THE TRAVELLERS' HAND BOOK FOR THE STATE or WB"W-irOIlK AiSTD THE PROVINCE OF ^CANADA; CONTAINING BRIEF ACCOUNTS OF THE TOWNS, THEIR PUBLIC BUILIV INGS AND OTHER OBJECTS OF INTEREST - NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL CURIOSITIES — HISTORICAL MEMO- RANDA — MODES OF CONVEYANCE — TABLES OF DISTANCES BY RAILROAD, CANAL, STAGE, AND RIVER ROUTES IN EVERY DIRECTION : THE WHOLE ARRANGED ON A NEW PLAN, BY WHICH EVER? INTEEESTING OBJECT ON THE LEADING HOUTE« IS BROUGHT INTO VIEW. WITH MAPS, &c SECOND EDITIO? BY H. S. TANI¥EB. NEW-YORK: PUBLISHED BY T. R. TANNER, AT THE GEOGRAPHICAL ESTABLISHMENT, No» 153 Broadway. \^U^^A^ >«54^ 3.^U^ ^^i^V'k'* -^ Entered according' to act of Congress, in the year 1843» by H. S. Tanner, in the Clerk's office of the District Court for the Southern District of New, York. rf / •i* ^-<-^ i \ ■^ v.. vVO ,v\ %\ . • • • v" V " « -V ■ '•^, PREFACE. Among the multitude of Guides, Directories and Tourists in which our book-stores abound, there is scarcely any that presents that syste- matic arrangement and perspicuity which are so desirable to the traveller and tourist. — "Whilst most of tho works now extant are re- j^lete with important and interesting /<2C^5, they are, without exception, defective in point of ar- rangement, and in regard to the relative im- portance of the several objects brought into view. In the present work, an endeavor has been made so to digest its varied contents, as to enable the tourist to examine, seriatim, every object of interest along the route he may select, and thus to ascertain what is most deserving of his attention : for example, assuming the city of Albany as one of the radiating points, a brief account of the city and its interesting objects, modes of conveyance, &c. is given: then follow tables of distances from Albany to another point of departure — Utica, for instance — and then a concise description of each intermediate place Qf any importance, with directions to such cu- iV PREFACE. riosliies in and around each as should not be overlooked by an intelligent inquirer. In this manner every leading route by railroad or otherwise, is concisely, and, it is hoped, satis- factorily treated. One of the most important features of the present work, is brevity ; a quality that, we are sure, cannot fail to recom- mend it to the favorable attention of the travel- ler, who is, whilst in transitu, unable or at least unwilling to enter into those elaborate and fa- tiguing details, which disfigure most similar works. In conclusioa, the author has sedulous- ly endeavored to construct such a work as he himself has often felt the want of whilst travel- ling, and such a one as would naturally sug- gest itself to the mind of any intelligent tra- veller. aije ^raxjellera' §ani Uook, General View.— The state of New- York extends over 4p of lat. and nearly 7° of longitude, the whole forming an outline of about 1,400 miles in length, which encloses an area of 49,000 square miles ; having N. Ca- nada; W. Pennsylvania and Lakes Ontario and Erie ; S. Pennsylvania and New- Jersey ; and E. Connecti- cut, Massachusetts and Vermont. Its population, by the national census of 1840, was 2,428,921, as fol- lows : Albany County, 68,593, of which Albany is the capital ; Allegany, 40,975, cap. AngeHca ; Broome, 22,338, cap. Binghamton ; Cattaraugus, 28,872, cap. ElHcottsville ; Cayuga, 50,338, cap. Auburn; Chatauque, 47,975, cap. Mayville ; Chemung, 20,735, cap. Elmira ; Chenango, 40,785, cap. Norwich ; Clinton, 28.157, cap. Plattsburg ; Columbia, 43,252, cap. Hudson ; Cortland, 24,607, cap. Cortland ; De- laware, 35,396., cap. Delhi ; Dutchess, 52,398, cap. Poughkeepsie ; Erie, 62,465, cap. Buffalo ; Essex, 23,634, cap. Elizabeth; Franklin, 16,518, cap. Ma- lone ; P'ulton, 18,049, cap. Johnstown ; Genesee, 29,924, cap. Batavia; Greene, 30,446, cap. Catskill; Hamilton, 1,907, cap. Lake Pleasant; Herkimer, 37,474, cap. Herkimer ; Jefferson, 60,984, cap. Watertown ; Kings, 47,613, cap. Brooklyn ; Lewis, 17,830, cap. Martinsburg; Livingston, 35,140, cap, Geneseo ; Madison, 40,008, cap. Morrisville ; Mon- roe, 64,902, cap. Rochester; Montgomery, 35,818, cap. Fonda; Niagara, 31,132, cap. Lockport ; New. York, 312,710, cap. New- York ; Oneida, 85,310, cap. Utica; Onondaga, 67,911, cap. Syracuse ; On. tario, 43,501; cap. Canandaigua; Orange, 50,739.^ o State of new-tork. cap. Goshen ; Orleans, 25,127, cap. Albion ; Oswe- go, 43,G19, cap. Pulaski ; Otsego, 49,628, cap. Coo- perstown; Putnam, 12,825, cap. Carmel ; Queeng, 30,.324, cap. North Hempsted ; Rensselaer, 60,259, cap. Troy ; Richmond, 10,965, cap. Richmond : Rockland, 11,975, cap. New City ; St. Lawrence, 56,706, cap. Canton ; Saratoga, 40,553, cap. Balistou Spa ; Schenectady 17,387, cap. Schenectady ; Sene- ca, 24.874. cap. Ovid ; Steuben, 46,138, cap. Bath ; Suffolk, 32,469, cap. Riverhead ; Sullivan, 15.629, cap. Monticello ; Tioga, 20.527, cap. Owego ; Tomp- kins, 37,948. cap. Ithaca ; Ulster, 45,822. cap. Kings- ton ; Warren, 13,442, cap. Caldwell ; Washington, 41,080, cap. Salem; Wayne, 42.057, cap. Lyons ; Westchester, 48,686, capitol Bedford ; Wyoming, 29,663, cap. Warsaw ; Yates, 20,444, cap. Pennyan. Physical Structure. — The state, intersected by several mountain chains, presents a great diversity of soil and climate. Though the western parts are less broken than those of the east and north, yet the en- tire surface, with partial exceptions, is either hilly or mountainous. The Hud.son flows from a mountainous region, and' is precipitated into a deep valley, at or near itsjunc- tion with the Mohawk. The Hudson valley is ono of the most remarkable in the hydrography of the United States. From the Mohawk to Sandy fJopk it rnay be regarded as a long narrow bay rather than a river. The banks are, for the most part, abruot, rising in some 'places to the height of 1200 or 15G0 feet ; in many parts precipitous, as at the palisades, a few miles above the city of New- York, and scarcely ever less than 100 or 200 feet above the surface of the river. The pass, known as the Highlands, is flanked on both sides by enormous walls of nearly vertical rock, which presents every variety of forni. The rude and deep valleys that intervene between the gigantic prominences, the dense and almost im- penetrable f jrcsts by which they are covered, and tho STATE OF NEW-YORK. 7 majestic grandeur of the mountain peaks, afford one of the fliost impressive landscapes to be found in na- ture. Here the great primitive ranges pass the Hud. son, and here only do the ocean tides penetrate into the vast interior plains of the United States. The ridges of which \vc are speaking, after leaving the Hudson, deflect towards the north, pass through Dutchess County into Massachusetts, thence into Vermont, where they are known as the " Green Mountains," and thence into Canada. The range forming the N. W. limits of Sullivan, and Ulster, passes into Greene, where it attains its greatest elevation ; and thence through Schoharie, Otsego, Herkimer, and Montgomery, crosses the Mohawk by the Little Falls, enters flerkimer, as- suming the name of Sacondago, and finally crosses the St. Lawrence at the " Thousand Islands." One of the lateral ridges of this group extends towards the north, and attains to the height of upwards of 5,000, feet: Mount Marcy, the culminating point, is said to be 5,4G7 feet high. The Catskill group, the next in point of elevation, rises to its greatest height a few miles west of the town of Catskill. Its principal peak, the Round Top, is 3,804, and Pine Orchard House, a celebrated place of resort, is 3,000 feet above the adjacent river. All the subordinate chains east of the Hudson pursue a course nearly north. Nearly the whole of the northern part of the state, comprehending Fulton. Warren, E^sex, Hamilton, Herkimer and parts of Montgomery, Saratoga, Wash- ington, Clinton, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Levvis, and Oneida Counties, belongs to the primitive formation ; as does also the south eastern portion, embracing parts of Orange, Ulster, Greene, Putnam, Dutchess, Colum- bia, Rensselaer, and some other counties. These two groups are separated by an elongated deposit of sedi- mentary rocks. The first mentioned is flanked en the S. E. by a spur of the lower transition ; on the N. E. by tertiary, and on all eides by transition rocks. It is 8 STATE OF NEW- YORK. composed of granite, gneiss, primitive limestone, hy- persthene, serpentine and sienite : these, with the addition of mica and talcose slates, form the second group. With some exceptions the remaining por- tions of the state may be referred to the transition and the old red sandstone series. The first is com- posed of sandstone, shales, limestone grit, salt, gyp- sum, iron ore, conglomerates, &c. ; and the latter of micaceous shales of various hues, sandstones, con- glomerates, trap, grits. Sec. The Catskill Moun. tains occupy the principal tield of the old red sand- stone, which is here largely developed. These several formations abound in their appropriate mine- rals and fossils. In the primitive are found iron ore in great abundance, both magnetic and specular ox- ides ; ores of copper, lead, and zinc have been found , but, with partial exceptions, have not been wrought to much advantage. In the transition rocks are found salt in solution, which is manufactured to a great extent, chiefly in Onondaga county ; gypsum, water Hme, argillaceous oxide of iron, limonite, mar- ble, several varieties, silicious sandstone, a valuable material for building ; slates and red sandstone of va. rious textures. Peat and marl are more generally dif- fused. The principal fossil remains of this group are the atrypas, bellerophon, calymene, isotelus, &,c. The plains of New. York are few in number, and limited in extent : the principal are, one on the east- ern end of Long Island ; a long narrow strip on the south side of Lake Ontario; a few alluvial bottoms along some of the streams, and in the elevated table lands of the mountain region. The principal Lakes are, Ontario and Erie, the former of which is com- mon to New- York and Canada, and the latter to N. York, Ohio, Canada, and Michigan ; Lake Cham, plain, which forms a part of the boundary between New- York and Vermont ; Lake George, a tributary of the preceding ; Black Lake ; Oneida Lake ; Cay- vga Lake ; Seneca, Canandaigua, Skaneateles, and STATE OF JN'EW-YORK. y Crooked Lakes, near the centre of the state ; Chau^ tauque, Long, Owasco, Backet, Otsego, &c. The Elvers consist of the Hudson, which rises in the northern part of the state, runs in a general S. E. course to Sandy Plill, and thence due S. to its dis- charge into the Atlantic Ocean, 340 miles in length. The Mohawk, which unites with the Hudson a few miles above Albany, is the only branch of the latter worthy of notice, 150 miles. The St. Lawrence washes the N. W. quarter of the state for about 100 miles, forming the boundary between New- York and Canada west. The chief affluents of this portion of the St. Law = rence are, — Racket, 145, Oswegatchie, 140, and Black Rivers, 125 miles in length ; which rise in the high grounds near the sources of the Hudson. Those of Lake Ontario are, Oswego and Genesee, 150 miles in length ; and of Lake Erie, Buffalo Creek, 40 miles long. Tne southern portion of the State is watered by the sources of the Delaware and Susquehanna^ rivers of the Atlantic, and those of the Alleghany, which flows into the Ohio at Pittsburg, Pa. The minor rivers are, — Beaver, Canisteo, Chaieaugay, Grass, Indian, St. Regis, Sacondaga, &,c. Islands. — Long and Staten Islands; the former about 150 miles long, and of a mean breadth of 18 miles ; and the latter 18 by 12 miles, are situated in the S. E. quarter of the State j and Grand Island, in, the Strait of Niagara. The Water Falls are those of Niagara, Trenton, Genesee, Cohoes, &c.; all which will be described hereafter. Railways. — The principal Railways, finished or in the course of execution, are: — 1. The Neio. York and Erie; from Tappan, (now called Piermonc,) on the Hudson, 25 miles above New- York, to Dunkirk, on the eastern shore of Laka Erie, 445 miles. 2. Mohawk and Hudson; from Albany to Sche- necLady, 16 miles. 10 STATE OF NEW-YORK. 3. Utica and Schenectady, 11 miles. 4. Syracuse and Utica, 53 miles. 5. Auburn and Syracuse, 26 miles. 6. Auburn and Rochester, 78 miles. 7. Tonawanda ; from Rochester to Attica, 42 miles. 8. Attica and Buffalo, 31 miles. The Railways numbered from 2 to 8, inclusive, form a continuous line from Albany to Buffalo ; whence there is a railway, 23 miles in length, to Niagara Falls. 9. Albany and West Stockbridge ; from Green- bush, on the Hudson, opposite Albany, to West Stockbridge, in Massachusetts, 38 miles. This work, in connection with the Western and the Boston and Worcester railways, of Massachu- setts, form an uninterrupted railway from Albany to Boston. 10. Hudson and Berkshire ; a branch of the pre- ceding, 34 miles in length. 11. Saratoga and Schenectady, 22 miles. This, with No. 2, constitutes the line from Albany to Sa- ratoga Springs. 12. Rensselaer and Saratoga; from Troy to BalL ston, Spa., where it intersects No. 11. 13. Schenectady and Troy, 20 miles. 14. Cat skill and Canajoharie, 78 miles. 15. Ithaca and Owego, 28 miles. 16. Corning and Blossburg ; from Corning, on the Susquehanna, to Blossburg, Pa. 17. Lockport and Niagara Falls, 24 miles. — (Travellers on the Erie Canal, destined for the Falls, take the cars at Lockport.) 18. Skaneateles ; from Skaneateles to Elbridge, 5i miles. 19. New-York and Harlem ; from New York to White Plains, 28 miles. Canals. — 1. Efie; from Albany through Sche- nectady, Utica, Rome, Montezuma, Rochester, and Iwckport, to Buffalo, 363 miles. STATE OF NEW- YORE. 11 2. Champlain; branches offfrom the Erie Canal, 8 miles from Albany, and extends to Whitehall, on Lake Champlain, 64 miles. Glenn's Falls feeder 12 miles. 3. Black River; also a branch of No. 1, frora Rome to the High Falls of Black River, in Oneida and Lewis counties, 36 m. Boonville Feeder 10 m. 4. Cayuga and Seneca ; from Geneva to Monte- zuma, 23 miles. 5. Chenango ; a branch of No. 1, from Utica io Binghamton, 97 miles. 6. Genesee Valley ; a branch of No. 1, from Ro- chester to Olean, on the Alleghany river, 108 miles. Dansville Branch 12 miles. 7. Oswego; a branch of No. 1, from Syracuse to Oswego, on Lake Ontario, 38 miles. 8. Hudson and Delaware; from Eddyville, near Kingston, on the Hudson, to Honesdale, Pa., 108 miles. 9. Chemung ; from Jefferson, at the head of Sen- eca Lake, to Elmira, on the Tioga branch of the Susquehanna, 23 miles. Feeder from Fairport to Corning, 16 miles. 10. Crooked Lake; from Penn Yan to Dresden, 8 miles. Cities and Chief Towns — New York, the great Metropolis, 312,710 inhabitants; Brooklyn, 36,283; Albany, 33,721 ; Rochester, 20,191 ; Troy. 19,334; Buffalo, 18,213; Utica, 12,782; Poughkeepsie, 10,006; Lockport, 9,125; Newburgh, 8,933-, Sche- nectady, 6,784; Plattsburg, 6,416; Auburn, 5,626; Ithaca, 5,650 ; Catskill, 5,339 ; Williamsburg, 5,094; Osioego, 4,665; Geneva, 4,368; Batavia, 4,219 ; Saratoga Springs, 3,384. Government. — ^I'he Governor and Lieutenant Gov- ernor are elected every two years. The latter is Pre- sident of the Senate, which consists of 32, and the House of Assembly of 128 members. The former are elected for four years and the latter for one year. 12 STATE OF NEW-YORK. For the election of Senators the State is divided into eight districts, each of which chooses four Sen. ators, one of whom is elected every year. The mem-^ bers of the Lower House are elected by counties, and are apportioned according to population. The general election is held in October or November, as the Legislature may direct, which meets on the first Tuesday in .January. The Ch mcellor and Judges are appointed by the Governor and Senate. The former, and the Justi. ces of the Supreme and Circuit Courts, hold their of- fices during ifood behavior, but not after they attain the age of sixty years. The Judges of the County Courts hold their offices for a term of five years. The right of suffrage is accorded to every white male who has attained the age of 21 years, and resi- ded in the State on j year next preceding the election, and six months in the county. Men of color who possess an unencumbered freehold estate of the value of {^250 are entitled to vote. History. — The leading features in the early His- tory of this now important State is the navigation of the Hudson, in 1609, by Henry Hudson, an English- man, in the service of the Dutch East India Com- pany. Settlements on the river soon followed, when Fort Orange (Albany) was erected. In 1612 settlements were made by Dutch emi- grants on Manhattan Island, chiefly along its southern shore, to which they gave the name o{ " New Amster- dam." The colony, under the title of the " New Netherlands," soon began to flourish, and accord- ingly attracted the attention of the English, who now claimed a prior right to the country, but ultimaiely relinquished the claim, when the New Netherland- ers were permitted to enlarge their settlements with- out further disturbance at that time. They were, however, greatly annoyed by the Swedes on the Del- aware and the Enghsh settlers in the East, with whom border contests were of frequent occurrence. STATE OF NEW-TORK. 13 One of the results of this condition of things was the relinquishment of a part of Long Island to the En- glish, in 1650. Stimulated by this important acqui- sition, the English renewed their claim, and in 16G4 the entire country was granted to the Duke of York and Albany, by his brother, King Charles II. The Dutch, unable to resist the force sent against them, surrendered to Colonel Nichols, who at once assumed the government, and changed the name of the Prov- ince to New York. In 1673, during the contest with the English, the Dutch regained possession of the colony ; but, on the termination of hostilities, in the following year, was restored to the English, with whom it continued until wrested from them by the revolution of 1776. In 1683 the first Colonial As- sembly met and assumed the exclusive power of enacting laws and levying taxes. During the revolu- tion, which succeeded the accession of the Duke of York to the throne of England, the Colonists took forcible possession of the fort, and declared for the Prince of Orange ; and Jacob Leisler, a prominent leader in the movement, assumed the office of Gov- iernor. He maintained his authority for a time against all opposition ; but, owing to his arbitrary and unjust proceedings, was, after several bloody conflicts, com> |)elled to surrender the government into the hands of Colonel Slaughter, who had been appointed Gover- nor by King William ; and who caused Leisler to be apprehended. He and one of his accomplices, na- med Milbourne, were executed soon after ; though, as it appears, contrary to the intentions of the Gover- nor, who designed to pardon them. Nothing of mo- ment occurred to disturb the Colonists during the period from the revolution in England, in 1688, down to 1741, when they were thrown into great alarm by a supposed plot of the blacks to burn the city ; which, however, appears to have been unfounded. In 1765 the City of New York was the seat of a Continental Congress, and in 1776 it was occupied 3 14 CITY OF NEW-YORK. by the British, who retained possession until Novem- ber 25, 1783. In 1785 Congress met here, and in 1789 the first Congress under the new Constitutioa assembled, when the first President was inaugurated in New.York. During the contests with the French in Canada, and the more recent wars between the Americans and British, New York became the field of important conflicts ; and the entire State may hence be regarded as classic ground. Some brief accounts of those con- flicts will be given hereafter, in their appropriate places. Education. — There are, in the State, several insti- tutions, established by law for the promotion of know- ledge ; the chief of which are : — A State University, located in the city; Univer- sity of the City of Netv York; Union College, in Schenectaday ; Hamilton College, in Oneida County; Geneva College, to which a Medical Department is attached ; College of Physicians and Surgeons, in the city ; Albany Medical College ; New York In. stitutionfor the Deaf and Dumb, a few miles above the city ; Institution for the Blind. There are, alsc^ distributed over the State, 140 Academies and a vast number of Common or Primary Schools. The fund for the support of the latter exceeds ^2,000i00(>.. CITY OF NEW YORK. New- York, the Metropolis of the State, and ihe most populous, wealthy, and commercial city of the Union, is situated at the confluence of the Hudson and East rivers, on one of the finest harbors in the country ; in N. Lat. 40° 42' 40'^ and E. Long. 2<^ 54'' 30'^ from the Capitol, at Washington ; having E. the strait called East river, which separates it from CITY OF NEW-TORK. 15 Long Island and unites the bay of New York with Long Island sound ; W. the Hudson, which forms a part of the boundary between the States of New- York and New-Jersey ; S. New-York bay ; N. Spuy- ten Duyvel creek and Harlem river. The city, properly so called, or that portion of the island where the population is mostly concentra- ted, occupies the southern quarter of Manhattan or New- York island ; the whole of which, including- the villages of Harlem, Bloomingdale, Yorkville, and Manhattanville, together with some adjacent islands, are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the City Cor- poration, and constitute the County of New-York. According to the census of 1840, the city, with the suburbs just mentioned, contained 312,710 inhab. itants. The population at this time, (September, 1843), no doubt exceeds 350,000. The densely built part of the island, or " the city," has an outline of nearly 12 miles in length. The principal street, Broadway, in which most of the retail fancy business is transacted, is a splendid street, 80 feet in width, extending northward from the Battery to Union Park, a distance of nearly three miles. Nearly the whole of the lower part of the city is devoted to commerce and its kindred pursuits ; and, since the establishment of omnibuses, which now traverse every part of the city, merchants and others doing business in that quarter have their residences in the upper or more modern portion of the town. The streets in the old part of the city are mostly ir. regular and narrow; but those of a more recent date are generally straight, wide, and well paved, and in- tersect each other at right angles. In the early stages of the city, narrow, inconve- nient and ill paved streets, lined with dull, heavy look- ing buildings, were its characteristic features ; but so great is the alteration in these respects, that at pre- sent but few cities can boast of wider or handsomer streets, more sumptuous public buildings, or better constructed and splendid private dwellings. 16 CITY OF NEV.'-YORK. Wall-Street is almost exclusively occupied by the Banks, Brokers, and others engaged in fiscal opera- tions ; Pearl-street, by the Dry Goods and Hardware Merchants ; Front-street, by the Wholesale Grocers, Commission Merchants, &,c.; and South-street, by persons engaged in Foreign Commerce. The Third Avenue, a continuation of the Bowery, is the prin- cipal outlet towards the N. E. It is Macadamized as far as Harlem, a distance of about 7 miles, and is one of the finest paved ways in the countr}'. Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth Avenues are wide, handsome, and partially paved. New- York is supplied with an abundance of e^cel- lent water, by means of a capacious aqueduct, which conveys the M^ater of the Croton river, a branch of the Hudson, a distance of nearly 42 miles. This magnificent work, which has been effected chiefly through the exertions of the Corporation and the pub. lie spirit of the citizens, will have cost, when entirely completed, not less than ^12,000,000. (For an elaborate description of the Croton Aqueduct, see Tanner's Account of the Internal Improvements of th<3 United States.) There are two Gas Companies, which supply gas, not only to the streets, shops, and factories, but also, to many private dwellings. Besides the Park, Union Square, &lc., which will be noticed presently, there are several other public walks in various parts of the city, as Washingion Square, near the IJniversity; Tompkins^ Square, in the N. E. quarter of the city ; University Flace, St. Johji's Park, &c. New. York Bay, the recipient of the noble Hudson, communicates with the Adantic ocean by three dis- tinct channels, to wit: — one by the "Narrows," at the point of nearest contact of Long and Staten isl- ands, which conducts into what is termed the Lower Bay, and thence past Sandy Hook and the S. W. end of Long Island into the ocean ; one through Kill Van CiTY OF NEW YORK. 17 Kuhl, or " the Kills," Staten island sound, and Am- boy bay, and one through the East river and Long island sound; which form a navigable communica- tion between the city and the populous towns on the shores of Long island, Connecticut, and Rhode isl- and. The first is used almost exclusively by vessels engaged in the foreign trade, and those destined for a southern port. The Hudson, one of the finest nav- igable streams in the world, affords an uninterrupted wafer communication with the towns of Newburg, Poughkeepsie, Catskill, Hudson, Albany, Troy, &c., and through them with a vast extent of country in every direction. There are several small islands in the bay, below the city ; which, with their castles and forts, give additional beauty to the scene. No spec- tacle can be finer than that presented by the harbor, thus studded with green islands, when viewed in con- nection with the city, with its lofty spires, domes, and shipping. The high grounds on Staten Island and those of Brooklyn afford such a view. The Battery, an enclosure which is situated on the extreme southern point of the island, forms one of the most delightful promenades of the city. It is a place of great resort, and is occasionally used by the military, on gala days. " Castle Garden," a sort of appendage of the Battery, with which it communi- cates by a draw-bridge, is also much frequented. The Bowling Green, a small oval area, near the Battery, has recently become an object of attention, in consequence of the erection of a beautiful fountain in its centre. The arrangement of the jets is admi- rable : they are so distributed as to represent, on one side of the rocky mound, from which the water is ejected, an unbroken fall of 12 or 15 leet in height; and on the other, a succession of tiny cascades ; forming, altogether, one of the most tasty ornaments of this city of fountains. The beauty of this foun- tain is greatly enhanced when illuminated at night ; for which purpose gas lamps are stationed around the bise of the rocks, 2* 18 CITY OF NEW-YORK. Passing up Broadway, the next object worthy of attention is Trinity Church, now erecting. Its exte- terior walls are composed of an highly indurated sand- stone, chiseled and wrought in the most admirable style. Its depth, from front to rear, is 189 feet, width 84, height 64, and height of the spire 264 feet. It will, no doubt, be a magnificent structure. The City Hotel, the next extensive building, is at the corner of Cedar-street and Broadway. A short distance above the City Hotel, at the corner pf Broadway and Fulton streets, stands St. FauVs Church, one of the finest buildings in the city, with a spire 234 feet in height. On the right, and nearly opposite St. Paul's, connnences the Park, another public walk, also decorated with a fountain. The Park is a triangular field, surrounded by an iron rail- ing, and ornamented by trees, paved walks, &,c. It contains the Cify Hall, one of the most splen- did and extensive buildings in the city. It is 216 in front, 105 in depth, and 65 feet in height. The front and ends, as well as the outer columns, are of white marble. The rear wall is composed of the red sand- stone, so common here. The original cost of this structure was upwards of ^500,000. It is occupied by the city councils and courts of law. The gover- nor of the state, for the time being, has an audience chamber in the second story, which is decorated with portraits of distinguished Americans. The Me. chanics' Institute holds its meetings in one of the basement rooms of the City Hall, and the American Institute, in a building in the rear of the Hall, for- merly occupied as the County Alms-house. On the east side of Broadway, nearly opposite the south entrance of the Park, is Clinton Hall, the upper rooms of which are occupied by the American Mu- seum, and others by the Mercantile Library, consist, ing of 23,000 volumes. Proceeding up Broadway a few steps above St. Paul's Church, the Astor House presents itself. This CITY OF NEW-YORK. 19: is an immense hotel, built by J. J. Astor, and is justly regarded as one of the best in the city. A short distance above the Astor, on the same side of Broadway, is PeaWs Museum, and about half a jnile further on, is the Academy of Design, and New- York Society Library, both in the same building, which is situated at the corner of Broadway and Leonard-street, and in which the annual exhibitions; of the Academy are held. The library consists of 40,000 volumes. A commodious Reading Room is connected with this institution. The Lyceum of Natural History next presents itself in Broadway, near Prince-street. The object of this institution is to promote physical science in all its relations. The Academy is rich in specimens in the various depart, ments of Natural History, which are admirably ar- ranged. At the intersection of the Bowery, Broad- way, and the Fourth Avenue, is Union Park, a beautiful promenade with a magnificent fountain. — In the distance from the Battery to Union Park seve- ral other handsome churches, some splendid private mansions and hotels, ia no way inferior to those just mentioned, will arrest the attention of the stranger. Among the latter are — Philadelphia Hotel, where the steamboats land, foot of Battery Place — Battery Hotel, corner of Bat- tery Place and Greenwich street ; connected with the. above — Atlarjic Hotel ; to which is. attached a Bplendid garden, where music is to be heard every evening — pr«menade and refreshments ; opposite the Bowling Green and Fountain — Bunhefs Mansion. House; a quiet, orderly, home-hke Hotel— Blan- card's Globe Hotel — .S^ George's Hotel; similar to the above — Waverly House, corner of Exchange Place and Broadway — Tremont Temperance House, corner of Pine-street and Broadway — Croton Hotel ; also on the temperance plan, 148 Broadway — Cafe Tortoni; conducted by Mr. Bardotte, in the style of a similar house in Paris. The next object worthy of 20 c:ty of .nevv-york. a traveller's aUenlion is the Map Establishment of T. R. Tanner, 153 Broadway, west side ; where ihey can be supplied with a'l traveling works published in this country ; maps, guide and geographical works — Howard House; first class hotel, corner of Maiden Lane and Broadway ; a fjne prominent building — Franklin House, corner of Dey-street and Broadway ; also an excellent Hotel — Amencan Hotel, corner of Barclay-street and Broadway; conducted by Mr. Cozzens, so well known at the Military Acadeni}', West Point. This hotel is a resort of the officers of the Army and Navy — Washington Hotel, corner of Reade-strect and Broadway — Athenceum Hotel, cor- ner of Leonard-Street and Broadway — Carlton House, corner of Leonard-street and Broad \vay. As Broadway abounds in objects of" interest, this may be regarded as the leading route fur strangers in viewing the city, we shall now proceed to describe or point out such other objects in the several quarters of the city as may seem to deserve notice. Custom House, at the corner of Nassau and Wall streets. This is built in imitation of the Parthenon at Athens. Its exterior walls are of w-hite marble, and the whole edifice is so constructed, inside and out, as to be entirely fire proof. Each front contains an en- tablature, with several Doric columns of white marble. The business hall is circular, and surmounted by a dome which is supported by 16 Corinthian columns, 30 feet in height. The entire length of the building is 200 feet, breadth 90, and height 80 /eet. It was erected by order of the General Government, at a cost of ,S1, 175,000. Merchants^ Exchange, in Wall-street, occupies the site^ofa similar structure, which w^as destroyed by fire a few years since. Its front on Wall-street is 200 feet, depth 171 and height 77 feet: from its base to the vertex of the dome, 124 feet. It is constructed fiiroughout of granite, brought from Quincy, in Mas- sachusetts, The front recess is decorated with 18 CITY OF NEW-YORK. 21 Ionic columns, each formed of a single block of granite, 38 feet in height and 4§ feet in diameter. — The Rotunda, or Exchange Room, is 100 in diame- ter, and 90 feet high : it contains 8 Corinthian co- lumns, of Italian marble, each 41 feet high and 4§ feet in diameter. The Exchange was built by ajoint Btock company, at an expense of $1,800,000. Hall of Justice, corner of Centre and Leonard streets, is a remarkable structure, composed of gra- nite. It occupies an area in common with the City Prison, or Lock-up House, 253 by 200 feet, and is built in the Egyptian style. The Criminal Courts hold their sessions in this building, which, with its adjunct, the City Prison, are better known among the citizens as " the tombs." Columbia College, opposite Park Place, founded in 1754. New-York University, situated opposite the east side of Washington Square, is a Gothic edifice 180, feet in front and 100 deep. It consists of a main building, with wings and towers at each corner. An immense window of stained glass decorates the front, and forms one of its most striking features. The Historical Society, with its library of 12,000 vo- lumes, occupies rooms in the University buildings. Next to this is the beautiful Gothic Church, occupi- ed by a congregation of the Dutch Reformed denomi- nation, in charge of the Rev. Mr. Ilutton. Among the multitude of churches (upwards of 170) distributed through the city, the following deserve spe- cial notice from their architectural beauty : Trinity. Church, in Broadway, opposite Wall st.; a magnificent Gothic structure — St. PauVs, corner of Broadway and Fulton street — Dutch Reformed, near the Univer- sity — St. John's Chapel, opposite St. John's Park — St. Patrick'' s Cathedral — Church of the Messiah — Church of the Ascension — French Protestant CAurcA, Broome street — Baptist Church— St. Luke's Church, Hudson street— ,5^ Peter's, Barclay street — St. Thomas 22 CITY OF NEW- YORK. Church, a gothic church, corner of Houston-street and Broadway — Unitarian Church, Mercer-street. There are some rural Cemeteries in and near the city. That of Greenwood, in Brooklyn, is distin- guished for the beauty of its scenery and the taste dis- played In the arrangement of its numerous avenues. The principal Benevolent Institutions are : — New- York Hospital, in Broadway — Alms-house and House of Refuge, at Bellevue — Asylumfcr the In- sane Poor, on Blackwell's Island — Lunatic Asylum and Orphans'' Asylum, at Bloomingdale, 5 miles north of the city — Marine Hospital — Seaman'' s Retreat and Sailors' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island — Z7. S. Naval Hospital, Brooklyn — Institution for the Blind, 8th avenue — Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, 50th street, 3 miles from the City Hall — Orphans^ -^sy- lum, in 12'ch street — Roman Catholic Orphans^ -^sy. lum. Prince-street — New- York Dispensary and the Northern Dispensary, supply the indigent with med. icines and medical advice gratuitously — Long Isl- and Farms, a branch of the Alms-house, established for the instruction and maintenance of pauper child- ren. Besides these there are several Benevolent So- cieties, for the relief of distressed foreigners of every description ; Bible and Tract Societies ; Missionary, Sunday School, and Education Associations, &c., &c. Places OF Amusement. — In addition to six regular Theatres, in various parts of the city, there are sev- eral Public Gardens, where musical and dramatic en- tertainments are occasionally given : Niblo's, Vau.v hall, and Castle Gardens are the principal. By the aid of the omnibuses, hacks, and cabs, -which may be found at any moment, a stranger may be conveyed to any part of the city or adjoining viL lages at a small expense. Passage to any part of the state, and indeed to any part of the world, is af. forded almost daily, by the innumerable railroads, stages, steamboats, or sailing vessels, which are con- stantly departing from the city in every direction. ENVIRONS OF NEW- YORK. The principal place in the vicinity of New York is Brooklyn, finely situated on Long Island, opposite the S. E. side of the city. It is an incorporated city of King's county, with 36,283 inhabitants. The streets, with some excep- tions, intersect each other at right angles, and are , generally wide and well paved. Its commanding situation, salubrious atmosphere, and commodious buildings, have induced a vast num- ber of persons doing business in New York to locate themselves here. The means of communication af- forded by steam ferry-boats, which are constandy ply. ing between the two cities, and scarcely ever take more than four minutes in crossing, make it more ■ convenient to many persons to reside at Brooklyn than in the upper parts of the city. Hence, the rapid in- crease of Brooklyn ; which, in 1810, contained only 4,402 inhabitants. Besides the usual county build- ings there are, within the corporate limits of Brooklyn, 32 Churches, belonging to various denominations, 3 Banks, 3 Insurance Companies, a Lyceum, a hand- some structure of granite ; City Library and Reading- room, and some other Literary Instiuttions. The U. S. have a Navy Yard on Wallabout Bay, in the east- ern part of the city, to which a Naval Lyceum is at- tached. The Naval Hospital stands a iew hundred yards E. from the yard. Greenwood Cemetery, of which we have before spoken, is situated in the south- ern quarter, and Colonade Garden on the heights. On the " Heights of Brooklyn," near which the Americans were defeated with immense loss on the 27th August, 1776, may yet be seen the vestiges of mihtary works constructed in the early stages of the American Revolution. The remains of 11,000 Americans, who perished on board the British prison ships during the contest, now repose beneath the banks of the Wallabout. Williaimburg. — A recently built town, situated on the East river, N. E. of Brooklyn, and opposite 24 ENVIRONS OF NEW-TORK. the S. E. part of New York, with which it has fre» quent communication, by means of several sceani ferry-boats. Population by the census of 1840, 5,094. Its chief buildings are, a town hall, 7 churches, and the usual proportion of factories and work-shops, together with some handsome and tasty private dwellings. Astoria. — A flourishing village of Queen's County, 6 miles N. E. from New- York. It has a population of about 750 ; 4 churches, an academy, several thri- ving factories, and an extensive botanic garden. It occupies a beautiful position on Long Island sound, near that remarkable whirlpool, called by the Dutch, Helle Got, " Hell Gate" and by the more refined, •' Hurl Gate." Astoria is one of the favorite summer residences ef the New-Yorkers. Middletown. — A small village of Long Island, con- sisting of 15 or 20 buildings ; situated 3 miles S. E. from Astoria. Newtown. — A clever little town of Queen's county, 5 miles E.N. E. from Williamsburg; containing 500 or 600 inhabitants, 4 churches, and the usual pro- portion of taverns, stores, and factories. Flushing. — An incorporated town of Longlslandj situated on Flushing bay, an arm of Long Island Sound. Population about 2,000. This is the seat of severalhterary institutions, as St. Paul's College, St. Thomas' Hall, St. Ann's Hall, &c. The Lin- nsean Botanic Garden is here. These, and other advantages, render Flushing one of the most attrac- tive places of resort on the island. It is about 10 miles distant from New York. Jamaica. — A large and well built town of Queen's county, 11 miles from Brooklyn, with a population, according to the late census, of 1650. Its chief build- ings, besides those of the county, are 5 churches, 1 academy, 8 hotels and taverns, and several manufac- tories of pianos and carriages, 2 printing offices, &c. The Long Island Railroad Company have a large ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK. 25 depot and machine shop here. Constant communi- cation with Brooklyn, Flushing, Hempstead, Rocka- way, &c., is afforded by the railroad or stages, which ply in all directions. Jamaica Bay, 5 miles S. from the town, abounds in wild fowl, oysters, clams, &c. Rockaway Beach. — A celebrated watering place, on the shore of the Atlantic Ocean, 22 miles S. E. from Ne W.York. There are, in addition to the " Marine Pavilion" and "Rock Hall," Loih well kept, several private establishments ; where, v/ith less parade and show of style, the invalid may enjoy the refreshing sea air and bath in fheir utmost perfection, and at a moderate expense ; whilst those who inhabit the former are expected, and expect, to pay hberally for their ex- travagant accommodations. Bedford. — A small village of King's county, 3 miles E. from Brooklyn, Flathush. — A neat village of King's county, 4 miles S. E. from Brooklyn ; containing an academy, 2 churches, and about 450 inhabitants. Near this village, in August, 177S, v/as fought the disastrous and memorable hatde of Long Island, between the American and British forces. New Utrecht. — A small village, situated about 1 mile from the shore of the Atlantic, and 7 miles of Brooklyn. It contains some 35 buildings, work shops, and about 200 inhabitants. About one mile South from New Utrecht is Bath; situated on the verge of the ocean, which is much frequented during the summer months for sea bathing. It consists of htde else than the Hotel and its appendages. Grcvesend. — A village situated 2 miles S. E. of Bath and 8 from Brooklyn. Coney Island. — Also a bathing place of great re- sort, forms a part of Gravesend township. Fort Hamilton. — This fortress, which, in connec- tion with forts Lafayette and Tompkins, commands the Narrows, is situated on the western end of Long 2b ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK* Island, and about 8 miles nearly due South from New York. A small assemblage of houses has grown up around it, including 1 church and an extensive boarding house. It has recently become a place of fushionable resort, chiefly for the convenience of sea bathing. New Brighton. — A village of country seats, erected for the accommodation of some of the "best society" of New. York. It occupies the most northern point of Staten Island, at the entrance of the "Kills," which separate the island from the Jersey shore. The town plot, which for the most part is the result of expensive excavation, descends rapidly from the base of the adjoining hills, and the buildings range in a line with, and at nearly an equal distance from, the margin of New- York bay. The situation is very fine, com- manding a view of the bay, with its islets, the city, Long Island, Sec. The houses, with their white fronts and massive columns, present a beautiful ap- pearance from the water. There are 2 extensive hotels and several boarding houses. Population about 400. A short distance to the West stands the Sailors' Snug Harbor ; a sort of Greenwich Hospital, or Asylum for superannuated mariners. It consists of a large building, with wings, so arranged as to accom- modate a large number of inmates. Two miles east of Brighton lies the Quarantine Ground, the Marine Hospital, and Tompkinsville. The latter is a large town, containing upwards of 1,400 inhabitants, 3 churches, several hotels, and beautifully situated on the high ground in the rear of Fort Tompkins. At- tached to the Quarantine establishment are, the Ma- rinB Hospital, for the reception of patients afflicted with contagious diseases ; a Yellow Fever Hospi- tal ; a Small Pox Hospital ; besides several other buildings, for the Physician, Health Ofiicers, and others. Steamboats leave the lower part of the city every hour during the day for New Brighton, the Quaran- tine Ground, and Tompkinsville. ENVIRONS OF NEW-YORK. 27 Jersey City.— On the West side of the Hudson, op- posite New York, is situated on a point or cape, for- merly called Paulus Hook, The city is regularly laid out, with the streets, which are generally wide, cross- ing each other at right angles. The pubUc buildings are, 4 churches, a lyceum, academy, high school, a bank, a pottery, glass factory, and about 300 private dwellings. Population, 3,072. The New Jersey Railroad Company have an extensive depot here ; and the Morris Canal, from Bordentown, intersects the Hudson in the lower part of the city. Harsimus is a small village, directly in the rear of Jersey City, containing 125 inhabitants. And still farther North is Favonia, another suburb of Jersey City, containing some 250 inhabitants. Bergen. — Seat of Justice for Hudson county. New Jersey, is finely situated on Bergen Hill, 2 miles West of Jersey City. It contains 2 churches, a court-house and other county buildings, with 3.00 in- habitants. Bergen, until recently, presented the ap. pearance of one of the Dutch villages of early times. The primitive manners, customs, and dress of the people, and their mode of building, have been rigidly maintained by a remnant of the inhabitants ; but, since the little' Dutch village became the capital of a county, a spirit of improvement has been awakened among them. Hohoken. — A new village of Hudson county, New Jersey, containing about 200 inhabitants, an Episco- pal church, and several public houses. Hoboken is much frequented by the citizeri^ of New-York. Ths " Elysian Fields," so called, contain some beautiful walks.. A fine view of the city may be had from the high grounds of Hoboken. Hoboken has recently acquired additional notoriety, as the scene of a most shocking tragedy, in which a young girl, Miss Rogers, • was murdered by some unknown hand. The village of West Hohoken, situated on the summit of Bergen .Hill, commands a fine view of the city, and harbor. 28 ROUTE FROJJ Weehawken — A small settlement on the Jersey shore, consisting of some 20 or 30 buildings; beauti- fully situated, about 2 miles North of Hoboken, on an elevated bluff of the Hudson. Blooming dale. — A remarkably neat village of New York county, situated on the left bank of the Hud. son, 5 miles above the City Hall. An Orphan's Asylum is established here. The village consists chiefly of country seats, and contains some 400 in- habitants. About 2 miles beyond Bloomingdale, on the same side of the river, is Manhattanmlle. — Containing about 500 inhab- itants, an Episcopal church, and some extensive factories. The New York Lunatic Asylum occu- pies a commanding position in the southern part of the village. Harlem is situated 2 miles S. E. of Manhattan ville, on Harlem river, near its discharge into Long Island sound. It is a flourishing village, with a population of 1,500, 4 churches, and a superabundance of "hotels," besides a commodious dep6t belonging to the New York and Harlem Railroad Company, and several factories. The cars for Harlem start every hour from the depot, N. E. of the City Hall. ROUTES FROM THE CITY OF NEW- YORK. To Philadelphia, via S. Amloy and Bordentoion. \"^ Places marked thus f are described in other parts of the work. Steamboat. Castle William,.... 1 IJedlow's Island,... 1 2 New Brighton, .... 5 7 Elizabethport, 5 12 Perth Amboy, 15 27 South Amboy, 2 29 Railroad. Spctswood, 9 38 Hightstown, 13 51 Bordentown, 13 64 Burlington, 10 74. Philadelphia, 20 94 i NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 29 Castle William, a strong fortress belonging to the United States, situated on the West side of Gover- iior's Island, and constituting one of the principal defences of the city and harbor of New York. It was erected previously to the late war with Great Britain ; it is now garrisoned and well supplied with ordnance of great power. Robiri's Reef. — A ledge of rocks in New- York Bay, upon which a light-house has been erected ; which, with Bedlow^s Island, also belongs to the United States. It is surniounted by a small military work, called Fort Wood, designed to co-operate with Castle Wil- liams in the defence of the city. New Brighton.^ ELizabethport. — A very neat and flourisiiing vil- lage of New Jersey, which has recently started into notice > being at the eastern terminus of the Eliz- abethport and Somerville Railroad, now in operation- Its site was, until lately, known as Ehzabethtown Point, and was the landing place for Eiizabethtown, which is situated a few miles in the interior. Pop- ulation about 600. _ Perth Amboy. — A city and port of entry of Mid- dlesex county, New Jersey, at the confluence of Raritan river and Staten Island sound. Popula- tion 1,303. It derives its name in part from James, Earl of Perth, one of the original proprietors of the ground ; which was laid off into town lots in 1683, and incorporated in 1784. A large portion of the buildings are elevated forty or fifty feet above the adjacent bay. The Brighton House, a large hotel, erected here several years since, forms a striking object of atten- tion. Like many other "experiments," the hotel failed to realise the expectations of its proprietors ; and it is now occupied, during the summer months, by a wealthy family of New York. South Amboy is a mere landing place, where the Camden and Amboy railroad terminates. Here the 3* 3.0 ROUTE FROM passengers for Philadelphia quit the steamboat and enter the cars. Spotswood. — A neat village of Middlesex County, containing about 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, and the usual factories, shops, &c. Hightstown. — A thriving village ; w^hich, since the completion of the Camden and Amboy railroad, has become a place of considerable note. The vil- lage is rapidly improving, by the erection of many neat and substantial buildings, which now amount to :nore than one hundred, with about 700 inhabitants. JBordentown. — A town in Burlington county, New Jersey, containing about 1,700 inhabitants. The town is situated on a high bank ; v/hich, while it gives it a commanding position, serves to obstruct its view from the river. The Delaware and Raritan Canal has its western termination here. Joseph Buonaparte, many years since, selected Bordentown as a place of residence, where he con- tinued for some years. The buildings and grounds are among the most conspicuous objects of the place. Burlington. — A city of New Jersey, situated on the left bank of the Delav/are, containing 3,434 in- habitants. Among the buildings are, six places of worship, a city hall, a lyceum, bank, several exten- sive boarding-schools, &c. The town is regularly laid out, with streets crossing each other at right an- gles. They are mostly well built ; s(fine wdth side and front lots, which serve to beautify the town and give it a neat and airy appearance. The " bank," which is chiefly occupied by country seats belonging to Philadelphians, consists of a beautiful grassy plane, with a gentle inclination towards the river. Here is the residence of Bishop Doane, a Gothic structure, surmounted by a cross, and resembles one of the Catholic Missionary stations of former times. (For a full description of Philadelphia, see Tanner's Cen« tral Traveler. NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 3i Fro7}i New-York to Philadelphia, via New-Bruns, vncJc and Trenton, by Eailroad, New Brunswick,... 4 32 Princeton, 17 49 Trenton, 10 59 Bordentown, .,.,... 5 64 Philadelphia, 30 94 fin J as a man- . or rather ■fG of Nev;- census of is engaged -i ^-ro. to '!i66. Jersey City, 1 Newark, 8 9 Elizabethtown, ... . 5 14 Rahway 5 19 Matouchin, 9 28 Jersey City.i Keroark — This is by far the lar.cc ufacturing place, the most impc city, for it is organized as such. Jersey. Its popiilaiion, accon 1840, is 17,292, a Uvr.e portio- in the various mani''^ "*■'■' ' an unusual extent. > by people from Ne^' ' ' tice of Essex county, a;id may iJovv be re the metropolis of the state. The Passaic, here a beautiful s(; the eaptsrn side of the town, and cvji towards the east, in its passage iato three miles distant from tlie city. The town plot, except in the immediate vicinity of the Passaic, is elevated some thirty or forty feet above the river ; and the country, on the west, contioues to rise^ for a few miles, and then descends inlhe direction of Eliz- abethtown. Its streets and avenues are wide, and. shaded by an abundance of trees, v/lrjifh add greatly to the beauty of the city and lo the comfort of pas- sengers. The city is supplied with vv-ater from a co- pious spring, a short distance from the town. The commercial facilities of Newark have been greatly augmented of late, by the completion of the Morris Canal, and the various railroads which now pass through the city. These, superadded to the ahaost innumerable manufacturing establishments in and :m, - aion£- cnrve.'i :k I Liay, 32 ROUTE FROM about the place, give it an active and business-like appearance, gratifying alike to those who are practi- cally engaged in them, and to those who witness their operations. Among the articles manufactured here, most of which are sent to distant markets, may be mentioned, leather, saddlery and harness, carriages and carriage furniture, hats, boots and shoes, in immense quan- tities, brass and iron castings, soap and candles, tin and sheet-iron ware, clothing of all sorts, Venetian blinds, cabinet furniture, jewelry, clocks, tools and agricultural implements, ropes and cordage, malt liquors, pottery, together with a host of other matters, "too numerous to mention." Besides the factories, most of which are on a large scale, there are several breweries, grist and saw mills, dyeing houses, and printing offices, each of which issues a newspaper, &c. There are schools innu- merable, academies, and several literary and scien- tific institutk>ns. Of churches, the Episcopalians have two: the Presbyterians five ; the Baptists two; the Dutch Reformed one ; the Methodists three ; and the Roman Catholics one. The other public build- ings are the court house, county offices, three banks, and the immense depot of the New Jersey Railroad Company. Situated in the immediate neighborhood of the hos- tile armies, the people of Newark were kept in a con- stant state of alarm during the revolutionary struggle. On one occasion the British sent from New-York a detachment eonsisting of five hundred men, who burnt the academy and committed other excesses. They were, however, induced to quit the town before they could accomplish the destruction of the place, which, no doubt, was their object. Elizabethtown. — A beautiful town, situated on Ehzabeth creek, in Essex county, containing about five hundred buildings and 3,000 inhabitants. It is a borough town, and one of the oldest in the state, its KEW-yORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 33 site having been purchased from the Indians by a company from Long Island, so early as the year 1664. Owing to its contiguity to New- York, the quiet of Elizabethtown was frequently disturbed by the contending parties during the revolutionary war. In one of these conflicts, a resident clergyman of the Presbyterian church was killed, after witnessing the destruction of his church, which was burnt by the British. There is in this town an unusual proportion of handsome dwellings and churches; which, with the wide and regular streets, impart an air of great neatness and beauty to the place, and render it a very desirable residence. fc The EUzabethport and Somerville railroad, as well as that from Jersey City to New Brunswick, pass through the town. These, with turnpikes and several good common roads, afford extensive faciU ities for conveying to market the agricultural pro- ducts and manufactures of the town and adjacent country. Among the latter may be mentioned, oil-cloth,, earthenware, ropes and cordage, cotton bagging, tin and sheet-iron ware, clocks, carriages, leather, iron castings, steam engines, and machinery of all kinds. The place is also provided with several literary, sci- entific, and benevolent institutes, which afford to the inhabitants the means of intellectual enjoyment and moral culture, amid the busy scenes of their daily occupation. With all these advantages, it is scarcely necessary for us to add that Ehzabethtown is a flourishing /place. Railway. — A large and thriving tov/n of Middlesex county, formed by the imion of several villages. One of these was formerly called " Bridgetown ;'• but as there v/as another Bridgetown in the state, the legislature, by special enactment, united the whole, under the name of Rah way, after the river upon whose banks they are situated ; by which 34 ROUTE EROM name they ai-e now generally known. Their united population is 2,533, originally from New England. The Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists and Friends have places of worship here. That of the Presbyte- rians is a beautiful structure. Among the liberal institutions of the place, which possesses many, there are a public library, an ''Athenean Academy," so called, a fine building, erected by a company ex- pressly for the institution, which partakes, in some measure, of the nature of a high school. There are, also, Sunday schools attached to most of the churches ; six or eight well conducted pubhc schools, a bank, a printing office, from which a weekly newspaper is issued. If the people of Rahway have been thus liberal in providing means for the moral and intellec- tual improvement of their youth, they have been no less so in the erection and embellishment of their dwellings, which present a remarkably neat appear, ance, Rahway may be, with truth, styled a man- ufacturing place. Establishments on an extensive scale are in daily operatioji here. The manufactures consist of silk printing, carriages and carriage furni- ture, hats, shoes, clothing, clocks, earthenware, and cotton goods. Matonchin. — A mere hamlet of Middlesex county, containing about twenty buildings. It is, however, situated in the centre of a populous and fertile coun- try ; which, from the numerous buildings, may be regarded as an extended village. New Brunswick. — Tliis place is situated in the counties of Somerset and Middlesex, and is the seat of justice of the latter. It is an incorporated city, and next to Newark the largest town in the state. It is situated on the light bank cf the Raritan, about twelve miles above Amboy bay. Its population is 8,693, and the number of buildings is about twelve hundred. The public buildings, &-c., consist of the court-house and its appendages, college edifice (Rut. gers' College) and grammar school, an Episcopal NEW-YORK TO PHILADELPHIA. 35 church, a Presbyterian church, a Baptist church, Catholic chapel, two Methodist churches, one Dutch Reformed church, two academies, some incorporated schools, several common schools, and two banks. In addition to the splendid viaduct of the New Jer- sey Railroad, there is a fine wooden bridge across the Raritan, one thousand feet long, with double ways. The Delaware and Raritan Canal terminates, and the New Jersey Railroad and that to Trenton unite here. Tlrese railroads form an important hnk in the great north and south line, which will, ere long, extend without interruption, from Portsmouth, in New Hampshire, to New Orleans, Pensacola, &c. Some of the buildings have an antiquated appear- ance, having been erected on the first settlement of the place, in 1713, which was tlien called " Prig- more's swamp." Those built by the Dutch colony, which emigrated from Albany, though of a more re- cent date, are no less remarkable, not only in their pecuhar construction, but also from their position, having their gable ends fronting on the streets. AL bany-street may be readily distinguished by its char- acteristic edilices. Constant communication between New Brunswick and the city of New York is aflbrded by several steamboats, railroads, and turnpikes. There are also excellent turnpike and common roads leading in every direction, by which the city of New Brunswick enjoys considerable commerce, not only in the agricultural products of the contiguous country, but also in the manufactures of its numerous work- shops. Princeton. — This attractive little town has been long celebrated as the seat of Nassau Hall, one of the oldest and most respectable colleges in the coun- try. It contains also a theologicel seminary, estab- Ushed some years since, by the Presbyterians. Both institutions are in a flourishing condition, and are successfully prosecuting the objects which they have in view. S6 ROUTE FEOM Princeton, by the new arrangement of counties, is embraced within the limits of Mercer county, and lies a small distance to the north of the railroad to New Brunswick. Its position is considered one of the most salubrious in the state, being considerably elevated above the surrounding country, and of course is free from those exhalations common to low lands. Princeton is an incorporated town, and contains about three hundred and thirty buildings, with 3,055 inhabitants, including the inmates of both colleges. There are five places of public worship, and several schools of a high order, for both males and females. Whether we regard the position of the town, its neat and attractive dwelhngs, or the general intelligence of its inhabitants^ we know not a, more desirable place of residence than Princeton. One of the most important incidents of the revolu= tion occurred in the neighborhood of this town. On the night of January 3d, 1777, the American and British armies lay encamped on opposite banks of the Assanpink creek, near Trenton. The British commander, confident of success in the coming cono flict, only awaited the approach of day to begin the work of destruction. In this critical situation, and menaced by a force every way superior to his ov/n, Washington determined to abandon his position on the Assanpink, and by a circuitous march along the left flank of the enemy, fall into their rear at Prince- ton. When it was dark the army, leaving its fires lighted, and the sentinels on the margin of the creek, decamped with perfect secrecy. About sunrise, two British regiments, that were on their march to join the rear of the British army at Lawrence, fell in with the van of the Americans, conducted by General Mercer, and a very sharp action ensued. The ad- vanced party of Americans, composed chiefly of mi. litia, soon gave way, and the few regulars attached to them could not maintain their ground. General Mercer, >YhiIe gallantly exerting himself to rally his i NEW-YORK TO PillLADELrvii.'i . .S/ broken troops, received a mortal wound. General Washington, however, wIjo fo!lov/ed close ni their rear, now led on the main body of the army, and aaacked the enemy with great spirit. "VVMiile he exijosed him- self to their hottest fire, he was so well supported by the same troops which had aidtd him a fev/ days be- iore in the victory at Trenton, that the British were compelled to give way, and Wasiiington pressed for- ward to Princeton. A party of the British, that had taken refuge in the college, after receiving a few dis.^ charges from the American field-pieces, surrendered themselves prisoners of war; but the principal part of the regiment that was left ihere saved itself by a precipitate retreat to Brunswick. In this action up- wards of a hundred of the British were killed and nearly three hundred were taken prisoners. Great was the surprise of Lord Cornv/allis when the report of the artillery at Princeton, and the arrival of breath- less messengers, apprised him that the enemy was in the rear. Alarmed by the danger of his position, he commenced a retreat; and being harassed by the militia and the country people, who had suffered by the outrages perpetrated by his troops on their ad- vance, he did not deem himself in safety until he ar- rived at Brunswick ; from whence, by means of the Raritan, he had communication with New York. Trenton. — The capital of the State of New Jersey, is situated on the left or east bank of the Delaware, in Mercer county, o£ which it is the seat of justice, twenty-eight miles north-east from Philadelphia, and fifty-nine south-west of New York. Its site is im- mediately upon the mouth of the Assanpink, near the lower falls of the Delaware. It is approached from the Pennsylvania side by a fine bridge of five arches, supported by stone piers and abutments. There are now about 1,000 buildings of every sort, and 4,035 inhabitants. The place was incorporated as a city on the 13th November, 1792. Its pubhc buildings, and other ob;[ects of curiosity, consist of the State 4 38 ROUTE FROM House or Legislative Hall, Governor's House, County Offices, State Prison, and City Hall. In addition to the above, there are in and about Trenton, several beautiful churches, two banking houses, an academy, many boarding-schools, a vast number of common schools, and other institutions of a public nature ; together with the usual complement of stores, taverns, manufactories, cotton mills, print- ing offices, some of which issue weekly journals ; several literary and scientific institutions, and in short, alt other components that constitute a httle city such as Ti^nton. Among the leading avenues of trade possessed by Trenton, those by the canals and railroads are the most important. The Delaware and Raritan Canal, from Bordentown to New Brunswick, and its nav- igable feeder, pass through Trenton ; whence rail- roads extend to Philadelphia and New Brunswick ; and another, which intersects the Camden and Am- boy railroad, a short distance from Bordentown. The manufacturing facilities of the city have, of late, been materially improved. A company, incor- porated in 1831, has just com.pleted a short canal and mill-race on the bank of the river, by which a valuable "water power is afforded, and now extensively and profitably employed. The name of Trenton occupies a prominent place in the aunals of our revolution. It was here, in 1776, that General Washington, with five thousand five hundred men, after crossing the*|[^^re, amid all the dangers of an inclement night j attacked the British forces, under Colonel Rahl, who was mor- tally wounded by the first fire. His men, in the ut- most dismay, attempted to file off towards Princeton ; but General Washirigton perceiving their intention, moved a portion of his troops into the road in front, and thus frustrated their design. Their artillery having been seized, and the Amer- icanB pressing upon them, they surrendered. Many NEW-YORK TO EASTON, PA. 39 of the Hessians were killed — a thousand were made prisoners — while a few escaped and fled in the direc- tion of Bordentovvn. Of the American troops only two were killed and two frozen to death. Wash- ington, soon after this brilliant affair, re-crossed the Delaware with his prisoners, six pieces of artillery, a thousand Stand of arms, and some military stores, Bristol.— A. beautiful village, situated on the west bank of the Delaware, nearly opposite to BurUngton. Its high and commanding position early attracted the attention of the first settlers, and a town, called Buckingham, was laid off, and subsequently incor- porated by Sir WiUiam Kieth, in 1720., under the name of BristoL Among the numerous attractions of this beautiful spot are two mineral springs, at which buildings, for the accommodation of visiters, were erected some years since, and dignified by the name of Bath. Bristol contains at present about two hundred and fifty dwellings, witli 1,734 inhabitants, a bank, sev- eral places of worship, a masonic lodge, «&c. The houses, especially those on the immediate bank of the river, present a remarkably neat and handsome appearance. The Delaware division of the Pennsylvania Canal terminates here, in a spa- cious basin, which communicates with the Delaware river. This canal, with the Lehigh Company's Canal, forms an uninterrupted water communica- tion with the anthracite coal region of Northampton county. Bordentown.f From New.York to Easton, Fa., via Morrisville and Schooley's Mountain Springs. Newark, by rail-road, 3 Morristown, do 20 30 Mendham, by stage, 7 37 Chester,... Ao 5 42,; 40 ROUTE rrxOM German Valley, by stage, 5 47 Schooley's M. Springs, by stage, ... 3 50 Mansfield, do ... 9 59 Easton do ...15 74 Newark.f Morristoion. — Seat of justice of Morris county, and one of the most populous and thriving towns of New Jersey. It is beautifully situated on an elevated plain, which rises gradually from the river bank. Most of the pubhc buildings, and some of the best dwellings, face an open square in the centre of the town. There are, besides the buildings devoted to county purposes, several handsome churches, an academy, and a due proportion of stores, manufac- tories, workshops, and taverns; grist, paper and saw mills. There are also printing offices, from which weekly journals are issued ; Sunday schools, a bible society, a temperance society, and several institutions of a like description. V/ith but few exceptions, the houses are well built ; each is surrounded by culti. vated gardens, which impart to the place an air of much rural beauty. By means of pipes laid in the streets, most of the water used in the town is brought from a never-failing spring, about tv/o miles distant. The Morris and Essex railroad, twenty miles in length, from Newark, terminates here. Population 4,013. Mendham. — A village of Morris county, contain, ing a Presbyterian church, a boarding-school, several stores, mills, and about sixty dwellings. Population 1,378. Chester. — A village of Morris county, containing forty or fifty buildings, including two churches, which extends for nearly a mile along the road from Easton to Morrisville. Population 1,321. German Valley, a small settlement in Morris county, on the south branch of the Raritan. KEW'YORK TO E ASTON. 41 SchoGley's Blount ain Springs. — A celebrated place of resort of invalids and others, in search of health or pleasure. The water of these springs, which are situated in a small depression of Musco:iicong moun- tain, in Morris county, N. J., is chalybeate, is strong- ly marked by the usual ferruginous impregnations, and the other characteristics of such springs. They are used to great advantage in chronic cases and gen- eral debility. Independent of the benefit to be de- rived from the use of the waters, the great elevation of the springs (nearly 1,100 feet,) produces an agree- able temperature, which braces and invigorates the frame. The accommodations here are in no way inferior to other establishments of the kind elsewhere. There are three extensive hotels, besides several pri- vate boarding houses, which afford to visitors the opportunity of selecting the location most congenial to th(;ir wishes. Mansfield.— A. pretty little village of forty or fifty buiidinffs in Warren county, New Jersey. It is sup- plied with water by means of pipes, which conduct it to several fountains in the village. Easton. — This is by far the largest and most im- portant town in this section of the state, and is the seat of justice of Northampton county. It^was in- corporated as a borough in September, 1789, and now contains a population of 5,510-. The town is situated on a point of land formed by the Delaware and Lehigh rivers and the Bushkill creek. The streets are laid out at right angles to each other, and along the cardinal pohits. The lower part of the town, near the Delaware, is on an elevated level, but the western extremity rises by a gradual acclivity, to a considerable elevation. There are within the boundaries of the borough, three oil mills, six grist mills, two saw mills, two dis- tilleries, three tan-yards and tanneries, one brewery, and thirty.one dry-goods and hardware stores. A library formed in 1811, containing about four thou. ■4 42 ROUTE FROM sand volumes. A mineralogical cabinet. A college called the Lafayette College, in which the learned languages, &c, are taught. Several places of public worship. A court-house, erected 1758. Four fine bridges ; one over the Delavv are, a most substantial structure, erected at an expense of $80,000 ; one, a chain bridge, over the Lehigh, on the Philadelphia road ; and two over the Bushkill. There are two banks, — one the Easton Bank, with a capital of $40,000. Froin New.York to Fassaic FJls, hy railroad. Jersey City, 1 Bergen 2 3 Acquackanonk, ., 9 12 Paterson and the Falls, 5 17 Jersey City.i Fergen.f Acquackano7>k. — A village of Passaic county, sit- uated on the right bank of the Passaic. 12 miles N. W. from New.York. It contains two places of worship, one cotton factory and about 450 inhabitants, who are chiefly engaged in manufacturing. Fassaic Falls. — Tliis 'S a beautiful sheet of water, which presents an unbroken fall of tifty feet. It is situated at the town of Paterson, on the Passaic river, whose banks here are nearly vertical. The wafer in its passage, through the lapse of ages, has worn a deep chasm irx the solid rock, v,-hich is obviously retreating, as the abraided banks below testify. No spectacle can be more imposing than is presented by the fallimr liquid, as it glides gentiy over the brow of the precipice. The town of Faterson is admirably si'uated for manufacturing purposes at the fails, which afford a constant and abundant supply of water fur the vast number of factories in operation in the town, NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 43 which is now one of the most important manufactur- ing places in the Uiiited States. The number of buildings at present in Paterson and New Manches- ter, an adjoining village, is upwards of one thousand, and that of the inhabitants, 7,598. Here are Pres- byterians, both of the old and new schools ; Dutch lleformed, Roman CathoHcs, Episcopalians, Bap. tists, Methodists, Seceders, Lutherans, Friends, Universalists, Unitarians, &c. There are in the town a society for the promotion of literature and science, which has an excellent library, a Mechanics' Insti- tute, a Museum, a Circulating Library, a Fubhc Li- brary, and some other institutions of a similar de- scription. Route up the Hudson, to Albany, by sttam-boat. Towns on the Y/est bank. Towns, &c. on the East hank. Hoboken Wehawk 2 Bull's Ferry 3 Fort Lee 4 Piermont 14 Nyack 5 Warren 7 Stony Point 5 Caldwell's Landing 3 Fort Chnton ^ P'ortMontgomery ^ 4 Bare Mount ) Fort Putnam ? . West Point \ '" Crows'-nest Mt 3 Butter Hill 1 New Windsor 3 Newburg 2 Marlboro' 6 Milton 4 1 Bioomingdale .... 3 Manhattativille ... 6 Spuyten DuyvelC, 10 Yonkers 24 Hastings 29 Dobbs' Ferry 36 Tarrytown 41 Sing Sing 44 Teller's Point, ) Croton, ( * 48 Verplanck City ... Peekskill rcy Anthony'sNoselWt Sugar-loaf xMt 55 Cold Spring 56 Bull Mt 59 Break-neck Mt.... 61 Fishkill Land'g, 67 or Martinsville, 71 Hamburg, , 2 S 5 13 4 17 3 20 2 22 5 27 6 33 2 35 6 41 3 44 2 46 4 50 4 54 2 56 1 57 4 61 6 67 44 ROUTE FROM Towns on the West bank. Towns, &c. on the East bank. New Paltz Landing 3 74 Barnegat 4 71 Pelham 10 84 Pou^hkecpsie ... . 3 74 Columbus } g QQ Hyde Park 6 80 Kingston \ Statesburg 5 85 Glasgow 10 100 Rhynbeck 5 90 Bristol 2 102 Barrvtown, or ^ ^ q- Catskill 9 111 Red Hook L L. ( ' ^^ Athens 5 116 Tivoli, or Red ) « .(.r. Coxackie 8 124 Hook U, L. J "^ ^"" New Baltimore .... 7 131 Saugerties 1 101 Coeymans 2 133 Hud.-=on 15 IIG Albany 12 145 Columbiaville .... 5 121 KinderhooU lan'g 6 127 Schodack 8 135 Gastleton 2 137 ^Greenbush 8 145 HoboJcen,f see " Environs of New- York," p. 27. IVehawk.f * Blooming dale. \ Manhattanville.f BulVs Ferry. — A noted ferry across the Hudson. Fort Lee. — This fort, which, with Fort Washing- ton on the opposite side of the river, was the scene of important military operations during the revolu- tionary war. A large body of American militia sta- tioned here, in attempting to retreat, were overpow- ered by a vastly superior force, consisting chiefly of Hessians, when they were either slain or consigned to the prison ships, a fate more terrific than death itself. The site of Fort Lee is upwards of 3U0 above the water. A hotel at the landing is much frequented. A few miles below Fort Lee, commences the Pali- sades, a lofty basaltic wall, which extends for twen- ty miles up the west bank of the Hudson. They are nearly vertical, and range from 200 to 500 feet in height. The columns, which are divided into seg- ments, admirably fitted to each other, are altogether * NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 45 of a coarser texture than most other similar forma. tions, though, in some parts, the angles are equally perfect and well defined. Sp7iyten Dvyvel Creek. — An inconsiderable open- ing on the east side of the Hudson, which, with Har- laem river, separates the island of New- York from the main land of Westchester county. Kingsbridge. — A sort of rialto among the New- Yorkers, crosses the strait a short distance from the Hudson. Yonkers. — A pleasant village of Westchester coun- ty, situated at the outlet of Saw-mill creek. It is built mostly on the river bank, which, being som.e- what elevated, commands a fine view of the river and the palisades opposite. Besides the two churches, an academy and several taverns and store houses, there are upwards of 75 dwellings, and a population of about 500. Hastings. — A small village and landing, of the same county, consisting of 15 or 20 buildings of va. rious sorts, including one hotel, a button factory, &c. Dohbs' Ferry is a small settlement and public land, ing in Westchester county, with a ferry to the oppo- site side of the Hudson. Piennont, formerly Tappan Sloat. — This village having been selectt d for the eastern terminus of the N. York and Erie rail-road, the secluded little Dutch set- tlement of the "Sloat," which had reposed in peace and quietness for a century or more, has received the classic soubriquet of " Piermont," and is now an important town of Rockland county. Such has been the effect of this movement upon the unsophisticated village, that its site is now covered by handsome public and private edifices, which form a striking contrast with the httle Dutch houses of its primitive inhabitants. There are in the town upwards of 150 buildings, including two or three churches, and a population of about 1,100. A pier about one mile in length, which 46 ROUTE FROM forms the commencement of the rail-road just men- tioned, extends over the flats to a commodious dock, near the channel of the river. The rsev^'-York and Erie rail-road will, when completed, extend to Dun- kirk, on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, a distance of 450 miles. It is now in use as far as Goshen, with which daily communication is had. The httle village of Tappan, which is situated two miles westof Piermont, is well known as the place of execution of Major Andre, whose remains were a (ew years since trans- ferred to England, his native country. Two miles below Piermont, commences, Tappan Sea.— ^An expansion of the Hudson, about ten miles in length and tour in breadth, having Tarry- town and Singsing on its east margin, and Piermont and Nyack on the west. Turrytown is a large and well built town, with about 1,100 inhabitants. This is the town in which Major Andre was taken by the " Cow-boys," Paul- ding, Williams and Van Wart, after his conference with Arnold. Sleepy Hollow is a little to ths north of Tarrytown. Nyack. — A village of Rockland county, containing about 650 inhabitants, three or four churches, and the usual complement of taverns, shops, &lc. Singsing. — An incorporated town of Westchester county, situated in the N. E. angle of Tappan bay, near Teller's point. It vi'as founded in 1796, and derives its name from the Indian terms Ossin sing, (stony ground,) a most apposite name. Singsing be- ing celebrated for its marble quarries, as the ground plot consists of a plain which decHnes rapidly as it approaches the river, nearly every building may be seen in passing. Besides the state prison near the water's edge, there are 4 churches, 6 public houses, one ship yard, one iron foundry, an academy, a hand- some marble building, and about 350 dwellings, with about 2,500 inhabitants. J!i£ State Frison, in the southern part of the towni NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 47 is an immence pile, resembling military barracks. The principal building, which is occupied exclusively by the men, is 480 feet long, 44 wide and 5 stories high, and contains !,000 cells. The females are placed in another building, which stands upon the high ground in the rear. Croton river. — From which the city of New- York is supplied with water, has its principal fountain in Dutchess county, and after a S. W. course of 45 miles, enters the Hudson a short distance above Singsing. It is a beautiful stream, whose waters are so pure and transparent, that its pebbly bottom may be seen at a considerable depth. The Aqueduct, which conveys the water to the city, is a most splendid work, not surpassed in mag. nitude, by any similar structure of either ancient or modern times. Its transverse section in the clear is nine feet high, and seven and a half feet wide, its sides have an inclination (f about 1 in 7, inward, from bot- tom to top. It is nearly 42 miles in length, extends from the great dam about seven miles up the stream, through Singsing, Yonkers, and over Harlaem strait, by an immense bridge, to the distributing basin in the city. Tellefs Point. — A peninsula at the mouth of the Croton, which separates Tappan and Haverstraw bays. Croton or Callahurg Landing. — A small village near Teller's point, containing about 70 inhabitants. Warren, or Haverstraw. — A village of Rockland county, situated on the western recess of Haverstraw bay. Population about 450, with two churches, tav- erns, stores, &c. Haverstraw Bay. — An expansion of the river, which is near about three miles in width and about seven in length. Between Teller's point on the east, and Vredidicker hook, a rocky eminence nearly 700 feet in height, on the west, it unites with Tappan sea by a strait about a mile and a half in width. At its 43 ROUTE FROM north end the river resumes its usual width, which it maintains for a short distance. SLony Foint, a military post during the revolution- ary war. This point will be ever memorable in the military history of the United States, as the scene of one of General Wayne's m.ost brilliant archiev- ments. On the 11th of July, 1779, after a silent march from West point, he suddenly attacked the post, then in the hands of the British troops, and after a spirited and bloody contest, succeeded in carrying the place without discharging a gun : the garrison surrendered at discretion. Being menaced by a vastly superior force, General Wayne on the following day withdrew his forces, after demolishing the works and securing the military stores. VoyUt rick's City, formerly called Verplanck^s Point, occupies a commanding situation at the west- ern extremity of the point. It was laid out a few years since into lots, but notwithstandingits eligible position, the city is still in its embryo state. There are about 30 buildings of every sort, and some 80 or 100 inha- bitants. A short distance above Verplanck, com- mence the Highlands. — Being that portion of a lofty chain of mountains which has been pierced by the Hudson, presenting to the eye of the beholder a scene of wild beauty and picturesque grandeur. The chain here, upwards of fifteen hundred feet high, has evidently been rent and torn asunder by the action of water, by which it is probable the now fertile region above may have been, in ages long past, submerged, until relieved by the disruption of the Highlands. In some places the banks ascend the crest of the chain by easy step, more or less lofty ; whilst in others it is reached by a continued succession of rugged chasms, abrupt precipices and huge masses of naked rock. The most noted summits are : Anthony^s Nose, which shows itself immediately on leaving Caldwell's landing. The rocks near the apex, (1,128 NEW-TORK TO ALBANY. 49 feet above the river,) present a rurle representation of a human countenance, when viewed from a certain point ; Bare Mount, 1,350 feet ; Crorcs' Nest, 1,410 ; Butter //i7Z, 1,529; Bull Head, 1,486; Breakneck Hill, l,\87 ; New Beacon, 1,685 ; Old Beacon, 1,411- They are mostly covered over to their very summits with dense forests, which add great beauty to the prospect. CaldicelVs Landing — A small settlement at which most of the river steam-boats touch. Here is a ferry to Peekskill. — An important and handsome town of Westchester county, containing about 1,800 inhab. itants, eight churches, one bank, several extensive factories, iron foundries, one academy, &c. It was here that Palmer and Strang, British spies, were hung, by order of General Putnam, during the revolution. Forts Montgomery and Clinton. — Twoof the prin- cipal defences during the revolutionary war, which on one occasion were attacked by a British force of 3,000 troops, and, with the garrison, consisting of 600 men, were captured on the 6th October, 1777. West Point. — The seat of the United States Mill, tary Academy, established in 1802, which occupies an extensive and beautiful plain, elevated about 175 feet above the surface of the Hudson. The buildings consist of an academy, built of stone, 275 feet long and 75 wide, in which are deposited the instruments, models and other apparatus ; an observatory, 150 by 60 feet, surmounted by a dome ; two barracks, a hospital, a chapel, &.c. ; a large hotel, and about 50 other buildings, mostly occupied by the professors and officers of the institute and their assistants. The entire population, including 250 cadets (the number authorized by law,) is about 800. Such are the nume- rous attractions of the place, that it is visited by a vast number of persons during the travelling season, flere resides Mr. R. W. Weir, author of the admirable pic- ture of the "Departure of the Pilgrims," one of the finest paintings in the capitol at Washington. In the early part of the revolutionary contest, West Point 5 50 ROUTE FROM became an object of attention. At several points forts were erected, some of which are still to be seen Fort Putnam, situated on Mount Independence, about 600 feet above the plain, is the first object seen on ap- proaching the point from the south. This spot and the adjacent country are memorable as the scene of Arnold's treachery. Cold Spring. — A busy and thriving town of Put- nam county, containing about 200 buildings, includ- ing 5 churches, 4 public houses, one extensive iron foundry and machine shop, and some other factories. Population about 1,300. New Windsor. — A small town of Orange county, with 250 inhabitants, two churches, a boatyard, &c. Newburg. — An important incorporated town of Orange county. It is pleasantly situated on a bank, which rises by a bold acclivity, and presents a fine appearance from the river. In addition to the court-house and other county offices, there are upwards of 1,200 buildings includ- ing eleven churches, three banks, fourteen hotels, 160 stores, three flouring mills, three plaster mills, one brewery, one fioor-cloth factory, factories of leather, ploughs, combs, tobacco, carriages, &c., &,c. It has frequent communications with New- York and Alba- ny by steamers, which ply constantly along the river, and with the opposite shore by steam ferry-boats. The courts for Orange county sit alternately here and at Goshen, about 20 miles inland. Immediately op- posite Newburg is Mortinsville or Fishkill Landing. — Where an ex- tensive settlement has grown up within a few years past. The ground on which the village is situated, forms a part of the " Rumbout Patent," so called, which comprehended an area of nearly 200 square miles. A considerable portion of this immense tract was continued in the possession of Rumbout's de- scendants from the date of the patent down to the present time, a period of nearly 140 years. The NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 61 Schenck and Brett families, through whose influence and exertions the tract has been so greatly improved, are among the hneal descendants of the original pro- prietor. There are now several towns and villages within this patent, the limits of which were determined by a mode then common among the settlers, by which the outlines of tracts were regulated by the distance an indian could walk in a given number of hours. Fishkill. — The seat of justice for Dutchess county. Matfea'can and Fishkill Landing, or Martinsville, are the principal settlements within the limits of Rum- bout's tract. The two latter may be regarded as one town, both having attained to their present impor- tance in consequence of the establishment of facto, ries in the neighborhood. The site of Martinsville ascends by a gentle acclivity from the landing place, until it reiiches an elevated plane 80 or 90 feet above the river, where most of the trades-people and me- chanics reside. An extensive pier a quarter of a mile in length, constructed at a cost of about ^100,000, forms the chief landing, which communicates with the op- posite town of Newburgh, by a steam ferry-boat. There are in the village two places of worship, four pubHc houses, 10 or 12 stores, one iron foundry, a machine shop and flouring mill at the mouth of Fish- kill creek, and about 130 other buildings. Matteawan. — A remarkably neat and flourishing village of Dutchess county, situated about one mile easlfrom Martinsville, on both sides of Fishkill creek. The ground upon which the town is built is gently undulating, with here and there a prominent emi- nence, which, with the adjacent mountains on the east, and the romantic stream at their base, alto- gether form a scene of surpassing beauty and love- liness. The town, which is well built with houses mostly in the cottage style, having court-yards in front, pre- sent an appearance of great neatness and rural beau. 52 ROUTE FROM ty. It comprises a principal avenue with smaller i streets, some of which lead to bridges over the creek, where many of the operatives reside. The factory, consisting of several detached buildings, in which the various branches are conducted, is situated on the right or west bank of Fishkiil Creek, about one mile above its discharge into the Hudson. On the same side are most of the dwelling houses and some beau, tiful seats, among which is that of Mr. P. H. Schenck, who is largely interested in the Matteawau estab. lishments. The Episcopal church, near the Teller mansion, is a neat and commodious edifice ; and on the east side of the creek stands the Presbyterian church. Mat. eawan, from its situation and salubrious air, is likely to maintain its respectabihty ; the neighborhood hav- ing been selected as the residence of many wealthy families. The present population of the village ex- ceeds 1,000, which, on the revival of business, so great- ly depressed of late years, will doubtless increase rapidly. Hamburg. — An inconsiderable village of Dutchess county, 6 miles above Martinsville. Marlboro, — A small village of Ulster county, on the west bank of the Hudson Milton. — A small settlement on the west bank of the river. Barnegat — A busy Uttle town of Dutchess county, with about 200 inhabitants, chiefly engaged in hme business. Poitghkeepsie. — A large and commercial town of Duchess county, and the depot for an extensive and productive agricultural district in the rear. It is about midway between the cities of New. York and Albany, with both of which it has almost hourly communi- cation by means of steam boats and sailing vessels. Its manufactures, which are vast and various, con. sist of silk goods, carpets, locomotive engines, and railroad apparatus of all sorts, malt liquors, flour, NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 53 plaster, bricks, pins, fire-arms, paper-hangings, snuff and segars, cordage, carriages. There are several iron and brass foundries, grist mills, saw mills, ma- chine shops, rope walks, lumber yards, &c. &c. The other buildings consist of a court-house, jail, alms house, college, a gymnasium, academy, 13 places of worship, belonging to the Episcopalians, Methodists, Baptists, Reformed Dutch, Cathohcs, Friends, «fec. ; three banks, 10 or 12 hotels, work shops, and about 1,100 dwelhng houses, with about 8,000 inhabitants. In the town are also two female seminaries, a lyceum, a savings bank, a whaling com- pany, 3 printing offices, from which papers are issued. The town occupies one of the finest and most pic- turesque sites on the river, but owing to its elevated and remote position, it cannot be seen to advantage from the river. New Faltz Landing. — A small settlement of Ul- ster county, comprising 1 church, 1 grist mill, and about 50 other buildings, with about 200 inhabitants. Hyde Park. — A handsome village on the east bank of the Hudson, in Dutchess county. The settlement, which extends from the river bank to the post road, a distance of nearly a mile, comprises about 120 build- ings, including three churches and several exienpive manufacturing establishments, and about 750 inhabit- ants. Pelham.. — A small collection of buildings ,ou the west bank of the Hudson, nearly opposite to Staiesburg. — Another inconsiderable village on the east side. EhynbecJc. — Situated about two miles east of the Hudson, where it has a landing, also a considerable village, is a large and important town, with a pop- ulation of not less than 1,200. Here arc 3 churches, 4 or 5 houses of public entertainment, 1 iron found- ry, 1 paper and 1 flouring mill; together v»'ith the usual complement of mechanics' shops, stores, &c. Columbus, — A small village situated near the mouth 5* 54 ROUTE FROM of the Walkill, containing a dozen or twenty houses, and the landing place for Kingston. — A large and flourishing town of Ulster county, situated on Esopus creek, and three miles distant from the former. It is an incorporated town, with about 2,500 inhabitants ; many of whom are extensively engaged in the coal trade. In the town are a court-house, jail, 4 churches, academy, 2 banks, 6 public houses, 2 printing offices, 1 iron foundry, tobacco, carriage, leather, and many other manufac, tories. Kingston, or Esopus, as it was originally called, is intimately connected with our revolutionary history. It was taken and burnt by the British, on the 16th of October, 1777, the day before the surrender of Burgoyne. The incendiaries, on learning the fate of Burgoyne, precipitately decamped and took shelter on board their vessels, then lying in the Hudson. A short distance from Kingston is the busy little town of Etldyville. — Sit'iated on the left bank of the Ron- doiit, and at the eastern terminus of the Hudson and Delaware canal, by which the coal and other pro- duce oftne Lackawana Valley, in Pennsylvania, are transpor;ed to the baaks of the Hudson. The chitf scat of the coal trade is at the neighboring villaae of Rondout. where extensive coal depots are established. Red Hook Lower Landing, or Carrytown, a small settjpment on the east side of the Hudson, consisting of store houses, and other buildings connected with the landing. The upper landing is now called Tivoli — A much more imponant town than the last; it contains 2 churches, 2 or 3 inns, several stores, 2 grist mills, 1 cloth factory, 2 saw mills, and about 300 inhabitants ; here is a ferry to the village o( Saugerties. — A small but neat village of Ulster county. Glasgow. — A village of the same county, contains some 250 inhabitants. Bristol, — A small manufacturing village of Ulster NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 55 Among the public edifices are a court house, jail, 6 churches of various denominations, and 2 Friends' Catskill. — A large incorporated town of Greene county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is situ- ated on the west or right bank of the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill creek, and extends up both sides of that creek for | of a mile. Its population is nearly 2,000 ; and public buildings f.re a court-house, jail, and other county offices, fi churches, 2 banks, 12 hotels, besides other houses of entertainment; to- gether with the usual complement of mechanics' shops, factories, &c. «St.c. Population about 3,000. ; The Catskill and Canajoharie railroad is now com- pleted, and in use as far as Cooksburg, a distance of 26 miles. About 14 miles W. S. W. from Catskill, is the celebrated mountain house of Pine Orchard. — Which is situated on the N. E. declivity of Catskill rnountams, at an elevation of 3,000 feet above the surface of the Hudson river. A mile or two beyond the hotel, are the Kaierskill falls. A short distance above the falls are two small lakes, from which the water escapes through a contracted channel, and is percipitated at two bounds down a perpendicular rock to the depth of nearly 200 feet. The c.'.taract and its surrounding objecrs form an as- semblage of every thing that is sublimely picturesque and romantic in beautiful scenery. Athens, — An incorporated town of Greene count}', containing about 1,200 inhabitants. Its chief build, ings are, 5 places of worship, several taverns, 20 ssores, 1 extensive earthen-ware factory, and about 160 dwelling houses. Hudson. — On the west side of the Hudson, oppo- site Athens, is a large, handsome and flourishing city of Columbia county, of which it is the seat of justice. It was founded in 1783, and chartered in 17S5, and nov/ contains about 1,200 buildings of every sort; and by the census of 1840 it was found to contain a population of 5,670. 56 ROUTE FROM county, containing glass works, 1 grist mill, and about 25 other buildings. meeting houses, an academy, a luiatic asylum, 2 banking houses, markets, hotels, stores, workshops, and factories, &c. &c. Its principal manufactures consist of leather, hats, boots and shoes, jewelry, cordage, sperm candles, malt liquors, iron castings, and carriages. Hudson is abundantly supplied with water from a spring a few miles distant. The Hudson and Berkshire railroad commences here, extends in a N. E. direction, and unites with the western railroad of Massachusetts at West Stock- bridge, a distance of .34 rniles ; thence the hne pro- ceeds via Springfield and Worcester to Boston. Columbiaville. — An incorporated village of Colum- bia county, situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Clavarack creeks, one mile from the left bank of the Hudson. There are two extensive cotton factories in the village, which afford employment to a large portion of the inhabitants ; of whom there are about 700 within the hmits of the village. Coxmckie. — A village of Greene county, contain, ing 500 inhabitants, situated about one mile from the landing on the Hudson. Kinderhook Landing — Now called Stuyvesant, is a pleasant little village, comprising 50 or 60 buildings, including a church, and about 300 inhabitants. New Baltimore. — An active little town of some 50 or 60 houses, and about 400 inhabitants, situated in Greene county, on the west bank of the Hudson. Coeymans. — A manufacturing village of Albany county, containing two churches, several taverns, stores &c. ; grist, saw, and plaster mills, two brick- yards, and abuut 830 inhabitants. Schodack. — A village of Rensselaer county, with a population of about 400, with a church, stores, &c. fe Castleton. — A village of the same county, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, 2 miles from Scho- dack. Population nearly 400. NEW-YORK TO ALBANY. 57 Greenhush. — A large and flourishing incorporated village of Rensselaer county, situated on the east bank of the Hudson, opposite to the city of Albany, with which it communicates by steam ferry-boats. Among the buildings, about 130 in number, are 2 churches, 4 public houses, 12 stores, 2 grist mills, gas factory, and an^ extensive boat-yard. The present population is about 1,000, and rapidly increasing. Here commences the Albany and West Stock- bridge railroad, which, with the western and Boston and Worcester railroads, form a continuous Une from Albany to Boston, a distance of 200 miles. ALBANY. A large, rich, and populous city of the state of New- York, of which it is the capital. Few cities of its size have their public buildings sofine, nu, merous, and well kept. Here are many hand- some churches belonging to various denominations. The state-house, or legislative hall, is one of the principal ornaments of the city ; and the immense basin formed by a pier 4,300 feet in length, is one of the largest and most commodious on the canal, where a vast number of canal boats of all sorts may be seen. The streets are spacious and well paved. In addition to the facilities of intercourse afforded by the great Erie and Champlain canals, which commence here, those of the numerous railroads which centre in Al, bany are equally important and extensive. Thus advantageously situated, it forms the principal entre- p6t betv/een the city of New-York and the north western interior ; and with Troy occupies the com, mon centre of an immense inl-and trade. Albany possesses many splendid public and private buildings, literary and scientific institutions, and in every respect presents the appearance of a well ordered and prosperous city. Population, in 1840, 33,721. It is one of the oldest setdements in the United States, tiie Dutch having had a fort here aa 58 ROUTE FROM early as 1612. Many of the buildinss of the city, with their gable ends to the streets, still remain to mark its origin. A large and respectable portion of the in- habitants are of Dutch descent, many of whom still retain much of the primitive simplicity and industry which characterized their ancestors. The State House. — A fine stone Ifuilding, 115 feet in length and 90 in width, occupies a beautiful po. sition at the head of State street, at an elevation of 220 feet above the river. The grounds which sur- round the capitol are tastefully arranged, and form one of the most attractive promenades of the city. The other public buildings consist of the City Hall^ a beautiful marble structure, occupied by the various departments of the Government ; jail, 2 academies. State Hall. The Albany, Farmers', and Mechanics' Banks, and the Museum, are also remarkably fine buildings ; Medical College Exchange, in State st.; Alm,s.house; 2 Asylums for Orphans ; 30 churches, some very elegant ; 8 hanking houses,and many others equally deserving of notice. Institutions for the pro- motion of literature, science, and the arts, are numer- ous and well conducted. The principal branches of industry carried on in the city, comprise carriages, malt liquors, fire arms, jewelry, nails, hats and caps, snuff and segars, cordage, soap, musical instruments, tin and sheet iron ware, printing types, woolen and cotton goods, &LC. ; and its commerce is proportion, ably varied and extensive. There are nearly 1,400 persons engaged in mercantile pursuits, besides a vast number employed in the subordinate branches of trade. The situation of Albany is one of the finest on the Hudson ; seated partly on the declivity csf a hill and partly on the margin of the river, it spreads its build- ings along the bank, and covers the adjacent eminen- ct-s with its beautiful structures. Its suburbs stretch in gende curves along the shore above, below, and in the rear ; from whence is beheld an almost unrival- ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 led assemblage of picturesque and beautiful scenery. In the north, the shores of the Hudson, with Troy and the little villages of Waterford and Lansinburg, whilst in the east, the hills of Vermont, with their verdant sides and towering peaks, bound the prospect. The centre contains the city, with its public and private buildinas rising one above the other, backed by the heights,, on which are the Capitol, State Hall, the Academy, and City Hall. Hotels. — City, Eagle, Mansion House, United States, Mongomery Hall, American, Clinton, Con- gress Hall, Franklin, Rensselaer, Columbian, &c. ROUTES FROM ALBANY. Route from Albany to Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c. via Utica, Rochester, and Batavia, by railroad. Schenectady, ... . Glenville, 4 Amsterdam, 10 Tripe Hill 7 Caughnewaga, ... 4 Fonda, 1 Palatine Bridge, .11 St. Johnsville, .... 9 Little Falls,.; 10 Herkimer 7 Utica, 14 Whitesboro, 3 16 20 30 37 41 42 53 62 72 79 93 96 Oriskany, 4 100 Rome, 7 107 Verona Centre,... 8 115 Canestota 11 126 Fayette, 16 142 Syracuse, 4 146 Camillus...... 8 154 Elbridge 8 162 Auburn, 10 172 Cavuga, 9 181 Bridgeport, 1 182 Waterloo, 9 191 Geneva, 9 200 Vienna,..., 9 209 Canandaguia,....14 223 Victor, 10 233 Rochester, 17 250 Churchville, 14 264 Be;gon 7 272 Movganville, 7 278 Batavia, 5 283 Attica, 10 293 Alden, ..10 303 Lancaster, 8 311 Hufral.\ 12 323 Black Rock, 2 325 Tonawanda, 9 334 Fort Schlosser, ...11 .345 Niagara Falls 1 346 60 ROUTE FROM Schenectady. — An incorporated city, and seat of justice for Schenectady county, is situated on the right or south bank of the Mohawk, 16 miles from Albany by the railroad, and 30 by the Erie canal. It IS one of the oldest towns in the state, being nearly co.eval vvith Albany. Many of the buildings are ele- gant, but like all the ancient towns in New- York, the various structures present a somewhat incongruous appearance. Those of a recent date serve to show the advance in elegance and convenience that has been effected in the course of a few years. The chief buildings are. Union College in the N. E. quarter, which was founded in 1794, and has since main- tained a high degree of reputation ; a county court house and jail, city hall, 4 banks, 10 churches, 16 or 18 hotels, 1 extensive cotton factory, grist mills, iron foundries, together with the usual stores, work shops, factories, &c. There are a lyceum, and an academy for females. Population by census of 1840, 6,784. Schenectady has frequent communications with the surrounding towns, by the various railroads now in use; that to Saratoga, via Ballston Spa, is 22, and that to West Troy, is 20 miles in length. . Glenvrlle. — A neat hamlet of Schenectady county, comprising 18 or 20 buildings, exclusive of 1 church, store, &.C. Amsterdam. — An incorporated town of Montgom- ery county, situated on the north bank of the Mo- hawk, containing upwards of 1,800 inhabitants, and about 300 buildings of every sort ; including 4 neat churches, a bank, an academy, several factories, &c. The town is connected by a substantial bridge over the Mohawk v.ith Port Jackson, Tripe's Hill.— A mere hamlet of Montgomery county, containing a church, and some 25 or 30 other buildings. Caughnewagn. — Another village of the same county, comprising about 40 dweUing houses and a church, with about 200 inhabitants. It communi- ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. €1 cates, by a bridge across the Mohawk, with Fulton- villa. (See route by Erie canal.) Fonda. — A pretty village of Montgomery county, of which it is the scat of justice, containing about 400 inhabitaits and about 70 buildings, including a court-house, jail, 1 grist, 1 saw, and 1 plaster mill, carding machine, with the customary complement of taverns, stores, and shops. Palatine bridge. — A village of Montgomery county, consistmgof 4U buildings, situated on the north bank of the Mohawk, immediately opposite to Canajoharie. St. Johnsville. — A small village, comprising about 50 buildings, with 280 inhabitants, in Montgomery county. Little Falls. — A large and flourishing settlement, which has grown up at what are termed the Little Falls of the Mohav.'k. The site of the town occupies both banks of the Mohawk, which has obviously worn for itself a pas- sage through the primitive rock of which the mountain is composed, and thus formed an immense gap in which the town is situated. The rugged and pre- cipitous sides of this petra-like gorge attain to a great height, whence a scene of wild and romantic beauty presents itself on every side. The beds of the Erie canal on the right, and of the railroad on the left bank, have been excavated from the sohd rock, which here and there overhangs the lines, and seems to threaten the beholder with instant destruction. Little Falls is essentially a manufacturing place, having an inexhaustible water power of great extent, which is still in some degree unemployed. Woolen goods, paper, iron castings, malt liquors and flour, are its principal manufactures. Every other article of necessity, such as hats, boots, shoes, tin-ware (fcc, are supplied by the numerous minor factories of the place. It contains about 400 buildings, including 5 ohurches, a bank, and an academy, with nearly 6 62 ROUTE FROM 3,000 inhabitants. Access may be had from hence by stage to Trenton Falls, distant 26 miles. Herkimer — The seat of justice for Herkimer county, is beautifully situated on the left bank of the Mohawk. It is an incorporated town, and contains about 900 inhabitants; the chief buildings are a court-house, jail, hall for the county officers, a bank, an academy, and 2 churches. Utica.i Whitesboro. — An incorporated town, and in con- junction with Rome, the seat of justice for Oneida county. It occupies a fine situation on the south bank of the Mohawk, and on thehne of the Erie canal. The town contains a population of about 2,000, a court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, an exten- sive cotton factory, another of water buckets, a grist mill, &CC. Home, formerly Fort Sianwix. — A large incorpo- rated town of Oneida county, of which it is, with Whitestown, the seat of justice. There are within the corporate hmits about 400 buildings, including the court house and other county buildings ; 6 places of worship, a banking house, a cotton factory, grist and saw mills, furnace, and an arsenal belong- ing to the United States. Here the railroad leaves the Mohawk valley, and passes into that of the Oswego, and enters the litde village of Verona Centre, con- taining about 100 inhabitants. Lenox. — A small village comprising some 20 or 25 buildings, in Madison county. Syracuse. — A large commercial and manufactur- ing town of Onondaga county, of which it is the seat of justice. Besides 800 or SOO dwelhngs, there are an academy, court-house, jail, 8 churches, 12 hotels, an ar'^ade, 2 banks, 3 grist mills, 3 machine shops, 3 iron foundries, and a vast number of mechan- ics' shops, stores and warehouses. Syracuse stands on the Erie canal, at the point where the Sahna side canal leaves the main trunk. The Sahna flats ex- ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 63 ^tend between Sj'racuse and the village of Salina. In a state of nature, these flats being low, in part marshy, were subject to occasional inundation ; but, by- means of extensive drains, they have now a dry sur- face, which is an exuberantly rich alluvial deposite. The outlet of Sahna lake in Seneca river, having been deepened, contribute also to desiccate the flats. Syracuse is celebrated for its manufacture of salt, of which immense quantities, are annually made chief- ly by solar evaporation. Camillus. — ^A handsome village of Onondaga county, containing about 700 inhabitants, two churches, and nearly 125 dwelling houses. Elhridge — A neat little village of Onondaga county, containing two churches, 60 buildings and about 300 inhabitants. Auburn. — A large, handsome and important town, and seat of justice for Cayuga county. It comprises nearly 900 buildings of all descriptions, including a court house and other county offices, a town hall, a theological seminary, an academy, an incorporated seminary for females, seven churches, two banks, ten hotels, one cotton factory, one planing machine, four grist and three saw mills, factories of cards, millstones, tobacco, machinery, iron castings, leather, carriages and many other articles. Auburn is the seat of one of the State prisons, an immense establishment, sit« uated on the right bank of Owasco outlet. It stands in the centre of a ten acre lot, which is enclosed by an elevated stone wall. The principal building, which contains the various oflraces, keepers' apartments, &c. is three stories high and 186 feet front, and the wings on each two stories high, 45 feet in front and 242 deep. There are 770 cells. The prisoners, ususally about 700, employed in the various branches of me- chanic arts. Owasco lake, a beautiful sheet of water, situated a few miles from the village, affords excellent trout fishing, and is much frequented. The outlet having 64 ROUTE FROM a descent of nearh^ 100 feet in a few miles, furnishes, a valuable and extensive water power, which is only partially employed. Cayuga. — A pretty little village of Cayuga county, situated on the east side of Cayuga ouUet, which is crossed by a viaduct and bridge, each more than a mile in length. The village consists of about 75 buildings, among which are a church, several public houses, and about 300 inhabitants. Cayuga Like is one of the largest of the series of lakes that impart groat beauty to this part of the state. It is about 40 mi!es in length, with a mean width of two and a half miles, is of great depth, and abounds with fine fish. Its banks, which are celebrated for their picturesque beauty and sublimity, are adorned v/ith orchards and cultivated fields, and interspersed with towns, villages and habitations. Steam boats ply regularly between Cayuga bridge and Itliaca, at the head of the lake, v/here the rail, road from Owego terminates. About a mile west of Cayuga is Bridgeport. — A little village of Seneca county, con. sisting of about 30 buildings. Waterloo — A large and remarkably handsome town, and, with Ovid, the scat of justice for Seneca county, containing nearly 3,000 inhabitants. Besides 400 dwellings, there are in the town a court house, jail, 4 churches, an academy, a bank, 10 or 12 hotels; together with a woolen factory, 6 grist mills, 5 saw mills, several factories which produce pails, tubs, ground plaster, leather, whiskey, iron castings, ma- chinery, potash, soap and candles, carriages, boats, &c., &.C. The town is beautifully situated on both banks of Seneca outlet, which has been improved so as to render it navigable for canal boats. A few miles towards the S. W. it receives the waters of Seneca Lake. — Situated between Seneca and Tom. kins counties on the east, and Steuben, Yates and ALBA5T TO NIAGARA FALLS. 65 « Ontario on the west. It is about 43 miles in length, two and a half in mean breadth, and nearly 600 feet deep. The waters are remarkably pure and trans- parent, containing fish of various sorts. It is navi- gated by steam-boats from Geneva to Jefferson, where the Elmira canal leaves the lake. The outlet of Crooked Lake enters Seneca lake on the west, after a descent of 270 feet in 6 miles. The banks of both are highly romantic and beautiful : the entire region presents a series of landscapes, which render it in a high degree, worthy of attention from the traveler and philosopher. Geneva. — An incorporated town of Ontario county, on the north-west margin of Seneca lake, containing about 4,000 inhabitants. Its site is uncommonly fine, rising by a gentle acclivity from the water side, and affording an extensive view of the lake and adjacent country, which abounds in the most enchanting and beautiful prospects. The aspect of Geneva and its environs from the lake, is not less beautiful : the en- tire scenes will amply repay the tourist for his trouble in viewing it. The western part of the town is, by far, the neatest portion of it, and is in part built on an eminence rising nearly 100 feet above the lake. Its streets are wide and kept in fine condition, with handsome and commodious buildings, chiefly occu- pied as dwellings. The lower part is the principal seat of business, where the factories, stores, &c, are mostly located. The chief buildings are those of Geneva college, 10 churches, 2 banking houses, 2 printing houses, several grist and saw mills, furnaces, carriage factories, and about 500 dwelling houses. Vienna. — A village of Ontario county, situated on the right bank of Canandaigua outlet, comprising 200 dwellings, 3 churches, 6 gristmills, 1 furnace, 2 brew houses, 2 distilleries, carriage factory, &c. Popula, tion about 1,500. Canandaigua. — A beautiful town and seat of jus. tice of Ontario county, situated at the junction of Ca* 6« 65 ROUTE FR03r nandaigua lake with its outlet. The principal avenue extends westward from the lake shore, and is lined by well built and handsome houses for a distance of nearly two miles. Among the buildings are a court house, jail and other county offices, 5 churches, 3 banks, academy, besides stores, warehouses, facto- ries, mills, &c. Population 2,800, The situation of the town is picturesque and beau- tiful in a high degree, and, taken in connection with the adjacent country and its silvery lake, affords one of the most delightful prospects in the v/orld. The Lake,whose waters are as clear as crystal, and abound with trout and other fish, is about 20 miles in length, one in breadth, and, like the others, very deep. Victor. — A neat little village of 300 inhabitants, situated near the railroad, in Ontario county. ROCHESTER. A large commercial and manufacturing city of Monroe county, situated on both sides of the Genesee river, above the great falls, and six miles from its en- trance into Lake Ontario. It is the seat of justice for Monroe county, and the third city of the state in point of population, which, in 1S40, was 20,191, !)ut has, doubtless, increased greatly since that time. The Erie canal passes through the city, and across (he Genesee, by a splendid aqueduct, where it is joined by the Genesse valley canal. Th ; plan of the ciSy is regular, most of the streets crossing each other at right angles : the public build- ings consist of the court house and other county of- fices, 20 places of worship, college, atheneum., mu- seum, 2 asylums for orphaiis, arcade, 25 hotels, &c. The productions of the numerous factories and work shops, in and around the city, consist of bread-stuffs in great abundance, cabinet ware, woolen and cott(m goods, carpets, jewelry, clothing, hats and caps, boots and shoes, copper and tin ware, carriages, canal and other boats, iron castings, machinery, prepared lum- ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 67 her, segars and snufF, saws, buckets and tubs, edge, tools, and many other articles. Rochester owes its great eminence, as a manufacturing town, partly to its advantageous situation, and partly to the industry and ingenuity of its inhabitants. It is located in the midst of a fertile country, intersected by canals and railroads and on a river admirably adapted for man- ufacturing purposes. To the natural facilities thus afforded, and the m.eans of disposi::ig of its manufac- ■tured products by the aid of its canals and railways, may fairly be ascribed the rapid growth of Roches- ter, and the great prosperity of its people. Among the interesting objects of Rochester, that of the falls claims the first attention. Genesee Falls. — Like those of Niagara, the upper Genesee falls consist of three principal Chutes, divi- ded from each other by clusters of rocks, into three nearly- equal parts. The greatest height of these falls is 96 feet. The lower fall, about a mile and a half below, has an unbroken pitch of 105 feet, to a rocky bed, over which the waters pass rapidly to tlie head of navigation, whence it flows ca;;nly into its great recipient, the " beautiful Ontario." Mount Hope Cemetery. — A rural place of sepul- ture, situated in the southern surburbof the city, and the Grand Aqueduct over the Genesee, also deserve attention. ChurchviUe. — A small village of I\IonrGe county, containing about ,50 buildings including 2 churches, a woolen factory and 300 inhabitants. Bergen and MorgamvilL?. — Two small villages of Genesee county, each containing about 200 inhabi- tants. Batavia. — Seat of justice for Genesee county, is finely situated on the north bank of Tonawanda creek, and contains upwards of 2, 000 inhabitants. The pub- lie buildings are, a court house, jail, arsenal, 2 banks, 5 churches, 1 female boarding school, 1 grist mill, 2 68 nOUTE FROM furnaces, and others. [Persons destined for the falls of Niagara, ma)'^ proceed by stage hence to Lockport, distant 30 miles, whence a railroad conducts to the falls.] Attica. — An incorporated village of Genesee coun- ty, containing about 900 inhabitants, 2 churches, a bank, and ihe customary complement of stores, tav. erns and shops. The Tonawanda and Attica and Buffalo railroads unite here. ALden. — A village of Erie county, comprising 30 dwellings, I church, and about 250 inhabitants. Lancaster. — A village of Erie county, containing about 100 buildings, including 4 churches, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, and 600 inhabitants. BUFFALO. The capital of Erie county and a port of entry, is situated on the eastern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of Buffalo creek : population, by census of 1840, 18,213. This city is admirably situated on an elevated plain, and being almost wholly of mo- dern date, is much more regularly laid out and hand- somely built than most of the other interior towns. Bufialo, then a mere village, was burnt by the British during the late war ; but has risen with augmented splendor from its ashes. The streets, which are mostly wide and furnished with side walks, some of them being, in the splendor of their stores and 4heir elaborately painted signs, nowise inferior to those of the Metropolis. The growth of Buffalo within the last few years has been most rapid. Along the lake side, which, prior to 1810, was little else than a sandy flat, now extends a succession of handsome buildings, which, with the shipping and the activity every where displayed, present the ap. pearance of a large commercial city. The public buildings consist of a court house and jail, 16 church. 69, 2 banks, theatre, mills, and a vast number of factories, common to places of this description. The ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 69 iiiost important of these are, 3 for carriages, 14 for malt liquors, 5 for soap and candles, 4 for tobacco, 9 for ironmongery, 2 for chemicals, and 8 printing houses. A pier, 1,500 feet in length, extends into the lake from the bank, below the mouth of Bufialo creek. Though now of such importance, little more than fifteen years have elapsed since Buffalo '^'as cor- rectly described by Darby as "a village containing i,000 inhabitants." The progress of the town in the in,. terval in commerce and in the accumulation of wealth and population, is unprecedented in the history of settlement. The situation of Buffalo necessarily ren- ders it a principal seat of the trade between the east- ern cities and the western and north-western states, and as the population and trade of those states in- creased, it could not fail proportionally to augment ■the trade of Buffalo. There are now (1843) upwards of 75 steam-boats and about 350 sailing vessels employed in the lake trade, much the larger portion of which centres in Buf- falo. 4,061 vessels ofevery sort were entered or clear- ed at the custom.-house in 1840. The amount of mer- chandise sent eastward on the canal in 1826, was 5,131 tons ; in 1840, 177,606 tons. Should the popu- tation of Buffalo continue to increase in the same ratio as it has done for the last 12 or 15 years, of which there is no reason to doubt, it will contain, 30 years tience, a population of nearly 200,000. Blackrock, 2 miles north from Buffalo, on the Erie canal, is a large incorporated village, containing near- ly 2.000 inhabitants, with extensive and various fac. tories, and mercantile establishments. The great pier, built at the expense of the state, deserves atten- tion. Tonawanda. — A village of Erie county, contain- ing 700 inhabitants, situated on Grand Island sound, at the discharge ofTonawanda creek. The Erie canal ■and the Buffalo and Niagara falls railroad pass through the village. 70 ROUTE TROM Fort Schlosser. — Built by the British during the old French war, stands in front of the rapids, about a mile above the falls. Here the steamer Caroline was destroyed by a detachment of British troops a few years since, from which the well known McLeod affair took its rise. Niagara Falls. — A magnificent cataract in that portion of the river St. Lawrence which extends be- tvveen lakes Erie and Ontario, commonly called "Ni- agara river." This river issues from the N. E. ex- tremity of Lake Erie, near Buffalo, and runs north- ward 20 miles to Goat or Iris island, where it is preci- pitated over a limestone ledge into a deep and narrow chasm, whence it proceeds, with a constandy decreae- ing velocity, a farther distance of 15 miles, and enters Lake Ontario, between the villages of Niagara and Youngstown. In this course of 35 miles the river descends 334 feet, this being the difference of level between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario. Goat Island, at the very verge of the cataract, di- vides it into two sheets of water ; one of these, called the Horse-shoe, on the Canada side, is 1,800 feet wide, and 158 feet in perpendicular height ; and the other, called the American Falls, is about 600 in width, and 164 in height. The breadth of the is- land is about 1,500 feet. The rock over which the water is percipitated, consists of a compact limestone in nearly horizontal strata, resting upon a mass of soft shale, which decays and crumbles away more rapidly thm the former; so that the calcareous rock forms an over-hanging mass, projecting 40 feet or more beyond the concave rock below. By the continual destruction of the rocks, owing to the eddies and spray rushing against them, the falls have, within the last 50 years, receded upwards of 150 feet ; and this process has unquestionably been going on for countless ages. There seems to be no reasonable ground for doubting that the fal's were once at Queenstown, 7 miles below their present po. ALBANY TO NIAGARA FALLS. 71 sition. Such being the case, the falls must be des- tined, in process of time, to invade Lake Erie itself, which would then be completely drained, and its present bed thus converted into fertile fields and cuL livated gardens. The depth of the water is much greater on the Canadian, than on the American side ; and hence, while the scarcely hidden rocks below the American fall cause the flood to be broken into foam, the deep green hue of the other, is but slightly changed by the crests rising above it. The finest view of the falls, perhaps, is from the Table rock on the Canadian shore, and from the b inks above, whence the rapids may be embraced : the lat. ter, however, are best seen from Goat Island, to which access is had by means of a bridge from th.6 American side. On the north side of Goat Island, the rocks projecting into the river immediately over the falls are reached by another wooden bridge, be- low which the water rushes wiih frightful velocity. From these rocks, on which an observatory has been erected, the view over the precipice is at once ter- rific and grand. As the banks of the ravine below the falls rise to the height of 200 feet or more, artificial means are necessary for effecting a descent to the water's edge. A spiral staircase has been constructed on each side, and another in front of Goat Island, by which one may descend to a ledge, styled "Termination Rock," actually underneath the great fall : by tJiese means the falls may be viewed m al nost every possible di- rection. Among the principal waterfalls throughout the world, there are several that exceed in heigiit fhose of Niagara; but, with regard to the uuimuty <;f water discharged, in an unbroken mass, there are none that can be compared to those of Niagara. In these re- spects thoy are pre-eniineut. 72 ROUTE FROM The following table exhibits the relative elcTationa of the most remarkable cataracts : Staubach, Switzerland, 900 feet, Tequendama, S. America, 800 Velino, Italy, 300 Montmorenci, Canada east, 246 Caterskill, New -York, 210 Niagara, (mean height),.". 161 There are several interestmg objects in the vicinitjr of the falls which deserve attention ; among them may be mentioned the Burning Spring, near the outlet of Chippewa creek whirlpool, two miles belov/ the falls ; Sorcerer's cave, just below the falls ; the battle fields of Chippewa, Lundy's Lane and Queenstown ; Fort Schlosser, where the steamboat Caroline was des- troyed ; the remains of Brock's monument, near Queenstown ;: Welland canal in Canada, extending from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, and the villages of Chippewa, Manchester Falls, Lewistown, Queens- town, Whitehaven or Grand Island, Tuscarora and Seneca Indians — the former near Lewistown, and the latter 4 miles S, E. from Buffalo. The vicinity of Niagara has, m some degree, be- come classic ground. Among the battles of the last war, between Great Britain and the United States, there were perhaps none more sanguinary, nor the contest between the combattants so obstinate as those of Queenstown, October 18th, 1814, in which Gen, Brock was killed ; of Chippewa, July 5th, 1814, and of Bridgewater. Soufe from Albany to Buffalo, via (Jtica and Eo- chester, by the Erie canal. West Troy, 7 Schenectady, ....17 30 Cohoes Falls, .... 3 10 Amsterdam, 17 47 Lower aqueduct . 3 13 Fultonville, 10 57 PIo^jM ALBANY TO BU^ALO. 73 Canajoharie, Fort Plain, Little Falls Herkimer, Up. Br Frankfort, ......... Utica, , Whitesboro', Oriskany, Rome, New London,.... Canastota, ...... New Boston, Chittenango, Manlius Centre,. Lodi, Syracuse, Geddes, Camillus, Jordan, , Fort Byron, Montezuma, , 12 69 Clyde, .11 216 3 72 Lyons, 9 225 16 .88 Newark,... 7 232 ,8 96 Fort Gibson, 3 235 , 5 101 Palmyra, 5 240 9 110 Fairport, 12 252 4 114 Pittsford, 7 259 3 117 Rochester, ...10 269 8 125 Spencersville, ....12 281 7 132 Brockport,.. ....... 8 289 14 146 Hollev,. ............ 5 254 4 150 Hulberton, 4 298 3 153 Albion, 6 304 9 162 Knowlsville, 7 311 8 170 Medina, 4 315 1 171 Middleport, 6 321 2 173 Lockport, 12 333 6 179 Pendleton, 7 34Q 11 190 Tonawanda, 12 352 9 199 Black Rock, 9 36l , 6 205 Buffalo, 2 363 West Troy. — An incorporated town of Albany county, situated on the right bank of the Hudson, im- mediately opposite to the more " ancient Troy" of Rensselaer county, which will be noticed hereafter. West Troy is a new town, the great mass of its buildings having been erected within the last 10 or 15 years. It now contains more than 1,000 buildings, including 10 churches, 20 extensive manufactories, a bank, a vast number of warehouses, stores and •workshops, and about 900 dwellings, with a popu- lation of 5,500. The United Staies Arsenal, an im- mense establishment, consisting of 33 buildings and extensive grounds^ is situated in West Troj', and forms orre of its most conspicuous features. The Hudson is here crossed by a fine bridge and horse boats. 74 * ilOUTE FROM Cohoes Falls. — A beautiful and romantic cataract of the Mohawk river, situated near its extrance into the Hudson. The principal fall has a descent of about 70 feet, but the entire fall, including the rapids above and below, exceeds 120 feet. A fine view of the falls may be had from the bridge about half a mile below. Lower Aqueduct. — Here the Erie canal crosses from the south to the north bank of the Mohawk, which it follows for 6 miles, and then repasses the river, by the Upper Aqueduct, and resumes its course along the south or right bank of the stream. Schenectady, ^^ Amsterdam.i Fidtonville. — A village of Montgomery county, con- taining 70 dwellings, a church and about 400 inhab- itants, chiefly occupied in manufacturing and the lumber trade. A bridge across the Mohawk connects it with Fonda on the north. Canajoharie. — A large and thriving town, situated on the line of the Erie canal, containing a population of 1,400, 3 churches, an academy, 2 flouring and 2 saw mills, furnace, brewery, &c. A railroad, hence to Catskill, is in course of execution, a portion of which, extending from Catskill to Crooksbury, 26 miles, is now in operation. Fort Plain. — A village of Montgomery county, sit- uated on the right bank of the Mohawk, containing 1,500 inhabitants. The public buildings are, two churches, a bank, 3 mills, 1 furnace and 1 distillery. Little Falls.f Herkimer upper bridge, extends across the Mo- hawk to the village of Herkimer, situated on the north. (See R. R. route from Albany to Buffalo.) Frankfort — A village of Herkimer county, situated on the Erie canal, containing 500 inhabitants, two churches, a woolen factory, &c. ALBANY TO BUFPALO, 75 Utica.i Whiteshoro\f Oriskany. — A large village of Oneida county, com- prising 2 churches, 2 extensive woolen factories, with about 1,200 inhabitants. Eome.\ New London. — A small settlement of about 35 buildings and 200 inhabitants, in Oneida county. Canastota. — An incorporated villnge of Madison county, containing 800 inhabitants, 3 churches, sev- eral minor factories, &c. New Boston. — A small but neat village of Madi- son county, containing about 150 inhabitants. Chittenango. — A large, handsome and flourishing town of Madison county, comprising 200 dwellings, 3 churches, a railroad depot, 2 water hme and 1 woolen factory, grist mill, and about 1,100 inhabi- tants. A valuable medicinal spring, composed, in part, of sulphates of lime, magnesia and soda, car- bonate of lime, &c., with sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, has recently been discovered in the vicinity of Chittenango. Manlius Centre. — A village of Onondaga county, containing a church and 50 other buildings, with about 300 inhabitants. Lodi. — A village of Seneca county, of about 60 buildings and 400 inhabitants. Sip-acuse.i Geddes. — An incorporated village of Onondaga county, with 700 inhabitants, 1 church, &c. Geddes is celebrated for its manufacture of salt — sahne springs having been found in the village. Ca7)iillus.f Jordan. — An incorporated manufacturing village of Onondaga county, containing about 200 buildings, among which are, 3 churches, 3 grist and 3 saw mills, 3 factories, with about 1,300 inhabitants. 7S ROUTE FROM r . : Port Byron. — An incorporated village of Cayuga county, consisting of 160 dwellings, 3 churches, I extensive grist mill, 2 leather factories, 4 saw mills, Montezuma. — A thriving village of Cayuga coun- ty, situated at the junction of the Erie canal with the Cayuga and Seneca canal. It contains about 700 inhabitants, with 1 church, stores, taverns, &.c. Im- mense quantities of salt are made here from the sa'- line springs, which abound in this section of the state. The Montezuma marshes, consisting of a Barrow strip of wet land, extend along Cayuga outlet and Seneca river for a distance of 15 miles. Clyde — An incorporated village of Wayne county', comprising 3 churches, an academy, 4 grist mills, 1 saw mill, 1 furnace, 2 glass factories, and about 15(/ dwellings. Population about 1,100. Lyons. — A large incorporated town and seat of justice of Wayne county, containing nearly 2,000 inhabi^iants. Its principal buildings are, a court house, jail, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 large warehouses, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 furnace, and other facto- ries, which produce leather, potash, machinery, car- riages". Access to the neighboring towns is had by m^dns of stages, railroad cars, canal boats, &c., ■yyhich are constantly arriving at and departing from this active place. Neivark. — A village of Wayne county, containing 230 buildings and 1,300 inhabitants. Among the buildings are, 3 churches, 1 steam flouring mill, 2 furnaces, and some other factories. Port Gibson. — A village of 200 inhabitants, witk a church, &,c., in Ontario county. Palmyra. — A large incorporated village of Wayne County, containing upwards of 2,000 inhabitants, 4 churches, an academy, hotels, stores, &c , with the customary p?oportioh of tradesmen's warehouses-, shops, offices, &,c. It is dehghtfuUy situated^ in the centre of a productive agricultural district, and is.. ALBANY TO BUFFALO. 77 altogether, one of the most attractive villages of the state. Its manufactures are extensive and valuable, consisting principally of flour, iron castings, carriages, and many other articles. Fairport. — A village of Monroe county, containing about 180 mhabitaiits. Pittsford. — A village of Monroe county, contain- ing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. Eochester.f Spencersville. — A village of Monroe county, con- taining a church, 50 dwellings, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, a carriage factory, a furnace, and about 300 inhabitants. Brock port. — A pleasant incorporated town of 2,000 inhabitants, situated in Monroe county, containing 3 churches, an academy, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, a carding machine, and many similar establishments. Holley. — A village of Orleans, coutaip.ing about 300 inhabitants, 2 churches, and 70 dvvelhngs. Ilulberton. — A village oi the same county, with a church and 250 inhabitants. Albion. — Scat of justice for Orleans county, and one of the most pleasant villages on the canal, both in point of situation and plan. It is incorporated, and has, in addition to the usual county buildings, 2 flour- ishing seminaries, 2 banks, 3 churches, 8 large ware- houses for the accommodation of the canal trade, a grist mill, and several merchants' stores, taverns, &c. Knowlesville. — A clever httle village, 7 miles be- yond Albion. It is incorporated, and has about 500 inhabitants, 3 churches, and 3 or 4 factories. Medina. — An incorporated village of Orleans coun- ty, situated on Oak Orchard creek, where it intersects the Erie canal. The present number of inhabitants is about 900, with 160 buildings, including 5 churches, 7 warehouses, 3 grist mills, stores, taverns, «Scc., &c. Middle port, in Niagara county, is a neat village, comprising 70 or 80 dwellings, 2 churches, 3 grist 7* t8 ROUTE FROM and 2 saw mills, and 6 extensive factories of leather^ iron castings, potash, &,c. Lockport. — An incorporated village of the first class, and seat of justice for Niagara county. With the exception of Buffalo and Rochester, it is the most iinportant commercial and manufacturing town iri ■\vestern New York, Lockport now numbers up- wards of 7,000 inhabitants, and nearly 1,000 build- ings of every description : included among the latter are, a court house, jail, 12 churches, 20 hotels, 2 banks, and about 40 extensive factories, which pro- duce immense quantities of articles ; such as cotton aind woolen goods, prepared lumber, ground plaster^ machinery, iron castings, and agricultural instru- ments of every sort, carriages, leather, bread stuffs^ and many other articles. The power employed by these factories is derived from Lake Erie, through the medium of the Erie canal ; which, having a de- scent here of 60 feet, supplies an almost unlimited amount of hydraulic force. The prodigious excava- tions through which the canal now passes and de- scends the terrace into the Ontario valley, and the ponderous locks by which the descent is effected, are every way deserving of careful examination. This is one of the most cosdy sections of the canal, having been cut through compact rock for a great distance, both horizontally and vertically. Passengers for the falls leave the canal here, and proceed by the railroad a distance of 24 miles. Con^ veyance in almost every direction is afforded by the canal boats, stages, or cars, wliich leave Lockport daily. JPendletoii.—A small setdement of Niagara county, situated at the junction of the Erie canal and Tona. wanda creek, containing nearly 200 inhabitants. There is a sulphur spring about two and a half miles east from Pendleton, which is becoming a place of some resort. Tonatoanda, — A village of Erie county, comprising ALBANY TO BALLSTON, Sl'A, SCC. 79 about 150 buildings, including a church, workshops, &c. The railroad from Buffalo to Niagara passes through the village, which is one of the stopping places. Buffalo.f Excursion to Ballsion, Spa, Saratoga, and Lake- George. Schenectady, by railroad, 16" Ballston, Spa, " 14 30 Saratoga Springs, " 7 37 FortsviJle, bystage, 11 48 Glenn's Falls, " 6 54 Caldwell, " 9 63 Ticonderoga, " .,...37 100 Schenectad7j.i Ballston Spa. — The springs of Ballston Spa have long been celebrated for their medicinal quahties, and are resorted to by vast numbers of invalids and others. The waters resemble those of Saratoga, though not so strongly impregnated with the mineral ingredients which characterise the latter. They are chiefly saline and chalybeate, but in various degrees. Some are exceedingly cold, and strongly charged with oxide of iron and carbonic acid gas. Their rtiedicinal quaht'es are of the cathurtic and tonic kind. The chief ingredients of these celebrated waters consist of chloride of sodium, bicarbonites of rtiagnesia and soda, carbonate of lime, with shght traces of carbonate of iron, silex, and alumine. In addition to about 220 dwelhngs, there are, in the village, 4 churches, 1 bank, a court house, jail, and several excellent hotels and boarding houses, reading rooms, &.C. Ballston Spa is, in every respect, one of the most pleasant and salubrious places of resort HI the county. Here is a railroad to Troy. 80 ROUTE FROM One of the principal drives from the Spa is to Ballston Lake, 5 miles southward, where equip, ments for fishing and fowling may be obtained. A few miles to the S. E. is Round Lahe, another at- tractive spot, abounding also with fi^h and fowl. The waters of these lakes are discharged into the Hudson by Anthony's Kill. Saratoga Springs. — The most celebrated of these springs occupy the central part of Saratoga county, and are about equi-distant from Schenectady and Glenn's Falls. Every accommodation is afforded the visiters by the spacious and elegant hotels which abound here. The most noted of these are, the United States, near the railroad depot ; Congress Hall, near Congress spring ; Pavilion, near Flat Rock spring; Union Hall, opposite Congress Hall; Columbian, near the Pavilion ; Washington Hall, in the north end of the village ; American, Adelphi, I\[ontgomery, and Mansion House. In the eastern suburbs, rrospect Hull and Highland Hall; to- gether with some other hotels and extensive board- ing houses. There are also commodious bathing houses, circulating library, reading rooms, minera- logical cabinet, &c., &c. Among the other buildings are, 6 churches, a rail- road depot, an academy, 2 foundries, printing offices, &,c , and about 325 dwelhngs. The springs of Saratoga, now the resort of thous- ands of persons in search of health or pleasure, from almost every part of the world, were discovered long anterior to the revolutionary war. Congress, Wasliington, Putnam, Pavilion, Iodine, Hamilton, High Rock, and Flat Rock, are the names by which the principal springs are known. In addition to these are others, called the Ten springs, which include the Union spring, about a mile east of the others. The ingredients which compose the waters of these springs are nearly the eame in all, diflfering but slightly in the relative quan- ALBANY TO SARATOGA. 81 fity of each. Dr. Steel's analysis of one of them, (Congress spring,) affords a sufficient insight into the nature and qualities of the entire series. From 231 cubic inches (one ga:iion) of the water were ol)tained — Grams. Chloride of sodium, (sea salt,) 385 Hydriodate of soda, 3 5 Bi-carbonate of soda, 8 982 " magnesia, 95 788 Carbonate of hme, 98 098 " iron, 5 075 Silex...... 1 5 Hydro-bromate of potash, a tr^ce. Total Grains, 597 943 Carbonic acid gas, cubic incites, 311 Atmospheric air, 7 Gaseous contents, 318 Saratoga Lake. — Situated about 5 miles S. E. from the spring, is much frequented by the lovers of ronian. tic scenery by which this beautiful lake is surrounded. Its waters abound with several kinds of fish ; as perch, pike, pickerel, &c.; and the variety of wild fowl and other game which inhabit its borders, afford ample Amusement for the sportsman. The waters of these springs £ow through a small ravine into Owl lake, thence into Kayaderoseros creek, a tributary of Saratoga lake, which has its discharge into the Hudson through Fish creek, about 10 miles E. of Sa- ratoga, on the falls of I'ish' creek, which are also much frequented as one of the " lions " of the neigh- borhood : and a httle further on, near Schuylersville, is the battle-ground of Saratoga, where the British army, under General Burgoyne, surrendered to the American forces, October 17, 1777. Fortsville. — A post office of Moreau township. 8a ROUTE FROM Glen's Falls. — A cataract or rather a cascade of the Hudson, with an entire descent of 70 feet. The rock is here cut and abraidcd in the most extraordinary manner; caves, crevices, and gorges of almost every imaginable form are presented to the sight; over which, or through which the water plunges, or silently insinuates itself, until it reaches the bed below, where it calmly reposes as if wearied with the mighty strug- gle just ended. The rock, an horizontal secondary limestone, is rich in its appropriate fossils. Some of the finest speci- mens of the trilobite have been found here, together with many other organic remains. The falls can be best seen from the fine new bridge, immediately below. Here an extensive and thriving town has grown up, consisting of nearly 300 buildings with about 2,000 inhabitants. Among the former are, 3 churches, 10 or 12 mills of various sorts, some for sawing the beautiful black marble which is found on both sides of the river. Jessup's Falls. — Ten miles above Glen's Falls is a cataract of the Hudson, which here descends in an unbroken sheet from a height of 100 feet. Hadley'« Falls 3 or 4 miles higher up the stream, also deserves attention. Caldwell — A village and seat of justice of Warren county, containing about 225 inhabitants, a court house, jail, 1 church, several hotels, mills, &c. Among the relics of former wars in this vicinity, are Forts George, south-east of the village, Willi m Henry, near the former, and Gage ; and still further south-east, is Bloody Pond, into which the dead bodies of about 1,000 French and Enfrlish soldiers were thrown after the battle of Sept. 7, 1775. The Lake House, — The principal hotel of the place, is much resorted to, and is the point of departure of the steamboat which conducts the traveler through Lake George. — One of the most beautiful and ro- ALBANY TO BALLSTOlt SPA, &C. 83 mantic sheets of water in the state, is connected by a narrow channel and deep fall with Lake Cham- plain, to which it is tributary. It has in its immedi- ate vicinity, or rather risinfj from its banks, some of the most elevated summits in this part of the state, having their precipitous sides covered with forest trees. There is a vast number of small islands in the lake, many of which are picturesque and beautiful to a high degree. One of them {Diamond Island) con- tains beautiful quartz crystals, resembling, in their purity and form, diamonds of the first water. Travel, ers uniformly bear testimony to the tranquil beauty and sylvan scenery which characterize this beautiful spot. Nature here assumes her most charming and alluring aspect, to gratify and astonish her admirers ; here rocks piled on rocks rise to a towering height, and seem to threaten with instant destruction those who venture beneath their overhanging summits. In some places, the scenery is of the softest and most agree- able kind, consisting of finely sloping banks orna- mented with foliage of every hue. The beauty of the scene has not yet been marred by the encroachment of art ; nature here reigns triumphant. The waters of the lake, which are elevated 240 feet above the ocean, and perfectly pure and transparent, abound with salmon, trout, pickerel, pike, perch, silver and lake trout. At the foot of the lake is Alexandria. — A village of Essex county, situated on Lake Champlain, at the outlet of Lake George, containing about 300 inhabitants, mostly engaged in the lumber trade. The fall between the two lakes, which is nearly 200 feet, affords an abundant supply of water for man- ufacturing purposes ; but, with the exception of some 5 or 6 saw mills and a few other works, the im- mense water power which nature has here provided, remains almost wholly unemployed. Fort Ticonderoga. — Situated on the northern point fyrmed by the junction of the two lakes. Of this once 84 ROUTE FROM important work nothing but the broken walls remalo*' presenting a melancholy contrast with the animated scenes around. It is considerably elevated above Lake Champlain, which is seen for a great distance towards the north and south. Its position, it was considered, rendered the post nearly impregnable until attacked from a more elevated point on the opposite side of the outlet of Lake George, which had until then been deemed inaccessible. The most important incident connected with this post, then in the possession of the French, was the at- tack of Gen. Abercrombie, with a force of 16,000 men, on the 5th of July, 1758; who was signally repulsed with a loss of 2,000 men, whilst that of the French did not exceed 50. The French garrison consisted of 3,000 men, including Indians. The steamboats of Lake Champlain stop at the landing near Fort Ticonderoga, by which passage may be had to St. Johns, and thence to Montreal. Route from Albany to Montreal, via Saratoga, Lake Champlain, ^c. Saratoga, 37 • Sandy Hill, by stage, 19 56 Kingsbury " 5 61 Fort Ann " 5 66 Whitehall " 11 77 Ticonderoga, by steamboat, 26 103 Crown Point, 14 117 Westport, by steamboat, 11 128 Essex, " 11 139 Fort Kent, •• 18 157 Plattsburg " 18 175 Rouse's Point, " 30 205 St. Johns, " 22 227 La Prairie, by railroad, 16 243 Montreal, by steamboat 9 252 Sandy Hill. — An incorporated village and seat of i ALBANY TO MONTREAL. 85 justice of Washinglon county, with a population of 1,100, and some 200 buildings, including a court house, jail, &c.; 3 churches, 9 extensive factories propelled by the water of the Hudson, which here falls about 12 feet. A short distance below the village are JBaker^s Falls, having an unbroken descent of 50 feet. A navigable feeder of the Champlain canal, and the Saratoga and Washington railroad, pass through- the village. Kingsbury. — A small hamlet of Washington county, containing a church and 20 or 25 buildings. Fort Aim— ^An incorporated village of the same county, situated on the Champlain canal, comprising 3 churches and nearly 100 other buildings, with about GOO inhabitants. Whitehall. — An incorporated town of Washington county, situated at the extreme head of Lake Cham- plain. It contains about 2,500 inhabitants, 350 dwellings, 3 churches, a bank, 15 factories, besides a due proportion of taverns and workshops ; but its chief business is connected with the canal and trans- portation trade. Here the Champlain canal termi- nates, and here the lake navigation commences. Steamboats and sailing vessels on the former, and canal boats on the latter, are the chief modes of con- veyance employed here, and are very extensively used. Canal boats depart twice a day for Troy, and steam once a day for St. Johns and the intermediate places. Ticonderoga.i down Point. — A military post of former times, of which the ruins only remain : they may be seen from the water, perched upon a point on the side of the lake, opposite Cedar point. TVestport. — A village of Essex county, on the west shore of Lake Champlain, containing 600 inhabitants, 2 churches, an academy, «fec. There is a ferry here to Jhe opposite shore of the lake. 86 ROUTE FROM Essex. — A village of the same county, situated on the west shore of Lake Champlain, containing 650 inhabitants, 3 churches. A ferry communicates with the village of Charlotte, on the eastern shore. I'ort Kent. — A busy little village of Essex county, with about 300 inhabitants, a church, and the usual proportion of taverns, workshops, &c. The position of Port Kent is one of great beauty ; it affords an ex- tensive view of the lake, and opposite shore of Ver- mont. Plattshurg. — An incorporated village and seat of justice of Clinton county, situated at tlie head of Cum. berland bay, Lake Champlam, at the outlet of the Saranac. Its present population is about 2,750. The chief buildings, besides the United States barracks in the south part of the village, are, a court house, jail, 4 churches, a bank, an academy, 20 factories which produce cotton and woolen goods, flour, prepared marble, lumber, leather, machinery, soap and candles, besides many other articles from the shops, &,c. The falls of the Saranac having an entire descent of about 40 feet, supply a water power of great extent. Plattshurg is favorably situated both in regard to the lake trade and that of the interior, which is extremely rich in agricultural and mineral productions. Plattshurg and its vicinity are memorable as the scene of most important events during the recent conflict with Great Britain. It was near this place that the British General, Sir George Prevost, with 14,000 men, was signally defeated by the American General, Macomb, with only 3,000 men, on the J 1th of September, 1814; and on the same day another victory, equally decisive, was achieved over a Britislj fleet by Com. M'Donough, with a force greatly in- fcrior to that of the English. Eouse^s Point. — On the west shore of Lake Cham- plain is the seat of an important military work, com- menced by the American government prior to the late ALBANY TO MONTREAL. 87 war; but on fixing the boundary line between the United States and Canada, under the treaty of Ghent, it was found to be north of the hne, and consequently within the British territory. It thus became British property, and as such was held by the provincial governtnent, uniil restored to the United States in obedience to the Ashburton treaty of 1842. St. Johns. — This is the first important place on the lake, or rather outlet of Champlain, within the British dominions. It is situated about 21 miles north of the boundary line, on the left bank of the Sorel, and com- municates by railroad with La Prairie. — A neat little village of La Prairie District, Canada East, situated on the right bank of the St. Lawrence, opposite the south-east angle of Montreal island. A steamboat phes between La Prairie and Montreal. Montreal A Hoiiie from Albany to Montreal, via Troy, Easton, and Whitehall, by stage and steamboat. Troy, 6 Lansingburgh, 3 9 Schagticoke point, 7 16 Easton, 10 26 Aigyle, 20 46 Hartfort, 10 56 Granville, 7 63 Whitehall, 9 72 Montreal, as above, 175 247 Troy.i Lansingburgh. — An incorporated village of Rens- selaer county, on the east bank of the Hudson, con- taining 3,200 inhabitants. In additifii.to 500 dwell- ing houses, there are 7 places of worship, 1 bank, an academy^ and 26 extensive factories, whose produce is iroa aad copper ware, floor cloth, brushes, prepared 88 ROUTE FROM gypsums, flour, fire-arms, soap and candles, malt liquors, shoes and boots, hats, &c. Lansingburg is environed by a beautiful and exceed- ingly populous country. On the opposite side of the Hudson, which is here crossed by a bridge, is Waterford. — A very handsome and thriving vil- lage of Saratoga county. The Diamond Eock. — A celebrated eminence, com- posed in part of quartz crystal, is situated about one mile east from the village. Schagticoke. — A small settlement, with a post of- fice, in Rensselaer county. Easton. — A village of Washington county, con- taining 350 inhabitants, 3 churches, with the usual complement of stores, taverns, &c. Argyle. — An incorporated village of th6 same county, containing 550 inhabitants, with 3 churches, grisf and saw mills, stores, &c. Hartford. — A little village of the same county, containing 150 inhabitants, 2 churches, &c. Granville. — A village of Washington county, of 100 buildings, with about 600 inhabitants. Whitehall.f Montreal.^ From Albany to Whitehall, by the Chaynplain canal. West Troy, 7 Fort Miller, 5 40 Waterford, 4 11 Fort Edward, .... 8 48 Mechanicsville,... 8 19 Kingsbury, 5 53 Stillwater, 4 23 Fort Ann, 7 60 Bemus' Heights, . 3 26 Whitehall, 12 72 Schuylersville,.... 9 35 West Troy.j^ Waterford. — An incorporated village of Saratoga county, situated on the Hudson, where it is joined by the north outlet of the Mohawk. The village con- ALBANY TO WniTElIALL. 89 tains 4 churches, 1 bank, an academy, and 17 exten- sive factories, which produce leather, fire engines, machinery, iron castings, buttons, cordage, flour, cotton goods, &c. The village is connected with Lansingburgh by a fine vv'ooden bridge. 'I'he Rens- selaer and Saratoga railroad from Troy passes through the village. Mechanicsville. — Situated on the west bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains about 100 buildings and 550 inhabitants. Among the former are, 2 churches, a cotton factory, 1 grist, 1 saw and 1 plaster mill. The village is intersected by the railroad from Troy and Saratoga, and the Champlain canal, Stilhoater, on the west bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains about 500 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, &c. Stillwater is distinguished in the annals of the revo- lution. The battles of Saratoga, Bemus' Heights, &LC., which resulted in ihe surrender of General Bur. goyne to the Americans, under General Gates, in 1777, were fought in this neighborhood. Bemus' Heights. — The field on which one of the battles just mentioned took place. A small settle- ment, with a post office, now occupies the ground. Schuylersville, on the vrest bank of the Hudson, in Saratoga county, contains 600 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, 1 cotton and 1 woolen, 1 iron ware, 1 machine, and some other factories. It was near this village that Burgoyne surrendered, October 17th, 1777. Fort Miller, on the east bank of the Hudson, in Washington county, contains 300 inhabitants, a church, and 3 or 4 factories. There is a fall here of 20 feet, and a dam of 8 feet, by which the water is raised to supply the canal. Fort Edward, of Washington, contains 500 inhab- itants, a church, and several factories, stores, &c. The village derives its name from a fortress, built 8* 90 ROUTE FROM during the old French war. It is also memorable a3 the scene of a most shocking tragedy, in which 31iss McCrea was murdered by a party of Indians, who had undertaken to convey her to her friends : but a dispute having arisen among them respecting the promised reward, and being attacked by a party of American soldiers, they slew the unfortunate young: lady, whom they left on the ground, tomahawked and scalped. Kingsbury. — A small hamlet and post office in Washington county. Fort Ann. — An incorporated village of Washing- ton county, situated on the left bank of Wood creek, a tributary of Lake Champlain. It contains 80 dwell- ings, 3 churches, and about 500 inhabitants. The remains of old Foit Ann, erected in 1756, may still be seen here. Whitehalli From Albany to Ithaca, via Cooperstown, by stage. Duaiiesburg, 20 Smyrna, 20 94 Esperance, 6 26 Deruyter, ...21 115' Cherry Valley,.. ..26 52 Truxton 10 125 Cooperstown, 12 64 Cortland 13 138 Burlington, 10 74 Ithaca .....21 15» Duaneshm g. — A small settlement, with a post office, in Schenectady county. Esperance. — An incorporated village of Schoharie county, containing 500 inhabitants, a church, and some small factories. Cherry Valley. — An incorporated village of Otsego county, containing 1,200 inhabitants, 3 churches, a bank, an academy, &c. About 18 miles beyond Esperance are Sharon Springs, which have of late attracted unusual attention ; they are situated in the town of Aharon, Sghoharie county, a few miles east of Cherry ALBANT TO ITHACA. 91 Valley. The waters of these springs, which resemble those of Central Virginia, being highly charged with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, are efficacious in rheum- atic, cutaneous, and dyspeptic disorders. The mine- ral substances found on analyzing one gallon of the water, were Sulphate of lime, Ill 62 grains. " magnesia 42 40 " Chloride of sodium, 2 24 «'' • " magnesium, 2 40 '* Hydro-sulohuret of sodium,, i " calcium,.. [ 2 28 " Vegetable extractive matter, . } Total grains 160 94 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, 16 cubic inches'. Situated in one of the most salubrious sections of the state, surrounded by romantic and beautiful sce- nery, with waters possessing in a high degree medical and healing properties, the springs of Sharon must henceforward be regarded as one of our most attract- ive and fashionable watering places. A splendid hotel, built on a liberal scale, has been erected for the accommodation of invalids and others. Travelers from Albany destined for these springs, have a choice of route. In addition to the above, either the railroad or Erie canal may be taken to Canajoharie, whence to the springs it is about 12 miles. Coopcrstown. — An incorporated village and seat of justice of Otsego county. It occupies a fine posi- tion on the outlet of Otsego lake, commanding an extensive view of the lake and adjacent country. Its population is about 1,500. A court house, jail, 5 churches, a bank, an academy, and some extensive storehouses, constitute its chief buildings. Burlington. — A small hamlet, with a post office, in Otsego county. 92 ROUTE rnoM Smyrna. — An incorporated village of Qhenango county, containing 450 inhabitants, 2 ciiurches, and 3 factories. Deruyter. — An incorporated village of IMadison county, hiaving 400 inhabitants, 2 churches, an acad- emy, shops, &c. Truxtun — A village of 300 inhabitants, 2 churches, a furnace, and 2 or 3 minor factories. Cortland. — Seat of justice of Cortland county, con- taining 1,300 inhabitants, the usual county buildings, 3 churches, 3 mills, and some mechanics' shops. The site of Cortland is well chosen, and the village itself is handsome and well built. Ithaca. — An incorporated village and seat of jus. tice of Tompkins county, is beauti.^ully located on Fall creek, near the southern angle of Cayuga lake. Its plan is judiciously arranged, with wide and com- modious streets, lined with neat and some splendid houses; and in all respects it is one of the finest, as it is the largest, town in this section of the state. Population about 4,500. The public buildings con- sist of a court house, jail, 6 churches, an academy, 3 banks, Sec. Tlie factories are located principally upon Fall, Ca^cadiila, and Six Mile creeks, which aflord an abundance of hydraulic povv-er. Among these are. 1 paper mill, 3 furnaces, 1 oil mill. 1 cot. ton and 1 woolen factory, 2 plaster ad 2 flouring mills, 1 brewery, 2 machine shops, 1 carding mill, and others ; together with an extensive rope walk, boat yard, &c. Its advantages for trade are in no respect inferior to those already mentioned. It has a water communication with thi- Kne canal to the north, by means of Cayuga lake and its outlet, which is navigated by steamboats. Towards the south, extends the Ithoca and Ovvego railroad ; and on all sides are several good common roads, leading to Binghamton, Cortland, Cayuga, Geneva, Jefi'erson, and Elmira, respectively. ALBANY TO BOSTON. 93 Route from Albany to Boston, by railroad. Kinderhook, 16 Chatham four corners, 7 23 Richmond, 18 41 Pittsfield, 8 49 Dalton, 5 54 Washhigton, 8 62 Chester, 19 81 Springfield, 21 102 Palmer, 15 117 Warren, 10 127 Charlton, ;.. 16 143 Worcester, 13 156 Framingham...... ....23 179 Boston, 21 200 Kinderhook. — An incorporated village of CoIur»- bia county, containing nearly 1,500 inhabitants, S churches, 1 banking house, and factories of carriages, hats, leather, &lc. Chatham four corners. — A little village of Colum- bia county, comprising 30 dwelling houses, with about 180 inhabitants. Richmond. — An incorporated town of Berkshire county, Mass., containing 1,097 inhabitants, chiefly employed in agriculture. Its manufactures consist of pig iron, shovels, leather, boots, shoes, &c. Pittsfield. — A large manufacturing town, and the centre of an extensive agricultural district of Berk- shire, Mass., containing 3,747 inhabitants. The place, originally called Pontoosuck by the Indians, was for many years a frontier town, garrisoned for the protection of ihe inhabitants against hostile In- dians. Pittsfield is finely situated in the Housatonic Valley, at an elevation of 1,000 feet above the ocean, and surrounded by a country beautifully variegated by hill and dale. Its manufactures consist of cotton and woolen 94 ROUTE FROM goods to a great amount, fire arms, iron castings, tin ware, &c. ; and its chief buildings are, 4 churches, a banking house, academy, 1 cotton factory, &c. Dalton. — An incorporated town of Berkshire, Mass., containing 1,255 inhabitants. The produce of its factories consists of woolen goods, iron castings, leather, paper, boots and shoes. Washi.-igton. — An incorporated town of Berkshire, Mass., containing 991 inhabitants, 1 church, 8 saw and I grist mills. Chester. — A town of Hampden county, Mass. con- taining 1,632 inhabitants, 2 cotton and 1 woolen factories, ] fulling mill, 5 saw and 2 grist mills, stores, &.C Springfield. — A large and beautiful town of Hamp- den county, of which it is the seat of justice, situated on the east or left bank of the Connecticut, incorpo- rated in 1645. It comprises the usual county build- ings, court house &c., 6 churches, 8 cotton, 4 paper, and 3 leather factories, 2 brewiries, 3 saw and 3 grist mills, several printing offices, from which four weekly papers are issued, 3 academies. Population of the township, includmg the village of Chickopee, 4 miles above Springfield village, 1(J,935. The United States has here an extensive manufac- tory of arms, consisting of 4 large brick buildings and several work shops, and employing about 250 workmen. The power employed by this establish- ment is derived from Mill and Chickopee rivers, branches of the Connecticut. West Springfield. — On the opposite side of the Connecticut, which is here crossed by a fine bridge 1,234 feet in length, is a remarkably neat village, con- taining 1 church, several mills, &c. Palmer. — A mere hainlet of Hampden county, con- eisting of 15 or 20 dwelling houses, &c. and about 130 inhabitants. Warren. — A small village of AVorcester county, sit. uated on Chickopee river, containing 2 churches, 3 ALBANY TO BOSTON. 95 cotton and 1 woolen factorie?, 2 fulling, 3 gvhi and 4 saw mills, 1 forge, &,c. Charlton. — A village of Worcester county, contain- ing I cottoii factory, J fulling, 10 saw and 7 grist mills. &c. Worcester. — A large and thriving town, and seat of justice for Worcester county, containing 7.497 in- habitants. It is favorably situated in the midst of a fertile country, intersected by excellent roads in every dn-ection. The I'oston and Worcester railroad ter- minates, and the western railroad commences here, as does that to Norwich. The Blackstone canal, which extends to Providence, also commences hero. The chief buildings consist of those devoted to the county courts and offices, 4 churches, a banking- house, a hall belonging to the American Antiquarian Society, State Asylum for lunatics, 1 cotton, and 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 2 paper, 2 grist and 2 saw mills, 4 printing offices, each of which issues a week- ly paper By means of the various railroads, daily communication is had with Boston, Albany, Norwich, and the intermediate towns. Framingham. — An incorporated town of Middle- sex county, comprising, in addition to several neat dwelling houses, a church, 1 leather, 4 woolen and 1 paper factories, 4 ^"P^t and 4 saw mills. Boston.i TROY". A large commercial and manufacturing city of Rensselaer county, of which it is the seat of justice, and the fourth in point of population of the state of New- York ; containing 19,334 inhabitants. It is verv advantageously situated on the east bank of the [ludson, a short distance below the head of sloop navigation ; having in the rear an extensive fer- jtile region, of which it is the depository. Its facilities for intercourse are in no way inferior to its agricul- liiral advantages, having the Champlain canal in the 96 ROUTE FROM south, the Erie canal from the west, the noble Hud- son in the south, together with the use of the various railroads which extend in almost every direction. Among the principal buildings are, a court house, b^uilt of marble, a jail, an alms house, two extensive market houses, 3 Episcopal, 7 Presbyterian, 2 Bap. tist, 3 Methodist, 1 Catholic, 1 Universalist churches, and a Friends' meeting-house ; 6 banking houses, 21 hotels, 7 cotton, and 2 woolen factories, 4 furnaces, 8 forges, 3 fulling and 2 rolling mills, and slitting mills ; 3 breweries, 5 carriage factories, 7 tan-yards, together with a large number of minor establishments of a similiar description. The power emploj-ed by these extensive concerns, chiefly hydraulic, is derived from the Hudson, in which a pool has been formed which creates a fall of 11^ feet. In addition to this valuable power, another is afforded by the Poasten kill, whose waters are conducted by means of a tunnel 800 feet in length into the city, and thu-s a fall of 180 feet has been effected. The falls and cascades of Paosten and Wyanl's creeks deserve attention. Troy is also distinguished for its literary and sci- entific institutions; among these are the Rensselaer institute, TroyFemale Semin^jv, Troy Academy for Boys, Lyceum of Natural Hist^, Young J.Ien's Mu- tual Improvement Association, together with several benevolent institutions. Troy is supplied with excel, lent water from the Piscawen creek. The water is conveyed to a distributing basin, 90 feet above the Hudson, and situated n the north quarter of the city. The city communicates with West Troy on the opposite side of the Hudson, by means of a bridge. Steam and canal boats, cars and stages, afford almost hourly communication with the surrounding towns. The Rensselaer and Saratoga railroad extends hence, via Waterford and Mechanicsville, to Ballston Spa, a distance of 24 miles, where it intersects the Schenec- tady and Saratoga railroad. The Schenectady and ROUTES FROM TROY. 97 Troy railroad extends from Troy along the south bank of the Mohawk to Schenectady, a distance of 20 miles, where it joins the great western line to Buftalo &,c. Ijy Steamboat. Miles. From Troy to Albany, t 6 Hudson,! 35 Catskill,t 40 Poughkeepsie.t 77 Nowburg,t 90 West Point,! 99 SingSing,t 118 Piermont,t 127 New-York,t, 151 By Eailroad. Miles. From Troy to Ballston, Spa,t 24 Saratoga Springs,! 31 Schenectady,! 20 Utica,! 97 Syracuse,! 150 Auburn,! 176 Geneva,! 212 Canandaigua,! 227 Rochester,! 254 Attica,! 297 Buffalo,! 327 Niagara Falls,! 350 By Erie Canal. Miles. From Troy to Schenectady,! 23 " Canajoharie,! 62 Little Falls,! 81 *• Utica,! 103 •• Syracuse,! 164 " Montezuma,! 198 " Lyons,! 218 " Rochester,! 262 " Lockport,! 326 Buffalo,! 356 9 98 ROUTE FROM By'Champlain Canal. Miles. From Troy to Mechanicsvi!le,t 12 Fort Miller,t 33 " Fort Ann, t 53 Whitehail.t 65 By Stage. Miles. From Troy to Lansingburgh,t 3 Easton,t 20 Hartford,! 50 Whitehail.t 66 " Bennington, v., t 26 By Bailroad. Miles. From Troy to Greenbush,t 6 Pittsfield, Mass.,t 55 " Springfieldt " 109 Worcester,! " 162 " Boston,t " 206 UTICA. A large and flourishing commercial city of Oaekla county, having a population, according to the census of 1840, of 12,810, and upwards of 1,700 buildings. Among these are, 18 places of worship, an ex- change, 4 banks of discount and deposit, and 1 for savings ; county ha!I and offices, 2 academies, 1 asylum for orphans, a museum, &c. The New- York State Asylum for Lunatics, an immense establishment, is situated about half a mile to the west of the city. Its principal manufactures consist of machinery, iron castings, steam engines, oil-cloth, musical instru- ments, carriages, snufi'and segars, malt liquors, canal boats, &c., &c. Uiica is the centre of an extensive and productive agricultural district, and as such, enjoys superior ad- vantages : it is also indebted for its rapid increase and prosperity, in a great measure, to its situation on UTICA TO SACKETT's HARBOR. 99 the Erie canal, which here presents an appearance of life and animation peculiarly striking to one who is not familiar with such scenes. — Canal boats, rail- road cars and stages, are constantly arriving or de- parting ; these enable travelers to proceed without delay to any point they may desire. About 14 miles nearly due north, are the famous Trenton Fulls, on West Canada creek, a branch of the Mohawk. They consist of a succession of cascades, formed by the passage of the stream over a limestone ridge. The principal fall has a descent of about 70 feet ; none of the others exceed 30 feet in vertical height. The aggregate fall of the entire Series is about 400 ^eel, extending in a direction from north to south nearly 4 miles. The rock, a slaty hmestone, has every appearance of having been abraided by the action of the water, even to its top- most stratum. In some places the sides of the narrow ravine are nearly 200 feet above the surface of the stream, which is constantly encroaching upon its bed, and sinking gradually deeper into the solid rock. Much of the pathway which extends along the right bank of the stream, consists of a narrow shelf, cui from the rocky side — so narrow and rugged, that supports were found necessary. These consist of iron chains, adjusted horizontally, and fastened to bolts inserted in the rocks : by the aid of these contrivan- ces, which the passenger grasps with his hands, he is enabled to traverse tlie entire ravine ; but not with- out imminent danger of being precipitated into the roaring cauldron below. An interesting and accom-. plished young lady (Miss lliorne) lost her life soras years since at one of those dangerous passes. Trenton 14 Renisen Booneville Turin .... 4 18 ....14 32 .. 11 43 Martinsburg.... .... 7 50 100 ROUTE FROM ROUTES FROM UTIGA. From Utica to SacheWs Harbor, hy stage. Lowville 4 54 Denmark 9 63 Watertown 19 82 Brownville 4 86 Sacketi's Harbor... 8 94 Trenton. — An incorparated village of Oneida coun- ty, containing about 450 inhabitants, 2 churches, stores, iScc. A short distance from the village are the romantic and beautiful cascades called Trenton Falls, mentioned at page 99. Eemsen. — A village consisting of about 70 dwell- ings, 3 mills, &c., in Oneida county. Booneville. — A village of Oneida county, contain- ing 650 inhabitants, 2 churches, 1 grist and 1 saw mill, tan yard, &:.c. The Black river canal passes through the village. Turin. — A small village of Lewis county, com- prising 50 buildings, 2 churches, 1 woolen factory, 1 tan yard, 2 grist and 2 saw mills. Mariinshurg. — Seat of justice of Lewis county, containing between 6 and 700 inhabitants, 3 churches, a court house, jail, a bank, an academy, 1 woolen factory and several mills. The post road from Utica to Ogdensburg passes through the village. . Loicville. — A village of Lewis county, containing 700 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, a bank, mills, &c. Denmark. — A neat little village of Lewis county, containing about 200 inhabitants, a church, and an academy. Watertown. — A large and important village of Jefierson county, of which it is the seat of justice. It is favorably situated on the south side of Black river, and contains the county buildings, 7 churches, state arsenal, 3 banking houses, 3 printing offices, tITICA TO SACKETT'S HARBOR. 101 hall of the Black river Institute, Manual Labor School, Young Men's Literary Association, &c. Among the factory buildings are, 3 for carding, 1 for flannel, 1 for broadcloth, 1 for cotton goods, 2 for woolens, 4 for carriages, 3 carding mills, 5 grist mills 2 tan yards, 1 paper mill, 3 m.achine shops, 2 furnaces, 4 saw mills, 1 brewery, together with every other estabUsh- ment common to a large and busy town. The villages of Juhelville and Williamstown, on the opposite bank of Black river, which is here crossed by fine bridges, may be regarded as appendages of Watertown. The entire population of the whole is about 4,500. Brownville. — An incorporated village of Jefferson- county, situated on the north side of Black river,, containing about 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, 1 cotton, 2 satinet, and 1 white lead factory ; 2 ii;on foundries, 2 machine shops, 1 oil mill, 1 tan yard, &c. SaclieWs Harbor. — An incorporated village of Jef- ferson county, containing about 2,300 inhabitants. It is favorably situated at the outlet of Black river, on one of the finest harbors of Lake Ontario. The principal buildings are, 3 churches, 1 bank, an- ex- tensive rope walk and ship yard, 1 grist, 3 saw and 1 plaster mill, 1 machine shop, 2 furnaces, and 1 lan- yard. " Madison Barracks," erected by the government of the U. States, during the late war with Great Bri- tain, consist of a large storehouse, a hospital, a guard' house, and 3 commodious barracks, t!ie whole being enclosed by a picket fence. Sacketi's Harbor be- came quite conspicuous during the late struggle with England. Here most of the war vessels of the U. States, on the lake, were built and equipped ; and here may still be seen the remains of the largest of those vessels. 9* 10.2 ROUTE FROM Boute from Utica to Ogdensburgk, by stage. Denmark, as above, 63 Somerville, 8 94 Carthage, 6 69 De Kalb, 18 112 Antwerp, 17 86 Ogdensburg, 15 127 Denmark.f Carthage. — An incorporated village of Jefferson county, comprising 120 dwellings, 2 churches, an academy, 2 forges, 2 furnaces, 1 nail and 2 axe fac- tories, 1 rolling mill, 1 grist and 2 saw mills, 1 oil mill, several stores, taverns, workshops, &c. The " Long" falls of Black river at this place, afford a most valuable and extensive water power, which as yet is only partially employed. Anticerp. — A small village, consisting of 60 or 70 buildings, including 2 churches, and some small fac tories, situated on Indian river, Jefferson county. Somerville. — A little village of St. Lawrence coun- ty, of 30 or 40 buildings. De Kalb, of St Lawrence, is a small village, con- taining some 50 buildings, including several mills, taverns, stores, &c. Ogdensburg. — An incorporated village of St. Law. ranee county, situated on the right bank of the St. Lawrence, at the junction of the Oswegatchie. Its present population is nearly 4,000. Its public build- ings are, 5 churches, an academy, 2 banking houses, 3 flour mills, 1 tan yard, 1 cloth factory, 2 iron foun- dries, a brewery, 2 machine and several other shops, taverns, and about 100 stores of various kinds. A steam ferry boat plies across the St. Lawrence to Prescott, in Canada West. Passage by steamboat may be had daily, from Ogdensburg to the principal towns on the St. Lawrence, and above the village,- on Lake Ontario. UTICA TO BIBf(*HAMTON. 103 Bouies froin Utica to Binghamton, by stas^e. New Hartford 4 Sherburne 5 41 Paris Hill 6 10 Norwich 11 52 Waterville 6 16 Oxford 8 60 Madison 8 24 Greene 14 74 Hamilton 6 30 Chenango Forks... 7 81 Earlville 6 36 Binghamton 12 93 New Hartford. — A village of Oneida county, situ- ated on both banks of the Sadaquada creek, contain- ing 850 inhabitants, 4 churches, 3 cotton and 1 leather factories, mills, a bleaching and dyeing concern, &c. Paris Hill. — A pretty little village of Oneida county, consisting of some 30 or 40 buildings, includ- ing 3 churches, with the customary stores and taverns. Waterville. — A neat and thriving village of Oneida county, containing about 1,000 inhabitants, with 2 churches, an academy, a bank, and factories of starch, woolen goods, iron castings, steel springs, lumber, machinery, musical instruments, and flour. Madison. — An incorporated village of Madison county, comprising about 100 buildings, 2 churches, taverns, &c. Hamilton — A large incorporated village of Madi- son county, containing nearly 1,700 inhabitants. Its chief buildings are, 3 churches, a college, (the Ham- ilton Literary and Theological Institution,) belonging to the Baptists, an academy, with the usual comple- ment of stores, shops, &c. The Chenango canal passes through the village. Earlville. — A village of Madison county, with 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, stores, &c. Sherburne. — An incorporated village of Chenango county, situated on the left bank of the Chenango river, and on the line of the Chenango canal. Its chief buildings are, 4 churches, an academy, 1 furnace, i pottery, with about 700 inhabitants. i-04 SmtfllAMTOH- IN'orivich. — An extensive incorporated village, an(f seat of justice of Clienango county, containing about 1,600 inhabitants. Besides the customary county buildings, court-house, jail, &c., there are 230 dwelL ings, 4 churches, 1 saw rnill, 2 grist mills, store- houses, &c. Its manufactures consist of leather and leather goods, broadcloth, coaches and carriages of all descriptions, musical instruments, macliinery, iron Ware. These, in addition to an extensive trade with the surrounding fertile country, and the facilities of transportation afforded by the Chenango canal, give to Norwich an imposing and business-hke appear- ance. Oxford. — An incorporated village of Chenango county, containing about 1,500 inhabitants, with 200 dwellings, 5 churches, an academy, 2 large store- houses, 2 mills, 1 foundry, carriage factories, print- ing offices, &c. Greene. — A village of about 120 buildings and 800 inhabitants, in Chenango county. Here are 4 churches, 1 grist and 1 plaster mill, 1 cloth and 2 leather factories. Chenango Forks. — A village of 100 buildings,, in- cluding a church, in Broome county, situated at the point of junction of the Tioughnioga with its recipient, the Chenango river, and on the canal from Utica to the Susquehanna. Its manufactures consist of cloth, leather, and boots, &.c. Binghamton.— An incorporated village of the first class, and seat of justice of Broome county, contain. ing about 3,000 inhabitants. The public buildings are, a court house, jail, 10 churches, several acad- emies and schools ; and its factories consist of 2 grist, 4 sav/ and 2 plaster mills, canal boat yard and dry dock, steam furnace, machine shops, tan yards, and lath and plough and gun factories, &c. ; together with many store-houses for the accommodation of the canal and river trade, ^vhich is here extensively prosecuted by means of the Susquehanna and Che^ ROUTES FROM UTICA. 105 nango canal, the latter terminating at Binghamton. The New- York and Erie railroad, now in progress, ■will pass through the village, where an extensive de- p6t has been constructed. Access to any of the adjacent villages is afforded by the numerous canal packets and stages, which are constantly departing from the village in every direction. From Utica to Little Falls by canal, 22 miles. '* " by railway, ... 21 " Schenectady t by canal, . 80 *« " by railway, 77 " Albanyt by canal, 110 " " by railway, 93 ** Rome t by canal, 15 " " ^^by railway, 14 " Syracuse t by canal, 61 *• *' by railway, 53 " Rochester t by canal, ....159 " *' by rail way,.... 158 «' Saquoit by railway, 9 «' Sharon Springs by stage, 43 " Bridgewater " .... 18 " Cherry Valley •'' .... 40 " Cooperstown " 37 " Morrisville " .... 27 " Oneida Lake " .... 28 •• Oswego by railroad and canal, 99 High Falls of Black R., 41 Middleville, 13 ROCHESTER.t— (See p. 66.) Route from Eochester to Olean, by stage, Scottsville, 12 Nunda Valley, ....10 49 Caledonia, 8 20 Angelica, 20 69 Moscow, 16 36 Olean ,...30 99 Mount Morris, 3 39 106 ROUTE FROM Scottsville. — A village of Monroe county, contain- ing about 550 inhabitants, 2 churches, 2 grist, 2 saw and 1 plaster mill, distillery, ashery, &c. Caledonia. — A village of" Livingston county, com- prising 80 dweihngs, 2 churches, a brewery, saw and grist mills, &c. 31oscou\ — A village of Livingston county, contain^ ing about 450 inhabitants, 3 churches, taverns, stores, shops, &,c. Mount Morris. — An incorporated village of Liv- ingston county, with about 230 buildings, including 4 churches, 1 furnace, a pottery, 4 mills, propelled by the waters of the Genesee, and 1,300 inhabitants. The canal here sends oft' a branch to Dansville, dis- tant 11 miles. JVunda Valley. — A village of Allegany county, with nearly 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an acad- emy, 1 woolen factory, 1 furnace, 1 machine shopj stores, &c. Angelica.— An incorporated village and seat of justice for Allegany county, with about 1,000 inhab- itants. In addition to about 150 well built dweihngs, there are, in the village, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a woolen and leather factory, saw and grist mills. Olean. — A neat village of Cattaraugus county, beautifully situated on the right or north bank of the Allegany, containing 700 inhabitants, 2 churches, 4 mills, &c. The Genesee valley canal, which unites the Erie canal at Rochester with the Allegany river, terminates here, after having passed through or near every town on this route. From Olean to EUicottsville, by stage, 20 miles. " Frankhnviile, " 25 " " Bolivar, " 15 " " Whitesville, " 35 "^ " Friendship, " 20 " " Rochester, by canal;. .--... .101 " ROCHESTER TO BATH. 107 From Olean to Pittsburg, Pa., by Allegany river, 210 miles. " Coudersport, Pa., 35 " Boute from FocJiester to Bath, hy stage, via Geneseo and Avon Sjwings. Henrietta, 8 Dansville, 18 48 Avon Springs, 12 20 Liberty, 12 60 Geneseo, 10 30 Batli, 16 76 Henrietta. — A small village of Monroe county, containing 190 inhabitants, 30 dwellings, 2 churches* a high school, stores, &c. Avon Sjn-ings. — Celebrated medicinal springs, much resorted to by invalids and others, situated in the town of Avon, Livingston county. The waters of these noted springs, 12 in number, are beneficial in cutaneous afiections, and in disorders of the di- gestive powers generally. They are composed of carbonate and sulphate of lime, sulphate of magnesia and soda, sulphuretted hydrogen and carbonic acid gases, \\dth slight traces of chloride of calcium. Their temperature is uniform, (45° ofFah.,) and specific gravity, 10.018. Geneseo. — A large and beautiful village of Liv- ingston county, of which it is the seat of justice, con- taining about 1,000 inhabitants. Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, a bank, 3 churches, a high school, together with the usual proportion of taverns, stores, mechanics' shops, &-c. Geneseo is finely sit- uated about 4 miles east of the Genesee, which, from the commanding position of the village, is seen, in connection with its canal, to great advantage. Dansville. — A large and busy village of Living- ston county, containing about 1,700 inhabitants, 4 churches, and a bank. Dansville is admirably sit. uated for manufacturing purposes ; a fall of 65 feet, in the Canaseraga creek, affords an almost unlimited 108 ROUTE FROM power, which is, as yet, but partially employed.. The village is connected with the Genesee valley canal by a branch 11 miles in length. The man- ufactures of the place consist of paper, which is made in large quantities, leather, flour, iron castings, and nearly every article of domestic use, as hats, shoes, soap, candles, iStc. Liberty. — A neat little vilfage of Steuben county, on the Conhocten creek, containing 50 dwelhngs, 2 churches and nearly 300 inhabitants. \ Bath. — An incorporated village and^seat of justice of Steuben county, containing the county buildings, 5 churches, 230 dwellings, a bank, 2 printing offices, 1 grist, 1 plaster and 1 oil mill, a tan yard, and a furnace, with 1,500 inhabitants. From Bath to Crooked Lake, Gmiles. " Kennedyville, 5 '• " Avoca, 10 " " Angelica, 50 " « Adamsport, 23 *« " Campbell, 12 '» »• Corning, 27 " " Elmira, :40 ♦• " Seneca Lake, 28 « From Rochester to Batavia, by railway,... 30 miles. '< Buffalo, " ... 73 " " '« by canal, 94 '* •• Niagara Falls, by canal and railway, 88 " " Canandaigua, byr'way, 27 " [.'« Auburn, by railway,... 51 " " Utica, " ...157 " " Palmyra, by canal, .... 29 " ♦• Lyons, " .... 44 " " - Syracuse, " .... 98 " ♦• Utica, " ....159 « Olean, «• ,...107 « " Lake Ontario, " .... 10 " BUFFALO TO DETROIT. 109 BUFFALO.t Boute from Buffalo to Detroit, by steamboat. Dunkirk, 40 Cleveland, 70 184 Erie, Penn, 42 82 Sandusky, 54 238 Conneaut, O., ....32 114 Detroit, 62 300 Dunkirk. — An incorporated village of (Jhautauque county, situated on the S. E. margin of Lake Erie, where the Hudson and Erie railroad has its western terminus. It comprises about 220 buildings, in- cluding 2 churches, several mills, with 1,200 inhab- stanfs. Erie. — A large and flourishing town, and seat of justice of Erie county, Penn., situated at the head of Presque Isle bay, and contains a population of 3,412. Its chief buildings are, a court house, jail, 8 churches, an academy, a bank, a vast number of extensive warehouses for the lake trade, iron foundries, grist and other mills, tan yards, &c. Conneaut. — A neat little town of Ashtabula coun- ty, Ohio, situated on the Conneaut river, near its en- trance into Lake Erie. Population 2,649. Cleveland. — A large and important city of Cuyaho- ga county, Ohio, beautifully situated on the southern shore of Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Cuyahoga river. It is the emporium of art extensive trade by the lake, and the Ohio and Erie canal, which latter extends from Cleveland to Portsmouth, on the Ohio river. In common with every other part of the state of Ohio, the growth of Cleveland is almost unprece-- dented. A few years since its site presented not a trace of civilization ; now it yields only to Cincinnati in point of population, which exceeds 6,000 souls. The plan of the town is very regular, with wide and well graded streets, lined with fine buildings. Main street, the principal avenue, is 120 feet in breadth. The chief public buildings, some of which front on a pubUc square, consist of a court house and the usual 10 110 ROUTE FROM coimty offices, 8 handsome churches, 9 banking houses. Sandusky. — A town of Erie county, of which it is the seat of justice, beautifully ^situated on the souths em margin of Sandusky bay. The buildings, which are constructed mostly of stone, consist of 350 dwell- ings, 4 elegant churches, and an academy, with 1,500 inhabitants. . Detroit. — The capital of the state of Michigan, and the most extensive and important city of the N. W. region of the United States. It occupies the gate between the upper and lower lakes, and commands a vast and lucrative trade with the growing interior. In addition to about 1,700 dwelling houses there are, the capitol or legislative hall, v/ith its offices, city hall, 10 churches, some of which are large and elegant, 4 banks, a theatre, a museum, a state penitentiary, mechanics' hall, 2 asylums for orphans, 3 furnaces, breweries, potteries, Sec. Pubhc and private schools of the first order are numerous. Benevolent and literary institutions also abound here. There are 3 printing offices, from which 3 daily and 4 weekly newspapers are issued. Detroit is one of. the oldest towns in the United States, having been founded by the French settlers, in 1763. It was incorporated as a city in 1815. The central railway, which is de- signed to intersect the state from east to west, is fin- ished, and in operation from Detroit to Jackson, a distance of 80 miles. This, -with good common roads and the facilities of intercourse .-ifibrded by the lakes, must insure a full share of tradr io Detroit, which is justly regarded as the commerci:;! emporium of this section of the country. Eoute from Buffalo to Erie, Penn., hy stage. Hamburg, 14 Westfield, 15 60 Irving, 16 30 Erie, 30 90 Fredonia, 15 45 BUFFALO TO ERIE, PA. Ill Hamhtirg. — A post office, with a few dwellings, in Erie county. Irving. — A mere hamlet of 12 or 15 buildings, of Chautaiique county, situated at the outlet of Cattarau- gus creek. It is a port of entry. Fredonia — A large and flourishing village of Chau- tauque county, situated 3 miles from Lake Erie. It was incorporated in 1829, and now contains 1,200 inhabitants. Among the buildings are, 6 churches, an academy, 4 mills of various sorts, a furnace, and a clothier's establishment. Some of the streets and houses of the village are lighted from a natural gas- .ometer, situated near the bed of the adjoim'ng stream, from which issues immense quantides of carburetted hydrogen gas. Several similar inflammable springs have been discovered in the neighborhood. Westfield. — An incorporated village of Chautauque county, containing 1,100 inhabitants, 3 churches, an academy, 6 mills, and several factories, Erie.f From Bufl*alo to Mayfield, 65 miles. " Ellicottville, 48 " " Geneseo, 62 •' " Welland canal, 20 " *' Niagara falls, by railway,. 23 «* " do the Canada side,. 19 " " Attica, by railway, 31 " *' Batavia, 43 " Rochester, 73 '* *' Pendleton, by canal, 24 " *« Lockport, 31 " Albion, 60 " " Brockport, 71 « " Rochester, 95 " 112 ROUTE FROM NIAGARA FALLS.t Boute from Niagara to Montreal, hy steamhoat, ^c. Queenston 6 Prescot 14 339 Niagara village . . 7 13 Hamilton 18 357 Toronto 30 43 Cornwall 28 381 Port Hope 66 109 Coteau duLac....32 417 Coburg 36 145 Les Cedres 7 424 Oswego 74 219 Cascades 7 431 Kingston 58 277 La Chine 16 447 Elizabethtown....48 325 Montreal 8 455 From Niagara to Loekport, by railway, ....24 miles. " Rochester, R.R.& canal,88 " *' Buffalo, by railway, 23 '» *"• do stage, Canada side, 19 '« *♦ Chippewa 2 ♦• ** Fort Erie 18 «* ** Welland canal 5 " " Stonebridge, 17 " ** Lewistown, 6 *' Route froyn New-York io Boston, hy steamboat and railroad, via Stonington. Hell-gate 9 Connecticut river 19 111 Flushing bay 4 13 River Thames.. ..14 125 Throg's point 3 16 Stonington 16 141 New Rochelle L. . 8 24 Kingston, r. way 23 164 Stamford 17 41 Providence 24 188 Stratford point ...26 67 Mansfield 17 205 New Haven 13 80 Boston 24 229 Faulkner -s islandsl2 92 Hell.gate. — A narrow, crooked, and difHcult strait in the East river, formed by projecting rocks, by which the water passes with such velocity as io endanger vessels in navigating this modern Charybdis. By skillful management, Hell-gate is now passed with. NEW-TORK TO BOSTON. 113 out apprehension, and the terrors with which it was formerly approached are no longer felt by navigators. Flushing Bay. — An indentation of Long Island, at the head of which is the pretty village of Flushing mentioned at page 21. Throg^s Point. — A projection ofl West Chester county into Long Island sound, on which is situated Fort Schuyler, a military post recently erected by the United States government, for the defence of the city of New- York. Immediately after passing Throg's Point, we enter Long Island Sound. — An extensive arm of the Atlantic ocean, about 100 miles in length from W. S. W. to E. N. E., and of a mean breadth of 12 miles. Its widest part is off Nev»'-Kaven harbor, where it is 22 miles in width. Tlie Sound, which communicates with the adjacent ocean, both at its eastern and western extremities, has Long Island on the south, the coast «f Connecticut on the north, and that of West Chester 'county of New- York, on the west. Its outlines are numerously indented by bays of every form, and its surface diversified by many small islands which serve to beautify the view. The navigation of Long Island sound affords a most de- lightful excursion, as it combines both river and ocean scenery in the utmost perfection, without the dull monotony of the latter. New Enchelle Landing. — The port of New Ro- chelle, a village of 'West Chester county, containing 800 inhabitants, a town hall, 3 churches, several boarding schools, button factory, and ink and car- riage factories ; many extensive hotels and boarding houses for the accommodation of the citizens of New York, many of whom spend the summer months here. Stamford. — A beautiful town of Fairfield county, Connecticut, containing about 2,000 inhabitants. Stratford Point. — A noted landing place in Fair- field county, Connecticut. 10* 114 ROUTE FROM New.Haven Harbor. — A bay of Long Island sound, at the head of which is the beautiful city of New Haven. Falkner^s Islands. — A small cluster of islands about 5 miles off the coast of New.Haven county. Connecticut River. — This is the principal river of New England, which has its first fountain in Canada, and after passing southward and dividing the states of New-Hampshire and Vermont, and intersecting those of Massachusetts and Connecticut, enters Long Island sound about 30 miles east of New Haven, The entire course of this beautiful stream is marked by scenery of the most romantic and alluring descrip- tion. It is diversified by hill and dale, and towards the north, it assumes an almost Alpine aspect, with every characteristic of the most rugged and mountain- ous regions. In approaching its discharge into the sound, it gradually declines and gently meanders through the green fields of Connecticut, to its final union with its great recipient. Long Island sound. River Thajues. — A small stream of the state of Connecticut, having the towns of New London and Norwich on its right bank ; the former about 4, and the latter 20 miles from its mouth. This river forms a part of a route from New York to Boston, which will be noticed hereafter. Stonington. — An incorporated village of New London county, Connecticut, finely situated in the S. E. extremity of the state, and on the margin of the strait between the main land and Fisher^s island. It contains about 1,500 inhabitants, many of whom are engaged in the whale and seal fisheries. Stonington became quite conspicuous during the late war with Great Britain. On the 10th of August, 1814, it was vigorously bombarded by a British fleet, which, how- ever, was soon obliged to withdraw without accora- pHshing its object. Here the passengers for Boston leave the steain« boat and fente? the cars, NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 115 Kingston. — A small village of Rhode island. Providence. — A large commercial and manufactur- ing city of Rhode Island, of which state it is the seat of government. It is advantageously situated on both sides of Providence river, a tributary of Narraganset bay. There are in the city and its dependencies not less than 4,000 buildings of every sort, including some elegant public and private structures. Among these are many handsome churches, and several edifices belonging to Brown's University, established in 1770. The arcade, 222 feet in length and 72 in breadth, built of stone, is a beautiful building; together with many others devoted to literary, scientific, and commercial purposes. The manufactures of Providence and its neighborhood, in which nearly one-fourth of the in- habitants are engaged, are vast and various ; consist- ing chiefly of cotton goods of every variety, iron, copper and tin ware, and machinery of all kinds, jewelry, &.c. Besides the railroads to Boston and Stonington, respectively, Providence enjoys the ad- vantages of the Blackstone canal, which affords a navigable communication to Worcester, Mass. J?y the aid of these valuable auxiliaries, combined with excellent common roads, its domestic intercourse with the neighboring towns is largely promoted. Provi- dence has also an extensive and valuable foreign commerce, especially with India and the islands of Oceana : this, however, has somewhat diminished of late, owing to the diversion of much of its capital to the purposes of domestic manufactures. Boston — The great metropolis and caphal of the state of Massachusetts, and the fifth city of the United States in point of population and extent. It is beau- tifully situated on a peninsula, which juts from the main land into Massachusetts bay ; by which, and Charles river bay on the west, it is nearly surround- ed. The former bay, which forms the harbor, is studded in every direction by several pretty islands, some of which are crowned with tasty structures and il6 ROUTE FROM fortifications. These, with the numerous bridges ex- tending from the city to the opposite shores and the adjacent villages, impart great beauty and interest to the entire landscape, when viewed from any of the neighboring eminences. The city itself is somewhat irregular in its plan, and, with some exceptions, is disfigured by narrow and crooked streets. Those of a recent date are, how- ever, laid out on a more commodious and liberal scale, and lined for the most part with elegant and substan- tial buildings. Among these, the following deserve notice : the Old State House, on Washington and State streets ; State House, on Beacon street, in which the beautiful statue of Washington, by Chantry, is pla- ced, and from the dome of which the city and its envi- rons may be seen to great advantage ; Faneuil Hall, in Dock square ; Blassachusetts Hospital, on the banks of Charles river ; Faneuil Hall Market, and Quincy Hall, on Dock square, is an immense pile, 536 feet in length; Tremont House, on Beacon and Tremont streets, contains ISO apartments; New Court House, in Court square, 176 feet in length and 54 in width ; Houses of Industry, Correction and Refor. ^nation, in South Boston ; Trinity Church, in Sum- ner street ; St. Paul's Church and Masonic Hall, in Tremont street ; Washington Bank ; Suffolk Bank, late United States Bank, in State street; Park street Church, &c.; Boston Theatre, now the " Odeon," on Franklin and Federal streets, is now employed as a place of worship ; Tremont Theatre, on Tre- mont street ; National Theatre, corner of Travers and Pordand streets. Among the other objects of interest, in or around Boston, are the following : Boston Common, a public promenade, consisting of 75 acres of ground, surrounded by an iron raihng, and ornamented with gravelled walks, trees, &c. Mount Auburn Cemetery. — A beautiful rural place of sepulture, is situated about 3 miles west of NEW-rOHK TO BOSTON. 117 the city. It comprises about 100 acres of land, which is appropriately arranged and adorned for the pur- poses to which it is devoted. Bunker Hill Monument, in Charlestown ; where are, also, the U. States Navy Yard, McLean Asy- lum for the insane, State Prison, &c. In South Boston, are Dorchester Heights, 130 feetfabove the adjacent bay, from which a fine view of Boston, &c. is had. Route from Nevo-York to Boston, via Norwich, hy steamboat and railway. Thames river, as above, 125 New London, 4 129 Norwich, 16 145 Jewett's City, 9 154 Canterbury 6 160 Westfield 12 172 Thompson, 12 184 Oxford, 10 194 Worcester 10 204 Boston, 44 248 New London. — A city, and one of the seats of jus- tice for New London county. Conn. It is situated on the west bank of Thames river, and contains about 4,700 inhabitants, most of whom are engaged in the fishing business- The city is defended by two fortresses, one on each side of the river, which command the entrance. New London suffered se- verely during the revolutionary war. On the 6th of September, 1781, it was attacked by a British force of 24 vessels, under the renegade Arnold, and, after a slight resistance, succeeded in destroying a consi- derable portion of the city. Norwich. — A beautiful and flourishing city of New London county, situated at the forks of Yantic and Shetucket rivers, the two principal branches of the 118 ROUTE FROM Thames. Its chief buildings are, a court house, a town hall, an academy. In Granville, a suburb of Norwich, are 3 extensive paper mills, besides 10 or 12 other factories, which produce cotton and woolen goods in large quantities, with many other articles. The falls of Shetucket deserve attention. Popula- tion of Norwich, according to the census of 1840, is 4,500. JeweiVs City. — An extensive manufacturing vil- lage of New London county. Canterbury, Westfield, and Thompson, are small villages of Windham county, Conn. Oxford. — A village of the township of the same name, in Worcester county, Mass. Worcester.f Boston.i Haute fro?n New York to Boston, via Bridgeport, by steamboat and railroad. Bridgeport, st. boat, 60 Canaan falls, R.R. 6 126 Newtown, R. R. 20 80 W. Stockbr.* do 28 144 NewMilford, do 16 96 Springfield, do 62 206 Kent, do 12 108 Worcester, do 54 260 Cornwall, do 12 120 Boston, do 44 304 Bridgeport. — A city of Fairfield county. Conn., beautifully situated on a small bay of Long Island sound, having a population of about 1,700. Since the completion of the Housatonic railroad, which commences here, the city has assumed quite a busi- ness-like appearance, and is now one of the most flourishing and handsome towns of the state. Newtown. — A neat village of Fairfield county. New Milford. — A handsome httle village of Litch- field county, Conn. NEW-YORK TO BOSTON. 119 Kent. — A village of Litchfield county, Conn., si- tuated on the Housatonic river. Cornwall. — A village of the same county, roman- tically situated among the hills of Housatonic. A school for the instruction of Indians was established here in 1818, at which Obookiah, a native of Owyhee, was educated ; but, ere he could return to his native country, he sickened and died. A neat monument to his memory may be seen in the village church- yard. Canaan falls. — A beautiful cataract in the Housa- tonic river, occasioned by a ledge of limestone rocks, over which the water is precipitated, in an unbroken fall of 60 feet. West Stockbridge.i — [Here the Housatonic rail- road is intersected by the Albany and West Stock- bridge railway, by which a practicable route from New York to Albany is furnished. The distance from New York to Bridgeport, by steamboat, is 60 miles, thence to West Stockbridge 94 miles, and thence to Albany 41 miles. Total distance from N. York to Albany 195 miles.] Springfield. f Worcester.^ Boston, f JRoute from New. York to Hartford, Conn. N. Haven, as above, 80 Mcriden,byR.R. 6 98 Wallingford,R.R.12 92 Hartford, do 18 116 New Haven. — One of the capitals of the state of Connecticut, and the most populous and beautiful town of the state. New Haven has long been cele- brated, not only as the seat of Yale College, one of the oldest and most distinguished schools of the country, but also for its numerous scientific and literary in- stitutions ; which, with the uncommon beauty of the city itself, and the general intelligence of the inhabit- 120 CANADA. ants, render it one of the most attractive places in New England. Population 12,960. Wallivgford. — A village of New Haven county, beautifully situated on an eminence about a mile east from the Quinnipiac. It consists of two parallel streets extending along the ridge of a hill. The main street, on which the most of the buildings are erect- ed, is nearly a mile in length. Mericlen. — A manufacturing town of New Haven county. Here are produced, in great abundance, patent augers and auger bitts, combs, tin and Britan- nia ware, iron castings, coffee mills, clocks, ironmon- gery, block tin ware, skates, rakes, &c. A short distance from the village is the famous Cat Hole, a narrow and romantic glen, through which a road has "been constructed. Hartford. — A city, and one of the capitals of Con- necticut, situated on the right or west bank of Con- necticut river. The city plot is rather irregular, and is intersected by Little river, over which is a fine bridge. Another bridge across the Connecticut unites the city with East Hartford. Among the most promi- nent objects in the city are, the American Asylum for the instruction of the deaf and dumb ; Eetreat for the Insane ; Washington College ; and the Char- ter Oak, an old tree, of immense proportions, in the hollow of which was secreted, and tlaus preserved, in the year 1687, the original colonial charter, which had been demanded by the Governor General, with a view to its abrogation. CANADA. GENERAL VIEW. A vast territory of North America, belonging at present to Great Britain, lying in a N. E. and S. W. direction, principally along the N. side of the St. Law. CANADA, 121 rence, and the N. and E. sides of lakes Ontario, Erie, Huron, and Superior, between 57° 50-' and 90° W. longitude, and 42o and 52^ N. latitude. The other portion of Canada, or that on the S. side of the St. Lawrence, is of comparatively limited dimensions : it stretches along the river from near Montreal to Point Gaspe, at its embouchure, having on the S, the terri- tory of the United States and New Brunswick. On the N. Canada has Labrador and the inhospitable territories belonging to the N. W. Company, the boun- dary in this direction being the elevated grounds, or water sheds, separating the rivers which run S, to the St. Lawrence and the great lakes from those which run N. Lo Davis' straits and Hudson's bay. The length of Canada, from Amhersiburg, on Detroit river, the extreme S. W. limit of the province, to Sablon harbor, on the strait of Belle Isle, its extreme N. E. limit, is about 1,450 miles, its breadth may vary from 200 to 400 miles. Its area has been estimated at about 350,000 square miles ; and its population at present probably exceeds a million. It is wholly within the basin of the St. Lawrence, of which it includes the entire N. and a small part of the S. slope. This great territory, which is consolidated under one administration, is divided into two parts as for- merly, but are designated as "Canada West" and "Canada East," the former being identical with Up- per, and the latter with Lower Cannda. The Ottawa or Grand river, which has its sources in about 48° 30' N. latitude, and 80° W. longitude, andflows in an E. S. E. direction till it unites with the St. Lawrence, near Montreal, forms nearly in its whole extent tho line of demarcation between the two provinces. Can- ada West is entirely an inland province ; but from its having the great lakes and a part of the St. Law- rence for its boundary, it has a vast command of in- ternal navigation, and a ready access to the ocean. The N. portion of Canada consists of a table-land, little of which has been hitherto explored. In Can- 11 122 CANADA. ada West, E. of Huron, it has an average elevation of periiaps from 1,200 to 1,300 feet. It is covered with forests interspersed with ravines, swamps, and tor- rents ; and abounds v/ith lakes which, any where but in the neighborhood of the immense lakes of this con- tinent, would be deemed of considerable size. The coast of Canada East, N. E. of the Saguenay, is less lofty than S, W. of that river; but of a very uninvit- ing description. The interior of this part of the coun- try is described as composed of rocky cliffs and low hills, scattered over barren plains, diversified with thick forests of stunted pines, and checkered with small lakes. The greater part of the immense dis- trict of Quebec presents a chaos of mountains, lakes, and torrents, tenanted only by wild beasts, and a few wandering Indians. From the mouth of the Sague- nay to Cape Tourment, near Quebec, the shore of the St. Lawrence is bold and desolate ; but W. of this point a plain country begins to extend inland, with a variable breadth of from 15 to 40 miles, rising into the (able-land behind it by successive terraces. The cul- tivated country N. of Quebec does not extend far, being hemmed in by hill ranges. But as these ranges gradually recede from the St. Lawrence, and the Country, at first diversified by varied eminences, sinks- into a level plain, the surface of settled and cultivated land increases ; and this is especially Ihe case as we approach and penetrate Canada West. The penin- sula or great plain of this province, between lakes Huron, Erie, and Ontario, comprising about 30,000 square miles, consists, for the most part, of alluvial soil, on a calcareous substratum. It is of varying" fertility ; but, on the whole, is believed to be the best grain country of any of the more N. portions of the American continent. A large part of this fine platn is still covered with lofty forests : it has, however, some prairies, or natural meadows ; but these are not extensive. At some remote period it had evidently formed part of the bed of a vast inland sea, of which CANADA. 123 tho five great lakes having been the deepest, are now the principal remaining portions. N. of lake Ontario, two terraces intervene between the plain on the shore of the lake and the table-land in the N., decreasing somewhat in fertility as they increase in height, and separated from each other and from the plain by two ranges of hills of moderate elevation. The most S. of these two ranges unite near longitude 80° with a third, which passes N. and S. from Natawasanga bay, in lake Huron, to the W. extremity of lake On- tario. The combined range, after encircling the head of the latter lake, crosses the bed of the Niao^ara river, forming the ledge over which are the celebrated falls, and is finally lost in the territory of the U. States. That part of Canada East, S of the St. Lawrence, extending between longitude 72O30' and 74° 30, and entering into the district of Montreal, consists, for the most part, of an extended plain almost complete^ ly flat, except that some detached hills diversify the surface, one of which, that of Rouville, is 1,100 feet in height. It is less extensive than the plain on the opposite shore of the river, and contains no large towns, but it is in many districts equally fertile and well watered, and the cities are dependent on it for a large proportion of their supplies. To the S. and E. it ascends by degrees into the mountainous re- gions. The aspect of the S. shore of the aestuary of the St. Lawrence, between longitude 69° 30' and 72°, though bold and hilly, is not mountainous, as on the opposite shore : and the hill ranges are interspersed with valleys and even plains of some extent, many of which, from the encouragement afforded by the contiguous markets of the capital, have been brought into very tolerable cultivation. E. of Kamouraska, the country is diversified by more abrupt eminences, while population and culture become more limited ; and in the district of Gaspe the mountains rise into two chains of considerable elevation, enclosing be. tween them a lofty table-land or central valley. The 134 cAjI^ada. most southerly of these chains bounds on Its 8. sido the valley of the Ristigouche and St. John rivers. Besides the great lakes indenting the W. outhne of the country, Canada contains, as has been already said, numerous minor, yet still considerable, bodies of water. In Canada East, the lakes and rivers have been estimated to cover 3,200 square miles of surface ; the principal of the former hitherto discovered are lake St. John, with an area of 540 square miles ; those of Manicouagan, Piretibbe, and others N. of the St. Lawrence, and Mephramagog, &c., S. of that river. In Canada West, the chief known are Nipissing lake, Timiscaming and St. Ann's, in the high table-land ; and the Simcoe lake in the upper terrace country of the Home district. Amongst the rivers falling into the St. Lawrence, or into the lakes which form part of its system, there are some deserving of especial mention here for their utility as regards navigation, or their agency in fertil- izing the soil. In the peninsula of Canada West, the Thames originates in the district of London, by the union of several streams, near latitude 43° and longitude 81°, and after a course of about 150 miles chiefly S. W. falls into lake St. Clair, situated between those of Huron and Erie. The Thames is navigable for large vessels to Chatham, 15 miles up, and for boats nearly to its source. It intersects and waters a fine and fertile country. Besides Chatham, small towns, with the pompous names of London and Ox- ford, are situated upon its banks. Next in magni- tude to the Thames is the Ouse. This river rises in the Home district, about latitude 44°, longitude 80° 10^ runs generally S. E., and falls into lake Erie near its N. E. extremity. Parallel to this river for about 50 miles, runs the Welland or Chippewa river, which in one part of its course forms a portion of the canal between the Ouse and lake Ontario, by means of which the falls of Niagara are avoided. The Trent, in the district of Newcastle, connects the small lakes CANADA. 125 Balsam, Sturgeon, and several others in the upper terrace country, with the Rice lake, and, after a tor- tuous course, discharges itself into the bay of Quinte, in lake Ontario. It is said to be navigable for boats in the whole of its course. The lake Balsam is sep- arated by only a short portage from that of Simcoe, which discharges its waters into Gloucester bay (Hu- ron lake) by the Severn river. A short and valuable line of direct water communication between the lakes Huron and Ontario is apparently impeded only by the intervention of this short portage, and by the ra- pids of the Severn, which river is, however, no more than 20 miles in length. If we except the St. John, the Ristigouche, which bounds the district of Gaspe S., and falls into Chalour bay, is the only river of any importance in Canada not belonging to the St. Law- rence basin. Climate. — The climate of Canada is subject to great extremes of heat and cold ; the thermometer jranging between 102° above, and 36^ belo>y, the zero pf Fahr. In such an extensive region there is, of course, some difference in this respect ; as we ascend 'the St. Lavvrence, not only a more S. parallel is reached, but the country is less wild and exposed than that near its entrance; so that whilst Quebec has been said to have the summer of Paris and the winter of St. Petersburg, the great plain of lake Erie has the climate of Philadelphia. Still the Canadian climate, as a whole, must be considered very severe : all the streams are locked up by ice, and the ground is covered every where, to an average depth of 5 or 6 feet, by snow, for 4 or 5 months of every year. Frosts usually commence in October, whilst the weather, by day, is still mild and serene. But with November begins a succession of snow-storms and tempests, from the N. and E., accompanied by a great increase of cold ; and this sort of weather usually continues to the 2d or 3d week of December, when the atmos- phere again becomes serene, but the cold still more 11* 126 CANADA. intense, so that the rivers become suddenly frozen over. Towards the latter part of April, or, in late seasons, the beginning of May, the ice begins to break up (often with loud reports like the discharge of can- non ;) a sudden increase of temperature stimulates vegetation, and makes its growth almost perceptible to the eye ; so that spring and summer can scarcely be recognised as distinct seasons. May and June are occasionally wet, to the hinderance of the farmer, whose seed-time this is (to be followed by harvest towards the end of August ;) but usually, the sum- mers are very fine. Thunder-storms are often of great violence, and the aurora borealis is frequent and vivid : of the prevailing winds, those from the S. W. are usually accompanied by clear and serene wea- ther ; those from the N. E. by continued rain in sum- mer, and snow in winter ; whilst a N. W. breeze is usually dry, with severe cold. Fogs (except in the district of Gaspe)are of unusual occurrence. It seems to be the general opinion of the inhabitants, that the winters are gradually becoming less severe : and this may be attributable to the clearance of the forests and the increased extent of cultivated surface ; for, whilst the state of climate (especially of humidity) influences vegetation, that, in turn, reacts on climate. Hum- boldt's reasoning and tables {Meinoires d^Arceuil, torn, iii.) may be satisfactorily referred Jo for the con- ditions that have the greatest and most permanent influence on the Canadian climate. The length and severity of the Canadian winter is a heavy drawback on the country, and lays the far- mer under serious difficulty and privations not ex- perienced in countries where the climate is milder, as in the contiguous territories of Indiana and Illinois. For five or six months almost all agricultural opera- tions are suspended, so that time is not left in the rest of the year for the proper preparation of the ground for the crops and other necessary labors. It is clear too, that horsee, cattle, and other farm stock, must CANADA. 127 require a proportionally large supply of fodder for their keep. la these respects, however, there is a material difFerence between the two provinces. In Canada West the severity and the length of the win- ter are considerably diminished. The soil too is gen- erally better; and the quality of the wlieat improves as we draw nearer to the S. limit of the province. Most of the causes that contribute to make the cli- mate of the northern part of America more severe, and subject to greater extremes than that of Europe, in the same parallel, bear with especial force on the Canadian regions. The greater portion of these pro- vinces is covered by extensive forests ; the trees com- posing which (especially in the more northern and eastern parts) do not, generally speaking, attain the same lofty size as those of the United States, nor flourish with the same exuberant vitality : the pine family, and various species of evergreens, are the most numerous and predominant. Amongst various other kinds of trees, are, the silver and American firs, Weymouth and Canadian pines, white cedar (Thui/a occidentalis,) maple, birch, American ash, bass wood, hickory, two or three species of wild cherry, and nu- merous species of oak. Like the rest of the Ameri- can continent, most of the plants and animals differ specifically from those of the Old World. Many of the smaller kinds of annual and perennial plants are common to Canada and regions lying much further to the S., which may be accounted for by the high summer temperature, whilst the deep winter snows effectually protect their roots through the severest sea. sons ; but the trees and larger shrubs, which find no such shelter, belong for the most part to more north- ern and arctic regions. Of the smaller plants, the Zizania aquatica may be noticed as peculiar to Can- ada, and abounding in most of the swamps (a grass not unlike rice, and affording food to birds, and oc- casionally to the Indian tribes,) and the ginseng, and Cciaadm lily, common to this country and KamL 1'2B CANADA. chatska. From the sap of the maple (acer saccharic num.,) as it rises in the earher part of spring, sugar is made in considerable quantities; in collecting which, from trees scattered over thousands of acres, whilst the snow still covers the ground, much hard, ship is frequently endured : these districts are called sugaries, and a valuable description of property. The mode of procuring it is by inserting a small cane shoot through an incision made in the bark, the sap being received in a wooden trough placed under it ; it is after- wards boiled, and left to cool into a hard solid mas, of a dark brown color, which is moulded by the form of the jars which contain it; the value of the article is about half of that produced from the sugar-cane. Most of the Dak growing in the woods is unfit for ship.build- ing, and the greater part of the timber used for that purpose is imported from New England. The spe- cies called the live oak, which grows in the warmer parts of the colony, is, however, said to be well adapt, ed for ship timber ; the various kinds of wood avail- able for no other purpose, serve to supply the pot and pearl-ash manufactories. Amongst the wild animals" ranging through these unreclaimed regions, are the American elk, fallow deer, bear, wolf, fox, wild cat, racoon, martin, otter, and various species of Viverrd and Mustel(B; the beaver, hare, grey and red squir- rel ; and in the more southern parts, the buffalo and roebuck: the bears usually hibernate, if the season has enabled them to get sufficiently fat for the pur- pose ; if not, they migrate to a more southerly climate. Amongst the birds, may be noticed the wild pigeon, quail, partridge, and different kinds of grouse ; of the water birds, the species are very numerous, as might be inferred from the general character of the region, where, in the basin of the St. Lawrence, and the nu- merous lakes occupying the elevated table-lands around it, half the fresh water on the surface of the globe is collected ; a humming bird (the smallest of its genus) is also indigenous, and may be seen in the Quebec gardens, flitting round the flowers. Amongst the reptiles, the rattlesnake is occasionally met with. Fish, in great variety and abundance, are found in the lakes and rivers ; in which respect few streams can rival the St. Lawrence ; the sturgeon is common, and the salmon and herring fisheries are considerable ; seals are also met with occasionally, in large shoals, in the lower parts of the river. Forests can only ex- ist where the prevailing winds bring with them suf- ficient moisture, but they may usually be taken as a measure of the fertility of the soil, no less than of the humidity of the climate : in this respect, therefore, taken generally, Canada must be considered a fertile region; the western province much more so than the eastern one. Tobacco, hemp, flax, and the diflerent kinds of grain and of pulse, are successfully cultivated; as are all the commoner fruits and vegetables of Eng- land : melons of diflerent species abound, and are probably indigenous ; as are also the strawberry and raspberry : these last flourish luxuriantly in the woods; and on the plains behind Quebec are gathered in great quantities, and taken to that market. Pears and ap- pies succeed well, both there and at Montreal ; and on the shores of Lake Erie, the grape, peach, and nectarine, as well as all the hardier kinds of fruit, ar- rive at the greatest perfection. Canada does not appear to be rich in minerals, but iron abounds in some districts ; veins of silver-lead have been met with in St. Paul's Bay (50 miles be- low Quebec,) and coals, salt, and sulphur, are also known to exist in the colony. No vo'canos have been discovered, but authentic accounts are preserved of several violent earthquakes: amongst others, one in 1663, when tremendous convulsions, lasting for six months, extending from Quebec to Tadeausac (130 miles below it,) which broke up the ice of the rivers, and caused many great land-slips and disloca- tions; in 1791, earthquakes were also frequent and violent, in ihe same region ; and the shores, both of 130 CANADA, the gulf and river St. Lawrence present many proofs of former convulsions in the horizontal banks of re. cent shingle and shells, and in elevated lime-stone strata, with wave-scooped marks, and lithodomous perforations, that occur on various parts of the shores. People. — The majority of the population in East Canada are of French origin, and are for the most part descendants of settlers from Normandy, estab- lished in the colony previously to 1759. Their num. ber at that period was about 70,000, and in 1831 they had increased (according to the census) to upwards of 400,000 ; the most rapid augmentation probably of any on record from births alone. Neither the con. quest, nor the long period which has since elapsed, has wrought any great change in their character and habits ; nor has their increasing numbers induced them to make any considerable encroachments on the wilderness around : on the contrary, they have continued within their original limits, subdividing the land more and more, and submitting to a constantly decreasing ratio of comfort. They are frugal, honest, industrious, and hospitable, but cling with unreason- ing tenacity to their ancient prejudices and customs ; by temperament, cheerful, social, engaging, and (from the highest to the lowest) distinguished for courtesy and real politeness, they retain all the essential char, acteristics of the French provinces under the ancient regime, and present the spectacle of an ofd, uneducat- ed, stationary society, in a new and progressive world. A few seignorial families possess large, but not very valuable properties : the class wholly dependent on wages is a very small one ; and the great majority consists of a hard-working yeomanry (usually called hahitans,) amongst whom there is almost a universal equality of condition and property. From the public colleges and seminaries established in the cities and other central points by the early possessors of the country, chiefly by the Jesuits (where the education resembles that of our public grammar-schopls, ^d 19 CANADA. 131 entirely in the hands of the Catholic clergy,) between 200 and 300 annually finish their education, and are dispersed through the community: nearly the whole of these are of the class of kabitans, and re- turn to reside amongst them, mostly as notaries or sur- geons ; and thus, living on terms of complete social equality, though with greatly superior knowledge, in communities which possess nothing in the shape of municipal institutions, they possess almost despotic influence over popular opinion and conduct in all pub- lic matters; The hahitans under the old feudal te- nures have cleared two or three belts of land along the St. Lawrence, and cultivate them on the worst system of small farming; their farms and residences being all so connected, that the country of the seigrt- cries appears like a continuous village. They spin and weave their own wool and flax, and make their own soap, candles, and sugar. What energy and enterprise there exists in the community (beyond the portion required by this sort of routine) is exerted iri the fur trade and in hunting. The Anglo-Saxon portion of the population of Canada East consists almost wholly of persons who have emigrated from the United Kingdom, or the de- scendants of such, subsequent to 1759. A consider- able addition was made to their numbers by U. S. loy^ alists in 1787 ; at a subsequent period many families from Vermont have settled in the townships adjoin, ing that state, and since the formation of the Ameri- can Land Company many have emigrated through their exertions. A majority of the laboring class in this portion of the population are Irish Catholics ; the 1-est are English or Scotch Protestants : besides this, they possess the best cultivated farms in the province, and are owners of fully half the more valuable seign- ories. Tha inhabitants of the W. province consist principally of the descendants of U. S. loyalists, pre- viously to 1787, and of subsequent settlers, or their descendants, from the United Kingdom and the states: 132 ca:vada. an extensive emigration from the former, subsequent to 1828, nearly doubled the previous population of the province. Of the emigrants from the Lnited King- dom, manj' were half-pay army or navy officers, and of the working classes a considerable proportion were Irish. The Catholic population of the western pro- vince is estimated at one fifth part of the whole : in the back part of the Niagara district some Dutch set. tiers are established ; and a few French families along the Detroit. The population at present is estimated at 500,000, scattered along an extensive frontier, with very imperfect means of inter-communication ; the more thickly settled districts being, of course, in the occupation of the older section of residents, who are for the most part owners also of the wild lands in those districts. The number of emigrants from the United Kingdom, which landed at the port of Quebec in the nine years ending 1838, amounted to 263,089: of these, 165,000 proceeded to the western province; but of the whole number, from 50 to 60 per cent., re. emigrated, after a short residence, to the U. States. The greatest number which emigrated in any one year was in 1832, when 51,748 arrived at Quebec; the smallest number was in 1838, when 4,992 only reached that port. Within the period spoken of there were also 50,000 estimated to have reached the pro. vinces by way of New York and the Ji^rie canal; a like proportion of whom also re-emigrated. There can be no doubt that the valley of the Mis- sissippi offers incomparably greater advantages to in- dustrious immigrants, whether with or without capital, than can be enjoyed in any part of Canada. ^ It has a belter climate, a better and cheaper soil, and is free from the greater number of those social greivances that disturb and embitter society in Canada. The wonder, in fact, is, not that so many of the emigrants to Canada have left it for the United States, but that any considerable portion of them should have remain ed behind. CANADA. 133 The native Indian tribes still occupy portions of this colony on lakes Superior and Huron, and along the whole extent towards the north boundaries ; but their numbers are rapidly diminishing, and they are fast degenerating from their original spirit and char- acter, so that the utter extinction of the race seems inevitable, as civilization advances on the wilderness, to which, only, they appear to be adapted. Various attempts have been made, from 1776, downward, to settle and instruct them in agriculture and the arts, but with very little success. There are five of these settlements in the eastern province ; the number of In- dians at which is estimated at 3,437, the most numer- ous being the Iroquois and Algonquins. Those of the Six Nations (who were the firm allies of the British in the first American war) are estimated at 2,149; the Mohawks of the Bay of Quinte 337 ; the other tribes at 6,428 ; they occupy tracts along the rivers St. Clair, Aux Sables, Detroit, Thames, Ouse, and Credit ; lakes Simcoe, Rice, Mud, and Balsam, and Point Peter; the great Manitouwunning (containing about 1,000,000 acres) is also appropriated to In- dians who choose to settle. The lands are held un- der the crown in joint tenancy to them and their posterity, and are not allowed to be leased or sold without its consent. Besides the above, there are other tribes round the sliores of lake Michigan, and the south side of lake Superior (about 2,000 in all,) who consider themselves as owing allegiance to the British crov.m, and attend to receive presents an- nually : there are also many tribes on the north sides of lakes Huron and Superior, who consider that vast tract their own, and occupy it as hunting-grounds. Large sums have been expended by religious societies in futile efforts to improve them ; and the Indian de- partment of government has occasionally cost 150,000Z in a single year : the object of the last, however, has rather been to make the services of the Indians avail- able in war, than with a view to their permanent im- 13 134 CANADA. provement; the Hudson's Eay and Canada compa- nies have, also, not scrupled to employ them in the same way ; and it is stated, that without a change of system in both respects the fate of the Indians is sealed. But the truth is, that, however it may be changed, their fate is sealed. Distribution and Tenure of Lands in the Eastern Province, Government, ^c. — About l-38th part of the area of the province is estimated to be under some sort of cultivation. The extent of land surveyed in each district, dov/n to 10th July, 1838, was — in the Montreal district, 2,286,750 acres; Three Rivers, 2,098.908 do.; Quebec, 1,383,6G6 do.; Gaspc 400,G39 do.; making a total of 6,169,963 statute acres. This is divided in tov,mships averaging about 70,000 square acres, and is exclusive of an allowance of 5 per cent, for highways, and of a block of land, set off for the British American f^and Com.pany, in the county Sherbrook, district of Three Rivers, contain- ing 585,089 acres. The land comprised in the seign- orial districts amounts to about 8,300,000 acres; of this last, the whole has been granted by the crown, subject to an obligation to concede to actual settlers, and 4,300,000 acres have been thus conceded. Oi the township land 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of "for other than public purposes." The grants made by the French government previously to the conquest, were on one uniform system. Seignories (or manors containing from 9 to 36 square leagues) were created in favor of certain leading individuals, who were bound to grant or ^^ concede" a specified portion to any applicant; the profit, to the seignor, being de- rived from payment of a small rent, from services which the censitaire (or tenant) was bound to per- form; from l-12th of the corn ground (by compul. sion) at the seignorial mill ; and from a fine on the transference of the property (other than by inherit. ance.) CANADA. 135 Since the province came under the British govern, ment, the plans under which land has been granted and sold, have differed tery widely at different pe- riods ; but have very rarely, indeed, been established on sound principles. The tov/nship lands have been granted in many modes, differing both in their char- acter and object : at first, they were granted to settlers in free and common soccage, with a reservation to resume all, or any part, if required for military pur- poses, but subject to no other conditions : the quantity so granted to each individual, being limited to 100 acres for himself, and 50 acres additional for each member of his family ; the governor having authority to increase this amount, by 1,000 acres. These favorable terms were meant to attract settlers from the colonies, which now form the United States. In 1775 this arrangement was superseded, and the Quebec Act of the preceding year having restored the French code and language, corresponding instructions were given, that future grants should again be made in fief and seifrnory, and three seignories were thus created. In 1791 the regulations of 17G3 were revived, though with certain conditions annexed to them, which in practice were avoided ; and this mode con. tinued till 182G ; but the constitutional act of 1791 also enacted that a reserve for the support of the Pro- testant clergy should be made, in respect of every grant, equal in value, as near as could be estimated, to l-7th part of the land granted. The crown reserves to a like extent, originated in the view of supplying, first by sales and ultimately by rents, an independent source of revenue, and obviating the necessity of taxes, and consequently of such disputes as had led to the Independence of the United States. These reserves, however, have proved most serious obstacles to the welfare of the colony, which the mis-construc- tion or violation of the act has aggravated, by increas- ing their extent beyond what appears to have been pontemplated. From 1806, downward, no new town? 136 CANADA. ships were granted ; and the grants, on to 1814, were in lots of 200 acres, to actual settlers, and few in number. From the last date, grants were made on "location tickets," requiring the erection of a house, and the clearing and cuhivating 4 acres, before the title was perfected. In 1826 the new mode of selling land by auction, at a minimum upset price, was adopted, the purchase money being payable by four annual instalments, without interest. In 1831, the purchase-money was to be repaid by half-yearly in- stalments; and in 1837, the purchase-money was made payable at the time of sale : but in practice this has not been effected. Besides the grants made under these different regulations, other exceptional ones have been made — mostly in reward of public services; such as those to the militia of the revolutionary war, and of that of 1812 — many valid claims in these re- spects still remaining to be settled : there has also been an exceptional sale of nearly 800,000 acres to the British North American Land Company. The crown reserves must be considered as virtually aban- doned when the auction sales were introduced ; and an act of the imperial legislature has authorized the sale of l-4th part of the clergy reserves, at a rate not exceeding 100,000 acres annually. In these various ways, about 3,500,000 acres have been disposed of. The amount received on the sales of. crown land in the lower province, from 1828 to 1837 inclusive, was ^£33,853 ; on clergy reservers, .£50.425 ; timber du- ties, £58,085. In the upper province for the same period, crown lands, £33,853; clerary reserves, jeil4,618; timber duties, £^58,085. The timber is chiefly red and white pine and oak. Each district has its own judges, whose jurisdiction (except Gaspe) is independent of the others, and only subject to the court of appeal. A sheriff is also ap- pointed for each district, and grand voyer, or general inspector of the roads. These appear lo be the only characteristics ; but as respects judicial affairs, Gaspe CANADA. 137 is dependent on Quebec ; and the roads of St Francis are surveyed by tiie grand voyers of Montreal and Three Rivers. The subdivisions of these districts are counties, townships, parishes, and extra-parochial places ; that of Montreal has 19, Quebec 13, Three Rivers 5, St, Francis 3, and Gaspe 2 counties, re- spectively. The parishes and townships are merely divisions for such local purposes as the repairs of roads, inspection offences, water-courses, &c ; each is subdivided into sections (not exceeding ten ;) the parishes vary much in extent, and those which are Cathohc, also serve for limits, in the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of that church ; the townships usually en- close a square" of 10 miles. There are in all 175 seignories, 33 fiefs, and 160 townships. The cities of Quebec and Montreal were incorporated under temporary acts, which have been allowed to expire without renewal : these were the only municipal cor- porations in the province. In the Catholic parishes, churchwardens are appointed, and in some localities, "a council of notables," to manage the secular affairs of the church, and what are called the funds of " the fabrique," under old French ordinances, so doubtful and contradictory, as to cause frequent litigation. The income of their clergy is derived from the 26th bushel of all grain grown by the parishioners ; this, however, is contingent on the proprietor being a Ca- tholic. When an estate passes into Protestant hands, this right is lost ; and hence the natural aversion of the priests to any Protestant settlements being made within their seignories ; nor is there any provision for the Cathohc clergy, in the event of any part of the French population settling beyond the seignories, which, no doubt, has had some effect in confinmg it within their limits. There are 44 clergymen, and 53 churchs and chapels, finished and in progress. There is also a Catholic bishop of Quebec, paid by the government out of certain public revenues, and under him a body of secular clergy, for the seignories 12* 138 CANADA. and some female monastic establishments. The Pro- testant dissenters have places of worship, and minis, ters in various parts of the province. For the rehef of mariners, a duty of a penny a ton is levied on every vessel arriving from any port out of the hmits of the province : the portion received at Quebec goes to support the marine hospital there, which was built by a public grant ; that received at Montreal goes to the general hospital of that city : various acts have also passed to establish depots for the relief of shipwrecked mariners. There are four such at Anticosti, one near Cape Chat, and another at Magdalene river. The governor and principal officers of the govern- ment are appointed by the crown, and hold their ap- pointments during pleasure. The chief of these are, the assistant civil secretary, provincial secretary and reg- istrar, receiver-general, inspector-general of accounts, &-C. ; there are ajgo 6 collectors of customs, 3 judges at Quebec, and 3 at Montreal ; with numerous other functionaries. There is also an unpaid magistracy, appointed by the crown, who are required to possess immovable property, beyond all liabilities, of at least ;C300 currency; and commissioners who sit in the small cause courts, which are held weekly in the cities, and on the first and third Saturday of each month in the rural districts, with power of adjourn- ment. As regards the superior courts of justice, the judges pesiding in each district have supreme juris- diction. Trial by jury was introduced, with the rest of the criminal and civil law of England, in 1763; the juries were, at first, exclusively taken from the cities, and subsequently (by a government order) were selected by the sheriff's, from these, and from the ad- jacent country, for 15 leagues around. The external trade of Canada is carried on through the medium of the ports of Quebec, Montreal, St. John's, Coteau du Lac, and Stanfield. From the U. Kingdom, Canada imports coals, metals, cordage, CANADA. 139 East India produce, and various kinds of British man- ufactures ; from the British West India colonies, sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, and hard-woods ; from the United States, beef, pork, biscuit, rice, and to- bacco. Owing to the unjust and oppressive prefer- ence given to Canadian timber in the markets of Great Britain, it forms by far the principal article of export from the colony. The next article is corn, especially wheat, which, however, is supposed to be mainly derived from the United States ; and then follow ashes, furs, fish, «fec. In 1834 the total value of the exports from Canada amounted to £1,018,922. The imports cheifly consist of cottons, woolens, silks. linens, glass, hardware, coal, &c. Their total value in 1834 was £1',063,645. The total revenue derived from taxes in 1836 amounted to £102,027. Canada was ceded by France to England in 1763: it had previously been governed by French military authority; from thence, to 1774, it was under the rule of an EngUsh governor and council, with English law, administered in the English language only. From 1774 to 1791 it was gov- erned by an Enghsh governor and a legislative council, appointed by the crown, with English crim- inal, and French civil law ; and from 1791 downward, by the constitution sanctioned by the British Farlia- ment. The Quebec Act of 1774 introduced a new and liberal policy. In order to conciliate the colonists, it substituted the old system of civil law, or that called the Coutume de Paris, for the civil law of England, and it directed the use of the French language to be resumed in the law courts. Notwithstanding these concessions, the French in Canada are now almost as much a distinct people as in 1760. The Nation Canadienne has no sympathy, and but httle commu- nication with Englishmen : on the contrary, a broad line of demarcation and a deep-rooted antipathy sub- sists between them. To this hostile feeling on the part of the French colonists, may be fairly ascribed the 140 CANADA. outbreak that took place in Canada, and the subse- quent suppression of the constitution, and the occupa- tion of the country b}' British troops. Distribution of Ground. — The surveyed portion of West Canada comprises 17,653,544 acres, in 11 districts, and between 300 and 400 townships. Wheat and tobacco are the chief exports. Of the surveyed lands 450,000 acres are reserved for roads; 2,395,687 acres are clergy reserves ; 13,660,838 have been granted and approQji-iated, and there remain for future grants, 1,147,019 acres. About l-48th part of the area is considered to be under cultivation. The modes of grancing have been the same as those in the lower province. The crown and clergy reserves have also been made oh the same prfnciple as those of Canada East ; in two cases the government has delegated the disposal of its waste lands to others ; the district of Talbot (48,500 acres) to Col. Talbot ; and the crown reserves (1,384,413 acres) and a block of land in the Huron district, (1,100,000 acres) to the " Canada Company ;" about l-30th part of the grant ed land is under cultivation. A small tax, not exceeding Id. in the pound, is levied both on cultivated and waste lands; the for- mer being valued at 20s. the acre, the latter at 4s. The whole amount of taxation of a farm of 100 acres, in the western province, is about 18-5. . This tax be- gan to be levied by the provincial government in 1820. If 8 years are in arrear, the sheriff is authorised to sell; but this has been done only in a few instances, when ^he owners allowed it as the cheapest and easi- est way of making a title to the rest of their land. The number of churches built, or in progress, con- nected with the Church of England, is about 90; the number of clergymen 73; the number of followers are estimated at 150,000, by the Bishop of Montreal, within whose diocese the province is included, and under him are the archdeacons of York and Kings- ton. The Presbyterians of the Scotch church, the CANADA. 141 Catholics, and the Wesleyans, are the other chief sects : the latter are said to out-number any of the rest. The ministers of the Church of Scotland are supported partly by stipends from the government, partly by their respective congregations; the Catho- lics have a bishop, who resides at Toronto, and who also receives an annual grant from the government to aid in the maintenance of himself and priesthood ; the ministers of the other sects are wholly supported by their congregations. By the Constitutional Act of 1791, reserves of land were set apart in this, as in the eastern province, for the maintenance of the "Protestant clergy". History. — Canada is paid to have been first dis- covered by Sebastian Cabot, in 1497 ; if so, it was comprised with the rest of the extensive hne of coast he explored, under the general name of Newfound- land, subsequently hmited to the island so called. The French first attempted to make those discoveries available, and are said to have framed a map of the gulf so early as 1508. In 1525 the country was taken possession of in the name of the king of France, and in 1535 Cartier explored the river, naming it St. Lawrence, from having entered it on that saint's day. Quebec, however, the first settlement, was not found- ed till 1608. For a considerable period subsequent to this the colonists appear to have been engaged in a series of sanguinary conflicts with the native Indian tribes, and to have been often on the brink of being extripated : the strife, however, ultimately terminated in a friendly compact, which converted the Indians into available auxiliaries against the English. Que- bec was taken by the British forces under General Wolf, in 1759, and the whole territory formally ceded by the Treaty of Paris, in 1763. The seignorial rights, the various holdings and tenures under them, and the endowments of the Catholic church, were left undisturbed: and all the estates, including all the unappropriated lands in the province, held at the 142 CANADA. period by the French king, became vested in the British crown. In the years 1812-13-14, the lakes, and especially the shores of Niagara, were the scene of a succession of severe contests ; and the militia on either side being engaged in them, near relatives were found often contending in opposite ranks, so that common was aggravated to civil warfare ;.and In- dians also were employed, and increased its horrors. The grievances and complaints of Canada first obtained the attention of parliament in 1828, when a select committee of the H. of C. reported on them. The legislative assembly's claims were, — the right of appropriating all the crov/n revenues as they pleased, and also all those accruing from parliamentary and provincial statutes, and ^le settlement and alienation of all the wild lands of the province ; but the most im- portant pomt, without which the rest would be con- ceded in vain, according to their statement, was, that the legislative council should be elected by the people, and thus assimilated to the senate of the United States. Another H. of Commons report led to the nomination of Lord Gosford (who was also appointed governor) and two other commissioners, and five reports and ap- pendixes, published in 1837, are the only result of their labors. In the divisions which took place in the House of Assembly, the British party divided from 8 to 11 in house of 88 members. The^grievances of the western province were set forth in the report of a committee of their House of Assembly, v.ho adopted it, and laid it before the king. The extent and abuse of the crown patronage ; the virtual irresponsibility of the executive ; the mode of conducting the business of the provincial post-office; the management of the Toronto College ; the provision made for the ecclesi- astical establishment, and for the maintenance of certain sects only (the House say they " recognise no particular denomination as established in Canada with exclusive claims, powers, or privileges";) the partiality shov/n in the choice of magistrates i the MOrs'TREAL. 143 absence of control over the crovv'n revenues ; and the failure on the part of the local, to carry into effect the recommendations of the general, government, are the most prominent of the grievances set forth. Subse- quent to this, Sir F. Head replaced Sir J. Colborne as governcr, in 1836 ; and during his government the outbreak under Mackenzie and others took place; which ultimately led to the suppression of the con^ stitution, and the union of the two provinces under one government. MONTREAL. A tov/n and river port of British America, and the second city and chief seat of the commerce of East Canada ; on the S. side of the island of Montreal, in the St. Lawrence, 150 miles in a direct line S. W. of Quebec ; lat. 45° 30' W., long. 73o 25' N. Popula- tion, v/ith its suburbs, in 1840, 27,297. Its site is not so commanding as that of Quebec, but it is in every other respect superior to that city. It is not so crowded ; and some even of its oldest streets are of tolerable breadth. Pvlontreal is divided into the Up- per and the Lower Town ; the difference in their elevation is but slight, but the former being the more modern is the handsomer division. It has several suburbs, including which it stretches along the river for 2 miles from N. to S., and has for some distance a nearly equal breadth inland. The battlemented wall with which it was formerly surrounded, has long fallen into decay, and it is now entirely open, the wooded heights around being covered with villas and pleasure grounds. In the Lower Town, Paul street, the chief commercial thoroughfare,, extends parallel with the river the whole length of the city ; and in the Upper Town several streets proceed in the same di- rection, communicating with Paul street by cross streets. In the Upper town and suburbs, which are mostly inhabited by the principal merchants, many of 144 MONTREAL. the houses are handsomely and solidly built in the modern style ; but in the Lower town they are prin- cipally of a gloomy looking grey stone, with dark iron window-shutters and tinned roofs. Along the bank of the river is an extensive line of quays and ware- houses. Many of the houses in the suburbs are built of wood, but there are no wooden buildings within the space once encompassed by the walls ; and this city and Quebec have more of the aspect of old European towns than any other towns in America. The most remarkable public edifice is the Roman Catholic cathedral, opened in 1829, and superior to any other church in British America. It is of Gothic architecture, 255^ feet in length by 134^ in breadth. It is faced with stone, and roofed with tin, and has 6 towers, of which the three belonging to the main front are 220 feet in height. On the roof is a promenade, 76 feet in length by 20 in breadth, elevated 120 feet. The principal window is 64 feet in height, and 32 in breadth. The interior is capable of accommodating from 10,000 to 12,000 persons, who may disperse by numerous outlets in 5 or 6 minutes. It comprises 7 chapels, and 9 spacious aisles. There are several other Roman Catholic churches, mostly belonging to the order of St. Sulpice ; to the members of which Montreal chiefly owed its foundation, and who' still hold the seignory of the island upon which it stands. The seminary of St. Sulpice, a large and commo- dious building adjoining the cathedral, occupies three sides of an oblong area, 133 feet in length by 29 deep, and is surrounded by sp .cious gardens. A hand- some additional building, 210 feet by 45 feet, has been lately erected, at an expense of .£10,000. In these establishments, students in most of the higher branches of learning are taught at very moderate charges. The principal English church is a hand- some building, in the Grecian style, surmounted by a high and beautiful spire. It has also a Scotch kirk, an American Protestant church, and chapels belong- MONTREAL. 145 ing to the Methodists and Scotch dissenters. The Montreal General Hospital, erected in 1821-2 by vol- untary subscription, a large and well-built edifice, is said to be one of the best regulated institutions of the kind in America. A large conventual structure, the Hotel Dieit, occupied by a superior, matron and thirty-six nuns, is appropriated to the reception of the sick and indigent ; and the convent of the Grey Sisters partly serves as an asylum for the aged and. infirm, the insane, foundlings, &c. The Sceiirs Nuires, have an extensive convent, founded in 1650; its inmates consist of a superior and 60 nuns, v.'hose duties are directed to the edu- cation of young girls. The court-house and prison are substantial buildings, occupying the site of the former college of the Jesuits. The government house, bank, barracks, ordnance office, and 4 m.arket-houses are among the remaining principal buildings. In one of the squares is a colossal statue of Nelson, placed on a Doric column, the pedestal of which has bas- reliefs representing his principal actions. Besides the educational establishments noticed above, Mon- treal has a college, with a principal and 4 professors, a royal grammar school, parochial, union, national, Sun- day, and other public schools ; and many good privato French and English seminaries. The university of r.I'GiU college, endowed by a citizen of Montreal, in 1814, with a valuable estate, and c£10,000 in money, was chartered in 1821, and is conducted on a hberal and enlarged scale. Montreal has a penitentiary, a house of industry, a savings bank, a natural history so. ciety, a mechanics' institution, a central auxiliary soci- ety for promoting education and industry, bible and tract, agricultural and horticultural societies, several public libraries, an excellent news-room, &c. Several newspapers and other periodical publications issue from the presses of the town. The position of Montreal at the head of the ship navigation of the St. Lawrence, and near the confluence of that river with the Ottawa, 13 i4$ MONTllEAS. KS well as its situation with respect to the United Stateer, necessarily make it one of the greatest emporiums of America. The harbor, though not large, is secure, and vessels drawing JS feet water may lie close to the shore. Its g^eneral depth of water is from 3 to 4^ fathoms. Its chief disadvantage consists in the rapid of St. Mary's about 1 mile below, which vessels often find it diffi- cult to stem. To obviate the obstructions in the nav. igation above Montreal, the La Chine canal, 9 milqs long, 20 feet wide,, and 5 feet in depth, was undertaken in 1821, and completed at an expense of .£130,000. The communication with the opposite sides of the river is carried on by several s'eam and other vessels ; and during the summer, a regular steamboat commu- nication is kept up with Quebec. At this season, vast rafts of timber come down, and pass the city for Quebec ; and scows, bateaux of about 6 tons, and Durham boats, bring to Montreal the produce of the Upper Country. Neither is the trade of Montreal sus- pended in winter, like that of Quebec. Thousands of sledges may then be seen coming in from all di- rections with agricultural produce, frozen carcasses of beef and pork, firewood and other articles. Mon. treal is the centre of the commerce between Canada, and the United States, carried on by Lake Champlain and the Hudson ; and not only is it the depot of all the adjacent country, but most of the business done in Quebec is carried on by branches from the Mon. treal houses. In 1838, 98 ships, of the aggregate burden of 22,289 tons, entered, and 99 ships, burden 21,901 tons, left the port. Formerly this city was the head quarters of the fur trade, but its interest in it has greatly dechned. It has, however, cast-iron foun- dries, distilleries, breweries, soap, candle and tobacco manufactories, several ship building establishments, and machinery for steam-engines. Various articles of hardware, linseed oil, floor-cloth, &c., are made in the town. The markets are abundantly supplied with j^od butciiers* meat, fish, poultry, fruit, vegetables, &c. About three-fourths of the population are of French descent; the remainder, consisting principal- ly of emigrants from the United Kingdom, Americans, and Iroquois Indians. Montreal, originally called Villemarie, was taken from the French, in 1760. Theenvirons of Montreal also present many objects .worthy a stranger's attention: as the "Mountain," La Chine Canal, and the Rapids, which it is designed to overcome: those of the Cedres, &,c. ; indeed the entire island is replete with inteiesting objects, an in- spection of which will amply repay the time -devoted, to it; and, more remote, are the celebrated Caledo-^ inia Springs, which, though known and resorted to by the Indians of the neighborhood for many years past, have but lately received that attention from the public which their medicinal and healing qualities de- mand. They are situated about 70 miles nearly due west from Montreal, at the head of a small affluent of the Ottawa, in Caledonia township, where a town has been laid off, and buildings erected for the accom- modation of visiters. The chief of these springs are designated as the " white sulphur," ^^ saline" and ^'gas" springs, respectively. The latter emits an in- flammable gas, probably carburetted hydrogen, which answers the purpose of lighting some of the buildings. The route commonly taken from Montreal to the springs, is by the villages of St. Eustache, Point For- tune, Hawkesbury, L'Griginal, &.c. A water route, which increases the distance somewhat, is afforded by the Ottawa, which conducts to L'Original, whence passengers ^re conveyed in stages, a distance of 8 miles, to the springs. Route from Montreal to Quebec, hy steamboat. On leaving Montreal, the first village that present* itself is Boucherville, nearly opposite the lower suburb ©f Montreal; which, like most of the yillages that lin« 148 ROUTE FROM the shores of the St. Lawrence, presents a remark- ably neat appearance. Indeed the entire bank is occupied by a continued succession of villages, with their churches and tin covered houses, or cottages, which add life and animation to the natural scenery, which is beautiful to a high degree. The rapids of St. Mary's, about 2 miles below the city, serve to in- crease the speed of the steamer, which soon reaches Varennes. — A beautiful village, nearly opposite the north point of Montreal island. Ten miles farther on is St. Sulpice, then Valtrie, both on the left. After proceeding some 5 or 6 miles, the pretty little town of Noraye comes in view ; it is on the left bank of the St. Lawrence, which is here broken by several small islands, nearly opposite to which is William Henry, a small fortress situated at the confluence of the Richlieu, the outlet of lake Champlain, with the St. Lawrence. Immediately on leaving William Henry, Lake St. Peter is entered through a perfect labyrinth of islands. It is an expansion of the St. Lawrence, about 10 miles in width, and 20 in length. The rivers St. Francis and Yamasca enter it from the south-east. At the mouth of the latter is the neat village of Yamasca; then follow those of Baie, St. Isabelle, and Gregoire, all on the right bank of the lake; which, at the latter village, contracts to the width of one mile. Point du Lac, another pretty village, is situated at the point where the St. Lawrence emerges from the lake, and from which is seen the ancient town of Three Rivers, the half-way station between Montreal and Quebec. This town, which is third in point of size in Canada, is situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence, where it is joined by the St. Maurice. It derives its name from two small islands at the mouth of the St. JIaurice, which divides it into three channels ; but the town is on the west bank of that river. The situation is pleasant, though the town itself, which is one of the oldest in Canada, is less attractive. It contains about 450 dwelling houseSj MONTREAL TO QUEBEC 14S uiostly buih of wood ; a handsome court-house, a jaiU a Catholic and a Protestant church, an Ursuline convent, founded in 1677, and some other pubHc edi- fices. Here the courts of justice for the district are held ; and here, at one period, a great share of the fur trade centered ; but its general trade has been mostly absorbed by Quebec and Montreal Three Rivers was once t\\e capital of Canada, i s population is about 4,000, mostly descendants of ] rench, and th^ names of its streets are nearly all derived from those of Paris. It is 96 miles from Montreal, and 84 from Quebec. Ten miles helovv Three Rivers, on the left, is the village of Champlain, and 4 miles beyond is that of Batiscon. St. Pierre next presents itself on the right, and then St. Anne on the left ; these are succeeded by Grondlnes on the left, Loibiniere on the right, and DechamhauU on the north bank ; all re- niarkably neat little hamlets, united together by a string of white cottages, equally neat in their appear- ance. About 7 miles below the latter, situated on th« south bank of the river is St. Croix, and immediately opposite, is the village of Cape Sante; thence to St. Augustine on the left and St. Nicolas on the right is about 18 miles. The new town of Liverpool is next reached, from which Quebec is in full view. The fact of the near approach to a large city, is made abun- dantly evident by the improved appearance of the cottagses and seats which line both banks of the river, increasing in number as the city is approached. QUEBEC. 'I'he city of Quebec is situated on the left or north- west bank of the St. Lawrence, at the point where it is intersected by the St. Charles, about 350 miles from the mouth of the former. By a late census it was found to contain 27,562 inhabitants, but its po* pulalion may be estimated at 30,000. The city oc* 13* 150 QUEBEC. cupies the extremity of a ridge, terminating in the angle formed by the junction of the two rivers, in the point called Cape Diamond, rising to the height of nearly 340 feet above the St. Lawrence. The cape is surmounted by the citadel; and the town extends from it, principally in a N. E. direction, down to the water's edge. It is divided, from the difference of elevation, into the Upper and Lower towns. The old town, which lies wholly without the walls, partly at the foot of Cape Diamond and round to the St. Charles, has narrow and dirty, and, in parts, steep streets. The ascent from the Lower to the Upper town, which crosses the line of the fortifications, is by a winding street, and by flights of steps. The streets in the latter, though rather narrow, are generally clean, and tolerably well paved, or macadamised. Both towns are wholly built of stone; and the public buildings, and most of the houses in the Upper town, are roofed with tin jjlates, the glitter of \yhich, in the sun, has a brilliant and striking effect, but is destruc- tive of every thing that Europeans have been accus- tomed to call grand and venerable. In the Lower town the houses are mostly covered v/ith shingles. PUBLIC BUILDI.\GS, &C. Quebec Exchange, situated at the east end of St. Paul street, is a fine stone structure, having a read- ing room 50 by 30 feet in the second, and a pubhc library in the third stories. The Quebec Board of Trade have apartments on the same floor with the library. Several capacious warehouses have lately been erected. Trinity House, near the Exchange, is occupied by an incorporated body, who is charged with the supervision and regulation of the pilots who navigate the river. QUEBEC. 151 Custom House, is a neat stone edifice, well adapt- ed to trie purposes to which it is devoted. Adjoining the Custom House is the King^s Wharf, used as a place of landing and em- barkation of the troops, &c. The immense ware- house of the commissary stands near the wharf. Hotel Dieu, one of the most extensive buildings in Canada, is situated between Hope and Palace gates. It is 390 feet in length, 51 in width, and 3 stories high, with a wing on the N. W. side 'J, stories high and 150 feet long. There are several fine pic- tures here, chiefly by French artists. The Hotel Dieu is a most valuable hospital. The nuns here not only act as nurses to the sick who are admitted into the establishment, but also as teachers of young females. Ursuline Convent, is an appropriate structure, 114 by 40 feet, and two stories high, v/ith extensive or- namented grounds, inclosed within a stone wall : the chapel, which is adorned by several valuable pictures, is 95 by 45 feet, of plain exterior, but some of its in- terior decorations are splendid. The remains of Mont- calm, who was killed at the attack of Quebec, in 1759, by General Wolfe, were interred near the chapel. Quebec Seminary, on Market square, is a three story building, 210 feet in length and 42 feet in depth, with rear projections 168 feet long. The hall, or chapel, is decorated by Ionic columns. The bishop of the diocese and his assistants reside here. The library consists of nearly 10,000 volumes, and the cab- inet embraces a fine series of mineralogical speci- mens, fossils, &LC., to which a choice collection of paintings has been added. Castle of St Louis, the government palace of former times : of this once immense structure, nothing is now to be seen but its blackened and naked walls. It was destroyed by fire in 1834 Government offices, occupy an extensive building on Front street, in which also is the museum of the Canadian Society of Arts. itSQ QUEBEC. ISlomiment to Wolfe and Montcalm, on Des CRfi rieres street. Jesuit's Barracks, a quadrangular build, iiig of stone, formerly occupied by the Jesuits as a college, is situated on the Market place, opposite the French cathedral. Farliament House, is a fine three story structure of wrought stone, consisting of a main building, with two wings. Its massive front is embellished by four Ionic colums, with a pediment. The Colonial As- sembly met here until 1841, when the constitution of the province was abrogated. Court House, a plain building of gray-stone, 135 by 46 feet, is situated at the corner of St. Louis street and the Place d'Armes. The building, which is sur- rounded by an iron railing, is occupied 'by the vari- ous courts, ofHcers of the police, sheriff, &c. Masonic Hall, opposite the post-office. , Murine Hospit/l, a beautiful Ionic structure, four stories high and 206 feet long, is situated on the bank of Charles river. Its grounds are extensive and beautifully ornamented. Among the places of worship, the following de- serve notice : the French Roman Catholic Cathe- dral, east of the Market place, a neat building 216 by 108 feet, with a spire ; Catholic Church of the Congregation, near the western termination of the esplanade ; Notre Dame des Victoires, erected in 1690, on the Market place; English Cathedral, 134 by 73 feet, with a chime of 8 bells ; Holy Trinity, in Stanislaus street; St. Matthews, a free church; St Paul's; St. Patrick's, St. Helen street; Scotch Church, in St. Anne street; St. John's, in St. Fran- cis street; Methodist Church, St. Anne street, and another in Champlain street. The Citadel, over Cape Diamond, includes an area of about 40 acres; and is formidable alike from its position and the extent of its works, constructed on a gigantic scale, and on the most approved principles. The Citadel contains the armory, magazine, storeliouse QUEBEC. 153 and barracks for the officers. The hne of the forti. fications, which stretches nearly across the peninsula on the west, and runs along a ridge between the Up- per and Lower towns, is intersected by five gates, and has an inner circuit of about two and a half miles. On the west, beyond the ramparts, which are 25 or 30 feet in height, are the extensive suburbs of St. Roche, St. Louis and St. John. Military parades take place daily on the great plain within the ram. parts. Dalhousie Gate, is the principal entrance to the citadel, which is 200 feet above the site of the Upper town, and is approached by a winding road up the glacis from St. Louis gate, which is defended by out- works of great strength. The main guard-rooms are immediately within the Dalhousie gate. From the bastion, which affords a splendid view of the city and its environs, cannon point in every direction. Palace Gate, which is near the barracks, with a guard-house adjoining, is a fine specimen of archi. tecture. Hope Gate conducts to the ascent of Cape Dia- mond on the east, on which point is the great battery of 32 pounders, which commands the basin and har- bor. This point is upwards of 300 feet above the St. Lawrence. Frescott Gate, on Mountain street, is the barrier between the Upi>er and Lower towns. It is connected with the castle of St. Louis. St. Louis' Gate opens the way to the Plains of Abraham, which are reached by a beautiful avenue, well lined with fine buildings. St. John's Gate leads to the suburb of St. John. Public Promenade, on the summit of the ramparts of Cape Diamond, is a wide covered M'ay, which af- fords a magnificent view in all directions. Governoi'^s Gardens, south-west of the ruins of St. Louis, occupy a field 540 by 210 feet, which is de- fended by a small battery. 154 QUEBEC. Among^ the establishments for educational purpo- ses, the first place is due to the French college. It has a principal, and professors of theology, rhetoric, and mathematics, with 5 regents for the Latin and Greek classes. Here is, also, a royal grammar school, a classical academy, a national school, and many French and English private schools. A royal institution for the advancement of learning within the province, and a literary and historical society, respectively enjoy the patronage of the government and of the principal inhabitants. A mechanics' in- stitute was estabhshed in 1830 ; and it has numerous benevolent associations. The city public library, though not very extensive, is said to be well selected, and to contain a great variety of standard works. The garrison, also, has a good library. Several newspapers are published in the city. Though not a manufacturing town, Quebec has various distilleries, breweries, with tobacco, soap, and candle works ; and numbers of fine ships have been launched from its yards. It has two or three banks and a savings bank. The markets are well stocked with most sorts of produce, except good fish, which is rather scarce and dear. The cUmate, though on the whole good and healthy, is in extremes. In summer the heat is equal to that of Naples-, while the cold of winter is not inferior to that of Moscow. This inequahty occasions a corres- ponding difference in the modes of Ufe during the dif- ferent seasons of the year. In winter travelling is carried on by means of sledges and carrioles, in the same way as in Russia. The first view of Quebec, in sailing up the St. Lawrence, is striking in the ex- treme ; and travellers speak in high terms of the mag- nificent prospect from the citadel on Cape Diamond. The majority of the population being of French ex. traction, the French language, which is still spoken in some of the best circles with great propriety, and tke Roman Catholic religion, predominate. Society QUEBEC. 155 is here more polished and refined thnn in any other town of British America ; and the higher provincial gentry of French descent are distinguished by the courteousness and urbanity of their manner. Vessels. of the very largest burden arrive at Que. bee. Its harbor or basin, between the city and the island of New Orleans, is of great extent, having, in general, about 28 fathoms water, the tide rising from 16 to 18 feet at neaps, and from 25 to 30 feet at springs. Ships lie alongside the wharfs along the St. Lawrence. There are extensive flats between the lower town and the St. Charles, where, if it were deemed of importance, wet docks might be easily constructed. The trade of the city is very extensive. It en- grosses -almost the entire trade of the province with the mother country, West Indies, &c.; and is annu- ally resorted to by vast numbers of immigrants, who partly settle in Canada, but who mostly re-emigrate to the United States. It has a regular intercourse, by means of steamers, with JMontreal, and other ports higher up the St. Lawrence, and with Hahfax, and other ports on the Atlantic. Quebec was taken from the French in 1759, A British array, under General Wolfe, having effected a landing near the city, attacked and defeated the French army, under Montcalm, on the heights of- Abraham, to the W. of the town. Wolfe fell in the moment of victory ; and Montcalm, who was also mortally wounded in the action, expired soon after. The French, panicstruck by the loss of the battle and the death of their commander-in-chief, surren. dered the city before even a single battery had been opened against it. A monument was erected, under the patronage of Lord Dalhousie, in the gardens of the chateau, inscribed to the " Immortal memory of Wolfe and Montcalm." 156 ROUTE FROM ENVIRONS OF QUEBEC. Falls of Blontmorencie, a beautiful cataract of Montmorencie river, which falls into the St. Law- renoe, 9 miles below Quebec. The perpendicular pitch is 246 feet ; and being in full view from the St. Lawrence, affords one of the most magnificent scenes in Canada. Island of Orleans, an island of the St. Law- rence, commences near the outlet of Montmorencie, and extends about 20 miles in a N. E. direction. It is well cultivated, and produces immense quantities of garden vegetables for the supply of the Quebec markets. The principal villages on the island arc, St. Pierre, St. Laurent, St. Jean, St. Famille, and St. Francois. Beavfort, a neat village, which commences about 5 miles N. E, from Quebec, and extends, in one continued street, to the Falls of Montmorencie. Charlesbourg, six miles N. V/., and Neiv Lorette and Sonbrouze, about 10 miles west from Quebec, are neat villages, each havinn a church. Old Lo- rette and St. Foi, the former 8 and the latter 6 miles S. W. from the citj', are also pretty little towns. Chaudicrre Falls, about 10 miles from Quebec, are in the Chaudierre river, which enters the south side of the St. Lawrence, 6 miles above the city. The falls, which descend 130 feet, are four miles from the mouth of the river. In descending the St. Lawrence from Quebec, the first object which attracts attention is Point Levy, surmounted by the little village of St. Joseph. Ten miles below are, St. Laurent, on the north, and £eau7no7it, on the south bank. These are succeeded by St. Michel, St. Vallier, and Berthier, (25 miles from Quebec,) all on the south side of the river ; which, at the latter place, is nearly 10 miles in width. Cape Tourment, 10 miles below the island of Or- leans, is an elevated blufi', 1,800 feet in height. MONTHEAL TO KINGSTON. 157 jRoute from Montreal to Kingston, and thence to Niagara, by steamboat, cj-c. La Chine, 8 Cascades, 16 2i Cedies, 7 31 Coteau du Lac, 7 38 Lake St. Francis, 4 42 St. Regis, , 22 64 Cornwall, 6 70 Long Saute Island, 10 80 Chrysler's Field, 17 97 Hamilton 1 98 Prescott 18 116 IJrockville, 14 130 Kingston, 48 178 Oswego, 58 236 Coburg, 74 310 Port Hope, 36 346 Toronto, 66 412 Niagara Village, 30 442 Queenston, 7 449 Falls of Niagara 6 455 La Chine, a town of Montreal island, and one of the principal seats of the fur trade, situated near the S. E. point of the island, at the commencement of the canal around the La Chine rapids. Cascades, a part of the St. Lawrence, which being greatly reduced in breadth by the intervention of an island and a point that bear this name, presents a most tumultuous appearance. The dangers of this pass are avoided by a small canal which has been cut across the point leading into lake St. Louis. Cedres, a small village of Vaudreuil, on the St. Lawrence, opposite the rapids of " Les Cedres." Coteau du Lac, rapids of the St. Lawrence, which arc overcome by a series of locks. The vil- lage of Coteau du Lac is on the north bank of the river, near the rapids. 14 158 ROCtE FROM Lahe St. Francis, an expansion of tlie St. La^-: rence, about 30 miles in Icngtii, vvilh a mean widtS of 4 miles. Al the head of the lake is Si. Ecgis, an In^ dian village, situated on the St Lawrence, just above the boundary line between New York and Canada. Cornwall, a village of Stermont, Canada West; situated on the north bank of the St. Lawrence. Long Snut Island, in the St. Lawrence. Ckrysler^s Field. — Here the Americans were de- feated by a British force, under Col. Pearson, Nov. 11, 1813. Hamilton, a village of St. Lawrence county, New York. Frescott, a village of Greenville, Canada West, •situated nearly opposite Ogdensburg. Brockville, a flourishing town and seat of jus- tice for Jjceds county, Cnnada West. Kingston, a large and important town of west- ern Canada, which occupies thr^ site of old fort Fron- tenac, at the outlet of lake Ontario, opposite Grand island. It was laid out in 1784, and is now the most populous in the province, having about 3,0(10 inhab- itants. Its situation, as an entrepot between Canada and the United States, is very advantageous. The harbor is excellent, and admits vessels of the largest size. Its public buildings are, 4 churches, a court house, jail, hospital, and some others. The Rideau canal, the most extensive and costly work in British America, commences here, and extends in a general N. E. direction to Bvtown, on the Ottawa, a distance of 129i miles. Oswego, an incorporated village and seat of jus- tice of Oswego county, situated on lake Ontario, at tlie mouth of Oswego river. Besides the court house and other county buildings, there are, 7 churches, a custom house, 2 banks, an academy, and about 600 other buildings, including 2 cotton factories, 7 flour- ing mills, tan yard, morocco factory, 2 iron foundries, 6 machine shops, a snuff" factory, pla'^ter, planing, and MONTREAL TO KINGSTON. 15^ saw mills, 2 ship yards, 48 Hightstown 30 Hoboken 27 Holly 77 Hudson 55 Hudson river 43 Hulberton 77 Hyde Park 53 I Irving Ill Ithaca 92 J Jamaica 24 Jersey City 27 Jessup's falls 82 Jewett's City 118 Jordan 75 K Kent 119 Kinderhook 93 Kinderhook landing 56 Kingsbridge 45 Kingsbury 85 Kingston 115 Kingston, Con 158 Kingston ". 54 Knowlesville 77 L La Chine 157 I 164 PAG.E Lake George 82 Lake St. Francis.... 158 Lake St. Peter 148 La Prairie 87 Lancaster 68 Lansingburg 87 Lenox 62 Liberty 108 Little falls 6i Liverpool 149 Lockport 78 Lodi 75 Long island sound... 113 Lorette 156 Long Saut island ... 158 Lotbiniere 149 Lowville 100 Lyons 76 M Madison 103 Manhattanville 28 Manlius Centre 75 Martinsburg 100 Matouchin 34 Mansfield 41 Marlboro' 52 I\rartinsville 50 Matteawan 51 Mechanics ville 89 Medina 77 Meriden 120 Mendham 40 Middleport 77 Middletown 24 Milton 52 Montezuma 76 Montmorenci 156 Montreal 143 Montreal, rts.frm. 84.147 PAGE. Morgan ville 67 Morristovvn 40 Moscow 106 Mount Morris 106 N Newark, N. .T 31 Newark, N. Y 76 New Baltimore 56 New Boston 75 New Brunswick .... 34 Newburg 50 New Hartford 103 New Haven 119 New Haven harbor. 1 14 New London, Con.. 117 New London, N. Y. 75 New Paltz landing . 53 New Milford 118 New Rochelle land'g 113 Newtown, Con 118 Newtown 24 New Windsor 50 New Utrecht 25 New York State, gen- eral view 5 New York city 14 New Y., routes from 112 Niagara falls 70 Niagara village 159 Noraye 148 Norwich 104 Norwich, Con 117 Nunda Valley 106 Nyack 46 Ogdensburg 102 Olean 106 Olean, routes from... 106 Oriskany 75 INDEX. 165 PAGE. Orleans island 156 Oswego 158 Owasco lake 63 Oxford 104 Oxford, Mass 118 P Palatine bridge 61 Palisades 44 Palmer 94 Palmyra 76 Paris Hill 103 Passaic falls 42 PeekskiU 49 Pendleton 78 Pelham 53 Piermont 45 Pine Orchard 55 Pittsfield 93 Perth Amboy 29 Piftsford 77 Plattsburg 86 Point du Lac 148 Poiiit Levy 156 Port i^vron 76 Port Gibson 76 Port Hope 159 Port Kent 86 Poughkeepsie 52 Prescott 158 Princeton 35 Providence 115 Q Quebec 149 Quebec, environs of 149 Queenston 159 R Rahvvay 33 Railroads of N. Y. . 9 Red Hook landing... 54 PAGE Rerasen 100 Rhynbeck 53 Richmond 93 Robins Reef. 29 Rochester 66 Rochester, rts. from 105 Rockaway 25 Rome 62 Round lake 80 Rouse's Point 86 S St. Pierre 155 St. Laurent 15G St. Jean 156 St. Frangois 156 St. Foi 156 St. Joseph 156 St. Michel 156 St. Vallier 156 St. Regis 158 St. Augustine 149 St. Nicolas 149 St.Anne 149 St. Croix 149 St. John's 87 St. Francis.... 148 St. Johnsville 61 St. Pierre 149 St. Isabelle 148 St. Sulpice 148 Sackett's Harbor.... 101 Sandy Hill 84 Sajidusky 110 Saratoga lake 81 Saratoga springs ... . 80 Saugerties 54 Schagticoke 88 Schodack i 56 Schenectady GO 166 PACK. Schooley's Mt. Spr. 41 Schuylersville 89 Scottsville 106 SenecaLake 64 Sharon Springs 90 Sherburne 103 Sleepy Hollow 46 Smyrna 92 Sing Sing 46 Somerviile 102 South Amboy 29 Sonbrouze 156 Spencersville 77 Springfield 94 Spotswood 30 Spuyton Duyvel Crk. 45 Stamford 113 Statesburg 53 Stillwater 89 Stonington 114 Stony Point 48 Stratford Point 113 Syracuse 62 T Tappan 46 Tappan Sea 46 Tarry town 46 Tellers Point ......... 47 Thames River 114 Thompson 118 Three Rivers 148 Throg's Point 113 Ticonderoga 83 Tivoli 54 Tompkinsville 26 Tonawanda 69 Toronto 159 Trenton 100 Trenton, N. J 37 PAGE Tripe's Hill 60 Troy 95 Troy, routes from ... 97 Truxiun 92 Turin 100 U Utica 98 Utica, routes from ... 100 V Vahrie 148 Varennes 148 Verplanck'sCity ..., 48 Victor ;... 66 Vienna 65 W Wallingford 120 \Varren 94 Washington, Mass.. 94 Waterfurd .: 88 Waterloo 64 Watertown 100 WaterviUe 103 W^ehawken 28 Westfield Ill Westport 85 Westchester 28 West Point 49 West Sprinofield.... 94 W^est Stockbridge... 119 West Troy 73 Whitehall 85 Whitesboro' 62 V/illiamsburg 23 William Henry 148 Worcester 95 Y Yamaska 148 Yonkers 45 T. R. TANNER, 153 Broadway, tJiree doors above l^ibcrty st. HAS RECEXTLY PUBLISHED, AND FOR SALE, TANNER'S UNIVERSAL ATLAS, CONTAINING MAPS OF EVERY EiMPTRr., KINGDOM, STATE, AND REPUB- LIC, IN THE World, plans of cities, &c., &c. TINNER'S AISRICIN TRiVELLER; . OR GUIDE THROUGHOUT THE UNITED STATES: CONTAINING ALL THE ROUTES AND DISTANCES BY STAGE, CANAL, RAILROAD, AND STEAMBOAT, ACCOMPANIED BY A CORRECT MAP. (An entirely new Edition.) Together with a variety of Portable Maps of the Uni- ted States, and every State and Territory in the Union, Canada and Texas- Large Maps of Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, for private Libraries, or Schools. A Description of the Canals and Railroads of the United States : comprehending Notices of all the Works of Internal Improvement throughout the several States ; with Maps and Profiles. By Henry S. Tanner. Esq. T. R. TANNER keeps alsoforsale, a constant suppi)' of Guide Books, Statistical andlLLUSTRATEoWoRKs; embracing every variety useful to the Traveller and Emigrant ; togetherVith a general supply of Stationery Articles, American Engrav- iNQg, &c. &e., all of which will be sold on reasonable terms. 'I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 'lii? 00141075123