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 VIKKAMANKADEVAC1IAEITA 
 
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 Y1KRAMANKADEVACHARITA 
 
 Price Se. 1-5. 
 
£lje department of Public Instruction, fJomuan, 
 
 TUE 
 
 V1KRAMANKADEYACHARITA 
 
 A LIFE OF KING VIKRAMADITYA— TRIBIIUVANA 
 MALLA OF KALYANA, 
 
 COMPOSED BY HIS 
 
 VIDYAPATI BILHANA. 
 
 EDITED WITH AN INTRODUCTION 
 
 BY 
 
 GEORG BtfflLER. 
 
 Registered for copy right under Act XXV. of 1867. 
 
 i! o m b a )] : 
 
 GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BOOK DEPOT. 
 
 1875. 
 
 All rights including that of copying the Text in its present 
 recension are reserved. 
 

 WEegr* COLLECTION^ 
 
 61600 
 
 '06 
 
 BOMBAY : 
 
 PRINTED AT THE " INDU-PRAKASH " PRES3. 
 

 THIS EDITION OF 
 
 THE VIKRAMANKAKAVYA 
 
 IS INSCRIBED TO 
 
 \V. II. STOKES, ESQ., 
 
 BARRISTER-ATLAW, SECRETARY TO THE GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, 
 LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. 
 
 AS A TOKEN OF GRATITUDE FOR HIS EXERTIONS IN 
 riiOMOTING THE SEARCH FOR SANSKRIT MSS. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 I. 
 
 The recovery of Bilhana's Vikramdnikadevacharita, or adven- 
 tures of King Yilcramdditya — Trihhuvanamalla of Kalydna 1 fur- 
 nishes the second specimen of a class of compositions, which 
 though, probably, once numerous, seemed, until a few years 
 a^o, almost extinct. Like the S' nharshacharita, the Life of 
 S'riharsha or Ilarshavardhana of Thdnesar by Bdnabhaffa, Bilha- 
 na's poem is a panegyric in honour of his patron and protector. 
 Considering that, with the exception of a certain number of re- 
 ligious and devotional works, the bulk of Sanskrit poetry pro- 
 ceeds from poets and Pandits, who lived under the protection 
 of princes, it might be expected, that their gratitude would 
 have secured to the Sankritist of these later days numerous 
 works recording the lives and deeds of their patrons. But, 
 curiously enough, lives of famous princes, like Vihrama, Bhoja, 
 and Kumdrapdla, written by authors who lived centuries after 
 them have been known long before Dr. Fitz Edward Hall made 
 the find of the Harshacharita. Since then fourteen years have 
 elapsed before a second work of the kind has turned up. 
 The reason for the scarcity of such works is, I believe, 
 the fact that the Pandits have a greater liking for the 
 wonderful legends of the heroic age and for the no less 
 marvellous stories of those kings whom, for one reason 
 or another, they have lifted out of the sphere of matter- 
 of-fact history and transferred to the regions of fiction. 
 For the Pandit Rama, Arjuna, and Nala are as much histo- 
 rical persons as S'ivaji or Baji Rao Peshva, only they 
 
 1. See Report on the search for Sanskrit MSS. 1873-4. 
 
2 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 appear so much more interesting to him, because their deeds ar© 
 more marvellous and they are surrounded by the halo of sanctity 
 that encircles the happier Yugas in which they are supposed 
 to have lived. It is, therefore, no wonder that countless copies 
 of S'riharsha's adventures of KiDg Nala should exist all over 
 India, while, hitherto not one MS. of the author's Life of 
 the ' New Sahasanka' or of his History of the Kajas of Gauda 
 has been discovered. The reason, why the Sanskritist longs 
 in vain for works that could serve as foundations for his 
 historical researches, lies not, therein, that the rulers of India 
 found no contemporaries willing to chronicle their deeds, 
 but therein that nobody cared to preserve historical works 
 from destruction or to make them easily accessible by copy- 
 ing and recopying the original MSS. There is, however, a 
 hope that at least some more poems like the S' riharshacharita 
 and the Vilzramdnkadevacharita may still be found in a few 
 copies in unexplored libraries especially in the Jaina Bhandars. 
 The Jesalmir Bhandar, which I explored last year, is the 
 first ancient library of the Jaina community, that has been 
 thoroughly searched by a European Sanskritist. It furnished two 
 historical works viz. besides the Vihramdnkadevacharita, a poem 
 on the death of a Gauda king, who was conquered by a ruler 
 of the name of Yas' 'ovarman, and its ancient catalogue bears 
 witness that ninety years ago two MSS. existed one of which 
 contained S'riharsha s Navasdhasdnkacharita, while the other 
 was a copy of a work entitled Hammiramardana, or the De- 
 struction of Hammira. I am firmly pursuaded that, whosoever 
 has the good fortune of opening the libraries at Pathan in 
 Northern Gujarat, at Merta in Mar war and at other ancient 
 seats of Jainism, will gain much more important results 
 than I have obtained at Jesalmir, where time and careless- 
 ness have destroyed a good many valuable MSS. The 
 Jainas have collected for many centuries not only large 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 masses of works belonging to their own sacred literature, bat, 
 in a most catholic spirit, Brahminical books also of the most, 
 various contents. Hidden in subterranean vaults under the 
 temples and sometimes concealed with great ingenuity, these 
 collections have escaped the many dangers to which libraries 
 have been subjected in so unsettled a country as India has been 
 until very lately. It stands, therefore, to reason that the 
 Jaina Bhandars should furnish us, (as has been actually the 
 case in Jesalmir) With copies of those poems, which through 
 a want of popularity, have disappeared from the Brahminical 
 libraries, and of those treatises on philosophy, grammar and 
 rhetorics, which, being superseded in the schools by improved 
 works , have elsewhere been lost. 
 
 The importance of Charitas, like the S'ribarshacharita and 
 the Vikrainankacharita lies chiefly therein that, however much 
 a vitiated taste and a false conception of the duties of a his- 
 toriographer Royal may lead their authors astray, the main facts 
 which they relate, may be accepted as historical. 
 
 Bana as well as Bilhana look in the first instance to their 
 fame as poets. They care more about a faithful observance 
 of the rules of poetical composition, laid down by the Kavya 
 or Alamkaras'astra, than about a faithful and accurate repre- 
 sentation of the characters of their heroes and of the events in 
 which they played a part. They waste therefore, page after 
 page with similes and with elaborate descriptions of scenery 
 or of the seasons, and of other matters which are of little impor- 
 tance for the chief subject of their works, but which according 
 to the canons of the S'astra, should form part of a Mahakavya. 
 
 1. See Kavyadars'a I. 16. Had Bana avoided the abuse of similes, 
 heaped one on the other, into which his admiration of Subandhu lead 
 him, his S'rihavshacharita would comprise about 3,000 Slokas instead 
 of 4,800. Bilhana, on his part might have compressed the Bubject mat- 
 ter of his Cantos VII. -XIII. into a very small compass if he had been 
 
4 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Their style is throughout so highly ornamented and hyperbolical, 
 that it sometimes obscures the facts 1 and still more frequently leaves 
 us in doubt about the importance of the events narrated. Thus 
 Bilhana assures us boldly in the case of every expedition under- 
 taken by the Chalukyas against the Cholas, that the latter were 
 utterly extinguished, though shortly afterwards he has to confess 
 that fresh movements of the hereditary foe forced the Chalukya 
 prince to repeat his experiments in the art of annihilation. 
 Another grave defect which arises from the poetical treatment of 
 historical subjects, is that the intervals between the events nar- 
 rated are rarely given with exactness. In this respect Bdna 
 never makes exact statements, but always uses phrases such as 
 ' after some days, after many days.' Bilhana follows the same 
 practice with very few exceptions. 
 
 The same carelessness, which is shown about time, prevails 
 also with regard to the description of the minor personages 
 mentioned. Bilhana gives the names of the kings with whom 
 Vikrama came into hostile or friendly contact in a few cases 
 only and Bdna is often guilty of the same neglect. Finally the 
 characters suffer as much as the events. The hero or heroes are 
 painted all white and their enemies all black. Ahavamalla and 
 Vikrama have no more individuality than Kama, Dushyanta or 
 Pururavas. They are simply perfection and their enemies are 
 entirely contemptible and wicked. But in spite of all these faults, 
 and though the Charitas are neither historical compositions 
 after the manner of the Greeks and Romans, nor even chronicles 
 like those of our writers of the middle ages and of the Arabs 
 and Persians, still they have a high value for a country like 
 India, where the works of foreign travellers, inscriptions and 
 
 willing to spare his readers the hackneyed descriptions of the four sea- 
 sons and the inventory of the charms «f Vikrama's bride Chandala- 
 dext. 
 1 See t. g Yikram, I. 102 and 103, 
 
INTRODUCTION. ■> 
 
 coins are the only available sources fbrmosi periods of the national 
 history* Bana's Harshaoharita oontains all the main faots given in 
 
 the corresponding portion of HiwenThsang's narrative of his visit 
 to Harshavardhana's court. But it adds may details and enables 
 us to correct tlie Chinese traveller on many points where his 
 bias in favour of Buddhism or imperfect information have led 
 him astray. Again the numerous inscriptions of the Chalukyas 
 of Kalyana show that the facts related by Bilhana of Vikrama- 
 ditya and his family are generally speaking correct, Their ac- 
 counts agree in the main with thoso obtained from the other 
 sources; they may with proper care be used to rectify and to 
 complete the information gained elsewhere. 
 
 Both the Charitas, which have become known, furnish also 
 important contributions to the literary history of India. Bdna 
 devotes nearly two Uchchhvasas to his personal affairs and to 
 the history of his family and mentions incidentally so many 
 famous writers, that his work lias become a regular landmark 
 for the historian of Sanskrit literature. Bilhana likewise, 
 gives up one whole canto, the eighteenth and last, to a de- 
 scription of his country, and to an account of its rulers, of his 
 family and of his own adventures. Though his statements are 
 not as important, as those of Bana, still they afford much 
 curious information. It would seem that the poems on histori- 
 cal subjects always contained fuller accounts of their author's 
 lives than is the case with works like the Kaghuvams'a, the 
 S'is'upMavadha or the Naishadhiya. For in the Gaudavadha 
 the second historical poem from Jesalmir, the author also 
 gives some account of his personal history and of his literary 
 activity. This fact finds its explanation in the natural desire 
 of the poets to secure their own immortality together with 
 that of their patrons. 
 
6 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 II. 
 
 The great amount of irrelevant matter which Bilhana has 
 introduced into his poem makes it unadvisable to translate it. In 
 order to make its important contents accessible to those students 
 of Indian history, who do not read Sanskrit, it will suffice 
 to give an analysis of its subject matter. This task naturally 
 divides itself into two parts, an analysis of the history of the 
 Chalukyas as given by Bilhana and an analysis of the poet's 
 personal history. It will be most convenient to begin with 
 the latter. 
 
 Up to the discovery of the Vikramankakavya, Bilhana, whose 
 name is also spelt Bihlana, Vilhana, Vihlana, and even Behlana, 1 
 was known to Sanskritists as the reputed author of a small 
 erotic poem, called Bilhanapancbas'ika or the fifty verses of Bil- 
 hana, which celebrates in most lascivious strains the beauty of 
 a mistress of the poet. Prefixed to this work is, in some MSS. 
 a Purvapithika or introduction, which gives a romantic tale ex- 
 plaining its origin. It is stated there, that Bilhana was the 
 tutor of Chandralelchd or S'as'ilzala, the daughter of Bdjd Vairi- 
 simha (Bersingh) of Gujarat. He used this position to per- 
 suade his pupil to what Hindus politely call a Gandkarva mar- 
 riage. His intrigue with the princess was discovered and he 
 was condemned to death by the incensed father. On the way 
 to the place of execution he composed, in remembrance of 
 his mistress and of his joys, the Panchas'ika. The poem 
 
 1 The Jesalmir MS. which almost entirely discards the use of J has 
 in every place Vilhana. The form Behlana I have seen in a Surat 
 MS. of the Panchas'ika. I follow the usage of our Pandits, though I 
 admit that Bihlana or Vihlana may be the real name. This question 
 cannot be decided satisfactorily until the etymology of the word has 
 been found. Nasals and the letter I, though written after h are now in- 
 Tariably pronounced before it. For the formation of the word compare 
 Kalhana, Sulhana, etc. 
 
INTUOIH'CTION- 7 
 
 became known to the king before tlio fatal order was carried out, 
 and affected him so much that lie granted to the offender hi* 
 life and the hand of the princess. Professor Aufreoht has very 
 justly denied the credibility of this story. There was no doubt 
 h Chfipotkata king of Anhilviid, called Vairisimha, But ho 
 died A. D. 920, 2 ono hundred years before Bilhana'fl real date. 
 Besides, according to the statement of my Pandit Vfunanacharya 
 Jhalkikar, the MSS. of the Panchas'ika existing in the Karnafa 
 country, give different names for the king and his daughter viz. 
 Madan&bhirdma and Ydminlpurnatilalca who lived in Lakshmt- 
 viaudira, the capital of Panchdlades'a. Moreover the identical 
 anecdote is told of another poet Chaura, to whom also in somo 
 MSS. the whole Panchas'ika is ascribed. Finally, as we shall see 
 presently, in Bilhana s own account of his life no mention of 
 the story is made. 
 
 This account of Bilhana s life together with some notices re- 
 garding the country of his birth and its rulers, is contained in 
 the eighteenth and last Sarga of the Vikramankakavya. The 
 canto opens with a description or rather a hymnus in praise of 
 Pravarapura, the ancient capital of Kashmir, which was situated 
 on the confluence of the Vitasta (jhelam) and of the Sindhu. 
 Pravarapura was, according to Bilhana, not only the chief 
 town in Kashmir, but it surpassed in beauty all other cities, 
 even Kuvera's town, Lanka and the town of the Gods. 3 He 
 
 1 See Aufrecht Oxford Cat. p. 1335. I have seen another MS. con- 
 taining this story in Bikauir, and a third in Ahmadabad. 
 
 The name of the king is according to the Ahmadabad MS. ^faffl?, 
 just as Aufrecht proposes to read for the ^fa^T of the Oxford MS. 
 But the correct form of the name is, I think tKW? , as T and R" 
 are often exchanged in Gujarat MSS. and Vairisimha or BersiDgh is a 
 common Rajput name. 
 
 2 See Forbes Easmala I. p. 42. 
 
 3 XVIII. 1. 15. 16. 
 
8 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 praises it for its holiness, for the sanctity and learning of 
 its Brabmans, 1 for its coolness in summer 2 and for the beauty 
 of its groves, " wbich even tbose cannot forget who have 
 readied the gardens of the celestials." 3 He extols its women 
 for tbeir beauty, for tbeir learning which allows them to 
 speak Sanskrit and Prakrit like their native tongue 5 and for 
 tbeir cleverness in acting. 
 
 Among its buildings he mentions the Bbattarakamatha,' the 
 Agrabaras or Brabminical settlements, founded by Haladhara, 8 
 the temple of Kshemagauris'vara near the Samgama, 9 the Sam." 
 gramakshetramatha and the Agraharas established by king Ananta- 
 deva, the store-house near the temple of S'ankara, built by 
 Ananta's queen, 1 the ancient temple of S'iva'that still shows in 
 its roof the hole, through whicb, king Pravara bodily ascended 
 to heaven' 12 and the lofty palaces of the kings of Kashmir. 13 
 
 After the description of the town follow notices of two 
 kings of Kashmir and of their sons who apparently were the 
 contemporaries of Bilhana. 
 
 The first of these is king Anantadeva. 
 He is praised for his truthfulness, liberality and bravery. Of 
 him it is said, that he made a successful war against the 
 
 1 XVIII. 1. 3-8. 
 
 2 XVIII. 2. 32. 
 
 3 XVIII. 18. 
 
 4 XVIII. 11-13, 17. 20-21. 
 
 5 XVIII. 6. 
 
 6 XVIII. 23, 29. 
 
 7 XVIII. 11 ; Kajatar. VI. 240. 
 
 8 XVIII. 19; Kajatar. VII. 214. 
 
 9 XVIII. 23 ; Eajatar. VII. 180. 
 
 10 XVIII. 24, Eajatar. VII. 185. 
 
 11 XVIII. 26 ; Eajatar. VII. 180. 
 
 12 XVIII. 28 ; Eajatar. Ill, 376. 
 
 13 XVIII. 30. 
 
INTRODUCTION. J 
 
 S'akas and. Darads and afterwards an expedition as far as tlio 
 Ganga. J If visited also, with his host and liis harem the Bhores 
 of the saored Lako M&nasa. He ruled over Champa 1 , Darvabhi- 
 Bara, Trigarta and the dwelling of king Bhai tula. He endowed 
 Agraharas in Vijayakshetra and bnilt a Matha on an island in 
 the Vitasta- 1 
 
 His queen was Suhha/d, pre-eminent for wisdom and piety. 
 "Neither Kayasths expert in crooked writings, nor parasites 
 skilled in subtle flattery, nor bards excelling in open praises, 
 were allowed to plunder her ; fortune, eager, as it were, to ex- 
 piate her fickleness, went from her hands solely to the houses 
 of Gods and Brahmans." She built a college, called after her 
 own name, and a temple of S'ira on the Vitasta.'"* 
 
 Her brother Kshitipati, lord of Lohara was a great warrior, 
 a patron of poets equal in fame to Bhoja, a clever logician and 
 a liberal protector of Pandits. He overcame the prowess of 
 Rajapnri. He associated with Vairagts and became a devotee 
 of Vishnu. 3 
 
 The son of Subhata and Ananta was king Kalas'a. lie visited 
 on his roving expeditions Lake Achehhoda and, " wandering over 
 the plains marked by the hoofs of Indrayudha, he silenced the 
 attendants of Kadambari, who sung the praises of Chandrapida. 4 
 He marched to Mount Kailasa and penetrated to the town of the 
 Yakshas, whence returning he brought golden lotuses with him 
 from Lake M&nasa. On fleet coursers he crossed the sandy desert 
 
 1 XVIII. 33-39; compare Bajatar. TIL 135-435. 
 
 2 XVIII. 40-46. Eajatar. VII. 152,180, seqq. 
 
 3 XVIII. 47-50. Bajatar. VII. 251-25P. 
 
 4 This passage is interesting as it contains an allusion to Bana'e 
 Kadambari, the scene of which is laid in the Himalaya. Bilhana 
 apparently means to say that Kalat/a's beauty and bravery made the 
 nymphs forget Chandiapidn, the lover of Kadambari, 
 
10 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and, equalling king Jayapida 1 in bravery, be conquered tbe 
 country of the Amazons. He finally undertook a successful 
 expedition against Kuruksbetra. 2 
 
 His son was Harsliadeva, wbo was brave in battle and, as a 
 poet surpassed even S'riharsha. 3 He composed sweet songs in 
 many languages. 4 
 
 Harshadeva's younger brother was TJtkarslia, who, holding 
 Lohara once the glory of Kshitipati, freed far and wide tbe 
 earth from the hoof-prints of the Mlechchhas. 5 Another, son of 
 Kalas'a, was called Vijayamalla. He was distinguished by bra- 
 very, learning and beauty. 6 
 
 Then comes finally the account of the poet and his family, 
 which I will give in his own words. 
 
 (70.) li At a distance of one and a half Gaus (Kos) from 
 Pravarapura lies a place with high-rising monuments, called 
 Jayavana, where a pool, filled with pure water and sacred to 
 Takshaka lord of snakes, cuts like a war-disc, the bead of Kali 
 bent on the destruction of Dharma. 
 
 (71.) Close to it is a village, Khonamukha by name, famed 
 for the blessing of all excellence. The (mast) elephant Kali, 
 afraid of bondage, as it were, enters not its precincts, covered 
 by numerous sacrificial pillars shaped like tying-posts. 
 
 (72.) What shall I sing of that spot, the ancient home 
 of wonderful legends, tbe sportive embellishment of the bosom 
 
 1. Bajatar. IY. 586-88. 
 
 2. XVIII. 51-63. Bajatar. VII. 233-714. 
 
 3. Harshadeva of Kashmir has sometimes been credited with the 
 authorship of various works belonging both to S'riharsha the son of 
 Hira and to the earlier king S'riharsha. This passage is of importance, 
 as it shows that a royal author S'riharsha — for to such a one alone 
 can Harshadeva be fitly compared — existed before him. 
 
 4. XVIII. 64-66. Bajatar. VII. 610. seqq. 
 
 o. XVIII. 67. Bajatar. VII. 256 and 57, 720 seqq. 
 6. XVIII. 68. Bajatar. VII. 788, 761 se$q. 
 
INTRODUCTION. ll 
 
 of Mount II 1111*1 lay a ? One part bears the saftYon in its nativo 
 loveliness, the other the grape, pale like a cut of juicy sugar- 
 cane from Sarayu's banks. 
 
 (73.) There dwelt some Brahmans, whoso minds wero bent 
 on Brahma, skilled in raising high the famed race of K»s'ik<t. 
 (jopdditya the king brought them from Nadlujacles'a to be 
 sanctifiers and ornaments of Kashmir land. 1 
 
 (74.) When the smoko of their offerings filled the sky— for 
 eager they were to obtain the fame that is allied to a hundred 
 sacrifices, — then S'akra heard nobody's prayer, cared not for 
 heaven; motionless he stood as in a picture, bereft of his 
 shadow. 
 
 (75) The chief of that race, whose virtues purified the 
 three worlds, was MuMikalas'a. The streams of sweat, that he 
 shed in the zealous service of the Agnihotra washed out, as it 
 were, the stains of the Kaliyug. 
 
 (76.) He made for the four Vedas, dear to him, with ease, 
 one common dwelling place in his lotus-mouth, though the God 
 who reclines on the lotus seat, placed them, because prone to 
 jealous wrangling, — to keep the peace I ween, — in his four 
 mouths. 3 
 
 (77.) His son was Rdjalcalas'a, who, was liberal, acquainted 
 with all revealed texts and kept courage as his only riches. Even 
 now the caves of Mount Praleya vomit forth, as it were, under 
 the guise of darkness, the smoke of his offerings. 
 
 (78.) Made by him who was the dwelling-place of holiness, 
 
 1. Compare Eajatar. III. 343-345. 
 
 2. The first two lines stand in the loc. absol. The smoke shrouded 
 Indra in darkness and he had no shadow. Hence he resembled com- 
 pletely a painted figure. 
 
 3. The verse alludes to the incompatibility of the sounds of the 
 various Yedas which never must be recited in one place, see Apastaniba 
 I. 10. 1S-19 ; Manu IV. 122. 
 
12 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 in many places, gardens, filled for the enjoyment of all man- 
 kind with grapes, lecture-halls, wells with pellucid water and 
 drinking fountains, ornaments of the realm, became the body- 
 guards of Dharma who showed fear of Kali, 
 
 (79.) From him, possessed of spotless fame, sprang Jyeslitlia- 
 Izalas'a an ocean of mercy, a store house of poetic and of sacred 
 lore, who composed an exposition of the Mdhabhdshya, to be 
 revered by all, and whose court was ever adorned by numerous 
 pupils. 
 
 (80.) What was difficult to perform for him, in sacrifices, 
 pious gifts, hospitality, the gentle ruling of his servants and 
 other holy works befitting him ? He took for his wife 
 Nagtidevi, worthy of pure praise, 1 who was skilled in assisting 
 to gain the treasures of this world and of the next. 
 
 (81.) From that sage sprung, that pinnacle of the Universe, 
 BiYhana, who charmed the eyes of men with limbs resplendent 
 like quickened gold. Since he was invested with the girdle 
 of Munja grass, the jingling of Saras vati s bangles was indi- 
 stinctly audible in his mouth in the guise of numerous Veda 
 sounds. 
 
 (82.) The Veda with its Angas, the considerations of (the 
 incarnation of) the Lord of snakes on grammar, and the 
 science of poetics, sweet to the ear, were his life-breath. But 
 who is able to completely enumerate (the subjects of his 
 studies) ? Listen, the truth is that there was nothing that was 
 not reflected in the spotless mirror of his understanding. 
 
 (83.) Attracted by the dust of Saras vati's feet, which acted 
 as a charm, the Muses their eyes bent on his face formed a circle 
 around him. His sweet poems which went forth with his 
 fame to every quarter of the world, prevented like faithful 
 attendants that nymph from becoming fickle. 
 
 1 S'ubhastomapatram may mean also ' a vessel of all auspiciousness 
 or virtue.' 
 
EVTRODUOTXOV* 13 
 
 (84.) IT Is elder brother, r*A/ardma, the pleasing ornament of 
 ilif halls of a hundred kings, reached the summit of all learn- 
 ing. Those who were able to taste the flavour of the aeotar 
 
 of poetry saw tlio Goddess, who is t l»e mother of true no 
 acting as guardian of the well in liis month. 
 
 (85.) After that vessel of fame (Bilhana) was born a young- 
 er brother, Ananda, a hatchet to cut off in sport the pride of 
 poets eager for tlio contest. "When Sarasvatl was displeased 
 with lier seat on Himalaya 6 table-land on account of its hard- 
 ness, methinkB, she selected his soft tongue for her dwelling. 
 
 (SG.) "When (Bilhana) took from Kashmir the pure loro of 
 all S'astras, he, forsooth, made the qualities of the snowy 
 mountains his own. Else, how could he, when angered, have 
 reduced, in every land, the faces of disputants to the likeness 
 of lotuses blighted by hoar-frost? 
 
 (87.) Conquering playfully in disputes the Pandits of Ma* 
 thuru, he passed some days in the precincts of Yrindavana, 
 where, broken by Rfulhiis broad hips tremulous in the swing, 
 the trees of Krishna s garden even now are not recovered. 
 
 (88.) When crowds of pupils fevered the blood of his rivals 
 by tales of the excellence of his unequalled learning and loudly 
 spread his fame in every quarter of the world, the musical hum 
 of the bee-swarms, drunk with the taste of the ichor that flowed 
 from the temples of the elephants guarding the points of horizon, 
 caused the only interruption. 
 
 (S9.) In villages, in provincial and in royal cities, in forests 
 and groves, in all lands sacred to Sarasvatl, the wise and the 
 fools, the old and the young, men and women, everywhere each 
 and all recite his verses with tremors of joy. 
 
 (90.) His fame, when, entering the gates of Kdnyahibja it 
 chid murmuring Ganga, subdued that town, where celestial 
 Fortune descends with ease from the city of the gods on stairs 
 formed by high jewel-built 'palacest 
 
14 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 (91.) Many times that sainted man spent in pious gifts, the 
 wealth earned by his great qualities which were the wonder of 
 the Universe, at Praydga, chief of Tirthas, where in the guiso 
 of Yamuna the sword of Dharnia, the destroyer of Kali, enters, 
 as it were, the sheath of the waters of the heavenly stream. 
 
 (92.) Bathing in the celestial stream, that eases with its 
 spray the fatigue of Dharma, when he comes to its shores from 
 fear of roaming Kali, he destroyed in Bandras the stains arising 
 from the fortuitous meeting with wicked princes. 
 
 (93.) When Kama the great prince of Bdhdla the destroyer of 
 the Lord of Kdlinjara, who in his expedition made poor in princes 
 by the sound of the hoofs of his horses, the land of the Tukkha- 
 ras, met the famous poet, he drank deeply of the nectar of poetry. 
 
 (94.) Bilhana cooled with the streams of his song Ayodhya, 
 the capital of Sita's husband, the slayer of Pulastya's off- 
 spring who, not contented with the crystal mountain, placing 
 it in his left stretched forth for a moment his right towards 
 Himalaya. 
 
 (95.) "When in the palace of the lord of Ddhala he conquered 
 Gangadhara, the tale of him who in sport overthrew his rivals 
 in poetry, came, I ween, to the ears of Indra silencing in the 
 caves of the East the hum of the bees that were drunk with 
 the ichor flowing from Airavata's temples. 
 
 (96.) Simulating the cooing of the pigeons that nested on 
 the lofty turrets of her gates, Dhdrd cried to him in pitiful 
 tones : "Bhoja is my king. He, forsooth, is none of the vulgar 
 princes. Woe is to me ! " Why didst thou not come into his 
 presence." 
 
 (97.) Visiting Somandtha, he eased the pain, that came over 
 him when on his road he made acquaintance with the 
 Gurjaras. Loose they wear their lower garments and always 
 careless of purity they use words that are worthy of blame. 
 
urcfeoDUOTioVf IB 
 
 (08.) Desirous of seeing a hundred Icings he, also, crossed 
 ilio ocean-wave dark like the Kramuka tree, where, thrown 
 
 l>y IJhargava in the guise of sharp arrows, a bar, as it were, 
 prevents even to day the free advance of the sea. 
 
 (99.) If he retraced his steps from that bridge, which, 
 causing the head of the sea to become bald, appears like the 
 nurse who ran after her foster daughter ravished by the lord 
 of Lanka, and was startled at hearing the news that Slid was 
 with the Itakshasas, still his fame did not turn back. 
 
 (100.) That chief of wise men turning his face from common 
 princes roamed, full of curiosity, leisurely over the Southern 
 land. How shall I sing of the high bosoms of the fair ones 
 there, from whom the God with the five arrows is happy to 
 learn as a pupil ? 
 
 (101.) There the lucky poet received from the Chdluhya 
 king, the terror of the Cholas, the dignity of Chief Pandit, 
 distinguished by the grant of a blue parasol and a mast elephant. 
 Since that time princely Fortune held him in eager, firm em- 
 brace, with armlets jingling on her sportively encircling arms. 
 (102.) He, the tale of whose fame the elephants even 
 guardians of the quarters of heaven, heard with tremors of joy, 
 when the bees were sent to sleep by tasting their ichor, has 
 composed this truly lovely poem out of affection for the prince 
 of Karndta May it be an ornament of the throats of the learned. 
 
 (103.) I have gained wealth in every quarter, I have won 
 blessings worthy of the virtuous, in disputes with worthy ad- 
 versaries I have gained everywhere high fame of victory. May 
 I soon hold converse with the Kashmirians, who are virtuous 
 and praised for their cleverness in extracting the quintessence 
 of matters. 
 
 (104.) I have gained some favours from kings, I have seen 
 gome bits of splendour, I have studied some compositions, by 
 
16 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 my qualities I have conquered some rivals. Thus I have 
 toiled, in ignorance, for many worthless objects. Now my 
 heart filled with pure knowledge longs for the river of the 
 immortals. 
 
 (105.) Some pious favourites of Parvati, with tranquil hearts 
 practising Yoga, pass in their age the remainder of their days 
 on the banks of the Mandakini, that are softened by wind- 
 raised murmuring waves. 
 
 (106.) Princes of the earth! prosperity, the wilfully un- 
 stable lightning of the cloud of fate, cannot be enchained ; 
 incessantly sounds the drum that announces the departure of 
 the breath of life ; worship then those true poets, who work 
 the salvation of your bodies of glory through the nectar of their 
 verse, and renouncing pride make them your spiritual guides. 
 
 (107.) ye kings! abstain from opposing the attachment 
 of true poets ; in sooth, pure fame comes to you through their 
 favour ; pleased they composed that grave beautiful life of 
 Earn a, angered they made ten-headed Havana the conqueror 
 of the world, an object of derision. 
 
 (108.) May the God, who is the first creator of the revealed 
 texts, the dear husband of Parvati, give you intelligence to 
 understand the sayings of true poets — he, who imitating the ways 
 of the S'avaras frightened the moon-sickle placed on his crest, 
 so that she concealed her deer in some distant hiding place. 
 
 If this narrative is divested of its envelope of poetical bombast, 
 the main facts, which Bilhana reports of his own life, are per- 
 fectly credible. He was born at KJionamulclia, three miles from 
 Pravarapura in a family of Madhyade'si Brahmans. His great- 
 grandfather JKuktikalas'a, and his grandfather Bajalialas'a were 
 Agnihotris and able to recite the Vedas. His father Jyeshtha- 
 Icalas'a was a grammarian who wrote a commentary on the 
 
 1. A Brahinan of this nam© is mentioned. Rajatar. VII. 20 se^. 
 
ivruonrcTioN. 17 
 
 Mahuhhihhi/a. 1 His mother's namo was N;ig;ldevi. He had an 
 elder brother Iahtardma and a younger brother called Auanda^ 
 who both were Pandits and poets. Jiilhnna received his educa- 
 tion in Kashmir and studied chiefly the Vedas, grammar as far 
 
 as the Mahabhiishya, and poetics or Alamkfira. 
 
 After finishing li is edueation, he left Kashmir and began that 
 
 wandering life whioh is now as dear to the young Pandit and poet 
 as it was in the palmy days of Hindu rule. Buna tells us in tho 
 S'rlharshaoharita, that ho also left li is home and enjoyed tho 
 freedom of the life of a wandering minstrel, though his family 
 was wealthy. In our clays, too, wandering poets and Pandits 
 may be met with all over India. I have received visits 
 from such men, who came from the Punjab and from Oude. 
 They had passed from one little native court in Northern India 
 and Rajputana to the other, holding disputations, showing off 
 their learning, and composing poetry extempore (S'ighrakavita) 
 for the delectation of such princes as cared about the ancient 
 lore and language of their country. Wherever they had 
 succeeded in producing a favourable impression and in procuring 
 Dakshina, they had stayed for longer periods, until their patrons 
 had got tired of them or they had been ousted from favour by 
 the efforts of the native Pandits. For every little principality 
 has its Pandits who have a claim to the liberality of the Raja 
 by right of inheritance, and these men guard their preserves 
 most jealously against all outsiders. If an outsider succeeds 
 in gaining a share of the prince's favour beyond the customary 
 Dakshina, which is granted to all learned strangers, they will 
 leave no stone unturned to drive the intruder away, and I have 
 heard many a bitter complaint of the Matsarya, the jealousy 
 shown by the Pandits enjoying fixed hereditary allowances 
 against the wanderers. The tour of a Northern Pandit, if it 
 
 1. No copy of this work has as yet been found, nor haye I eyer 
 eeeu it quoted. 
 
18 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 includes Rajputana and ends in Baroda and Bombay, lasts five or six 
 years. Frequently, besides the courts of princes, the most renown- 
 ed places of pilgrimage are likewise visited, and the Dharma 
 receives its due share of attention, besides the Artha and Kama. 
 In Bilhana's days the order of the grand tour was, of 
 course, somewhat different. After leaving his native country 
 lie made for the banks of the Jamna, along which the 
 high-road from North -Western into Central India was situated 
 then as now. The first town, in which he stopped for some 
 time, was the sacred Tirtha, Mathurd; thence he crossed 
 over northwards to the Ganges and visited Kdnoj* Fol- 
 lowing apparently the course of the latter river, he arrived at 
 its confluence with the Jamna at Praydga, (Allahabad,) and final- 
 ly at Bandras.^ This town appears to have been the eastern- 
 most point in his travels. It would seem that either at Banaras 
 or in travelling back westwards he made the acquaintance of 
 Kama, a prince holding Ddhala or Ddlidla. The latter name is 
 stated -1 to be an equivalent of Chedi or Bandelkhand, an explanation 
 which is confirmed by the statement that Karna had conquered 
 the hill fort Kalanjara, situated south-west of Allahabad close 
 to the Vindhya range. The poet's residence at Karna's court 
 appears to have been of considerable duration and one of the 
 brilliant points in his career, as he mentions his victory over the 
 poet Gangddhara and that he composed during his stay in Daha- 
 la a poem in honour of Kama. For, the statement that he 
 cooled by the floods of his song Ayodhyd the capital of the 
 husband of Sita (XVIII. 94), seems to me rather to have this 
 meaning than to point to a journey to Oude. 
 
 1. The spelling ^r^TK^f instead of WCPW is, I think, not a blunder 
 
 of the copyist. The same form occurs also in other works written after 
 
 1,000 A. D. e. g. in the S'atrunjayamahatmya, which belongs to the 
 loth century. 
 
 2. Compare the Pet. Diet, s, v. Dahala. Forbes Kas Mala I. 90. 
 identifies D. with Tipera. 
 
IMTB00UCTI0X. 19 
 
 On leaving Kar#a the poet visited Western India, attracted 
 no doubt by the fame of the courts of Dhurd and Aphilvdd? and 
 the sanctify of SomonulJia iWlhan, the Celebrated temple of 
 
 S'iva in Sorath. Tor some reason not stated, ho did however 
 
 not gO io Dhara and thus missed seeing king Blioja. lie must, 
 therefore, have taken one of the northern routes leading 
 from Malva into Gujarat. In Anhilvad he seems to have 
 been received badly, as he bitterly complains of the boorish 
 manners of the Gujaratls. His blame of their language, 
 ■which I think, refers to the execrable pronunciation both 
 of Sanskrit and Prakrit prevailing in Gujarat, is well founded 
 and my Gujarat! friends plead guilty also to the second charge 
 about the tying of the Kakshabandha. After performing his 
 devotions at Somanatha, Bilhana embarked, no doubt at the 
 neighbouring port of Veraval, for the South of India. Tho 
 town at which ho landed cannot be made out with certainty 
 from his too indefinite statement. But I should say that it 
 •was Honor© near Gokarna at tho extremity of the Konkana 
 which Paras'ur&ma is said to have taken from the sea. He con- 
 tinued his wanderings in the south for a considerable time and 
 visited Rdmcs'vara. Thence he turned northwards and finally 
 arrived in Kalyana, where king Vikrama gave him the office of 
 Vidyapati or chief Pandit." He seems to have spent the rest of 
 Ills life in Kalyana. For the longing which he expresses 
 (verse 104), for a contemplative life on the banks of the Ganges, 
 
 1. Kama allied himself later with Bhimadeva I. of Anhilvad against 
 Bhoja of Dhara, whom they defeated and slew, Ras Mala loc. cit. 
 Perhaps the state of Kama's relations with Malva made it unadvisable 
 for Bilhana to visit Bhoja's court. 
 
 2. The term Vidyapati is not of frequent occurrence. But it is found 
 in a passage of the Rajatarangiui, which will be quoted below and 
 
 in Dr. Bhau Dap's Chalisgain inscription J. R. As. Soc. new ser. I. 
 415, I 16. 
 
20 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 and the statement that ho turned from the vanities of this world 
 to pure knowledge, show that he completed the Vikrainanka- 
 devacharita in his old age. 
 
 Bilhana's literary career and his wanderings over India fall in 
 the third and fourth quarters of the eleventh century. To this 
 period point his connexion with Vikramaditya — Tribhuvana- 
 malla who reigned at Kalyana from 1076-1127 and his state- 
 ments about the kings of Kashmir. 
 
 Bilhana mentions two kings of Kashmir, Ananta and Kalas'a. 
 From the expression "there was" (asit) used by him, it would 
 appear that, at the time when the Vikrarnankadevacharita was 
 written, Ananta was dead. 
 
 Now we know from the Rajatarangini 2 that Ananta, after a 
 reign of thirty-five years caused his son Kalas'a to be crown- 
 ed king and that, though having nominally abdicated, he 
 continued to hold the reins of government for fifteen years 
 longer. At the end of that period he retired, disgusted with the 
 wickedness of his son, to Vijayakshetra. Two years and six months 
 later, when the hostility of the unnatural Kalas'a had reduced 
 him to the last extremity of misery, he committed suicide and his 
 queen Suryamati or Subhata became a Sati shortly afterwards. 
 
 According to General Cunningham, whose dates of the later 
 Kashmirian kings are more trustworthy than those given by 
 Troyer and Wilson, Ananta s accession to the throne falls in the 
 beginning of the year 1028 A. D., 3 and his death in 1080. Kalas'a's 
 rule lasted from 1080-1088, while his coronation and the nominal 
 beginning of his reign fall in 1062. If I am right in my interpreta- 
 tion of the word dsit, it is clear that the Vikramankadevacharita 
 must have been composed in the eighth decade of the eleventh 
 
 1. XVII. 33. 
 
 2. VII. 135-456. 
 
 3. Prinsep Antiq. II. 246, 
 
INTRODUCTION'. 21 
 
 century. IMiis is also proved by two other oircnmstanoes. Firstly 
 the narrative of the Vikram&nkaoharita ends with a war against 
 
 the Cholas 1 and knows nothing of the great expedition into 
 Oentral India beyond the Narmada which Vikrania undertook in 
 1088. 2 Secondly we learn from a remarkable passage of the 
 B&jatarangint, which confirms and amplifies Bilhana's state- 
 ments regarding himself, that the poet lived to see Harsha, 
 Kalas'as son on the throne. This passage Raj. VII. 936-938, 
 which on account of a misprint ftSffl for faFH in the Calcutta 
 edition and of Mr. Troyer's utterly mistaken rendering, has not 
 attracted attention, runs as follows : 
 
 K^r t^i *h ffm^ ^mn i| M<* || 3 
 
 936. c< When Bilhana, who left Kashmir in the reign of Ka- 
 las'a, whom Parmddi, lord of Karnata, made his chief Pandit, 4 — - 
 
 937. Whose parasol, when he travelled on elephants through 
 Karnata-land, was seen borne aloft before the king, — 
 
 938. Heard that liberal Harshadeva behaved like a brother to 
 true poets, he thought even so great a splendour a deception." 
 
 My emendation of this passage will, I trust, receive general 
 
 1. XVII. 43 seqq. 
 
 2. Jour. R. A. Soc. IV. p. 15. Another inscription referring to this 
 raid has been discovered by General Cunningham. Regarding the expedi- 
 tion of 1081 against the Pa-las or rather Pallavas see below. 
 
 3. WT ; Rc^ u Jl, Calcutta edition. 
 
 4. Mr. Troyer has changed the Vidyapati or chief Pandit to a statue 
 of Brihaspati, ^vhich rannadi jwescntcd to the Kashinirians ! 
 
22 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 assent, as Parmadi is a well known surname of Tribhuvanamalla — ■ 
 Vikrainaditya, and as Bilhana's own statements as to his posi- 
 tion and the honours paidio him in Kalyana (XVIII. 106) agree 
 exactly with Kalhana's words. 
 
 If, therefore, Bilhana lived to see Harshadeva's accession to 
 the throne, which happened in 1088, the Vikramankadevacharita, 
 which speaks of Harsha as a prince, must have been written 
 before that date. 
 
 The statement of the Kajatarangini that Bilhana left Kash- 
 mir during the reign of king Kalas'a must, however, be referred 
 to the time between 1062-1030, when Kalas'a was nominal 
 ruler, not to the period of his actual reign. For, as Bilhana 
 travelled over a great part of India, stopping in various towns 
 for some time and as he had stayed at Vikrama's court a number of 
 years before he wrote the Charita, the period of eight years 
 between 1080-1088 is not long enough to contain all these events. 
 It seems therefore, highly probable that the departure of 
 Bilhana from Kashmir took place shortly after Kalas'a's first 
 coronation in 1062 and the following additional arguments may be 
 adduced in support of this assertion. Firstly a period of twenty 
 to twenty-five years is not too long to be filled by the poet's 
 wanderings and residence at Kalyana. Secondly Pandits usually 
 go on their travels at the age of 20-26. As Bilhana states 
 XVIII. 86 that he left his country after completing his studies, it 
 must be supposed that he did so about the same age. Now, in the 
 Vikramankadevacharita, he also professes as mentioned above, that 
 he has done with the vanities of this world and longs for the life 
 of a Samnyasi. Consequently he must have been an old man — at 
 least for India — of about 50 years, and this consideration also re- 
 
 1. See J. E. As. Soc. IV. 4. The title is also used iu the Kuinarapa- 
 lacharita. 
 
 2. See XVIII. 101, where the poet gives clearly to understand that 
 he had enjoyed the favour of his patron for a long time. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 2t 
 
 quires that the period between bis departure and tlie composition 
 of the CkftTita should ho a long one. 
 
 Thirdly ho states, Vikr. XVIII. 91 the fact that ho was patro- 
 nized by Kama of Ddhala and ibid. I. 102-103 he narrates 
 that Somes'vara I. destroyed the kingdom of Ddhala and de- 
 feated or slew its ruler Karna. It is very probable that the name 
 Kama mentioned in the two passages, refers to the same person 
 and that Bi lb ana's visit occurred previous to the inroad of Some- 
 s'vara. Now the latter died about 1069. Bilnana's stay in 
 Dahala must therefore have fallen before this date. Finally 
 Bilhana speaks of Bhoja of Dhdrd as of a contemporary whom 
 lie did not visit, though he might have done so. It is not im- 
 possible that Bhoja was alive in 1062-G5, though Lassen places 
 him earlier. But he was certainly dead in 1080. 
 
 All these circumstances are, I think, amply sufficient to esta- 
 blish my assertion, that Bilhana left his country between 1062- 
 1065 and wrote the Vikramankacharita at an advanced age 
 about 108o, and that his travels and literary activity fall in 
 the third and fourth quarters of the eleventh centuiy. 
 
 As regards Bilhana s compositions, he must have written 
 
 .1. The date of Bhoja is unfortunately not yet satisfactorily ascer- 
 tained. Lassen places his reign between 997-1053 (J. A. III. 844). 
 But the only certain date in his reign is the year 1043 in which his 
 Karana, the Rajamriganka, is dated. My reasons for placing him 
 later are firstly that Bilhana states that during Bhoja's reign Somes'vara 
 I. (1040-1069) took Dhaiu by storm and 2udly that Kalhana asserts 
 Eajatarangini VII. 259, that Bhoja and Kshithuja or Kshitipati were in 
 the time after 1062 the only true friends of poets. Kalhana says, tasmin 
 kshauetulyam dvavastamkavibaudhavau, and this tasmin kshane, "at that 
 moment, 11 refers to the period, when, after the coronation of Kalas'a in 
 1062, Kshithuja had become a Samnyasi and sometimes visited king 
 Ananta in order to console him. 
 
24 introduction; 
 
 besides the Panchas'ika and the Vikramankakavya several 
 other works. I have already pointed out that Vikram. XVIII. 
 94: indicates that he composed a Ramacharita or Eamastu- 
 ti. In S'arngadhara's Paddhati, the contents of which have 
 now become generally accessible through Professor Aufrecht's 
 excellent analysis Zeitschft D. M. Ges. XXVIII. 1-120, 
 a great many verses of Bilhana s are quoted which are found 
 in neither of his two known works. 2 Professor Aufrecht thinks 
 that he composed also a handbook of poetics or an Alam- 
 karas'astra. Further researches in the unexplored libraries will, 
 it is to be hoped, produce other works of our author. His compo- 
 sitions deserve to be rescued from oblivion. For, though he shares 
 many of the faults of his brother poets as their coarseness and 
 their conventionalism in descriptions, he possesses a spark of 
 genuine poetical fire. Eeally beautiful passages occur in every 
 canto. One of the most touching is the description of Ahava- 
 malla's death, a metrical translation of which will be given else- 
 where. Bilhana' s verse is flowing and musical, and his language 
 comparatively speaking simple. He professes to write in the 
 Vaidarbhi riti. 
 
 1. It ought to be stated, that the Panchas'ika is sometimes attributed 
 to a poet called Chaura. But both its style and the fact that S'arn- 
 gadhara, who lived in the 14th century assigns it to Bilhana, settle 
 the question ; compare also Aufrecht Oxf. Cat, loc. cit. Bhoja quotes the 
 Panchas'ika in the Saras vatikanthabharana, but not the Vikramanka- 
 devacharita. 
 
 2. I find the following verses of the Vikramankadevacharita quoted 
 in the Paddhati loc. cit. p. 55; I. 27. 29 ; VII. 22. 23. 71 ; VIII. 6. 8. 10. 
 14.16.21. 70.75.78; X. 39. 42; XI. 83; XIII. 84. 
 
Introduction, 
 
 hi. 
 
 Proceeding to tlio analysis of tho first sovcntccn Sarins of tliO 
 Yikramfmkakavya which tre.it of tho history of tho Chalukyas 
 in general and of Vikramaditya in particular, I shall givo tho 
 wholo of their contents as far as they aro of any importanco. 
 In order to enable the reader to form an exact estiraato of tho 
 work, 1 shall closely follow tho text and relegate to the notes 
 all my own interpretations and such additions to tho poet'3 
 statements as can be supplied from tho inscriptions of this 
 dynasty which have been published by Sir W. Elliott, and from 
 other sources. 
 
 Bilhana's narrative is unfortunately very uneven. lie first gives 
 somo notices regarding the origin of the Chfilnkya race and tho 
 earlier kings of tho restored dynasty which begins with Taila- 
 pa. But theso aro very fragmentary. Next ho gives a littlo 
 fuller account of the deeds of Yikramadifya's father, but does 
 not attempt a connected narrative of his reign. After that, tho 
 events immediately preceding his hero's birth and tho history of* 
 the latter's youth are given in tho style of a chronicler. When 
 he comes to the wars, fought by Vikrama before his accession to 
 the throne, he relapses into the rhapsodic treatment of his sub- 
 ject. The following portion which treats of Ahavamalla's death, 
 Vikrama's exploits during tho reign of his brother Sornes'vara 
 II., of his accession to tho throne, and of the history of tho two 
 first years of his reign is again a kind of chronicle, though it 
 is unduly enlarged by the introduction of irrevelant poetical 
 descriptions of the seasons and of court amusements, tn tho 
 last and concluding part Bilhana gives mere fragmentary notes 
 on events that occurred in tho later career of his hero, 
 
 Brahma, Bilhana saysj was once engaged in his Samdhya. 
 devotions, when Indra came to him to complain of the grow- 
 ing godlessness on earth and begged him to put an end to it 
 
26 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 by creating a hero who would be a terror to the evil- 
 doers. On hearing this request the Creator directed his looks 
 towards his Chuluka or water vessel and from it sprung a 
 handsome warrior fit to protect the three worlds. From 
 him descended the Chalukyas a race of heroes, among whom 
 Edrita is reckoned as first progenitor and Mdnavya arose 
 who humbled the kings of the earth. 2 The original seat of the 
 Chalukyas was Ayodhya. Some of them desirous of victory 
 extended their conquests thence to the reign of the betel-palms 
 in the South, " where the tusks of their elephants wrote the 
 records of their victories on the sands of the ocean-shore that 
 witnesses the secrets of the Cholas. Narrow was the realm of 
 Vibhishana to them and their horses roamed as far as the snowy 
 mountains." 3 
 
 In course of time, Tailajpa (973-997) became the ornament 
 of the Chalukya race, a mighty warrior, who utterly destroyed 
 'those thorns of the earth, ' the Rashtrakutas. 4 
 
 After him ruled Satyds'raya (997-1008) who surpassed Bhar- 
 gava in the skillful use of his bow. He was succeeded by Ja- 
 yasimlia (1018-104:0) who after a long career, glorious through 
 
 1. I. 31-56; compare Jour. R. A. Soc. IV. 8. extract from the 
 Handarki inscription. 
 
 2. I. 58; compare Jour. E. A. S. Soc. loc. cit. ; the Mangalis'a 
 plate Indian Ant. III. 305 and Jour. R. A. S. new ser. I. 255. 
 
 3. I. 63-67 ; compare Jour. R. As. S. IV. 6, 12 where Sir W. 
 Elliott states according to his inscriptions that fifty-nine princes of this 
 dynasty reigned at Ayodhya and other places. 
 
 4. I. 69-73; compare Jour. R. A. S. IV. 6. Lassen J. A. IV. 103. 
 
 Bilhana has left out this king's expedition against Malva, which is 
 mentioned in liis inscriptions and admitted in the Bhojacharitra. Ac- 
 cording to the latter Mmrja was captured and killed by Tailapa, but 
 avenged by his successor. 
 
 5. I. 74-78, compare Joar. R. As.^Soc. IV. 13. Lassen loc. cit. He 
 is also called Satyas n. 
 
imraoDuoTiov. 27 
 
 numerous victories, ''received a garland, culled from the P&rij&ta 
 tree, from India's own hands."* 
 
 After him oame his son Ahavamalladeva, (101Q-C9) called 
 also Trailokyamalla, who in songs, tales and dramas was 
 celebrated as ' the second Rama.' lie conquered the Cholas? he 
 stormed Dhdrd tho capital of the Pramdras in Malaya, from 
 which king Bhoja had to flee. 4 He caused countless sacrifices to 
 be offered and by his liberality ho surpassed tho Chintamani, tho 
 wish-granting philosopher's stone. llo utterly destroyed tho 
 power of Karna, king of Ddhala. 5 IIo erected a pillar of vic- 
 tory on the shore of the ocean. 6 He personally vanquished the king 
 of Dravida 'who had run to encounter him' and stormed Kdncht, 
 the capital of tho Cholas, driving its ruler into the jungles. 7 
 
 1. I. 79-86, compare Jour. E. A. Soc. IV. 13. Lassen 1. c. IV. 104. 
 The phrase that Jayasimha received a garland of Pirija-ta flowers from 
 Indra means probably that he was killed in battle. Usually the Apsa- 
 rases are said to choose tho dying warriors as husbands aud to throw 
 tho Svayainvaramala- on their necks. Between Satyas'raya and Jaya- 
 simha, the elder brother of the latter Vikramaditya who according to 
 the inscriptions reigned from 1008-1018, has been left out. 
 
 2. I. 87. The real name of this king is Somes'vara (I.). Bilhana 
 always uses in its stead the honorific titles or Birudas given above. 
 His reason is probably that, as Vikrama's hated brother and predecessor 
 was also named Somes'vara (II.), he did not like to call the father to whom 
 Vikrama was much attached, by the same name. 
 
 3. I. 90. 
 
 4. I. 91-96. 
 
 5. I. 102 and 103. The two verses contain a pun on the word Jcarna, 
 which means ' ear' and is also a N. pr. Compare above pp. IS and 23. 
 
 6. I. 111. 
 
 7. I. 114-117. From Bilhana^ statement it might seem that the 
 Dravida aud the Chola were two different persons. But all through 
 the Charita the two names are treated as synonyms, compare e. g. V. 
 28, 29, 43, 60, 61, 77, 79, 84, 85, 89; VI. 2, 4, 7,9, 22. In 
 
28 INTKODUCTION. 
 
 He beautified Kahjdna so that it surpassed in splendour all other 
 cities of the earth. 
 
 But in the midst of his victories and his prosperity, Aliava- 
 walla was tormented by a deep sorrow. For he had no heir. At 
 last he formed the resolution to lay aside for a while all princely 
 pomp and to perform, together with his queen, severe penance 
 in order to obtain a son through S'iva s favour. He, therefore, 
 made over the kingdom to the care of his ministers and retired 
 to a temple of S'iva. There the royal couple slept on the bare 
 ground and entirely gave themselves up to devotional practices 
 and to the service of the temple. The king gathered flowers for 
 the worship of his guardian deity with his own hands and 
 the queen swept the floor of the temple and smeared it with 
 cowdung. After they had spent some time in this manner, the 
 king, one morniDg when engaged in his prayers, heard a heaven- 
 ly voice, which announced to him that S'iva, pleased with his 
 faith and penance, was willing to grant him three sons, the 
 second of whom would surpass in valour and virtues all the 
 princes of the olden times. " Two sons, the voice added, will 
 be born to thee by virtue of the merit acquired by thy works, 
 but the second will come to thee by my favour alone." The 
 
 the same way Kuntala and Karnata are used as synonyms to 
 designate the kingdom of the Chalukyas. — Regarding the wars of 
 Ahavamalla compare Jour. As. Soc. IV. 13 and Lassen J. A. IV. 
 105. The inscriptions support Bilhana's statement that Ahavamalla 
 conquered the Chola king who had made an inroad into Kuntala, but 
 they assert that the latter was slain. Erom Bilhana's statement it 
 would appear, that there was more than one Chola war. The defeat of 
 Bhoja is also mentioned in the inscriptions. But Dahala does not 
 occur in the list of conquests, though it includes many countries of 
 Central, Eastern a and Northern India. 
 
 X. II, 1-25, The word =^SFK ' he made 7 might be also taken to 
 Indicate that he founded Kalyaua. But this was not the case, as the town 
 existed long before his time^ compare e. g< Ind. Ant, I, 20-9, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 29 
 
 king, highly rejoicing, acquainted Lii wife witb these auspi- 
 cious news, performed the ceremonies required to complete 
 
 his vow, gave rich presents to tlio Brahmins, and resumed tho 
 government. 
 
 In duo tiino, tho queen Lore a beautiful son who, " since ho 
 fed the eyes of (lie king, jnst as Soma, the moon, feeds tho Cha- 
 koras," received (he name Soma (Somes'vara). Tho king was, 
 
 however, not satisfied. Remembering tlio predictions of tho 
 heavenly voice, ho anxiously longed for the birth of his second 
 BOn. At last ho saw tlio cheek of the queen again become pale. 
 He testified his joy by showering gold on the Brahmins and 
 by making other thanks-offerings. During this second pregnan- 
 cy tlio queen had wonderful cravings which presaged tho futuro 
 greatness of tho child sho carried. Sometimes sho desired to 
 plaoe her feet on tho elephants that guard tho points of tho 
 horizon ; sometimes sho called on the nymphs, that arc tlio 
 guardian deities of the quarters of the Universe, to shampoo her 
 feet, and at other times she eyed the swords as if desirous to 
 drink ' tho water of their steel/ 
 
 Great precautions were taken to ensure tho safety of her 
 precious burden. Tlio lying-in chamber was secured by 
 powerful spells and efficacious herbs and carefully guarded 
 by learned Brahmins. At last, in a most auspieious hour and 
 under a most favourable conjunction of the planets, the eagerly 
 desired son was born. Flowers fell from the sky, Indra's 
 
 1. II. 25-5S. The king's performing penance for the sake of a son 
 is in harmony with Hindu customs aud in itself not in the least in- 
 credible. But in this and subsequent portions of Bilhana's narrative 
 there is an evident design of representing Vikrama as the special favourite 
 of the gods and as such entitled to oust his elder brother from the throne. 
 This circumstance ought to be taken into account in considering the 
 credibility of the facts related regarding the internal history of Aha- 
 Vamalla's family. 
 
 2. II. 57.5S. 
 
SO INTRODUCTION. 
 
 drum resounded and, as the gods rejoiced in heaven, so a 
 festive tumult, the recitations of the bards and the songs of the 
 dancers, filled Ahavamalla's palace. 1 
 
 The child s marvellous lustre, which announced its future great- 
 ness, induced the king to call him Vikramdditya. 2 He throve and 
 grew up a handsome and strong boy, the favourite of his father. 
 Early he showed in his plays that he was destined to be a 
 mighty warrior and conqueror. He loved to chase the royal swans, 
 the Rajahamsas, and to tease the lionwhelps in their cages. 
 Later he acquired the various Lipis or alphabets and the art of 
 using the bow. " Sarasvati also, the giver of poetry and eloquence, 
 kissed his lotus-mouth." 3 Not long after Vikrama, the third 
 promised son was born. He received the name Jayasimlia. 
 
 After a while when Ahavamalla saw that Vilcramdditya, 
 who had grown up to manhood, had acquired all 'sciences' 
 and was anxious for the battle-feast, he conceived the plan 
 of making him Yuvaraja and thus to designate him as his 
 successor. But, as soon as he opened his mind to the prince, 
 the latter, respectfully but firmly, refused the offered favour, 
 alleging that the dignity of Yuvaraja belonged by right to his 
 elder brother. In this refusal he persisted when his father re- 
 presented to him that both Suva's word and the decree of the 
 stars pronounced him to be destined for the succession. Finding 
 that Vikrama was not to be moved, the king raised Somes' vara 
 
 1. II. 59-91. 
 
 2. Bilhana uses the following vicarious forms for this name, Vikra- 
 manka, Vikramankadeva, and "Vikramalanchhana. Elsewhere the forms 
 Vikramadityadeva and Vikramarka occur. His Birudas are, Tribhuvana- 
 malla ( Bilhana, inscript.) Parmadi (Kalhana, inscript. and Kniniira- 
 palach.), Kali vikrama (inscript.) 
 
 3. III. 1-24. 
 
 4. III. 25. The existence of the third son of Ahayamalla is not men- 
 tioned in the published inscriptions. 
 
INTRODUCTION. Zi 
 
 to tho rank of Yuvaraja. Royal fortune and tlio lovo of ilio father, 
 however, olung to Vikrama alone. IIo bore also, the burden of 
 
 the duties of tho king and of tho Yuvaraja, ' just as the prime" 
 val tortoise carries the serpent S'esha and tho earth." 1 
 
 With tho permission of Ahavamalla, Vikrama, then, set out on a 
 series of warlike expeditions.- Ho repeatedly defeated the Cholat 
 (III. 61, M, 65, G6; IV. 22-28) and plundered Kaneht. He lent 
 liis assistance to the king of Mdlava, who came to him for pro- 
 tection, to regain his kingdom (ill. G7) and carried his arms as 
 far north as Gaiula and Kdmarupa. IIo attacked also the king 
 of Simhala or Ceylon, who fled before him to the hermitage of 
 the husband of Lopamudra (ill. 77 ; IV. 20). He destroyed tho 
 sandal wood forests of the Malaya hills and slew the Lord of 
 Kerala (IV. 1-18.) He, finally, conquered Gangakunda (IV. 21), 
 Vengi (IV. 29) and Chakrakota (IV. 30). 3 
 
 After having accomplished these brilliant exploits Vikrama 
 turned homewards. He had come as far as the Krishna, when 
 he suddenly was disquieted by tho appearance of unfavourable 
 omens which announced some great impending misfortune. 
 
 1. III. 26-59. This part of the narrative of Vikrama' s life, also, 
 which strongly puts forward his fitness for tho throne and his gene- 
 rosity to the less able Soines'vara, looks as if it had been touched up 
 in order to whitewash V.'s character and to blacken that of his enemy. 
 
 2. III. 60— IV. 30. 
 
 3. Bilhana's rhapsodic treatment of this portion of Vikrama^s career 
 makes it impossible to determine the chronological order of these wars. 
 Only so much may be considered certain that his last exploits wero 
 performed in the South, as he came on his homeward march to the Krish- 
 nft. — The assertion that Vikrama defeated the kings of Gauda and Kaina- 
 rupa sounds very strange. It is, however, possible that he made with 
 his cavalry a raid into their territories. — Vengi (not Chengi as the 
 text reads) is the coast country between the Godavari and the Krishna- 
 and belonged about this time to the Cholas (see below). Gangakunda, 
 or Gandakunda as the MS. has prima manu, must have been another 
 Chola dependency, compare below VI. 21. 
 
82 tftTfcOi)UCTtOK. 
 
 He stopped his march and performed on the banks of the 
 river S'antis or propitiatory ceremonies intended to avert the 
 threatened evil. Whilst he was still engaged in these rites, 
 he saw the chief messenger of his father coming from the capi- 
 tal, with a face that clearly announced him to be the bearer 1 
 of bad news. The prince asked the Halkar at once for 
 news of Akavamalla, since already on the appearance of 
 the omens he had been anxious about the Welfare of the latter. 
 Reluctantly and with many tears the messenger told the dismal 
 story of Ahavamalla's sudden illness and death. 1 The king, he 
 said, had been supremely happy on learning his son s success 
 against the Chola, Pandya and Simhala. 2 In the midst of his 
 rejoicings he had been attacked by a malignant fever. Finding 
 that all remedies were of no avail, he had resolved to finish 
 his life in the Tungabhadrd, the Ganga of the south. 3 With the 
 consent of his ministers he had travelled to the sacred stream 
 and had died in its waves, meditating on S'iva. 4 
 
 On the receipt of these news Vihramdditya was deeply affect-* 
 ed and loudly manifested his grief. At first he refused to be 
 consoled and had to be disarmed lest he should attempt his 
 own life. After a while he recovered and performed the fune- 
 ral ceremonies on the banks of the Krishna. 
 
 1. IV. 31-43. 
 
 2. It is to be noted that the expeditions to Central and Eastern India 
 are not mentioned again and that order of the wars differs from that 
 given above. 
 
 3. The same epithet is applied to the Inngabhadra in the 
 Inscriptions. 
 
 4. IV. 44-68. Verse 58 contains a regular confession of Ahava* 
 malla's faith in S'iva, Lassen's conjecture J. A* IV. 105 that he became 
 a Jaina, appears without foundation. Indian princes will build temples 
 for many strange gods, without forsaking their Kuladevata or 
 Ishtadevata. The Kuladevata of the Chalukyas of Kalyana appears to 
 have been Vishnu, as they use the boar as their emblem* 
 

 INTRODUCTION. 33 
 
 After that ho set out for Kalyana in order to console his 
 brother. Somcs'vara came out to meet him and received him 
 affectionately. Tho two brothers lived for sometimo after in 
 concord and friendship. Vikrama, though superior to Somc- 
 s'vara by his talents, honoured tho latter as tho chief of his houso 
 and his king. He also presented him with the booty which 
 he had made in his wars. 1 After a while, however, Somcs'vara 
 fell into evil courses. Pride obscured his judgment, he becamo 
 suspicious, cruel, and avaricious, so that ho tarnished tho glory 
 of the Chalukya race and all right-minded persons fell away 
 from him. He even tried to do harm to his brother. "When tho 
 latter saw, that he was unable to restrain the king from evil 
 and had to fear for his life and good name, he left Kalyana to- 
 gether with all his followers. He, also, took with him the 
 youngest son of Ahavamalla, Jayasimha, as he did not think him 
 safe, whilst living near the king. Somes' vara, on learning that 
 bis brothers had fled, sent an army in pursuit of them. Vihra- 
 mdditya, unwilling to make war against his brother, avoided it 
 for a time. But, when finally compelled to fight, he destroyed 
 it ' like one mouthful.' Other forces which were despatched 
 after him in succession, suffered the same fate, until these re- 
 peated losses forced Somes'vara to desist from persecuting his 
 more talented brother. " 
 
 Vikrama, on being left to himself marched towards the Tunga- 
 bliadrd, on whose bank ho rested his army for some time. 
 
 1. IV. 69-96. Bilhana is again very careful to point out Vikra- 
 ma'3 excellence and his generosity towards his brother in order to 
 show that his hero gave no cause for tho subsequent disagreements. 
 
 2. IV. 97— V. 9. Compare Jour. As. Soc. IV. 14. 
 
 3. The Tungabhadra apparently formed the southern frontier 
 of the Chalukj-a kingdom and beyond it lay the dominions of the Chola ; 
 compare also below ys. 56, where Vikrama is requested to recede to the 
 Tungabhadra. 
 
Si INTRODUCTION, 
 
 Then he became anxious to fight the Chola and spent some time 
 in the province of Vanavasa. 
 
 When he resumed his march, the trumpets of his army remind* 
 ed the kings of Malay ades' 'a of his former great deeds. Jayake- 
 s'£, 3 the king of the KonTcan, came to him and brought presents. 
 The lord of Alupa* made his submission and received benefits 
 in return. The wives of the king of Kerala wept when they 
 thought of Vikrarna's former deeds 5 . 
 
 The Chola king, finally, feeling that we was unable to with* 
 stand Vikrama s approaching army, sent an ambassador to meet 
 the Chalukya prince and to ask for his friendship, to cement 
 which he offered his daughter's hand. Vikrama agreed to stop 
 
 1. Vanavasa (Banavasi), situated in the corner between the Ghats, the 
 Tungabhadra and Varada, appears at this time to have formed part of 
 the Chalukya kingdom, and was held for them by a branch of the 
 Kadamba family, see Jour. B. As. Soc. IV. 37. — Vikrama 1 s march must 
 have been directed from Kalyana to the south-west. He may possibly 
 have passed a corner of the Chola territory in order to reach Vanavasa. 
 Thus the statement that he was anxious to fight the Chola may find its 
 explanation. 
 
 2. It would seem that after leaving Vanavasa, Vikrama descended 
 into the country below the Ghats and first marched northwards return- 
 ing later to the south, 
 
 3. This Jayakes'i was the second prince of the name, who belonging to 
 the Kadamba race ruled over Goa (Gopakapura). The friendship which he 
 formed with Parmadi or Vikramaditya — Tribhuvanamalla is mentioned 
 in the Kadamba inscriptions published by Mr. Fleet, as well as the fact 
 that Jayakes'i II. married Vikrama's daughter Mailala, compare Jour. 
 Bo. Br. E. As. Soc. IX. 231, 232, 273. His daughter Mainaladevi 
 (Mailala ?) became the wife of king Kama of Anhilvad and the mother 
 of the famous Jayasimha Siddharaja, see Kumarapalacharita I. 66 and 
 Forbes Eas Mala I. 107. 
 
 4. Apparently a town on the coast. Mr. Fleet's inscript. Nro. II. Jour. 
 B. B. E. A. S. IX. 278 and 282, states that Jayakes'i I. conquered 
 Alupa. At the time of Vikrama's visit it may have been in the 
 possession of a side branch of the Kadambas. 
 
 5. Bilhana refers to the defeat of the Kerala king, mentioned IV. IS. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 3.j 
 
 bis expedition and to retire to ilio Tungahhadrd where the Cho- 
 la king promised to meet him. The retreat to the river was 
 arranged in order to save appearances, lest it should be said 
 that the Chola had proffered his friendship through fear. Ac- 
 cordingly the king and the prince met ; the former was humble 
 and the latter generous to his former foe. They were pleased 
 with each other and Vikrama's marriage with the Cliola princess 
 was duly celebrated. The king then departed. 1 Shortly after- 
 wards while Vikrama was still tarrying on tlio Tungabhadra, 
 tlio news reached him that his father-in-law was dead and that 
 the Chola kingdom was in a state of anarchy. He at once start- 
 ed for tho south in order to place his wife s brother on the 
 throne. He entered Kdncld and put the rebels there under 
 his heel. Next he visited Gdngakunda, destroyed the armies of 
 the enemy and finally secured the throne to the Chola prince. 
 After a month's further stay in Kanch! he returned to the 
 Tungabhadra. 2 
 
 But his expedition was not to have any lasting effects. A 
 'few days' after his return, he learned that his brother-in-law 
 had lost his life in a fresh rebellion 3 and that Iicijiga, the lord 
 of Vcngi, had taken possession of the throne of Kfinchi. 
 
 1. V. 28- VI. 3. 
 
 2. VI. 6-25. 
 
 3. I conclude thisA-om the expression ■ prakritivirodhahatasya chola- 
 siiuoh' (vs. 26), which I translate by *-of the Chola prince, who had been 
 slain in consequence of a disagreement with his subjects. 1 It might 
 be taken to mean " of the Chola prince, who had been killed ( by 
 Rajiga ) inconsequence of an inveterate enmity.'' But the statement, 
 made above, that after the death of the old Chola monarch a rebellion 
 broko out, which had to be quelled by Vikrama, speaks in favour of 
 the former interpretation. 
 
 4. Th© mistake in the text (vs. 26) Wf- for %\lg was caused by my 
 consulting Prof. H. H. Wilson's Cat. Mackenzie Coll. before my at- 
 tention was drawn to Sir W» Elliott's second article on the CLalukyas 
 
36 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Vilirama at once prepared himself to march against the 
 usurper ; but the latter in order to save his newly acquired 
 throne asked Somadeva of Kalyana to make an alliance with him 
 against their common enemy. Somes'vara, thinking that a 
 favourable opportunity to destroy his hated brother had been 
 found, eagerly accepted Eajiga's offer, though the hereditary 
 enmity between the Cholas and the Chalukyas ought — at least 
 in Bilhana's opinion — to have prevented such a step. 1 He 
 watched Vikrama's movements and followed him so closely on his 
 march to the south, that, when Eajiga's army had, at last, been 
 reached by Vikrama, Somes'vara's forces were encamped not 
 far off in his rear. When Vikrama became aware of the hostile 
 
 in the Journ. Madras L. and Sc. Soc. Vol. VII. That paper not only 
 shows that Vengi is the correct reading, but affords also the key to 
 this portion of Bilhana's narrative. Sir W. Elliott, shows that a branch 
 of the Cholas had established itself in Vengides'a, the eastern coast 
 between the Krishna and the Godavari, and had extended its conquests 
 thence to the frontiers of Katak ( Cuttack). This kingdom passed 
 by marriage to Eajendra Chola. " He was succeeded by his son 
 Vikramadeva, surnamed Kulottunga Chola. On the death of his 
 uncle Vijayaditya, who had been viceroy of Vengides'a, the king 
 deputed his son Eajaraja to assume the office ; but after holding it 
 for one year A. D. 1078, he resigned it in favour of his younger 
 brother Viradeva Chola, who assumed the title of Kulottunga Chola. 
 His grants are found in great numbers from A. D. 1079 up to the 
 year 1135, when a partial restoration of the Chalukya line appears 
 to have taken place.' ; I think there can be no doubt that Bilhana's 
 Eajiga is the Eajaraja of the inscriptions, as the former name appears 
 to be only a popular corruption of the latter and as the time, when 
 they are said to have ruled over Vengi, is nearly the same. If this 
 identification is correct, it follows that the Chola king whose daughter 
 Vikramaditya married was Vikramadeva-Kulottunga and that the 
 Chola prince, whom Vikramaditya established on the throne, was a 
 brother of Eajaraja- Eajiga. Probably the interference of the Chalukya 
 prince was the cause of his protegees losing his throne and his life. 
 1. Bilhana, in uttering this sentiment, forgets that a short time pre- 
 vious his hero had formed a matrimonial alliance with the same Chola 
 race. 
 
iNTnonrcTioN'. 37 
 
 intentions of his brother, ho was deeply distressed, feeing 
 averse from a fratricidal war. ITo sent friendly messages to 
 
 Somes'vara and made attempts at a reconciliation with him. 
 Somes'v&ltk apparently accepted his brother's advances; but, in 
 reality ho meditated treachery, soiling the fair name of his race. 
 ITo only temporised in order to find a favourable moment for strik- 
 ing a deadly blow. Even when Vikrama became aware of this, lie 
 was still unwilling to encounter his brother on the battle-field. 
 It was only at tho express command of S'iva, who, appearing to 
 him in a dream, ordered him to fulfil his destiny and to become a 
 great ruler, that he consented to an appeal to arms. On the morning 
 after the vision had appeared, a hard contested battle was 
 fought in which the victory finally remained with Vikrama. 
 Iuijiga fled and Somes'vara was taken prisoner. 
 
 Immediately after the battle Vikrama returned to the Tunga- 
 bhadrfi. He, at first, intended to restore his captive brother to liberty 
 and to the throne. But S'iva interposed a second time and angrily 
 commanded him to assume the sovereignty. Then Vikrama 
 obeyed the order of the God and allowed himself to be pro- 
 claimed ruler of the Dekhan. 
 
 1. VI. 26-99. — According to the inscriptions Jour. As. Soc. IV. 14 this 
 battle was fought in 1076. The inscriptions contain also the same state- 
 ments regarding Somes'vara — Bhuvanaikamalla's character, though no 
 mention is made of the circumstance that the latter was aided by tho 
 Chola king in the battle which cost him the throne. It is, however, 
 doubtful if Vikrama, in acquiring the throne of Kalyana was merely 
 a victim of destiny, as Bilhana wishes to make out. It looks very 
 suspicious "that the poet finds himself obliged to bring in S'iva three 
 times in order to vindicate the course of action taken by his hero. 
 Vikrama's alliances with the Kadamba Jayak'es'i and the Chola seem, 
 also, to indicate that he, on his side, was preparing himself for coming 
 events or had far reaching designs. Lastly what one sees and hears 
 now of Rajput life, makes one cautious in believing that one brother 
 should have dethroned the other merely through the latter's fault. 
 There are no doubt touching instances of strong family affection in 
 
38 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 To bis youngest brother Jayasimlia Vikrama gave the office 
 of viceroy of Vanavdsa. 1 Shortly afterwards he made fur- 
 ther expeditions, by which he subdued everybody and every 
 thing in the four quarters of the universe excepting only the 
 elephants that guard the points of the horizon. Against whom 
 these wars were waged is not stated. But ' when the multi- 
 tude of the kings had been exhausted,' Vikrama once more had 
 to 'extinguish' the Chola. 2 Then only he entered his capital of 
 Kalyana. 3 
 
 The time of Vikrama' s arrival in Kalyana fell in spring, the 
 season of pleasure and love. The king also was destined to 
 undergo its influence and to become a slave to the gentle passion. 
 He learnt that the S'ilahara prince, ruling over Karahata, 
 possessed a daughter Chandralekha or Chandaladevi by name, 
 who, being endowed with marvellous beauty, was by the order 
 of Parvati to hold a Svayamvara. The minute inventory 
 of the princess' charms beginning with her toe-nails and end- 
 ing with her raven tresses, which was to be given to Vikrama, 
 set his heart on fire. A spy was despatched to Karahata in 
 order to see what his chances might be. During the time of 
 this persons absence Vikrama' s passion grew to such an 
 extent, that his limbs wasted away and pallor overspread his 
 
 Rajput families. But, in general, a great amount of jealousy 
 and dissension prevails, caused partly by the system of polygamy, 
 which among the Eajputs is de rigueur as a matter of etiqnette, and 
 partly by the uncurbed ambition of these races. Considering all these 
 points I am inclined to give the verdict against Vikrama and Bilhana 
 and to assume that the former designedly used his superior talents to- 
 oust his weaker brother. 
 
 1. VI. 99 compare also XIV. 4. 
 
 2. Possibly, by the " multitude of kings,'' (naranathachakra) whom 
 Vikrama subdued, rebellious Samantas or feudal chiefs may have to 
 be understood. The statement that he had again to fight the Chola* 
 detracts from the magnitude of his former victory. 
 
 3. VII, 1-2, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 39 
 
 face. But lils torment was quickly allayed, when the messenger 
 returned with excellent news. IIo reported that Chandralekhu, 
 on hearing of Vikrama, had fallen in lovo with him, that sho 
 Wished to elect him for her husband and that her father's 
 wishes coincided with her own. Ilo concluded his speech by 
 exhorting Vikrama to set out at onco for Karahata, as the 
 Svavamvara was to take place immediately. 
 
 The king hastened on the wings of lovo to that u capital of 
 Cupid," where many other princes had already assembled' The 
 chief of Karahata received him respectfully and affectionately. 
 After the rites of hospitality had been performed, Vikrama entered 
 the hall where the Svayamvara was to be held, and sat down 
 among his rivals. In due time the princess, also, arrived, attended 
 by her maidens and an elderly matron of the harem. The 
 latter pointed out and described the great qualities of the as- 
 sembled chiefs. Chandralekha heard unmoved the praises of 
 the lord of Ayodhya, a descendant of Kama, of the kings of 
 Chedi and Kanyakubja, of the ruler of the country watered by 
 the Charnianvatl (Chambal), of the princes of Kalinjara, Go- 
 pachala, Mtdava, Gurjara, Pandya and Chola. One by one she 
 rejected them, signifying her displeasure by various contemp- 
 tuous gestures. Her eyes sought the Chaluky.a and remained 
 fixed on his face. When the other princes saw this, they lost 
 all hope of success with the Patimvara and plainly manifested 
 their disappointment and anger. But the Pratihararakshi, the 
 attending matron, loudly approved the choice of the princess, 
 who had selected a husband so noble, handsome, rich and 
 brave, the conqueror of the allied Cholas and Chalukyas. She 
 exhorted her to throw the garland over his neck. Chandra- 
 lekha obeyed, the acclamations of the assembled multitude 
 approved her act, and the happy pair at once proceeded to the 
 nuptial Mandapa. 1 
 
 1. VII. o— IX. 152.— By giving in the seventh Sarga a lengthy de- 
 
40 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 After the wedding bad been celebrated, tbe rejected suitors 
 departed. Many of them would have liked to give vent to 
 their anger by deeds ; but fear of the great Chalukya restrain- 
 ed them. Vikrama and his bride, happy in each others com- 
 pany, enjoyed their newly found bliss and the pleasures of 
 spring. In the morning they took walks in the garden. Vi- 
 krama pointed out to Ckandralekhfi the beauties of the season. 
 He seated her in a swing and swung her with his own hands. 
 Later the whole harem was called out and the women amused 
 themselves and the king with gathering flowers from the trees 
 and creepers. Then, covered with the pollen of the blossoms, 
 they went to a tank to bathe and to sport in the water. Fi- 
 nally, in the evening, after enjoying the bright moonlight and 
 after making a fresh toilet, the whole party sat down to a 
 banquet at which Sura or Madhu, a highly intoxicating liquor, 
 flowed in streams. The women were soon flushed by this drink 
 
 scription of the effects of spring on the passions and of its amusements 
 and by introducing a detailed description of Chandralekha's charms 
 in the eigth Sarga, Bilhana has managed to fill nearly three cantos 
 with the narrative of Vikrama's marriage. He has also succeeded in 
 giving the story a very unreal appearance by imitating the Eaghnvams'a 
 in the description of the Svayamvara. Nevertheless the main facts re- 
 lated by him may be taken to be historical. For the name of Vikra- 
 ma's wife Chandaladevi is preserved in the inscriptions vide Jour. As. 
 Soc. IV. 13. From the inscriptions of the S'ilaharas it is also certain 
 that this family ruled in Karahata, the modern Karhad (Kurrar), see 
 ibid p. 282. Bilhana does not employ the name S'ilahara, but he 
 calls Chandralekha twice, VIII. 3 and IX. 27 a Vidyadhara. The 
 S'ilaharas bore this appellation by virtue of their descent from Jimuta- 
 vahana. 
 
 Tod's annals of Eajasthan and other works show that Svayamvaras 
 occurred among the Rajputs until a very late period. From the great 
 length and minuteness of the descriptions of Chandaladevi 's beauty, 
 of her Svayamvara and of Vikrama's affection for her, it may be 
 concluded that she was still the favourite when Bilhana wrote. 
 
iNTitonrcnoN. i 1 
 
 and their odd bohaviour anil Bpeeohea served to amuse the king. 
 At the beginning of the hot season Vikrama proceeded to 
 
 Kalyana. His entry caused a great commotion, especially 
 anion- the fair sex. Tlio women, one and all, fell in 
 lovo with their king and manifested their passion in 
 various extravagant ways. Arrived at his palace the 
 prince held a Darbar and then retired to the inner apartments, 
 where, anointed with sandal oiiimont, he sought, in the com- 
 pany of his wives, refuge from the heat in bath rooms 
 cooled by flowing water- He again gavo himself up to tho 
 pastime of the Jalakrida. During tho remainder of the hot sea- 
 
 1. IX. 1 — XI. 95. — The description of the kind's amusements, to 
 which Bilhana, treating them apparently con amorc, allots nearly three 
 whole Sargas, may be considered a faithful picture of the life in the 
 inner apartments of an Eastern king. Vikramaditya's son, Somes'vara 
 III. surnamed Bhulokamalla wrote a curious handbook of amusement h 
 for kings, entitled Manasollasa or Abhilashitachintamani. Ho 
 rnumcrates twenty kinds of sports (vinoda) and twenty amuse- 
 ments (krida) the latter of which appear chiefly destined for the 
 harem. They include those mentioned by Bilhana. The exciting ele- 
 ments in them are mostly romping, equivoque, debauchery and drink- 
 ing. Drink has always been a favourite passion of the Rajputs. The 
 abstaining classes among the Hindus, tho Brahmans and the Jaiua and 
 Bauddha Vanias, have constantly struggled against this propensity. 
 The first strongly condemn it in their works on Dharma and Niti 
 (sec e. g. Manu VII. 50, and Kamandaki XIV. 59) and both Jainas 
 and Bauddhas, whenover they gained over a Rajputa, king tell us that they 
 made him renounce the use of spirituous liquors. Their efforts have not 
 had any great success. For the Rajputs of our day, even those who 
 are not debauchees, use various kinds of burnt waters which in 
 streugth surpass anything, ever manufactured in Europe. I must, how- 
 ever, confess that the use of spirituous liquora by Rajput females was 
 unknown to me until I read of it in Bilhana's and Somcs'vara's work. 
 
 2. XII. 1-T8. — The description of the passionate behaviour of the 
 women at the entry of the king is merely conventional. It is repeated 
 on several occasions. — Bathrooms, (dharagriha) of the kind mentioned 
 by Bilhana, are now in existence and in use. They arc sometimes 
 attached to Yavs (vapi) or wells and underground, 
 
42 INTRODUCTION* 
 
 son and the ensuing rainy season Vikrama stopped in the capital, 
 entirely devoting himself to pleasure. He composed also a poem, 
 describing the breaking of the Monsun, which he addressed to 
 Chandaladevi. 
 
 But when the end of the rainy season came, he received 
 news which rudely aroused him from his luxurious repose. 
 A confidential adviser informed him, that his brother Jaya- 
 simlia, whom he had made viceroy of Vanavasa after the victory 
 over Somes'vara and Rajiga, was meditating treason. In proof 
 of this assertion the informer stated that Jayasimha amassed 
 treasures by oppressing his subjects, that he increased his army, 
 that he had subjected to himself the forest-tribes, that he was 
 seeking the friendsnip of the Dravida king and that, worst of 
 all, he tried to seduce Vikrama's soldiers from their allegiance. 
 In conclusion he added that the prince would shortly advance 
 with hostile intentions to the Krishnaveni. 
 
 Vikrama was greatly distressed by this news, which opened 
 the prospect of another fratricidal war. Unwilling to act without 
 fuller information, he sent out spies to inquire into the truth of 
 the accusations against Jayasimha. The report which they brought 
 back, confirmed it. Even then the king was averse from harsh 
 measures. He addressed friendly exhortations to his brother, 
 representing to him that, as he possessed already regal power in 
 the provinces assigned to him, a rebellion would profit him but 
 little. But all was in vain. 
 
 In the meantime autumn came. The beauty of this season, (of 
 which a lengthy description is given), did not allay Vikrama s 
 anxiety and distress. He again made repeated attempts to be re- 
 conciled to Jayasimha. But the latter would no longer receive his 
 messages. He advanced to the Krishna where many Mandalikas 
 
 1. XIII. 1-90. — I will not decide if we have really to recognize in 
 Vikramaditya a royal author or if Bilhana merely puts the poem into 
 his mouth in his anxiety to give a complete description of the seasons. 
 
.NTUOlin TION. 
 
 43 
 
 joined liii camp. Filled with the Lope of \ iotory and prond ol bi 
 army, lie allowed his soldiers to oommit all possible exc V il- 
 
 tages were plundered and bnrnt and their inhabitants dragged into 
 captivity. He, also, sent insulting messages to the king,hia bro- 
 ther. Vikrama patiently bore theseoutragea for Bometime, but final- 
 ly was oompelled to take tho field in self-defence. Collecting 
 a large army, lio also advanced to the Krishna. On arriving 
 there ho onco more tried negotiations. When these failed, a 
 battle was fought, in which Jayasimha at first gained some ad- 
 vantages by means of his elephants. But Vikram&ditya'a 
 personal bravery restored the fortune of tho day. Jayasimha's 
 army was routed and its leader was captured on his flight, in 
 the jungles. Though Vikrama would have had reason enough 
 to deal hardly with the captive, he spoke kindly to him and 
 consoled him. 
 
 After this victory Vikrama returned to Kalyuna and enjoyed 
 tho pleasures of tho cold season which, in the mean while had 
 come on. Theso consisted in hunting parties, at which ho 
 slew lions and other largo game, hunted boars with hounds 
 and shot deer with arrows. 1 
 
 After Vikrama had subdued all his enemies, his dominions 
 enjoyed peace and prosperity. The elements even showed 
 themselves propitious, neither famine nor pestilence visited 
 li is kingdom. In course of time sons were born to him, who 
 resembled him and gladdened his heart. His liberality to the 
 
 1. XIV. 1. — XV. 87. — Vikrama's war with Jayasimha is not men- 
 tioned in the inscriptions made known by Sir. W. Elliott. Tho reason 
 is, no doubt, that Vikrama did not care to proclaim the fact, that ho 
 had fought with both his brothers. According to Bilhana's account 
 the battle fulls at the end of the year 1077 and the statement of the Ka- 
 damba inscriptions that Tailapa Kadamha became Governor of Vana- 
 vasa in S'aka 9'JD or A. D. 1077-78 agrees with it. The latter event 
 probably took place after tho deposition of Jayasimha. 
 
 2. XVI. Uo3. 
 
44 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 poor of all countries was unbounded. He erected also build- 
 ing for pious purposes, to commemorate his name. He built 
 a temple of Vishiiu-Kamalavilasi ; in front of it be dug a 
 splendid tank. Near it be built a city with splendid temples 
 and palaces. 1 
 
 Once more, however, after a long period of peace he had to 
 draw his sword. The Chola again became proud and insolent. 
 But Vikrama's army marched on Kanchi ; a battle was fought 
 in which the Chola fled as usual. Kanchi ,was taken. Vikrama 
 amused himself there for some time and finally returned to 
 bis capital. 2 
 
 IV. 
 
 It remains for me to give some information regarding the MS. 
 on which this edition of the Vikramankadevacharita is based. It 
 belongs, as already stated, to the Brihajjnanakosha of the 
 Osval Jainas, which is preserved under the great temple of 
 Parisnath (Pars'vanatha), in the fort of Jesalmir. It is written 
 with ink on 158 palm leaves, each about a foot long and four 
 inches broad, which are protected by boards and held together 
 
 1. XVII. 1-42. The building of the city, which was called Vikra- 
 mapura is mentioned in the inscriptions (Jour. B,. As, Soc. IV. 15) and 
 Sir W. Elliott adds that " an enormous tank and other works attest its 
 former splendour." 
 
 2. XVII. 43-68. — This expedition must have been the last impor- 
 tant event, which occurred before Bilhana wrote. Perhaps it is the 
 war against the Pala (read Pallava) king mentioned in the inscriptions 
 as having taken place in 1081. (1. cit. p. 15). For a branch of the 
 Kerala Pallavas was established in the Chola country and ruled it for 
 some time in the seventh century. During Vikrama's times the Cholas 
 fell very low indeed audit is just possible that the Pallavas regained 
 some of their old influence in the East of the Peninsula, (compare 
 Burnell El. S. J. Pal. p. 29. But this point, as indeed all Sir W. Elliott's 
 inscriptions, requires re-examination. 
 
INTRODUCTION* 4L> 
 
 !)y a shing passed through the middle. Each page contains 
 from lour (u seven lines. The same Potht includes also twenty 
 
 more leaves containing several small poems. 
 
 On tlio last leaf of tho Potbl there is a notice that tliis Pustika 
 was recovered (punargrihltd)by Khef singh and Jefhmall in Sum vat 
 
 l.'M'J, or, (as the Jainas nearly always use the Yikrama Samval | 
 A. D. 12SC-7. Though this date occurs on a loaf not belonging to 
 the Yikramfmkakavya, it may bo assumed that the note refers 
 both to it and to the additional twenty leaves. For there is 
 no difference between tho handwriting of the two parts of tho 
 Potht. The copy on which the present edition is based, must, 
 therefore, have been written within 200 years from Bilhana's 
 time. The writing makes it probable that it may be even older. 
 The preservation of the MS. is in general excellent. In a few 
 places only the ink has been rubbed off and tho letters have 
 become indistinct. The worst passage occurs in the fifth Sarga 
 where half a page has been nearly destroyed in this manner. A 
 careful examination of tho leaf with a strong magnifying glass 
 enabled me to make out all tho letters with the exception of six 
 Aksharas in V. 1G. The MS. has been written with great care 
 and has been corrected and annotated. The glosses are in a 
 mixture of ancient Gujarat! and Marvfidi, such as is used by 
 the Yatis down to the present day. Its letters resemble 
 those of the photograph prefixed to my Report on S. MSS. for 
 1S72-73, of the palm leaf MSS. exhibited last year at tho 
 Oriental Congress, and of the Chalukya inscriptions in Abu and 
 other parts of Gujarat. They are ancient Jaina Devanagari 
 and are not readable, without some practice, by those who 
 know only the modern Balabodha characters. The letters cli, 
 dh and v as well the groups hri and lesh are very troublesome 
 even to a practised eye. For the shape of the latter two is almost 
 identical and the former three are distinguished only by very 
 minute strokes, which in old MSS. are frequently rubbed off. 
 
4G INTRODUCTION. 
 
 As soon as I recognised tbe importance of tbe MSS., I resolved 
 to copy it out myself. My time at Jesalmir was limited. Bat 
 with the help of my companion Dr. H. Jacobi of Bonn, who 
 kindly lent me bis assistance during my whole tour in Kaj- 
 putana, the task was accomplished in about seven days. He 
 copied Sargas V. VI., XIV.— XVIL and XVIII. 1—74, while 
 the rest fell to my share. We then revised our copy together. 
 I fear, however, that some at least of the little lacunas and 
 mistakes, wbicb had to be filled in and corrected when the work 
 was printing, are owing to the inaccuracy of our transcript and not 
 to that of the writer of the old MS. Every case where in printing 
 I thought it necessary to alter the text given by tbe transcript, 
 lias been carefully stated in the notes. With the exception of 
 two or three passages 1 about which I am still in doub^ the 
 text of the Vikramankakavya is readable, and I believe that, if 
 fresh MSS. are found, it will prove to be trustworthy. I have 
 to thank Vamauficharya Jhalkikar for several emendations, which 
 be suggested while copying my transcript for the press and his 
 brother Bhimacbarya for some other corrections given in the 
 addenda. 
 
 I have also to thank K. M. Chatfield, Esq., Director of Public 
 Instruction who like bis distinguished predecessors E. Howard, 
 Esq., Sir A. Grant and J. B. Peile, Esq., C. S., continues to give 
 a liberal support to Oriental Studies, for his ready permission to 
 print the work in the Bombay Sanskrit Series. 
 
 1. 'E. g. II. 21. 
 
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 ^ife^rore^r w$ ww ii ^ ii 
 
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 w^rerrcq^or ^r^rcqit: q*nrj 
 
 f flffiiq: q^r^q ?3R9<q<aisqfa few | 
 
 IV. 21.JTtiJ*Ms.pr>m.— IV. 32. SW Ms. 
 
nftritaftraraiftr qsreqi-arcKmH ii \8 ii 
 
 arfa*w^ frr]f mqn*q wy *tt* \ 
 
 ftq^rer jqiVre^rc^gqre^iTji \^ ii 
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 ^^TTTrqs";ro£rqKT^?fsr?T*r I 
 iT<wr<qq §m mm? f^nrcm 11 a\ 11 
 
 ^W flMMKH lfftfa ^3" 3<HSr: II 8^ II 
 
 ^*rcnTis ^imsrfaary^sffcirc: 11 8\ 11 
 
 fq^fe 5CTTCTR JTiqifkq $tanq I 
 
 1Y. 10. ix^rct Ms.— IV. 12. ^^5: Ms, 
 
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 ^q?^^)^mm^ *r r^ft: 11 s^ 11 
 mm 5^ wrsR<nf *m *€nprr*r 1 
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 rR3T *wt«T£[ ^mrcicq- ^ST^Rr 1 
 
 <T<T mgT5Wr^q qtef mH^K: <p: || \$ || 
 
 Otk^tri^tk sma^ry^: 11 \<s 11 
 
*m ttjt ^ ^-* ^T^^mwwmK i 
 
 
 Tt^ii^q- $w\ w^rs^; *r: ik\ ii 
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 rnin^^m^ ?\k*\ <TCJ*P^T II ^8 II 
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 *qqTqi^*nqq n^otw mpr: i 
 ?ror ^d? qqqr TTO^faSfa * : a V3 ° ll 
 
 msraw qqr to Rmfsjsfa q^sw 11 ^\ 11 
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 qqife %q H^n^ft^^^nw 11 ^» 11 
 
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 ^ISTTTOffgW ^TO^wn%HT«T: I 
 
 2*^3^ v§ ststi sqqfear: f^r- 11 ^ 11 
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 mgsr: qq^sifF qrcfifereq 5^' 11 ^ 11 
 
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 T^rur^Tr^q^rT wkiat siwi<i«miii II £\ II 
 mw& wfa\*? 3°ti^ S&rojpr: ii ^ ii 
 ^riqr^T^ r $*&r 3fRi: tkstc: || ^\ || 
 
 ^ m wTzm$[ m£9i?: wrnro: u c a 11 
 
 mm ^Nnn^fawnTO swi ^mr i 
 
 3flffii«MWH i?m* *^<i3r?r 11 ^ ti 
 qmfafa fa^nqro sifai?rw flrcr: ft^r* i 
 
 fa:^!FqW?raT%tf: wftw^fw || <^ II 
 
 ^r^TT 5^m#t^ ^k*w fwwrcr ii ^ o ii 
 
 IV. 87. aPrw. 
 
v ot iris ^i^t $mt spfWifw ii ^ ii 
 
 ^ft fwroifoswwFff m*w ii ^8 ii 
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 <rer wrctfr k* h^ wf^sqw ii <^ n 
 
 <\ 
 
 
 
 ?^OT ^T^W^RtR TOBRUCH ^ II 
 
 IV. 93. C £KC° Ms. 
 
^ST ^ifmnwpf 3"<?*RF*3T: II lof || 
 
 ON On ~^» * ~ 
 
 mii fowl ^^ R&» it^j?tt ii v°^ II 
 
 ?Wl ft" HNI WRf fa^WHHlWlT || \\ o || 
 
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 *w;ziii$ wsrcm^ irrq ^f *nw n \\\ ii 
 
 ^ *T5TT^ H^T^Tnr^q TOST* | 
 
 IV. 10a. °im° Ms.— IV. 10G. ttiKl: H°Mb. 
 
«itt4 snwircr 9»*tf«rj sjrem«r «rrfHrerc: n \\^ n 
 4: II 8 II 
 
awmr^fa fonf* titt facing* Pww e: n \ n 
 
 1% ^5WW ^ <R: S^WT^Hr: HRFmrr: | 
 
 
 g^^n^r srssrcri 27*ri^ *t j^sT^t \\\o \\ 
 ^i^^RTr^RRnT: j^w tf*nTm<im<i*: 11 \\ 11 
 
 V. 2. f^*T° Ms.— V. 3. **J€WT° Ms.—V. 7. °«ft<t Ms. 
 V. 9. ^cf^R^^I Ms. 
 
q?r ^a* g^^fa^m fa^JTirfirecfr *r?npr: ii \» ii 
 *3Fe*5 T^f ■nfiro injwiftr fim*3R ftrcraj 
 
 s?* ww^w r^Hnrrwf faw*rw ^fare: 11 *a 11 
 
 C^ 6\ ^» Os ^* 
 
 V. 16. ^T ffKFrfer°oin. Ms., tlio letters having beea rubbed 
 out— V. 17. °iffStolj ! 5r: Ms.— V. 18. ^fi°— *wmm Ms. 
 
*uq e^Fpa^q: qfar^qr^qqreqrqsrqsTrfe^: i 
 
 V.- 24. W Ms. 
 
8 ^ Rann$^tffcpf i [h°k 
 
 *\ *v ^. 
 
 R^^yi^TFJf w^ * squfq: wxfew f^rorq l 
 *$qi: qftsm rnfeOtfjpn'M' q>qw EPET5r*n* u \\ n 
 <qi?*R fafamqrarT fq*r sr^swrorsqenj* i 
 gm?TTq ^rn-^r: qq?q?r 5n girrcrcnrq' fqqr*jr3r: II \^ II 
 snr3t *pqq?W* hst *i*qm2T<m*rc ^T^qr i 
 qs5r^qqfe*Tq ^t ir Or-sjsrr ^mTr sffiffafcsw 11 \^ h 
 ik q^nq fqsrqmqT *qr <q *m*<rqs v TH^*q"<:: i 
 ^0 qsfa qsj w «9 qtfa tptostctitoV 11 V 11 
 qrfa qtfqqra-qr^rnJTBT qf *q faqsm Jmrc i 
 st jqrmqqj^^n^rrr <qr qft fe «wsr jw^qsnr ii^ii 
 sqfkqt fqibj^r^q ftw: sr^ei^m^^qr ^qn i 
 
 cqT^qqm^qq- ?TRfq rq^^: ^^#1% ^19% || 8 o || 
 
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 =qr^iJJ%q[^^q|Tr^: [% ^t qfor Hq^R^f^[rT: I 
 
 q^q^^pr^nri' <rq Bp? ssfhr^reqroq^ srs^ 11 y a 11 
 
 3Fq^^rn%qf^ srfrT qr^rq?^T sremK^qq I 
 
 ^» ^* V* 
 
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 m^ fowi fo ststrt wear ^wft sprcni II <<« n 
 
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 ^yrawwre *tra *mqr^ j^m^ *?*3w i 
 f>i^qo^R^r w<nrareq \k upwug<r *rqr I 
 
 <T*q >TK im^STTllw ^SfaTOC^FP? *TP*JW I 
 
 <K n* Ox t X ~x 
 
 f% mi^f^f ^q*rr TOrarf^triff ^^\ fw \ 
 
 *r ?qqi qft^q jRmw Mtftuteftfl TTmrisjT^r n ^vs h 
 
£r m? irem Tm^i n^ sile |T^^ra<roFji \£ \\ 
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 N* N* V* ^ 
 
 ^w V* v,» 0n n N» n4 
 
 V. 65. °qtTO Ms.— Y. 6G. °^° Ms. — Y. G8. TfaTW:; q|5TW° 
 Ms. 
 
«nr?n: f^wr ^?^j q <r$pt<ww<r sr sfsnr u ^8 n 
 
 nsqjg^R^q^: ^q^Tf%cK*TT^qfT II ^ II 
 
 srfq^n <rqr: mw xw qr^q^f : sprier i 
 
 V. G9. °Ti5T° Ms.— V. 70. °JWI C M.s— V. 7.1 W:; foi 
 Ms.— V. 78. Ms. om. first ^T. 
 
8i l^*i|;^lt<R | [fl° <s 
 
 w s fiprcw v$m ^q ^*frrr *ro 3t>r ^rar: I 
 <n^n: jrq-nrq ^msr* ?r j^t 5i%;wrf«rtr *nn I 
 ?% *rclfa ^mfw ^ fsrq^i nrnlr qi^q: I 
 
 n* N C^ n* 
 
 N* >* N* x 
 
 fcqTfe 3"fai^*r foftviOT! T^sqkrf: I 
 
3° o tanni^^forv a 3 
 
 *wPq qft5pre*qrc$rm*j s*wq ^ra- *irercnT: 11 1 n 
 
 5u%t^5^j?t: fcfttf : ,|MWUfft 'Rtm Ph?^hih 11 \ 11 
 
 urikfir h jmHTT^Trcmsr qft^wq^ rm$v vm fan \ 
 
 Nil XJ "^ ' 
 
 ^|^?wi jprHwr^rcrsw: q<w^ KJUVm 1 
 fe*^^^rir?qT^'rawsr^W3raf^c crarq h c 11 
 
 VI. 10. * ( >f° oiu. Ms. 
 
f^mm%rreq^ ^rfa ^^h ^si^majq^r it v % it 
 STCTRTcRq: *qffa #regr foi^s^^Rfr ^m% i 
 
 5n^T^KrT?rfq^^qnqTq^ar^ faa^KK || * o || 
 
 ^fcrf^f ft T^mtk <rsr Hi<qr qft^jjmj ijftfHiq^ra: i 
 
 VI. 20. If on. Ms. 
 
aTrf^ftre W^Rinrt jOTMRifq ^st faqjwr i 
 
 VL 24. °^W Ms.— YL 26. ^° or *RF° is not clear in 
 Ms.— VI. 28. 6^° Ms.— VI. 33. f?OT Ms. 
 
f f? ^faTpniW 1 ^r«ftftfcr^ ^|;*T?RFRr n w 11 
 fafrfafcraTii? 35*iw^ ^rRr^ sjtfa srf^r I 
 
 V^ N* 
 
 
 
 W<qn5F?TOp5nftr ^^: sRnnnrfwsro: srcifa II n I! 
 ^?^r%^5?K^iw q fqd^q^^n%ftr: to^: ii 8\ 11 
 
 VI. 34. r^fe: Ms. 
 
^ft?m*^f<p<TTfa qqr jp^ftms^qr * ^c^q- 11 a « n 
 RRtT^^RHr: ^srmHT Trr^qq^qq^qfar^R i 
 H^^^qiwu%^r q ^qrri^ST <mfenu ?qr*H n 8^ h 
 ^qTT;wi<Tqrq;TR^q fomfa ^tt qsraT ptoi ^ i^fi i 
 
 ^JrT*TK<T?T ^SRT^T JTrlr^faSOTrKoffT ^ I! \\ || 
 
 ^^TTiq^m fqqs^RnTjftTTOTfaq JTtf^cTfiqr n <^ h 
 
 ^» J5 ^» °* *\ 
 
 *:°r*:*ref*5"<t fq^tqq ^qm*rq?r ^rfa m^t fqq^q: tr^xu 
 
 qr^f*Rmqrq;?t fq^rqq q^w^jmJT3m^: i 
 
 VI. 46. After vs. 45 the Ms. inserts S^f3>*\ ^J?3§: Ms. rlrflT- 
 *Kr*° Ms.— VI. 47. ^r^jsTR^f Ms.— VI. 48. C R*TT Us. JT^T- 
 
 mrR-Tfir^r Ms.— VI. 49. 5T^°; pjWFrnmfr Ms. — VI. 50. 
 °iTrw:F: Ms.— -VI. 51. fTOitfFT Ms.— VI. 52. °^T° Ms.— VI. 55. 
 Ms. om. one fWr. 
 
arss m^ft m*rcr%ftr?rqtq fq?rtf*rrc<Jw'ir: | 
 
 ftrcraft qfcriSqqf fq^rrq ferquf *ra* faq?rqrq*Tq | 
 vm^miiw: ^dfk fsRi%srercRr iftaq^nrq nq W&: \ 
 
 $$[ fanrflraTO fqcqi^r fqST^RT: ^ttf^RTtfi I 
 aRqqqrRrft ?T*q qi^f qifa q fq^qfaw KX^W* \\\o\\ 
 
 * <r *ro*mt: qq^r sq rq<TOq^T: q^rm^qirrq-: i 
 grorjTjj^^^r qij *rr%qfaqT finrcnfq ^ IK\H 
 ftsft?5?*r ■RftftpcM^ faf^qmr fog ^^ fam 1 1 
 
 &mw TTf r% q^ t^tq *3 jproronWit ntq 1 
 ff^qflr *njr fqq^q^fer f^mrfr H^qq ^qq^rr^n^Mi 
 mf% q srwrcq u^^ffeRyqf^n°mft a^rsw 1 
 §¥ ff AfhraA9«Birpn fairafir qorq^rq: qn?rarft ik su 
 
 *& mftifwtefe Xtt qq°rq"q: qftqfwiqf *nuq I 
 
 s*ro% * fofafa ftm%*qfqr qj jjfq wfqarq-qi qsirqiiiMi 
 urcfmlr sr H^T*q fq^qqftftqqqr?fq<rcq jTfffrar: i 
 q^qfa^f^fq^m^ftiq w^iffa- fasjq ^rc nun 
 
 VI. 56. Wfrfr: Ms.~ VI. 62. WT Ms.— VI. 63. *Wlf Ms. — 
 VI. 64. 2<*ITO Ms. 
 
r^T^im^: HK\r^n TOTO& TO^fq $0*** | 
 
 sr^sfir^qT RcTTi^fv^r faf^imc<T ?& nqw&imm I 
 ^WKniiw^-TTW s^jrT 59nn5?ircr: jrfirgrnr n * ° n 
 
 ^Jlfa fafa^ H^TW ^rT^tn^PJ fe^TKW I 
 
 VI. 67. JWl JRK° Ms.— VI. 68. RTOC Ms.— VI. 77. i*5IW: 
 Ms. 
 
*faws^raqf|fiT«? Tr^^^fr fei*T& g^rt: I 
 fafinrftnpr*R %s©w: srfqrjR^ snrrsn:^- 11 <k ii 
 
 RRpT^aK^feRWT: ?[%i: JHTftrW 5^ *3^r PrW: ||^\9|| 
 
fwWT^r^T^rifffaqfawwaT fo*IWqiMm \\°M\ 
 
 >J ^* Cs. *\. 
 
 ^I^nqTrrT^Tqr^qr^^t <Tl^ TT^^T: fop*: | 
 ?T«t T^RJ R3W*RsRfaT ^H #Kq 
 
 VI. 92. °6W; Ms. 
 

 sr swrarsq ft<rsnn$ft TrcrcstRuro <tcSr i 
 
 VI. 99. £rr^[° Ms. thrift* Ms.— VII. 1. fWtoRtor: Ms.— 
 VII. 3. IMtt Ms.— VII. 8. SHCTsTf Ms. 
 
q^iqfa:^HFlWin*: qRcqjnqiwgsiJnTc f II ^ II 
 ^i&r ^r^r **m*q m*x ftqr&ri ^flnmfl^ I 
 
 aw%* wrnsw<TRr q*n<rm*rr faq^rf|^fRr* ii \a n 
 »^w famTOig: qsr^msr <;eqTnre*q i 
 
 an* qmntmi toc ww *q.*r fa^ETrH i 
 *sefq*q fa*m<*fa*n R^f*^^w^K<Tfa9q*f u v» h 
 Ct*w*hf^t rtaKTOT' $?r*ns5i fimhlRr: I 
 
 ^?qf^CTq^*rereT ^tengr c^r^rg q?g^rn i 
 
 ^ qet^TgH^ *>fq<* STRlf** TC^tfaj TRW: II H o || 
 VII. 10. 3*fi*^° Ms. 
 
35^ 55 5f ^ttosw: row 3P$taTR<TO<n?*rr: 1 
 
 va 
 
 t<^ ^ N 
 
 fterr%*rs j^c^HRm^^^: ^arJTrs<TW<rji ^ 11 
 *f% *rrm: raj i^rcrt *npj*i N^uMhwi 
 j*£rfferr: ^i^iot q^Tjqjrnj: ^<T^pr*q h ^ h 
 
 aresnr^^^^ foir«™<?Tg>T%<u info: 11 ^ 11 
 
 d Cn d >* 
 
 VII. 32. Sort; Ms. 
 
fl° N9] f^l^^[T<Rj k^ 
 
 ^st^u^PcT Mfrrfffiffltff (It ^ra* nfaRr T*n*? 11 \^ n 
 *i#r^nriig^«r ^t^t^i^rtt^t i 
 
 gnT^R^rsfireR^yfgTr ^Ptfomrc?R I 
 
 ^*rerate*TOq<Ti3' srmstRr 3^*<rrpt | 
 TT^fetmil^^m^f^T^«5q(^^T^^5" ii \£ ii 
 
 *RnmRr *Fromi*T hr^ ^rc v&iuttw i 
 
 VII. 32. c <&[*&{ Ms.— TIL 35. jflircr. Ms.— VII. 40. Tfcr° Ms. 
 
wtentrasroi n firto totj * sw ^r^rqw 11 8$ ti 
 ^TT^Tcrr^^rafr^f %mg: jrf<riTgm<T 11 «v» 11 
 mfifqnrr^^jr^KmrJTRiT^sTO^ fa>^ 11 ^ 11 
 fire *pj: ^if^R^r^mntwff mtmi&ifcf 11 n 11 
 
 ©s. «-\ v» 
 
 w^gm^r faqwftw \qrxv ftaraTfor *ra*rcrr:ii<s\ii 
 
 attqsstFWTfa WJfqtti^tnflfc OTflSRjf: II K 8 II 
 
 VII. 19. %$ Ms.— VII. 52. °5pfr: Ms, 
 
q$fr?qiTR*q qftrowrftfqfir?^: faror: tot?* n <*a n 
 <q ^ mar vrf% vmmi zitn^r^ ^mr^^rri 7 : i 
 sn^r OTFjfamRmro nrq*r ^r?nq faqifiRRnr n \^ n 
 ^r^r *rc[qKU%R fq?rqq iWiRq^qfirsR <qT*r \ 
 q wf ^ sq*^*R^qfjf : im^l: ftrq^faaR ri*^ ii \^ h 
 
 5TIS% V^Slt faj=*q qSTlfq*: SHTmf ^qi? | 
 
 ?fq sr^: q^qi^q <qqr ^iqRfsRr fqwrnjj 
 
 q^iqTSJ^^^R ^ ^T**q ^fe-SiWcT || <^ || 
 
 ^r^frq*T<u<T$R ifcrifr ^t *frf <t qq wc: \\ ^ u 
 
 ?rqnq *rt 5^ qq ^ yrarPiMlHiMMfWWii: 11 s^ h 
 URsrfci^^RTq 9>m<n: eqs* q^Tfoerr: 
 
 $i£ta*far ^fa^q^*T^q^qTfq<T: I 
 ^n^q ^RpTqiq m^qSWfaR: 
 
 fR^R^sisqHwfw ST^sq^r jtj: 11 s,\ 11 
 
 WRrq ^^^^TJ^qi^qW q^ : I 
 
 TSR^^jR-^qr^^^q^q sr^rftsr- 
 
 vii. 62. Jtfrar Ms. 
 
U i^mf If^nrj (%' 
 
 v» 
 
 .*v Nf^. 
 
 fq^nfcfcqra- j*rt ^rfq<r sw^r t=ff n$n 
 
 *j vizfajtkm &T? *m sRtei * qr<ra<Tnjji $^ 11 
 
 5^ft^q^5^TO^^nsT: | 
 
 VII. 66. *^° Ms.— VII. 69. 2&fK Ms-; in faff Ms.; 0t JW 
 Ms.— VII, 70. c *RT c Ms. 
 
fl° *] faCTi^^fonr I i,\ 
 
 ^Rl^qjq:? ^^TO^T sfefnj*: <TT|^r: 
 
 f^qr w < ((^loM<<ftq ? t*i qfaqTfa<T: 
 
 WT' HURT ^IW^lWr Sfl^FTOWJ ^ II \s\ || 
 
 3ter 5pwffaTO°rfSRT t%°r ^wn faft 
 
 \k migwu ^HW n^ a^nH^qiyn ii *2 ii 
 
 VII. 72. €f3t° om, Ms.— VII. 75. Tr*S*lfl; Ms. 
 
^a ffo^jCT^ftcPij [s° m 
 
 _^L sv «\ 
 
 ^fasw^^j^renlr 'toto ?\*%m jreT^^r 11 w 11 
 
 intfsrqOTTOHifMmfir irehw. ii « 11 
 
 yfir ^^raWr §f^ sn^orcfepr ii * ii 
 viii. 2.m*mw° Ms, 
 
?t fcftarow^N ^jCra^ \k*v II ^ II 
 
 q^rfa <7r^jnrcq jpr^T^TTft ^ 11 \\ 11 
 ntr ^ar^^rr: re^ srar^w 11 \^ 11 
 
 ftwri^rr jf^^n -^rofrf^^ <WT*r 1 
 ^qWjpnqnT: Kaftan: h^pt^: 1 
 
 VIII. 10. SJHfrf Ms.— VIII. 13. JffTWJ Ms.— VIII 11 f^- 
 S^TqJUfwW* Ms. 
 
^r^R^^fcsrarsR* 3^m?tt: iiXVll 
 R<r*3*ffaW<fr nro^r fcrenr re* 1 
 
 trfra^Rrarvrm'ror f^TO^i 
 
 ?pTR!T ^^^to^l^q ST|RT I! ^\ I! 
 
 5rTT?rr *rw&*i ^W^qwftrrn ii ^a 11 
 
 *rfe<u r*t!^ 5£f<*r w^r: 11 ^ 11 
 
 ^^rcfitja^r ^rar *nfr =Rg^: 11 ^ 11 
 ^ mn^vmvqBK ^fr ^mT^r: l 
 
 VIII. 19. *3fff° Ms.— VIII. 22. *pnfi°— VIII. 28. Wffi Ms, 
 
I 
 
 n&fito w*jrcr imm ^nwt^T* 11 \\ n 
 
 STH Ufa T *p*W ^fa *R%: I^W I 
 n*tf^mTJSTqq?T*T|Fqr WC: U V< II 
 SK: ^r^STTTrefqT TOTftr OTSHflftCT*: I 
 
 ^sT*tfqqR[q^rq*q*T*frqjr n \\ 11 
 <T^TT: ^Tr^H^ W^rciwwuy: II \ 8 II 
 
 ^fcw^Kmm^iq qfo*qr h \^ 11 
 ^forj^: j jr ^% ^rq^qq^qr: i 
 <t;sjr ^qi^qrfaq^iqqiT fqfr: n \^ u 
 wrfr nrrer zw. *mmx\*n?[%;mx \ 
 sqqqft 3Ti%q srcjsrqwr n \^ n 
 ^Rtf jt^ ^rsn ?t-5t ^nr^^^rq q^ \ 
 
 q*q? f^rsr ^ H*q*q ^qr: ^T^q etjqjirji «° n 
 
 mfr Hfqq> ^qifa^f ^^T^qircK | 
 VIII. 32. jjtort Ms— VIII. 41. Wft Ms. 
 
<j*m e^*»fr ^farr ****u h^^rw i 
 
 ?fr?THF^Tr^[?q[rqr <TC^T: to?*: S^TCT II &^ 11 
 
 A.A 
 
 <Trt nrft^ <i^K>iilWft 11 <\° 11 
 «?q srenrr qnrrof H*rre *tw^ r: i 
 
 ^m^q*^^: ^TM^^r: II ^ II 
 
fl° £] RCTT^WftOT I ^ 
 
 <? ft g 
 
 ^TIS *JTqTOKn$f J^T^r: fly* ?qqT I 
 
 sffaf (qiTqfaqWq<qTCTr ^ *TWTq: II \^ || 
 
 m& q^fa<T s*^ iiriM^ta cnifc ii \t ii 
 
 qftFfrqg^qq ira iH&HMH i ii ^\ ii 
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 ^rcirpn: *rererc<T roranfcf! n^fr i 
 
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 sis rr^qr: 5^wiiir^^iir4l^^in1 1 
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 VIII. Co. m\ Mi. 
 
*r<*fgj3T m^virahs^rt fay*: o ^* 11 
 *iw% epn^^^^TT^f^ JHP II ^\ II 
 
IT £] IUHI|$'l*l(l<i'JJ *\ 
 
 TOFfta stott *mre*T*<i fan?™ n ^ 11 
 
 ^ftf CTT>w*nf5r <R?r *if\&&twz\\ 
 
 trim fasnrar^ to ^rmw% Pwjfr «*: 11 <^n 
 
 RWraCT tfc^f^ *jpFT g^flT || 6\ || 
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 Prt^: *rrer^ ism^ tsra^nr <k<t: 
 
 VIII. 78.TOrr°Ms.— VIII. 81. sws Ms.— vni. 81.«rcr Ms.; 
 sni% Ms. 
 
«*tf fh^qft^TP? m*v qfip&ti w: II ^<s II 
 tfraro^pr^rar^ ?flrar qro«i jtoh rota i 
 
 $^cr ^re^^j^ro^ jot n«fr fti%- 
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 iron m*t*nj*? qg^fqj mfo m^r w 
 
 fWftpfT *rc*rori*re?T m Kizti^m ^*«tw 11 \ 11 
 
 VIII. 80. mhr Ms. 
 
qror snq ^qrqn^qfq ^f^r: q^ ^qfatffaaMqr: n \ \\ 
 n^n°TRT> fa*r*ft*rr f^qqsmr fa^TRTTrrg- i 
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 c?Tm nfbftfiraifc fa^*r qsfiiqqr^ u<m>uh«i i 
 q^reTq;£tq qftravrra' <rcrf mi *rsr ^ht^w ii \ © 11 
 
 fa^mfrcsnwr^RRT wfcRRTfto sarerc ii \\ u 
 fa^fa^q TW^qT: qq;Riq^Kq*m^qrcq i 
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 mttxS ^qftsjJrfa q5^q c <3*?rerjmTs*n^ i 
 
 ^TT^mn^jf^ q^fa qrqT5Tqr ^V^tT |q: || \ 8 II 
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 *m1s*$*T ^:<JT^ TTHIH^q^m^?Tf^TT%: II U II 
 
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 ^15 ^s^g^RT^RsF^m^ n^ftayjfr ^*f n ^\ ii 
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 afi^rnmw *w^on$7 tlsqT^rcr w^rer^*? i 
 
 IX. 19. RflwWFT: aMs.— IX. 20. <K Ms. 
 
c^qT tfSKT: 3TOCT^:t qrsro^WT T^: *WT: || ^ || 
 
 tot *t?tt ^q^rq-mfr stCkw: spTfli f sTr^ir: i 
 tot ^r^^n^Rrrwqr j?rcT?rm*m n^c: wilr 11 v n 
 
 &m fan oqw^Kw n$m*msi x^irsxifa n \\ 11 
 
 « *FTT ^W^jfaTrtf *T^T*rTC *F*TOTt 1WWV I 
 
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 *r% ire^T^Hf^rmTO *w tot ^iew^ II \\ H 
 
 ^T^fa*^Ttfflr*TO^n jrc^gS: f^f^rfft I 
 
 ^n^^3rrT%^5r^TiT5^rrir^RTrTT^ ftwurar* 11 \a n 
 
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 fan *rfta^fq si^grnr: \k ^m^m^^r m% i 
 
 arm 3Tq^fu<:q ?r ijtfhr 3?if;?ft*rc q^sr* n V 11 
 
 IX. 35. ^RfaWifi Ms. 
 
forrTr^^rfaR I [V ^ 
 
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 R*iR^WTr^q sqfmq ^ ^^5"q*rqr*r^2r: i 
 
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 srenfa s^^awrsr! €Rr*qtfterfsr?*nq*?tq u n ii 
 
 IX. 40. =fNf Ms. 
 
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 Rm^q[U%c*<II?*TCRr StT^iqq *RI>WT II \« II 
 ran*5t<nfi[* *HW*n *n^3§rOTJTRW«r H \^ II 
 
 fa^foqi w^rthst *Rgs?rqr hUri r*tr i 
 *i«w* si<:^T^*qfa*rteR^^qT *Rpjr | 
 
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 IX. 53. lift" fT^° Ms. 
 
^r^^mm^ ^*$\ ^*Tifo t*;it$i%^^pt I! SA II 
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 IX. 66. tfrf; >r?ra*Trtff Ms. 
 
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 q^:*^;u=RWR 75 ^fsjsr^j: jr^fr^n; 11 ^ n 
 
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 IX. 102. *rctrf °Ms.-IX. 104. OTftr'tCr Ms-IX. 108. 3raft°rl to Ms. 
 
6\ iw*nf^ft^i [s° ^ 
 
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 IX. 110. °*wf: Ms— IX.— 114. m Ms— IX. 116. J- 
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 IX. 151. TKT'riT'i Ms. 
 
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 X. 1. °5^T Ms.— X. 9. sfem Ms.; after vs. 9 the Ms. inserts 
 
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 ajim^W w^iTT»Tm^T: ^mw^r* rrl^r lr^: \\\\ \\ 
 
 X. 12. JPpfrrftr Ms.-X. 18. ^.Ms..-X. 21. fiNftft Ms. 
 
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 ^qi^nri j^f^rtfa H^Hi&sc sfespw a ^ n 
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 X. 1. ° j^T Ms.— X. 9. 9RWT Ms.; after vs. 9 the Ms. inserts 
 
a \o] b*m$faft&r i <:* 
 
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 X. 12. »PJ#TW Mb.— X. 18. ^:Ms..— X. 21. ftwff Ms. 
 
V ^ 
 
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 X. 24. *FT Ms.— X. 26. °ffarerr° Ms. — X. 32. TOhH$ Ms. 
 
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 ?*Tt: f^^S^T lFU*Tm*qr n^PTTTT5T JER** q*q II H i! 
 
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 X. 38. «™*FJ[ Ms.— X. C9. ^W? Ms.— X. 13. WW Ms- 
 
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 X, 50* R^f^qr — X. 55. WT Ms.', ^1(7 Ms, 
 
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 X. 72. ^3Tf^3^r° Ms.— X. 71 GOT: Ms. 
 
w:irfaw wftetfrar PwtfWg PrarcRT I 
 flftq^qtfq^ffqrce^ii^qi^^mSnT 11 £\ n 
 
 *jRjw*qi: qTkqgnp^qgqr TT?j^Tr g*q n <^ 11 
 
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 X. 91. H^nffflofl Ms. ; W^f Me. ) ^\[<W Ms. 
 

 qiq mmitfi f^wj: qr^q^sr aqsunr 11 \ h 
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 fisw^ifiT<m*T w<m n*$k% vnmj ijsr&rnr 1 
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 ^g?sfwl*fr*RT n^rmm ^nm m^ 11 \£ n 
 
 XL 15. 3WKHT Ms.— XL 17. WIT Ms. J Sllfni 5T° Ms.— XI. 
 21, ^I5T°. 
 
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 XI. 22. 5TfT°Ms.— XI. 27. ItefScnrr Ms.— XI. 29. Itf&l JRtff; 
 °jj€q»° Ms.— XL 31. i&f^i Mb.— XL 32. °^R° Ms. 
 
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 XL 34. iHW Ms.; Wl*^ Ma.— XI. 05. RsVffW: Ms.— 
 XL 42. TO&W: Ms. 
 
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 XI. 19. mii Ms.— XI. 50. TOfflJ Ms. ; Wfa; Ms. 
 
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 ^ 1$? ^T^fa RpTS <TK^T: *rjt*trs*:t>t || € \ || 
 
 ^taftaur ^Jin ?<:t?tt srwffisptfir H^<fre I 
 *jfe?r^j *pr nftrafa <* 5rmnET ^w ^f^^t ii s^ ii 
 M^r nr^rnt r^r ir ?% sr^frcr ^ jq- *;?rt?t i 
 
 5^ *3TO**» irf^T * f% * ^faT R^TOf"*^* II ^\ II 
 
 55Rtara?TO* fwsr <rfe^*R*TTfa *wfa ii ^ « ii 
 \k *tsr gjsgwra 1 sr^i fa*R*R srcrat I 
 
 3Uf<*i *TOR H^*l*fldT»Wi ^^THT *T^t<?nT II ^\ || 
 iraWSTFTm 71% HT^: £\VT ^ *ttiz\iF3mkx: I 
 
 XI. 57. c Rfq;*T Ms. 
 
 L or C 
 

 ant ^rac^Ttfjoranhn mw*fc3Rir i 
 
 XL 73. W*3t Ms— XL 75. °5ff3jr° Ms. c ^ Ms, 
 
q qr^qjT^3*Tfc^ mm: ^ r ~f^\ 
 q qfjin^^g^'ft q^T^rr aff mi I 
 
 q: t*q wrqiriH*? fq^q^qfa^mqafr- 
 
 *&*¥: gw foq?fcqfq q: ^IVf 
 
 **iq Pm«3ffir ^n^rqqrrrHqjr: 
 
 ^terrifr foyrsromi^qf q%qon ^$1^: i 
 qr^rc% ^m^T^f^^rerc^eTf^: 
 
 XI. 76. erisnrer Ms. The verse is marked as 78,— XL 79. *|1 
 TOT: Ms. 
 
*ra&irr^ §rar ^rr> erc*q<nq 
 
 q*^^?RJI^*:*rfj$ TOT: P%m \ 
 
 *rqfa fw^T^ <r*f *r£r^i*f : 11 c a n 
 
 XI. 85. ^ Ms. 
 
Jji&qin%i u i5*far? «ftt^ ii <^ * ii 
 
 fa^T H^rH frTfirc fcfcl&T^taT: 
 
 C\ ^* -^» 
 
 qrrT.^q^^qm 315 F^fem: ^ifa q^°rr 1 
 
 qmiq: ^^K^TOKT q*RHn«ir: jnr?qT ^ q: | 
 
 XI. 88 WW! Ms. — XI. 88. Sff° oin. Ms— XI. 92. ^TCt Ms. 
 
f^fo^m^R^m^yfr*? m$: 
 efNTOXTOuj^ir war m*xnw Nr *ra: j 
 
 *f: II \\ II 
 
 ^rm^Ts^rCrfsRRr w:rof?sriR Mrremfa 11 ^ 11 
 
 XII. 3. °*FFftl Ms. 
 
ri**iwqiWRqqiT*w rn^f 9tft nn^^is II « 11 
 
 <mqqii" hsr frirq-T ^rT^w^^qi^q n £ u 
 qkupfKT *q: ftwq- srdfa ^^ fa-Vfe wm i 
 
 vrn^i $\m Jjq *rmsqi ^t^R^^^r^r ^qrFq i 
 
 % rfta gRr^fr^q r^j^ fcmffi ^ifq q<;: t^m 11 \\ n 
 swq^r wrr^m^^R^qq^rrqm^ wkw ii \y u 
 
 3frrH^q?r: ^ifq^qi^ff cfr3TqT[^r:rnxqjTPtt I 
 
 ^* ^ ->* 
 
 ^?qiqwqq *jq \k&m? i^thert £9fftr jjrK n \\ n 
 
^^m^ssqi^c^ to^ftt *#qf<TW q;in*?rji \^ u 
 
 ^r^refas;T?%fq- ^nrsrjfi ^rc^^faqr^sj II ^\ n 
 
 srqTfe SKjrfewqqsq *q£iTrfrqrfa *r mgfa <qir i 
 
 uq q*rqsqqv5ft°re qfrwisqprcqrcraTPc || ^\ || 
 
 -^ *** 
 
 «-\ «\ ^» 
 
 VZW ? 5|^W^qte€talT^^T% ^* <T<T || *U || 
 
 wy wnqifq q**TnrcsT stq?^ ^erofo u^^q n ^ 11 
 srosTq 5t&BK\wz\m qm&fc <qfq q^qw I 
 gtiqfaqffti q|q r fqT q>3n^q>Tr<:^T nim n ^i 11 
 
 XII. 18. *% »Tfe Ms.— XII. 25. Before this vs. the Ms. in- 
 serts. g 1 *^ 
 
3ra**R^*mm*sqRr fa^rs^[^sq<:*s?TTR i 
 stq^ftmj ys^u^f J^J* 1 SPSjW* s^ifa n \ o i» 
 ^r^t 5^: efraqsjhqr^ fafteq qg fqRqiw?fi*T i 
 
 ^Tfarqfwqra?r: *8%*J ^Hi5 g^^^rew I 
 
 ^rk<T§ ^ h^f^^ ^ nmnti ^^morm^ w \\ ii 
 
 faqsi s*qf^ififoqiqrcsTqri*u ft^tCTtrtfr* h ^ g h 
 jreic^i^T ?rtr£qT ^ s *r*r smcq *ro*<rat*;R i 
 ^q^fr^^q^m m^R^qTjq^fn^rfrJTji \^ h 
 
 j^Tq^r^w^sn^n n^Friq*smi5\ i 
 
 XII. 31. ^fr Ms.—XII. 32. WWII Ms— XII. 34. ftf TT° Ms, 
 
^ sc^iBwfar&T m^oT fesr irons': I 
 
 snpara^qr wqi^rrrR ^iq^rRi^«rqq n s ? n 
 
 ^wmswi^rcrc<rcw: ^i^r^^i s? ^m\% 11 8\ u 
 fkmn fr*qr ^rB m^f asqfa^^^nfr^^w | 
 
 ?n^?^If%ef#^W^qlq^f%^^T^^ II 8\ II 
 
 r^^^^gr^iT^^i<T^Ffqwr^^m^^^mr u 8<s 11 
 
 ^jfr?r^#fe*tira?*i: *r<sq*ftetf f^T^fr^; II 8* II 
 
 STCRT^ ftcp^pftfi *$m STTCKq Tr^pT^.* II 8 £ II 
 W3T TCftafcPRRE? |T^ ftq*U ^"r^q^-^r I 
 
 *r°m1*^r ^fRirSifTf^^^wRTORHi^jiN II 8^ II 
 
 XII. 42. rfCTisror Ms.— XII. 48. 5TW Ms. 
 
t^iqfl&q fagwn* WTOWiftw qq?*qf^flr n ^ h 
 
 ^q^^qTf^q sj^f^qsqqifa- ** : ^i™ i 
 
 Trrfi^r *roiq frirj^q^rOTiafrq ^mtf *n^i n k\ ii 
 
 flP5nsq*R^*T^q*q 5ft JRm^SRUfrqFq II <\K n 
 
 eJic wiqgrirsr fafrif fq«qwn*j3 ^^i^ii ^ n 
 w^q qirg-fTc^^iq *ri?q^q ft*<nug^T *r n <\^ 11 
 
 q<TTKm: ^lfo^qV?T R<T<q q^wfa J^WI I 
 
 * $K$tw\Hmn\ww* im: i4*kwft 11 \<^ n 
 
 <«Tlt<#>5 *Kl^J q^iqfq^T: qfaHlftcT tm: I 
 *TO c q SU^TIIT^ nrt*TO^T<RT^T ?q *T^<Tl*q: || <^ || 
 q^t: STRf^RT^T^T 3TR ^rjrqj^nrRHiJjj 
 
 ^w^Tgu^^^^^i^Trq^mqi^iR^rm^eiH i 
 
 XII. 51. TO£^\=Htf*° Ms.— XII. 51. After this vs. the 
 Ms- inserts *5WT- 
 
\\ ft*r*niF^farei (V \\ 
 
 * mn m ^ *ifa^w?mr$ aisi^i^S" ik\ i* 
 f^r?^Fm3K^anm ^&#i?w^ tot l 
 
 wmigKvi &zmfwm tfegmm j s ircrir: i 
 *\*i w$ srgftar^ *& mi%*g*mwH$ *rare 11 $a 11 
 i*m ^iwrrewsararcf f^^^rfe- faje*sr*nqr: i 
 
 mtrofas£raf?n3ren^ *nr*q hto tohto ii ^ \\ 
 ^r^qm^wsSf^RHi f^T??rws>-wiT3m3i a r: 11 ^ ll 
 
 XII. 61. m* Ms. 
 
^twHisyam^w tow*: OTf^^mc: i 
 
 II silt wfaswf^rercr r^pri^i fa^R^m^- 
 
 ^\ 
 
 qr^RlrT^t^r^H"S^[R^^T^rfr gR£T:?PT: II 
 
 XII. 73. Tsqpr* W c Ms— XII. 70. s*K* Mb.— XII. End 
 3K5N: Ms. 
 
3Tm%T^: f^f^lll^I WTMwW7«n»5q*ftl II \ il 
 
 qmmtOTjri5?pik?c ff ST iRnqW^qW to: ii ^ il 
 ^r^st^i^h*«uh: srm*r<;T: wss^^trerc I 
 
 ^r^iw ^tsrcf q-^r^trtK fanrim^i s? 11 « n 
 
 f^m , T^"rrT^tT^qrfewq[€riTtT^q sfewfasr n v» 11 
 
 ^^iTT^s^T^HmnrJTTf^ry^qrTrwqmw^rcf R^ar: 11 £ 11 
 g^t it wnRrarcr ttuzik ?q^q^w*pGrr j^gr q 1 
 r^ <n?n: ^sn^fr^rm 5T qrfajra j^f^Rmre 11 ^ 11 
 
 ffftqft*wr^R?W?T: *rorc^nn?*flr srcmsr* 11 \ ° 11 
 
 XIII. 2. JTfsaTSTW Ms. — XIII. 3. mwtl ^\° Ms.— °^ r TKTO 
 Ms. — XIII. 8. S3Jf Ms. 
 
1? \\] Itamj^f^fW* \\\ 
 
 £ C N ->* o^ 
 
 m^T^nr^j^efaw faw^r 53* ^i*"*rwr 11 \t 11 
 
 ^fa*: ^trelfifo IHfftl H^P NM^I^^ II V II 
 
f^raRW wi% WT'^nft n^wrarsf : s^n: *rcft?ft \\\ git 
 
 N^ v> n« v> 
 
 fr?T5roTST?nTJra*? $w\ vwm m^mm ?&m^: \ 
 
 sm ^r^n^m^rjw ^fewraifinr ^sfa^FW 11 \\ 11 
 
 mm ftrsrr m?T5 ^^^i^iriTW^T^mwrl^ 1 
 
 qr^^T^T^fe^T^j^if^^T^TTT^r ^ *fte^foir 11 \\ n 
 
 XIII. 23. TORf^n Ms. — XIII. 24. 5r£lW°; ivRfflSra^T: 
 Ms.— XIII. 25. fofpp! Ms.-- Xm.33.T5if?;in^flRtg©wr? Ms. 
 
fl 9 \\\ l\W\J^?r7\H\ %X% 
 
 ftftprepj ^i5l**l4*MMI^$ISi^^ft^H: II \* II 
 
 arm m^frc7frn7TJT^^q-^^HT^RT%^^5^r: 1 
 ^^ih^^Vtrw q<Ti*?r mnfa^r: v?w^'- 11 V 11 
 
 J^fir qitf5CT$3*CT£$^l%<«ra rn^cffa qftpw 11 8 ° II 
 
 ^ ^? 
 
 q-^u-rf srep ^jm: ^roror tot ts *ism^hi*wi*wii£\ii 
 ^fr^Rmsmn"^r^Twfa<rr: &Miifffik»!ft i 
 
 3T^^T W5TT PtfqflT TO*TO 1T?W?RRT ifffOT SRT: | 
 ^ITOWK^y ^TT^T ^ fafa^WT || 9 Ml 
 
 XIII. 41. sr ° Ms.— XIII. 42. 4 W«?r Ms. 
 
*<TK<xrm tf*jqifa<rr wsc^qr ^fo ?w* H »i n 
 
 i^rcfhufSt ^fr n^i vmm msntOTriteqgiif: II «*> II 
 *nrfawe qqim Rr^# *wfa wg*n ^t^w - : ^qw^Tq; 
 imfafare^s^mrt *r*j *pffai ^Tjs:qa%^: 11 <\° ii 
 
 f fir 5^f 3^1% KrFm^ srai^R ^r^mr% mftfa: n\\ii 
 
 wmm *wm h%^ ^^RRwq sWrer ^rji <s\ 11 
 «r#ffspf *r^s^gH^fospFfF^fi^<gf?r i 
 
 wn*Pite5T: ^*w? mvm ^^TTf-cT 3t&m ™^fg% I 
 *rt 5* mix mikii wf^rf* nismifimtmi w \<\ n 
 
 XIII. 46. srcwstf? ° Ms.— XIII. 47. ^HOTJTrct Ms.— XIII. 
 51. eM: Ms —XIII. 51. *l<aHl*j* Ms. 
 
n^pfrft faqw|~w3?T &fircf|5 fa^rrfa ^\j*& i 
 
 amfam : q R^rTWffa S^msRGij 3^ q?rTT^: | 
 
 frcrT<rcq ^m^iTfar zmm mfe mim ^T*m i 
 
 aft* ^T^sPTUvrfTCT fatIT q^^T^T^IR *nTI% I 
 
 cR^roft&ftOTfcn <ifiir«w% wwMiiii$»«ir: ii ix ii 
 
 5T ^^fmcjT^nlr ^ *>si ^farlrm^ arc*!*?*! ttt: i 
 f^q^jt^Fj ^xieH 5^ sufHi irfe^ si^r st ii ^^ n 
 
 XIII. 58. *!* om. Ms.— XIII. 61. R^^^fT Ms.— XIII. 65. 
 After vs. 05 Ms. inserts mT&ti %tt*{. 
 
smq<rqT*rHm sr^Rt ^m% m*ifa8nv&im§qi I 
 
 q^fol ^T?q: S5 qT: fT^f^qt Sjq tf^f Wfe SPTOHTWII^II 
 mTFTO5rqj: qhr*?: fqqi|;^rqrcqmrfWT: I 
 
 ftivRnnf sra? wtirftsf ^srjtPt srfairfa <tt^t^t^t i 
 srcin* ?% 3Tsr?rqT ^frqqr qr j^t ^wjRrpftr* 1 1 *\\\ 
 
 * f^^ra" ^3^h^w^: fqwq^T^irc^qqr w. 11 «\ 11 
 qqr;* qmr Hqrfnq ^nrnsr 3g>r: ^srcar wtfrjsrw 1 
 ^<rr: %q-^ ifttot ?^m: ^dfa^T^^mmmrnr 11 ^8 11 
 
 ^^r^^rr^T^iT^^^riq^r^m^jJTq^r: qqta^n 11 ^mi 
 
 ^•^T^iT#q uq^cT qpTOT WgH?Rte^Ir3qi^q: II ^vs II 
 
 «V« ^ *s 
 
 arquqq^qr: q^q- ■% m$ hrttT ^rrwnq wer*w*^:: 11 ^ 11 
 
 XIII. 68. m =T $ Ms.— XIII. 72. RWPTq Ms— XIII. 75. After 
 ys. 75 Ms. inserts RWR*~OTJT. 
 
?h\? *m=a* ftr*u toft4*i q^Tim ir hn't i'mv\jm:\\tc\) 
 
 5Tlr wis: jpnTsreitHr r?u*t ^i^hwffwstst: I 
 
 f^^fq ^r *m3f^ qi^TRmi^qRT- 
 r^qsrfomy^: <tf|^*rar i^tt II ^ II 
 
 **: ^i^^TT^^J^^aj^TC^^r^q^ I 
 
 XIII. 85. After 80 the Mi. inserts SKSWT fqHW. 
 

 »sr *s *v 
 
 sfs rercrer ^src: sttsr jTrw 
 
 ^^13^ fc& ^f^rcrj^rr sqf^^^ii \ ii 
 re^t: fowr ww* mi <rsr 5K?<ra<i?r ^ smm i 
 
 *re usgPTfiftwr snrcrr ?re srarsarai f%m<^ 11 \ 11 
 
 XIII. 88. °^J° Ms. — XIII. colopliou^rx^:.— XIV. 1. ~m- 
 
 mz Ms — xiv. 2. *ft§f Ms. 
 
SfiFcT^fa^T^RJTO ^TO^ra" WTO q | 
 
 vsvtiit \^*mnwz&5 HUfti<MJl4 nf^ fepn II ^ 11 
 
 <rs^n?*rofa f^craqer q^*w<? f^rrlr <rnr^ir \\\o \\ 
 
 XIV. 5. °*K°r: Ms.— XIV. 8. °Sfoff5r° ; fl'rK Ms.— XIV. 10. 
 After this verse the Ms. inserts *T=T (CTW^. 
 
s<qqr^n?T% mzm *r ^wniw^rnqr sff: h *a n 
 
 ^OT^Wjfa: Sqq 3T5qq?*TCf% *TKqT*^ * | 
 
 l*re *re?qiw <rc i%f qi q^ro^ ^fe^ 11 \^ a 
 t^rj^ret: q^msm^rpu sR^rqiq * mr w \* it 
 
 q^qsr q^*q;rq**T??r q<s ^q^m^qr f^qr l 
 
 f% * qfts q^^r^q q&r ^?r^ qj^^fifaqR *cr 11 \^ 11 
 
 *F?T^iT<rerq 5rt <rq ?q*Rr *re fa ^4q q<n 11 ^ ° 11 
 
 r ^*qq^?qm: ^qq qiq^w^^i^iTiTRTr: 11 ^\ 11 
 
 sn^sr *mq fm^snq^T^Tqsrr^r sit^I 
 
 ^^^q^f^rt 37*n^qt<Tniq jqrfT STiW II ^\ II 
 mRHTRq^qicq^nT: ^cnJS^^JT^q: II ^ 9 II 
 
 vr*zzv ^r%qq w*m wm ^q*w^cr m\i$v \\ \<\ \\ 
 
 f^*T^e^T%KFTq: ^q*T£mq Htt%m^*T I 
 
 XIV. 17. °^rj5TJ?55RTR Ms.— XIV. 19. ttS Ms.-— XIV. 24. 
 fW Ms.— XIV. 26. 5fR$i?R<TOT. 
 
*m^rf^r *mtfn^re^re*Tn^r^^?u*r 11 ^ 11 
 
 sttRnVrit wsm tf femwrrm^mw \\\o \\ 
 
 ^jfrrTRTTTtirsT^m^ ^vSm mmsnttCx 11 \\ 11 
 * sr^rawro xmfr<T sttt mfrwraita*: n \v 11 
 
 XIV. 27. inrcirc* Ms.— XIV. 20. *5wqn*T° Ms.— XIV. 30. 
 
 JKim: Ms.— XIV. 31. °Rtri *[K° ; WW* Ms. 
 
>* Os S» s^ "N. 
 
 ^: ^arc^qr faqirtor hi fwrlr qq<u<nKT?fq 11 v\ w 
 
 usrm^Rq^ntt^ <qr r^t: ^r%qq: qRftsqfcr I! a\ n 
 **qfq ^q jtsw^t ^ g°t ^j^rm ^ q*T*r<H*r i 
 ^^^qmWiqtfuq^: qcq^rj^^q^q qgq: h 8 8 II 
 Srq^^fl^faq^qi^mfq^: gqnr<ir j 
 
 Fjfrfarlrj srn;CFBq#T ^?j?^^q 3rc<fffq*;nsqq i 
 j-siftsmj^q fqrrrq^r q^JTHsrsrcrNq: ii 8$ji 
 <req ^KnT^ifirqT^qr jtrs ^q<rr sjts* I 
 * ^^\?^^mlgw^m ;frq*TW stc^t q^r^rn^ii %* ii 
 
 XIV. 38. °3OT° om. Ms.-XIV. 39. °WT ; fort; °^ff5J; 
 Ms.— XIV. 40. te: Ms.— XIV. 44.— °*rfor° Ms.— XIV. 45. 
 °STOr° Ms. After 45 the Ms. inserts. *"5WT. 
 
q-^rq^^tfTfm ^nsrfrar ^^r?^j s: ii y^ ii 
 
 q?T^q WffW SUfrTK^q- qr^^^^TqT few | 
 
 qim^ofto w& *jw ?g^i^<rci<:wq<Tji \y n 
 ?qVira sfti* mm*: * sq^^^^^i 
 
 WSTTT 3TSrT*T: ^^T^T.r^^I^^^^I^l^cT^II^II 
 
 HOT fowj* *rm *nr*<r^ s*?nm^rT ^rr^T^r^r i 
 
 <T qfa q^RSJT fqft*<T: ^FTC ^JRm^T%qm II <<^ || 
 
 3'jfa^ft^q rTcrcrrcq ^|^h^tw: u \£ y 
 * r^rjq^^Hm3rf|^ft^rqaTqr^ <T£: i 
 
 XIV. 52. i%f; Ms.-XIV. 58. *TC^vT° Ms. 
 
"S, /^ 
 
 VU Rr^ifcc^i^l [fl° \9 
 
 35^^€5lI^B#HHi% ?HEq ^%fl: I 
 
 ssjT^c^rpri m w^qf^y'wrfSw 11 ^ II 
 JTjJr^TH^t tW^fOT^mm rq feRHi^q: ik ^ u 
 
 Wf ft: ^K*qmm^U£T^ftq HUTfa^r^T: I 
 
 ^ sr^q^q- fep?: ^ h? ^ j^ii^r jjit: ii $^ ii 
 
^f^^r^?^: u^HtUM 1 w^nnrflr- 
 ft II \8 II 
 
 apwer *nir: ft*mr qflra^ra^l^lW^Mn: ll ^ II 
 ftj^raraTj nws* cmy^i^n^^ ii ^ ii 
 
 XIV. 71. *TR^ff° Ms. 
 
st^rtctst* %& sjfts^rc teft *$9& II i it 
 fsfara': RjRfTO? s^rr fawrcrr ffwraffipc II ^ II 
 
 3^T^^*£^^rcmnm?fa^R^ftre i 
 
 ■v* e^ s* 
 
 *CT^n3T^a*OTw! ?ffl^97rfira 11 \^ n 
 sttvm iw^^zzmzvtt^tKfaivx : ii \\ ii 
 
 *z wfmztfc&n^&fKfa *[firt*n 11 <*A 11 
 
 XV. 10. ° 5ffl?T Ms.— XV. 12 c Tr^fMs— XV. 15. °*TfcT; ;tf° 
 Ms.; fhsj* Ms.— XV. 16.°^W^° Ma. After 15 Ms. adds *; 
 
smw H4>A<*TWH: fe|4UI44;g<4<>«l *: II \^ II 
 
 VPIK1*5ra<fif^: fajtff *T ^T^TTr^^T: fainw^ II \£ II 
 
 *K*?rfirr <rro*ireft *^renmi e Qiffaferq: \\\<K i 
 
 foq^fa ^sTftsfW ^JT(%3FT^ *r*wr rr?r: | 
 
 r^r^<^^^;t^t^ *r <iw i 
 q^?*R ^j: ^*t^R£i£Rtf?^g*rr: 11 ^\ n 
 
 ^fom^^r^us^fa^Tfire *r ^j: ftpro 11 ^ 11 
 ^tfstfMrFry $ qfrltfqR ftgw^ | 
 
 XV. 22. °°n?wsr: Ms.— XV. 21. RfttfWTC Ms.— XV. 27. 
 **Nrcr°; PtSkk^ Ms. 
 
q^faraqrctrftrft yrg%Sn^ft^f * II ^ H 
 zfazn ^f^^sqfoft €mvz? q jrcfe: ll \\ it 
 
 ^Tfaft ^cHClf^l WTOl^OT TK37R5 ^ l| \\ || 
 
 faqrcrrft R3ttr sfterar ttw PnktfofWIr 11 v» II 
 ^RtosraRsraT ^f«*HTftnr ir*jt **r: 1 1 \d \\ 
 
 XV. 28. R?H5fft<ffi Ms.— XV. 30. °*T*flfi*r Ms. After 30 
 *^^<— XV. 36. After 36 the Ms. inserts 55WT— XV. 37. frt- 
 f* Ms. 
 
H \\] fthHIgftlfciqj \\\ 
 
 *me: JFlfa^WiTaT: <UlftuflUMINMIU<«|: II \^ l| 
 
 ^ *v rv «\ 
 
 ^?m ^ WW w* *n^ ^^Grarffa: *rc*r ii 8^11 
 
 Jf5R!TKW I^^lt: ^J^TT^q^ 55:55:^11 V\ II 
 WZW fa^q q^iNT Wit? WT^CtW 
 
 trfta^fo sfiftrcr^rr s^q ^r|"^m ^r *resfi u 8 mi 
 
 WERT frPHrq *for?u m^ mfi> M$*|(tM: I 
 *T^m<r ^qm^rrsTqi *nrc*<rar MM<*ilfcwi 11 8 Ml 
 
 * ss^nrawifor TOmim^ft^ 8 ^ 11 8^ 11 
 aj^*sq ^i^i ^w^rafa uiA<il^rPf 1 
 
 * TOTC^^TOgnrcHr ^m^e^: 11 8 Mi 
 
 WfcHWTO $&& *rara* H^TCR^TtfeHT^ II 8 Ml 
 
 XV. 4l. c frsftffr Ms.— XV. 44. ITBffiflrr Ms.— XV. 46. 
 3GHf Ms. 
 
^rwq^ ff fwfa srfe<T ^wi^ra^f ?% \\ \\ it 
 ^rH^^T^r^^^-^^qscT^^rH^mq: ll K 9 II 
 
 q^^q-orq ^qrar%*r ^la^wr: jt^tstsr i 
 ^f^KTO: STOJ^nnT^r ^rt II \£ w 
 
 ^K^^^r-^r mw^^^m^f^nrji <\^ n 
 
 kjCtcw.sw^ *r 5^ivqt R^m^ ^r^^fjr \\K ° li 
 
 XV. 51. ft om. Ms.—XV. 52. W^IW7 Ms.— XV. 56. OT- 
 5Rf° Ms.—XV. 59. c W°Ms, 
 
^ropf fqf^q qgrT: Frr^q-^'iq* II i ^ II 
 ajffRl frfa&: tfflWt' tf^f *<£(<WWH ^ | 
 
 -•On. 
 
 fcrfora: ** ^H^^MQWtTOSKSuSfa IK ^ ll 
 wsmft ^ tfari fora«|rfo5l&<4II^H: I 
 
 CT^q*?nfaW3P*r: ^JTWnWST W*? **: II ^\ || 
 
 XV. 64 °S€?*° Ms.— XV. OS. tfffrcj^ ; f\iW , Ms.— XV. 
 71. °^W°Mi, 
 
v\» Pr^ip^ftsrei (V \\ 
 
 CtS #V rs. 
 
 ^ t^j; ^cfwm^cT^^q * ^WRTW^ II *\ II 
 
 ^fe^ ^^rast: ot^i^^wtj 1 
 3wotkwt mmm fafo^sfw^j^rc h: a ^ ii 
 K^fast^mlrtr ^ feoffor *<fr *rcw?r: \ 
 
 ^■q^^rPr mq<rr i" 3r ^ft*rr jwrarfargrar: n *d 11 
 * <reimrqfsr?r stt: w^^iT^TTOHqxr II ^ 11 
 
 V* S* VJ X >N* 
 
 faf^ q^q rams* grc ^rs^ciffaR^ i 
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 XV. 73. °^rr%R° Ms.— XV. 75. fWW° Ms.— XV. 76. 
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siwifmvR tost m$i s*Tigr n^qw^^^T i 
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 °WTO: Ms. ; Ms. °J|T^r^ omits 5 syllables of 3rd Pada ; 
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 XVIII. I. 5TR; c r?*7T Ms.— XVIII. 3. ?5mr? ; 3^7%^ Md. 
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 22. ^mi Ms. 
 
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 61. °*Wfl° Ms. 
 
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 XVIK. 93. fi Ms.— XVIII. 94, S^ff: Ms.-XYIII. 95. 
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 XVIII. 98. *rwrr?° Ms.— XVIII. 99. 5faf° Ms.— XVIII. 
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 XVIII. 105. itejfahi Ms.— XVIII. 106. J^f oin. Ms.— 
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\(£ fturTrf^^prj [*r° \£ 
 
 t* N. -s 
 
 
 
CORRIGENDA AND ADDENDA 
 
 P. 
 
 3 s'l. 
 
 21, 
 
 for *H</rf° 
 
 read 5TrfTr°. 
 
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 5 b'1, 
 
 52, 
 
 — - °^WT: 
 
 — ^afaro. 
 
 r. 
 
 5 b'1. 
 
 52, note add Shjprtfofo 
 
 MS. 
 
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 7 b'1, 
 
 70, 
 
 for faftra ° 
 
 read W«T°. 
 
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 9 b'1. 
 
 08, 
 
 for *faw 
 
 read lf%ST. 
 
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 11 s'l. colopbo 
 
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 read frif»Wff°. 
 
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 16 b'1. 
 
 54, 
 
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 read 5W*W;. 
 
 
 (Bhim&oh&rya). 
 
 
 
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 21 b'1. 
 
 39, 
 
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 read ^8t. 
 
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 GO b'L 
 
 27, 
 
 for *rra*r 
 
 read <HTO°. 
 
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 30 s'l. 
 
 29, 
 
 for %> 
 
 read %f . 
 
 p. 
 
 31 b'L 
 
 31, 
 
 for 1$fa 
 
 read ^T%. 
 
 p. 
 
 31 s'l. 
 
 35, 
 
 for °*rft?n^ 
 
 read WRW. 
 
 r. 
 
 38 s'l. 
 
 118, 
 
 for $*nfi 
 
 read JWtfr. 
 
 r. 
 
 39 s'l. 
 
 5, 
 
 for **%5*° 
 
 read *"& JKT°. 
 
 p. 
 
 41 s'l. 
 
 25, 
 
 for ^faw 
 
 read R%Rf°. 
 
 p. 
 
 49 s'l. 
 
 26, 
 
 for %f*° 
 
 read 3flf. 
 
 r. 
 
 51 s'l. 
 
 49, 
 
 for wr° 
 
 read *$m°. 
 
 p. 
 
 So s'l. 
 
 91, 
 
 for °«iarem^ 
 
 read °fl*cW-W. 
 
 (Bbiinacl 
 
 larya). 
 
 
 
 r. 
 
 57 s'l. 
 
 17, 
 
 for *&vt Q 
 
 read ^^°. 
 
 p. 
 
 59 s'l. 
 
 37, 
 
 for i-nto* ° 
 
 read **VRX. 
 
 p. 
 
 CO s'l. 
 
 51, 
 
 for gfftfRf ^° 
 
 read ^riTRW . 
 
 
 
 52, 
 
 for SSWSi ° 
 
 read W3**#li . 
 
 p. 
 
 Gl s'l. 
 
 63, 
 
 for 5T*m 
 
 read ST^PR. 
 
 p. 
 
 61 s'l. 
 
 77, 
 
 for m^K° 
 
 read rH*frfC°. 
 
 r. 
 
 65 s'l. 
 
 15, 
 
 for ?^rt 
 
 read °*pQ\. 
 
 p. 
 
 78 s'l. 
 
 40, 
 
 for 3WSi 
 
 read yrrcrffif:. 
 
P. 87s'l. 
 
 u, 
 
 for °m^° 
 
 read W&l. 
 
 
 16, 
 
 for °W?RR 
 
 read °W^RW. 
 
 P. 93 s'l. 
 
 89, 
 
 for ^TOT^t 
 
 read ^WRFft, 
 
 P. 107 s'l. 
 
 32, 
 
 for °*:TOr§ 
 
 read °t<TO§. 
 
 P. 113 s'l. 
 
 19, 
 
 for °W s 
 
 read dnrrr. 
 
 P. 113 s'l. 
 
 23, 
 
 for *np*n:r 
 
 read ?fw°, 
 
 P. 120 s'l- 
 
 89, 
 
 for °trf 
 
 read ^9°. 
 
 P. 120 s'l. 
 
 4, 
 
 for tflf ° 
 
 read 3Vw°. 
 
 P. 139 s'l. 
 
 33, 
 
 for PIK^qJIM 
 
 read RKSWr. 
 
 P. 143 s'l. 
 
 9, 
 
 for °nmsf 
 
 read °V\m°. 
 
 P. 146 s'l. 
 
 48, 
 
 for °CT 
 
 read °<fff. 
 
 P. 148 s'l. 
 
 67, 
 
 for °*TRp5JT 
 
 read URT THr°. 
 
 P. 166 s'l. 
 
 101, 
 
 for 5TWf%° 
 
 read °W°. 
 
 
 Introduction. 
 
 P. 26 line 9, for " reign " read " realm" 
 P. 46 „ 12 „ "Ly" „ "by". 
 
 
gowku J>iiuoltvit gtmt, 
 
 EDITED UNDER THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF 
 
 CJ. BUHLEE, Ph. D., Eduoational Inspector, N. D. 
 
 AND 
 
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 Applications for tho abovo books to bo addroaaod to tho Curator 
 of tho Goverumont Centrul liook Depot, Bombay. 
 
 Romittancos in postage stamps should bo suilicieut to coyer discount 
 at tho rata of ouo anua per rupoo. 
 

LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 027 249 411 3 
 
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