George Rogers Clark to raise troops and capture Kaskaskia and the neighboring posts. Clark succeeded in carrying out his orders; Illinois passed from under the con- trol of England, and was formed into a county of Virginia. In 1787, Congress passed an ordinance for the government of the Northwest Territory — the name given to that part of the coun- try lying between Pennsylvania and the Mississippi, and extending from the Ohio River to the Briti.sh possessions on the north. Parts of this vast domain had been claimed by several of the tliirteen original colonies, hut, previous to the passage of the ordinance, all had reliufpiished their claims in favor of the nation at large. The Capital of the Northwest Territory was fixed at Marietta, and General St. Clair was made the first governor. Tlie capital was afterward removed to Cincinnati, at which place the first territorial legislature met, September 16, 1790. In 1800, the Northwest Territory was divided, and the territory form- ing at present the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michigan, and nearly all of Indiana, was organized as the Territory of Indiana, with Vin- cennes as fts capital. William Henry Harrison was appointed gov- ernor. On February 3, 1809, the present states of Illinois and Wisconsin were separated from Indiana, and organized as the Territory of Illinois. Kaskaskia was made the capital, and NLnian Edwards appointed gov- ernor. The present boundaries were established in 1818, when Illinois was admitted into the Union as a sovereign state. Shadrach Bond was elected the first governor, and the seat of government was removed to Vandalia, where it remained until 1837. It was then located at Spring- field. The history of Illinois, since its admission into the Union, is famil- iar to all of its people. Its bold stand for free- dom in the " twenties," its loyalty to the Union, its high rank in wealth and edu- cation, are facts of which its citizens may justly be proud. PUBLIC EDUCATIOJ^. Free Schools. — The con- stitution of the state de- clares that " the General Assembly shall provide a thorougli and efficient sys- tem of free schools, where- by all children of this t-'.i may receive a good comi ' , school education." The (■ eral Assembly has done its d in the matter by amply jjrovid for the maintenance of a system of free public education that will compare favor- ably with that of any other state. The state superintendent is at the head of the system. He is elected for four years. There is a county superintendent in charge of the schools of each county. In addition to his other duties, he licenses teachers, conducts teachei-s' institutes, and visits every school in his county at least once a year. He is to spend half of the time given to his office in visiting un- graded schools. He is elected for four yeai-s. The school township coincides with the congressional township. In each school township there are three school trustees elected. They serve three years, one being elected each year. In each school township there are several school districts. Each district elects three school directoi-s to serve for three years, one being elected each year. The directors are the active managers of the schools. Normal Schools. — Connected with the school system are two state nonnal schools, one at Normal, the other at Carbondalc. Both are doing eflicient work. Cook County maintains a county normal school. The University of Illinois, situated at Cliampaign, contains schools of agriculture, horticulture, engineering, natural science, and literature. There are several colleges and iniiversities under denominational con- trol. They have been the pioneei-s in higher education, and ai'e still doing excellent work. The State Institutions comprise the University of Illinois, at Chnmpaign; the Illinois State Normal Univeisity, at Normal ; the Southern lUinois Normal University, at Carbondale ; the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, at Quincy; the Soldiers' Orphans' State Normal University, Normal, Illinois. THC DOUGLAS MONUMENT. Scenes in and aboct fniCAGO. Home, at Normal ; tlie Asylum for Feeble-minded Children, at Lincoln ; the Illinois Industrial School for the Blind, at Chicago ; Itlie Eye and Ear Intirmarv, at Chicago ; the Illinois State Insane iVsylum, at Jacksonville ; the Southern Insane Asylum, at Anna ; *^s Eastern Insane Asylum, at Kankakee ; the Northern Insane I ylum, at Elgin ; the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jack- ' ivilie ; the Institution for the Blind, at Jacksonvnllo ; tiie Illinois \ 'i-'.te Penitentiary, at Joliet ; the Southern Illinois Penitentiary, iat Chester ; the State Reform School for Boys, at Pontiac. Religion. — The state encourages religion by protecting all men in the free exercise thereof, and by exempting from taxation all church property. But no public money can be appropriated for the aid or support of any church or sectarian school. POLITICAL ORGAjYIZATIOM. Government. — Tlie government of Illinois is divided into three departments — Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. The General AssemlJy constitutes the legislative department. It consists of a senate and a house of representatives. The state is divided into tifty-one senatorial districts, each of wiiich elects a senator for a term of four years, and three represent- atives for a term of two years. Each voter has a right to cast three votes for rejjresentative. He may cast them for one, two. or three candidates. This feature is peculiar to the constitution of Illinois. It is called the "minority representation plan," because it makes it possible for the minority in each senatorial district to elect one representative. The regular sessions of the General ^\ssembly are biennial. The executive department consists of tlie governor, lieutenant-gov- ernor, secretary of state, treasurer, auditor of public accounts, attorney- general, and superintendent of public instruction. They are all elected for four yeai-s, except the trea-surer, who is elected for two years, and is not eligible for re-election until two years after his term ha.s e.vpired. The judicial powers are vested in a supreme court, appellate courts, circuit courts, county courts, justices of the peace, ))olice magistrates, and in such courts as may be created by law for cities and incorporated towns. Political Divisions. — The state is divided into twenty con- gressional districts, and into 102 counties. McLean County is the largest. It has an area of 1,17'2 square miles, and thus contains more land than the entire state of Rhode Island (land-area, 1,(>85 square miles). PRIJfCIPAL CITIES. Springfield, the county-seat of Sangamon Comity (popula- tion, 33,000), is the capital of the state. It is situated on a beau- tiful prairie, four miles south of the Sangamon River. The lead- ing manufactures are carriages, wagons, castings, harness and saddlery, doors and blinds, machinery, flotir, watches, pulp, and paper. Coal-mining is also an important industry. Tb.e city is reached by seven lines of railroads, which enable it to carry on trade with the surrounding towns. The Capitol building is an imposing structure, and a credit to the state (see page i). Other noteworthy buildings are the United States court-house, custom- house, and post-office, the county court-house, the arsenal, the high-school, several banks, and a number of commodious hotels. The Lincoln monument, located in Oak Ridge Cemetery, is an object of much interest, and was erected at a cost, of over $200,000. Springfield contains thirty churches; and from the beauty of its streets and suburbs it has been called "the Flower City." Chicago, the metropolis of the West, is situated in the north- eastern part of Illinois, on Lake Michigan. Dearborn observatory is in latitude 41° .■>o' 1" north, and in longitude S7° 37' west from Greenwich. The city extends along the lake about ten miles, and west live miles. It covers an area of about forty square miles, and has a population estimated at 8.")0,000. Chicago River and its branches divide the city into three parts, known as the " North Side," " South Side," and " "West Side." Commmiieation between the different )>arts of the city is kejit up by means of thirty-six swing-bridges and two tunnels. The AVasli- ington Street tunnel connects the AVest with the South Side, and the La Salle Street tunnel coimects the North with the South Side. THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. The river was naturally a shallow and sluggish stream. It has heen so deepened and widened that it admits the largest class of lake-vessels into the heart of the city. It forms the principal harbor of Chicago, and with its branches affords the city a water frontage of about forty miles, exclusive of the lake har- bor. It has been deepened so much that the water flows from tlie lake into tlie river and through the South Branch into the Illi- nois and Michigan Canal, which connects the city with Peru. This canal carries oif much of the sew- age of Chicago, to the great an- 7ioyance of the towns through which it passes. The city is supplied with an abundance of water from Lake Micliigan by means of tunnels that extend out under the lake two miles. The authorities are now constructing a tunnel that will reach out five miles from the shore, so that the water-supply may be pure. There are over 1.000 miles of streets, which are regulai'ly laid out and cross each other at right angles. The public parks are many and beauti- ful. The larger ones are situated on the outskirts of the city, and are con- nected by a system of boulevards which surpass those of any other city on the continent. The flr.st railroad out of Chicago was opened in 1848, and the fii-st through train from the East entered the city in 1852. Now, about forty roads meet in the city, making it the greatest railroad cen- ter in the world. As many as 650 trains arrive daily, and about the same number depart. Chicago is one of the greatest manufacturing centers of the world; about one tenth of -the population are engaged in manu- factures. It has several establishments that employ over 4,000 jicrsons each, and many that employ over 1,000. The princii)al manufactures are iron, farming-implements, flour, distilled liquore, pork and meats, leather, boots and shoes. This city is second only to Kew York in the amount of busi- ness transacted annually, and it is the gi-eatest lumber, live-stock, and grain market in the world. Its grain-elevators have a capacity of from 300,000 to 1,800,000 bushels each. The center of the trade in live-stock is at the Union Stock- Yards, which are situated in the southwestern part of the city, about si.x miles from the Court-IIouse. The yards cover 345 acres, and have a capacity for 18'.t,000 animals. The packing-houses are located near the stock- yards. The pork-packing interest is the most important. The united capacity of all the houses engaged in the business is 75,000 hogs per day. In October, 1871, Chicago was the scene of one of the greatest fires of modern tifties. The business portion of the South Side, and nearly all of the North Side, were desti-oyed. The area burned over, including the streets, was nearly three and a thii-d square miles. The number of build- ings destroyed was 17,450 ; iiersons rendered homeless, 98,500 ; persons killed, about 200 ; lo.ss of ])r()perty, $190,000,000. The towns of Lake and Hyde Park, south of tlie city, and that of Lake View on the north, contain most of the imiwrtant suburbs of Chi- cago, and all are practically parts of it. EvANSToN (population about 9,000), situated ten miles north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan, is the seat of the Northwestern l%i- versity. It has also a township high-school, and a government life-saving station is located here. PuLLM.VN is on the northwestern margin of Lake ('alumet, twelve miles south of Chicago. The Pullman Palace-Car "Works are located here. They give employment to 5,000 j^ersons, who are engaged in mauufacturiiig all kinds of railway-cars. country. The chief exports are manufactured products, grain, live- f Peoria (population, 45,000), the second city of Illinois in wealth and population, is situated on the west bank of the Illinois River, at the foot of Peoria Lake. The manufacturing interests of the city are very importaiit. Its distilleries are cajxible of con- suming 35,000 bushels of grain daily. Large quantities of corn are also used iu the manufacture of glucose and starch. Farming-implements, carriages, .stoves, castings, and machinery, are manufactured on a large scale. There are several saw- and planing-mills, flouring -mills, furniture - factories, and potteries; there are also valuable chemical works. The city has excellent commercial facilities. It has river communication with the South, and also water connection with Chicago by means of the Illinois and Michigan Canal. Most of its commerce, however, is carried on through twelve railroads, which connect it wath all parts of the country. The stock, and ice. Peoria is well paved, ligiited with gas and electricity, and has several lines of street-railways. It has a tine public library of 27,000 volumes and a law library of 4,000 volumes. There are eight daily newspapers, ten weeklies, and three monthlies, and the people are invited to worship by forty-four churches. QuiNCY (population, 35,000), the county-seat of Adams County, lies iu the western part of the state. It is beautifully situated on the Mississippi Kiver, on a range of bluffs from 150 to 200 feet in elevation. The city is an important manufacturing center. It has seven foundries, four breweries, and si.x flouring-mills. Great quantities of bricks and lime are made, and in the mamifacture of tobacco it ranks among the first cities in the West. Other leading manufactures are farming-implements, furniture, carriages, wagons, leather, and pa])er. The Mississippi furnishes water communii^-r — tion with a large part of the country, and the commercial interests of the city are further advanced by six lines of railroads. The State Soldiers' and Sailors' Home is located at Quincy. BLooMraoTON (population, 23,000) is an important railroad cen- / ter and the county-seat of the largest county in the state. It is surrounded by a rich farming country, who.se products are brought to its markets. Coal is found in abundance, and mining forms one of the leading industries. There are several important factories established at Bloomington. Flour, furniture, plows, doors and blinds, machinery, and soap, are the chief manufactured jjroducts. The general shops of the Chicago and Alton Eailroad are located here, and furnish employment to a lai'ge number of skilled labor- ers. Bloomington is a clean, well-paved, and well-lighted city, and has the best water-supply in the state. JoLiET (population, 22,000), the county-seat of Will County, is on the Des Plaines River, in the northeastern part of the state. The Illinois and Michigan Canal psisses through the city, giving it water communication with Chicago and with the Mississippi River. The Joliet Steel Company's Works, claimed to be the largest in the United States, are located here. There are several barbed- wire factories, check-rower and corn-]ilanter factories, flouring-miils, foundries, and machine-shops. The great industry of Joliet, how- ever, is the quarrying of building-stone, which furnishes employ- ment to a large number of men. The city has si.x lines of railroads. It is substantially built, all of the public buildings and many of the residences being con- structed of stone. The streets are well paved and lighted with electricity. The Illinois State Penitentiary is located here. RocKFoKD (])opulation, 20,000) is jJeasantly situated on the Rock River. It is the county-seat of Winnebago County, and the P R I N (M P A L CITIES. principal inarket-towii of a large area of very fertile fariiiiiig-land, whose proiluctioiis it receives by means of several well-equipped lines of railroads. Kockford is pre-eminently a manufacturing city. Rock liiver furnishes ahundaiice of water-power, which is utilized in manufacturing farming-implements, paper, flour, fur- niture, l)olts and nuts, watciies. silver-plated ware, and several other articles. AuKOKA (population, 18, .500) is on the Fox Kiver, thirty-eight miles west of Chicago, at the intersection of seven railroads. The chief manufacturing establishments are flour and woolen mills, ma- chine-works, sash and blind factories, cotton and corset factories, breweries, smelting and refining works, a watch-factory, etc. The car and rejjair shops of the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Rail- road and the repair-shops of the Chicago and Iowa Railroad, are situated here. Bellevim.e (iwpuiation, 18,000), the county-seat of St. Clair County, is situated tifteeu miles s iutheast of St. Louis, in the coal region of the state. The surrounding country is very fertile and in a high state of cultivation, producing large crops of wheat and corn, which have i)uilt up extensive flouriug-mills in the city and neighboring towns. Large nail-mills, steel- works, smelting-works, and factories of agricultural implements, are the principal indus- trial establishments. Decatur (population, ir),000) is the county -seat of Macon County. It is situated near the center of the state, on the North Fork of the Sangamon River. Underlying the city are rich veins of coal, which furnish an inexhaustible supply of fuel for its nu- merous factories. The leading mauTifaetures are farming-imple- ments, flour, furniture, and burial-caskets. Seven lines of railroads tjffer facilities for commerce. It is claimed that more trains pass through here daily than through any other city of the state, ex- cept Chicago and East St. Louis. Elgin (population, 16,000), a prosperous manufacturing city, is situated on the Fox River. It has the largest watch-factory in the United States; also pork-packing establishments, condensing estab- lishments, iron-foimdries, flouring-mills, carriage and wagon works, machine-shops, and soap-factories. The city is the center of the greatest dairying region in the country. The Illinois Northern In- sane Asylum is located at Elgin. East St. Louis (population, 15,000), an important commercial city, is on the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite St. Louis, with which it is connected by bridge and ferries. It is the termi- nus of thirteen raih'oads, several of which have their repair-shops here. The largest stock-yards in the country are located one mile from the city. Stkeaton (population, l.">,000), on the Vermilion River, is the center of very extensive coal-flelds. Large (juantities of soft coal are shipped from here. The most important manufactures are flour, machinery, brick and drain-tile, ditching-machines, and bottles. Galesbueg (]iopulation, 14,000), the county -seat of Knox County, is an important educational center. Its public schools are very etflcient. St. Joseph's Academy, Knox College, and Lom- bard University, all of which are locateil here, attract to their halls hundreds of young men and women wiio are seeking a higher education. Danville (population, 14,000), an important railroad center, is in the eastern part of the state. It is the county-seat of Vermilion County, and is pleasantly situated on the Big Vermilion River. Its abundance of fuel enables it to engage extensively in manufactures. Rock Island (^population, 13,000) is located at the foot of the upper rapids, on tiie south ])ank of tlie Mississippi, as the river at this point flows directly west. It has Ave important railroad lines, three street-car lines, a substantial wholesale trade, and varied manufacturing interests, of which hmdjer, jjIows, stoves, glass, and carriages, are the chief. Caieo (population, 12,000), the most southern city in the state, is situated at the junction of the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers. It is entered by seven lines of railroads, which, with the rivers, give it ViriNiTT OF Cairo. unsurpassed facilities for commerce. The National (Tovernment has established a custom-house and marine hospital here. The Illinois Central Railroad Company has built a steel bridge across the Ohio at this point. Jacksonville (population, 12,000) is the county-seat of Mor- gan County, and an important educational center. It is the seat of the Illinois College and Illinois Female College. Here also are located state institutions for the blind, deaf and dumb, and insane. MoLiNE is on the Mississippi, a few miles above Rock Island, with which it is connected by a street-railway. It is an important manufacturing center, the chief articles manufactured being farm- ing-implements, carriages and wagons, paper, and lumber. Freeport, the county-seat of Stephenson County, is on the Pecatonica River, in the northern part of the state. Its leading manufactures are buggies, windmills, pumps, and machinery. Ottawa is at the junction of the Illinois and Fox Rivei-s, in the center of La Salle County, of which it is the county-seat. It has several lines of railroads, which, with the Illinois and Michigan Canal, make it an important shipping-point. One of the chief in- dustries is the manufacture of fl re-proof building-tile from the ex- tensive beds of flreclay in the vicinity. It is al.-o largely engaged in the manufacture of organs. The supreme and appellate courts meet here, and there is an excellent to\vn.ship high-school. Galena, the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, is on tiie Galena or Fevre River, about four miles from its union with the Mississippi. It is in the midst of the lead and zinc regions of the Northwest, and surrounded by a good farming country. The city has breweries, foundries, lead-smelting works, woolen, flour, and ])laning mills, |)otteries, and shoe and furniture factories. Kankakee is pleasantly situated on the Kankakee River. It is becoming (piite noted as a summer resort. Small steamei's ])ly regularly between the city and the beautiful picnic-grounds up the river. Kankakee is clean, well drained, lighted by gas and elec- tricity, and is the county-seat of Kankakee County. It has a number of .'•cliools and churches, and a well-assorted jiublic library. There are several prosjK-rous num uf act u ring establishments. Kan- kakee is the seat of the Illinois Eastern liKsine Asylunu THE STATE Of ILLINOIS. Champaign is the chief market town of a rich farming countrv. It is well supplied with railroads, bv means of which it ships large quantities of grain and live-stock. The University of Illinois is located here. MoxMonxn, the county -seat of Warren County, is actively en- gaged in the shipment of farm produce, for which it has excel- lent railroad facilities. The cliief manufactures are plows and earth- en-ware. The city prides itself on its educational advantages. It supports a good system of public schools, a public library, and sev- eral elegant churches: it is also r-m nur.N Ii.li.mh.-^ Skkha the seat of Monmouth College. Cantox, a flourishing manufactui-ing town, is situated in the northeast corner of Fulton County. There are now in operation brick and tile-factories, farming-implement works, flouring-niills, foundries, machine-shops, a bi-ewery, and several cigar-factories. There are valuable coal-mines in the vicinity ; and coal, grain, live-stock, brick, and tile, are exported. Macomb, the county-seat of McDonough County, is located on the Chicago, Burlington, and Quincy Railroad. Potter's clay of the best quality is found in the vicinity, and there are three pot- teries, which are doing a flourish- ing business. There are also machine - shops, foundries, and flouring-mills. Normal is pleasantly situated at the crossing of the Illinois Central and Chicago and Alton Railroads. It is in the center of McLean County, two miles north of Blooinington, with which it is connected by street-railway. This beautiful little city is known throughout the state as the seat of the Illinois State Xorinal Uni- \ ei-sity and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home. It lias a good system of schools, and supports nine churches. Normal is the princi- pal market in the state for the sale of imported horses; it is also an imjjortant point for the ship- ment of nursery-stock and berries. Effingham is the county-seat of Effingham County, £md an important railroad center. It is the principal market for the surrounding country, and ships large quantities of grain, live- stock, poultry, hay, and flour. The city has several manufactur- ing enterprises, all of which are in a flourishing condition. Carbondale, in Jackson County, on the Illinois Central Rail- road, is the seat of the Southern Illinois Normal Universitv L MTERSiTT, Carbondale. TABLE SHOWING THE GROWTH IN POPULATION OF THE COUNTIES OF ILLINOIS, 1800-1880 FROM PART I., TENTH CENSCS OF THE UNITED STATES. Adams 59.135 Alexander 14,808 Bond 14,866 Bnone I1..t08 Brown 13.041 Bureau .33,172 Calhoun 7,46" Carroll 16,976 Cass 14,49.-5 Champaign i 40,863 Christian 28.827 Clark 1 21,894 I Clay I 16.192 I Clinton I 18,714 Coles ' 27.042 , Cook ' 1107,524 Crawford 16.197 i Cumberland 1.3,759 I Oe Kalb I 26,768 DeWilU I 17.010 Dooglae l.vsw DuPage., 19.161 Edgar 2.i.4!i9 Edwards 8.597 EtHniihani 18,920 Kavclte 2.t,24l ■ Ford 1.5,099 I Fnnkltn 16,129 Fnllen 41.34U Gallatin 12,8«it Greene ; 2.3.010 Grundy 16.732 I Ilauiilton 16,712 ' Hancock i ,35,a37 Hardin 1 6.024 Henderson \ 10.722 lli'urv I 86..597 Ironiiois 3.5. 451 •laikMMi . 22,.505 .I:i-jii-r, .. , U.Sl.'. Jrir.Tnin 30,6SM .lerwv 15,542 .lo Diivicss 27,,528 .lolinson I 1.3.078 Kane 44.)l.39 Kankakee 25.047 Kenilnll 1.3,08:) Kiiox 38.:M4 Ijiki- : 21,29<) l-tt.Suile 1 70,403 Lawrence I 13,668 Use «7,491 1870. I860. 56,362 10,564 13,152 12,942 12.205 32,415 «.o«2 16.703 IL.'iSO 32,7.37 20.363 18.719 1.5.875 16.283 2.5.2:i5 349,966 13.889 12,223 23,263 14.768 13.484 16,683 21.4.30 7,565 15.6.53 19,638 9,lft3 12,6.52 38,291 ll,l:)4 20,277 14,938 13,014 .33,935 .5,113 12,582 3,5„'i06 2.5.782 19,634 11.2:i4 17.864 15.054 27,820 11,248 ,39,091 24.3.52 12.39!) .39,.52a 21,014 60,792 12,533 27,171 9,815 11.678 9.9:38 26.426 .5,144 11,7:13 11,:J25 14.629 10,492 14,987 9.3.36 10,941 14.203 144,954 11, .551 8,311 19,086 10,820 7,140 5,4.54 7.816 11,189 1.979 9,:J93 a3,.3.38 8,0.55 16,093 10,,379 9,915 29,061 3.1 9,501 30,660 12,825 9„589 8.361 12,965 12,051 27.325 9.312 ,30,062 1.5.412 13.074 28.663 1 8.2,57 48,3.32 9,214 17,651 26,508 2,4&4 6,144 7,624 7,198 8,841 3,231 4.586 7.2.53 2,649 .3.203 9,5.32 4,289 5,1.39 9,3;i5 43,883 7,1.35 3,718 7,.540 5.002 9',296 10,6!I2 3,524 3,799 8,075 22,508 5,448 12,429 3,03.3 6.362 14.6.52 2.887 4,612 3,807 4,149 5,862 3.220 8.109 7.:i54 18,601 4.114 16.703 ' 7',7:« 13,279 14,226 17,815 6,121 S,S92 1640. I 1880. 18S0. 1810. 14,476 ; 3,313 ' 5,060 ' 1,703 i 4.18:) 3,067 1,741 1,08:) ' 2,981 I 1.475 1,878 ' 7,453 I 3.228 8,718 9,016 10,201 4,422 1,697 3,1M7 3,5.35 8.ffl5 3,070 1.675 6,328 3,682 1.3,142 10,760 11,931 ' .3,94.5 9,946 1,378 1,472 5,762 I 4,.'>35 1 6,180 t 3,626 6,501 ' 2.180 1.390 3,124 "626 2,931 him 3,946 753 2,330 1 4,083 1,841 I 7,405 I 7,674 1,828 2^555 7,060 "274 '.'.'.'.'.'. 2.0,34 9,.348 7,092 8,668 2,035 1880. 1870. 1880. Livingston .38,450 31,471 Logan 23.037 23.053 McDonough .... 27.970 2ti..509 McHenry 24,908 23,762 McLean 60,100 5-3,988 Macon 30,663 26.481 Macoupin 37,692 :j2,726 Madison .50.126 44.131 Marion 23,686 20.622 Marshall 13.055 16.9.36 Mason 16.242 16, IM Massac 10,443 , 9,381 Menard 1.3,021 11.715 Mercer , 19..502 18,769 Monroe ! 13,682 12.982 Montgomery 28,078 2,5,814 Morgan 31 .514 28,463 Moultrie 13,699 10,:)85 Ogle 29,937 I 27.492 Peoria ' 55,;)53 47..510 Perry Piatt Pike Pope Pulaski Putnam Randolph... Richland Rock Island Saint Clair.. Saline i 15.1H0 Sangamon I 52,894 Schuyler 16,249 Scott I 10,741 Shelby i 30.270 Stark 11,207 13,256 9„507 5,.5.54 25,69(1 1.5.515 :)8.:)02 61.806 Stephenson . . Tazewell Union Vermilion. . . Wabash.... . Warren .. .. Washington . Wayne White Wbitealde . . . Will Williamson . . Winnebago. . Woodford . . . 31,963 29,66t! iai02 41, .588 9,915 22,9.3;) 21.112 21.291 23.087 30.885 .'),3.422 19.324 .•)0..505 21.620 13,723 10,95:) .30,768 11,437 8,752 6,280 I 20,859 1 12,803 29.783 3 1.0(58 12.714 46,:i52 17,419 10,,V30 2,5,476 10.731 80.608 27.903 16.318 .30..3H8 8.841 2.3.174 17.599 19,7.58 16,816 27.,503 43,013 17,.329 29,301 18.956 18S0. 1840. 18S0. 18S0. 1810. 1800. 11.637 14,272 20.069 22,089 28.772 13,738 24,602 31,251 12,739 13.4:)7 10,931 6,213 9,584 15,042 12,832 i:),979 22,112 6,:)83 22.888 36.001 9.552 6,127 27.249 6.742 3,943 ,5,587 17,205 9,711 I 21.003 37.694 9.331 32,274 14,684 9,069 14,613 9,004 25,112 21.470 11,181 19.800 7.313 18.:).36 13.731 12.22:) 12,403 18,7.37 29,321 12.2H5 24.491 13.282 1,552 5,128 7,616 14,978 10,163 3,988 1S,.355 20,441 6,720 5,180 5,921 4,092 6,»»9 5,346 7,679 6,377 10,064 3,234 10,020 17.547 5.278 1,606 18.819 3,975 2,266 3,9*1 11,079 4,012 6,937 30,180 19!328 10„573 7,914 7,807 3,710 11.492 4.690 I 8,176 6,953 6,823 8.923 5.361 16.703 r.216 3.333 5,308 2,578 6,365 14,433 4,<42 1,»49 4,181 4,490 19,547 14,710 6,972 6,215 0,659 1,573 2,800 7,221 5,534 9,303 4,240 6,7,39 4,810 .5,133 7,919 2,514 10.167 4,457 4,609 i,i23 1.990 6.331 13.5S0 2,125 " '28 3,000 1,516 3.953 13,714 1,215 3,396 3,310 3,610 ' i.m 4,439 3,492 -.OIB 6,m 13.960 3.960 2;»72 ' 4,716 3,239 3,363 ' 5.830 2.710 .308 1.B75 1.517 2.553 1,114 1 6.091 4,888 Total :),077,871 2„539,89l[l,711,951^ 861,47o| 47«,188| 157,445| 5S,162| 12,282J 2,466 ^ Organized as a territory, February 8, 1809. Admitted as a state, December 3, 1818. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 014 752 066 9