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TRUE DESCRIPTION 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR COUNTRY ; 
 
 ITS RIVERS, COASTS, BAYS, HARBOURS, ISLANDS, AND 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 BAYFIELD'S CHART; 
 
 [Showing the Roundary Line as Established by Joint Commission .] 
 ALSO A MINUTE ACCOUNT OF THE 
 
 COPPER MINES 
 
 AND 
 
 WORKING COMPANIES. 
 
 ACCOMPANIED BY 
 
 A MAP OF THE MINERAL REGIONS ; 
 
 SHOWING, BY THEIR NO. AND PLACE, ALL THE DIFFRnENT 
 LOCATIONS : 
 
 AND CONTAINING 
 
 A CONCISE MODE OF ASSAYING, TREATING, SMELTIKO, 
 AND REFINING COPPER ORES. 
 
 BY 
 
 JOHN R. ST. JOHN 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 WILLIAM H. GRAHAM, TRIBUNE BUILDINGS. 
 1 S46. 
 

 ADVERTISEMENT 
 
 To arrive at a reasonable accuracy in describing a new and partially 
 explored country, the explorations of which have been by very 
 many different individuals, a mode of giving the description must be 
 adopted corresponding to that by which a conflict between two armies 
 is described. No one person having been able to see all the different 
 points to be described, the statements of various persons must be 
 taken, in order to a knowledge of the whole. 
 
 In preparing this work, therefore, I have had recourse to eveiy 
 available source of information, scrutinizing and comparing the dif- 
 ferent statements. And to the end of my principal object, that of 
 presenting, in a condensed form, the disseminated facts which great 
 national interests require the public to be in possession of, I make no 
 apology, but would give full credit for the copious drafts and conden- 
 sations from the Reports of Officers of State and general governments, 
 as well as the personal communications of many intelligent gentle- 
 men, for whose contributions I am under many obligations. 
 
 Facts and information which I have been enabled to obtain only by 
 perseverance, toil, and personal observation, are joined therewith, to- 
 gether with deductions sifted from concurring accounts by old voya- 
 geursy half-breeds and Indians, delivered in their barren compound, 
 from the Indian, French and English languages. 
 
 It is with feelings of regret and justice to the ever-to-be-lamented 
 dead, I say, that for the Geological and Mineralogical information 
 herein presented in a condensed form, I am indebted to Dr. Hough- 
 ton's Official Reports, and perhaps, in a strict construction of those 
 terms, am, in other parts, more a compiler than tk*r 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1840, 
 BY JOHN R. ST. JOHN, 
 
 In the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New-York. 
 
 / • 7//^ 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 Agate Hunting 7 
 
 Albion Mining Co. S9 
 Agate Harbour 32 
 
 Albion Rock 38 
 
 Apostles' Islands 45 
 A New Crusher 110 
 Assaying Copper 
 
 Ores 114 
 
 A Visit to the Inte- 
 rior of a Cornwall 
 Mine 11 
 
 Bohemian Company 87 
 Boston Company * 87 
 Boat Songs 16 
 
 Bay Bris 27 
 
 Burnt Pine River 24 
 Bad River 43 
 
 Black River 42 
 
 Bois Brule River 46 
 Breaking & screen- 
 ing Ore Rock 113 
 Copper Falls Co. 86 
 Chippewa Company 90 
 Chocolate River 22 
 Commissoners 31 
 
 Copper Harbour 28 
 Copper Falls 36 
 
 Conglomerate Rock 59 
 Climate 110 
 
 Directions to Coast- 
 ers 12 
 Dead River 22 
 Eagle Harbour Co. 86 
 Eagle River 37 
 Eagle Harbour 3;' 
 Elm River 40 
 English Copperpro- 
 
 duts &, commerce 91 
 Eng. Cop. Stocks 111 
 East Gr. Marias 20 
 Fon du Lac 47 
 
 Flint Steel River 40 
 Granite Point 23 
 
 Granite Island 24 
 
 Garlic River 2 J 
 
 Grand Marias 33 
 
 Gratiot River 39 
 
 Grand Island 21 
 
 Graverod's River 39 
 Great Iron River 41 
 Great La Point 45 
 
 General View of 
 
 the Country 51 
 
 Glossary of Miners- 
 Terms 94 
 Grantees and Num- 
 bers 101 
 Hm-on River 25 
 Huron Islands 25 
 Huron Mountains 25 
 Irregular false viens 70 
 Indian Title 48 
 Lake Superior Min- 
 ing Co. 78 
 Laughing Fish 
 
 River 21 
 
 Isle Royal Co. 85 
 
 Isle Royal 48 
 
 Keweenaw Point 26 
 Little Montreal 
 
 River 27 
 
 Little Salmon Trout 
 
 River * 39 
 
 Little Iron River 42 
 Light-Houses 110 
 
 Labourers 111 
 
 L'Anse 26 
 
 Miner's River 21 
 
 Manganese Lake 31 
 Misery River 39 
 
 Montreal River 42 
 
 Metamorphic Rocks 58 
 Manitou Island 27 
 
 Mixed Conglomer- 
 ate, &c. 62 
 Mineral or True 
 
 Veins 69 
 
 Maps 9 
 
 Native Metals and 
 
 Ores 99 
 
 North Shore 49 
 
 New York & Lake 
 
 Superior M. Co. 82 
 North-western Co. 88 
 North American Co. 89 
 Ontonagon 40' 
 
 Prefatory Chapter 3 
 Pawnees 11 
 
 Pictured Rocks 20 
 
 Presque Isle 24 
 
 Point Abaya 25 
 
 Portage River 25 
 
 Portage Lake 25 
 
 Portage 26 
 
 Porter's Island 31 
 
 Presque Isle River 42 
 Primary Rock 53 
 
 Pittsburgh Co. 80 
 
 Pleasure Tour 107 
 
 Principal Courses 
 
 and Distances 110 
 Red Sandstone and 
 
 Shale 64 
 
 Sault St. Mary's 17 
 
 River 16 
 
 St. John River 24 
 
 Salmon Trout River 24 
 Stanard Rock 27 
 
 Shoon-e-aw Lake 32 
 Storm 35 
 
 Superior Co. 89 
 
 Steam and Sail Ves- 
 sels 108 
 St. Louis River 47 
 To the Invalid 9 
 Tallcott Harbour 24 
 Talking Fish River 43 
 Trap Rocks 55 
 The Sand Rock 67 
 Treatment of Cop. 113 
 Two Heart River 20 
 Upper Grey Sand 
 
 Rock 63 
 
 United States' Im- 
 port of Copper 91 
 Upper Lake St. 
 
 Croix 46 
 
 Vocabulary of In- 
 dian and" French 105 
 Variation of th^ 
 
 Magnetic Ncec 
 Voyage commenc! 
 jWhite Fish Point 
 nVest Coast 4H 
 
 nt^^ 
 
PART FIRST. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Having visited tlie mining region the past season ; having 
 neglected no means in my power to ascertain the truth or 
 falsity of the statements, and of my suspicions as to that, by 
 many imagined, " El dorado" of the North ; having taken 
 great pains and labour to arrive at local facts, under the 
 recollection of the " many grains of allowance" with which 
 I had received the best authenticated statements myself; 
 having no interest of name or nature in the effect my state- 
 ments may produce, except that in common with all other 
 citizens, in an early and prompt development of those inter- 
 nal resources of our country which will leave us independent 
 of foreign supplies ; I comply with the wishes of many 
 acquaintances, who desire the information I have obtained, 
 too lengthy in detail for the frequent repetition necessary to 
 gratify personal friends only, by this publication of facts as I 
 found them, without " fear or favour," " nothing extenuat- 
 ing, or aught set down in malice." 
 
 I am impelled to this publication, too, not more that the 
 truth and real merits of the country may be known, than to 
 rihow, by such deductions as the careful reader will make, 
 that '* all is not gold that glitters." The realities are suffi- 
 cient ('* and to this end must we come at last,") to insure all 
 that should be desirable to accomplish, except the ulterior 
 objects of those w^iose " baseless fabrics of the brain" must 
 fall, and visionary schemes, in the end, '* come home to 
 roost." 
 
 1* 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 Upon the capitalist is the dependence for the necessary 
 means of developing our mineral resources, and upon correct 
 information only can he be expected to furnish it. Over- 
 wrought and gilded statements, through whose glossing the 
 careful and discreet man sees their hollowness, may deceive 
 many, and accomplish the ends of some, but will also retard 
 or prevent great results, v/hich candour and truth might have 
 produced, but for the doubts which discovered duplicity throw 
 in the way of investigation. 
 
 Congregated capital has been necessary in all countries 
 and times for the development of mineral resources. Nature, 
 in her organization of matter, decreed it " when the waters 
 covered the face of the earth;" and, as much as she has 
 favoured this region over all otliers with her mineral wealth, 
 there is also, as elsewhere, written upon it, " Thou shalt eat 
 thy bread by the sweat of thy brow." Abundant and pure 
 as are our lead and iron, our copper is not less so ; and if 
 there is one fact which characterizes the bounty of nature to 
 ours over the mineral of all other countries, it is that/«c^ and 
 peculiarity of our Lake Superior native copper, that it is in 
 no instance contaminated ivith alloys of other metals. The 
 assertion of which fact, when made by Dr. Houghton, was 
 treated as a burlesque by scientific men at home and abroad, 
 who called it " backwoods mineralogy." 
 
 His representations as to the great abundance of copper 
 indicated by " surface appearances," were treated as " new 
 country stories," and Dr. Houghton, smarting under this 
 ridicule, pursued his researches for ten successive years be- 
 fore his reports elicited any public attention. He has gone 
 down to his grave in those depths, though immeasurable, 
 and upon a rock, though unseen, which he knew and could 
 determine in his system of philosophy, as well as if " the 
 waters rolled back" when he came to their margin. He has 
 gone, too, in the day when that future he had so long and 
 confidently anticipated — was come, which, by its develop- 
 ments, was about to consummate the silent but prevailing 
 ambition of fifteen years of toil, leaving one point only fully 
 established — that the accepted systems of geology and miner- 
 alogy are in many particukirs inapplicable to the scene of 
 his labours — of which the above is one proof. 
 
 True it is, and lamentable too, that wild and exaggerated, 
 
( 5 ) 
 
 not to say entirely false statements have been made of min- 
 eral wealth there, to be heaped together without labour or 
 means, which could not fail suddenly to enrich the fortunate 
 holder of a few shares of some particular stock. 
 
 Between the extremes the capitaUst must designate, or 
 nothing can be done in bringing out the wealth of such 
 mines as do exist and have a value. Many have already 
 embarked, but nothing like a number adequate to the field 
 presented. Extreme caution is not a fault, but often loses 
 what investigation and promptness would have garnered. 
 
 The first workers of our iron almost invariably failed for 
 the want of means, and from an influence felt by them from 
 afar, but never seen — neither of which exist in reality now. 
 A few years will, as in lead and iron they have, show our 
 capacity to supply the world with copper, not less imagined 
 at present, than it was that we would now do it with lead, 
 when the law of 1803 was passed, with a view to ascertain 
 if we could not produce a portion, however small, of our own 
 consumption. Look now at the mighty result. We send it 
 to China, and above it is piled our cotton cloths and wooden 
 clocks, and who can say that copper will not follow ? 
 
 Lead is worked, and many fortunes have been made in 
 its production. Copper must be worked in the same man- 
 ner. The mining is the same — the smelting differs—but 
 copper ore is worth vastly more than lead, while the cost of 
 mining is about the same. This reduces the whole subject 
 to one or two questions, viz. : Ts there copper ore as stated ? 
 and, where are its locations'? These questions the reader 
 will find answered in the following pages ; and if he will 
 read them carefully, and qualify himself, as he may, by their 
 contents, he will be able to determine correctly between pro- 
 positions now or hereafter made for investment, which are 
 real, or which are " kiting." If he is too much engaged to 
 do this, but goes in, hap-hazard, he may hand down at his 
 death some " shares" which had long before formed fellow- 
 ship with North Carolina '* gold stock." 
 
 I am not about to advance objections to, or recommenda- 
 tions of, any companies, other than may exist in a list of 
 companies working, and which is not intended to be invidi- 
 ous, if it shall be so construed. I give the list with the object 
 of showing what has really been done in the country ; and 
 
( 6 ) 
 
 there are other companies, who have equally favourable 
 positions, prospects and leases, who will another season pro- 
 ceed vigorously in their contemplated operations. 
 
 That there are differences between the companies is mat- 
 ter of course ; and those diffeiences consist in some leases 
 being for three miles square, and subsequent ones for one 
 mile square. Some companies arc located upon good har- 
 bours, enjoying facilities which others do not. Some com- 
 panies have several of these three mile leases : some com- 
 panies have several one mile leases. A company may have 
 only a single permit for one mile square, which may again 
 in some part, not forty rods square, have more value than 
 another company's possessions covering miles of land and the 
 best harbours. By this it will be seen how necessary it is to 
 be well informed as to localities, geology and mineralogy, as 
 well as facilities, which are so materially to affect the value 
 of points proposed for the investment of capital. 
 
 That the reader may commence his voyage understand- 
 ingly, before we start to coast round the shore, I have pre- 
 sented for his careful perusal with the maps, a broad view 
 of the whole country, defining the location of the various 
 strata of rocks, of which the mountains and valleys are com- 
 posed, and where those are met with. 
 
 I have given the different kinds of rock, and where they 
 occur, together with the mineralogical contents of those rocks, 
 immediately following ; so that wherever any of those rocks 
 are found, he may look for their described contents. If 
 those are not there, non» other will be ; vice versa, wlierever 
 described minerals are found, there look for the rocks to 
 which they belong. 
 
 A close study of the few pages here presented upon this 
 matter of '• formation, place, and contents of the different 
 rocks," will enable you to see clearly your way through the 
 country, and also the contents of the hills and mountains, 
 and bottoms of the lakes. A small fragment, picked from 
 the beach at White Fish Point, may have been years upon 
 the journey from the place of its detachment, and that place 
 may be hundreds of miles from you, which you have never 
 been nearer to than at present ; still, you will be able to put 
 your finger upon the spots of the nativity of its kind. 
 
 So will it in a very short time be with regard to specimens 
 
( 7 ) 
 
 of copper. A careful perusal of the contents of the different 
 rocks, and a familiarity with specimens which I have depo- 
 sited at the American Institute, will enable you to tell at a 
 glance what rock, region, and often the vein, a specimen has 
 come from ; and what has come to be called " grafting,'' or 
 taking specimens from one location, and pretending that they 
 came from another, where the rock is different, you will soon 
 detect. 
 
 I have also given a list of native metals, their appearance, 
 colour, consistency, gravity and situation found in. 
 
 I present a hst of terms used by miners, v/ith their signi- 
 fication, accompanied with certain geological and mineralo- 
 gical terms which occur in the pages. I also show the entire 
 coast, the rivers, harbours, islands, Fon du Lac and St. 
 Louis rivers. ^ 
 
 To the traveller for pleasure, let me say a few words. 
 When you shall have read the round upon which I have 
 taken the coaster, you will probably shrink from the toils of 
 following the shore, and wish to go direct and quick from 
 place to place, or tarry a time at one place and then go to 
 another — in either case, there will be every provision next 
 season. A steamboat, large, staunch, commodious and safe : 
 a propeller with all these qualities also, and a number of very 
 convenient schooners, as will be seen by the hst of vessels 
 on Lake Superior. If you are in pursuit of pleasure, 
 whether lady or gentleman, you can find it in the Lake 
 Superior region, provided you can be pleased witli grand 
 scenery, water-falls, lakes and mountains. You can ramble 
 in search of Agates and Cornelians, in which, of all I have 
 seen engaged, I have never known one tire of the amuse- 
 ment yet ; to become so fatigued as to stretch upon the peb- 
 bled shore and search within the reach, then crawl a space 
 and there search on, and still as anxious and intent as when 
 first beginning, till time, who is flying while you are absorbed 
 and unconscious of his flight, l)egins to dim your vision with 
 a dechning sun, and weaken discrimination of the prize you 
 seek ; — then rousing to consciousness, you see the sun that 
 hung high in the heavens when you comjnenced your search, 
 just sinking in the waves, and reflecting, you seem to have 
 been away in another world and just Returned ; you look 
 about for some known object almost doubting your identity ; 
 
( s ) 
 
 reluctantly you shape your course for home, but hope Hnger 
 ing hangs upon the way ; though fatigued and 
 
 O'erloaded with the selections fancy found, 
 You'll pick, look — ' one more,' you'll say — 
 " Another with those 't are to be ground," 
 Or examined dry, be thrown away. 
 
 This is Agate hunting, as all will testify who have tried it, 
 the most fascinating and bewildering yet certainly innocent 
 amusement. I have seen a staid and dignified old Governor 
 stretched at length upon the shore from very exhaustion, 
 absorbed and lost to every thing but examining agates, con- 
 suming half an hour in scrutinizing and admiring the varie- 
 gated tints, the beautiful blending of shades and colours, and 
 die regularity of the myriads of diverging and concentrating 
 Mies of different colours in an agate he gazed upon, not 
 larger in circumference than a dime ; or tired of this you can 
 wander away with " hook and line," to the bright and beau- 
 tiful lakes that lie among the hills ; or take your gun, for 
 
 The Pigeon and the Partridge's there, 
 The wild Duck and the timid Hare — 
 
 hut no snakes! I have never heard of any in the country. 
 Or take a bark canoe, which two or three trials will make 
 you at home in, for they are much easier to get the " hang " 
 of, than most persons suppose ; go to the adjacent islands, 
 run into the caverns and grottos which cannot be reached in 
 any other way. You may find rare agates there after a gale, 
 and when you return, keep along tlie shore and examine the 
 bottom marked by the white spar veins discernible at thirty 
 or forty feet deep, or nearer shore with a forked stick bring 
 up the stones you fancy agates beyond the reach of those on 
 shore, and when you get back you will have an appetite ; 
 the tonic air of that region, and the v/ater, will make a new 
 being of you in a few weeks. The air is bracing yet soft, and 
 is pleasant in " dog days," witliout producing that faintness 
 and lassitude of the warm weather you have been used to : 
 and the water — well, you will not be singular, you will then 
 say you have never drank any water before ; and when you 
 return whence you came, and again drink of that you once 
 thought delicious, you will condemn it as an adulteration, or 
 spurious. 
 
( 9 ) 
 
 To the invalid, I have a few words to say, for his infor- 
 mation ; I am not " cracking up the country," for I shall 
 write nothing that all who go, will not find as I represent it, 
 or all who have been will not confirm, either on this or any 
 other subject of their acquaintance which I treat upon. To 
 you I say, go thei ; although your health is impaired you 
 cannot be injured,' and I know one gentleman who had been 
 south ; had been to Havannah without any benefit ; one 
 season on Lake Superior restored him, as he said, to com- 
 parative health ; he was a companion ' du voyage.' I don't 
 know why it should not relieve consumptives as well as 
 others, all who go there declare they feel much better — and 
 I know I did. I was under a slight chronic and cutaneous 
 alfliction ; I was told that the lake Fanny Hoe, on which 
 Fort Wilkins stands, was so much impregnated with 
 mineral, that a soldier died from drinking of it. I asked if 
 the other soldiers had not drank it as well as he, and was 
 informed they had, but its water had since been analyzed 
 and found to contain too much copper. Upon this I resolved 
 to drink the water of Fanny Hoe lake, brackish as it might 
 be, and continued to do so while there, and I firmly believe 
 it to be beneficial in cutaneous affections. 1 didn't die, as 
 the soldier did, but felt better every day I remained. One 
 thing is certain — the half breeds and natives all live to a great 
 Jige, notwithstanding tlieir exposures: and sickness from 
 fevers, colds, inflammations and agues, is scarcely known ; 
 the healthy and ruddy appearance of all you meet will be a 
 stronger guarantee and more satisfactory evidence, on 
 your arrival, than any philosophical reasons I am able to 
 give. I am assured there will be prepared early next spring, 
 accommodations for travellers and sojourners, at all the places 
 desirable to stop at. Even now, every hospitality is afforded 
 which can be, but especial preparations will be made early, 
 for next season's " passengers and baggage to and from the 
 steamboats." 
 
 The maps herewith presented, are the most correct possi- 
 ble to be oftered at this time. The chart of Lake Superior 
 is perfect. It may not be generally known, that Lake Huron 
 and Lake Superior have been as perfectly surveyed as science 
 and time can do it, and this chart is a result. Lieut. Bayfield 
 was several years engaged by direction of the British govern- 
 
( 10 ) 
 
 ment upon this work. The chart herewith, is a copy reduced 
 by the " London Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge," 
 from the map reported by Bayfield as a result of his labours. 
 Its accuracy is attested by all of any acquaintance with that 
 Lake and shores. 
 
 The map of the Mineral Region and Locations made, was 
 taken from the standard map in the office of the Mineral 
 Agency at Copper Harbour, containing the locations made 
 up to the 1st day of November last. I have added to it 
 many lakes, harbours, rivers and islands. So far as leases 
 are granted, this map is perfect in designating locations, be- 
 cause the survey is made by a United States surveyor before 
 the lease issues, and their locations may be depended upon. 
 
 The numbers and squares designating Locations, are 
 in the main likely to be correct when in the vicinity of 
 Leases, for in such cases the locators have established cor- 
 ners and lines of those surveyed Leases to work from, in 
 measuring and describing their own. But as I am dealing 
 in facts with the reader, I must say, what experience has al- 
 ready shown, and the future must confirm, that there are 
 difficulties in designating upon a map, without any great 
 right lines fixed to govern it, the precise position of an isola- 
 ted survey. The location may be correct in all particulars 
 as described, the starting and governing points all known, 
 and the measurements correct, while its position upon the 
 map would be erroneous from the want of a base and right 
 line whose measurements would fix it accurately. Another, 
 and which may hereafter be a prolific source of difficulty 
 and contention, when positions come to be defined as de- 
 scribed, by correct surveys, is the variation of the magnetic 
 needle in the mineral region ; accompanied too with the 
 known difficulty of measuring distances correctly in the thick 
 bushes, except by the most patient and careful attention to 
 accuracy, obtained slowly and by great labour, and an ad- 
 herence to an undeviating system ; then seldom, or never 
 without the solar compass to determine at every station the 
 '* variation." 
 
 In this particular, of such paramount importance in 
 making a location, some I know, and many I doubt not, 
 have heen negligent — defining their starting points, courses 
 and distances by a pocket compass, and pacing their mea- 
 
( " ) 
 
 surements. All can judge of the probable results in such 
 cases from a statement given me by Mr. Hill, one of Dr. 
 Houghton's head surveyors, that there were places in the 
 mineral region, where the compass would, following a given 
 course by it, lead on a semi-circle in running one mile. 
 Now suppose an individual, in locating a permit with an 
 ordinary surveyor's compass, has started his course east at 
 one of these places, and has run a semi-circle ; he does not 
 know that he has so ran, and consequently says in his de- 
 scription, " from thence, east one mile to a blazed Spruce 
 tree, which is the north-east corner." He does not know but 
 it is so, and goes and marks his position and gets his permit 
 certified with this description. When this location is run 
 out by his given courses and distances, with a corrected com- 
 pass, his "blazed tree" is found to be about three-fourths of 
 a mile from where he supposed it was ; and the mineral he 
 intended to locate upon, is off of his location. To what ex- 
 tent this is the case I have no means or disposition for esti- 
 mating. Again, there have been persons lingering about the 
 office at Copper Harbour, with pockets full of Permits for 
 persons never in the country, and never intending to be there, 
 who came to be known by the name of " Pa^^77^ec5," from 
 their putting their paws upon the shoulder, and "a word in 
 your ear " to every explorer who had really made examina- 
 tions, the moment he arrived. One would not be done with 
 his *' one side " inquiries, before another ^^zm;, and, "a word 
 in private " — each hoping to get an unguarded word on which 
 to locate some of his "friends' permits." I was told, with 
 what truth I know not, though my authority was an * old 
 'un,' that some of the Pawnees have been "awfully stuck," 
 to use his expressions; " for," said he, "some of their per- 
 mits are located where they can't touch land up, nor down^ 
 nor sideways — and others ainH nowhere.'''' This might have 
 been true in some particulars, but usually the " Pawnees," 
 where a location was marked on the map by an explorer, 
 located around that, and bounded from its description in 
 making out their own, which I have no doubt in many cases 
 will cover the spot the explorer intended. An anecdote is 
 related of two of these Pawnees in whom the habits of" pri- 
 vacy" was extreme, meeting when each had communications 
 for the other. They met in an open space, twenty rods from 
 
( 12 ) 
 
 any person, and after whispering in each other's ears as if 
 announcing their mutual desire to be "private," locked arms 
 and walked to a more remote position. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 A VIEW OP THE SHORES, RIVERS, BAYS, HARBOURS, AND 
 ISLANDS OF LAKE SUPERIOR. 
 
 All explorers, with scarcely an exception, when they set 
 out for the first time, encumber themselves with about as 
 much that is useless as that is useful. I will therefore state 
 what is necessary only, as the necessaries are usually found 
 quite burdensome enough. 
 
 If you intend to " coast round," you must provide at the 
 Sault St. Mary a bark canoe sufficient for your number, and 
 provisions for the estimated time, which must allow for de- 
 tentions, &c., until you reach Grand Island, as there, at 
 Granite Point, (Dead River,) and L'Anse, provisions will 
 probably be obtainable next season. You will require a tent, 
 two blankets for each, a camp kettle, frying pan, tin cups 
 and plates — if you are nice, a coffee-pot, ground coffee, and 
 sugar; but the plates, coffee-pot, &c., may be dispensed 
 with, and often are, the kettle or frying-pan being the dish 
 from which each helps himself,— the knife is in your belt. 
 The sail of your canoe is laid upon the boughs, which are 
 first spread upon the ground in the tent, and then your 
 blankets. At landing, the canoe is not allowed to touch the 
 bottom, but you get out into the water and unload it, which 
 is then lifted out upon the shore, turned bottom upward, and 
 your stores are secured under it ; your tent is pitched, a fire 
 built, &c. This is all, however, the work of the voyageurs, 
 who, from practice, will despatch it with a facility that will 
 quite astonish a new traveller. 
 
 Your clothing should be a pair of thick-soled boots of cow- 
 hide ; no stockings are required, but most persons wear them, 
 and consequently have the nightly recurring duty of drying 
 them almost dry, and thus putting them on damp in the 
 morning, producing a contest between the boots and feet of 
 
( 13 ) 
 
 entrance and resistance, rather disagreeable. A pair of pants 
 of cotton canvass, and a coat of the same to reach below the 
 knee, with side and breast pockets. Cotton canvass is found 
 to be as good as anything to turn water, and the best to turn 
 the brush, which is a work of labour and perseverance often 
 to be endured for hours in exploring. A red flannel shirt, 
 will not require so often washing as a cotton one, and " it is 
 always warm and dry, though never so wet and cold ;" be- 
 sides, washer-women are rather scarce, and when you have 
 performed the office yourself a few times, you will become 
 less fastidious in relation to such matters. A red woollen 
 comforter. No suspenders ; they will confine you in crawl- 
 ing under logs and limbs, and through difficult passages in 
 the cedar thickets. A belt, carrying a hatchet and knife, 
 buckled round the waist, will sustain your pants, and allow 
 free exercise of your body and limbs. A wool hat, with wide 
 brim and low, round crown, is the best to turn rain and 
 brush. A pocket compass, and perhaps a pipe, completes 
 your equipment, saving a few fish hooks and line. These 
 are the really necessaries, though most travellers are not con- 
 tent with them. Experience, however, shows the necessity 
 of being divested of everything which may be dispensed with ; 
 for, portages and journeys have to be made, in whicli every 
 thing, even the canoe, must be carried for considerable dis- 
 tances, on which occasions •' blessed be nothing." Habit, 
 however, brings power of endurance which many would not 
 believe, and I have seen a packer, himself weighing less than. 
 145 lbs., who could take upon his back 200 lbs. weight, and 
 make good time upon the portages. 
 
 In coasting, it is necessary to have at least one good 
 *' voyagcur^'*'' as they term themselves, who will most prob- 
 ably be a Frenchman or a half breed, who understands the 
 coast and weather-signs, — superintends the unlading and 
 camping — interprets— knows where fish may be taken — the 
 proper places for landing, and whose counsels — as to whatever 
 hnplicates safety or convenience must be followed, and with 
 rare exceptions may be ; for, experience makes them wise in 
 things which gives their knowledge the appearance of intui- 
 tion, when contrasted with their general endowments — as, 
 the coming of a storm, the probabilities of reaching a par- 
 ticular necessary landing-place by a given time, &c., <fec. 
 2 
 
( 14 ) 
 
 So much depends upon the voyageur. If the interior is to 
 be visited, he can generally tell you the route, nature of the 
 country, &c. It will sometimes occur that you will be de- 
 tained for two or three days at a stopping-place by high 
 winds, but this is a rare occurrence. At other times, when 
 the weather is favourable, you will sail on during the night, 
 which is determined by the voyageur's opinion of the weather, 
 and knowledge of the coast to be passed. 
 
 Being in all things prepared, you set out from the Sault 
 St. Mary, generally in the afternoon : for starting is rather 
 difficult, from the fact, that your voyageur will be drunk from 
 the time he is engaged until your departure ; and you will 
 start with the purpose of going a few miles that day, and 
 having him sober next morning, when the voyage really 
 commences. 
 
 You will be surprised in the morning, to see what a 
 change one night has made in him. Until now, he has 
 taken no interest in the preparations for the voyage, but 
 here, he is aware that his responsibilities have commenced, 
 and, instead of the beastly and besotted creature he was 
 yesterday, he is taking a mental inventory of whatever pre- 
 paration has been made ; each article of use is minutely 
 examined ; alterations and improvements, if necessary, are 
 made ; occasionally he casts a look upon the circle of the 
 heavens for indications, as a book long studied ; you " turu 
 out," and are surprised that he has been up with the dawn, 
 and breakfast is about ready ; — this over, if the weather to 
 his mind is unpropitious, or he has private reasons, he will 
 find that the canoe requires some tightening, and, putting his 
 lips to the suspected spots, will find, or pretend to find air- 
 holes. These he stops by taking a burning brand and hold- 
 ing it near the gummed joint, or seam, and when the gum 
 is softened, he rubs it down w^ith his wet finger ; if this do 
 not detain him until his mind is fixed ^ as to the weather and 
 other matters, he will find other expedients, and whhout 
 knowing his reasons for delaying, you change mind in re- 
 gard to him, and believe him a lazy fellow ; — but you can't 
 go back, and must endure it. While you are arriving at 
 this erroneous opinion of the Indian, he is doing exactly the 
 reverse with you, and his advantages in that contest are far 
 greater than yours. This is your first voyage and first ac- 
 
( 15 ) 
 
 quaintance with his kind, but he has been alKhis hfe in this 
 business, and thus made long voyages in company of some 
 of the most quahfied and enhghtened gentlemen of the 
 world ; — perhaps when a boy he was with Porter running 
 the boundary ; later, he might have been a man with Bay- 
 field, and every year has thrown him with men to draw 
 companions by, precisely what he is now doing with you. 
 Now mark the necessity of his showing you well ; — you are 
 under his charge in fact, for this business is his living, and 
 his reputation as a voyageur has procured his employment 
 for you. You did not hire him — Mr. Livingston, the Ame- 
 rican Fur Company's Agent at St. Mary, probably fur- 
 nished him, and if he did, he knows him better than you 
 ever will, and knows you are safe with him. But why does 
 this Indian wish to know you 1 may be asked ; he merely 
 wants to know your calibre, if I may so speak, and then he 
 fixes you at your proper place on his scale of men, in order 
 to know when and on what points to consult you, — to knov/ 
 what dependence can be placed upon you in an emergency ; 
 and these points, you may be sure, are all settled in his mind 
 before he passes White Fish Point. He now knows you by 
 contrast ; you only know him as you first saw him, a be- 
 sotted, helpless being, and you cannot help divining him as 
 such. You may go the whole voyage, even repeat it, with- 
 out an occasion presenting itself for that Indian to exhibit 
 what he really is ; but if one should come, in which he is 
 required to put forth his powers of judgment, skill, or endu- 
 rance, to preserve the safety of one committed to his charge, — 
 then, and only then, can the true character, — the endurance 
 and self-devotion of those hardy and honest hearted voya- 
 geurs be truly known. Gay and mirthful by nature and 
 habit, — patient and enduring at labor, — seeking neither care 
 nor wealth, and though fond of their families, " take no heed 
 for the morrow." Such are the " voyageurs " of the Lakes, a 
 distinct and different people from all others upon the globe. 
 These voyageurs, or Coureurs des Sois, as some call 
 them, have many sketches and songs, to the chorus of which 
 they ply their oars, and cheer their toil. Tlie following two 
 arc much in vogue, and heard from a full crew in a still 
 night, well might have given origin in the heart of Moore, 
 to his " Canadian Boat Song." These were formerly pub- 
 
( 16 ) 
 
 lished in a work entitled ' Tales of the Northwest," but are 
 still in use, — one leading with the text, the others joining in 
 the chorus. Dr. Houghton's crew woke me at the dawn of 
 day with their song, the last time he departed from Copper 
 Harbor. 
 
 1. 
 
 Tous les printemps 
 Tant de nouvelle. 
 Tous les amants 
 Chan gent de maitresses-^ 
 Le bon vin me endort 
 L'amour me revielle. 
 
 Tous les amants 
 Changent de maitresses, 
 Qu'ils changent qui voudront 
 Pour moi je garde la mienne— 
 Le bon vin me endort 
 L'amour me revielle. 
 
 2. 
 
 Dans mon chemin j'ai rencontre 
 Trois cavaliers bon montees 
 Lon, Ion laridon daine, 
 Lon, lon laridon dai. 
 
 Trois cavaliers bien montees 
 L'un a cheval a I'autre a pied 
 Lon, lon laridon daine 
 Lon, lon laridon dai. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 The Sault St. Manfs was last year reached by taking 
 steamboats of the Chicago line at any of the ports, and from 
 which passengers landed at Mackinaw, which the tourist 
 finds a most beautiful and pleasant place in hot weather, 
 which was the resort and sojourn of many last season. 
 From Mackinaw a steamboat, I am assured, will run daily^ 
 instead of tri- weekly, next year, to the St. Mary's. This 
 route, for beauty, boldness, and diversity of scenery, is un- 
 equalled in the world as a panorama. It is for most of the 
 
( 17 ) 
 
 way among the " Ten Thousand Islands,^^ as reported by- 
 Lieut. Bayfield of the Royal Topographical Engineers, who 
 was for several years employed by the British government in 
 surveying Lakes Huron and Superior. He reports having 
 been upon twenty thousand islands in Lake Huron, and that 
 ten thousand of them lie in and around the embochure of 
 River St. Mary's into Lake Huron. The steamboat is cou' 
 tinually winding its devious way among these islands of va- 
 rious sizes, standing amid waters of vast depth at their very 
 margins. Some are large, and covered witli forests of sugar 
 maple ; others bring forth only the cedar from the opening 
 crevices in their sides ; others bear upon their brows the 
 stinted pine and silver fir ; while others are but stupendous 
 piles of naked rocks, whose perpendicular sides, as you pass 
 them, sometimes within a few feet, show by their disjointed 
 seams a " crash of matter and a wreck of worlds" must have 
 raised them in their giddy heights and overhanging positions. 
 Anon, the " slov/ bell" rings, and gradually the boat turns 
 at a right angle from a lake-like space, and enters a labyrinth 
 of islands, from out of which an inexperienced pilot might 
 not find his way for days. On one hand open deep caverns 
 in island rocks, and on the other are spread out in solitude 
 the small grassy meadows where foot of beast never trod. 
 Along Lake George, upon the projecting points and island 
 shores, are often seen t|ie Indian's wigwam. There these 
 children of nature ply their only toil, procuring food, mainly 
 from fishing, content in primitive simplicity, and free from 
 the great sources of unhappiness and care to the civilized — 
 fashion^ and the accompanying responsibilities. 
 
 St. Mary's has been the location of a ^gw Indians from 
 tlie time of the first travellers, and the resort for large num- 
 bers of the natives for fishing at the foot of the rapids. In. 
 the sale of the lands to the United States a strip bordering 
 the north side of the Sault was reserved as a camping and 
 fishing ground, which is known and regarded as the " Indian 
 reservation." There is also another reservation of twenty 
 square miles, including this first, and the present village of 
 St. Mary, Fort Brady, ifcc, known as the "government re- 
 servation." The Indian reservation is included in and 
 bounded by the principal street or road over the })ortage, on 
 the south, and the Sault or rapids on the north, and by their 
 
( 18 ) 
 
 head and foot, including an island in the stream, running 
 nearly the whole length. This reservation is not interfered 
 with by the whites, but the half-breeds are beginning to erect 
 buildings upon it. It is upon this reservation the proposed 
 St. Mary's Canal must be constructed when done Upon 
 the United States, or government reservation, are built the 
 forty or fifty houses which constitute St. Mary's, containing 
 a population of 200 inhabitants of all nations, colours, grades, 
 and languages, exclusive of the Indian lodges. Their titles 
 are those of " squatters," and are conveyed by quit-claim of 
 pre-emption, which are recognised, however, in all questions 
 of possession by the local courts, and quite a speculation is 
 carried on in "corner and water lots." In 1721, Charle- 
 voix visited this place, said to be a short time after it was 
 founded. In 1762, it contained but four buildings, two of 
 which were occupied as barracks, with a stockade fort and 
 garrison. That old fort is entirely destroyed. In 1820, 
 there were six or seven dwelling houses. It is in Chippeway 
 County, Mich. There is also a mission school under the 
 charge of Mr. Brookway. The American Fur Company 
 have a station here under the management of Mr. Living- 
 ston, a business man, and gentleman of long residence and 
 experience in the north-western country. The United States 
 have also a mineral agency, filled by Mr. S. M'Knight, and 
 a post-office, custom-house, and Indian agency. There are 
 several forwarding establishments, two public houses, (the 
 poorest house is the best tavern,) several stores, &-c. 
 
 St. Mary's is accessible to the British from the north, it 
 being but ten days' travel by boats between James' Bay and 
 this place, from whence the supplies of the Hudson's Bay 
 station at Pentenguishecn, on Lake Huron, are received, and 
 is the route for all of their people to England, from the 
 northern and upper stations. Through here, too, could an 
 army be thrown, by a little preparation, upon our northern 
 frontier, before their landing upon this continent was known 
 at Washington. 
 
 From St. Mary's the river is wide and beautiful to Point 
 au Pins, (Piny Point) where we left the canoe and voyageur, 
 and from there we will now proceed on our voyage, and 
 nine miles brings to Iroquois Point, opposite to which, on 
 the Canada shore, three miles distant, is Gross Cape, (Great 
 
( 19 ) 
 
 Cajie.) The event which gave name to Iroquois (Nado-wa- 
 ga-quin-ing — the place of Iroquois bones,) is tlius described 
 by H. R. Schoolcraft, in a discourse before the Historical 
 Society of Michigan, and describing the victorious and bloody 
 advance of a large Iroquois war party (in 1680) to this place, 
 — he says : ^ 
 
 " Their passage through the river, and the audacious and 
 reckless spirit which they had everywhere manifested, had 
 been watched. The Chippewas hastily mustered their forces, 
 and prepared to follow them. When they had reached the 
 head of the straits opposite the Iroquois camp, the weather 
 became threatening, and it was debated whether they should 
 not defer their passage till next day. In this dilemma their 
 prophet, or seer, was appealed to, and he, after the usual 
 ceremonies, declared a favourable omen. They awaited the 
 approach of night, and embarked in tv/o divisions. The 
 darkness of the night was extremely favourable to their enter- 
 prise. The parties landed at separate places, and formed a 
 junction in the woods in the rear of the Iroquois camp. 
 The prophet here declared another favourable omen. They 
 then sent forward some scouts to observe the condition of 
 the enemy, who appeared totally unconscious of danger, and 
 were still singing their war songs. It was determined to 
 remain in their concealed condition until the enemy had 
 gone to sleep. It then commenced raining. They advanced 
 in the rain and darkness, cautiously feehng their way, to the 
 edge of the woods. They then made their onset. The 
 struggle was fierce, but of short duration. As had been 
 concerted, each lodge was surrounded at the same moment ; 
 the poles lifted, and the tent precipitated upon the sleepers, 
 who were despatched as tliey started up bewildered and en- 
 tangled in their tents. A great slaughter ensued. Very few 
 of the Iroquois escaped to carry the news of the disaster, nor 
 did their nation ever renew their inroad." From Iroquois 
 Point, N. W. 
 
 White Fish Point is thirty miles, and by coast to 
 Tonquanienon River is fifteen miles, thence to Sheldrake 
 River nine miles, and llience to White Fish Point, being 
 thirty miles direct, and forty miles by coast. Here is the 
 entrance upon Lake Superior ; the coast runs west with sand 
 
\ '^0 ) 
 
 hills for eighteen luiles, when it falls oft' south-west six miles, 
 being twenty-four miles to 
 
 Ttoo Heart River. From this the coast again runs west, 
 and the high sand hills continue for twenty-one miles to 
 
 East Grand Marias^ or Hurricane River and Bay. This 
 is a large bay, with sandy shores, shaped very like Copper 
 Harbour, but a narrow entrance, varying at times from two 
 to five feet upon the bar. Upon the main shore, which con- 
 tinues west, are sand hills, continuing nine miles to Grand 
 Sable, which are 100 to 300 feet high, and when surmount- 
 ed at a distance of three miles back, the country is level, 
 sandy and barren. A small lake of good fresh water is 
 found in this plane, containing abundance offish, which has 
 neither inlet nor outlet. From here the coast runs south- 
 west twelve miles to the Pictured Rocks. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 Pictured Rocks, (La Partaille.) The best description I 
 have met with, and which is sustained by all others, of these 
 rocks, is the following one by A. B. Gray, Esq., one of the 
 assistant mineral agent. He says : " Commencing a little 
 west of Miner's River, and extending easterly for ten or 
 twelve miles, is a high and perpendicular wall of sand stone, 
 rising to a height of three hundred feet, of horizontal strata, 
 several feet in thickness, coloured with various bright and 
 beautiful tints of vegetable and mineral matters, and forming 
 one of the most picturesque and deeply interesting natural 
 curiosities in America. The water near its base is a clear 
 emerald green of great depth, allowing vessels to approach 
 within a few feet of the narrow pebbly beach here and there 
 to be met with, and elsewhere the rock itself rising immedi- 
 ately out of the lake. Successive curves of half a mile in 
 length, caused by the wearing away the soft sand rock by 
 the waves, appearing like painted walls of an amphitheatre, 
 and continue for nearly the whole distance, occasionally 
 interrupted by a small stream, or cascade leaping from the 
 precipice. When near its base in a small boat, the project- 
 ing summit of this massive structure presents a grand and 
 
( ^1 ) 
 
 awful sight. Rotundas, caves and domes with arched en* 
 trances, curiously and beautifully formed, are luunerous. 
 One cavern, which we sailed into with our boat, had an 
 arched way of fifty feet in height and thirty in width, which 
 suddenly expanded into a high and singularly constructed 
 rotunda of two hundred feet in diameter. The * Doric 
 Rock,' the ' Pulpit,' and ' Des Partaille,' and other features 
 of this portion of the southern coast of Lake Superior, called 
 the ' Pictured Rocks,' altogether constituting scenery of 
 grandeur and beauty unsurpassed. The tops of these rocks 
 are covered with a small but symmetrical growth of silver- 
 fir, spruce, maple and birch, and in this month (October) 
 their rich and variegated foliage presented a strikingly beau- 
 tiful appearance." Six miles is 
 
 Miner''s River and DoricTc Rock. — This river is very 
 rapid near its mouth, making a quick descent to the 
 Lake, through the Sand rock. Pursuing the coast, which 
 is rocky, and runs S. W. twelve miles, forming the east side 
 of Grand Island Bay, is the bottom of that bay, where the 
 shore turns almost due north, and a small and nameless 
 stream enters. From this north three miles is 
 
 Grand Island, which is nearly about a mile from the 
 mam land, three miles long N. and S., and one and a half 
 E. and W., with two small islands on the west side. This 
 island and iDay presents one of the best harbors on the whole 
 chain of Lakes, easy of access, and safe from any wind. 
 The land upon the island is 500 feet high, and a vessel in 
 its southern nook is almost land locked. It is fertile, and 
 the residence of a Mr. Wilhams, who has considerable 
 stock. From here the shore curves first to the southward, 
 forming a bay, where a small stream enters, then a semi- 
 circle northward, falling quickly south, forming another bay, 
 in which, at a distance of nine miles from Grand Island, 
 enters the 
 
 River au Trains. — Three miles west of which, and on 
 the west side of this bay, is Train Island, which is a small 
 island, near the shore. The shore from this is irregular, 
 bearing first to the north, then west for six miles, to 
 
 Laughing Fish River — Which enters a small bay, fiom 
 which the coast, on which grows pine, spruce and hemlock, 
 
( 22 ) 
 
 with a large swamp l^.'ick, runs wrst fittepii mllr's, passing 
 Little Sauble, to 
 
 Chocolate River. — Tiie mouth of lliis river, which is a 
 considerable stream, and takes its name from tlie colour of 
 its water, is 146 miles due west from St. Mary's. This 
 stream is for several miles, from eighty to one hundred feet 
 wide, and a good depth inside ; but the sands at the mouth 
 make it difficult of entrance, even for large batteau. It has 
 its rise in a lake at the foot of the mountains, which separate 
 the streams falling into Green Bay, and those falling into 
 Lake Superior, and winds its way to the Lake along the 
 base of rock hills, which extend to S. W., forming the 
 commencement of the mineral region, while the east side is 
 level country. The timber of this river consists of maples, 
 ash, oak, bass wood, and pine. The soil is said to be good. 
 This river is the eastern boundary of, and from it west is the 
 mineral region. From here, the general bearing of the 
 coast is N. W., and distant six miles is one of the few 
 rivers of the South shore which have their rise beyond the 
 first range of hills ; and here commence the Trap range of 
 hills, rising up through the sand stone strata, which run 
 S. W. nearly unbroken, to the head of Lake Superior. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Dead River enters the bay formed by the south side of 
 Granite Point and the main land, and is a good harbor, 
 which was formerly called Presque Isle Bay, but which 
 name has been transported six miles west, where a Presque 
 Isle Bay is found to match it, just under what was formerly 
 called Granite Point. Bayfield removed Granite Point six 
 miles east to Dead river, and Presque Isle Bay ; and I 
 know no reason why Presque Isle cannot be spared in ex- 
 change, particularly as it had three names — remembering 
 too, that all tlie names out of the genealogies of the Israelites, 
 have been " used up " to form mining companies. Here- 
 after, let it be borne in mind that Granite Point is removed 
 to Dead River, and Presque Isle is gone six miles west 
 of it. 
 
( 23 ) 
 
 This Dead river is by no means the sluggisli river its 
 name would indicate, for it is one of the most rapid 
 of the South shores, with cascades and water-falls. The 
 Indian name was "Ne-kom-e-non," "the River of Deaths," — 
 undoubtedly the scene of several deaths of some former time, 
 which the early French very correctly called " Riviere des 
 Morts." Farmer's map has it " Dead River," and Bayfield 
 has done the same, which is farther from the original in 
 meaning, than '* Living River " would have been. The 
 harbour is known as Granite Point, upon Bayfield's chart, 
 and as such I shall call it under the head of" Courses and 
 Distances" in another place. This point is covered by 
 iease, twenty belonging to the *' New- York and Lake Su- 
 perior Mining Company," and will be found under the head 
 of " Companies Working." The river mouth is under the 
 south east side of the Peninsular ; a sand bar prevents an 
 entrance, though inside for some distance it is broad and 
 deep. The peninsular runs north and south, and the south 
 bay is protected from all but a strong easterly wind. The 
 north bay is filled with islands and rocks, but a good harbour 
 may be found there from easterly weather when it would 
 not do to enter the south bay. Eighty rods from the north 
 point of this peninsular, are two rocks high above the water 
 which is five fathoms, and bold, as well by the south side of 
 these rocks, as by the peninsular, alongside of whose bank 
 a vessel may be unladen with a plank ; the course between 
 these rocks and peninsular is N. W. and S. E. : the schooner 
 Swallow, was beat through here at 12 o'clock at night, being 
 the 27th October, wind light from S. E.; — a shoal, or reef^ 
 puts off east and north from the easterly one of these rocks, 
 a distance of a quarter of a mile, but N. E. from south bay, 
 will be sufficiently east to clear it. There is also shoal water 
 but sand bottom putting off" east from the south point of the 
 peninsular ; but from the mouth of the river an easting oT80 
 to 120 rods is required, or to five fathoms when it will do to 
 come up N. E. by N., wiiich will carry you clear of every 
 thing and give a good ofiering at six or eight miles to shape 
 your course. No soundings will be found in entering from 
 the N. E. until you pass the shoal or reef from the eastern 
 rock, but you run for the centre of the bottom of the bay 
 until you get bottom which will probably be five fathoms ; 
 
( 24 ) 
 
 opposite the mouth of the river, the water shoals gradually to 
 the shore unless you get too near the sand shoal from the 
 south point, already mentioned ; there are several islands 
 near the shore above Granite Point, and one considerable 
 one about one mile due west from the north extremity of 
 Granite Point, between which and the main, of easy entrance 
 on either side of the island, is a good shelter called Talcott 
 Harbour, beyond which, from Granite Pointithree miles, is 
 what is now known as 
 
 Presque Isle. — This is covered by lease, twenty-one be- 
 longing also to the New- York and Lake Superior Mining 
 Company, but they are not working there. About seven 
 miles from the shore of Presque Isle east, and ten miles due 
 north from the northern extremity of Granite Point, is 
 Granite Island: a pyramid of rocks rising about one hundred 
 feet with a few trees upon its east end, which contains about 
 two acres ; the water is deep around it, and though danger- 
 ous in dark nights and fogs, may be seen for a great dis- 
 tance ; the trees upon its top discovered above the fog, was 
 the first evidence of land we saw for two days, having, how- 
 ever, discovered our whereabouts that morning, to be Huron 
 Island by the echo of our gun, and were running for Granite 
 Point with a good ' look-out.' — From Presque Isle it is nine 
 miles to 
 
 Garlic River, which is an inconsiderable stream. The 
 coast is of red sand rocks and granite, with small islands, 
 and from Granite Point runs N. W. for fifteen miles from 
 Presque Isle to 
 
 St. John's River, which is represented by Bayfield as 
 running a considerable distance into the country ; but little 
 is known of it except that it is rapid in its approach to the 
 Lake, from among hills, which rise from six hundred to nine 
 hundred feet above the Lake. From St. John river, the 
 coast is irregular, passing north round a peninsular, and 
 round a considerable bay to the south, and then irregularly 
 west : fifteen miles thence to 
 
 Salmon Trout River, an inconsiderable stream, coming 
 from a small lake in the first range of hills, which here come 
 close to the lake with a height of 300 feet. Six miles is 
 
 Burnt Pine River, also an inconsiderable stream. Nine 
 miles farther is 
 
( 25 ) 
 
 Huron River, It is another of the few rivers of the South 
 shore which rise beyond the first range of hills. It is a con- 
 siderable stream, rising in the second range of mountains, 
 and running more than 100 miles in its course to the lake. 
 Its source is in the same ridge of those of the Ontonagon and 
 Minomenie, the first falling into Lake Superior 100 miles 
 west from the Huron, and the latter discharging its waters 
 into Green Bay. The Huron is navigable for canoes for a 
 considerable distance, and is said by the voyageurs and ex- 
 plorers to pass through a country of good soil and timber, 
 abounding in game, and which is part of the northernmost 
 hunting grounds of the Minomenies. Some mineral locations 
 have been made, and a settlement commenced at its mouth. 
 Two miles from the main land, N. E. from the mouth of 
 Huron River, are the 
 
 Huron Islands^ on the south side of which is a good liar- 
 bour, of easy access from the west, and also from the east, 
 by giving the east point, from which rocks and shoals put 
 out, a good wide berth, which there is no difiiculty in doing. 
 These islands are high, as is the main land on which are 
 those hills called the 
 
 Huron Mountains. These are the highest lands of this 
 section, being 400 to 800 feet. From Huron River the 
 coast falls off south-west, then south for twenty miles, form- 
 ing a deep and narrow bay, across whose mouth from Huron 
 River six miles is 
 
 Point Ahhaya, which is the west shore of the bay just 
 mentioned, and the east cape of Keweenaw bay. The shore 
 of this cape runs near south-west forty miles to L'Anss, 
 with the exception of a peninsular of two miles in length, 
 about half way down the bay, by some called the Traverse, 
 as the cape east is usually followed to this place, from whence 
 ♦he Keweenaw bay is crossed, making from Point Abbaya 
 iwenty-one miles to 
 
 Portage River. The mouth of this river is narrow and 
 sandy, and there are four feet water at its entrance of Ke- 
 weenaw Bay. It leads into 
 
 Portage Lake, running N.W. and S.E., which has seve- 
 ral small streams coming into it from Keweenaw Point on 
 the north, and others from the main land on the south, 
 through which, twenty-one miles, and across a portage of one 
 3 
 
( 26 ) 
 
 mile, is readied Lake Superior, at a point sixty miles S.W. 
 from Copper Haibour. 
 
 This is the usual route of the voyageurs to Fon du Lac. 
 We will now go down to L'Anse, and from thence coast up 
 around Keweenaw Point, till we come to the Portage again. 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 At the bottom L'Anse Bay, which becomes quite narrow, 
 enters the Keweenaw River, as it is called, a small stream, 
 near the mouth of which is a Fur Company's station. Five 
 miles from the entrance of this stream, on the east side of 
 the bay, is the Methodist mission, under the charge of Mr. 
 Brown. On the opposite side of the bay is the Catholic 
 school, under the charge of Mr. Barrigaw, late of Philadel- 
 phia, who has erected the buildings and supports the estab- 
 lishment from his private fortune ; he is universally repre- 
 sented to be a finished scholar, a perfect gentleman and true 
 philanllu-opist, whose labours, examples and teachings, have 
 gained for him the confidence and deepest regard of the 
 natives, and highest esteem of all so fortunate as to make his 
 acquaintance. At L'Anse is an Indian agency, a black- 
 smith, and a farmer to instruct the Indians in agriculture. 
 The Indians already bring the finest potatos to market at 
 Copper Harbour, eighty miles in their canoes. From here 
 the west coast of the bay runs due north to Portage River. 
 
 The country north of this river and lake is Keweenaw 
 Point, 60 miles N. E. and S. W., and 30 miles across, which 
 has been constituted Houghton County. Among the small 
 streams entering Portage Lake from the main land on the 
 south, are the Portage and Sturgeon, and others from the 
 peninsula on the north. 
 
 Following up the east coast of Keweenaw Point, 20 miles 
 above Portage River, are found two small islands ; and eiglit 
 miles further on the shore, a peninsula running a mile or two 
 into the bay; and 18 miles further, what is called the Cas- 
 cades, a bold sand-stone shore four hundred feet high, ex- 
 tending five miles, which the voyageurs select a propitious 
 time for passing in their canoes, as there is no landing in a 
 
( '^7 ) 
 
 storm ; however, few or no accidents have ever occurred, for 
 in addition to caution in starting, generally every nerve is 
 plied, and the bark canoe glides past the frowning battle- 
 ments in half or three-fourths of an hour. 
 
 About 20 miles south from Copper Harbour, round by the 
 coast, and six miles across the point, is the mouth of Little 
 Montreal River, having a fall of 40 feet perpendicular, and 
 entering a very good harbor from north and westerly weather, 
 in which Copper Harbour cannot be entered safely, called 
 Bay Bris, or Rolhng Pin Bay, named from its being the 
 shape of a rolling pin. 
 
 Four miles further is a bay formed by a small point, which 
 affords a good resort and shelter from all winds west of north. 
 
 Manitou Island, (or Great Spirit Island,) is about eight 
 miles circumference, three miles east from the extremity of 
 Keweenaw Point. A small island or rock, with a reef run- 
 ning south for half a mile, is on its west end next the point, 
 just east of which, however, near the Manitou, is a tolerable 
 shelter from a northeaster. 
 
 The Stanord Rock. — This is a granite rock, 60 or 80 
 feet long, ten feet wide, and four feet high above water. A 
 shoal or reef puts off to the N. W. for 80 rods, but on the 
 other sides the water is deep. This rock was discovered by 
 Capt. Charles C. Stanord, at 4 p. m., August 26, 1835, 
 then master of the brig John Jacob Astor ; first discovered 
 at a mile distant dead ahead.^ Its position is 29 miles S. 
 E. half E. from Manitou Island. 
 
 * There are three brothers of the Stanords, all captains upon Lake 
 Superior; Charles, Benjamin, and John, who have all been for more 
 than ten years there, and aie the oldest and best pilots, careful and 
 good seamen, and gentlemen. John, who is master of the schooner 
 Swallow, has come to be called the " pig let out of a bag," from the 
 fact that after running for days together in the dense fogs without land 
 or bottom, he scarcely ever loses his " reckoning ;" and if he does, he 
 fires his gun, and by its echo he knows if he is near land — and if so, 
 determines by its vibrations the coast he is upon, and thence how to 
 shape his course. So too with the brothers. Long years of experience 
 in feeling their way with the gun, enables them to judge of the land 
 when the sound rolls along it, although they cannot see it, with an 
 astonishing certainty. This occurred after being three days in a fog 
 without soundings or sight of land. " All keep quiet," said Capt. 
 John, " till we ascertain if land is near^ and where we are ; it ought 
 to be pretty close — fire !." The blaze opened the thick fog before the 
 gun ; the sound rolled over the water for a second, then a crash ! an- 
 
( 28 ) 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Copper Harbour. — Is the name by which Fort Wilkins 
 is now known. The entrance is wide and easy with a wind 
 from any point east of N. or S., but may be entered with 
 care with almost any wind, if the sea is not running too high, 
 the entrance being wide enough to beat in between a large 
 rock at the end of the reef which runs east from Porter*s 
 Island, and the point of land on the east side of the entrance. 
 The course is S., until within 30 or 40 rods of the Astor 
 Rock, then it is west 1 1-4 mile to the anchorage at the 
 head of the bay, where there is safety from any weather. 
 The difficulty in entering in a heavy sea from the north or 
 north-west, is in hauling up or coming about to beat up the 
 bay to this anchorage ; for if she misses staying, or gets " in 
 irons," the rocks are too close, and the holding ground is not 
 good against the sea that in a gale rolls over the reef, which 
 was the cause of the loss of the brig Astor, which dragged 
 her anchor and was stove to pieces upon the rocks, where 
 her skeleton now lies, just in front of the entrance of the 
 harbour. The harbour extends about 2 1-2 miles east and 
 west, and 3-4 of a mile wide — a parallelogram. 
 
 *' About 80 rods south of the harbour, and 15 feet above 
 it, extending east and west, is Lake Fanny Hoe, one and a 
 half mile long, and 60 to 80 rods wide, with hills 300 feet 
 high falling suddenly to its south margin ; while at both its 
 east and west end several ridges meet. Upon the highest 
 peak of this mountain the first rays of the morning sun were 
 brightening the yelloAV tinge of the foliage, and magnifying 
 every object upon the summit ; the base threw its dark 
 shadow upon the lake, that mirrored it with a truthfulness 
 
 other — another — then the sound rumbled along to the eastward. " I 
 thought so — the Huron Islands — did you hear it rattle among the 
 uiountains, and then roll along the shore to the north-east. You can't 
 hear it this way, for there is no land, the bay makes away to the 
 south — ready about." Then the short explanation was interrupted by 
 a voice, " All ready forward," and " hard a-lee," brought the Swallow 
 into the wind. Her sails shook for a moment, when she fell off, and 
 we commenced " long and short legs" for Granite Point, where our 
 iron pilof s loud hail brought forth a light by the miners, about 12 
 o'clock at night, which enabled us to " beat through" between the 
 peninsula and two outer rocks into the south bay, under Granite Point 
 
( 29 ) 
 
 which brought the reflected mountain side to ahuost cheat the 
 understanding, and tempt the foot upon the treacherous 
 shadow. On the right are the neat white buildings of Fort 
 Wilkins ; from the staff the soft morning breeze spreads 
 gracefully the ' Union,' displaying the stars and stripes, a 
 guarantee that order and protection are estabhshed in this 
 wilderness of lakes and mountains ; and, at the instant, up, 
 far above the mountain's top, in ascending circles, rose an 
 eagle, ' patriarch of his tribe,' who seemed 
 
 ' Journeying with the morning sun, 
 Oui* northern bonndary line to run.' 
 
 " The solemn quiet that reigned upon the elements was 
 deepened by contrast, when had ceased the ' morning drum- 
 beat,' that brought forth the cleanly equipped soldier and 
 gaily plumed and appointed officers en parade ; and there 
 the miners landing from the mountain side, from their sub- 
 terranean toils released, saunter with leisure steps and idle 
 gaze ; all which proclaim this a Sabbath morn — observed by 
 rest, as it only may be, 
 
 * Where the sound of the church-going bell 
 These valleys and rocks never heard.' " 
 
 The Garrison is under the command of Capt. Albertis. 
 Mr. C. Brush is sutler, having a store at which may be 
 found every thing necessary to comfort, and, I might add, 
 luxury, and is himself a gentleman possessing great business 
 qualifications, whose accommodating disposition and frank 
 deportment insure for him the confidence and good will of 
 all who meet him; — to the hospitality of himself, and Capts. 
 Clary and Albertis, have hundreds been indebted during the 
 past season, for accommodations, while others took lodgings 
 at the " Astor," owned by Mr. Childs, and managed by 
 Francois, a cosmopolite, and speaking all languages, who 
 was cook, waiter, porter, chambermaid and clerk. The 
 " Astor " may be supposed to be a burlesque, but it is not 
 so ; and, although not a huge pile of granite like the Astor 
 of New- York, yet it stands on one, and its name is quite as 
 legitimate ; and though a pine-log structure, one and a half 
 stories high, twenty-four feet long by sixteen wide — the 
 lower part of which is a store-house — having an addition 
 3* 
 
( 30 ) 
 
 that serves as a dining-room and kitchen, with a long table 
 made by two boards laid upon horses ; — each guest having 
 a given space upon the main chamber floor to spread his 
 mat and buffalo skin. This *'room" is his, and his "loca- 
 tion" as safe as if it had four walls, and a door to 
 enter by a key " left at the office when absent ;" which 
 accommodations farther excel all competition, than do 
 those of its granite namesake fronting on the Park. Its 
 name is not a burlesque ; it stands upon a point of rock 
 not fifty feet from the wreck of the John Jacob Astor, and 
 by way of designation was first called the " House by the 
 Astor, or by Astor Point ;" and that name, which was there 
 fixed by a misfortune, will remain while that landmark for 
 entering the harbor endures ; and it will be known as Astor 
 Point long after that mighty house " made by hands " in 
 pride to perpetuate a name, shall, with its founder, have 
 passed into other keeping, and under other governors — when 
 death shall have removed him, and new owners in their pride 
 remove his name, that " the places which knew it, shall 
 know it no more for ever;" — then, and long after then, will 
 the wave-tossed mariner steer his bark for " Astor Point," 
 without knowing or caring of him whose name it per- 
 petuates, so as it is a " landmark " that guides him to a 
 refuge from the storm ; — there, too, will the merchant stand 
 to watch the safe entrance of his cargo, and congratulate 
 himself upon the amount of profits, as once did his great 
 predecessor in the trade of other chmes, — whose name he 
 knows only from the locality himself is fixed on, and whose 
 history and exploits in trade will, having passed from tradition, 
 be found only in the specimens of ancient history preserved 
 by the antiquarian. Thus is it with all, — even Bonaparte's 
 will, as he said it would, " be lost in the vortex of revolu- 
 tions ;" yet, its longest endurance will be with the mariner, 
 in his anxious " look out " for St. Helena. 
 
 The Garrison at Copper Harbour is about one mile east 
 from where the town and business must be, at the west side 
 of the harbour, which was a very judicious selection in Capt. 
 Clary, who superintended the building of the Garrison, to 
 have them apart. 
 
 The Pittsburgh Company's Location, No. 4, covers Cop- 
 per Harbour, extending some sixty rods west of the harbour, 
 
( 31 ) 
 
 whose operations 1 shall describe among the Companies at 
 work, as I am now endeavouring to give the reader a view 
 of the coast. 
 
 About one mile S. W. from the west end of Lake Fanny- 
 Hoe, is a lake one mile in circumference, known as Man- 
 ganese Lake, which empties into the first lake with a descent 
 of seventy-five feet. This lake, at its outlet, has made 
 a chasm which has opened a vein of White Spar four feet 
 thick, below which is a vein of Manganese eighteen inches 
 thick, and below that is another vein of the same Spar one 
 foot thick ; high hills fall abruptly to the margin of this 
 lake, which is surrounded by a handsome sandy and pebbly 
 beach ; — the waters are transparent and very deep, and a 
 sufficient quantity of it is discharged for manufacturing 
 purposes. 
 
 / Porter's Island is formed by a small, shallow opening, in 
 the west end of the peninsula, which forms the western part 
 of Copper Harbour. / On this island the Mineral Agency 
 was maintained for niost of the season ; bnt so great was 
 the inconvenience, that it was removed to the Garrison, 
 where the office is kept open during this winter by Col. 
 McNair. 
 
 At the Garrison, also, the Commissioners, Messrs. Todd, 
 of Ohio, and Mr. Bartlett, of New-York, held tiieir Court 
 of Enquiry into alleged malfeasance of certain officers of 
 the Agency, in being interested in locations, which is strictly 
 prohibited ; and, collaterally, questions betv/een claimants of 
 disputed locations. It would be indelicate to give an opinion 
 as to their report upon any of the points or matters, — which 
 report will require, too, testimony intended or expected to 
 be taken this winter in Washington, and probably will not 
 transpire for a year or eighteen months ; but I may say that 
 Mr. Bartlett's candour, frankness, and good judgment, in- 
 spired confidence, and Mr. Todd's scaching inquiries, while 
 his broad, good naturcd manner, left witnesses at their ease, 
 went far to elicit facts, and convinced all that the commission 
 was in good hands. Their report, dealing as it must with 
 delicate matters of individual character and interest, pro- 
 posing, as it probably will, reforms and changes in the laws, 
 modes, and practices, in relation to the niiMcral lands, and 
 their future disposition by Congress, will, I have no doubt, 
 
( 32 ) 
 
 from a long acquaintance with Mr. Todd, fully sustain his 
 reputation, not only as a lawyer, but as a statesman of ex- 
 panded views, and prove him a worthy son of one of the 
 ablest judges ever upon the bench of Ohio. 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 Agate Harbour. — Passing by a rocky coast, composed of 
 trap and conglomerate, against which the surf dashes, for 
 several miles, is Agate Harbour. Its general features and 
 shape are very similar to Copper Harbour. Its entrance is 
 the same between large rocks some sixty rods apart, with 
 deep water between them, and shoals just inside. There is 
 this difference, that on entering Agate Harbour you haul up 
 square to the east to enter the first barbuor, which is formed 
 by a narrow point of land running east and west in the cen- 
 tre of the east end of the bay — the first is the north harbour. 
 To enter tlie south harbour, on the other side of the point, 
 you must keep on the course at entering, till within tlnrty 
 rods of the main shore, clearing thereby a reef that puts off 
 from the point or middle land, and then haul up east, as to 
 enter the north or outer harbour. Either of these are as 
 good harbours as can be wished, with clay bottom at five 
 fathoms ; there is less danger in entering Agate Harbour in 
 a gale than Copper Harbour, because you can run into the 
 north harbour sufficiently far to be safe from the sea, under 
 the land, but which would not be the case if compelled to 
 seek anchorage at the west end, as at Copper Harbour. 
 This harbour is about three miles long and half a mile at its 
 widest place. Its name is derived from the Agates found 
 there by early visitors, and which are yet found in great 
 quantities. Its shores are formed of trap and conglomerate 
 rock, like the main shore. Its entrance is marked by two 
 large rocks which rise several feet above the water, west of 
 which extends a yqq^ v/ith small islands appearing, to the west 
 end of the bay. High hills rise from the bay which are a 
 continuation of those of Copper Harbour. 
 
 About one mile back from the bay is a beautiful little 
 
( 33 ) 
 
 Lake holding the same relation to Agate Harbour that the 
 Manganese Lake does to Copper Harbour, but which emp- 
 ties its waters into the bay instead of another lake — the same 
 scenery, sandy beach, and the water power, but not the spar 
 and manganese veins at the former. This lake is called 
 " Shoon-e-aw " or Silver Lake, but has never been thoroughly 
 explored for mineral or visited by many persons because 
 covered by lease No. 18 belonging to the New- York and 
 Lake Superior Mining Company, who are working on the 
 east end of the peninsula of the Harbour, where there are 
 as many veins as they are prepared at present to work, of 
 which I shall speak when treating of the " Companies at 
 work." 
 
 Upon the reefs in the west part of the bay, the Trout and 
 White Fish are easily taken in great abundance with the 
 spear and gil-net, which is also the case at Copper Harbour. 
 
 Grand Marias — Continuing along a rocky coast as be- 
 tween Copper and Agate Harbours, though more broken, 
 five miles, (but the longest five miles I ever travelled,) is 
 the western Grand Marias. This is a large indentation in 
 the land of about three miles in circumference, — the entrance 
 is between rocks and too shoal for vessels, though an excel- 
 lent boat harbour. The western point or side of the Marias 
 is a level peninsula formed by the make of Grand Marias 
 on the east and Eagle Harbour on the west. The bay is 
 shoal and the bottom sandy — high wild grass and rushes 
 grow on its margin covering many acres. The peninsula 
 is level twenty feet high and may be tilled ; the soil is a sandy 
 loam. This is the location of the North-western Company, 
 which is described among those " Companies working." 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Eagle Harbour. About three miles coasting, similar to 
 that passed from Copper Harbour, brings the voyager to 
 Eagle Harbour. This is a large bay, some four miles in 
 circumference. Its entrance is on the west side of a large 
 rock that appears above the water about forty rods from the 
 east cape of the harbour. There is a reef of sunken rocks 
 
( 34 ) 
 
 square off the mouth of the bay, but the harbour may be 
 entered from the north-west or north-east, between the reef 
 and the capes. The west shore of the bay must be followed, 
 however, and at a distance of twelve to thirty rods from it is 
 ten to twelve fathoms water entirely round it. Good anchor- 
 age is also found on the east side of the bay, just south the 
 little island, which makes a good shelter from north and 
 easterly weather. 
 
 This is the location of the Eagle Harbour Mining Com- 
 pany, on Lease No. 3, which will also be found among the 
 " working companies." From this place a good waggon- 
 road is made, south-west to Lease No. 6, the location of th'ir 
 Copper Falls Company, also a " working company.'* The 
 soil in the vicinity of Eagle Harbour is a sandy loam, capatrle 
 of cultivation. West of the harbour, for several miles, arc 
 sand hills covered with pines, and towards the lake a good 
 deal of low lands and swamps that empty into Cat Harbour, 
 an inlet between Eagle Harbour and Sand Bay. There are 
 two or three small lakes back of Eagle Harbour, like those 
 of Copper and Agate harbours, which empty into Eagle 
 Harbour, affording about one mile back a good water- 
 power. 
 
 I was at Eagle Harbour on the night of the death of 
 Dr. Houghton, where I had an appointment to meet him, 
 the very evening of the disaster, October 13th. I had walk- 
 ed from Agate Harbour to Eagle Harbour, and arrived in 
 the afternoon of as pleasant and beautiful a day as could be 
 desired. At sun-down the wind blew gently from the land, 
 the sun went shiningly down, the sky was clear, and every 
 appearance was in favour of a calm night. Half an hour 
 after dark, a storm of wind, hail, rain and snow, came from 
 the north-east with a suddenness and fury I have rarely seen 
 upon the western lakes, fickle as their weather is. Com- 
 fortably seated by Mr. Sprague's fire, in a bark covered 
 building, twelve feet square, I little thought of the calamity 
 then befalling the country in the death of Dr. Houghton, a 
 few miles west, whose loss may be estimated by those unac- 
 quainted with his character and services, when they know 
 that General Cass said, on learning his death, that " Michi- 
 gan had better owe ten millions." This was not said of a 
 
( 35 ) 
 
 Warrior or a statesman, but a quiet man of science and per- 
 severance. 
 
 Ignorant, however, of the sad scene transpiring west, 
 another, ahuost as fatal to Hfe, was passing just east, which 
 soon came to our knowledge. Our pipes had been exhaust* 
 ed and replenished ; many sage systems of philosophy had 
 been discussed; trap and conglomerate, copper, oxydes and 
 sulphates had been descanted on ; the storm continued to 
 howl, and the snow stole its way with the wind in through 
 the bark roof and chinkings, only to be instantaneously 
 changed to a mist by the warmth of a well filled stove* 
 Thus comfortable ourselves, knowing nought of any not so, 
 we were just going to rest, when the door opened, and a 
 man entered, drenched to the skin. I instantly recognised 
 Mr. Kctchum, of New- York, whom I had arranged to 
 accompany me to the Ontonogon in my canoe, but who 
 rather doubting my capacity to navigate my bark, decHned 
 the journey, and I put off with a fair wind, having a gentle- 
 man going as far as Agate Harbour. Mr. Retchum was 
 soon followed by his voyageur, a large and powerful Indian 
 from L'Anse, named Pickett, and brother to one of the 
 men lost with Dr. Houghton. 
 
 It seems that after I left Copper Hurbour, Mr. Ketchum 
 engaged Pickett (who had brought potatos from L'Anse 
 to sell,) to take him to the Ontonogon. They had left Cop- 
 per Harbour that day, Pickett having his son, a lad of six- 
 teen years, to assist him. They had left in company with 
 Mr. Baily, and stopped at his place at the Grand Marias, 
 and' taken supper, then put out from the Marias with sail 
 set, intending to proceed all niglit—Pickett at the oars and 
 his boy steering. Thus they had passed the west point of 
 the Marias, and were going along well, when the slorm 
 struck them from the north-east, as it did Houghton. Pickett 
 now took in the sail with all despatch, and changed places 
 with his son, giving him the oars, and taking the direction 
 of the canoe himself. Mr. Retchum sat in the bottom of 
 the canoe. The storm increased every moment, and each 
 wave came higher and more angry than its predecessor. 
 The boy pulled, and Pickett put forth his herculean strength 
 —and it was necessary. The snow and sleet came with 
 
{ 36 ) 
 
 the wind — the waves rose high and dashed and roared upon 
 the rocks but a short distance to leeward. 
 
 Precisely so was it at that moment, twelve miles west with 
 Houghton's boat. At every wave Pickett cheered his son to 
 pull, assuring him there was no danger, and thereby induc- 
 ing an exercise of all his energies ; at the same time him- 
 self watching each coming wave, and crossing them with a 
 precision and coolness which alone could have saved them, 
 as they did. Mr. K. said that he spoke but once, and then 
 asked Pickett if he could make Eagle Harbour. The Indian 
 replied, '* Oui, Monsieur," — in the same breath shouted to 
 his boy in Indian, and on the instant the bark canoe rose 
 high upon a wave, then sunk into the trough, to rise still higher 
 at the next ; but father and son thus strove against the ele- 
 ments for an hour. At length a change — the seas were not 
 so high — they were inside the reef at the mouth of Eagle 
 Harbour. The Indian knew his course now despite the dark- 
 ness, which was intense, and heightened by the snow. A 
 few moments, and the angry waves were only heard expend- 
 ing themselves upon the rocky coast astern. The water was 
 smooth — another moment, and the light of a window was a 
 strong contrast in their situations, to be produced in a few 
 moments. Then, a few rods nearer the rocks, and nothing 
 could save them. Every pull at the oars and paddle were 
 for life. Now they were safe, with shelter and comfort at 
 hand. So sudden was the gale in its approach, and so pow- 
 erful in its advent, that the Indian had no time to put on his 
 coat, and when he had brought in and secured Mr. K's. j^ag- 
 ga^e, he pitched their tent, and him and his boy lay down 
 and slept without fire. In the morning they appeared as 
 usual ; Pickett had consumed a jug of brandy that was 
 among the stores, a drink from which, and a good supper be- 
 fore leaving the Marias, may have contributed in no small de- 
 gree to "keep his courage up" in the gale, and as that jug 
 of brandy was sent by a friend unknown to Mr. K., but fell 
 into Pickett's hands, who secreted it, it mny have been a prov- 
 idential thing. 
 
 Copper Falls. — A good waggon road, is now made three 
 miles into the interior, south from Eagle Harbour to Copper 
 Falls, upon Lease No. 8, which belongs to the " Copper 
 Falls Company," and which is described among the work- 
 
( 37 ) 
 
 ing companies. From this place this road is continued near 
 two miles to N. Y. Lease Co. No. 31, and a trail is marked 
 over trap and sand hills, through thickets and beaver mea- 
 dows, passing by some half dozen beautiful little lakes, to 
 Sand Bay, and then the beach, skirted by sand hills, is fol- 
 lowed, in all nine miles to 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 Eagle River. — The snow had fallen six inches the pre- 
 vious night, which made the walk to Eagle River tedious, on 
 arriving where, I first learned the death of Dr. Houghton 
 the previous night. Eagle River, like many other streams 
 of this country, is wonderfully magnified by the title of river.- 
 This stream is about three rods wide, falling to within a short 
 distance of the lake, affording in its mouth a safe place for 
 small boats. A pier may be erected which will allow ves- 
 sels to load and unload their cargoes, for stone is handy 
 and plenty. The place is covered by Lease No. 2, which 
 belongs to the "Lake Superior Mining Company," better 
 known as the famous Boston Company, which will be found 
 at the head of the list of " Working Companies." 
 
 From tliis place a waggon-road is also made three and a 
 half miles to Lease No. 7, (and is being continued to Lease 
 No. 10, by the Albion Company, who are erecting buildings,) 
 which belongs to the Pittsburg Company, spoken of as the 
 lessee^ of Copper Harbour, whose works at this place are 
 noted with their others. 
 
 Having kept the road which runs near the Eagle River, 
 ascending with it into the interior, and by which I had 
 already got 300 feet above Lake Superior, I here left the 
 valley of the Eagle River, passing the drifts into the side 
 hill, and climbed some 300 feet, to where they had first com- 
 menced work by sinking a shaft, which was abandoned, and 
 the drifts below commenced. 
 
 From this already high eminence, I proceeded west, 
 
 ascending by irregular knobs and beaches of trap rock, for, 
 
 I suppose, one-half to three-quarters of a mile in a south 
 
 course, when I arrived suddenly on the top of a naked rock, 
 
 4 
 
( 38 ) 
 
 about twenty feet square, which raised itself above every 
 thing else within the scope of the eye ; to the north and 
 west was Lake Superior, " a dark blue desert, waste of 
 waters ;" — to the east was Keweenaw Bay, twenty miles dis- 
 tant, and away to the S. E. the Huron Mountains, sixty miles 
 or more. The portage lake and the valleys were spread out 
 like a map before me ; — at my feet was the edge of a 
 perpendicular precipice of 800 feet ; around its base swept 
 off to west the valley of Eagle River, in which were marked 
 alternate Copse and Beaver Meadows. The spot where I 
 stood was a bare flat rock, the highest peak of the Kewee- 
 naw Point, upon Lease, No. 10, belonging to the Albion 
 Mining Company. I had heard this view glowingly de- 
 scribed, but my imagination had formed no conception of 
 its grandeur. I have stood upon the hills of Vermont and 
 New Hampshire, and upon the peak of Laurel Mountain, 
 the highest of the Alleganies — I have stood by Niagara in 
 youthful wonder, and in manhood's realization : but the wa- 
 ter, over whose expanse the eye flits like the lost bird, find- 
 ing nought to rest on, was wanting there to add immensity 
 of space to the scene, as at the Albion Rock ; nor was there, 
 as here, the awful precipice, with its tempting depth, that 
 Nature's instincts teach her creatures they must shun. I 
 have seen sights, but never one before so unconfined by hill 
 or plane, or close horizon, where the spirit seemed set free 
 to range at will. A scene only to he felt. 
 
 Passing a little west from here, I began to descend into a 
 gulley in this mountain ridge, by which I reached by some 
 steep and dangerous descents, the valley below. In the 
 valley I found the thickets to be cedar, and on the slopes, 
 maples, oak, ash, and saw one bass-wood, which was twenty 
 inches through. In passing down the valley in front of the 
 precipice, I could trace veins of spar, running both perpen- 
 dicular and horizontal upon its face, at different altitudes, 
 one of which I should judge 300 feet high. I saw when 
 on the ridge, though below the peak, where a blast had been 
 made, and the rock corresponded with that at the drifts of 
 the Pittsburgh Company in the same ridge, a mile or so 
 from it. 
 
 From Eagle River, for a few miles west, the coast continues 
 of the same rocky character which has marked it from Copper 
 
( 39 ) 
 
 Harbour ; in fact, for several miles round and below Kewee-^ 
 naw Point. One and a half miles west from here, is where Dr. 
 Houghton, the State Geologist of Michigan, also engaged in 
 running out the mineral lands of this region into sections and 
 townships, and for the United States Government, in sur- 
 veying mineral Leases, was drowned. I have before alluded 
 to the loss the State of Michigan sustains in his death, and 
 his loss to the world cannot be better described, than in the 
 apt and truthful phrase and association, in which the follow* 
 ing extract, from the first published account, places it. 
 
 [From the letter of E. H. Thompson, Esq., to Lucius Lyon, Surveyor 
 General of Michigan.] 
 
 " Our country, nay, the world of science was looking 
 with mote than Argus eyes for his final report of the Ge^ 
 ology of the Northern Peninsula. Michigan beheld hig 
 scientific talent and moral worth with pride and admiration ; 
 but alas, he has tracked the steps of glory to a watery 
 grave ! 
 
 *' The transcendent genius of Cuvier expired in revealing 
 the colossal and unknown forms belonging to the remote 
 ages of past antiquity. Champoloian died beneath an Afri- 
 can sun, decyphering the hieroglyphics of Egypt! Davy 
 fell in the midst of enlarging the boundaries to human 
 knowledge of natural science ; and Houghton, like them, 
 has fallen a martyr." 
 
 Gratiot River, six miles west of Eagle, is a larger stream 
 than Eagle River, though running but a few miles interior. 
 
 From Gratiot River the coast continues about S. W. 16 
 miles to the portage, with sandy beaches, and for ten miles 
 above the portage are high sandy cliff's, continuing to that 
 point, from whence we went back to L'Anse, the reader 
 will recollect to follow the coast of Keweenaw Point, and 
 having done so, we now proceed upon our journey from the 
 portage — nine miles to 
 
 Little Salmon Trout River, which is an inconsiderable 
 stream, dignified with river. Its soil is sandy alluvium. Six 
 miles further is 
 
 Grave Rods River. Similar in size to the last, but with 
 a rocky instead of the usual sandy mouth of these streams. 
 From this the shore runs south, forming Carver's Bay, in the 
 bottom of which, at 12 miles, passing by 
 
( 40 ) 
 
 Elm, River, several small nameless ones intervening be- 
 tween Little Salmon Trout and 
 
 Mining River, which, though larger, and running farther 
 into the country, is of the same class of small streams whose 
 mouths fill up with sand. Several of these smaller streams 
 are passed, and a conglomerate shore bearing pine, hemlock, 
 and spruce, for 15 miles, to 
 
 Flint Steel River, whose mouth is also closed with a sand 
 bar, from which, the same character of shore, country, and 
 timber, continues six miles to 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 Ontonagon River. This is one of the most important of 
 the rivers, and discharges its waters into Lake Superior 55 
 miles east of the Montreal River, and about 90 from Copper 
 Harbour. Its sources are in the south-east spurs of the Por- 
 cupine Mountains, in the vicinity of the sources of the Chip- 
 pewa of the Mississippi. A great number of small tributaries 
 of this river are outlets of small lakes, but its principal source 
 is Windy Lake, a lake five miles from " Lake Veux Desert,^"* 
 or Lake of the Old Gardens, which is the summit lake be- 
 tween Lake Superior and Green Bay. This Windy Lake 
 is five miles north of " Veux Desert," and also the source 
 of the Menominee, which falls into Green Bay. The On- 
 tonagon is 77 miles long. From the junction of the two 
 branches to within nine miles of the mouth, it is rapid and 
 shoal, but below there it is still, with a good depth of water. 
 It has been said there was 30 or 40 miles canoe navigation 
 above the branches. There is usually ten feet water on the 
 bar ; an island in the mouth, and the channel goes straight 
 out on the west side of it. The banks are ten to fifteen 
 feet high, a good soil, with timber of sugar maple, oak, pine, 
 and birch, &c. Mr. James Paul, an old explorer and miner, 
 has made successful experiments on this river in farming, 
 producing wheat, corn, potatoes, and turnips, &-c. There 
 was formerly a fur company's agency here, and a settlement 
 of Indians. The famous copper rock now at Washington 
 was taken from its place of discovery 25 miles up this river, 
 
( 41 ) 
 
 near which, many years since, an English mining company, 
 impelled by the finding this boulder no doubt, sank a shaft 
 40 feet through clay, when they reached .the red sand- stone 
 rock, showing how little they understood the nature and 
 geology of this region ; for experience and observation has 
 proved that though the metaliferous veins sometimes pass 
 across the red sand rock, they have never been discovered to 
 contain other ores than zinc and iron. 
 
 The word Ontonagon is said by an intelligent gentleman, 
 Mr. Grdver^t of Mackinaw, several years United States inter- 
 preter, to mean " my bowl." That an Indian girl went to 
 the lake with a wooden bowl for some purpose, and placing 
 it upon the water, while her attention was drawn off, the bowl 
 had floated beyond her reach, and to attract attention screamed 
 Onto-na-gon, Onto-na-gon, — my bowl, my bowl, and hence 
 the name. 
 
 There is a tradition among the Indians and voyageurs, that 
 over the ridge of mountains, in the vicinity of the " Old Gar- 
 dens," is an immense rock of native copper, far excelling any 
 thing which has come to the knowledge of the whites. It is 
 represented as large as " a house," and much time and labour 
 have been expended to find it. Guides professing to know 
 its location have been employed at large wages, who could 
 only go almost to it, as was the case with a certain gende- 
 man's guide, who, after leading him about for weeks, — and 
 when the Major had really started to return, declared the 
 rock was only half a day further, with a pertinacity which 
 would have moved some men to follow him, but the Major 
 returned without finding it. It is my opinion that this won- 
 derful rock will prove very like Kid's money, (always except- 
 ing the sunken ship,) the nearer you get to it the further it is 
 from you. The coast runs west, and ten miles brings you to 
 
 Great Iron River, This is the next longest river to the 
 Ontonagan and Montreal, they being the principal rivers of 
 this region between the two great Points of Keweenaw and 
 Great La Point. It is close to, and follows the Porcupine 
 Mountains, which are south-west of this yiver, and come 
 close to the lake, 350 feet high, running from near the 
 shore a direction a little west of south some 80 miles, when 
 they intersect the great east and west ridges. Along a coast 
 of conglomerate is 
 4# 
 
( 42 ) 
 
 Little Iron River^ whose course is almost parallel witl 
 Great Iron River, and enters the lake a short distance tc 
 the east of it. Ten miles further is Rock Island, and five 
 miles is 
 
 Carp River, or River to the Islands, with several small 
 streams just west of it, — and five miles is 
 
 Presque Isle River, This is one of the broken and rapid 
 rivers of this region, which is describable very much as the 
 next river) six miles further. 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Blach River. It has a small harbour of some sixtj 
 rods inside the bar ; it runs on the west side, and rises in 
 the Porcupine Mountains, some twelve miles from the 
 lake. Its source is high in the hills, and its course is rapid 
 and broken. Dr. Houghton's report, in speaking of this 
 river, in connection with the Montreal and Little Pasque Isle 
 which runs parallel with Black River and enters the lake a 
 little east of it, says : " A greater variety of grand and beau- 
 tiful scenery than that presented by some of these streams in 
 their descent to the lake, taken in connection with the wild 
 and rugged country, can scarcely be conceived. I was par- 
 ticularly struck with the great variety and picturesque views 
 furnished by the Black River in its descent fi'om the elevated 
 country on the west side of the Porcupine Mountains tc 
 Lake Superior. This stream was estimated to fall abou' 
 500 feet in four miles, a constant succession of falls, chutes 
 and rapids, which continue with so little interruption, that th( 
 waters the whole distance may be said to be a constant white 
 foam. The stream is bounded on either side by banks fron 
 100 to 400 feet high, sometimes sloping away gently, thei 
 again rising in mural precipices of rock, separated from eacl 
 other by so short distances as to appear scarcely sufiicient t( 
 permit the passage of the waters of the river. The highes 
 fall is fifty feet." Much of this is applicable to the Deac 
 River and western Presque Isle. Continuing along a sane 
 stone coast, eighteen miles further, is 
 
 Montreal River. It is broad at its mouth, in comparisoi 
 
( 43 ) 
 
 vith most of the others, being forty to sixty yards. It cuts 
 hrough the sand rock, which is 100 feet higli ; and eighty 
 ods from the lake it falls eighty feet, with a pitch of forty 
 eet. Two miles from the lake the trap and conglomerate 
 ippear, and the river breaks through with successive falls of 
 [80 feet, two of fifty feet each. It heads in " Lac veux 
 3esert," from the vicinity of which rises the Ontonagon. 
 !s rapid, but above the falls is navigable for canoes for a 
 ^reat distance. The soil upon this river, for twenty-five 
 niles up, is represented of the best character, and like the 
 Dntonagon, has timber of all kinds ; also like that river, 
 nany of its branches proceed from the most beautiful little 
 akes imaginable — and there are many of the purest vv^ater 
 vithout inlet or outlet, deep, and filled with fish. Upon 
 ts bottoms grow abundantly wild hops, grapes, and cur- 
 •ants. There are fine fisheries at its mouth, and was for- 
 nerly the site of Indian Mngwams. From here the coast, 
 ;aii 1 rock and sandy, runs N.AV. twelve miles to 
 
 Bad River, wliich comes some sixty miles from Pipe 
 ^tone Lake, and is represented by explorers and old voy- 
 lofeurs to be navigable for canoes eiohty miles. This lake is 
 u the second range of mountains. Its mouth is 200 feet 
 .vide, and water at tlie lowest stage four feet on the bar. 
 rhe shores are sandy, and the hills recede. From here the 
 shore continues N.W. for twenty miles, terminating in a 
 Droken sand point, called Chagoiemegon Point, between 
 ivhich, on the west and the main land, is the entrance, two 
 ;nilcJ wide, of a large bay by the same name, which is twenty 
 miles long north and east, and seven miles wide east and 
 west, in the bottom of which bay enters the Fish River. This 
 bay is said to afford the best fisheries of this region, but good 
 fisheries are so plenty, it is hard to distinguish, as all imagine 
 those places where themselves have been successful, the best, 
 and for this reason there are a great many places repre- 
 sented by different persons, from experience, as the best. In 
 coasting, this bay is left to the south by crossing its mouth 
 between Sand Point mentioned and the entrance of 
 
 Talking Fish River, its early name. The following 
 traditionary account of the origin of this name, will render 
 very simple the incongruous title, and afford a clue to 
 many others of a similar nature in the Indian country. It 
 
( 44 ) 
 
 is thus explained by a half breed, now seventy-five years old, 
 who has been all his life famihar with the tales and traditions 
 of his maternal ancestors. The story was in effect, that a 
 great while ago, an Indian, who was a very ingenious man 
 in new inventions, arranged a system of writing in the sand 
 and earth, or wherever he could fix them upright, with sticks 
 or fish-bones, which he endeavoured to perfect all the people 
 in. The habitual, or naturally idle disposition of the Indian, 
 however, preferred ease to studying this stepping-stone to 
 improvement, and but very few of his people, some of the 
 principal men, could be induced to perfect themselves in this 
 new and mysterious art. Persevering by nature, his inge- 
 nuity struck upon a means of compelling what sloth rejected. 
 Being the master-spirit, as well as chief of his tribe, his wis- 
 dom in council made his opinions desirable in all matters of 
 interest among his people, and his decisions were final in all 
 private as well as pubhc matters. This being the case, his 
 expedient was no less effectual than ingenious. He one day 
 came to his lodge wet and shivering with cold, and in a few 
 words, which grew fainter and fainter till they ceased, told of 
 falhng through the ice. He continued the next day unable 
 to articulate words or leave his bear skin. In the succeed- 
 ing days his principal men came, but not a word could he 
 utter. After a little he was able to go forth, but could not 
 speak. He lamented it in motions, and his people were in 
 despair. He could hear and understand them, but could 
 only answer in a few signs. An occasion soon occurring on 
 which his views were deemed essential, and which, as far as 
 he could, he gave, but he could not be understood suffi- 
 ciently to arrive at his precise meaning, which he lamented 
 in signs and grimaces, until one of his men, as he had anti- 
 cipated must ultimately occur, bethought himself of the fish- 
 bones, and reminded the chief that he could understand the 
 '* talking fish," or the language of the fish-bones. The chief 
 appeared in doubt, as if an unthought of matter was pre- 
 sented ; at length rising, slowly sought his bag of bones, 
 and arranged them in explanation of his views. The scheme 
 took — many of his people qualified themselves ; but the use 
 of the " talking fish" was gradually dropt after his death, and 
 degenerated to a few heiroglyphics and symbols, as in use 
 
( 45 ) 
 
 with all Indian nations. From him the name of Talking 
 Fish River is said to have arisen. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 A large point runs north-east into Lake Superior, whose 
 eastern shore runs N. by E. from the bottom of Chegoieme- 
 gon bay with a tew points and irregularities, which, how- 
 ever, do not alter its general course. This is Great La 
 Point, and in its shape and size, including the Apostles Islands, 
 which are detachments of this point, very much resembles 
 the Keweenaw point in size, shape and direction of its coasts, 
 the westerly of which is N. E. and S. W. The group consists 
 of twenty islands. A line from the bottom of the bay drawn 
 N. E. fifty miles would touch the north-eastermost point of 
 the north-eastern island, which is ten miles long N. and S., 
 and three miles wide ; this will be the first land discovered 
 on the correct course up the lake bound to La Point Har- 
 bour on Madeline Island, which Madeline Island is southern- 
 most and largest of the group, (at the south end of which 
 is La Point Harbour,) extending twelve miles N. E. by E. 
 and S. W. by W., and three miles wide. The northeastern- 
 most island mentioned above as the first land, is by some 
 called St. Michael's Island. Its north point is thirty-five 
 miles N. E. by N. from La Point Harbour, and forty-five due 
 N. of the mouth of Montreal River ; and one hundred and 
 five miles from Fon du Lac, the south-western extremity of 
 Lake Superior. The coast of the N. E. end of the Great La 
 Point, twenty miles N. W. and S. E., is broken by bays and 
 points, between which and St. Michael's Island, is an area 
 which is thirty-five miles N. W. and S. E. by thirty miles N. 
 E. and S. W., in which is located eighteen of the twenty 
 Apostles, including the N. E. half of Madeline ; the excluded 
 one, being N. W. from and near the northern extremity of 
 the Great La Point. 
 
 Among these islands are numerous harbours, and good 
 fisheries. At La Point harbour is an A. Fur Company's 
 station, under the management of Mr. Borup ; there is also 
 a Mission station under Mr. Hall, an Indian agency, &c.,and 
 
( 46 ) 
 
 about two hundred and fifty inhabitants. This place is ninety 
 miles from Fon du Lac and ninety miles from the Ontonagon. 
 Mr. Warren v/ho was many years American Fur Company's 
 agent at this place, informs me that the climate is not as 
 rigorous as is generally imagined, and that the soil is gener- 
 ally good, producing good wheat and the other usual crops 
 in good quality, and that stock are always healthy. The 
 N. W. coast of this point in the main runs N. E. and S. W, 
 like Keweenaw, conforming to the direction of the Trap 
 Range, of which this seems to be another uplift, and for fifty- 
 five miles towards Fon du Lac is ruggedly broken into bays 
 and pomts of constant recurrence with numbers of small 
 un-named streams entering from the neighbouring hills very 
 like in character but more numerous than those of Keweenaw, 
 affording harbours, water-falls and scenery both grand and 
 beautiful, but no streams of magnitude are found until reach- 
 ing the Bois Brule. 
 
 Bois Brule, or Burnt Wood River, enters Lake Supe- 
 rior thirty-five miles due east from the moutli of the St. 
 Louis River, at Fon du Lac, (bottom of the lake) which 
 comes in its meanderings seventy-three miles from its source, 
 near Upper Lake St. Croix, or Sturgeon Lake, in the great 
 east and west range of mountains of trap, flanked on north 
 by sand stone. The shore of the river is a sandy alluvium, 
 as the rivers Montreal and Ontonagon, with the red sand 
 rock, and the country of the Brule has the same general 
 characteristics after leaving Great La Point, that marks the 
 country of the Ontonagon and that river itself, after leaving 
 Keweenaw Point. Its mouth is thirty to fifty feet wide, 
 sandy, and five feet water on the bar. It surpasses all other 
 streams in its brook trout, some of them, I have the assur- 
 ance of Mr. Jacobs, weighing ten pounds. Its waters colder 
 and clearer, if possible, than any of the other rivers. 
 
 Tliis river is navigable for canoes seventy-two miles. The 
 navigable branch does not connect, but rises near a smaller 
 lake, or rather an immense boiling spring, which interlocks 
 the St. Croix near by, and the voyageurs make a portage of 
 twopauscs to that lake, which is the summit lake. A pause 
 is a distance which varies a little according to the length of 
 the portage and the weight of the packs. At the portage 
 the captain goes ahead and sets a stake to which the first 
 
( 47 ) 
 
 packi are brought ; he then goes ahead and sets a stake to 
 which the second packs from the canoe are brought ; he then 
 goes and sets another, to which the packs left at the first 
 pause are brought, and thus the portage is marked by pauses, 
 generally about 80 rods. There is also two pauses in de- 
 scending with canoes from this lake by the St. Croix river, 
 and Lower Lalvc St. Croix to the Mississippi, some twenty 
 miles below the falls of St. Anthony. The^e two pauses are 
 caused by a rapid in the St. Croix near its exit from Upper 
 Lake St. Croix, as I before remarked, a summit lake, the 
 Brule falling into Lake Superior, and the St. Croix into the 
 Mississippi. This lake corresponds with Lac veux Desert. 
 From that the Montreal and Ontonagon fall into Lake Supe- 
 rior, and the Menomonie into Green Bay. Lee veux Desert 
 being south of Keweenaw Point and Upper Lake St. Croix, 
 south of La Point, in very nearly the same latitude, but 
 one hundred and fifty miles apart. I am informed also by 
 Mr. Jacobs, who has passed over to the Mississippi upon 
 this route through Great Lake St. Croix, that there are con- 
 stant mineral indications, plenty of game, though the soil 
 upon the Brule is rather inferior ; good timber, with innu- 
 merable beautiful lakes, while the westing made, counterbal- 
 ances its northern position in regard to climate. At the mouth 
 of the Brule was formerly a fur company station, which has 
 long been removed. The bottoms of this river are at first 
 one-fourth to one-half mile wide, increasing and rather low, 
 but rising and widening into open ridges, with oak, elm and 
 maple, on the lower lands. The great falls of the St. Croix 
 are accessible to steamboats from the Mississippi. 
 
 The lake shore from here bears S. W. to the entrance of 
 the Bay of Fon du Lac, which has usually eight feet water 
 on the bar, and is a good harbour on the south shore, to 
 which a long narrow strip of land comes nearly across from 
 the north shore, and around whose eastern point, between 
 it and the main, is reached the greater bay, or end of the 
 lake. At the bottom of this bay, which is some nine miles in 
 circumference, is the mouth of the St. Louis River, whose 
 branches interlock in the N. W. with those of the Upper 
 Mississippi. 
 
 A few miles up the St. Louis is a perpendicular fall of 
 some fifteen feet, at which is an A. F. Co. Station, and a 
 
( 48 ) 
 
 population of 300 of French, Indians, «fec. Here enters, 
 from the S. W. the river Fon du Lac, which rises in the 
 mountains about fifty miles from Lake Superior. About 
 ten miles from the mouth of the St. Louis is the portage 
 Aux Coteaux, or portage of knives, which has ninety feet 
 perpendicular fall. The knives, from which this name is 
 derived, are perpendicular layers of slate, whose edges are 
 very sharp. 
 
 From Fon du liac, the coast of Lake Superior runs with 
 little variation, N. E. 180 miles, to the boundary line between 
 the United States and G. Britain, where the 48th deg. N. L. 
 cuts the mouth of the Pigeon River, as established by a joint 
 commission under the treaty of 1818. Due east from the 
 mouth of Pigeon River is 
 
 Isle Royal, lying near the northern shore of Lake Supe- 
 rior, but within the boundary of the U. S. This is a nar- 
 row island of rock, having a length of about forty-five miles 
 N. E. and S. W., and an average width of three to eight 
 miles, and some of its hills have an altitude of three and four 
 hundred feet. The geology of the island has a close re- 
 semblance to that of the mineral district upon the main 
 shore S. W., being a continuation beyond all doubt, of the 
 up heave of Great La Point ; but the dip of the rocks is re- 
 versed, and like those of the south shore, pitch towards the 
 lake. Nearly the whole of its N. W. side is of continuous 
 rocky cliffs, which will scarcely admit of landing, but the 
 southern shore has several fine bays and harbours. The 
 northeasterly end is elevated rocks, and has spits ten to 
 twelve miles long, with scarcely half a mile width, like the 
 fingers half spread. It is ahiiost destitute of soil, but has 
 the finest fisheries. The country west of Lake Superior is 
 mountainous for 20 miles, and some of them 1200 to 1500 
 feet high. This Isle Royal has been reserved by the gov- 
 ernment from locations. Yet several permits have been laid 
 upon it. 
 
 The treaty with the Chippcwas, which was consummated 
 in 1842, gave us the mineral lands of the south shore of Lake 
 Superior. These lands were promised to the State of Michi- 
 gan in lieu of lands which fell to Ohio at the conclusion of 
 the " Toledo war." Michigan sent Dr. Houghton in 1835, 
 to make a preliminary examination of the country. On 
 
{ 49 ) 
 
 leaving the Great Copper Rock of the Ontonagon, in 1835, 
 the Doctor forgot his tomahawk lying upon that rock, and 
 when he returned there in 1843, in making his official sur- 
 vey, he found his hatchet — showing no one had been there in 
 eight years. The line of Michigan, runs from the mouth of 
 the Menomonie river where it enters Green bay, nearly N. W. 
 to the mouth of the Western or Great Montreal river where 
 it enters Lake Superior. The territory west of this line be- 
 longs to Wisconsin to a line drawn from the falls of St. Louis 
 river, where the American Fur Company's station is, nearly 
 S. E. by S. to Spirit Lake, thence by Rum river nearly S., 
 to the Mississippi. 
 
 In addition to his other duties. Dr. Houghton was author- 
 ized to locate every 16th Section, wherever he thought pro- 
 per, for school purposes. Whether he has located any or 
 not, has not transpired. 
 
 The north shore of Lake Superior is much more rugged 
 in its features than the southerly shore, and promises but 
 little in the way of agriculture, for a range of low but rugged 
 mountains skirt nearly the whole of this coast, and at several 
 points rise abruptly to a height varying from 800 to 1,400 
 feet above the lake. These hills form the dividing ridge be- 
 tween the short streams running southerly into Lake Superior, 
 and those taking a northerly direction into Hudson's bay ; 
 and after passing the first and most elevated range, the 
 country is mainly made up of low granite hills, frequently 
 destitute of timber, and intervening tamarack swamps, for a 
 distance varying from fifty to one hundred miles, when com- 
 mences the comparatively level district which extends to 
 Hudson's bay. Nothing can be conceived which would give 
 a more desolate character to the country than this succession 
 of low and for the most part granite hills and swamps, and 
 ♦his country may be said to be a portion of the district which 
 urther west, is technically known to the Indians as the 
 'Barren Grounds." On some portions of this shore are ex- 
 cellent indications of mineral, and some beautiful specimens 
 have been brought from there. 
 
 One of the concessions v/rung from the " home govern- 
 ment" by the Provincial, has been the management of the 
 Colonial lands of which the Provincial Parliament has now 
 the regulation. This fact enables the Canadians to enter 
 5 
 
( 50 ) 
 
 into the production of metals, and that government has 
 granted permits to individuals for examining and locating 
 twenty miles square to be held twenty-one years upon pay- 
 ment of a per centage of products. This is open to British 
 subjects only, but several citizens of Detroit are said to be 
 partners with John Prince in a location ; and a company of 
 explorers with a geologist set out from the Sault on an ex- 
 ploring expedition upon that side, early in November last. 
 
 Here, most patient reader, our coasting is finished. You 
 may dispose of your canoe and calamities — doff your cotton 
 canvass suit, your red shirt and heavy boots — take off those 
 inches of beard which prevent fiiiniliars recognizing you — go 
 into a soft bed and discover, tliat for several nights you are 
 unable to sleep well ; after a few days, wonder at the loss of 
 an appetite that gave pork and hard bread so fine a relish ; 
 and, as you put the Croton to your lips, remember and long 
 for the crystal purity of the Father of lakes, the trout and 
 sis-kaw-it, as did certain run-aways, on a time, for the 
 *' flesh pots of Egypt." When you again join the social cir- 
 cle where mirth and jolhty prevail, and joke and song go 
 round : when diurnal head aches succeed nocturnal dissi- 
 pations — then remember the tales and songs that whiled 
 away the evenings by the camp-fire, — -the sound and sweet 
 sleep — the vigor and health that recompensed exercise and 
 which made life a reality, and the world beautiful before 
 you ; — when you stand upon the colossal Exchange and 
 mark the care-overloaded hundreds hurrying to and fro, in 
 doubt and despairof" making good" by 3', — when you see 
 the "Bull" of yesterday the "Bear" to-day, and both "lame 
 Ducks" to-morrow, — when you see the ignorant and vicioiis 
 gloating over accidental wealth, and prizing it only for its 
 power of licentiousness or the immunity it will purchase ; — 
 when you see civilized " man's ingratitude to man make 
 countless thousands mourn," you will remember 
 
 " the poor Indian, whose untutored mind. 
 
 Sees God in clouds and hears him in the wind," 
 
 and half conclude if " ignorance is bliss — 'tis folly to be 
 wise." 
 
PART SECOND. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 GENERAL VIEW OF THE COUNTRY. 
 
 Westerly from Point Iroquois to Chocolate river, the coun- 
 itry is more elevated and has a much smaller proportion of 
 wet land, than east of it. A range of hills having an eleva- 
 tion ranging from 300 to 600 feet above Lake Superior, com- 
 mences a little easterly from Point Iroquois, and stretches 
 very nearly north, until the western escapement appears on 
 the coast, giving rise to the elevated hills of which the Pic- 
 tured rocks and Grand Island form a part. The outline of 
 this range of hills has the most perfect regularity, being un- 
 broken and uniformly covered with a dense growth of tim- 
 ber. 
 
 West from Chocolate river to Montreal river the physical 
 character of the country is widely different from that of the 
 district just referred to. This country is made up of a series 
 of irregular knobby ranges of hills, that have a general east- 
 erly and westerly direction, with intervening valleys of flat 
 and rolling land. These hills not unfrequently rise to a 
 height of from 600 to 900 feet, very near to the coast of 
 Lake Superior, and 15 to 20 miles south from the coast some 
 points rise from 1200 to 1300 feet above the level of the 
 Lake. The ragged outline which this district presents when 
 viewed in detail from the Lake, contrasts in a striking man- 
 ner with that of the country lying east from Chocolate river, 
 for instead of the unbroken range of hills covered with a 
 
( 52 ) 
 
 dense forest, there is a series of hills and knobs nearly or 
 quite destitute of timber, and frequently abrupt and precip- 
 itous. 
 
 The only exception to the east and westerly tendency of 
 these hills is in the range constituting the Porcupine moun- 
 tains. These rise somewhat abruptly almost upon the east- 
 ern coast of Lake Superior, at a point 37 miles north-easter- 
 ly from the mouth of Montreal river, and from this point they 
 stretch inland south-west and westerly in the du'ection of the 
 sources of the Wisconsin. The most elevated points of the 
 Porcupine mountains near Lake Superior attain nearly 950, 
 but some of the knobs inland are 1000 to 1500 feet, above 
 the Lake. The valleys separating these ranges of hills are 
 uniformly heavily timbered, and by far the largest proportion 
 of the timber is beach and maple. 
 
 The length of the hilly or mountainous district, estimating 
 in a direct line west from Chocolate River to the Montreal 
 River, is very nearly 160 miles, and it does not probably 
 extend at any point more than twenty or twenty-five miles 
 south of this line, between the points mentioned. The 
 greatest width of the district would be opposite Keweenaw 
 Point, which extends sixty-seven miles north from this line, 
 making the widest part about eighty-seven miles. Kewee- 
 naw Bay of Lake Superior stretches sixty miles from Ke- 
 weenaw Point south, into this hilly and mountainous country. 
 
 South from the range of hilly country alluded to, and 
 extending to Green Bay, the country at first becomes more 
 level, and finally flat, though some regular and unbroken 
 ranges of hills occur. In topography, it more resembles the 
 country east of Chocolate River. Of the country between 
 the mineral region and Green Bay but little will be known 
 until the surveys are finished. 
 
 The Streams which discharge their waters into Lake 
 Superior upon its southern shore, are invariably short, and, 
 with very few exceptions, the quantity of water is small. 
 This remark, in fact, may apply to the whole of the region 
 of country surrounding the Lake ; for this immense body 
 of water is completely surrounded by hills, that, at no great 
 distance from the Lake, fall away more or less rapidly. 
 Thus, while many of the streams discharging their waters 
 into Lake Michigan, Green Bay, and the Mississippi, have 
 
( S3 ) 
 
 their sources near to the south shore of Lake Superior, so 
 also many of these streams which discharge their waters 
 into Hudson's Bay, have their sources near to the north 
 coast of the Lake. The near approach of the summits of 
 those ranges of hills surrounding the Lake, to the immediate 
 coast, leaves the area of country draining into Lake Supe- 
 perior comparatively small. 
 
 The vicinity of the Tequoimenon River, which is the 
 only stream east from Chocolate River that in reality breaks 
 through the range of Sandstone hills, — before mentioned as 
 extending from Point Iroquois, — enters the Lake about 
 eighteen miles S. W. from White Fish Point — four to four 
 and a half feet water on the sand bar ; for seven or eight 
 miles up, the water is ten to fifteen feet deep. Some of the 
 sources of this stream are very near Lake Michigan. This 
 stream, with the exception of a few rapids and chutes, is a 
 sluggish stream, though at one point the whole stream falls 
 perpendicularly forty-six feet — the beauty of which is en- 
 hanced by the high and overhanging rocks upon either side. 
 This fall is at the passage, through the Sandstone hills, pro- 
 bably fifteen or twenty miles from the Lake. Those streams 
 ivhich occur between Chocolate River and Keweenaw Bay, 
 are, with the exception of Huron — which is navigable for 
 [•anoes for some distance — small ; and with the exception of 
 this and Dead River, it is believed they all have their sources 
 in small lakes at the bases of neighbouring hills, which rarely 
 recede farther than three or five miles from the coast. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 The following arrangement of the rocks of the Lake 8u- 
 oerior mineral region^ and their mineral contents^ is condensed 
 from Dr. Houghton^s Report : 
 
 Primary Rocks. — The rocks constituting what may be 
 considered the true primary group of this region, are chiefly 
 granite, syenite, and syenitic granites, first seen upon the 
 south coast of Lake Superior, constituting a rocky point 
 known as Little Presque Isle, south-east from Keweenaw 
 Point, near the Dead River, and known as Granite Point. 
 5^ 
 
( 54 ) 
 
 These rocks frequently appear upon the coast north-westerly, 
 as far as Huron River, and forming the Huron Islands. 
 West from Huron Islands, no rock appears upon the coast 
 which in a strict sense is primary. At Huron Islands, these 
 rocks rise upon the main land 300 to 700 feet above the 
 lake, called " Huron Mountains," and this range of hills is 
 continued to the south-west nearly or quite to the sources of 
 the Wisconsin, and are joined with the south-west prolonga- 
 tion of the Porcupine Mountains. 
 
 Although the usual ternary compound cf qaartzJ, feldspai', 
 and mica, occurs but rarely in the vicinity of the coast, or 
 even in any portion of the range, nevertheless, the great mass 
 of rocks therein may in a broad sense be called granite. 
 The above compound is more common in the westerly than 
 easterly portion of the range. Proceeding north upon this 
 range, the rocks change character almost imperceptibly, the 
 quartz being displaced with a binary compound of feldspar 
 and hornblende, which assumes a granular structure con- 
 stituting greenstone, with an intermediate, which may be 
 cnlled syenitic greenstone. The primary rocks which appear 
 in the vicinity of Lake Superior, in the several ranges of 
 hills extending from a point little south of Dead River to 
 Huron River, are mainly syenite, or syenitic granite ; is ex- 
 tremely compact, and the constituent minerals are mostly in 
 small crystals, feldspar occasionally, in a more crystalline form. 
 The granite rocks in a southwesterly direction are traversed 
 by dykes of the greenstone, which forms the north-westerly 
 ranges of hills. The courses of these dykes are invariably 
 marked by striking changes in the character of the rock 
 traversed, and in the layer of these dykes the evidences of 
 change produced by the injection of heated matter, extend to 
 several hundred feet upon either side of the dyke itself. 
 There is an identity between the rock of the dyke and the 
 ranges of greenstone north-west, in the similarity of their 
 mineral character, and the quick succeeding dykes, till it is 
 difficult to determine which predominates. The greenstone 
 traverses the rock in all directions. Veins of other matter are 
 very rare. In one instance a vein of porphyry three feet in width, 
 itself traversed at angles of 53 and 107 degrees by greenstone 
 of less width, was discovered, showing the greenstone most 
 recent. The veins of greenstone traversing the granite vary 
 
( 55 ) 
 
 from a mere line to 60 feet wide, and they waste more rapidly 
 than the rock they traverse, wliich is peculiarly so upon the 
 lake coast, leaving narrow bays and perpendicular walls, 
 while the granite remains unaffected. Upon the north coast 
 af the lake the granite and syenite, or sycnitic granite, occa- 
 sionally appear upon the shore, but more frequently these 
 ;-ocks are flanked on the south by the greenstone with occa- 
 sional narrow bands of sandstone, thus precisely reversing the 
 nagnetic order of these rocks upon the south shore. 
 
 The term Greenstone is used in its generic sense, and ap- 
 plied to all compact rocks of a granulated structure belonging 
 o the trap range. 
 
 MINERALS OF THE PRIMARY ROCKS. 
 
 Schorl. Actynolite. Feldspar. 
 
 Tourmaline. Mica. « Red. 
 
 Hornblende. Quartz. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 Trap Rocks. — Flanking the primary rocks already de- 
 cribed on the north and northwest, are a series of ranges of 
 ills, stretching generally in a direction south-westerly and 
 orth-easterly, which attain an altitude of from 300 to 900 
 3et above the lake. Along the lake side of Huron Moun- 
 ains, they are less broken than the primary hills. The range 
 f these rocks may be said to commence at the extremity of 
 Keweenaw Point, running in a generally south-west direc- 
 on, gradually -receding from tlie coast until their crossing 
 le Ontonagon River, nearly 25 m.iles from the lake. West- 
 rly of the Ontonagon, this range becomes confounded with 
 le northerly portions of the Porcupine Mountains, while west 
 ■om these mountain'^ a portion supposed of this same range 
 iclines west, and approaches the coast, until, at the crossing 
 f the Montreal River, it is but two miles from Lake Supe- 
 or. West from the Porcupine Mountains, a second range 
 f trap is continued at a distance of from 15 to 20 miles in- 
 ind. The trap range of Keweenaw Point may be estimated 
 ) compose one-third of the entire width of the point, and the 
 Duthwesterly portions are made up of compact greenstone, 
 
( 56 ) 
 
 while tbose portions to the northwest are amygdaloid. This 
 trap, through its whole course on the north and north-west 
 sides, is bounded by hills of conglomerate and sand-stone, 
 some as high as 400 feet. 
 
 The almost insensible gradations by which the granite 
 rock passes into the greenstone of the trap formations, and 
 the near analogy of the whole of the rocks of both formations 
 to each other, renders it more convenient, at the same time 
 it is more simple to follow the order adopted than their strict 
 chronological one. 
 
 The rocks of the outer or northwestern range of hills, which 
 were clearly of the series of the uplifts, bears more unequivo- 
 cally the evidences of igneous origin, than either of the outer 
 ranges alluded to. The rock upon the south flank of these 
 hills is invariably very compact greenstone, while upon the 
 north-westerly line it is almost as invariably an amygdaloid^ 
 or has at least an amygdaloidal structure. The causes of 
 this difference of the structure of the rock, upon the opposite 
 sides of this range of hills, when carefully examined, are very 
 apparent ; for it is very evident that the uplift of the rocks of 
 the range of hills was wholly upon the south-east side, and 
 while the rocks of this portion were in a solidified state ; or 
 in other words, that a point in Lake Superior may be re- 
 garded as the fixed axis of the uplifted mass, and sustained 
 by the fact that the sedimentary rocks of the south or south- 
 east are scarcely disturbed so far as it regards this range of 
 hills, while those of the north or north-western side are inva- 
 riably lifted to a high angle near the range of hills, and de- 
 creases gradually as we leave them. The sedimentary rocks, 
 which upon the north side always dip from t^e range of trap 
 hills, are in their close proximity to the trap inclined at angles 
 ranging from 45 to 95 degrees. Dykes traverse these sedi- 
 mentary rocks of 50 to 500 feet wide, the widest have been 
 protruded through the strata of the sedinipitary rocks, and 
 have the general inclination. The result of these dykes oc- 
 curring at short distances from the main body of trap, is that 
 the sedimentary rocks frequently so far lose their original 
 character as scarcely to be recognised. 
 
 The rocks of tlie complete north-western escapement of 
 these hills were evidently in a state of intense ignition while 
 in contact with the sedimentary rocks, which is shown by the 
 
( 57 ) 
 
 evident change in the latter. The origin of amygdaloid Dr. 
 H. beheves referable to fusion of lower portions of the sedi- 
 mentary rocks referred to, inasmuch that in passing south the 
 amygdaloid disappears, and its place supplied with greenstone ; 
 and again, so intimately are they blended, that no line of 
 demarcation is discoverable. Purely sedimentary rock is 
 scarcely found imbedded in the amygdaloid, a circumstance 
 though not conclusive, should not be overlooked in consider- 
 ing of this subject. 
 
 There is a knob of trap appears and forms Granite 
 Point, Dead River, which is mostly greenstone, though so 
 darkly calcined as to derive the name of serpentme rock. 
 It possesses additional interest from the unequivocal evidence 
 of uplift, as well as the manner of their exhibition. The 
 cliffs of trap occupy the extremity of the point, while the neck 
 and centre portions are made up of conglomerate or trap-tuf 
 and sand rock resting upon the trap. The stratification of 
 these rocks dip at a high angle, showing great disturbance, 
 as they appear upon the coast near by in cliffs from 20 to 60 
 feet high. But the most curious feature is that the sedimen- 
 tary rocks, for a distance of several hundred feet, have been 
 completely shattered or broken into minute fragments, which 
 having preserved their position were again cemented by the 
 injection of calcareous matter, which filled the most minute 
 fissures, so much so that a hand specimen frequently contains 
 many hundred of those veins. This rock, like the primary, 
 is traversed by veins of a date subsequent to the uphft. 
 
 On Isle Royal and the north shore, the same character of 
 rock appears on the southward that occupies the north side 
 of ranges on the south shore, and the dip answering to the 
 axis alluded to. 
 
 MINERALS OF THE TRAP ROCK. 
 
 Quartz, Common. Steatite, Common. 
 
 Do. Smoky. Asbestus 
 
 Do. Milky. Amianthus. 
 
 Do. Greasy. Calcareous Spar. 
 
 Do. Radiated. Copper, Native. 
 
 Do. Mamillary. Do. Pyritous. 
 
 Do. Drusy. Do. Black. 
 
 Do. Amethy&tine. Do. Red Oxyde of. 
 
 Chalcedony. Do. Azure Carbonate of. 
 
 Carnelian, Do. Green Carbonate of. 
 
 Jasper. Do Do, Ferruginous. 
 
( 58 ) 
 
 Agate, Common. Lead, Sulphuret of. 
 
 Do, Fortification. Do. Carbonate of. 
 
 Augite. Iron, Pyritous. 
 
 Actynolite. Do. Red Oxyde of. 
 
 Serpentine. Do. Hydrate of. 
 
 Do. Pseudomorphius. Do. Silicate of. 
 
 Chlorite, Common. Manganese, Ferruginous Oxyde of. 
 
 Do. Earthy. Silver, Native, (very rare.) 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 MetomorpMc Rocks. — Flanking the primary rocks on the 
 south, is a series of stratified rocks, con.'?isting of talacose, 
 mica and clay slates, slaty hornblende rock, and quartz 
 rock, the latter constituting by far the largest proportion of 
 the whole group. In traversing the country south-easterly 
 from Granite Point — near Dead River, before alluded to — 
 the granite passes almost insensibly into a serpentine rock, 
 which has a regularly jointed structure, sometimes approach- 
 ing stratification ; continuing in the same direction, is found 
 a series of hornblende slates, talacose, mica and clay slates, 
 resting against the serpentine rocks, and still farther to the 
 south-east, the rock becomes almost uniformly quartz. The 
 rocks of this group dip irregularly to the south and south- 
 east, while the cleavage of the slate is very uniformly to the 
 north. 
 
 The rocks of the Metamorphic group stretch into the in- 
 terior, in a south-westerly direction, forming the south- 
 easterly part of the hilly region. Rocks referable to this 
 group also occur upon the north coast of Lake Superior. 
 
 These rocks are confined exclusively to the range of hills 
 lying upon the side east of granitic rocks, which run south- 
 west. The outline of the Metamorphic hills is less broken 
 than either the granitic or trap ranges, rising sometime?, 
 however, in conical peaks, closely resembhng the granitic 
 rocks. The area of country occupied by them is less than 
 that of the primary or trap — the average width not exceed- 
 ing six or eight miles, and its extent southward is unknown. 
 
 It has been already stated that Chocolate River is the 
 boundary on the south-east, between these and the Sedimen- 
 
( •'■'9 ) 
 
 taty focks, and that tliey extend in a north-westerly direc* 
 tion from that stream six to eight miles, to the granite, 
 against which they rest. The group is made up of alter- 
 nating lines of talacose and mica slates, sometimes gradu- 
 ating into clay slates, with quartz and serpentine rocks, the 
 quartz rock constituting by far the largest proportion of the 
 whole mass. Their cleavage is north, to north ten degress 
 west, with an inclination of about eighty degrees, the whole 
 appearing to dip to south-west and south. The talacose 
 slates and quartz rocks alternate frequently with each other, 
 and occasionally with the serpentine. The quartz is dis- 
 tinctly granular in the main, though sometimes compact. 
 
 The rock denominated serpentine, bears a close resem- 
 blance to greenstone, and is essentially composed of granu- 
 lar feldspar and hornblende, with serpentine blended. 
 
 This rock only occurs in talacose slate, as we approach 
 the granatic region, and may be simple lines of dykes lying 
 parallel to the line of cleavage of the slate rocks. The 
 Metamorphic are occasionally traversed by trap dykes. 
 
 Ml?fERALS OF THE MeTAMORPHIC RoCK. 
 
 Quartz, Common Iron, Scaly red Oxide of 
 
 " Milky " Haematite 
 
 '* Greasy " Pyritous 
 
 Tabular Steatite 
 
 Serpentine, Common Novaculite. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 Conglomerate. — The rock to which this term is restricted, 
 does not occur well characterized at any point east of the 
 district referred to as the commencement of the trap group, 
 nor has it been noticed resting upon any of either primary 
 or metamorphic rocks, but is invariably seen resting up the 
 trap rock. Commencing upon the nortli side of the trap, 
 at the extremity of Keweenaw Point, the Conglomerate 
 flanks the trap, whenever that appears, upon its northerly 
 side, as far west as the boundary of Michigan, mouth of 
 Montreal River : nor does it stop there, but is seen at inter- 
 vals as far west as the head of Lake Superior, and rests 
 upon the trap of Isle Royale, facing south-east. 
 
( CO ) 
 
 In the course of the range of the Conglomerate upon the 
 south shore, it forms a nearly continuous range of hills, with 
 somewhat steep escapements, but with a generally rounded 
 outline. These hills sometimes rise to a height of from 
 three to five hundred feet above the level of the Lake. 
 
 The Conglomerate attains a very great thickness, which 
 is greatest at its westerly prolongation, and it gradually thins 
 out as we proceed north-easterly; but the irregularity in 
 thickness is so very considerable, that variations of several 
 hundred feet are not uncommon within a few miles. 
 
 The Conglomerate rock of the south coast dips in mass 
 irregularly to the north and north-west, while that of Isle 
 Royale dips to the south-east. There is a mixed Conglo- 
 merate and Sand stone which rests upon the Conglomerate, 
 appearing in greatest thickness upon the west flanks of the 
 Porcupine Mountains, and disappears at Keweenaw Point. 
 
 This name is attached to the lower of the sedimentaries, 
 which appears iavariably connected with or resting upon the 
 trap rock, not having been noticed to any extent in connec- 
 tion with either of the other lower rocks, for it wholly dis- 
 appears as we approach the granatic or metamorphic groups. 
 Of all the sedimentary rocks, this is the most variable in 
 thickness, and not unfrequently does a few miles make a 
 difference of several hundred feet. The Conglomerate rock 
 may, without doubt, be considered as a trap tuff*, which was 
 gradually deposited or accumulated around the several coni- 
 cal or trap knobs during their gradual elevation, and v/hicli 
 would necessarily occupy the complete spaces or valleys 
 between the several irregular ranges of knobs or hills. 
 
 If we regard this Conglomerate rock in this light, we 
 will at oMce perceive why the rock should be variable and 
 irregular in its thickness. The pebbles, of which the mass 
 of the rocks is composed, consist of rounded masses of 
 greenstone and amygdoloid trap, of which the former make 
 up by far the larger proportion, and scarcely a pebble of 
 any other rock than trap enters into its composition. The 
 pebbles vary in size from that of a pea, to several pounds 
 weight ; but the average size may be state;1 at one and a 
 half to two inches in diameter. The pebbles are usually 
 united by a mixed calcareous and argillaceous cement, more 
 or less coloured by iron ; and so firm is this union, that the 
 
( 61 ) 
 
 nost compact and tough of the greenstone pebbles, will fre- 
 [uently break through as freely as the cement, and crevices 
 md narrow veins are frequently seen passing indiscriminately 
 Lcross the pebbles and the cement. This fact is the more 
 v^orthy of notice, since the pebbles are almost without ex- 
 leption made up of the hardest and most indestructible por- 
 ions of trap rock. 
 
 The conglomerate rock can scarcely be said to occur in 
 uch form as to be well defined in any portion of the country, 
 ixcepting upon the northern flank of the outer trap range, 
 )efore referred to. On the northern or outer side of Ke- 
 veenaw point, the conglomerate commences near the ex- 
 remity, and extends several miles westerly, forming a series 
 >f abrupt and precipitous cliffs upon the immediate shore, as 
 dso a range of well defined hills, a little in the interior, 
 vhich have an elevation of from two hundred to three hun- 
 Ired feet. After appearing, for a few miles upon the coast, 
 his rock gradually stretches into the interior, following the 
 ine before described as the most northerly bound of the outer 
 rap range of hills, and invariably occupying a place to the 
 lorth of this range, and it may be observed, nearly or quite, 
 continuously as far as Montreal river, which stream it crosses 
 It a short distance above its mouth, thus making its length 
 vithin the limits of Michigan, computing its southerly cuiTe, 
 something over one hundred and forty miles ; but the rock 
 loes not cease at Montreal river, for it may be seen at short 
 ntervals in the interior as far westerly as the head of Lake 
 Superior. 
 
 At the trap knob of Granite Point, the conglomerate is 
 mperfectly developed, but on the south-westerly side of Isle 
 Royale it is much more perfectly so, flanking the hills of 
 trap upon the southerly side. The conglomerate is imper- 
 fectly stratified in masses of immense thickness, and it dips 
 upon the south shore of the lake regularly to the north and 
 north-west (in conformity with the variation of the trap hills 
 in their direction) and usually at angles of thirty to eighty 
 degrees, while upon Isle Royale and the north sliore, the 
 dip is reversed, being south and soutli-eastcrly, or in other 
 words the rock upon all sides dips in the direction of tlie 
 lake basin. 
 
 Upon the south shore a little east of Montreal river, this 
 6 
 
( 62 ) 
 
 rock was estimated to be 5,260 feet (nearly a mile) thick, and 
 it wedges out or thins so rapidly, that near its eastern pro- 
 longation the estimate was 1000 feet. Its greatest estimated 
 thickness upon the north coast was 2,300 feet. 
 
 The trap dykes of this rock, are usually parallel to the 
 line of stratification and dip, and are from fifty to several 
 hundred feet thick, sometimes continuing several miles. In 
 addition there are veins of a more recent date traversing the 
 conglomerate and the dykes always at high angles with the 
 line of the conglomerate. These last veins, which are usually 
 more perfectly developed near the junction of the conglomer- 
 ate and trap, or for a few thousand feet on each side of that 
 junction, are clearly seen true veins and are with few unim- 
 portant exceptions the only veins of this range which are 
 metaliferous. 
 
 For minerals of the conglomerate rock — see " Minerals 
 of Conglomerate and Red Sand Stoned 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Mixed Cotiglomerate and Sand Rock. — This rock is made 
 up of an alternating series of conglomerate and red sand 
 stones which rest conformably upon the conglomerate rock 
 last described, dipping with that rock into the bed of Lake 
 Superior. This mixed rock was not noticed upon the north 
 side of the lake, or upon Isle Royale, but upon the south 
 shore the rock was traced continuously for a distance of about 
 one hundred and thirty miles, extending from a few miles 
 westerly from the extremity of Keweenaw point, to Mon- 
 treal river. It follows the line of the conglomerate before 
 described, stretching from Keweenaw point in a south-wes- 
 terly direction, and again curving to the north-west, forming 
 as it were, a crescent, the result of which is, the rock only 
 appears for a limited distance upon the lake shore at Ke- 
 weenaw point. 
 
 From a point eighteen miles easterly of Montreal river it 
 wedges out or thins rapidly ; proceeding west, and towards the 
 head of the lake it wholly disappears or becomes merged in 
 
( «a ) 
 
 le conglomerate below and sand rock above. Its greatest 
 bserved thickness was four thousand two hundred feet. 
 
 The conglomerate portion of the mixed rock consists of 
 ;rata of conglomerate varying from a few feet to several 
 undred feet in thickness and composed of materials in all 
 aspects resembling the constituents of the conglomerate 
 )ck already described, and similarly situated. 
 
 Tlie sand stone portion of the formation occurs in a strata 
 f very nearly corresponding thickness, and the two rocks 
 lay be said to form nearly equal portions of the mass. But 
 le material of which this sand stone is composed difters 
 idely from that of the true sand rock lying above, for while 
 re latter is chiefly made up of the quartz ore materials, the 
 >rmer is composed of materials bearing a close analogy in 
 imposition to those of the conglomerate rock itself; or in 
 ;her words, the sand stone consists cliiefly of green stone so 
 luch comminuted as, when cemented, 'to compose a coarse 
 md stone. It will thus be seen that the members of this 
 irmation differ only in the degrees and fineness of the ma- 
 rial, and the character of this material will explain suffi- 
 ently why the true conglomerate and the mixed rocks are 
 iferable to the same origin, for the materials of the several 
 lembers of the group have their origin from the trap rock, 
 fid as a whole, may perhaps be regarded as a trap-tuff. 
 
 The coarser conglomerate of the formation is scarcely 
 jparated by lines of stratification, and the strata appears 
 3ually in mass, embraced between the strata of sand stone, 
 it the stratification of the latter rock is perfect, and it bears 
 adence of having been deposited in shoal water, in the very 
 :>undant, perfectly defined ripple marks which it exhibits 
 trough its complete range. No fossils were noticed in con- 
 action with either the mixed rock or conglomerate lying 
 3I0W it. 
 
 Dykes of green stone occasionally appear in the mixed 
 »ck, but less frequently than in the rock below. These 
 ^kes almost invariably occupy places between the strata of 
 le rock, and correspond in position to the direction and dip 
 * the rocks by which they are embraced, or in other words, 
 le rocky matter composing the dykes appears to have been 
 ijected in a plane corresponding with that of the stratifica- 
 Dn of the embracing rock. As in the conglomerate below. 
 
( 64 ) 
 
 these dykes have produced very great changes in the colour 
 and structure of the mixed rocks bounding them on either 
 side. 
 
 In addition to these, the mixed rock is occasionally (though 
 less frequently than the rock below) traversed by veins or 
 cross courses of a more recent origin than the dykes (which 
 latter tliey usually cross at a high angle,) their course being 
 usually at an angle of sixty degrees opposed to the line of 
 bearing of the mixed rock. These cross veins are usually 
 made up- of a calcareous spar or a sub-granulai' lime-stone, 
 and more rarely of some variety of quartz and imperfect trap 
 rock, the latter usually of the amygdaloid variety. 
 
 For minerals of the mixed conglomerate and sand rock, 
 see Minerals of the Conglomerate^ Mixed and Red Sand Stone, 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 Red Sand Stone and Shales. — This rock and its accom- 
 panying red and gray shales occupies a much larger extent of 
 country bordering upon Lake Superior, than any other single 
 rock or group of rocks. It rests upon the primary and me- 
 tamorphic rocks, immediately west from Chocolate River ; 
 upon the conglomerate and mixed rocks, from near Eagle 
 River, of Keweenaw Point, west to the head of Lake Supe- 
 l^or ; upon the primary trap, metamorphic and conglomer- 
 ate rocks of the north shore of the lake, and upon the con- 
 glomerate rock of Isle Royale. It is this rock which forms 
 the basis of the level plateaus, or valleys, occupying the 
 spaces between the several ranges of hills south from Lake 
 Superior, and west fi-om Chocolate River. In these last situ- 
 ations this rock is frequently seen undisturbed to surround 
 the basis of isolated knobs of granite, though w^hen near to, 
 or in contact with knobs of trap, there are invariably evi- 
 dences of very great disturbance. The rocks of this group 
 are thickest at their westerly prolongation, thinning out as 
 they proceed easterly. 
 
 With the exception of that portion of the coast from Point 
 Iroquois to Grand Island, the predominating rock upon the 
 immediate coast, both on the south and north shore, there is 
 
( G5 ) 
 
 \ sand stone, for even the primary trap and conglomerate 
 3 almost invariably skirted with it. It is over this rock 
 It the waters are discharged at the Sault St. Mary. On 
 th the north and south shores this rock invariably dips into 
 ; lake. 
 
 This is the chief rock that appears upon the immediate 
 ast of the south shore of Lake Superior, and it may be 
 d, almost the complete coast of the lake. In coasting 
 tsterly, from Grand Island to the head of the lake, one 
 >uld imagine he had seen little else than red sand stone, 
 d in fact, were he to confine his examinations to the shore 
 >ne, would see no other rock for nineteen-twentieths of the 
 itance. It is the only rock seen, in place, from Grand 
 and to Chocolate River ; and from Chocolate River to 
 3weenaw Point, embracing the complete width, of the pri- 
 iry, metamorpiiic, and trap ranges — the hills forming 
 3se groups are ahuost invariably surrounded or flanked 
 their bases with this sand rock, so that even along this 
 rtion, the hills are cut off from the lake by a narrow belt 
 it ; and northerly from Keweenaw Point to the head of 
 I lake, no other rocks appear upon the coast, except a few 
 ip dykes in the vicinity of the Porcupine Mountains, and 
 Iron and Black rivers, and a more recent deposit of clay 
 d sand west of Keweenaw Point. It is also the southerly 
 le of Isle Royale. 
 
 The materials of which this rock is composed differ widely 
 tm that of the sedimentary rocks described ; for while they 
 e made up of materials clearly of trappean origin, in which 
 very rarely quartz, this under consideration is composed 
 materials, the predominating portions of which are clearly 
 rived from the granitic and metamorphic rocks, in which 
 artz is abundant, though with this there is usually associ- 
 3d more or less sand, that has all the characteristics of the 
 mminuted trap, constituting that portion of the mixed 
 ck before referred to. Magnetic iron sand sometimes he- 
 mes a constituent of the red sand rock, and occasional 
 ntinuous strata of several inches thickness, are almost 
 tiolly composed of this material. The components of this 
 ck are usually cemented by calcareous matter, highly col- 
 ired by the peroxyde of iron, frequently associated with 
 giilaceous matter. 
 6* 
 
( 66 ) 
 
 While the chief mass of the rock is a coarse grained and 
 somewhat compact sand rock, there are portions of the for- 
 mation where there are well-formed red and gray flags, and 
 red and green shales, forming as it were beds of a very con- 
 siderable thickness, and occupying large districts of country. 
 These red and green shales are more largely developed in 
 that district extending from Granite Point westerly to Ke- 
 weenaw Bay, and upon the south shore of Keweenaw Point, 
 extending from the head of the bay to near the extremity of 
 the point, and largely developed. These shales more usually 
 occur in alternating bands of deep red and green colours, 
 the red greatly predominating, and thus are made up of ar- 
 gillaceous matter of sand, the whole material being of ex- 
 treme fineness. 
 
 On the south side of Keweenaw Bay, near its head, an 
 argillaceous rock appears and extends for a short distance 
 along the coast, which is an anomaly. The rock is evident- 
 ly embraced in, or rather may be said to constitute a mem- 
 ber of the sand stone series, but it differs widely from any 
 other rock seen in connection with it. It sometimes appears 
 in the form of a slate, though usually a compact strata, fre- 
 quently of several inches in thickness, closely resembling 
 indurated clay. Innumerable strata or thin layers compose 
 the mass, being of different colours, red, gray, dark brown, 
 alternating in the same hard specimen. 
 
 Its material possesses an extreme degree of fineness, and 
 is so soft as readily to be cut with the knife, rendering it a 
 material from which the Indians have long manufactured 
 pipes. It is too soft for use in sharpening tools. 
 
 The rocks belonging to the red sand stone formation, bear 
 the evidence of having been deposited almost universally in 
 shoal water, for the ripple marks occur abundantly at all 
 points where the rock takes on the decided character of sand 
 rock, and these ripple marks may frequently be seen for 
 many miles together, as clearly and distinctly defined as they 
 are in many of the shoal bays. Fossils are rare in these red 
 sand rocks. 
 
 This rock is less frequently traversed by dykes of trap than 
 either of the rocks described, though dykes sometimes trav- 
 erse the whole of the several rock formations up to and in- 
 cluding the red sand stone. Upon portions of the north 
 
( 67 ) 
 
 (Bst, where conglomerate and mixed rocks are more fre- 
 lehtly wanting, and where the red sand stone is brought 
 ore nearly in contact with the trap, these dykes are of more 
 ^quent occurrence. It is deserving of remark, where the 
 iver rocks are either in part or wholly wanting, the red 
 nd stone usually becomes of a deep brown colour, and the 
 aterial of which the sand is composed, gradually changes 
 )m that before described to green stone. 
 The Sand Rock. — It has been estimated that at its west- 
 [y prolongation, the sand rock attains a thickness of 6,500 
 St, gradually diminishing to the St. Mary, where it com- 
 ratively runs out. The red also thins out proceeding 
 utherly or inland from the coast, at a more rapid rate than 
 3 fifteen feet to a mile allowed the sand rock, as was most 
 tisfactorily shown when connected with the several pri- 
 iry, metamorphic and trap ranges of hills, for all, or near- 
 all the valleys after passing the outer northerly range of 
 ip hills are based upon this sand rock, and since we have 
 ery reason to believe that this sand rock was deposited in 
 rt during the gradual elevation of the several chains of 
 lis,- it would follow that over these districts which were 
 ist elevated the rock would attain its greatest thickness. 
 The red sand rock south of Lake Superior, as well as 
 »on the immediate coast, dips regularly northward, while 
 at upon the north coast dips invariably southerly, or, as 
 s been already said of the lower rocks, this rock dipsreg- 
 arly upon all sides into the basin of the lake, being in- 
 cased however in quantity as it approaches the primary and 
 stamorphic ranges. The line of cleavage of some of the 
 embers of the lower sand rock and shales is frequently 
 ■egular, and opposed to the true stratification of the rock. 
 
 VIINERALS OF THE CONGLOMBRATE, MIXED AND RED SAND ROCK. 
 
 Calcareous Spar. Copper, Native.* 
 
 Quartz, Common. " Pyritous.* 
 
 " Milky. " Blue Carbrnate of.* 
 
 " Drusy. " Green " "* 
 
 Ihalsedony (occasionally.) " Earthy* Iron Pyritous 
 
 lornclian (do.) " Black.* '' Black Ox. of 
 
 aspar (in conglomerate.) Zinc, Siliceous Ox. of. Red Ox. of 
 lagate (do.) " Carbonate of." " Hydrate of, 
 
 " Siliceate of. 
 Chiefly in vcius traversing the cougluineratc. 
 
( 68 ) 
 
 The Upper, or Gray Sand Rock. This is the only r( 
 maining rock which separates the red sand rock from th 
 hmestone lying south. It is a gray or brownish sand rod 
 almost wholly composed of quartz grains usually feebl 
 cemented with calcareous matter, in which it differs from tb 
 red sand rock, as well as in epoch of disposition, and shou] 
 not be confounded with it. Besides, while the red san 
 rock dips regularly northerly, this gray sand rock dips £ 
 regularly southerly, conforming to the hmestone resting upo 
 it, while itself resting upon the uplifted southern edge of tli 
 red sand rock below. 
 
 From Point Iroquois it stretches westerly, in an elevate 
 and regular chain of hills, to Taquaimenon Bay, wester] 
 from which the shape of the coast is such that these hills c 
 not again appear upon it, until we reach that precipitoi 
 portion of the lake coast known as the Pictured Rock 
 where the effects of waves and frosts upon its feebly cemen 
 ed materials have left portions in overhanging precipices, b 
 the destruction and removal of weaker and less resisting po 
 tions, creating caverns and domes, both grand and fantasti 
 From the Pictured Rocks the hills composed of this stor 
 stretch off to the south-west, passing entirely south of the pr 
 mary trap and metamorphic regions to a distance unknowi 
 
 This, like the lower sand rock, abounds in ripple mark 
 and its line of cleavage regular and frequently opposite tl 
 line of stratification, passing over considerable districts ( 
 country. Two indistinct species of fucaides were the on. 
 fossils found. The estimated thickness at the Picture 
 Rocks was 700 feet, thinning out, like the others, towar( 
 the east. 
 
 Tertiary Clays and Sands. — Stratified clays and sar 
 are seen at many points, and continue for long distanc* 
 upon the coast of Lake Superior, and they are largely deve 
 oped at many points in the interior of the country, whic 
 sometimes attain a thickness of 200 or 300 feet, and aj 
 spread over the less elevated portions of the district, beinj 
 in many instances, the covering of the rock forming the va 
 leys and plateaus, and sometimes forming the lake shore. 
 
( 69 ) 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 MINERAL VEINS. 
 
 "It will be necessary to keep the relation which the rocks and veins 
 traversing them, have to each other, constantly in view.} 
 
 Veins are intersected with other veins, and sometimes with 
 reins of other metals at both acute and right angles. Two 
 ines approaching each other, generally have a large deposit 
 it their confluence. It is a good sign if the branches or 
 odes enlarge in width or depth, but bad if they are liorizon- 
 :al or rising. It is a sign of a poor vein if it separates or di- 
 vides into strings and sharp extremities. It is even a worse 
 sign when a vein descends perpendicular, than when it runs 
 lorizontal. Copper will pay for working when only six 
 nches wide, and Tin when only three inches wide, in the 
 Cornwall mines. The richest depth for Copper Ore, in 
 nines which have been worked, has been found to be from 
 10 to 80 fathoms (from 20 to 60 for Tin,) although great 
 juantities may be raised at 80 to 100 fathoms, yet the quali- 
 y decreases and the Ore is too apt to be decayed. The 
 reins of the Cornish mines run East and West varying some 
 L5 degrees. The veins of Lake Superior run N. E. and S. 
 W. with slight variations. 
 
 True Veijis. — The northwesterly range of hills, commenc- 
 ng at the extremity of Keweenaw point and stretching in a 
 5. W. direction into the interior, are more clearly of .the 
 rappose origin than either of the other ranges, and the rock 
 )f the southerly portion of this range is greenstone, while 
 :hat of the northerly flank is almost invariably either an 
 amygdaloid or a rock approaching to toad stone. 
 
 So far as the hills lying south of this northerly range are 
 concerned, they would appear to be as a whole, deficient in 
 minerals and the rocks are not apparently intersected by 
 k^einr: or dykes of any more recent date than that of the up- 
 lift of I le northerly trap hills, near the Lake. 
 
 Veins of a date posterior to the uplift of the trap rock last 
 mentioned, are of frequent occurrence, and traverse a portion 
 af the trap range, pass into the conglomerate and sometimes 
 completely across the three seciimentary rocks, immediately 
 above the trap, for an unbroken length of several miles, rare- 
 ly varying more than 12 or 15 degrees from a right angle to 
 
( 70 ) 
 
 the course of the sedimentary rocks, cutting across the dyke 
 and conforming to the dip of the sedimentary rocks. These 
 veins all belong to a single epoch and must be regarded as 
 Ti-ue Veins, and all carry the same mineral contents ; and, 
 from examinations it is confidently believed that most if not 
 all the metalliferous veins of the upper peninsular or Lake 
 Superior region belong to the epoch of those under consid- 
 eration. It is true, native metals (particularly copper,) are 
 found in places in the greenstone, but the quantity is small 
 and almost ahvays may be traced to a connection with met- 
 alliferous veins in the vicinity. 
 
 Native Copper in very thin plates was occasionally no- 
 ticed as occupying the joints of the greenstone of Isle Roy- 
 ale, though in small quantities, but the veins so far as exam- 
 ined there, are less perfectly developed in their passage 
 across the conglomerate, and very rarely contain any traces 
 of Zinc. 
 
 In speaking of the greenstone. Dr. Houghton says, " I not 
 only include the true greenstone, but also those altered forms 
 of gneiss and gneissoid granite which are sometimes associ- 
 ated with it, while the outer or northerly portion of the same 
 range is usually composed of an amygdaloid form of trap." 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 I R R E G U L A R F ALSE VEINS. "* 
 
 After perusing the following chapter, the reader will have 
 perceived that the condensations from Dr. Houghton's re- 
 port ceased with the last, which treated of Regular Veins. 
 
 I wTite this chapter in the hope of inducing more thorough 
 examination and minute investigation into In-cgular Veins. 
 The great bane and loss in mining operations is the vast 
 amounts expended and thrown away upon irregular^ or false 
 veins, which proceeds from lack of power or knowledge to 
 decide between true and false ones. This the reader may 
 call a " conglomerate" chapter, if he will. If the suggestions 
 it contains shall induce inve|tigation of the subject, their ob- 
 ject will be fulfilled, whatever may be thought of their phi- 
 losophy or orthodoxy — against any arraignment for either, 
 
( 71 ) 
 
 I here enter my caveat, that one possibility is just as good 
 as another, in defining the probable resuhs of an indemon- 
 strable proposition. 
 
 Where veins intersect the lake's shores, they are almost 
 invariably marked by the appearance of the white spar cov- 
 ering, which, in many instances, are several feet wide, and 
 may be traced by the eye into the water thirty to forty feet 
 in depth. Several of these wider ones occur between Cop- 
 per and Eagle Harbours, in which, when the spar has been 
 removed, boulders and ragged deposites of native copper 
 have been found of various sizes. And from one on the 
 conglomerate edge of the shore, on Lease 15, belonging to 
 the Boston Company, I saw already taken out, two pieces 
 of native copper, one weighing 800 lbs., the other some 
 60 lbs., which were cut off with chisels and sledge ham- 
 mers from an embedded sheet, four inches thick at the place 
 of detachment, leaving the imagination to fix its own esti- 
 mate of the quantity or extent of that portion remaining in 
 the vein. Scientific men have heretofore contended that 
 native copper existed only, disseminated and as boulders — 
 here, at least, it appears in a sheet, but to what extent, can 
 oi)ly be determined by working. 
 
 In some of these veins, as at Agate Harbour, different 
 kinds of ore, or, I think, different stages of advance from ore 
 to native copper, are found — such as the mother of ores, 
 glaus, green carbonate, and black sulphuret, all taken from 
 the same vein. This vein and the one from which the na- 
 tive copper spoken of above was taken, are but one mile 
 apart. 
 
 Native silver and native copper are often taken out attach- 
 ed to each other. Some of the veins, by the reports of 
 analyzers, have a preponderance of silver over the copper 
 from the same vein or rock. See Dr. Jackson's report of 
 the Eagle River vein. 
 
 Irregular veins are of very frequent occurrence as well 
 upon the surface as below it, which often present the best 
 appearances, and afford specimens very likely to deceive the 
 novice in exploring and mining. There may be injections 
 into a crevice only, which extend but a short way in depth 
 or length ; and though well filled while the cone rai?ed by 
 the interior pressui'e continued, and during which, all the 
 
( 73 ) 
 
 crevices were wide below in proportion to their depth, and 
 would, had this great cone held its apex attitude, been well 
 filled veins, no doubt leading to large deposites like true veins ; 
 but by the subsequent action they are not ; for that cone's 
 fallen and depressed apex is now the synclinal axis of Lake 
 Superior, to which the strata around it dip. When the gas 
 by which it had been swelled forth found vent and escaped, 
 it carried forth in the explosion those boulders of primitive 
 rock and native metal found in all directions, and then, fol- 
 lowing, forth rushed the conglomerate, and found its level 
 ai-ound the trap hills, which, with fire above and fire beneath, 
 were softened — then it was amygdaloid, greenstone and trap 
 were blended, and then was the native copper disseminated 
 — more in some places than in others, according to the heat 
 and supply of the ore. The apex or cone raised by distend- 
 ing the earth, unsupported at the escapement of the cause, 
 gradually settled back, sinking lower and lower as the inte- 
 rior heat and pressure abated, and the matter in cooling con- 
 tracted, closing first upon the surface, and shutting, as they 
 descend, the seams and crevices opened by the expansion. 
 The closing of those seams, veins, or crevices, in this way, 
 compressed and forced down their contents as far as they 
 closed. Failing, however, to resume their places, in many 
 instances, have left to unknown depths true veins, defined 
 by the wall rocks, which, though showing they have been 
 rent asunder, are also smoothed by the action of heat. In 
 some instances, there is but one defined wall rock, while the 
 other side is filled with native copper, disseminated through- 
 out, as at the deep shaft of the Eagle River. In other cases, 
 as in the Pittsburgh Company's drift, three miles back of 
 Eagle River, both sides are workable, and the metal is dis- 
 seminated in the general rock, showing that the rock had 
 been so heated as to either take up the copper when coming 
 in contact, or to smelt such portions of the ore as it might 
 have possessed in its organization, the latter of which is 
 rather sustained by the frequent occurrence of toadstone, 
 showing that something has passed away as a gas. By this 
 it will be readily seen why miners follow a vein that widens 
 as it descends, even though no ore be immediately found, 
 and discard a vein that contracts, or runs up, or even hori- 
 
( rs ) 
 
 zontal. Their experience has taught them the results to 
 expect. 
 
 I have no doubt that we have samples of the inner coat- 
 ing of the earth which is next and in contact with the inte- 
 rior fire or latent heat, presented in the lava^ thrown forth, 
 but changed in quality and appearance by the great heat 
 they are subjected to in their passage ; a heat much more 
 intense than that of the heated matter of the interior, which 
 certainlij is not a fiame, but probably a dull latent fire ^ draw- 
 ing sufficient of oxygen from the earth to keep it like coals 
 imbedded in a grate, and which glow on the admission of 
 the ail". 
 
 This may reasonably be supposed to be the state of the 
 interior fire until an active property is added. There is but 
 one active property which can reach this fire that will make 
 it the active cause sufficient to produce the effects presented 
 in earthquakes and volcanoes, which property must be oxy- 
 gen. There is a certainty that the supply of oxygen must 
 come from accident too, or there would be a periodical suc- 
 cession of these effects, which is not the case, but whose oc- 
 currence irregularly, shows their origin to be dependant upon 
 an accidental supply of something necessary to the effects 
 witnessed. There is but one way this property necessary to 
 combustion can be accidentalli/ furnished, and it is this: — 
 The best estimates make the earth or shell over this latent 
 fire ten miles thick, which in proportion to the size of the 
 globe, (some eight thousand miles in diameter) is quite a 
 vhin rind, and composed too, of particles constantly changing 
 their position, as the globe changes its shape, through which 
 are distributed veins of various sizes carrying water. The 
 particles of matter forming the globe are continually chang- 
 ing their position, from the tendency which their weight 
 •^aves them towards the equater, (hke clay upon the potter's 
 ;jpindle,) the globe thereby enlarging at the equater and flat- 
 tening at the poles, a process, whose results already have 
 enabled the vision to range sixty miles v/ithin the polar cup; 
 and, by the enlargement of the equator and preponderance 
 of weight on the periphery, instituted a third, or oscillating 
 motion north and south, known as the sun's declination. In 
 this gradual and imperceptible movement of the matter com- 
 posing this rind or skin, over the interior fire, it sometimes 
 7 
 
( 74 ) 
 
 will occur that one of these veins of water in it will be open- 
 ed upon this interior world of latent fire, and the active pro- 
 perty necessary to combustion is thereby furnished. This 
 vein does not furnish sufficient to extinguish, it only feeds. 
 
 A kind of inflammation commences^ and the supply of oxy- 
 gen in the vrater continuing, active heat and fire are pro- 
 duced. The disease increases and follows up the stream it 
 feeds upon enclosing its way in its melting rocks and tak^ 
 ing new supplies from other streams it meets with ; and 
 thus proceeding, opens at length to some fountain, which, 
 pouring down its v/aters too copious to be consumed, are 
 changed to steam. That steam, increasing and expanding, 
 must escape. The column of the entering water is exerci- 
 sing a hydrostatic power strong as the surrounding rocks 
 themselves ; the steam increases and expands till the rocks 
 split to their foundations; — the earth swells forth: — its 
 weight compresses the steam for an instant : — the uplift set- 
 tles back crackint]^ and breaking in all directions. If these 
 throes shall dam up or cut off the supply of water, and after a 
 partial escapement, leave a circumscribed and steady supply, 
 the interior inflammation of the region will have an issue cafled 
 a volcano. The mountains are raised and may remain or 
 partially settle back. But, if the supply continues upon the 
 fire, the gas will generate and expand, the earth still con- 
 tinues to swell forth, opening wide interior, and raising the 
 apex of the cone at every succeeding expansion of the in- 
 creasing power, till, breaking through, the humid steam first 
 shoots up a cloud filled with dust and ashes, followed by in- 
 tensely heated matter, composed of contributions from the 
 different strata it has made its way through to the surflice ; 
 there the oxygen of the atmosphere rushes to it and gives 
 the outpouring mass a blazing glow. Into the vacuum thus 
 formed, the distended cone settles back, — perhaps gradually, 
 — may be quickly, drawing the dip of surrounding strata to 
 an axis. This may be so, or it may not be so. I have 
 never seen such operations — only the effects. Who will 
 suggest a better way of doing a large job of strata piling, 
 mountain and valley, earthquake and volcano making l 
 
 Should it be that the different ores are distributed pro- 
 miscuously through the interior of the earth, in horizontal 
 layers or strata of various thickness and at different depths, 
 
( ''o ) 
 
 we may begin to account for native metals, or those found 
 in such purity as to be called so. These ores being soft and 
 earthy in their beds, are carried up by the first escaping col- 
 umn ; some ejected in the explosion as dry dust, other por- 
 tions, smelted in their passage, thrown forth, cooled, form 
 the boulders ; other portions in their liquid state run into cav- 
 ities or cooling in the seams remain, showing, that in their 
 particular cases, the necessary heat and accompaniments for 
 smelting the ore, had somewhere combined. In other in- 
 stances where the combination was less perfect, other states 
 of purity are presented, as the boulders of black oxyde, hav- 
 ing 70 to 80 per cent copper; and the sulpturets and sul- 
 phates all indicating different degrees of perfection in the 
 action which the ore has undergone. 
 
 The reader who is opposed to theories, may say this di- 
 gression is a *' foolish philosophy," and has nothing to do 
 with mining. But from what I have seen of the mines and 
 veins, I am of opinion it will be found worth thinking upon 
 by all " exp/ore?-s," and ^^ prospectors.^^ 
 
 Were this the proper place, I would like to carry this 
 theorising a little further, and endeavour to show, as I be- 
 lieve, that this world has undergone, and will again, changes 
 in its nature, constitution^ and power of production, of not 
 only animal but vegetable organizations, involving causes 
 and effects, in whose history our system of geology is the 
 record of the things of yesterday, and that the prophet 
 Daniel's " Overturn ! Overturn ! Overturn !" three times 
 repeated, had a meaning in natural philosophy which the 
 Schools do not teach, or the Savans understand in this day, 
 viz : — that the oscillations of the globe, from the enlarge- 
 ment of the equator, and flattening of the poles, will, in 
 12,000 years, as the Hindoos say, change its axis, which 
 will undoubtedly be known, as it was to Noah, seven years 
 ahead, by the immense ratio of the yearly increase of the 
 arc described upon the heavens, and marked by the heavenly 
 bodies, as the sun's delineation, when the consummation 
 approaches. Also show, that Daniel's " time, times and a 
 half time," and " restoration of all things," was a part of 
 the same subject, and would require the time of two and 
 a half changes of axis, or the great Egyptian cycle of 
 30,000 years, which would restore places and limbs of the 
 
( '6 ) 
 
 earth to their positions of latitude and relation to the planets 
 geocentrically, which they had occupied at the commence- 
 ment of that cycle, when the earth would probably be a 
 perfect globe, and the sun have no declination. Further, 
 that, at each of these changes of the axis of the globe, the 
 earth, or rind often miles thick, is liable to be " burned, and 
 not consumed," by the rushing in of sufficient water and air 
 to extend the combustion, till the rind or earth breaks in by 
 continents, and the v/hole be changed by fire ; when she 
 will lose her electricity and magnetism, (from over heat, 
 as a magnetic needle will,) and, consequently, her atmo- 
 sphere and motion, and be like the moon, a cold, dead body 
 — a sort of balance-weight receiver of the surplus magnetism 
 of the overcharged members of the system, and giving it to 
 the negative as they approach her in their orbits ; — (" that 
 time no man knoweth, not even the angels in heaven ;") — 
 until after an " eternity," from the surplus moieties at times 
 retained, her magnetism or life may be vicuperated, and iu 
 proportion will motion on her axis return ; with motion, 
 proportionate atmosphere will again come ; with atmosphere, 
 humidity and temperature : — these will act upon, change 
 and decompose the surface ; her eternity is passed — time 
 and vegetation commence ; stinted and sickly shrubs, at 
 first, as on she rolls, turning her equator to the sun, in time 
 will become trees ; and magnetism is busily at work the 
 while, assorting to their different spheres and places, the 
 materials of the different rocks and metals, and preparing 
 ingredients for living organic productions, perhaps only to 
 he originated when the sun has no declination ; and when 
 there would be no variation of the magnetic needle, from 
 either " terrestrial " causes in changes of axis changing 
 the lines of circulation of the fluid : or from " celestial " 
 causes in the varied positions of the planets in their orbits, 
 unequally charged : and which harmonious recurrence may 
 have formed the Egyptian cycle of 30,000 years. Those 
 who think Moses wrote of " the beginning " witliout under- 
 standing his subject, or that Daniel spake without a mean- 
 hig, can have little or no idea of the wisdom of the Egyp- 
 tian magicians, (men of science,) whose store-house of science, 
 learning the arts, was the pyramids, which, when opened 
 1300 years ago, contained innumerable specimens of now 
 
( 77 ) 
 
 lost arts, as " glass that would bend without being broken," 
 — the written history of the world, " sealed up to the end" — 
 a written out system of astronomy — the names of the 
 stars, and how they moved in their courses — the various 
 medicines and poisons, and how they operated. For a minute 
 account of which, see " Description of the Pyramids of 
 Egypt, by John Greaves, Professor of Astronomy, Oxford," 
 published 1646 — which work is supposed to have originated 
 with King James I., of England, called the *' learned fool," — 
 who, while Prince, travelled in Egypt, Arabia and Persia, 
 having with him Mr. Greaves, in whose name this book, 
 containing descriptions, measurements and drawings of the 
 pyramids, was published. 
 
 But ! — my enduring reader, these are matters a long way 
 from Lake Superior, and the Copper Mines, and this is a 
 book of facts — not theories ; yet, if you shall find yourself 
 next season, as a Tourist or Explorer, in that land of the 
 " mountain and flood," where Summer's sunset hours are 
 farther up the arch of night, than in the latitude you left, — 
 if there, far from society and social haunts, by your camp- 
 fire musing, or chmbing some mountain-peak, observe the 
 stars wending their way through space, and then remember 
 these suggestions upon the destiny of worlds — may they in- 
 duce a wider range of thought, and 
 
 ** Lead thy will submissive to great Nature's laws — 
 Admire effects — and know they have a cattle. 
 7=^ 
 
( 78 ) 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 WORKING COMPANIES. 
 
 LAKE SUPERIOR MINING CO. 
 
 Eagle River. 
 
 Charles H. Gratiot is the a^ent and manager. This is 
 the Pioneer Company in working, followed closely, however, 
 by the Pittsburgh. This company have one shaft about 
 one mile back from the river of eighty-five feet deep with 
 drifts from it ; also five others of various depths from twelve 
 to forty feet. They have a drift started into the hill 
 from the bed of the creek at a lower altitude than most 
 of their shafts, which may be made an adit if necessary in 
 future. They have about thirty buildings in all upon their 
 location, and one hundred and forty men and women, and 
 children in numbers. They have a stamping machine driven 
 by water, with sieves and washers attached. Their saw-mill 
 is down within eighty rods of the lake. Piles of ore, esti- 
 mated at twelve hundred tons, broken up, lay about and 
 look like the prepared stone for McAdamizing. The veins 
 are native copper disseminated, and silver is represented to 
 be more than usually abundant in this vicinity, but in what 
 degree or quantity over what is often found in metaliferous 
 veins remains for working and extracting to determine. 
 Great regularity prevails here, considering there is no law, 
 and every thing manifests that energy, industry and capital 
 are uniting their efforts. The width of these veins cannot 
 be determined with accuracy — the whole depth of the deepest 
 shaft showed but little or no demarkation, as the copper 
 seemed distributed in all directions throughout the rock. 
 This company have sent down 4,573 lbs. of extracted native 
 copper. The amount sent forward is no criterion to judge 
 their works by. They have made large expenditures and 
 yet, although they have large quantities of broken rock ready 
 for crushing, they did not get their machine ready till very 
 late, and although it has cost dearly in transportation, &c., 
 
( 79 ) 
 
 it does not perform the work estimated or required. But 
 improvements will continue to be made in all these matters, 
 and ultimate profits, I doubt not, will pay present losses, 
 emanating from a want of knowledge and experience in the 
 business. 
 
 The rock of these works is the amygdaloid, containing 
 disseminated globules and leaves of native copper and silver. 
 Sometimes silver and copper are found in the same globule. 
 The vein is represented by Dr. Jackson to be eleven feet 
 wide and traceable for a mile. It is my opinion that there 
 is no clearly defined vei?i eleven feet wide — I think the whole 
 rock of the vicinity of these shafts contains disseminated me- 
 tals and may be worked, a circumstance, however, not pe- 
 culiar to this particular place. I think the same fact exists 
 on many of the neighbouring locations. But none of the 
 locations are yet explored to any extent. 
 
 The following statements of the richness and value of the 
 Eagle River Ore, are from Dr. C. T. Jackson : — 
 
 Analysis of 1500 grains of the Rock. — Silver from the 
 metals, 114 grs. 49 pwt.'s; copper, 27.51 ; silver from the 
 washed ore, 3.75 ; copper, 90.35. Amount of silver, 1 18.24 ; 
 do. of copper, 162.86. Refined or pure silver obtained by 
 reduction of the chloride 114.5 grs. 
 
 The analysis above detailed gives the quantity of silver in 
 a ton of the rock — 152.66 — valued at $20 per lb. av. 
 $3,053 20. A ton of the rock contains 203.57 of copper, 
 valued at 16 cents per lb. ; value of one ton of the rock, 
 $3,036 77. 
 
 The above was Dr. Jackson's first report. The following 
 one was subsequently made, I believe at a session of Philo- 
 sophers in New Haven : — 
 
 In a ton of the rude ore as delivered by the miner at the 
 pit bank on Eagle River there is the following per centage : 
 
 Of silver ^87,25 
 
 Of copper 42,10 
 
 Total $129,35 
 
 And in a ton of the ore as delivered at Boston there is 
 $568 worth of silver and over $200 worth of copper ; so 
 that it is more properly a silver mine than a copper mine ; 
 17 lbs. 9 oz. of the clean metal was obtained from 50 lbs. of 
 
( 80 ) 
 
 the ore, by careful assay. 50 lbs. of copper ore gave 1 1 lbs. 
 4 oz. in large pieces of copper and silver, besides the wash- 
 ings ; and an assay of that yielded 663 grains of pure silver, 
 or equal to 25 2-lOths of silver to a ton of ore. 
 
 PITTSBURGH COMPANY. 
 
 The Pittsburgh Company is located at Copper Harbour, 
 under the management of Dr. William Pettit, general agent 
 for their several works in operation. —At this place, on Lease 
 No. 4, on Lease No. 5, on the lake west of Eagle River, 
 and on Lease No. 12, adjoining it. 
 
 Lease No. 4 covers Copper Harbour, Porter's Island, and 
 Manganese Lake. They have erected seven or eight good 
 log buildings, including storehouse, blacksmith shop, «fec. 
 The vein they are working runs west of south from the har- 
 bour, where it first appears in the conglomerate at the water's 
 edge, some eight feet wide of spar, and thence to Lake Fanny 
 Hoe 80 rods south. Again it appears in the mountain oppo- 
 site. Upon the high ground back from the bay some 50 rods, 
 is a shaft 14 feet deep, which seemed to be on a branch rather 
 than the vein, the ore in it being only five or eight inches 
 wide, and inclining much to the west. About ten rods east- 
 erly of this shaft, was one 34 feet deep, which was, instead 
 of a regular shaft, a " fining up" of the crevice between the 
 wall rocks, which pitched to the east. This opening was 20 
 feet long at top, and the walls approached at the time of their 
 pitch within 18 inches of each other, but widened below ; 
 rather a tight squeeze to pass in the ore tubs, although they 
 were v/ell greased v/ith mud. The drifting belov/ is along 
 this crevice, from which the famous black oxyde of the Pitts- 
 burgh Co. is taken, and from which it is raised by "Jack" 
 &. Co. for $50 per ton. Jack failing in his contract when- 
 ever a " horse" comes in, and working by the month till it is 
 removed, when he again contracts ; of which he informed me 
 confidentially, as I was looking for a "job," which he took 
 the liberty of inferring from my dress and use of miners' 
 phrases, as well as willingness to go down in the "tub," 
 which soft clothes and soft nerves are not prepared for. To 
 be suspended in "a hole in the ground," 80 feet deep. 
 
( 81 ) 
 
 — to hear the chck of the hammers and drills below you, 
 and have it seem as if you never would reach the bottom, 
 and twice as long in going up, is rather squeamish at first, 
 but "nothing when you get used to it." A third shaft, 
 80 feet deep, is 20 rods further south on this vein, at the 
 bottom of which the "drift" is more west. In reaching this 
 depth, red sandstone was passed for a considerable portion 
 of the descent, and from thence the drifting for the vein, 
 which was just beginning to yield again. A gang is also 
 now at work upon probably the same vein a little west of 
 south from this shaft, in the mountain side across the lake, 
 where I think the work should have been begun, and all the 
 expenditures made in driving " drifts" at different altitudes 
 into the mountain's side, as this company's superintendent 
 back of Eagle River, Mr. Jennings, is now doing. From 
 the deep shaft it is 20 rods to Lake Fanny Hoe, which is 
 very deep, and bold banks, probably a perpendicular wall, 
 towards which, 80 feet from the surface, the south-westerly 
 drift is progressing, and must there stop. 
 
 Extract from Stockton's Report. 
 
 ** A vein of copper has recently been opened on Keweenaw Point, 
 near Fort Wilkins, which has already yielded several tons of ore ; 
 specimens of which have been submitted to Dr. Houghton, state 
 geologist of Michigan, who, by analysis, has found it to contain from 
 seventy to seventy-four per cent, of copper. Specimens of the same 
 ore have also been subjected to analysis by Dr. M'Clintock, assayer of 
 the United States mint at Philadelphia ; and the result of the exami- 
 nation appears from the following extract of a 1-etter from Dr, M'Clin- 
 tock to William Pettit, M.D., who has kindly furnished it for my use : 
 
 ' Having found leisure, since the receipt of your letter through Dr. 
 Jones, to make an analysis of the copper ore from Lake Superior, to 
 which it refers, it affords me great pleasure to transmit the result. 
 
 ' 100 parts of the ore contains of — 
 Silex . . 7-00 
 
 Metallic Copper 70-00 
 Oxygen . .17-50 
 
 C '^■R^ parh «niH { ^1*' according to Klaproth, 
 Carb. Acid, &c. 5-50= J ^.°^ witer ^ ^'^^ carbonic acid, 
 
 ^ ' (_V31 water. 
 
 " The mass of the ore is a peroxide of copper, producing a rich blue 
 colour with aqua ammonia, which the protoxide fails to do. The blue 
 carbonate of copper constitutes but a small portion of the specimen, 
 and seems to dip into its interior. The carbonates always contain a 
 portion of water, and you will therefore find the latter estimated with 
 the carbonic acid, &.C., 5-50 being the absent parts ; and no trace of 
 sulphur having been discovered, they are assumed to have been the 
 
( 82 ) 
 
 • 
 
 carbonic acid of the blue carbonate, and the water necessarily dissoci- 
 ated with it. 
 
 " I send you the pure metallic copper precipitated from a solution 
 of 50 grains parts of the ore ; it weighs 35 grains parts, and is there- 
 fore equal to 70 parts in 100. 
 
 " The absence of iron, sulphur, &c., adds greatly to the value of the 
 ore, by rendering the smelting much easier, and insuring a better article 
 when smelted." Dated February 4, 1S45. 
 
 Leases No. 5 and 12, belonging to this company, are on 
 the lake shore immediately joining and west of Eagle River^ 
 and under the sub-management of Mr. Joseph Hussey, who 
 has commenced building, &c., on No. 12, but to what extent 
 he has progressed I did not learn. The veins upon this 
 location are said to be good, corresponding with those opened 
 in the region east and back of them, on the other Pittsljurgh 
 Lease No. 5, and Albion Lease No. 10. 
 
 Lease No. 5 is under the sub-management of Mr. R. Jen- 
 nings — is three miles back from Eagle River, to which a 
 waggon road is made, which attains an altitude in tliis dis- 
 tance of 300 feet above the lake Here arc fine substantial 
 log buildings of good size, blacksmith and cooper's shop, &c. 
 The vein is native copper, disseminated in amygdaloid trap, 
 and runs perpendicular with N. W. and S. E. course or 
 nearer, perhaps, N. and S. into a prrcipitous hill 300 feet 
 high, upon the top of which the work was formerly com- 
 menced with a shaft, but which Mr. J. abandoned on taking 
 charge, and proceeded to open drifts at three different alti- 
 tudes into the Iiill horizontally, which, when necessary, will 
 be connected by ventilating shafts. The " offal rock" from 
 these drifts is thrown off a barrow run, and the ore sent down 
 in a chute. This vein was working very fine, three feet wide 
 where I saw it, and presented appearances of being dissemi- 
 nated throughout the rock. Ore sent produced 33,577 lbs. 
 
 NEW YORK AND LAKE SUPERIOR MINING COMPANY. 
 
 At Dead River, Agate Harbour and Eagle River, — 
 Edward Larned is general agent, and Charles Larned i.<; 
 the sub-agent and manager at Dead River. He has seven- 
 teen persons, fifteen men and two women. These are Eng- 
 lish and Irish. The overseer is a Cornish miner, who seems 
 
( ^JJ ) 
 
 to understand his business. They have erected five log- 
 buildings, including a storehouse and blacksmith's shop, and 
 a root house. 
 
 Their buildings and shaft commenced, are on the north 
 end of the point near the north bay, and on the west side 
 of the river. Their shaft is opened considerably above the 
 lake from which the hills rise back. Mr. Larned went on 
 with his men about the fifth of October last, and had put up 
 his buildings and worked but five days at the shaft, when I 
 was there, October 28th. The shaft commenced here is 
 upon a lead vein, from which they took three tons in the five 
 days they had worked. 
 
 The harbours of this place I have described before. The 
 river is a rapid river, (not dead) affording beautiful falls and 
 scenery in its course, a ad water power at hand, though for 
 a short distance affording a good place for vessels, if the 
 mouth shall have the sand bar removed. The country is 
 hilly in the rear, v.'ith good valleys, furnishing maple, oak, 
 ash, bass-wood, pine and birch. Of the two last they burn 
 their charcoal. This location is represented by Professor 
 F. Sheperd to contain copper and silver, but it has not been 
 thoroughly explored. 
 
 Adjoining this on the west, and belonging also to the N. 
 Y. and L. S. M. Company, covering Presque Isle, is Lease 
 No. 29. The rock is granite as at Granite Point, thrown 
 up through the red sand stone which appears at Garlic River 
 three miles west in cliffs, but generally forms the plateaus 
 between the granite hills, which seem to have thrust them- 
 selves up through it. No ores except iron and zinc are 
 found in sand stone strata ; but copper is usually found m 
 the granite above and at their junction. 
 
 Same — Agate Harbour. — This place is also described 
 iu coasting, and is covered by Lease No. 18, belonging to 
 this company. The sub-agent at this i)lace is Mr. Marlet, 
 and Mr. Hitchings conducts the mining operations. There 
 are at this place twenty-five men, four women, a number of 
 children, to which was added a native Irishman in the first 
 week. They have erected since their commencement on 
 the 29th September last, five commodious log houses, inclu- 
 ding store house and blacksmith's shop, a root house or cel- 
 lar above ground, twenty-four by sixteen, and sunk one shaft 
 
( 84 ) 
 
 forty-five feet, and another twenty-two feet. The buildings 
 and vein are on the outer neck of land, or conglomerate rock 
 which covers the eastern end of the harbour, near half a 
 mile from its extremity. The vein was opened at the lake 
 bank, by sinking a shaft, which is the forty-five feet one. 
 The spar vein of the surface was about 18 inches in width 
 at starting. The spar continues to its present depth, afford- 
 ing a green sulphuret. The wall rocks have gradually divi- 
 ded since passing the conglomerate of the surface, and 
 which filled the depressed line of the vein. Quantities of 
 what is termed the mother of ores has been raised, with green 
 and black sulpheret and spar. About thirty rods S. W. from 
 this shaft another is sunk upon the vein at a point where an 
 E. and W. vein intersects. The conglomerate was passed at 
 about nine feet, and the wall rocks of the two veins were 
 but a few inches apart, in which was again found the mother 
 of ores, green sulpheret and spar together ; and when down 
 twenty feet the wall rocks began to separate, and a black 
 sulpheret was found. The E. and W. vein being about ten 
 inches, the N. and S. about five at this point, we took a 
 double handful of the black sulpheret, which was of dark 
 marly appearance, and hke black earth, which we put in 
 an iron melting ladle sat upon the forge fire and covered over 
 with charcoal ; it melted and poured off (what did not escape 
 through the pores of the ladle,) yielding a piece of copper 
 the weight of a cent. From this, others can judge its rich- 
 ness as well as I can. They have here two cows, pigs, 
 poultry, and all that is necessary for pushing their works 
 rapidly. There are several veins on this location, and two 
 shafts have been sunk on a vein running into the liill across 
 the bay, but which were abandoned on commencing opera- 
 tions on the penisula. I think this last vein, which is in the 
 trap rock, might be traced to the neighbouring hills, and 
 worked by drifts to greater advantage than putting down 
 shafts on the low altitudes. This, like all of the other loca- 
 tions of this company, has not been thoroughly explored. 
 Even Shooneaw Lake, one mile back, is diflionlt to find. 
 
 Lease No. 31, on Eagle River, belongs to this company, 
 and is under the sub-agency and management of Mr. Bur- 
 chard. This location is on the east branch of Eagle River, and 
 the wagon road from Eagle Harbor to Copper Falls has 
 
( 85 ) 
 
 been exteiidecl west to Mr. B.'s place of operations. He 
 went on with supplies and fifteen men on the 12th Oct., and 
 on the 25tli had his road made and buildings well advanced. 
 The works on this location will be in the same range of trap 
 hills with the Copper Falls' works. This company also 
 hold Leases No. 3'2 and 17, which are next south of Copper 
 Harbour, and bordering on the south on Keweenaw Bay, 
 and through which the Little Montreal river runs to the Baye 
 Bris. Neither these nor their other Leases, Nos. 19, 22, 23, 
 at the mouth of the Montreal River, are yet worked. 
 
 THE ISLE ROYALE COMPANY. 
 
 Cyrus Mendenhall is agent and manager. They have 
 Leases Nos. 16 and 27, east from Copper Harbour, which 
 is No. 4. Mr. Mendenhall has been at work nearly the whole 
 summer, with from four to seven men, and now has ten. 
 This location is composed of conglomerate ridges next the 
 lake, with granite breaking through in small knobs and hills. 
 He has three small buildings near a little land-locked boat 
 harbour cut in the conglomerate shore by the action of the 
 lake. He has sunk at this place a shaft forty-five feet deep 
 in the trap rock, obtaining some green sulphurets, but on the 
 whole thus far without finding any quantity of value, but a 
 gradual increase in the indications as the shaft descends, 
 and which undoubtedly would lead to ore, but at what depth, 
 perseverance alone can determine. While I was at Copper 
 Harbour, a new vein of native copper was brought to Mr. 
 Mendenhall's knowledge by a soldier of the garrison, on the 
 award of Col. Todd and Capt. Albcrtis, who gave the sol- 
 dier, after examining the vein, for finding it, $50 cash, and 
 $500 to be paid from the first product of the vein. This 
 vein I examined in company with Mr. Mendenhall and Geo. 
 N. Saunders, Esq. The native copper makes its appear- 
 ance in a thin sheet widening inwards. Its outer edge was 
 the eighth of an inch, but I have a piece broke out with a 
 hammer, three-fourths of an inch. It presents itself thronjrh 
 a crack or vein in one of the trap knobs of a hill, 100 rods 
 south-west from their present works, which comes through 
 the conglomerate covering of the surface of this vicinity. 
 8 
 
( S6 ) 
 
 This vein Mr. M. intended to commence upon as soon as he 
 could erect his permanent buildings, which he is doing near 
 the eastern extremity or arm of Copper Harbour, on an inlet 
 of which he has this season raised potatos, turnips, &.C., and 
 which will produce good hay. This company have also 
 Lease No. 17, v/hose north-east corner joins the south-west 
 corner of Lease No. 4, (Copper Harbour) which is a very 
 hilly location, and its south-east corner cuts upon Kewee- 
 naw Bay — Lease 24 which is seven miles up the Montreal 
 River, Lease 25, five miles up the Montreal River, Leases 
 28 and 29, on the Montreal ; for these locations men with 
 provisions went up very lately, merely to hold and " pros- 
 pect." V 
 
 EAGLE HARBOUR COMPANY. 
 
 At Eagle Harbour. 
 
 This Company's location is on Lease No. 3 ; Mr. Sprague 
 is Agent and Manager of the work. He has twelve men — 
 has been lately erecting buildings, and preparing for future 
 operations. The vein is in the Trap River, immediately 
 on the South shore, 100 rods west of the Harbour. Here 
 are two or three shafts, and the deepest is 33 feet, in 
 sinking which, he thinks he has obtained sufficient ore to 
 pay for the work. The product is native copper dissemi- 
 nated in trap, and similar to that obtained at Copper Falls 
 three miles back. Mr. S. has all that is necessary to pro- 
 ceed vigorously with his work this winter ; there is a good 
 water fall one mile back. They are intending to lay out a 
 village plat here next spring, and erect a public house. It 
 is a first rate harbour, and a beautiful site for a town. This 
 place will probably do the commercial business for the adja- 
 cent country, including Eagle River. 
 
 THE COPPER FALLS COMPANY. 
 
 Mr. Childs is Agent and Manager of this work. Their 
 location is Lease No. 8. It is three miles, and a good wagon 
 road, back from Eagle Harbour. Mr. C. has erected six 
 log buildings. He has turned the course of a small stream, 
 
( ^' ) 
 
 and commenced on the vein in its bed, drifting into a liill 
 on an altitude of 100 feet from tlie base, and, I suppose, 
 300 feet above the Lake. The product of this vein, which 
 is two feet wide, is native copper disseminated in amygda- 
 loid trap. The spar, and other similarities, would indicate 
 it the same vein that Mr. Sprague is working at Eagle Har- 
 bour, or the one being worked at Grand Marias, by the 
 North Western Company. It is from this place the road is 
 continued by the New York Company, to their works on 
 Lease No. 31. 
 
 THE BOSTON COMPANY. 
 
 Two miles East of Agate Harbour. 
 
 Joseph Hempstead is Agent and Manager of their works, 
 which are on Lease No. 15. This lies upon the Lake shore, 
 next east from Agate Harbour. He has erected five first 
 rate commodious log buildings, and has a force of twelve 
 men. His buildings are two miles east of Agate Harbour, 
 and 100 rods from the Lake. The land falls from his build- 
 ings south to a beautiful little Lake, half a mile long, eighty 
 rods wide, at each end of which, up and down the valley, 
 are fine Ijeaver meadows of black alluvial deposit. One 
 mile west from his buildings is a native copper vein, from 
 which, next the Lake, was cut and blasted oif a piece of 
 pure copper, which lay on the bank when I was there, weigh- 
 ing probably 800 pounds, and another of 60 pounds ; the 
 first was three feet long by eighteen inches wide, and eight 
 inches thick. It was rather an oval form, and the wide end 
 thickest. This Company also own Leases No. 13 and 14, on 
 the south-eastern extremity of Keweenaw Point, but are not 
 working them. There is a most perfect natural road from 
 this place to Agate Harbour, running upon a conglomerate, 
 flat ridge, smooth and level. 
 
 BOHEMIAN COMPANY. 
 
 Back of Agate Harbour. 
 
 S. Mendlebaum is the Manager and Agent of this Com- 
 pany, which is working on Lease No. 35. The location 
 
( 88 ) 
 
 joins its nortli-west corner to the south-east corner of Agate 
 Harbour. The works of this Company are on the head 
 waters of Little Montreal River, in the amygdaloid trap, 
 about half a mile south of Musquito Lake — a Lake two 
 miles long, with a handsome island in its east end. He 
 had a company of men, on the 20th October, making a 
 road to Agate Harbour, and putting up buildings, and 
 making preparations for winter's work. 
 
 Ore taken from the vein at the first blast, is certified by 
 Dr. C. T. Jackson to yield twelve and a half per cent, cop- 
 per from the crude rock of the vein ; which, he represents, 
 as similar in all respects to the veins of the Eagle River 
 vicinity, except that the globules are fewer and larger. 
 
 NORTH WESTERN COMPANY. 
 
 At Gi'and Marias Harbour, 
 
 Mr. Bailey is Agent and Manager for this Company, 
 which is located upon the peninsula, on the eastern side of 
 Eagle Harbour, which also forms the west side of the Grand 
 Marias Harbour. Mr. B. had just commenced his buildings 
 on the east side of the peninsula, when I was there on the 
 18th of October. He had seven men, and provided with 
 all the necessaries to proceed to mining when his buildings 
 should be finished. The vein on which operations will be 
 commenced has been opened with blasts, and looks well 
 upon the surface. The mineral is the native copper dis- 
 seminated in the trap, as upon the west side of Eagle Har- 
 bour. Its width appears about the same. 
 
 The fact is, it is very difficult to determine the width of 
 these veins of native copper disseminated, for throughout 
 this whole region, the dissemination extends into what is 
 generally called the wall rock, while the spar and vein stones 
 in the conglomerate define the width. 
 
 Half a mile back from Grand Marias, is Island Lake, 
 which is one and three-quarters of a mile long east and 
 west, and a half to three-quarters of a mile wide, with an 
 island in it formed of conglomerate rock, and bearing a few- 
 trees 
 
 I have left off the mineral map, the dividing line between 
 
( 89 ) 
 
 the west line of Lease No. 18, and the west line of Lea^e 
 No. 9. My reason for so doing, is that there is a claim be- 
 fore the Commissioners for the Grand Marias, or a strip 
 covering the vein, which is resisted by the Eagle Harbour 
 Company. I am satisfied, by walking from Agate Harbour 
 to Eagle Harbour, that there is surplus lands between these 
 lines ; but the difficulty originated in measuring from Cop- 
 per Harbour to Agate Harbour, and then from Eagle River 
 to Eagle Harbour, without closing the work between these 
 points. 
 
 THE SUPERIOR COMPANY, 
 
 Adjoining Copper Harbour. 
 
 George N. Saunders is manager and agent for this Com- 
 pany. Their location is Lease No. 1, and next west adjoin- 
 ing Copper Harbour. There are to be seen several distinct 
 spar marked veins, in passing this location in a boat. Mr. 
 Saunders was preparing buildings, and had men employed 
 for winter operations. From one of them, upon whom I can 
 rely, I am informed the veins " prospected" upon afford 
 excellent specimens of native copper and ores, with. indica- 
 tions of large quantities. 
 
 ALBION MINING COMPANY. 
 
 Three miles south of Eagle River. 
 
 This Company have Lease No. 10, which is cut by the 
 west branch of Eagle River, and a stream falling into the 
 lake on the west. The location covers and gives name to 
 the Albion Rock heretofore described. They have con- 
 tracted for the erection of buildings and opening the road 
 this winter, from Jennings' works on Lease 5, intersecting 
 his road to mouth of Eagle River. 
 
 NORTH AMERICAN COMPANY. 
 
 West of Eagle River. 
 
 John Bacon is agent of this Company. Their location is 
 on Lease No. 7, which, like those of the previous described 
 8=^ 
 
( 90 ) 
 
 working companies, is a three miles square permit. A west 
 branch of the Eagle River runs through it. Their place of 
 operations is two and a half miles west of the mouth of 
 Eagle River, and their vein is, like all the others of this 
 vicinity, native copper disseminated. He had a force of ten 
 men, and was preparing his buildings on the 15th of Oc- 
 tober. 
 
 CHIPPEWA MINING COMPANY. 
 
 On the Ontonagon and Eagle Rivers. 
 
 This company is located on the Ontonagon and Engle 
 Rivers, as I was informed by their agent at Copper Har- 
 bour, Mr. W. H. Morell, and which I find reiterated in the 
 following extracts from a very interesting article of that gen- 
 tleman, published in the New-York Courier and Enquirer. 
 I have made an exception in this case and put down the 
 Chippewa Company as a working company upon his and 
 the following representations. The others I speak from per- 
 sonal visit and knowledge of 
 
 The article alluded to in speaking of the Ontonagon River 
 says : — 
 
 " In the last eight miles of its descent to the Lake, it falls 
 at the rate of one hundred feet or more to the mile, laying 
 bare the trap rocks which there form its bed, and exposing 
 to the explorer the veins that traverse them. Here numerous 
 veins containing copper have been found, most of which 
 have been covered by permits belonging to the Chippewa 
 Mining Co., and in proving which they have a force now at 
 work whose operations will be continued through the winter. 
 
 *' At the promontory forming Keweenaw Point, the 
 course of the veins is from ten to twenty-five degrees south 
 of east ; higher up the Lake, at Black River, and other lo- 
 calities, their course is as much, and oftener more, west of 
 south. These veins vary in width from a mere hne to several 
 yards, and their mineral contents, whether of silver or cop- 
 per, are for the most part found in a native state, although 
 in a few instances the sulphurets, and other rich ores of cop- 
 per^ have been discovered. But it must be recollected that 
 but comparatively little of this region has been exposed to 
 
( 91 ) 
 
 the explorer, and it is reasonable to expect that other veins, 
 perhaps of greater extent and richer in quality than those 
 now discovered, may yet be developed." 
 
 The last extract corroborates not only my own observa- 
 tion, but the representations of nearly all explorers of the 
 Lake Superior Mineral regions, that the great preponderance 
 of copper is found in the native state disseminated which all 
 analyzers thus far acknowledge, is unalloyed with other 
 metals. 
 
 ENGLISH COPPER PRODUCT AND COMMERCE. 
 
 Table showing the annual average produce of the Copper mines of 
 the County of Cornwall, England, from 1771 to 1822, 
 and her imports. 
 Average Average Average Average Average 
 number number amount percent value of 
 Years. of tons of of tons of per year of copper the cop- 
 
 ore per copper for which the pro- per pr. 
 year, produced it was sold duct from pound, 
 per year. 
 1771 to 1775 5 years 28,749 3,449 
 3,309 
 4,122 
 5,195 
 6,160 
 6,498 
 7,272 
 7,757 
 
 1776 " 
 
 1780 5 
 
 <c 
 
 27,580 
 
 1781 " 
 
 1786 6 
 
 <c 
 
 34,354 
 
 1796 " 
 
 1802 7 
 
 (C 
 
 51,843 
 
 1803 " 
 
 1807 5 
 
 <c 
 
 70,923 
 
 1808 " 
 
 1812 5 
 
 (( 
 
 70,434 
 
 1813 " 
 
 1817 5 
 
 «« 
 
 82,610 
 
 1818 " 
 
 1822 5 
 
 (C 
 
 04,391 
 
 The av' 
 
 'r'ge — 
 
 
 
 pr. year for 51 years 57,573 
 
 in dollars. 
 
 the ore. 
 
 cts. m'ls 
 
 ^■846,283 
 
 12 
 
 10 9 
 
 826,609 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 962,380 
 
 12 
 
 10 4- 
 
 2,125,046 
 
 10 
 
 18 2 
 
 3,174,725 
 
 S 
 
 23 
 
 2,886,835 
 
 9 
 
 12 9 
 
 2,878,723 
 
 8 
 
 17 6 
 
 3,111,811 
 
 8 
 9 7-8 
 
 17 9 
 
 i2,101,564 
 
 15 2-8 
 
 Great Britain imported in 1840, 28,757 Tons of Ore, at ^86 70 per ton 
 yielding in metal 5,751 Tons which sold for $2,493,031,90 
 
 The amount produced in G. Britian 
 estimated by Mr. D.La Beche, is about ^6,000,000,00 
 
 Making her copper trade ^8,493,031,90 
 
 Exports pr. an. 17,777 tons at 16 cts. lb $5,973,072,00 
 
 Leaving her to consume $2,219,969,90 
 
 We import into the U. S. 1,483 tons at 16 cts. per lb. $474,560,90 
 
 By the reported assays of our ores their probable average 
 will be found to be 25 per cent. But suppose they shall re- 
 sult at a minimum average of 20 per cent. The difference 
 between that and the average of the British ores will alone 
 
( 92 ) 
 
 enable us to undersell them, and take the markets of their 
 present exports to the amount of $6,000,000 per annum, and 
 we at the same time make as great profit as they now do^ or 
 greater, — for while they must raise their ores 500 to 1500 
 feet, our best veins in my opinion, will be found to be at 
 very advantageous altitudes in the mountains. And while 
 they will be compelled to expend immense sums on shafts 
 and adits, we may work upon an ascending line with inesti- 
 mable saving in the cost of mininf^. 
 
 But if even we are compelled to descend in pursuit of the 
 ore, the present shafts, in scarcely an instance, are troubled 
 with permanent water. I have been down all of them — in 
 no one did I see room for apprehending trouble from that 
 cause. I am led to this conclusion from other reasons than 
 its present absence. If w^e look upon the mineral region, 
 and the country around it, we find that the mineral has its 
 location in an immense range of hills, among which are in- 
 numerable small lakes, and generally very deep, an evidence 
 that their basins are very compact, or they would filter away 
 to Lake Superior, sometimes hundreds of feet below them, 
 and but a short distance oft". And, the bottom of Lake 
 Superior, which forms the toe of this range of hills, is at such 
 a depth, that but for the water these hills would be immense 
 mountains in altitude. The rock is dry, and although hard, 
 it is not difficult to penetrate with a drill, and its compact- 
 ness amply compensates in the throw of the blast for any 
 labour required over a softer rock. It is true, that nearly 
 all the works have been commenced by sinking shafts on 
 the lower levels. The reason is, that men, generally expe- 
 rienced miners, were engaged to commence them, who had 
 no more knowledge, however, of how mining should be done 
 on Lake Superior, beyond the mere mechanical operations, 
 than the most untried noviciate. Nor is it to be wondered 
 at, for they had never seen or heard any way except to go 
 down, down, down, year after year, driving adits for miles 
 under ground to get rid of entering streams from a higher 
 altitude than the ore. They followed experience in other 
 regions, and so did geologists and mineralogists in directing 
 them. The latter are fast finding out that their fixed sys- 
 tems were adapted to other regions ; and the miners are 
 finding out that it is easier to tumble their oft*al down a hill, 
 
( 93 ) 
 
 than it is to raise it up a shaft with a hand-wiudlass. But 
 for the time operations have been going on, the changes 
 already made clearly indicate what Yankee ingenuity and 
 penetration is destined to yet accomplish in copper mining. 
 If we look to Galena, we see them there following, ferret- 
 like, at great depths, an inch square vein of lead to advan- 
 tage. If lead can be thus worked to a profit, copper cer- 
 tainly can. 
 
 The mining business is, however, a peculiar one, for in 
 the best of mines, days and weeks of labour must be exhaust- 
 ed without any return, in the opening and preparing, and 
 where the vein contracts. It is a business, too, that has its 
 daily expenses, whether there is any return or not. It re- 
 quires the most particular supervision of the men. The most 
 perfect system and promptness in all its departments is of 
 the very last importance, and not least, is a sufficient capital 
 necessary to sustain that system. In this, as in all other 
 undertakings, some will fail and others succeed, having 
 the same advantages, the results depending entirely upon 
 their respective management. Those who have capital for 
 permanent investment, may, with ordinary discrimination, 
 make perfectly safe and advantageous investments with very 
 reasonable calculations on a regular and steady business, 
 and have the chances of immense sudden profits, which 
 will, without doubt, in many instances, be the case ; for all 
 that is yet known of the region is, that there are abundant 
 evidences of copper — that so far, working has almost inva- 
 riably sustained appearances. 
 
 Such, however, have been the representations, in some 
 cases, of the qualities of metal and facilities for obtaining it, 
 that many have imagined there would soon be an over sup- 
 ply. Of such, let me ask, where are the immense quantities 
 of lead and iron consumed 1 — No, there is not that person 
 now born, who will live to see copper positively decline except 
 with the price of manual labour, in this country any more 
 than it will be policy to drop it below competitors to usurp 
 the market. The uses for which it is scarcely ever employed 
 now, and would be but for the price, are almost innumer- 
 able. Now, the market is watched, and any increase of 
 consumption is certain to bring an increase of price, and 
 we confine it to actual necessary purposes. Soon as wc 
 
( 94 ) 
 
 produce it in considerable quantities, we shall see how the 
 demand will increase. We shall not then send our ships to 
 the miners to be coppered merely to save the slight difference 
 it now affords. Yankee ingenuity, I doubt not, is destined 
 to show itself in improvements in producing and treating 
 these ores, as it has in every thing else it has had presented 
 to its universal solvent powers. 
 
 This subject of copper, is no longer to be viewed as be- 
 liDuging peculiarly to " Adventurers.'''' Its importance and 
 prospective results to the nation, like other great resources 
 of our country, demands and will I'eceive the attention or the 
 capitalist and statesman. We are now paying $474,560 
 a year for copper which we may produce ourselves; add 
 this to the trade we may have from successful competi- 
 tion in $6,000,000 export of those who supply us, gives 
 a business in commerce of millions — Compare this with 
 our export of bread-stuffs — Let the capitalist cypher upon it — 
 Let the merchant think of the balance of exchano-e. 
 
 <JLOSSARY OF MINERS' & MINERAL TERMS. 
 
 The f<)llowing glossary of terms may be useful to readers, 
 or travellers in the mineral region : 
 
 Adit — A drain. One in Redruth is driven thirty miles 
 under ground, being a main one. 
 
 Alluvion^ or Alluvium — Recent deposits of earth, sand, 
 gravel, mud, stones, peet, shell banks, shell marl, drift sand, 
 &c., resulting from causes now in action, of which water is 
 a principal agent. 
 
 Amygdaloid — A trap rock which is porous and spongy, 
 with rounded cavities scattered through its mass, which are 
 often filled with agates and minerals. 
 
 Argillaceous — Clayey. 
 
 Augite. — A simple mineral of variable color, from black 
 through green and gray to white. It is a constituent of ma- 
 ny volcanic and trappean rocks, and is also found in some 
 of the granitic rocks. 
 
 Blend — A sulphate of zinc, a shining zinc ore. 
 
 Boivldcrs — Erratic gravel, lost rocks ; rocks which have 
 
( 95 ) 
 
 been transported from a great distance, and more or less 
 rounded by attrition or action of elements. 
 
 Basalt — One of the common trap rocks. It is composed 
 of Angite and feldspar, is hard, compact and dark green, or 
 black, and often has a regular columnar form. 
 
 Calcareous Rocks — Synonimous with limestone. 
 
 Calcareous Spar — Crystalized carbonate of lime. 
 
 Carbonates — Compounds, having carbonic acid, oxygen 
 and carbon. 
 
 Chalobyte — Impregnated with iron. 
 
 Conglomerate^ Crag or Pudding stone — Rocks composed 
 of rounded masses, pebbles and gravel cemented together 
 by siliceous, calcareous, or argillaceous cement. 
 
 Crystaline — An assemblage of imperfectly defined crys- 
 tals like loaf sugar and common white marble. 
 
 Cross Course — A lode intersecting at any angle, gene- 
 rally throwing the vein out of its course. 
 
 Cross — The best Ore. 
 
 Crushing — Grinding ores without water. 
 
 Cunieform — Wedge shaped. 
 
 Cut — To intersect by driving, sinking or rising. 
 
 Costeaning — Discovering lodes by sinking pits in their 
 vicinity, and driving transversely to their supposed direction, 
 
 Cofering — Securing the shaft from the influx of water by 
 raming in clay, <fec. 
 
 Co7'e — Miners usually work but six hours at a time, con- 
 sequently four pairs of men are required ; the forenoon, from 
 6 A. M. to 12 M., from 12 to 6 P. M. & 6 to 12 & 12 to 6. 
 
 Drift — A horizontal excavation in any direction under 
 ground, for ore ventilation, &c. 
 
 Dead Ground — The portion of lode in which the ore is 
 dead. 
 
 Deen — The end of a level or cross cut. 
 
 Dropper — A branch where it leaves the main lode. 
 
 Driving — Digging horizontally. 
 
 Durns — A frame of timber with boards placed behind, to 
 keep open shafts, levels, &c. 
 
 Drill — A steel-pointed iron bar from one to five feet, 
 struck with hammer biow», making a hole for a blast. 
 
 Elvan — Properly, clay stone. 
 
 Fast — The firm rock beneath the diluvium. 
 
( 96 ) 
 
 Fang — A niche in the side of an adit or shaft for an air 
 course. 
 
 Feeder — A branch where it falls into a lode. 
 
 Flookan — A soft clayey substance which is generally 
 found to accompany the cross courses and slides, and occa- 
 sionally the lodes themselves, but when applied to a vein, 
 means a cross course or vein of clay. 
 
 Fluke — The head of the charger, an instrument used for 
 clearing the hole previous to blasting. 
 
 Feldspar — A simple mineral and next abundant to quartz. 
 
 Foot^ or Underlaying Wall — Is the wall under the lode. 
 
 Fossils — Remains of animals and plants found buried in 
 the earth or enclosed in rocks in diiFerent stages of change. 
 
 Gad — A pointed wedge of a peculiar form, having its 
 sides of a porabolic figure, used in the mine for wedging oiF 
 splits. 
 
 Gossan — Oxyde of iron and quartz, generally occurring in 
 lodes at shallow depths. 
 
 Gnlp of Ore — A very large deposit of ore in a lode. 
 
 Gurmiies — Sands or workings. 
 
 Galena — An ore of lead composed of lead and sulphur. 
 
 Garnet — Simple mineral, usually red and crystalized. 
 Abundant in primitive rocks. 
 
 Greenstone — A trap rock composed of hornblende and 
 feldspar. 
 
 Horse — Is where a hard formation or the wall rock inter- 
 cepts a vein. 
 
 Hornblende — A mineral of dark green or black colour. 
 
 Lodes — Cracks or fissures containing ore. They vary in 
 course, shape and size, are generally coated with a hard 
 crystalization ; the width of a lode is known by the distance 
 between these crystalizations. 
 
 Leap — Is when a vein disappears suddenly by diminish- 
 ing in quality or quantity. 
 
 Mural Escapement — A rocky cUfF with a face nearly ver- 
 tical, like a wall. 
 
 3Iarl — By this term an argillaceous carbonate of hme is 
 usually implied. 
 
 Marly Clay — A clay containing carbonate of lime. 
 
 Metamorphic Rocks — Stratified division of primary rocks, 
 such as gneiss, mica slate, hornblende slate, quartz rock, &c. 
 
( "7 ) 
 
 Metalliferous — Containing metal or metalic ores. 
 
 Mica — A simple lightish mineral, having a shining silvery- 
 surface, capable of being split into very thin scales. The 
 brilliant scales in granite and gneiss are mica. 
 
 Mica Slate — One of the most stratified rocks belonging 
 to the primary class, composed of mica and quartz, the mica 
 being in layers makes it appear to predominate. 
 
 Native Metals-^Metah found in a natural uncombined 
 state. 
 
 New Red Sand Stone — A series of sandy and argillaceous, 
 and often calcareous strata, the prevailing colour of which 
 is brick red, but having portions greenish gray, which occur 
 often in spots and stripes, so that the series is sometimee 
 called variegated sand stone. In Europe lies immediately 
 above the coal measures. 
 
 Old Red Sand Stone — A stratified rock belonging to the 
 carboniferous group of Europe. 
 
 Oxyde — A combination of Oxygen with another body. 
 The term is usually limited to such combinations as do not 
 possess active acid or alkaline properties. 
 
 Primary Rocks — Those which lie below all the stratified 
 rocks, and exhibit no marks of sedimentary origin. They 
 contain no fossils, and are oldest or lowest strata known. 
 Granite, hornblende, quartz, and some slates belong to this 
 division. 
 
 Prospecting — Examining for and partially opening veins 
 when discovered. 
 
 Pyrites — A mineral compound of sulphur and iron. It is 
 usually of a brass yellow, brilliant, often crystalized, and 
 frequently mistaken for gold. 
 
 Quartz — A simple mineral, composed of silex. Rock 
 crystal is an example. 
 
 Strata. — Layers of rocks parallel to each othe. 
 
 Secondary Strata — An extensive series of the stratified 
 rocks which composed the crust of the globe, Avith certain 
 characters in common, which distinguish these from another 
 series below them, called primary^ and one above them called 
 tertiary. 
 
 Shaft — Is what is usually called a well. Is any required 
 diameter, depth for ventilation, or bringing up ore. After 
 9 
 
( 98 ) 
 
 drifting has progressed, shafts are required as ventilators, to 
 free them from the smoke of blasts. ' 
 
 Slate.- -A rock dividing into thin Jayers. 
 
 Stalactite.-Concreted corbonate of lime, hanging from 
 the roofs of caves, and like icicles in form. 
 
 Sedimentary Rocks — All those which have been formed 
 by their materials having been thrown down from a state of 
 suspension or solution in water. 
 
 Serpentine — A rock composed principally of hydrated 
 silicate of magnesia, and generally an unstratified rock. 
 
 Silex — The name of one of the few earths which is the 
 base of the flint quartz, and most sands and sand stone. 
 
 Simple Minerals — Ore composed of a single mineral sub- 
 stance, while rocks are generally aggregated minerals cemen- 
 ted together. 
 
 Syenite and Sienite — A granite rock, in which hornblende 
 replaces the mica. 
 
 Synclinal Axis — When the strata dips downward from 
 opposite directions like the side of a gutter. 
 
 Tertiara Strata — A series of sedimentary rocks with 
 characteristics which distinguish them from the two other 
 great series of strata, the secondary and primary, both of 
 which lie beneath them. 
 
 Transition Rocks — A series of rocks which lie below the 
 secondary and next above the primary, and are called 
 " transition," because they seem to have been formed at a 
 period when the earth was passing from an uninhabited to 
 a habitable condition, and contain a number of characteris- 
 tic fossils. 
 
 Trap — Trapean Rocks — Ancient volcanic rocks, com- 
 posed of feldspar, hornblende and augite. Basalt, green- 
 stone, amygdaloid and dolomite, are trap rocks. 
 
 Tuff — An Italian name for volcanic rocks of an earthy 
 texture. 
 
 Vein Stone — A thin crystaline coating or membrane each 
 side of a vein. 
 
 Wall Rock — The hard rock which is almost universally 
 found on each side of a vein, between which and the vein is 
 the crystalization called vein stone. 
 
{ 99 ) 
 
 NATIVE METALS AND ORES. 
 
 This list will be found to cover in some character all the 
 specimens of the Lake Superior mines, with the exception 
 of lead, iron, and zinc. 
 
 Gold. — Native, yellow, disseminated, in membranes and 
 flattish grains, crystallized in cubes, seldom massive, gener- 
 ally the colour of brass. 
 
 Silver.-ls lightish, occurs in membranes and plates, massive 
 and disseminated, in pieces and plates, crystallized in cubes, 
 octangular, four-sided, rectangular, prisms, &.C., and appears 
 to belong to the new primitive (trap) rocks. 
 
 Silver^ black. — Is of a bluish colour, occurs massive and 
 disseminated. 
 
 Red Silver Ore. — Dark red, and silver grey, six-sided, 
 resplendent. 
 
 Native Copper. — Is copper-red, often tarnished, massive 
 and disseminated, between semi-hard and soft, little frangible, 
 malleable, heavy, found in veins and kidneys. It fuses at 
 27 degrees of Wedgewood's pyrometer. The largest mass 
 ever known of native copper is the '' Ontonagon Rock," 
 weighing 3,704 lbs., from 25 miles up the Ontonagon 
 River, Lake Superior. 
 
 Copper Glance. — Usually dark lead-colour, passing to 
 blackish grey, soft, frangible, heavy, in veins. 
 
 Variegated Copper. — Colour between copper and pinch- 
 brown, occurs massive, disseminated, in membranes, crystal- 
 lized in octagons, soft, heavy, frangible, found in beds and 
 rocks. 
 
 Copper Pyrites. — Brass-yellow, shining and soft. The 
 best Swedish give 63 per cent. 
 
 Pyritous Copper^ or Bi-Sulphuret. — Strongly resembles 
 sulphuret of iron, but less pale in colour, harder, and gives 
 fire with the steel, often variegated colours. When pure, is 
 30 per cent, copper, 37 sulphur, 33 iron. It is the yellow 
 ore of Sweden, Cornwall, and Cuba. 
 
 White Copper Ore. — Colour between silver and white, a 
 bronze yellow, occurs massive and disseminated, internally 
 glittering, rather soft, brittle and heavy, found in veins and 
 beds in primitive rocks. 
 
 Grey Copper Ore. — Colour most commonly steel-grey, 
 
( 100 ) 
 
 massive and disseminated, crystallized in various forms, par- 
 tially hard, brittle, and heavy, found in new primitive (trap) 
 and transition rocks. 
 
 Red Copper Ore. — Colour dark cochineal-red, massive 
 and disseminated, glimmering, frangible, heavy, found the 
 same as the grey ore. 
 
 Copper, Black. — Colour betvreen bluish and brownish- 
 black, occurs massive and disseminated, and as a coating to 
 other copper ores, heavy, and yielding 40 to 80 per cent., 
 accompanied generally by copper pyrites, is found in a black 
 powder (podge), when massive a lustre on rubbing, is of a 
 velvet-black. 
 
 Sulphuret of Copper, (heavy,) or vitrous copper (brochant), 
 of which a great many varieties are known, very rich, yield- 
 ing when pure about 80 per cent, of copper, often crystallized, 
 presenting a shining lead-colour, but its colour is usually dark. 
 It crystallizes beautifully. 
 
 Tile Ore. — Red-hyacinth colour, massive, disseminated, 
 ghmmering metallic lustre, opaque, semi-hard, brittle, heavy, 
 frangible. 
 
 Copper, Azure. — Colour smalt-blue, frangible, dissemi- 
 nated, particles approaching heavy. 
 
 Copper, Green. — Colour verdigris-green, different degrees 
 of intensity, massive, disseminated, internally shining, soft, 
 not brittle, semi-hard, heavy. 
 
 Carbonate of Copper. — Blue and green, sometimes found 
 in beautiful crystals, and is often valuable as a gem. 
 
 Copper, Emerald. — Colour green, crystallized in six-sided 
 prisms, shining with vitreous lustre, translucent, semi-hard, 
 brittle, heavy. 
 
 Dioptate. — A rare and beautiful emerald malachite, con- 
 sisting of oxide of copper, carbonate of lime, silica, and water. 
 
 There is also what is called Sulphate of Copper, Phos- 
 phate of Copper, Muriate of Copper, Arseniate of Copper, 
 of infinite variations in contents, qualities, and colours. 
 
 Copper, Mica. — Usually emerald-green, massive, dissemi- 
 nated, crystallized in six-sided tables, translucent, transpa- 
 rent, soft, light, found only in veins. 
 
 Lenticular Ore. — Colour sky-blue, passing to green, crys- 
 tyllized in small flat double-sided pyramids, extremely shin- 
 ing, translucent, soft, rather brittle, frangible. 
 
( 101 ) 
 
 Olivium Ore, — Colour olive-green, seldom massive, small 
 crystals, acute rhomboids, oblique four-sided prisms, inter- 
 nally glittering, adamantine lustre, soft, heavy. 
 
 Manganese. — Black and shining, granular, called mag- 
 netic iron rock, is heavy, frangible, brittle, in strata, veins. 
 
 In the Cornwall veins the sulphurets of zinc occupy the 
 upper portion of the veins, succeeded by tin-stone, and then 
 come copper pyrites. On Lake Superior the sulphurets of 
 zinc and copper, and oxides of copper and iron, are similarly 
 found. 
 
 Yellow sulphuret, pyritous copper, are the main products 
 of the Cornwall, while native copper, the oxydes and sulphu- 
 rets prevail here. 
 
 GRANTEES AND No. OF LOCATION. 
 
 The following list of applications for permits, and No. of 
 certificate is as taken from the books of the Mineral Agency 
 at Copper Harbour, and comprises all the entries therein on 
 the 4th of October. But no real certainty of correctness be- 
 tween the list and map can be depended upon, for public 
 books and official business I never saw in such conglomerate 
 state as those of this Mineral Agency. Col. M'Nair, the 
 present incumbent, assisted by Mr. Ehason, I doubt not, will 
 look out for the future and Messrs. Todd and Bartley have 
 charge of the past. None of the entries of 1843, 113 in 
 number, are in this list although their number is on the map. 
 
 A 
 
 B 
 
 
 Boarman S. W. 
 
 484 
 
 Adams R. 41 
 
 Biddle S. B. 
 
 7 
 
 Bonrassan C. 
 
 194 
 
 Alexander W. G. 79 
 
 Bestor C. 
 
 10 
 
 Borrdwin N. 
 
 209 
 
 Atwood H. 163 
 
 Bush C. 
 
 16 
 
 Babo C. 
 
 214 
 
 Ashley A. 164 
 
 Bickly S. W. 
 
 20 
 
 Butterfield J. 
 
 220 
 
 Adams J. 183 
 
 Blemot J. 
 
 32 
 
 Bartlett J. 
 
 229 
 
 Adams J. A. 279 
 
 Bates M. 
 
 53 
 
 Bundtell E. 
 
 230 
 
 Anderson J. 314 
 
 Bates G. C. 
 
 69 
 
 Brewster C. W. 
 
 239 
 
 Alexander John 415 
 
 Berney J. E. 
 
 150 
 
 Buckley H. J. 
 
 267 
 
 AlleaJas. S. 459 
 
 Boyd J. J. 
 
 114 
 
 Bergman H. 
 
 274 
 
 Almy John 474 
 
 Burgess J. 
 
 131 
 
 Bartlett S. 
 
 290 
 
 Adams James 483 
 
 Brewster B. H. 
 
 146 
 
 Bennett W. 
 
 298 
 
 Adams John Q. 
 
 Brown J. 
 
 167 
 
 Brooks E. 
 
 303 
 
 (Monroe, Mich.) 505 
 
 Bradley J. 
 
 170 
 
 Broadhead J. R. 
 
 304 
 
 Austin W*. Benton 395 
 
 Brown S. B. 
 
 184 
 
 Brinkman J. 
 
 367 
 
( 103 
 
 Brastaw G. A. 323 
 
 Beris G. 333 
 
 Burt D. 340 
 
 Bell D. 357 
 
 Brown V. 393 
 
 Boyer Wm. H. 404 
 
 Boswell John 419 
 
 Blauvelt John 422 
 Banrassan Charles 432 
 
 Bacon Levi 468 
 
 Bank Barthol. 478 
 
 Bacon Erastus 489 
 
 Bell Robert 512 
 
 Benson A. G. 520 
 
 Beaugrand John xxv 
 
 C 
 
 Cornell M. 19 
 
 Childs J. 2G 
 
 Cults R. D. 27 
 
 Cowles Thos. 39 
 
 Chapman R. 47 
 
 Catton C 57 
 
 Comstock C. 60 
 
 Campbell G. 75 
 
 Campbell J. B. 82 
 
 Clark A. Ill 
 
 Chamberlain W. 120 
 
 Curell W. 123 
 
 Chandler E. 128 
 
 Conger 0. D. 133 
 
 Chapin T. 137 
 
 Campbell J. 143 
 
 Crows W. J. 148 
 
 Caulkins S. W. 153 
 
 Coxe R. S. 169 
 Clark M. St. Clair 171 
 
 Chester J. 176 
 
 Clark J. G. 181 
 
 Contains Louis 195 
 
 Cameron W 197 
 
 Cheever W. A. 201 
 
 Crawford 208 
 
 Clark A. 224 
 
 Coffin H. 231 
 
 Culter J. 234 
 
 Culter R. C. 238 
 
 Clark W. P. 247 
 Cummings Jno, P. 420 
 
 Cheever Wm. A. 423 
 
 Curtis Edward 436 
 
 Contains L. 431 
 
 Crosby Geo. 458 
 Chamberlain Sam. 460 
 
 Cross Robt. 466 
 
 Cowder John H. 516 
 
 Cheever Geo. E. 534 
 
 Cheever B. H 535 
 
 Chamberlain C. S 541 
 
 Cover Anson I 
 
 Clark W. P. jr. 250 
 
 Calbuck J. 273 
 
 Choate R. 278 
 
 Constant J. A. 2S6 
 
 Cutter C. W. 324 
 
 Cryler J, 346 
 
 Chaising E. 366 
 
 Cail J. 375 
 
 Cherry C. 37S 
 
 Curtiss 391 
 
 Chamberlain 0. 414 
 
 D 
 
 Decker G. 23 
 
 Douglass C. 37 
 
 Douglass CO. 59 
 
 Dorris H. E. 99 
 
 De Ruyter J. 117 
 
 Douglass M. 119 
 
 Dygert Rin. 140 
 
 Dorrer J. 179 
 
 Donoho S. 207 
 
 Deye Paul 211 
 
 Dorris J. 291 
 
 Dorris F. W. 292 
 
 Dixon Thomas 294 
 
 Derry E. C. 327 
 
 David D. Davis 450 
 
 De France H. A. 517 
 
 Dwight Geo. A. 521 
 
 Dermont J. B. 347 
 
 Dickey S. 356 
 
 Deckilbow L. 367 
 
 Darris J. 370 
 
 Darris E. E. 394 
 
 Dallas W. W. 406 
 
 Doyle Edward 412 
 
 E 
 
 Edwards T. 80 
 
 Eugherst W B. 85 
 
 Edwards H. 100 
 
 Eights Jas. 161 
 
 Emmons J. W 243 
 
 Erring J. 272 
 
 Ellicott E. T. 363 
 
 Ellicott A. 364 
 
 Ellicott B. 368 
 
 Erwin J. M. 518 
 
 F 
 
 Ford B. 87 
 
 Fuller A. 162 
 
 Forsyth L. C 212 
 
 Falley H. 271 
 
 Farrand J. S. 299 
 
 Fisk Asa 386 
 
 Flemming E. 399 
 
 G 
 
 Geisse A. H. 67 
 
 Green C. R. 71 
 
 Griffin E, 109 
 
 GriswoldG. R. 138 
 
 Gowin A. 147 
 
 Gormeo J. 178 
 
 Goshun C. 216 
 
 Grakin S. 236 
 
 GiUett R. 252 
 
 Grout J. R. 254 
 
 Gage L 264 
 
 Graham 283 
 
 Gleason E. 297 
 
 Green Samuel 313 
 
 Glenn J. 361 
 
 Glenn W. C. 362 
 
 Gormly Wm. R. 405 
 
 Gleason Jno. F. 440 
 
 Goddard Abel 444 
 
 Guthrie G. W. 519 
 
 H 
 
 Higgins James 13 
 
 Higgins J. 24 
 
 Hudson W. H. 34 
 
 Henshaw J. 38 
 
 Humphrey C, M. 44 
 
 Hassin A. 54 
 
 Humphey L. S. 61 
 
 Hanscomb A. H, 70 
 
 Howard J. 73 
 
 Helfenstein J. L. 74 
 
 Haddis Wm. 81 
 
 Higgins H. 94 
 
 Hazletonon G. A, 95 
 
 Holcomb D. H. 97 
 
 Hempsted J. L. 98 
 
 Hinker Ed. 115 
 
 Harmony M. 121 
 
( io» ) 
 
 Hopkins G. 
 
 122 
 
 Hall W. 
 
 124 
 
 Hall A. S 
 
 149 
 
 Hitchcock 
 
 152 
 
 Hayford 
 
 154 
 
 Hamilton D. 
 
 158 
 
 Howe W. H. 
 
 175 
 
 Hall D. A. 
 
 204 
 
 Hammond 
 
 251 
 
 Heriick J. 
 
 260 
 
 Horris S. 
 
 205 
 
 Hoffman C. 
 
 27G 
 
 Henshaw C. 
 
 277 
 
 Haines A. B. 
 
 285 
 
 Hannah J. 
 
 295 
 
 Hall M. 
 
 301 
 
 Harding F. A. 
 
 302 
 
 Hay H. S. 
 
 311 
 
 Howard H. N. 
 
 335 
 
 Hogan P. 
 
 336 
 
 Humphrey B, 
 
 358 
 
 Hannah L. 
 
 360 
 
 Hall R. 
 
 384 
 
 Homer Rufus 
 
 409 
 
 Hyde Oliver M. 
 
 413 
 
 Hale H. H. 
 
 417 
 
 Hall David A. 
 
 424 
 
 Herriman Edwin 
 
 425 
 
 Hyde Joseph E. 
 
 434 
 
 Hay James 
 
 515 
 
 Harring S'am'l K. 
 
 476 
 
 Hubbard Rich. D 
 
 . 507 
 
 Hunt Thomas J. 
 
 437 
 
 Holland Henry 
 
 438 
 
 Hawley Tim. H. 
 
 443 
 
 Holmes Cyrus 
 
 445 
 
 Hussey P. D. 
 
 449 
 
 Hayrs Andrew L. 
 
 463 
 
 Hudson A. W. 
 
 490 
 
 Howard Alex. H. 
 
 , 494 
 
 Hazewell Geo. R. 
 
 , 533 
 
 Hawes Wm. 
 J. 
 
 Jones Alba 
 
 536 
 
 49 
 
 Jewett D. B. 
 
 65 
 
 Jones A. 
 
 126 
 
 Jacobs 
 
 218 
 
 Jaffrey G. 
 
 237 
 
 Jones T. 
 
 355 
 
 Jennings R. 
 
 377 
 
 Johnson VV. W. 
 
 4-16 
 
 Jones Evan 451 
 
 Joy Thaddeus 539 
 
 Joy Lewis 540 
 
 Judson H. C. V 
 
 K. 
 
 Kemble G. 28 
 
 Kemble W. 30 
 
 Kenzte J. H. 68 
 
 Kettell T. P. 127. 
 
 Ken von C. 159 
 
 Knollman H. 189 
 
 Knowles A. 262 
 
 Kundut R. 275 
 
 Kendall D. 379. 
 
 Kimball D. 387 
 
 Kimball Moses 397 
 
 Kortnight N. G. 416 
 
 Knight Zeph. B. 436 
 
 Kidder C. D. 456 
 Kellog Chancey P. 465 
 
 King Charles 522 
 
 Kingman E. 523 
 
 Lvon Lucius 42 
 
 Litchfield E. C. 6Q 
 
 Listen Geo. R. 125 
 
 Learned Edward 150 
 
 Learned C. G. 151 
 
 Lumbley Geo. 173 
 
 La Birice 198 
 
 Ladd C. H. 232 
 
 Ladd A. H. 242 
 
 Ledyord A. H. 253 
 
 Livingston A. 305 
 
 La Clair F. 316 
 
 Leming 0. 318 
 
 Langiedge W. 334 
 
 Littlejohn D. C 348 
 
 Littlejohn G. F. 349 
 
 Littlejohn F. J. 351 
 
 Littlejohn F. S. 352 
 
 Lewis C. 376 
 
 Libbey S. 385 
 
 Libbey F. 408 
 La Reviere, Pierre 429 
 
 Leland A. L. 467 
 
 Lee Wm. S. 405 
 
 Lamb Thomas 50S 
 
 Lormis H. B. 524 
 
 Lyman S. P. 525 
 
 M. 
 
 Meneclair Nick 3 
 
 Morrell A. 15 
 
 Morris H. 29 
 
 Morris G. W. 31 
 
 Magill A. W. 76 
 
 Magill J. 77 
 
 Murhead J. R. 84 
 
 Murhead J. B. 86 
 
 May J. 89 
 
 McCormick 90 
 
 Murray J. B. 91 
 
 Myers T. 104 
 
 Myers J. 105 
 
 Mayhur A. 112 
 
 Mickle A. H. 118 
 
 Morit J. 142 
 
 Moran G. 144 
 
 M'Culley S. 145 
 
 Maynard S. 156 
 
 Miller R. 191 
 
 Milett D. 196 
 
 Marsh C. W 203 
 
 Marsh F. 200 
 
 Meyone J. 206 
 
 Munger D. 215 
 
 Mendenhall C. 227 
 
 Moran Ed. 315 
 
 Miller W. 319 
 
 Morell W. H. 325 
 
 Moon W. 330 
 Moneyweather A. 337 
 
 Mercer W. H. 338 
 
 Murphy J. P. 369 
 
 MouronH. N 381 
 
 Matthews M. 421 
 
 Millett Derick 430 
 
 M'Cabe James 435 
 
 Mason Milton 452 
 
 Morell Wm. H. 526 
 
 Merritt Charles 433 
 
 Marion C. B. 441 
 
 Marion M. P. 442 
 
 Matthews A. B. 470 
 
 Maclay Moses B. 498 
 Morrison Robt. H. 499 
 
 M'Connell Wm. 514 
 
 Morv Peter 531 
 
 Murdock Chas. 537 
 
 Moore M. M. K 
 
( 104 ) 
 
 N. 
 Nowell F. 
 Nowell John 
 Nourse, C. P. 
 Nelson Warren I. 
 Niles R. 
 Noble Chas. N. 
 
 0. 
 Ord P. 
 O'Brien W. 
 Oldg A. 
 Ord W. M. 
 Odell L. 
 O'Conner D. 
 Oakly Jas, M. 
 Otis John 
 Olmsted J. D. 
 Olmsted Cotton 
 Olcott Theodore 
 
 P. 
 Pettit Wm. 
 Pettit Joseph 
 Phcenix D. A, 
 Payne C. S. 
 Peck S. 
 Painter C. 
 Paul J. 
 Prentiss E. 
 Picket T, 
 Park H. 
 Parks C C. 
 Parron G. 
 Prentiss W. W 
 Parks R. 
 Painter C. W. 
 Palmer Thomas 
 Perdee Thos. H. 
 Parsons Jas. M. 
 Parmlee Abner C. 
 Palmer Moron S. 
 Page Rufus R. 
 Patchin T. W. 
 Punkins Jacob J. 
 Painter J. 
 Painter J. 
 Pony T. 
 Palmer L. 
 
 Q. 
 Quinn P. 
 Quinn H. 
 
 
 R 
 
 
 Stevens S. 
 
 259 
 
 8 
 
 Ruajgles D. 
 
 4 
 
 Sargeant N. 
 
 266 
 
 72 
 
 Ruggles W. P. 
 
 5 
 
 Scudder C. 
 
 280 
 
 72 
 
 Richards R. R. 
 
 14 
 
 Swan Robert 
 
 284 
 
 469 
 
 Robinson Wm. Jr, 
 
 , 43 
 
 Sheldon 
 
 293 
 
 491 
 
 Randolph G. F. 
 
 48 
 
 Sanders V 
 
 290 
 
 502 
 
 Rice R. S. 
 
 51 
 
 Shepard C. E, 
 
 345 
 
 
 Roberts R E 
 
 55 
 
 Study H. 
 
 372 
 
 56 
 
 Roy J 
 
 64 
 
 Spalding W. 
 
 374 
 
 210 
 
 Richardson L. 
 
 83 
 
 Swany Barney 
 
 454 
 
 213 
 
 Richmond C. T. 
 
 132 
 
 Smith Julius C. 
 
 473 
 
 226 
 
 Roberts E. J. 
 
 139 
 
 Spies A. W. 
 
 477 
 
 235 
 
 Richmond C. 
 
 141 
 
 Sylvester Henry H.480 
 
 453 
 
 Roberts E. J. 
 
 139 
 
 Swenny Hugh B. 
 
 485 
 
 492 
 
 Rice Sam. 
 
 241 
 
 Smith Henry M. 
 
 497 
 
 493 
 
 Rollins W. C. 
 
 244 
 
 Smith Henry 
 
 504 ^ 
 
 528 
 
 Richardson 0. D. 
 
 268 
 
 Simpson W. H. 
 
 509 
 
 532 
 
 Richmond W. A. 
 
 son 
 
 Swift Henry 
 
 510 
 
 538 
 
 Rinchard J. J 
 
 312 
 
 Stickney Josiah 
 
 511 
 
 
 Richards W. 
 
 332 
 
 Snowden Thos. S 
 
 . 529 
 
 1 
 
 Raymond 
 
 343 
 
 Sinclair 
 
 X 
 
 2 
 
 Raum E. C. 
 
 373 
 
 Smith Samuel 
 
 H 
 
 9 
 
 Randall A. 
 
 390 
 
 Saunders W. S 
 
 R 
 
 21 
 
 Rogers John S. 
 
 E 
 
 Smith W. 
 
 G 
 
 45 
 
 Roger H. D, 
 
 F 
 
 Stone E. W. 
 
 389 
 
 106 
 
 Raymond Ed. A. 
 
 396 
 
 Sears J. H. 
 
 392 
 
 113 
 
 Robinson Wm. (P) 457 
 
 Saver Michael 
 
 401 
 
 168 
 
 Richmond Jon. 
 
 475 
 
 Southbird Lewis 
 
 402 
 
 177 
 
 Rowe Wm-. R. 
 
 486 
 
 Shawern Lewis 
 
 403 
 
 221 
 
 Record Chas. 0. 
 
 487 
 
 Smith W. G. 
 
 427 
 
 223 
 
 Raymond H. J. 
 
 527 
 
 (No names in en^ 
 
 
 24o 
 
 Richmond Fred. 
 
 530 
 
 try) 
 
 428 
 
 243 
 
 S. 
 
 
 T. 
 
 
 263 
 
 Smith J. A. 
 
 11 
 
 Tucker S. W. 
 
 17 
 
 281 
 
 Stewart A. 
 
 22 
 
 Titus Theodore 
 
 18 
 
 411 
 
 Sherman A. 
 
 46 
 
 Tap pan C. W. 
 
 88 
 
 439 
 
 Skinner J. E. 
 
 58 
 
 Tibbatts L. 
 
 93 
 
 461 
 
 Stryker J, 
 
 62 
 
 Thompson E H. 
 
 90 
 
 464 
 
 Scott T. 
 
 92 
 
 Tappan John 
 
 102 
 
 488 
 
 Stoddard C. 
 
 101 
 
 Tappan C. 
 
 103 
 
 496 
 
 Swaitby S. A. 
 
 116 
 
 Titus M. 
 
 134 
 
 506 
 
 Sterling J. M. 
 
 180 
 
 Titus P. S. 
 
 135 
 
 V 
 
 Sahl J. 
 
 182 
 
 Titus J. H 
 
 136 
 
 282 
 
 Snider J. 
 
 192 
 
 Thompson D. 
 
 155 
 
 321 
 
 Swenny Geo. 
 
 188 
 
 Tyler T 
 
 205 
 
 371 
 
 Schtatter W. 
 
 225 
 
 Taylor H. W. 
 
 217 
 
 383 
 
 Smith J. 
 
 223 
 
 Tappan C. T. 
 
 245 
 
 
 Simmons J, 
 
 233 
 
 Thurbcr H. C. 
 
 258 
 
 174 
 
 Sterling W. C. 
 
 246 
 
 Tuckerman J. 
 
 287 
 
 202 
 
 Skinner H. S. 
 
 249 
 
 Trumbull J. A. 
 
 326 
 
 
 Stuart N. P. 
 
 257 
 
 Trutbnt E. 
 
 339 
 
( 105 ) 
 
 Turburt A. D. 
 
 344 
 
 Waterbury J. M. 
 
 36 
 
 Ward J. 
 
 28b 
 
 Ten Eyck Z. 
 
 410 
 
 Ward Wm. 
 
 40 
 
 Webb J. W. 
 
 322 
 
 Talcott Chas. S. 
 
 418 
 
 Wickwore C. 
 
 50 
 
 Williams R. 
 
 328 
 
 Tiller Jas. P. (P't) 448 
 
 Winder Jno. 
 
 52 
 
 Wylde J. 
 
 341 
 
 Tillatson Henry 
 
 A.462 
 
 Wilkinson John 
 
 63 
 
 WykofFN. 
 
 342 
 
 Towle Milo 
 
 479 
 
 Wheaton T. L. 
 
 78 
 
 Warring J. B. 
 
 350 
 
 Thomas Geo C. 
 
 482 
 
 Warner G. C. 
 
 108 
 
 Willis E. 
 
 353 
 
 Thurber J. S. 
 
 500 
 
 Warder W. 
 
 129 
 
 Willis C. 
 
 354 
 
 Titus Henry S. 
 
 513 
 
 Wheelock C. B. 
 
 157 
 
 Wright G. 
 
 359 
 
 U. 
 
 
 Williams T. 
 
 160 
 
 Wallen M. 
 
 380 
 
 Updegraf N. 
 
 320 
 
 Walner F. 
 
 190 
 
 Watson J. R. 
 
 382 
 
 V. 
 
 
 Wevmeur J. 
 
 193 
 
 Waterman N. 
 
 388 
 
 Vouthy N. 
 
 107 
 
 Webster F. 
 
 199 
 
 Watts Samuel 
 
 398 
 
 Vandewater E. 
 
 329 
 
 Whitmore G. C. 
 
 219 
 
 Williams James 
 
 .400 
 
 Van Dyke J. A. 
 
 447 
 
 Wales E. B. 
 
 222 
 
 White Geo. R. 
 
 407 
 
 W. 
 
 
 Williams G. 
 
 255 
 
 White Wm. W. 
 
 453 
 
 Wells W. J. 
 
 6 
 
 Williams A, 
 
 256 
 
 Williams Benj. 
 
 .471 
 
 Watson J. V. 
 
 12 
 
 Webb J. F. 
 
 261 
 
 Wisner 0. F. 
 
 472 
 
 Whitney H. 
 
 25 
 
 Williams J. M. 
 
 269 
 
 Weightmore R. C 
 
 .481 
 
 Ward A. H. 
 
 33 
 
 Weber W. 
 
 270 
 
 Wing A. K 
 
 501 
 
 Waterbury L. 
 
 35 
 
 
 
 
 
 VOCABULARY OF INDIAN & FRENCH. 
 
 The following Vocabulary of Words in the Indian and 
 French, will enable the voyageur to proceed among the 
 half-breeds and Indians, without difficulty. They are spelled 
 as pronounced by Messrs. Graveret and Rousseau, of 
 Mackinaw and Sault St. Mary's, United States Interpreters, 
 and Mr. Warren, of La Point. 
 
 Boo'zhoo, from the French Bon jour, is used throughout 
 the whole country by Indians and others. This word all 
 understand as " how do you do ?" " good morning ;" &c. — 
 is the first salutation. 
 
 Indian. 
 
 Fr. Spelling. 
 
 Fr. Pron'ciatr 
 
 n Definitions. 
 
 On-eu-meek 
 
 qui, quoi, oie. 
 
 ke, koo-ah, oo 
 
 How much, for. 
 
 Ah-nien-da 
 
 oie, d'oie 
 
 d 00 por 00 
 
 Where, whence. 
 
 Ah-ni-pe 
 
 que, de quoi ? 
 
 ke, dai koo ah 
 
 When; of what. 
 
 Man-don 
 
 ce 
 
 suh 
 
 This. 
 
 Man-don-way-ta 
 
 cet 
 
 say 
 
 That, 
 
 Mus-ca-wa 
 
 son, bruit 
 
 song, broo-e 
 
 Noise 
 
 Ma-moon 
 
 prendre 
 
 prangdr 
 
 Take. 
 
 Nin-mene 
 
 donner 
 
 donai 
 
 Give. 
 
 Kit-che 
 
 gros 
 
 gro 
 
 Large, Largest. 
 
 Ninne 
 
 homme 
 
 omm 
 
 Man. 
 
 Quay 
 
 femme 
 
 fern 
 
 Woman. 
 
( 106 ) 
 
 Que-we-zans 
 
 Qua-sance 
 
 Nosce 
 
 Qua-nosce 
 
 She-me 
 
 She-she-me 
 
 Nenne 
 
 Keen 
 
 Scuta 
 
 Scu-4;arme-gut 
 
 She-na-ma-gut 
 
 Gie-me-won 
 
 Ni-be 
 
 Nee-be 
 
 Sa-got-a-gun 
 
 Kit-che-gam-e 
 
 Per-qua-zhe-gun 
 
 Wee -OS 
 
 0-pay-a-gun 
 
 Pos-kes-e-gun 
 
 Muck-ca-ta 
 
 Ahn-win 
 
 Mish-quaw 
 
 Muck-dta-wa 
 
 Way-gaw-quet 
 
 Mo-co-mo 
 
 Wa-bo-wi-on 
 
 Man-i-tou 
 
 Kitche-ke-zick 
 
 Ke-zick 
 
 Kee-zhe-gut 
 
 Me-kee-zhe-gut 
 
 Ni-be-cut 
 
 Na-que-shine 
 
 A-mick 
 
 Ne-kick 
 
 Wa-goone 
 
 Ah-ne-morh 
 
 Kee-goo 
 
 Yan 
 
 Muck-wa 
 
 Muck-wa-yan 
 
 Shoon-e-aw 
 
 Ca-noe 
 
 Cah-ween 
 
 Na-uh 
 
 En-dosh ! 
 
 Pa-zhick 
 Nees-bec 
 Nis-wa 
 
 enfant 
 
 fiUe 
 
 pere 
 
 mere 
 
 frere 
 
 soeur 
 
 moi 
 
 vous 
 
 feu 
 
 chaleur 
 
 froid 
 
 pluie 
 
 eau 
 
 riviere 
 
 Lac 
 
 gros lac 
 
 pain 
 
 viande 
 
 fumeur 
 
 fusile 
 
 poudre 
 
 bals de plomb 
 
 rouge 
 
 noir 
 
 hache 
 
 coteau 
 
 blonquette 
 
 dieu 
 
 soliel 
 
 lune 
 
 jour 
 
 dimauche 
 
 nuit 
 
 c'nuit 
 
 castor 
 
 loutra 
 
 renard 
 
 chien 
 
 poisson 
 
 peau 
 
 ours 
 
 peau d'ours 
 
 argent 
 
 barquerolle 
 
 non 
 
 oui 
 
 haler 
 
 Counting. 
 un 
 
 deux 
 trois 
 
 ang-fang, 
 
 Child, 
 
 fee-yuh 
 
 Girl. 
 
 pay re 
 
 Father. 
 
 mayre 
 
 Mother. 
 
 frayre 
 
 Brother. 
 
 seur 
 
 Sister. 
 
 mooah 
 
 Me. 
 
 vooe 
 
 You. 
 
 fuh 
 
 Fire. 
 
 shah-lui 
 
 Hot. 
 
 froo-ah 
 
 Cold. 
 
 ploo-ee 
 
 Rain. 
 
 
 
 ^V^ater. 
 
 re-vyayre 
 
 Small River. 
 
 lack 
 
 Lake. 
 
 gro lack 
 
 Big Lake. 
 
 pamg 
 
 Bread. 
 
 vyangde 
 
 Meat. 
 
 foo-mur 
 
 Pipe. 
 
 fue-seil 
 
 Gun. 
 
 poodr 
 
 Powder. 
 
 bals des plom 
 
 Lead Balls, shot 
 
 roohje 
 
 Red. 
 
 noo-ar 
 
 Black 
 
 hash 
 
 Axe. 
 
 coo-to 
 
 Knife. 
 
 blang-kett 
 
 Blanket. 
 
 dyuh 
 
 Great Spirit. 
 
 solay-uh 
 
 Sun. 
 
 loon 
 
 Moon. 
 
 zhoor 
 
 Day. 
 
 de-mangshe 
 
 Sabbath Day. 
 
 noo-e 
 
 Night. 
 
 se-nooe 
 
 To-night. 
 
 castor 
 
 Beaver. 
 
 lootar 
 
 Ottar. 
 
 ruh-nar 
 
 Fox. 
 
 shaying 
 
 Dog. 
 
 poo-ah-song 
 
 Fish. 
 
 poo 
 
 Skin. 
 
 ours 
 
 Bear. 
 
 pooh d'oures 
 
 Bear skin. 
 
 I'arjang 
 
 Silver, copper. 
 
 bark-rol 
 
 Canoe 
 
 no 
 
 No. 
 
 oo-e 
 
 Yes. 
 
 ha-lai 
 
 Hallo '. 
 
 ung. 
 
 duhe. 
 
 troo-au. 
 
 one 
 two 
 three 
 
( 107 
 
 Nee-wen 
 
 quatrre 
 
 khah'tr. 
 
 four 
 
 Nan-nan 
 
 cinq 
 
 saingke. 
 
 five 
 
 Go-te-was-vvee 
 
 sis 
 
 seze. 
 
 ix 
 
 Che-was-wee 
 
 sept 
 
 set. 
 
 seven 
 
 Me-che-was-wee 
 
 huit 
 
 oo-itt. 
 
 eight 
 
 Chong-gus-wee 
 
 neuf 
 
 nuff. 
 
 nine 
 
 Me-toS'We 
 
 dix 
 
 diss. 
 
 ten 
 
 For counting after 10, Che is used before the numeral, as 
 CAe-pa-zhick, 11, Che chong-gus-wee, 19 ; and in tens She follows- 
 as Cha-pa-zhick-me-tos-we-5Ae — Thirty, trante trangte. 
 
 And so on. 
 
 THE PLEASURE TOUR. 
 
 When I left Copper Harbor, on the 25th October, ar- 
 rangements were making for the completion this winter, of a 
 waggon road, from Copper Harbor to Eagle River. By let- 
 ters received within a iew days, I learn that the contempla- 
 ted road is now finished between Copper and Agate Har- 
 bors, nine miles, and rapidly progressing towards Eagle 
 River. Preparations are making to run a stage daily be- 
 tween Copper Harbor and Eagle River. The workmen, I 
 also learn, are engaged in erecting Public Houses at Cop- 
 per Harbor and Eagle River, and no doubt Eagle and 
 Agate Harbors will be also supplied. 
 
 Thus, the pleasure traveller has a new route of unequalled 
 beauty and interest opened to him, with acconmiodations and 
 comforts. From Lake Superior, he may proceed by the 
 voyageur's canoe up the Bois Brule River, through Upper 
 St. Croix, and down the River St. Croix to its Falls, where 
 is a village, fine Hotel, and steamboats depart for New Or- 
 leans, or up to the Falls of St. Anthony 20 miles above the 
 junction of the St. Croix and Mississippi. From both the 
 St. Croix Falls and Falls of St. Anthony, millions of lumber 
 are yearly sent down. There are at each point thriving vil- 
 lages. This route from Lake Superior to the Mississippi, 
 has already been traversed by many ladies with their hus- 
 bands, in journeys to and from the Fur stations, and may 
 be performed with no more fatigue or inconvenience by any 
 lady, than the romance of a few night's camping with a good 
 India rubber tent; sleeping on mats, skins and blankets 
 
( i08 ) 
 
 laid upon boughs, and eating without a table. There is one 
 party of ladies and gentlemen organized, I Jearn, for a trip 
 on this route next season, from Hartford, and no doubt 
 many others will be met there, for, from Buffalo^ in three 
 days Mackinaw is reached, another day, Sault St. Mary, in 
 another Copper Harbor, anothr La Point, in one day more, 
 Fon du Lac. If the traveller shall not wish to go to Fon du 
 Lac, or if he do. on return of the steamer, he may have his 
 canoe or canoes launched from her off the mouth of the 
 Brula, and entering that river two days brings him to the 
 portage of Lake St. Croix — two days more to the Falls of 
 St. Croix. 
 
 The canoes of any required size and convenience, and 
 the necessary out-jfits of voyageurs, and supplies of any kind 
 desired, can be obtained at all times and on terms cheap in 
 comparison to the usual expectations, at either St. Mary's, 
 La Point, or Fon du Lac. The canoes may be purchased 
 and voyageurs obtained on wages, or both canoes and men 
 may be hired for time or voyage. Also all these may at any 
 time be obtained at the Falls of St. Croix by travellers de- 
 siring to cross from the Mississippi to Lake Superior. Even 
 last season dozens of canoes might be seen in a day, or the 
 light of their camp fires at night upon this route ; often far 
 ahead would be heard coming, on the night air, the voy- 
 ageurs chorus, till turning a point with arrow speed and 
 graceful circle, on they come — they meet — the chorus ceases 
 — a mutual " bon soir !" " bon soir !" — " adieu ! adieu !" — 
 we pass, — again the song — perhaps an hour after we hear, 
 though far apart by the river's turns, faintly, across the 
 bends, the whoop that interlards their song. On with the 
 current and the oar they fly toward the frigid north, and 
 we our way toward the equator. 
 
 STEAM & SAIL VESSELS. 
 
 Before leaving the Sault St. Mary's, I examined the vessels, 
 which are as follows : 
 
 Julia Palmer^ steamboat belonging to Col. W. F. P. Tay- 
 lor, of Buffalo, was lying at the foot of the rapids, preparatory 
 to being hauled over the portage. She is a staunch and very 
 
( 109 ) 
 
 well found vessel, capable of running ten miles an hour; has 
 accommodations for 300 passengers, and is about 280 
 tons burden, rigged with sails* Her main deck contains a 
 ladies' cabin, and there is below that a steerage cabin. On 
 the upper deck is the dining cabin, on each side of which is 
 a tier of state rooms fore and aft, opening on the deck and 
 into the dining room. Having a larger number of state rooms 
 than will be likely to be required, it is intended, this winter, 
 in making many proposed convenient arrangements, to throw- 
 two of those together, with a door opening into the third, in 
 this way forming four or more family rooms^ to be furnished 
 with French bedsteads and trundle beds under them for chil- 
 dren. Forward, on the same deck, two large rooms are to 
 be constructed from state rooms, one for a gentlemen's room, 
 and the other a ladies' parlour. This boat will aftbrd every 
 comfort to the pleasure traveller, desirable. 
 
 Independence, propeller ^ owned by Capt. Bristol & Co., 
 commanded by Capt. Bristol, many years a skilful navigator 
 of the lower lakes. She is 280 tons, a good sea vessel, and 
 of the propeller speed. She has good cabins and accommo- 
 dations, and will probably leave alternately with the Palmer. 
 
 Schooner Napoleon. — Is a new and beautiful, well ar- 
 ranged, found, and rigged vessel, of 180 tons, as floats any 
 waters in the world. She was built at St. Mary's, and made 
 one trip last fall, in which she proved herself to possess use- 
 ful qualities, only equalled by her beauty and symmetry. 
 She is owned by Oliver Newbury of Detroit, who, I have 
 lately learned, is this winter having a similar one built at the 
 same place, to be launched next spring. 
 
 Schooner Swallow, — Capt. John Stan(^rd, belongs to the 
 New York and Lake Superior Mining Company. Is being 
 overhauled this winter, for next year's business, when who- 
 ever finds himself with "the pig let out of a bag," need have 
 no apprehensions while there is powder for the iron pilot. 
 Also, 
 
 Schooners Merchant and Algonquin, of about 70 tons 
 each--the Sis-kaw-it, Fur Trader, Chippewa, and Ocean, of 
 a smaller class, and a small British vessel, the Whita<Fish. 
 
( 110 ) 
 PRINCIPAL COURSES AND DISTANCES ON THE LAKE. 
 
 From 
 
 To Offing. Course. Miles 
 
 White Fish Point 
 
 Picture Rocks 20 miles. W. 100 
 
 Do. 
 
 Grand Island 20 do. W. 120 
 
 Do. 
 
 Granite Point 20 do. 165 
 
 Do. 
 
 Michipicoten Island N.N.W. 110 
 
 Do. 
 
 Caribou Island N.W. 70 
 
 Do. 
 
 Keweenaw Point N.W. half W.173 
 
 Outer side of G. Island Granite Point W. 40 
 
 Granite Point 
 
 Granite Island N. 10 
 
 Granite Island 
 
 Keweenaw Point N. b W. 73 
 
 Do. 
 
 Caribou Island N.E. 110 
 
 Caribou Island 
 
 Manitou Island W. b N. 93 
 
 Copper Harbour 
 
 Isle Royal Harbour N.W. 75 
 
 Do. 
 
 Fon du Lac 100 m. W. & 160 S. W. 260 
 
 Do. 
 
 Apostles S.W. 150 
 
 Light Houses And Beacons. 
 
 A Light-house is much wanted at White Fish Point, Keweenaw Pt. 
 
 and La Point. Beacons at least, at Copper, Agate and Eagle Harbors. 
 
 Posts should be erected at the other points to which vessels may be 
 
 destined, on which a light might be displayed on hearing a signal gun. 
 
 The Climate. 
 
 The general impression is that the climate of the Lake Superior 
 Country is insupportably cold in wdnter. The fact is the reverse. — 
 The snows are three feet deep as an average, but the Mercury for the 
 past three years at Copper Harbor, sank but once below zero, then 
 only six degrees, while the average has been four degrees above zero. 
 The Lake never freezes more than a few miles from shore. 
 Mechanics And Laborers. 
 
 There is no doubt Mechanics of many kinds will next season find 
 there, the employments of a new country in the contemplated works. 
 Wages this winter are — for best miners, $30 per month and found — 
 second rate and laborers, :|18 — Blacksmiths, $40. " Tributoi-s" can 
 always obtain veins or sections to work, for a liberal per centage. 
 A New Crusher. 
 
 As Crushing is to be a very considerable item in producing Copper, 
 it is proper to mention here, that a new machine for the purpose is al- 
 ready preparing of economical construction, by Mr Rawdon, of the 
 firm of Rawdon,Wright «fc Hatch, for crushing and grinding the ore rock 
 preparatory to washing and smelting. The inventor believes this 
 Machine will supercede all others in its compactness, perfection of 
 workmanship and rapidity of operation. Mr. R. asserts that it will be 
 capable of preparing three tons per day driven by a two horse steam 
 or other motive power. Its size — three feet by four, will render its 
 transportation trifling. Four of them may be worked on a space twenty 
 feet square, requiring but one man to the four. Its perfection of con- 
 struction leaves but little liability to breaking or repairs. They may 
 be 80 arranged that the washers will receive the pulverised ore direct. 
 
( 111 ) 
 
 ENGLISH COPPER STOCKS. 
 
 The result of investments in English copper mines may 
 be judged in a degree by the following list of Copper stocks, 
 taken at random from the price current of the London Miners' 
 Journal of November 15, 1845. 
 
 Shares. Company. 
 
 235 Andrew and Naugiles, 
 
 25;^ 
 
 100 Botallack, 
 
 175" 
 
 114 Charlestown, 
 
 — 
 
 1000 Oarn Brea, 
 
 15 
 
 250 Caradou Consols, 
 
 45 
 
 256 Caradon Copper Mine, 
 
 n 
 
 1000 Copper Bottom 
 
 . 1 
 
 512 Fowey Consols, 
 
 . ^ 
 
 244 Grambler & St. Anbyn, 
 
 — 
 
 128 Hallenbeagle, 
 
 _ 
 
 IGO Levant, ... 
 
 
 
 128 Par Con.sols, 
 
 — 
 
 800 South Towan, 
 
 10 
 
 128 South Caradon, 
 
 5 
 
 120 Trethellcn, 
 
 -.5 
 
 'rice. 
 
 Shares. Company. £Paid. £Price. 
 
 70 
 
 1024 Wheal Maria, 
 
 1 
 
 700 
 
 400 
 
 96 Tresavean, 
 
 10 
 
 300 
 
 240 
 
 256 Trcnow Consols, 
 
 — 
 
 170 
 
 80 
 
 5000 Treleigh Consols, 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 140 
 
 4000 United Hills, 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 100 United Mines, 
 
 1000 
 
 900 
 
 5 
 
 6000 Wicklow Copper, 
 128 Wheal St Andrew, - 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 80 
 
 65 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 127 Wheal Virgin, 
 
 . — 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 256 West Caradon. 
 
 40 
 
 375 
 
 150 
 
 3845 West Wheal Jewel, 
 
 ini 
 
 4 
 
 500 
 
 128 Wheal Providence, 
 
 16 
 
 120 
 
 U 
 
 256 Wheal Sisters, - 
 
 22J 
 
 78 
 
 400 
 
 256 West Wheal Treasury, 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 100: 
 
 256 West Wh. Friendship, 
 
 
 5 
 
 A visit by Mr. G. W. Hughes to the inte rior of a 
 CORNWALL MINE. 
 
 The following description of the interior of a Cornwall Mine, from 
 the Report of Capt, G, W. Hughes, who reported to our government 
 his examination of these mines, will be read with interest. The extracts 
 from the same upon smelting and refining, will be interesting to all who 
 have any wish know the process by which copper is produced from 
 the ores, by the most approved methods : 
 
 <' Before diving into the bowels of the earth, we examined the map 
 and sections of the mine, (each gallery and pit being carefully laid 
 down on a large manuscript map, as soon as they are projected,) the 
 machinery of the water wheels, steam engines, &c. 
 
 " After finishing the examinations above ground, we prepared for 
 the descent, by taking off every article of dress, and putting on clean 
 dry flannel, coarse shoes, without stockings, and clean cotton caps on 
 our heads, surmounted with low crowned felt hats. In this travesty, 
 with a lighted candle in hand, and another as a reserve suspended from 
 the neck, we were ready for the adventure. 
 
 " Now imagine a circular opening in the ground, of the diameter 
 and general appearance of a common-sized well, with a curb to it, and 
 the top of a ladder projecting three or four feet above the surface. On 
 this ladder you place yourself, and commence the descent. The last 
 advice given me as I disappeared from the open day, in reference to 
 my personal deportment, was to be certain that one foot was safely and 
 firmly planted on the ladder before the other was moved -a precaution 
 
( H-3 ) 
 
 on which one's life might depend. Between the thumb and fore finger 
 of the left hand you carry the lighted candle, and with the other fingers 
 and the right hand grasp firmly the iron rounds or steps of the ladder. 
 These ladders are from twenty to sixty feet in length, placed at almost 
 every degree of inclination, from the vertical to 45 degrees. In this 
 wise is the descent made for more than 1200 perpendicular feet. At 
 the foot of each ladder is a narrow platform on which you may rest ; 
 and it is from these platforms the lateral galleries are carried: 
 
 " Following the lode, galleries have been worked for great distances, 
 or are in progress, on the levels along the strike of the lode ; and seve- 
 ral main pits, such as I have just described, are sunk for the conveni- 
 ence of the workmen. We saw the miners in all directions, on the 
 different levels, at work, blasting and wheeling out the ore. The effect 
 is sometimes quite striking ; you see a light, twinkling like a star, 
 apparently at a great distance ; you attempt to approach it ; sometimes 
 you are half knee deep in water ; sometimes you may walk erect, at 
 others you must stoop low, and again scramble over the rubbish on 
 your hands and knees ; at times you lose sight of this polar star, to- 
 wards \yhich your course has been directed, and anon, as you pass the 
 projection of some jagged rock, it bursts again upon your sight. Per- 
 haps, as you pass the dark and frowning mouth of some cross gallery, 
 you are startled by the quick sharp sound of a sudden avalanche of 
 rocks, rushing to a lower level, or you may hear a noise like distaijt 
 rumbling thunder, which you may at first take for the approach of an 
 earthquake, and not feel very comfortable at the thought, but it is only 
 the reverberation of the noise of a blast. 
 
 " Whilst under ground, I stopped frequently to converse with the 
 miners, who seemed to be generally clever but not educated men. 
 They were mostly Chartists, and ever ready for a political discussion. 
 As they knew me to be a stranger, having no connection with the 
 works, they probably spoke without reserve, and expressed their true 
 opinions. One of them, whilst enumerating the working men's griev- 
 ances, suddenly sprung up, and in the heat of enthusiasm struck wdth 
 his pickaxe several blows into the ore, in quick succession. ' There,' 
 said he, addressing himself to me, * I have struck five blows, and how 
 many think you were for myself .'' I replied, I could not tell. * Well.' 
 he continued, ' one was for the gox^ernment, in the formation of which 
 I have no choice ; one for the church., which I never enter, being a 
 dissenter ; one for the lord of the manor, whose face I never see ; one 
 for the tavern keeper, whose face I see too often ; and the other for 
 myself.' 
 
 " On returning, we came up by one of the old and disused inclined 
 planes, partially blocked up with rubbish Sometimes we were forced 
 to crawl on our hands and knees, and in this manner we toiled our 
 weary way up to the adit, about sixty feet below the surface, which 
 we reached by means of a ladder. The adit is a subterranean canal, 
 frequently of great length, for the discharge of the water which has 
 been pumped up from the bottom of the mine. The pumps are placed 
 alongside the ladders, and are made very strong, to resist the enor- 
 mous pressure to which they are subjected in raising the water to so 
 great height. At the different levels, where the valves are placed, 
 
( 113 ) 
 
 the pumps are made of cast iron, carefully screwed together, with felt 
 between the pieces, to render them water-tight. When we reached 
 the surface, I required the assistance of the guide to gain the platform, 
 so completely was I exhausted by the unusual action to which the 
 muscles of the limbs had been subjected; and for several days after- 
 wards, I could not move without great difficulty and pain. And, 
 speaking from experience, I would advise no one who can avoid it to 
 make in the winter any such descent in the mere spirit of adventure. 
 TREATMENT OF COPPER ORES. 
 
 The treatment of different ores should vary with their qualities, 
 out the processes are essentially the same ; but, as the limits of this 
 paper will not permit me to specify all the modifications in detail, I 
 shall restrict myself to designating the operations to which pyritous 
 ores, ores containing but a small proportion of sulphur, and gray or 
 argentiferous copper, are subjected in different countries. 
 
 The treatment of the first two varieties begins with a sorting by 
 hand, which consists in putting aside all the fragments as large as 
 hen's eggs, and from amongst them to separate and reject the stony 
 pieces. Those which remain are broken according to their size, and 
 all are reduced to fragments not larger than walnuts. Another selec- 
 tion or picking over is then made, for the purpose of sorting them 
 according to their richness, and rejecting those which are altogether 
 stony. The others form three qualities, viz : 1st, fragments of pure 
 ore ; 2d, fragments slightly intermixed with foreign matter ; and, 3d, 
 fragments of the poorest kind. This sorting is more or less rigorous, 
 according to the expense of the subsequent treatment, consisting of 
 the price of fuel, manual labour, transportation, &c. 
 
 No. 1 is broken on a cast-iron bed, by means of a batte or flat 
 beater, (formed of a piece of iron, six inches square and one inch 
 thick, adapted to a wooden handle,) into fragments not larger than 
 filberts. The selection and breaking are usually done by women and 
 children. When this is completed, the ore is ready for calcination. 
 No. 1 is called prills in Cornwall. No. 2 the dredge ore, (as it is 
 termed,) is spalled by the batte, and then sent to the workshops to be 
 riddled (sifted) and washed. No. 3 (the halvans or leavings) is sent 
 to the crushing mills. 
 
 BREAKING AND SCREENING ORES. 
 
 In Cornwall, the ores at many establishments are broken by means 
 of crushing mills, instead of being broken by battes. As the crushed 
 ore falls from the crushing rollers or cylinders, it is received in an 
 inclined cylindrical sieve, which, by turning on its axis, permits the 
 larger sized ore to slide down to the bottom, while the smaller pass 
 through its meshes. The pieces which do not pass through the sieve 
 are returned to the crushers. 
 
 The small pieces of ore separated in the first selection, and from 
 which all fragments larger than hen's eggs were sorted, are then 
 sifted on an iron wire riddle ; the intervals between the wires are 
 about five lines. A workman, by repeated shaking of the riddle, 
 filled with ore, and immersed in running water, separates it into 
 three parts ; 1st. The fine particles, which are carried off by the cur- 
 rent, and deposited in a distant portion of the pool. 2d. The frag- 
 
( 114 ) 
 
 ments, which are deposited under the riddle. 3d. The largest pieces, 
 which remain on the riddle. The last are spread out on a table, and 
 assorted by hand. The fragments not rejected as too poor are then 
 broken, and resubmitted to the above-named operations. 
 
 The ore deposited under the riddle is resifted, and the No. 2 
 (broken when the separation into three classes was made) is added. 
 The meshes of the sieve are from twenty to thirty to the square inch. 
 The workman who manages it shakes it by two handles, with a com- 
 pound motion, both round and vertically, immersed in a shallow pool 
 of water, above which it is never lifted. The finest particles pass 
 through the sieve ; those that remain above it are divided, by the dif- 
 ference of their specific gravities, into three parts. The lightest, 
 which is above, contains so little metal that it is thrown away ; the 
 middle portion is sent to the stamping mills ; and the lower part, the 
 richest of all, accumulated during two or three siftings, needs only to 
 be placed on a slightly inclined plane, and to be stirred with a rake 
 while it is washed by a small stream of water flowing gently over it. 
 This operation, which is called " jigging," is at most of the well- 
 regulated Cornish mines performed by machinery. A rectangular 
 sieve is suspended in a box of the same shape, filled with water, and 
 a vibratory motion is communicated to the sieve by a working rod, 
 connected either with a water wheel or a steam engine, as may be 
 most convenient. The old method is still followed on the continent, 
 and may still be seen in England at the smaller mines. 
 
 The fine ore passed through the sieve is separated into two parts by 
 stirring in water. The richest, fallen to the bottom, requires but 
 one washing. Finally, the different classifications of ores sent to the 
 crushing and stamping mills, and separated from the non-metallife- 
 rous substances with which they were mixed, by stirrings and wash- 
 ings on inclined planes, constitute the prepared ores, ready for sale 
 and reduction ; while the stony parts, which always retain some ore, 
 are thrown away. 
 
 ASSAYING COPPER ORES. 
 
 Mr. De la Beche observes " that the mode of assaying copper ores 
 in Cornwall is usually conducted in a somewhat rough manner, and 
 accurate results can scarcely be expected from it. Indeed, chemistry 
 has as yet made little progress amongst the assayers of Cornwall." 
 The assays are conducted by the dry mode, and are somewhat anala- 
 gous to the process of reduction on a large scale, and are nearly the 
 same as those described by Price 60 years ago. The humid assay is 
 the most exact, but it requires more skill and time. Ure gives seve- 
 ral methods, (dry and wet.) The following, for a dry assay, is per- 
 haps as good as any other : "A portion of the mixture, (prepared 
 ore,) tried by the blow pipe, will show, by the garlic or sulphurous 
 smell of its fumes, whether a.senic, sulphur, or both, be the mine- 
 ralizers. In the latter case, which often occurs, 100 grains or 1000 
 grains of the ore are to be mixed with the one-half its weight of saw- 
 dust, then imbued with oil, and heated moderately in a crucible, till 
 all the arsenical fumes be dissipated. The residuum, being cooled 
 and triturated, is to be exposed in a shallow earthen cup to a slow 
 roasting heat till the sulphur and charcoal be burned away ; what 
 remains being ground and mixed with half its weight' of calcined 
 
( "5 ) 
 
 borax ; one-twelfth its weight of lampblack, next, mode into dough, 
 with a few drops of oil, is to be pressed down into a crucible, which 
 is to be covered with a luted lid, and to be subjected, in a powerful 
 air furnace, first to a dull red heat, then to vivid ignition for 20 min- 
 utes. On cooling and breaking the crucible, a button of metallic 
 copper will be obtained. Its color and malleability indicate pretty 
 well the quality, as does its weight the relative value of the ore. It 
 should be cupelled with lead, to ascertain if it contain silver or gold. 
 
 Ores of the oxide of copper are easily analyzed by solution in nitric 
 acid, the addition of ammonia to separate the other metals, and pre- 
 cipitation by potash. The native carbonate is analyzed by calcining 
 100 grains, when the loss of weight will show the amount of water 
 and cai'bonic acid ; the latter may be found by expelling it from ano- 
 ther 100 grains, by digestion in a grain weight of sulphuric acid. The 
 copper is finally obtained in a metallic state, by plunging bars of zinc 
 into the solution of the sul}3hate." 
 
 In the case of calcining, in heaps, in the open air — the ore is piled 
 up in great masses in the form of truncated quadrangular pyramids, 
 with the fuel at the bottom. In the centre of the mound is a wooden 
 chimney, with charcoal at the bottom : an opening is left in the mid- 
 dle of each side, through which a current of air is admitted under 
 the wooden chimney, by which means ignition is produced, when fire 
 is thrown down the chimney, and combustion supported. This pyra- 
 mid is covered with mortar, sods, &c. , and hemispherical cavities are 
 dug on the upper surface, for the purpose of receiving the sulphur 
 which, during the roasting of ore, arrives liquified at the surface 
 This method of roasting, which is practicable only when the ore is 
 very sulphurous, is employed at Chessy, near Lyons, in France, and 
 at Goslar, in the Lower Hartz. It lasts about six months, at the end 
 of wliich period the sulphur ceases to escape. The mass is tlien left 
 to cool, and when this is accomplished the ore is fit for smelting. 
 
 In the calcining operations, the volatile substances are mostly dis- 
 engaged in a gaseous form ; while the metals, owing to their strong 
 affinity for oxygen, become oxidized. In melting, the earthy matters 
 unite with these oxides, and form slags, which float on the surface of 
 the molten metal. 
 
 Dr. Houghton, in his interesting report on the geology of Michigan, 
 states that the carbonates of copper are the predominating ores of that 
 metal found on the southern shores of Lake Superior. The ores from 
 the same region lately exhibited to me by General Cunningham, U. 
 S. agent of mineral lands, and other gentlemen, consisted of native 
 copper, the red and black oxides, and the hydrosilicate, or chrysocoUa, 
 which, indeed, appears to be the predominating ore. According to 
 Ure, it is green, or bluish green ; specific gravity, 2.03 to 2.16 ; 
 scratched by steel ; is very brittle ; affords water by heating, and 
 blackens ; is acted on by acids, and leaves a siliceous residuum. Solu- 
 tion becomes blue with ammonia. Its constituents are — silica, 26 ; 
 oxide of copper, 50; water, 17 ; carbonic acid, 7. When pure, will 
 yield 40 to 41 per cent, of metal. It is infusible at the blowpipe 
 alone, but melts readily with borax. This description will apply to 
 the specimens from Lake Superior ; but I have never heard of its hav- 
 ing been found elsewhere in sufficient quantities to be worlred as an 
 
( 116 ) 
 
 ore of copper. I see no reason, however, why it might not be easily 
 reduced, using limestone or fluate of lime as a flux. The red oxides 
 shown to me were not very rich, nor were they difflcult of reduction. 
 On the whole, I should think they might be worked profitably. The 
 black oxides seemed to be much richer ; but I could procure none for 
 experiments. 
 
 The most certain indication of the progress of refining is found in a 
 small sample of copper called a montrcy which is taken from time to 
 time from the bath on the heated end of a polished steel rod, plunged 
 two or three inches deep into the bath, and then immersed in cold 
 water. The montre is detached from the rod by a few smart blows 
 of a hammer ; and an opinion is formed of the degree of purity it has 
 attained, from its density, colour, and polish. But these samples are 
 never drawn till the drizzling of metallic globules ceases. The first 
 montres withdrawn are thick ; the surface is uniform, smooth, and of a 
 red colour, resembling old copper coins ; the interior is unequal, of a 
 leaden colour, and dotted over with white and yellow specks. As the 
 refining process advances, the small holes observed in the first montre 
 gradually disappear, the outer surface becomes darker, the inner of a 
 more uniform colour, and less and less marked with spots. Finally, 
 when the metal has acquired the greatest degree of purity that this 
 operation can give, the sample acquires a dark crimson appearance, 
 tinged with a maroon shade ; at the same time, the interior is of a deep 
 and uniform red colour, unmixed with spots of any kind. In this state, 
 which indicates the greatest possible degree of purity that copper can 
 attain, it is flexible, and its fracture presents a close soft-grained ap- 
 pearance, of an obscure red colour. 
 
 The process must be stopped at the proper time, otherwise a small 
 quantity of oxide of copper v/ould be formed, rendering the metal hard, 
 brittle, and incapable of perfect lamination. 
 
 Having ascertained by an examination of the last montre, that the 
 copper has been sufficiently refined, the action of the bellows is stop- 
 ped, the opening of the tuyere is closed, the tap is pierced, and the 
 melted copper flows into the vessel prepared for its reception, from 
 which the burning charcoal has been removed. When the receptacles 
 are full, the tap-hole is reclosed with loam. When the surface of the 
 metal which has been drawn oft' into the basins, is covered with a solid 
 crust, it is slightly sprinkled with water, and when about two inches 
 thick is raised up by means of hooks to let the drops drain off, and is 
 then removed from the furnace. This operation is continued till all 
 the copper has been taken off". These layers are called " rosettes." 
 They are cooled suddenly by plunging them in water, when they assume 
 a beautiful red colour, owing to the removal from their surface of a 
 slight film of oxide of copper, by the volatilixation of the water. If 
 the metal should be dipped into water before it has become completely 
 solidified, dangerous explosions may happen ; and if left too long cool- 
 ing in the open air, it becomes peroxidized on the surface, and does 
 not assume those beautiful colours which the protoxide imparts. 
 
 Each refining operation produces, in from 14 to 15 hours, when the 
 hearth is new, and in from nine to ten hours when it is old, one and 
 seven-tenths of a ton of fine copper, with the consumption of four-fifths 
 of a ton of dry wood. 
 
( 117 ) 
 
 ^ When it is deemed pf^i^^ ^^ ^^"«ed by a suSn?f- ^^'^ ^^^^'^Aed 
 the furnace, the X .! ^f -^"^ ^° ^enew the Wh ^^^^/pration. 
 
 The process of r.fi '^"'' ^^rimivG of copper 
 "■on, lead, Tc TZT""^ '"'o >«=°'-i*^ (he fikeS ,^ k',""""™-''' &c., 
 
 Before heating the bl..t f ^^ ^'''^^'^^ ^'^ 
 
 ^r^X^^^r^^^^ or the 
 
 cracks and pres^ervinr/.^'"^^^ brick, llZ Zfn"'''%^ ^"^^^ ^^"r- 
 
 , In arranging the "h ' ™^^' from the first Sf ' °^ '^'"'''^S the 
 the hearth of fh? ^''^^"^' ^ows of fire hrinll '"^Pf^^s^on of the fire 
 layers of pi'^ of J^'f '""' ^"^ °« the bricks arp'/^''"^ edgewise on 
 ficient spaS\ftw:et tLT' ^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^ etK^l ^---e 
 through and amon^s? th ^^1^^ P^^^t the flame fn n \ "^'^^ ^"t- 
 hearth, which tZ^ ^/, different layers anW f ^""culate freely 
 of the metal -r'^'^^^^^eatssufficieStnrf.^^^ Penetrate to the 
 
 higher than th Ltf H ""= '"y<=^« »f the S U -V"'' '''*' "^'^ 
 »d thus obs ruct the't "'t ""^W would attach i^2? '/ 'V''™" he 
 »"• >vould .t/ikeh'e surface' ??, "■ '' 'h™" be lower*^ the"'' '"^^■•''• 
 sequence of which Mi ! °^ "'« raolten metal im! 'J ,'=''"'''" of 
 
( 118 ) 
 
 f irnace which has been 
 
 Lf ?rSost impevcept-Wy-^ ^„„^, of heating it ^^ft^^ 
 
 ^^ at the termination of these tnr ^^^^^^ „, „^f„ continue 
 
 .Jhtcoppevhashecome^ted^^^^^^ 
 
 fiirnace has not yet io^*- part of the i«i^"%^^. pouilibnum of 
 
 ^^ a s\>Se. Jo sf 1 -— ^t^ &e .ith it, it, e. 
 tf oVS-^Cee of heat is th. p.oauc^^" .U ^ o<^ 
 the metal begms to melt, ^^ ^^ 
 
 When the bath has o^ou retain, they aie ^'^ , • ^ ^^ to a 
 
 to^ve up the copPev«hchtoy^^^ '-^'l^'lirrStfonhv mixing 
 Inn.'-handled rabble. H ^"^^ ,^t to a suitable vitrificatioi 
 
 &r:r'^cS2u^.Sor«hSisJf-^^^^^^ 
 
 thole of which *«=,^'^^^;\'^„^.3're'put in action ,j^^^, ,„ge 
 
 ^t^a«;f"£-rprf;^^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 Winanly,«oon alter ^^^^^^,^t as to P f ^f^^^, furnace, while 
 fatr;tro»oP|„S-|'a?a^^^^^^ 
 ing goes on well , v* 
 
 1272 
 

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