*■■"*•■ -*— L..— v..^- -ija^ 
 
 ^'a»l«^»■*!wi^ ^J >g<aw a l»ll , l lH ll ll ll W l ■ l |l I ' l mwuii j m b mi I 
 
A NEW CHAPTER IN 
 AN OLD STORY 
 
THE FIRST MISSILE 
 
 The Cave Man of Prehistoric Times who Unconsciously 
 Invented Arms and Ammunition 
 
A NEW CHAPTER 
 IN AN OLD STORY 
 
 BEING AN INTEP^ESTING ACCOUNT 
 OF THE STR.ANGE 5TEPS 
 
 BY W^HICH 
 
 A Crccit 
 Modern Business 
 
 HA5 GROWN 
 OUT OF ANCIENT COKDITION5 
 
 TOGETHEP^ ^VITH 
 
 A LOOK INTO THE FUTUKE 
 
 PUBLISHED ANNO DOMINI MCMXII BY 
 
 REMINGTON AP^MS-UNION METALLIC CAB^TP^IDGE CO 
 
 299 BROADWAY, NEW YORK 
 
r.f, Copyright, 1912, by 
 
 THE REMINGTON ARMS- 
 UNION METALLIC CARTRIDGE 
 COMPANY 
 
 ,' Prepared, Pictured and 
 
 fci r Printed 
 
 by 
 
 THE SEARCH-LIGHT LIBRARY 
 
 450 FOURTH AVENUE 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 StafT Photographer, P. P. PuUis 
 
 
 "o 
 
 ^ 
 
 The Seven Remarkable Full - Page Illustra- 
 tions found in this Book — including the Front 
 Cover Picture TRIBUTE OF THE AGES — are 
 Actual Photographs from Life. 
 
 CCI.A3aO0 7 7 
 
A NEVV^ CHAPTER IN AN OLD STORY 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 This book has been written to tell of an important event — 
 important to us who write and to you who read. Like most 
 important events its preparation commenced years ago. 
 
 Perhaps it would be as well to start at the very beginning, 
 for it is an interesting story. 
 
 
 i 
 
 History — a 
 
 How it Began 
 
 A NAKED savage found 
 himself in the great- 
 est danger. A wild 
 beast, hungry and 
 -^ fierce was about to 
 
 attack him. Escape 
 was impossible. Re- 
 treat was cut off. 
 He must fight for his life — but how.^ 
 Should he bite, scratch or kick.? 
 Should he strike with his fist.'' These 
 weic tlie natural defences of his body, 
 but u hat were they against the teeth, 
 the claws and the tremendous muscles 
 of his enemy.? Should he wrench a 
 dead branch from a tree and use it for 
 a club.? That would bring him within 
 striking distance to be torn to pieces 
 before he could deal a second blow. 
 
 There was but a moment in which 
 to act. Swiftly he seized a jagged 
 fragment of rock from the ground and 
 hurled it with all his force at the 
 blazing eyes before him; then another, 
 and another, until the beast, dazed 
 and bleeding from the unexpected 
 blows, fell back and gave him a chance 
 
 nd Before 
 
 to escape. He knew that he had 
 saved his life, but there was some- 
 thing else which his dull brain failed 
 to realize. 
 
 He had invented arms and ammu- 
 nition! 
 
 In other words, he had needed to 
 strike a harder blow than the blow of 
 his fist, at a greater distance than the 
 length of his arm, and his brain 
 showed him how to do it. After all, 
 what is a modern rifle but a device 
 which man has made with his brain 
 permitting him to strike an enor- 
 mously hard blow at a wonderful 
 distance.? Firearms are really but a 
 more perfect form of stone-throwing, 
 and this early Cave Man took the 
 first step that has led down the ages 
 to the Remington Arms and U M C 
 ammunition. 
 
 This strange story of a development 
 that has been taking place slowly 
 through thousands and thousands of 
 years, so that to-day you are able to 
 take a swift shot at distant game in- 
 stead of merely throwing stones, — this 
 
 ai^t^ 
 
Si^!..,:-,^:a%fi.ai 
 
 kN SLINt; MAN 
 MAST TOP 
 
 is the story w^hich we shall 
 
 briefly tell. 
 
 The Earliest Hunters 
 
 The Cave Man and his 
 descendants learned the 
 valuable lesson of stone- 
 throwing, and it made 
 hunters of them, not big- 
 game hunters — that was far too risky; 
 but once in a while a lucky throw 
 might bring down a bird or a rabbit 
 for food. And so it went on for cen- 
 turies, perhaps. Early mankind was 
 rather slow of thought. 
 
 At last, however there appeared a 
 great inventor — the Edison of his day. 
 
 He took the second step. 
 A Nameless Edison 
 
 We do not know his name. Pos- 
 sibly he did not even have a name, 
 but in some way he hit upon a scheme 
 for throwing stones farther, harder, and 
 straighter than any of his ancestors. 
 
 The men and women in the Cave 
 Colony suddenly found that one 
 bright-eyed young fellow, with a little 
 straighter forehead than the others, 
 was beating them all at hunting. 
 During weeks he had been going away 
 mysteriously, for hours each day. 
 Now, whenever he left the camp he 
 was sure to bring home game, while 
 the other men would straggle back 
 for the most part empty-handed. 
 
 Was it witchcraft.? They decided 
 to investigate. 
 What They Saw 
 
 Accordingly, one morning several of 
 them followed at a careful distance as 
 he sought the shore of a 
 stream where water-fowl 
 might be found. Parting the 
 
 leaves, they saw him pick up a 
 pebble from the bank and then 
 to their surprise, take off his '^ 
 girdle of skin and place the ' 
 stone in its center, holding 
 both ends with his right hand. 
 
 Stranger still, he whirled the 
 girdle twice around his head, '*■■■■ 
 then released one end so that the 
 leather strip flew out and the stone 
 shot straight at a bird in the water. 
 
 The mystery was solved. They had 
 seen the first slingman in action. 
 
 The Use of Slings 
 
 The new plan worked with great 
 success, and a little practice made 
 expert marksmen. We know that 
 most of the early races used it for 
 hunting and in war. We find it 
 shown in pictures made many thou- 
 sands of years ago in ancient Egypt 
 and Assyria. We find it in the Roman 
 Army where the slingman was called 
 a " funditor." 
 
 We find it in the Bible where it is 
 written of the tribe of Benjamin: 
 "among all these people there were 
 seven hundred chosen men left 
 handed; every one could sling a 
 stone at an hair breadth and not 
 miss. " Surely, too, you remember 
 the story of David and Goliath when 
 the young shepherd "prevailed over 
 the Philistine with a sling and with a 
 stone." 
 
 Today shepherds tending their flocks 
 upon these same hills of Syria may 
 be seen practising with slings like 
 those of David. Yes, and slings were 
 used in European Armies 
 until nearly a hundred years 
 after America was discovered. 
 
 EC.YPTIAN 
 SLING SOLDIliU 
 
 MAKINC FrRE WITH 
 SPINDLE 
 
Something Better 
 
 Yet they had m\ 
 their draw-backs, f 
 A stone slung 
 might kill a bird or 
 even a man, but it 
 was not very effective 
 against big game. 
 
 What was wanted was 
 a missile to pierce a thick hide 
 
 FEATHERING THE 
 ARROW 
 
 since now but one 
 hand was needed 
 to twirl the spin- 
 dle, and the other 
 could hold it in 
 place. This was the 
 "bow-drill" which 
 also is used to this day. 
 A Fortunate Accident 
 But bent wood is apt to be 
 
 Alan had begun to make spears springy. Suppose that while one were 
 for use in a pinch, but would }ou bearing on pretty hard with a well- 
 like to tackle a husky bear or a tightened string, in order to bring fire 
 well-horned stag with only a spear for quickly, the point of the spindle 
 a weapon.'' should slip from its block. Naturally, 
 
 No more did our undressed ances- it would fly away with some force if 
 
 tors. The invention of the greatly the position were just right, 
 desired arm probably came about in This must have happened many 
 
 a most curious way. times, and each time but once, the 
 
 Long ages ago man had learned to lire-maker may have muttered some- 
 make fire by patiently rubbing two thing under his breath, gone after his 
 sticks together, or by twirling a spindle, and then settled down stu- 
 round one between his hands with pidly to his work. He had had a 
 its point resting upon a flat piece of golden chance to make a great dis- 
 wood. covery, but didn't realize it. 
 
 In this way it could be made to But, so it has been suggested, 
 
 smoke, and finally set fire to a tuft there was one man who stopped 
 
 of dried moss, from which he might short when he lost his spindle, for 
 
 get a flame for cooking. This was a red-hot idea shot suddenly 
 
 such hard work that he bethought through his brain, 
 him to twist a string of sinew about He forgot all about his fire- 
 
 the upright spindle and cause it to blocks while he sat stock still 
 
 twirl by pulling alternately at 
 the two string ends, as 
 some savage races still 
 do. From this it was 
 a simple step to fas- 
 ten the ends of 
 the two strings to 
 a bent piece of 
 wo od, another 
 great advantage 
 
 and thought. 
 
 Once or twice he 
 chuckled to him- 
 self softly. There- 
 upon he arose 
 and began to 
 experiment. 
 He chose a 
 longer, springier 
 pieceof wood, bent 
 
 WINDING THE 
 SHAFT 
 
;*-f^> 
 
 
 it into a bow, and strung it with 
 a longer thong. He placed the end 
 of a straight stick against the thong, 
 drew it strongly back, and released 
 it. 
 
 The shaft whizzed away with 
 force enough to delight him, and lo, 
 there was the first Bow-and-Arrow! 
 What Came of It 
 
 After that it was merely a matter 
 of improvement. The arrow-end was 
 apt to slip from the string until some 
 one thought to notch it. Its head 
 struck with such force that the early 
 hunter decided to give it a sharp 
 point, shaped from a flake of flint, in 
 order that it might drive deep into 
 the body of a deer or bear. 
 
 But most of all it must fly true and 
 straight to its mark. Who of all 
 these simple people first learned to 
 feather its shaft.'' Was it some one 
 who had watched the swift, sure- 
 footed spring of a bushy-tailed 
 squirrelfrombranch to branch? 
 Possibly, for the principle is 
 thesame. Atallevents 
 with its feathers and 
 its piercing 
 point the 
 arrow became the 
 most deadly of all mis- 
 siles, and continued 
 to be until long after 
 the invention of fire- 
 arms. 
 Ruler of the Earth 
 
 Armed with his 
 bow-and-arrow, man 
 now was lord of cre- 
 ation. No longer was 
 it necessary for him 
 
 to huddle with his fellows in some 
 cave to avoid being eaten by prowl- 
 ing beasts. Instead he went where 
 he would and boldly hunted the 
 fiercest of them. In other words, his 
 brain was beginning to tell, for 
 though his body was still no match 
 for the lion and the bear, he had 
 thought out a way to conquer them. 
 
 Also he was better fed with a 
 greater variety of game. And 
 now, free to come and go wher- 
 ever he might find it, he was 
 able to spread into various 
 lands and so to organize the 
 tribes and nations which at last 
 gave us civilization and history. 
 
 Unfortunately his weap^ons were 
 not always used for hunting. Wars 
 came, and arrows were seen to be as 
 deadly against mankind as against 
 the animals. 
 
 Thus, from the earliest days down 
 through the IXliddle Ages and into 
 modern times, we find archers in 
 practically every army. 
 A Great Variety 
 
 It is interesting to 
 see how many differ- 
 ent forms of bow 
 were used. The Eng- 
 lish had a six-foot 
 "long bow" made of 
 yew or ash, in a sin- 
 gle straight piece, 
 that shot arrows the 
 length of a man's 
 arm. The Indians 
 had bows only forty 
 inches on the aver- 
 age, since a short boAV 
 was easier to handle 
 
 m 
 
 M 
 I 
 
in thick forests. They used various 
 kinds of wood, horn, or even bone, such 
 as the ribs of large animals. These 
 they generally backed with sinew. 
 Sometimes they cut spiral strips 
 from the curving horns of a moun- 
 tain - sheep, and steamed them 
 straight. Then they glued 
 these strips together into a 
 wonderfully tough and springy 
 bow. Once in a while they even 
 took the whole horns of some 
 young sheep, that had not curved 
 too much, and used the pair just as 
 they grew. In this case each horn 
 made one-half of the bow, and the 
 piece of skull between was shaped 
 down into a handle. This gave the 
 shape of a "Cupid's Bow," but it 
 could shoot to kill. 
 Other Types 
 
 Many of the ancient pictures that 
 have come down to us from Egypt 
 id Assyria are filled with archers 
 ids of feats 
 igular bows. 
 The Greeks 
 ised curved 
 : n d s and a 
 traight cen- 
 tal handle. 
 )Ut perhaps 
 le most sci- 
 itiiicallycon- 
 Lructed, were 
 le built-up 
 :)Ows of the 
 Japanese. 
 
 These 
 clever lit- 
 tle fellows 
 
 chose well-seasoned mulberry, and 
 encased each piece with two fire- 
 toughened strips of bamboo. These 
 they wound tightly together with 
 rattan fiber. Where the strings were 
 attached at the ends was placed a 
 cover of sharkskin, and the whole 
 was then given coat after coat of 
 their famous lacquer, a varnish which 
 never cracked, wore like iron, and 
 resisted all kinds of weather. The 
 result was a bow of the most wonder- 
 ful lightness, strength, spring, and 
 durability. 
 An Unusual Shape 
 
 Its shape was quite as scientific. 
 The bigger the bow, the stronger the 
 shot, and of course they wished for 
 large bows. The Japanese archers 
 were much too short to handle large 
 bows of ordinary shape, but this is 
 where brains told again, and every 
 one knows that the little brown men 
 have brains. 
 
 So they shaped their bows, seven 
 feet high in some cases, with the cen- 
 tral part straight, the top curve long, 
 and the bottom curve short. This 
 gave a powerful drive from the lower 
 part of the string, and made it possible 
 to fit the arrow a foot below the 
 center. The result was archery like 
 that of the English long bow. 
 As to Arrows 
 
 The arrows were quite as important, 
 and their making became a great in- 
 dustry with every race. This 
 was because so many must be 
 carried for each hunt or battle. 
 
 Who is not familiar with 
 the chipped flint arrow- 
 heads that the farmer 
 so often turns up with 
 
STRANGE TYPE OF BOW AND Al<k(_i\V 
 NEW CAUEDONiA 
 
 are also 
 
 his plow as a rel- 
 ic of the period 
 when Americans 
 were red-skinned 
 instead of white? 
 These arrow- 
 heads have gen- 
 erally a shoulder 
 where the arrow 
 was set into the 
 shaft, there to be 
 bound t i g h 1 1 \' 
 with sinew or 
 fiber. Many of them 
 barbed to hold the flesh. 
 A Workshop Near the Capitol 
 
 Strangely enough, one of the 
 largest workshops ever found was 
 in the District of Columbia within 
 sight of our Capitol building. 
 In some parts of the country 
 may be found obsidian, or vol- 
 canic glass, and keen - edged 
 splinters of this were even better 
 than flint. 
 
 Later when the Indians had 
 learned from the White Man the 
 use of iron, they began to send 
 iron-headed arrows between his 
 ribs in return for the loss of their 
 country. 
 
 Can you see the Indian arrow- 
 maker at his task in the 
 days w hen t h 
 "cost of living 
 problem" 
 consisted 
 m e r e - 
 ly ii 
 the 
 
 chance of losing an 
 occasional arrow.'' 
 He did not need 
 to invest many 
 millions in an 
 ammunition fac- 
 tory like the vast 
 Union Aletallic 
 Cartridge plant 
 at Bridgeport. 
 Instead he, him- 
 self, was both 
 plant and work- 
 ing force, as he squatted under a for- 
 est tree and skilfully chipped a pile of 
 flint-flakes into proper shape. 
 
 Or perhaps he would be working 
 on shafts. In this case he would take 
 a stick from a bundle of service-berry 
 shoots, or some other chosen wood, 
 and patiently straighten it by bend- 
 ing it back and forth through a piece 
 of pierced horn. Occasionally he 
 would squint along its length until 
 his practiced eye was satisfied. 
 
 Then he would round it, smooth it, 
 and gauge it with other simple tools. 
 Every arrow in a quiver must be ex- 
 actly alike and as straight as a sun- 
 beam. The slightest error would 
 spoil the aim of the marksman, and 
 this too frequently might be a matter 
 of life and death. 
 Blood-Getters" 
 
 t the proper 
 1, headed, 
 t c h e d , 
 i a t h - 
 ered, 
 
WITH CROSS-BOWS IN THE FIFTliENrH CENTIRV 
 Courtesy of Lon^iiuins Crecii Co. 
 
 perhaps painted as well, the arrow 
 
 was finally complete, and yet not 
 before the arrow-maker ofttimes did 
 a curious thing. Taking up a blunt 
 pointed stone he dug zig-zag grooves 
 along its length, as may be seen in 
 museums. What was the meaning 
 of this? 
 
 Opinions differ. Some believe that 
 they were to let air into the wound 
 and cause a flow of blood. Hence 
 their name "blood-getters." Others 
 think they helped the arrow cling 
 to the flesh, and still others claim 
 they are merely a primitive symbol 
 of lightning, because they were sup- 
 posed to give extraordinary swift- 
 ness and accuracy through a sort 
 of magic. 
 Deer's Ribs and Man's Ribs 
 
 Even the matter of notching 
 was not as simple as it might seem 
 to be. Arrows were aimed at the 
 heart, but the heart is partly pro- 
 tected by ribs which the arrows 
 must slip between. In hunting 
 four-footed animals like the deer 
 and buffalo with up-and-down ribs, 
 the arrow must drive forward with 
 the head standing nearly upright. 
 On the other hand, man's ribs 
 
 run crosswise, and the arrow must 
 enter in a flat-headed position. 
 
 Since the notch gives the arrow its 
 position in leaving the bow, hunting- 
 arrows must therefore be straight- 
 notched with reference to the head, 
 and the best war-arrows cross-notch- 
 ed, — a truly ingenious idea. 
 "Frog Crotch" and "Bowel Raker" 
 
 Most nations, of course, had metal 
 arrow-heads, and in Japan these 
 had strangely named forms for 
 special purposes. The "Frog 
 Crotch" and "Knife Prong," 
 for example, were made to cut the 
 helmet strings and armor-lacing 
 of the foe. One was called the 
 "Armor Piercer," and was pro- 
 vided with a hardened steel head 
 shaped like a mechanic's center- 
 punch. 
 
 The "Bowel Raker" was a mur- 
 derous affair which tore the abdomen 
 of its victim. Still others were called 
 from their shapes "Willow Leaf," 
 "Turnip Top," etc. To use arrows 
 for special purposes like these indi- 
 cates that the Japanese were clever 
 archers. We are told that some of 
 them could even "sew the wings" of 
 a flying bird, that is, drive a single 
 
 SHOOTING WITD BO\R WITH C KOSS-BOWS 
 
SIXTEENTH-CENTURY 
 
 HUNTING 
 
 CROSS-BOW 
 
 arrow through both wings 
 without touching the 
 bird's body. 
 Barbs and Poisons 
 
 It would take volumes 
 to tell the story of archery 
 in peace and war through 
 all its thousands of years. 
 We must hasten, and can 
 not examine the barbed 
 arrows of some races that 
 were made to pull loose 
 from their shafts and re- 
 main in the wound, or the 
 cruel, poisoned points of 
 others. We can not stop 
 to consider the wonderful 
 ma rksmanshipnvhich could 
 split a slender hazel rod at 
 400 yards, nearly a quarter 
 of a mile, or the power 
 which could pierce a stout 
 oak plank or drive an 
 arrow completely through 
 the body of a buffalo. 
 Cases have been known 
 where two buffaloes, run- 
 ning side by side, have been 
 killed with a single arrow. 
 All these and many other points 
 prove to us that the bow and arrow 
 have played a very important part in 
 the history of the world. Their use 
 was undoubtedly one of the principal 
 steps in the development of modern 
 arms. 
 A Shooting Machine 
 
 But the age of machinery was com- 
 ing on. Once in a while there were 
 glimpses of more powerful and com- 
 plicated devices to be seen among 
 these simple arms. 
 
 A new weapon now came about 
 
 through warfare. Man has been a 
 savage fighting animal through pretty 
 much all his history, but while he 
 tried to kill the other fellow, he 
 objected to being killed himself. 
 
 Therefore he took to wearing ar- 
 mor. During the Middle Ages he 
 piled on more and more, until at last 
 one of the knights could hardly 
 walk, and it took a strong horse to 
 carry him. When such a one fell, he 
 went over with a crash like a tin- 
 peddler's wagon, and had to be 
 picked up again by some of his men. 
 Such armor would turn most of the 
 arrows. Hence invention got at 
 work again and produced the Cross- 
 bow and its bolt. We have alread}' 
 learned how the tough skin of ani- 
 mals brought about the bow; now we 
 see that man's artificial iron skin 
 caused the invention of the cross- 
 bow. 
 What It Was 
 
 What was the Cross-bow.? It was 
 the first real hand-shooting machine. 
 It was another big step toward the 
 day of the rifle. The idea was simple 
 enough. Wooden bows had already 
 been made as strong as the strongest 
 man could pull, and they wished for 
 still stronger ones — steel ones. How 
 could they pull them.? At first they 
 mounted them upon a wooden frame 
 and rested one end on the shoulder 
 for a brace. Then they took to 
 pressing the other end against the 
 ground, and using both hands. Next, 
 it was a bright idea to put a stirrup 
 on this end, in order to hold it with 
 the foot. 
 
 Still they were not satisfied. 
 "Stronger, stronger!" they clamored; 
 
"give us bows which will kill the 
 enemy farther away than he can shoot 
 at us! If we cannot set such bows 
 with both arms let us try our backs!" 
 So they fastened "belt-claws" to their 
 stout girdles and tugged the bow 
 strings into place with their back 
 and leg muscles. 
 
 "Stronger, stronger again, for now 
 the enemy has learned to use belt- 
 claws and he can shoot as far as we. 
 Let us try mechanics!" 
 , , So they attached levers, pulleys, 
 
 ry ratchets, and windlasses, until at last 
 
 ""-■ ''''• ' they reached the size of the great 
 siege cross-bows, weighing eighteen 
 pounds. These sometimes needed a 
 force of twelve hundred pounds to 
 draw back the string to its catch, 
 but how they could shoot! Notice 
 the pictures of the cross-bows and 
 you will see that now the weapons 
 began to look a little like guns as 
 we know them. They had shoulder 
 pieces. 
 In the Chino- Japanese War 
 
 Everything is good until something 
 better comes. Cross-bows were very 
 good indeed In their day, and the 
 smaller sizes became popular for 
 hunting in many countries. Some 
 forms also were made to throw 
 stones and bullets instead of arrows. 
 It will surprise most people to learn 
 that cross-bows are still carried by 
 Chinese soldiers in some of the in- 
 terior provinces. 
 
 Don't smile, the Chinese repeating 
 cross-bow is really a very clever arm, 
 and none of us would like to get in 
 its way. It has a box above the frame, 
 and in this box are ten arrows. As 
 fast as one is fired another drops 
 
 into place, and the whole ten can be 
 sent at their mark in fifteen seconds. 
 Would you like to charge that kind 
 of a proposition t Some of them were 
 used in the war between China and 
 Japan, and it appeared that a man 
 killed with a cross-bow bolt was 
 about as dead as one shot with the 
 latest thing in modern ammunition. 
 And Now for Chemistry 
 
 Human muscle seemed to have 
 reached its limit, mechanics seemed 
 to have reached its limit, but still the 
 world clamored, "Stronger, strong- 
 er! How shall we kill our enemy 
 farther away than he can kill us.''" 
 For answer, man unlocked one 
 of the secrets of Nature and 
 took out a terrible force. It 
 was a force of chemistry. 
 
 \\ ho first discovered 
 the power of gunpowder.'' 
 Probably the Chinese, 
 although all authorities 
 do not agree. Strange, is it 
 not, that a race still using 
 cross-bows in its arm 
 should have known of 
 explosives long before 
 the Christian Era, and per- 
 haps as far back as the time 
 of Aloses .'' Hereis a passage 
 from their ancient Gentoo 
 Code of Laws: "The 
 magistrate shall not make 
 war with any deceitful 
 machine, or with poisoned 
 weapons, or with cannons 
 orguns,or any kind of fire- 
 arms." But China might 
 as well have been Alars 
 before the age of travel. 
 Our civilization had 
 
 :/:' 
 
■^^»t^-^t.. 
 
 
 M& 
 
 
 to work 
 
 out the 
 
 ^ problem for itself. 
 
 Playing with Fire 
 
 It all began through playing 
 
 with fire. It was desired to throw 
 
 fire on an enemy's buildings, or 
 
 his ships, and so destroy them. 
 
 Burning torches were thrown by 
 
 machines, made of cords and 
 
 springs, over a city wall, and it 
 
 became a great study to find the 
 
 best burning compound with which 
 
 to cover these torches. One was 
 
 needed which would blaze with a 
 
 great flame and was hard to put 
 
 out. 
 
 Hence the early chemists 
 made all possible mixtures of pitch, 
 resin, naphtha, sulphur, saltpeter, 
 etc.; "Greek fire" was one of the 
 most famous. 
 What Two Monks Discovered 
 
 Many of these were made in 
 \ the monasteries. The monks 
 were pretty much the only peo- 
 ple in those days with time 
 for study, and two of these 
 shaven - headed scientists now 
 had a chance to enter his- 
 tory. Roger Bacon was 
 the first. One night he 
 , \ was working his diabolical 
 ; \ mixture in the stone-walled 
 laboratory, and watched, 
 by the flickering lights, 
 the progress of a cer- 
 tain interesting com- 
 bi nation for 
 
 which he had used pure instead of 
 impure saltpeter. 
 
 Suddenly there was an explosion, 
 shattering the chemical apparatus 
 and probably alarming the whole 
 building. "Good gracious!" we can 
 imagine some of the startled brothers 
 saying, "whatever is he up to ngw! 
 Does he want to kill us all.^" That 
 explosion proved the new combifia- 
 tion was not fitted for use as a thrown 
 fire; it also showed the existence of 
 terrible forces far beyond the power 
 of all bow-springs, even those made 
 of steel. 
 
 Roger Bacon thus discovered what 
 was practically gunpowder, as far 
 back as the thirteenth century, and 
 left writings in which he recorded 
 mixing 1 1. 2 parts of the saltpeter, 
 29.4 of charcoal, and 29 of sulphur. 
 This was the formula developed as 
 the result of his investigations. 
 
 Berthold Schwartz, a monk of 
 Freiburg, studied Bacon's works 
 and carried on dangerous experi- 
 ments of his own, so that he is 
 ranked with Bacon for the honor. 
 He was also the first one to rouse 
 the interest of Europe in the great 
 discovery. 
 
 And then began the first crude, 
 clumsy efi^orts at gunmaking. 
 Firearms were born. 
 Shooting Tubes 
 
 Do you realize the priv- 
 ilege of living to-day in- 
 stead of five hundred 
 }'ears ago.^ Suppose 
 that you had to lay 
 aside your hand- 
 some, accurately 
 balanced 
 
 4P 
 
THE SLING MAN IN ACTION 
 
 Practice Developed some Wonderful Marksmen 
 Among the Users of this Primitive Weapon 
 
Remington 
 rifle with its de- 
 pendable UM C 
 ammunition, 
 and then to stick 
 a lighted match 
 into the vent hole 
 of a clumsy iron tube 
 on a wooden handle. 
 Suppose that you could not be sure 
 whether the unscientific mixture 
 would burst the barrel, fire out the 
 projectile, or merely refuse to go ofl. 
 Would you be the enthusiastic sports- 
 man you are to-day? 
 
 That was what your ancestors 
 were "up against," only they prob- 
 ably thought the weapon wonderful, 
 and felt they were very much up-to- 
 date. We will not go into details. 
 It took centuries for guns to become 
 perfect enough to take the place of 
 bows and cross-bows, and we shall 
 only glance at a few of the principal 
 changes. 
 
 The Coming of the Matchlock 
 
 Hand bombards and culverins were 
 among the early types. Some of 
 these were so heavy that a forked 
 support had to be driven into the 
 ground, and two men were needed, 
 one to hold and aim, the other to 
 prime and fire. How does that strike 
 you for a duck-shooting proposition.^ 
 Of course such a clumsy arrangement 
 could only be used in war. 
 
 Improvements kept coming, how- 
 ever. Guns were lightened and bet- 
 tered in shape. Somebody thought 
 of putting a flash pan for the powder, 
 by the side of the touch-hole, and now 
 it was decided to fasten the slow- 
 match, in a movable cock, upon the 
 
 barrel and ignite it with a 
 trigger. These matches were 
 fuses of some slow-burning fiber, 
 like tow, which would keep a spark 
 for a considerable time. Formerly 
 they had to be carried separately, 
 but the new arrangement was a 
 great convenience and made the 
 matchlock. The cock, being 
 curved like a snake, was called the 
 "serpentine." 
 
 Winding Up a Gun 
 
 About the time sportsmen were 
 through wondering at the conven- 
 ience of the matchlock, they began to 
 realize its inconvenience. Thus do 
 ideas change; you simply cannot keep 
 humanity contented. But then the 
 "kicker" is a valuable member of 
 society. He brings us progress. The 
 "kicker" said that matchlocks burned 
 up a great deal of fuse, and were hard 
 to keep lighted. Both statements 
 were true, so inventors racked their 
 brains again for something better. 
 They all knew you 
 could bring sparks 
 with flint and steel, 
 and that seemed 
 an idea worth 
 working on. 
 A N u r em- 
 berg inven- 
 tor, in 1515, 
 hit on the 
 wheel-lock. 
 In this a 
 notched 
 steel wheel 
 was wound 
 up with a key 
 like a clock. 
 Flint 
 
or pyrite, was held against the jagged 
 edge of the wheel by the pressure 
 of the serpentine. You pulled the 
 trigger, then "whirr," the wheel re- 
 volved, a stream of sparks flew off 
 into the flash-pan, and the gun was 
 discharged. 
 The Invention of the Chicken Thieves 
 
 This gun worked beautifully, but 
 it was expensive. Wealthy sports- 
 men could afford them, and so for the 
 first time firearms began to be used 
 for hunting. Some of these sixteenth 
 and seventeenth century nabobs had 
 such guns of beautiful workmanship, 
 so wrought and carved and inlaid, 
 that thev must have cost a small 
 ..■■„, ^ for- 
 
 ^^^ r*-- .<i^ tune. 
 
 \ o u \\' i 1 1 
 find 
 them 
 
 in many large museums to this day. 
 
 But now the robbers had their 
 turn. There are two stories of the 
 invention of the flint-lock. Both 
 deal with robbers, both have good 
 authority, and both may be true, for 
 Inventions sometimes are made inde- 
 pendently in different places. 
 
 One story runs that the flint-lock 
 which was often styled "Lock a la 
 Miquelet," from the Spanish word, 
 " Miquelitos " — marauders, — -told its 
 origin in its name. The other is, 
 that the flint-lock was invented in 
 Holland by gangs of thieves, whose 
 principal business was to steal poul- 
 try. The Dutch expression for chick- 
 en thieves is "snaap-hans" — we 
 might say "snap hens" — and the 
 flint-lock was therefore called 
 "snaphance" in Holland. 
 
 In either case the explanation 
 is easy. The matchlock showed 
 its fire at night and wouldn't do 
 for thieves, the wheel-lock was 
 too expensive, so again necessity 
 became the mother of a far-reach- 
 ing invention. 
 The Gun of Our Ancestors 
 
 Everybody knows what the 
 flint-lock was like. You sim- 
 ply fastened a flake of flint 
 in the cock and snapped it 
 against a steel plate. This 
 struck off sparks which fell 
 into the flash-pan and fired 
 the charge. 
 
 It was so practical that it 
 became the form of gun for all uses; 
 thus gun-making began to be a big 
 industry. Invented early in the seven- 
 teenth century, it was used by the 
 hunters and soldiers of the next 
 
EARLY PERSIAN GUN 
 
 two hundred years. Old people re- 
 member when flint-locks were plenti- 
 ful everywhere. In fact they are 
 still being manufactured and are sold 
 in some parts of Africa and the Ori- 
 ent. One factory in Birmingham, 
 
 That was the combina- 
 tion of guns with other 
 weapons, and their 
 concealment in vari- 
 ous peaceful looking 
 ■■■■'■■■■■■•^ objects. 
 
 Guns were made which were battle 
 axes at one end and muzzles at 
 the other; muskets were combined 
 with pikes. Pistols were made a part 
 of daggers and at times the muzzle 
 was plugged with a dagger point that 
 
 England, is said to produce about had to be removed for firing. In 
 twelve hundred weekly, and Belgium some cases even the frame of a cross- 
 shares in their manufacture. Some bow w^as made into a gun-barrel. It 
 of the Arabs use them to this day in was also a favorite trick, especially 
 the form of strange-looking guns with with robbers, to conceal a pistol in an 
 long, slender muzzles and very light, innocent looking whip-stock, or other 
 
 curved stocks. 
 
 Freak Guns 
 
 There were freak Inventors in the 
 flint-lock period just as there are 
 to-day. Some of them wrestled with 
 
 unlikely place. 
 
 The Scotch Clergymen 
 
 We must not forget that rifling 
 was invented about the time that the 
 wheel-lock appeared, and had a great 
 
 the problem of repeating guns, and deal to do with the improvement of 
 
 put together a number of barrels, 
 even seven in the case of one carbine. 
 Others tried revolving chambers, like 
 our revolvers, and still others, maga- 
 zine stocks. Pistols came into use 
 
 shooting. Austrians claim its inven- 
 tion for Caspar Zollner of Vienna who 
 cut straight grooves in the barrel's 
 bore. His gun is said to have been 
 used for the first time in 1498, but 
 
 in many interesting shapes, but these the Italians seem to have still better 
 
 warrant as these significant words 
 appear in old Latin Italian, under 
 date of July 28th, 1476, in the inven- 
 tory of the fortress of Guastalla: 
 "Also one iron gun made with a twist 
 like a snail shell." The rifling made 
 
 were too practical to be considered 
 freaks. 
 
 Pistols, by the way, are named 
 from the town of Pistoia, Italy, 
 where they are said to have been 
 invented and first used. 
 
 However, 
 there was one 
 odd idea which 
 seems to have 
 been very popu- 
 lar for a time. 
 
I , 
 
 
 the bullet spin like a top as it flew 
 through the air, thus greatly improv- 
 ing its precision. If this were a 
 complete history, instead of a brief 
 story, we should stop and tell about 
 the different kinds of grooving. 
 
 As it is we shall jump over to the 
 year 1807, when the Rev. Alexander 
 John Forsythe, LL.D.,got his patent 
 papers for something far better than 
 even the steady old flint. He had 
 invented the percussion system. In 
 some form this has been used ever 
 since. Which is to say 
 that when the hammer 
 of your gun falls, it 
 doesn't explode the 
 powder, although it 
 seems to. Instead it 
 sets off a tiny portion 
 of a very sensitive 
 chemical compound 
 called the "primer," and 
 the explosion of this 
 " "primer" makes the 
 , powder go off. Of 
 course the two explo- 
 sions come so swiftly 
 that your ear hears only 
 s a single bang. 
 ?! Caps and Breech-Loaders 
 Primers were tried 
 in different forms called 
 i "detonators," but the 
 I familiar little copper cap 
 * was the most popular. 
 No need to describe 
 .. them. Millions are still 
 ( made to be used on 
 old-fashioned nipple 
 guns, even in this day 
 of fixed ammunition. 
 But now we come to 
 
 another great devel- 
 opment, the Breech- 
 Loader. 
 
 Perhaps you have 
 had to handle an old 
 muzzle-loader. It was 
 all right so long as 
 you knew of nothing 
 better, but think of it 
 now that you have 
 your beautiful Rem- 
 ington and yourUMC 
 ammunition! Do you 
 remember how some- 
 times you overloaded, 
 and the kick made 
 your shoulder lame 
 for a week.^ Or how, 
 when you were ex- 
 cited you shot away 
 your ramrod.^ The 
 gun fouled too, and 
 was hard to clean, the nipples broke 
 off, the caps split, and the breeches 
 rusted so that you had to take them 
 to a gunsmith. Yes, in spite of the 
 game it got, it was a lot of trouble, 
 now you come to think of it. How 
 difi"erent it all is now! 
 From Henry VIII to Cartridges 
 
 Breech-loaders were hardly new. 
 King Henry VIII of England, he of ' 
 the many wives, had a match-lock 
 arquebus of this type dated 1537. 
 Henry IV of France even invented 
 one for his army, and others worked 
 a little on the idea from time to time. 
 But it wasn't until fixed ammunition 
 came into use that the breech-loader 
 really came to stay, — and that was 
 only the other day. You remember 
 that the Civil War began with muzzle- 
 loaders and ended with breech-loaders. 
 
 SWISS 
 PISTOL OF 
 THE EARLY I 
 
 SEVENTEENTH 
 CENTURY 
 
WHEEL-LOCK RIFLE 
 
 Houiller, the French 
 gunsmith, hit on the 
 great idea of the car- 
 tridge. If you were going 
 to use powder, ball and 
 percussion primer, to get 
 your game, why not put 
 them all into a neat, 
 handy, gas-tight case? 
 Simple enough, when 
 you come to think of 
 it, like most great 
 ideas. But it re- 
 quired good brain- 
 stuff to do that 
 thinking. 
 
 These are a few 
 reasons why you 
 can hunt with such 
 convenience. There 
 are a thousand 
 other things that 
 might be spoken of 
 had we the space. 
 Some will come into 
 the other chapters, 
 but most of them 
 will have to be 
 taken for 
 granted, unless 
 you wish to get 
 books and begin 
 studying about 
 
 entire 
 
 development of arms 
 and ammunition. 
 We have not touched 
 upon that other great di- 
 vision of firearm history 
 dealing with ordnance. 
 Cannon, too, have passed 
 through a succession of 
 wonderful changes. 
 The clumsy stone- 
 throwing guns, used by 
 Mohammed II in 1453 
 when besieging Con- 
 stantinople, have 
 been developed into 
 tremendous modern 
 naval and coast-de- 
 fence guns hurling 
 armor-piercing pro- 
 jectiles many miles. 
 While these changes 
 have been full of in- 
 terest, our brief his- 
 tory has kept in mind 
 the steps that have led 
 to the Twentieth Cen- 
 tury Hunting-Arm. 
 But one thing, 
 you can see that 
 many forgot- 
 ten men have 
 been working 
 for your benefit 
 throughout thousands of years. 
 
The Romance of Remington Arms 
 
 li 
 
 A Refusal and What Came of It 
 
 WO men, a smith and 
 
 This son, both named 
 EHphalet Reming- 
 ton, in 1816, were 
 working busily one 
 day at their forge 
 in beautiful Ilion 
 Gorge, when, so 
 tradition says, the 
 son asked his father 
 for money to buy a rifle, and 
 met with a refusal. The request 
 was natural for the surrounding hills 
 were full of game. The father must 
 have had his own reasons for refusing, 
 but — it made Remington Arms! 
 
 EHphalet Jr. closed his firm jaws 
 tightly, and began collecting scrap 
 iron on his own account. This 
 he welded skilfully into a gun- 
 barrel, walked fifteen miles to Utica 
 to have it rifled, and finally had a 
 weapon of which he 
 mightwell be proud. 
 
 In reality, it was such a very 
 good gun that soon the neighbors 
 ordered others like it, and before 
 long the Remington forge found 
 itself hard at work to meet the 
 increasing demand. Several times 
 each week the stalwart young man- 
 ufacturer packed a load of gun- 
 barrels upon his back, and tramped 
 all the way to Utica where a 
 gunsmith rifled and finished them. 
 At this time there were no real 
 gun-factories in America, although 
 gunsmiths were located in most of 
 the larger towns. All gun-barrels 
 were imported from England or 
 Europe. 
 
 A Machine to Save His Shoulders 
 
 The broad shoulders of EHphalet 
 Jr. must have ached under his load, 
 for his busy brain soon devised 
 machinery with which he 
 could do the 
 
 
rifling for himself. Thus the forge 
 became a complete gun-factory, re- 
 ceiving material as scrap iron, and 
 turning out finished rifles. Shotguns 
 also were made. Up in the gorge was 
 a ledge of red sandstone. This 
 furnished the first grind- 
 stones which ground ^^y 
 down the barrels to ^ 
 proper form by power 
 from the brook. 
 Thus father and 
 
 son worked away 
 briskly creating 
 a brand-new 
 American in- 
 dustry. They f, 
 put brains as p 
 well as metal | 
 intotheirguns, [ 
 and soon Rem- f 
 ingtonArms ' 
 began to be \ 
 famous in all the > 
 surrounding \ 
 counties. 
 Bursting the Shell 
 
 In 1828, the same 
 year that the elder 
 Remington met his "■ ^ 
 death through accident, 
 the business outgrew the 
 little shop by the brookside — 
 burst its shell like a "seventeen-year 
 locust" — and bought a large farm 
 near the Erie canal. There to-day 
 the great plant stands. 
 
 No town was there at that time, 
 merely a country "corners," and Mr. 
 Remington, after his father's death, 
 built a house to live in, and put up a 
 wooden shop for his machiner\-. 
 Here he brought water for several 
 
 ELIPHALET REMINGTON 
 
 WHO MADE THE 
 
 FIRST GUN 
 
 wheels from Steele's Creek, and set up 
 his big tilt-hammer, trip-hammers, 
 bellows, grind-stones, and boring- and 
 rifling-machines ; the racket they made 
 was music to his ears, for the busy little 
 plant was the child of his brain 
 '""' ''^j^ and hands. The business 
 \\ grew with a jump ; within 
 u one year demand ran 
 ""X ahead of supply. 
 ^x The "Stone Forge" 
 \ So Remington 
 put up an addi- 
 tional building, 
 since known as 
 , the "Stone 
 Forge." Into 
 this he put 
 more trip- 
 hammers spe- 
 c i a 1 1 y for 
 welding and 
 forgingbarrels. 
 By this time 
 the demand was 
 so great that he 
 organized a ship- 
 ping department 
 and carried a stock 
 of all parts needed by 
 a gunsmith. 
 Affairs ran along with con- 
 stant improvements for a de- 
 cade, and the energetic young smith 
 developed into a famous and pros- 
 perous manufacturer. Finally, in 1839, 
 he founded a partnership with Ben- 
 jamin Harrington for the purpose of 
 making, as a separate industry, farm 
 utensils and other iron articles, al- 
 though this is not a part of our story. 
 Gathering Scrap 
 
 You can't make iron goods without 
 
iron, and supply was not well organ- 
 ized then. So you must imagine Mr. 
 Remington sending men with teams 
 throughout the surrounding country 
 to stop at all farmhouses, bargain for 
 broken plows, hatchets, kettles, odds 
 
 THE OLD FORGE 
 
 and ends of all kinds, to feed the busy 
 forges. Thus the country was drained 
 of its scrap iron, fresh metal was 
 drawn from the Clinton ore beds of 
 Oneida County, while timber, cut 
 from the surrounding hills, was 
 burned into charcoal for fuel. 
 
 In the meantime Mr. Remington 
 had sons of his own growing into 
 maturity, and Philo his eldest, pre- 
 pared to enter the industry. 
 
 The Mexican War 
 
 In 1845 a war-cloud grew suddenly 
 out of the southwest. At the distant 
 mutterings of the coming conflict 
 with Mexico, the Government looked 
 about hastily for firearms. 
 
 William Jencks, having invented a 
 carbine, the War Department gave 
 Ames & Co. of Springfield, Mass., a 
 contract to manufacture several thou- 
 sand under the Jencks patent. For 
 
 some reason this firm wished to be 
 relieved of this order, and Air. Rem- 
 ington perceived that this was the 
 great chance for which he had 
 been waiting. He purchased the 
 contract and their special machinery, 
 and became a Government con- 
 tractor. 
 
 Of course the carbines were well 
 made. Carried by the American 
 forces, they helped to win the Mexi- 
 can War. Eliphalet Remington was 
 therefore not without his share in the 
 extension of the Union. Another 
 building was added, and another 
 water-race constructed in order to 
 take care of the carbine contract; 
 thus the plant grew. This building, 
 the "Old Armory," still stands. 
 
 Bigger Contracts 
 
 A few more years passed and far- 
 sighted statesmen saw with alarm 
 that another and vastly greater war- 
 cloud was gathering. Signs increased 
 that both North and South were slowly 
 moving toward civil war. 
 
 Arms were the all-important thing. 
 Mr, Remington, having shown his 
 ability in the carbine contract, re- 
 
-.^^ 
 
 HARPER S FERRY MODEL MUSKET 
 
 ceived an order for five thousand 
 rifles of the "Harper's Ferry" 
 model; and later additional orders 
 for seventy-five hundred. In 1857 
 and 1858, the Government called on 
 him for five thousand Maynard self- 
 priming musket locks. Remington 
 revolvers under the Beal patent 
 were also made in quantities. 
 
 Aleanwhile, in 1856, the firm of E. 
 Remington & Sons was formed with 
 the three sons, Philo, Samuel, and 
 Eliphalet, as partners of their father, 
 and a thriving village took the place 
 of the country "corners." 
 The Storm 
 
 1861 came, the storm-cloud burst 
 in all its fury, and Government 
 orders began to pile in upon the 
 factory. Five thousand "Harper's 
 Ferry" muskets came in to be 
 changed so that either sabers or 
 bayonets could be attached. The 
 work had to be completed within 
 two weeks, for the emergency was 
 tremendous. Every man and boy 
 in Ilion was engaged and the gigantic 
 task finished on time. 
 
 Additional buildings were put up. 
 
 Steam was added to water-power, 
 expensive machinery was installed. 
 Work, day and night, went on to 
 the limit of human endurance. 
 Besides the rifles, there were such 
 urgent calls for Remington pistols 
 that an additional building was 
 rented in Utica, the daily output 
 being three hundred pistols. 
 A Hero's Death 
 
 The terrific strain was more than 
 Eliphalet Remington could stand. 
 It was a matter of patriotism as 
 pure as any that had called others 
 to the firing line. Many men could 
 handle a musket but he, "The 
 Father of American Gun-Making," 
 as he has been called, must bring his 
 tremendous energy and mechanical 
 genius to the task of producing mus- 
 kets for the rush of volunteers. At 
 no point had he spared himself, and 
 when on August 12, 1861, he passed 
 away, his great organization was a 
 vital link in the chain of national 
 defense. He truly gave his life for 
 his country. Thus did the youth of 
 twenty-three, who forty-five years 
 before had forged the first gun-barrel, 
 
 REMINGTON HAMMERLESS SHOTGUN 
 
 -ggy^^gn W 4ll '» MW il MIM ! 
 
live to see his 
 name the great- 
 est in the an- 
 nals of Ameri- 
 can gun-mak- 
 ing, his arms 
 relied upon in 
 the country's 
 direst need, and 
 thus met his 
 death in the ser- 
 vice of the Union. 
 The Sons 
 The three sons 
 proved equal to 
 the burden 
 Philo, the eldest, took 
 charge of the manu- 
 facturing. Samuel, 
 the next in age, be- 
 came the general 
 agent, negotiating 
 contracts and pur- 
 chasing machinery 
 and materials. Eli- % 
 phalet, the youngest was 
 a beautiful penman and 
 had great command of lan- 
 guage. Therefore he took up the cor- 
 respondence. This was before the days 
 of typewriters — another industry in 
 which, by the way, the Remingtons 
 were destined to play an important 
 part. 
 
 In 1865 the partnership of E. Rem- 
 ington and Sons was succeeded by 
 a corporation of the same name, 
 having a nominal capital of one mil- 
 lion dollars, and a plant valued at 
 one and one-half million dollars. 
 Peace and Disaster 
 
 Meanwhile, in Virginia, Gen. Grant 
 steadily, surely drew his lines more 
 
 SAMUEL 
 REMINGTON 
 
 tightly about the brave but exhausted 
 Southerners. The great Northern 
 forces, many of them armed with 
 rifles of Remington make, at last 
 proved irresistible, and upon the 12th 
 day of April, Gen. Lee surrendered. 
 
 Mingled with the great rejoicing, 
 there came a touch of severe misfor- 
 tune to Ilion, for the Government 
 cancelled all unfilled orders, and the 
 complicated organization, built up 
 with so much trouble and expense, to 
 meet the strain of production, stop- 
 ped short with a jar. Large indebt- 
 edness for machinery, material, 
 etc., had been incurred 
 upon the Government 
 contract. Cutting off 
 all resources meant 
 disaster, and the local 
 3. bank, a large creditor, 
 , was forced into fail- 
 ure. Later, when 
 prosperity returned, 
 the Remingtons in 
 strictest honor paid in 
 full, with interest, all the 
 stockholders and creditors 
 of the unfortunate bank. 
 The Breech-Loader 
 
 This crisis was a kind 
 of "acid test." First it 
 tested credits. Theirs 
 were so high that 
 notes were extended 
 and new credits 
 granted. Next it 
 tested character. 
 Some one has said 
 that when trouble 
 comes "weak men 
 take to the woods 
 but strong men 
 
 ELIPHALET 
 REMINGTON, JR. 
 
take to work." The Remingtons were 
 strong men; and they worked. 
 
 The war had shown that the arm of 
 the future must be a breech-loader. 
 \ ery well, the Remingtons would lead 
 the procession, as always before, by 
 producing the world's best breech- 
 loader. An inventive genius named 
 John Rider was engaged to develop 
 the new arm, surrounded by the best 
 skilled mechanics securable. These 
 soon presented the famous system of 
 a dropping breech-block backed up by 
 the hammer. The world took notice. 
 The new plan was so simple, so prac- 
 ticable, so serviceable, that Den- 
 mark placed an immediate 
 order for forty-two thou- 
 sand rifles. Prosperity 
 returned, and again the 
 windows of the big plant 
 glowed all night as work 
 was pressed upon this con- 
 tract. In 1867 the United 
 States Navy Department 
 adopted the Remington breech- 
 loader and ordered twelve thousand. 
 During the same year Spain ordered 
 eighty -five thousand. Next year 
 came a demand for thirty thousand 
 for Sweden; Egypt took fifty thou- 
 sand; in 1870 France called for the 
 extreme capacity of the factory. 
 Samuel and Philo 
 
 These orders proved the Remington 
 the best rifle in the world. Other 
 factories were now making breech- 
 loaders, but governments clamored 
 for the output of one company. 
 Samuel Remington spent his entire 
 time abroad, as sales-agent; his 
 brother, Philo, was presiding genius 
 of the factory at Ilion. 
 
 Large additions were made to every 
 department. At ti?h*es 1,850 hands 
 were employed, and the plant run for 
 twenty-four hours a day, the daily out- 
 put reaching a total df thirteen hun- 
 dred rifles and two hundred revolvers. 
 A Bad Cartridge 
 
 Some interesting incidents occurred 
 in connection with these foreign 
 contracts. Samuel Remington had 
 practically closed with Prussia for 
 an order of two hundred thousand 
 rifles. The Army Board, after the 
 severest tests, was enthusiastic in 
 favor of this arm, when the King 
 came to the place of demonstration 
 and asked to see it. Samuel Rem- 
 ington handed him a loaded rifle 
 and stood back confidently. 
 The monarch raised it to 
 his shoulder, sighted 
 along the barrel, pulled 
 the trigger, and — the 
 hammermerely 
 snapped! A bad 
 cartridge at this of 
 all moments! Im- 
 patiently Wilhelm 
 threw down the rifle 
 and strode away. The deal was 
 off, a matter of several million 
 dollars. 
 
 Once an order was pending 
 for equipping the whole Turk- 
 ish Army with four hundred 
 thousand rifles, when a cer- 
 tain individual demanded 
 a royalty so exorbitant 
 that Samuel Reming- 
 ton refused. " Roy- 
 alty" is a po- 
 lite word for 
 "graft." 
 
 ^ .;-<tl«St :;{gj^^^J:^ a5_i;, , 
 
THE "LONG BOW" IN SHERWOOD FOREST 
 
 One of Robin Hood's Famous Band Encounters 
 a Savage Tusker at Close Range 
 
'1 
 
 The Egyptian Palace 
 
 In spite of such incidents the busi- 
 ness was enormous. France took a 
 total of one hundred and forty-five 
 thousand arms; New York State 
 bought twenty-one thousand for her 
 miHtia; Porto Rico took ten thousand; 
 Cuba eighty-nine 
 thousand; Spain one 
 hundred and thirty 
 thousand more; and 
 Egypt fifty-five 
 thousand. 
 
 The Egyptian 
 Khedive was so im- 
 pressed with the fill- 
 ing of his contract 
 that he presented 
 Samuel Reming- 
 ton with a 
 marble palace 
 near Cairo. From 
 Alexico came 
 orders for fift}' 
 thousand arms; 
 from Chile for 
 twelve thousand. 
 The great New York sporting goods 
 house of Hartley and Graham, who 
 further along will come into our story, 
 disposed of one hundred and forty- 
 four thousand. 
 
 One of the agents of this latter con- 
 cern put on Chinese clothes, made 
 his way to Pekin, and gained the 
 ear of Li Hung Chang, who ordered 
 Remington rifles for the Chinese 
 Army. All these brought the total 
 sales up to the million mark. 
 The Great Ball 
 
 It was while the Spanish officers 
 were in Ilion, that the town gave its 
 
 ever-memorable Spanish Ball. Pat- 
 rick Gilmore and his famous band 
 were imported for the occasion and 
 everything else was in proportion. 
 Well might Ilion celebrate, for Spain 
 and her colonies had taken more than 
 three hundred thousand rifles, which 
 meant millions in 
 wages to the town. 
 This was the high- 
 water mark of that 
 period. Conditions 
 changed again and 
 the day of huge 
 foreign orders began 
 to pass. One cause 
 was graft. The 
 Remingtons, being 
 unwilling to take 
 business through 
 bribery, lost possible 
 orders. Further- 
 more, many coun- 
 tries now established 
 factories. 
 Retire or Serve 
 
 Thus another time 
 came when a critical decision must 
 be made. Philo Remington and his 
 brother, being wealthy and full of 
 honors, thought seriously of retiring 
 from business. 
 
 But success brings duties as well 
 as rewards. The town depended on 
 the factory, and the brothers felt that 
 the hands must be kept from want. 
 It meant to go backward, or to go 
 forward upon new lines and again 
 they decided to go forward. It was 
 at this time that they brought out 
 the famous Remington Typewriter, 
 which now occupies a large building 
 
near the parent plant. Sewing ma- 
 chines and farm implements also 
 were made for a while. 
 The Day of the Repeater 
 
 But a new day had dawned in the 
 history of arms. Just as bows had 
 replaced slings, and the percussion 
 system had taken the place of flint 
 and steel, so now repeaters began to 
 show their advantage over single fire. 
 
 The Remingtons employed inven- 
 tors to develop the world's best repeat- 
 er, just as they had done with breech- 
 loaders. The first model, developed 
 at large expense proved unsatisfac- 
 tory, and rather than have the Rem- 
 ington name associated with anything 
 inferior, the heavy investment was 
 charged to profit and loss. 
 
 James P. Lee's bolt mechanism was 
 a different proposition. Mr. Lee, 
 after experimenting for several years 
 at the Remington factory, perfected 
 the parent of modern military rifles. 
 Why the Chinese Defeated the French 
 
 These new rifles were first used in 
 action by the Chinese. At the battle 
 of Lang Son in the '8o's, the French 
 with their Kropatcheck guns were 
 three times repulsed by the Chinese 
 armed with Remington-Lees. The 
 American-made guns could be re- 
 charged in a few seconds, while those 
 of the French took much longer. 
 The latter were at the mercy of the 
 foe when their magazines were empty. 
 
 Still difficulties followed. It was ex- 
 pensive to build necessary machinery; 
 there had been heavy losses in other 
 enterprises; three hundred and fifty 
 thousand dollars went in the Agri- 
 cultural Works; the Scattergood Cot- 
 ton Gin was a financial failure; the 
 
 Sewing-machine lost about one mil- 
 lion dollars; an enterprise for making 
 electric-lighting plants was unsuc- 
 cessful; large gifts to charity and edu- 
 cation had lowered their resources; 
 and finally they were led to disaster 
 by helping a false friend. 
 A Glimmer of Hope 
 
 Just at this time Turkey appeared 
 again in the market, and for a while 
 hope ran high that her order for six 
 hundred thousand rifles would be 
 placed in Ilion. This would have 
 saved the day. The Turkish experts 
 reported favorably upon the Reming- 
 ton-Lee, but the German Government 
 was able finally to secure the order for 
 a German manufacturer. 
 
 Creditors now began to press. Some 
 cash was raised by the brothers 
 through selling their interest in the 
 Remington Typewriter to its pre- 
 sent manufacturers, but not suf- 
 ficient to save them, and in 1886 
 the business, that had begun 
 seventy years before with the 
 making of the amateur gun- 
 
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 PAGES FROM THE CATALOG IN CHINESE 
 
barrel, passed into a receiver's hands. 
 
 Two years were taken in winding 
 up its affairs, and in March, i8S8, 
 Hartley and Graham of New York, 
 bought a large interest. Philo Rem- 
 ington survived but one year longer. 
 Like his father's, his death was also 
 chargeable to service; he had con- 
 tinued his business in order that his 
 dependents might not come to want, 
 and the struggle broke him dowui. 
 The Entry of Marcellus Hartley 
 
 Philo Remington died, but the 
 business survived. To-day, as for- 
 merly, the great factory at Ilion is 
 pulsing with life and teeming with 
 prosperity. To-day, as for nearly a 
 century, the name Remington stands 
 at the very head of the arm-making 
 industry; the hunters and marksmen 
 of the world look to it for the newest 
 ideas, and the most perfect mechanism. 
 
 This is largely due to another re- 
 markable personality whose life and 
 career will be touched on more fully in 
 
 the following pages. At this point it is 
 enough to say that a strong, far-sighted 
 man of ample resources and great 
 constructive ability now took control. 
 
 That is why the highest grade of 
 invention and mechanical skill have 
 continued to be employed, and the 
 American marksman, the best shot in 
 the world, has been given the best 
 arms to shoot with. Shotguns have 
 been made selling as high as $750. 
 
 Solid breech hammerless guns have 
 carried the name Remington to a 
 higher point in recent years than in 
 any of its former days, and the mar- 
 vellous auto-loading action seems to be 
 practicalh' the last word in firearms. 
 To-day 
 
 Upon the death of Mr. Hartley in 
 1902, his grandson, Marcellus Hart- 
 ley Dodge became President of the 
 Company, and his associates are 
 unanimous in believing that in the 
 future lie the greatest days of the 
 venerable business. 
 
 FIRST REMINGTON ARMORY 
 
The Tale of UMC Ammunition 
 
 / 
 
 The Young Merchant 
 
 IT TAKES more than a 
 perfect gun to make 
 good shooting, the am- 
 munition also must 
 be right. That is why 
 you always specify 
 , "U M C/' and the 
 story of that famous red 
 ■ and white trademark is worth 
 telling. At the start, the story is so 
 much that of the remarkable man 
 who founded the business that we 
 shall gain a better understanding by 
 glancing at the early life of Mr. 
 Hartley. 
 
 Thirty-one years after the younger 
 Eliphalet Remington made his famous 
 gun-barrel, Marcellus Hartley, at the 
 age of twenty, became entry clerk and 
 assistant book-keeper with Francis 
 Tomes and Sons, dealers in hardware 
 and sporting goods. Soon he found 
 himself in the gun department, which 
 meant more to him than he then 
 realized. He advanced rapidly, and 
 the firm sent him on Western and 
 
 Southern trips to solicit trade. Trav- 
 eling in those days had many hard- 
 ships, and at one time he was ship- 
 wrecked in a hurricane on Lake Erie 
 with the thermometer at 15 degrees 
 below zero. However, he gained 
 much knowledge and experience, 
 made many friends, and at twenty- 
 seven decided to go into business 
 for himself. 
 
 One day three young men, J. Rut- 
 sen Schuyler, Marcellus Hartley, and 
 Malcolm Graham, met in a Alaiden 
 Lane restaurant for a serious talk. 
 Before they left, the firm of Schuyler, 
 Hartley and Graham had been decided 
 on, and soon after, March i, 1854, the 
 new name appeared at 13 Maiden Lane. 
 Weathering a Panic 
 
 The young men had to borrow 
 most of their capital, but had brains, 
 energy, and experience of their own. 
 Mr. Hartie}''s part consisted in trips 
 to Europe to buy stock, principally 
 sporting guns, and in acting as his 
 own drummer in the West. They 
 
made money from the start, and by i860 had 
 become the largest American dealers in firearms. 
 Then came the war; America's young industry 
 could supply only a part of the needed arms. 
 While the factories at Ilion and elsewhere were 
 pushed to their limit, it also became necessary to 
 buy large quantities abroad. Mr. Hartley was the 
 most competent buyer of foreign guns to be found, 
 and Secretary-of-War Stanton surprised him with 
 an appointment. With a rank equivalent to that 
 of brigadier general, 
 and a large credit upon 
 Baring Brothers of 
 London, this young 
 man of thirty-five 
 sailed abroad in July, 
 1862. It meant a great 
 business sacrifice but 
 he was too patriotic to 
 hesitate at his coun- 
 try's need. 
 
 A Difficult Mission 
 
 The mission was 
 very diffiicult. Eng- 
 land was full of hostile 
 spirit. The cotton 
 supply for her great 
 mills came from the 
 Southern States, and 
 the war hurt business, 
 consequently there was 
 
 wide-spread sympathy for the South that 
 hindered Mr. Hartley at every turn. Con- 
 federate agents were abroad endeavoring 
 to buy up all possible supplies; and a third 
 difficulty appeared in the combinations of 
 manufacturers to corner the gun market. 
 
 His task, therefore, was to create sym- 
 pathy for the North, to out-general the 
 Confederate agents, and to break the 
 corners in arms. In all these he succeeded 
 wonderfully. He printed and distributed 
 
 s> ■ s^ 
 
 EARLIER TYPES OI 
 
 A 
 
 4J 4J 
 
 A 
 
 qQQII 
 
 Q 
 
 LATER TYPES OK U 
 
 if 
 
 ?fr^ 
 
ARTRIDGES 
 
 fifteen thousand copies of John Bright's great anti- 
 slavery speech at Birmingham. First and last he 
 secured about two hundred thousand rifles in the 
 months he spent abroad. 
 A Strange Encounter 
 
 Many years later he attended a dinner where a 
 Air. Trenholm was one of the speakers. In the 
 course of his remarks this gentleman referred to war 
 times, when he had to purchase arms as European 
 agent for the Confederacy. Often when upon the 
 
 point of securing 
 greatly- needed guns 
 he had found that some 
 secret influence was 
 defeating him. In one 
 case a Belgian manu- 
 facturer had slipped 
 away when he had 
 thought he was certain 
 of his rifles, and he had 
 wondered at the mys- 
 terious skill of his un- 
 known opponent. This 
 dinner meeting was a 
 -urprise to both, for it 
 came out that the 
 unknown was Air. 
 Hartley. 
 
 Returning from 
 
 Europe he resumed the 
 
 work of his firm, which 
 
 had prospered greatly, 
 
 and then his career broadened into four 
 
 main lines of development. 
 
 Four Enterprises 
 
 One of these undertakings brought close 
 relations with the Remingtons, and led later 
 to the acquisition of that famous business. 
 Another was the formation of the Bridge- 
 port Gun Implement Co. to make rods, 
 cleaners, extractors, powder measures, etc., 
 for the old-style arms; and later, other 
 sporting articles when breech-loaders 
 
 ^■SJ^^ 
 
 i^/l 
 
 ,^R 
 
 l?i^^^;. 
 
 ^-J 
 
changed the situation. A third was 
 the engagement, to experiment with 
 dynamos and lamps, of Mr. Hiram 
 Maxim, since famous as the inventor 
 of the Maxim gun, then best known 
 in electricity. This laid the founda- 
 tion of what is now the great West- 
 inghouse Electric _,_, 
 Company, later i 
 sold to Mr. West- 
 inghouse. The 
 fourth was the sub- 
 ject of this chapter, 
 The Union Metallic 
 Cartridge Co. 
 From a Souvenir to a 
 Great Industry 
 
 \ ears before, 
 while traveling in 
 the West as sales- 
 man for Tomes 
 and Company, Air. 
 Hartley was shown 
 a roughly -made 
 metallic shell for 
 the charge of a gun. 
 He begged the shell as a souvenir, 
 and from this acorn a big oak finally 
 grew. 
 
 After the war, ten years later, he 
 took action. By this time he fully 
 realized the great importance of 
 metallic cartridges for the new breech- 
 loading arms. Several factories after 
 trying to make them without much 
 success had given up. These plants 
 and patents were for sale. 
 
 Mr. Hartley's firm bought the 
 
 Crittenden and Tibbals Alanufactur- 
 
 ing Company of South Coventry, 
 
 and the business of C. D. Lett of 
 
 Springfield. These they moved 
 
 to Bridgeport, Connecticut, 
 
 MARCELLUS HARTLEY 
 
 and on August 9, 1867, llie Union 
 Metallic Cartridge Co. was incorpo- 
 rated. It consisted of Mr. Hartley, 
 Mr. Schuyler, Pvlr. Graham, Mr. 
 Charles H. Pond, and Mr. Robert J. 
 White. The oak had taken root. 
 Then began the first successful 
 manufacture of me- 
 tallic cartridges in 
 the United States. 
 Back in the '50's 
 percussion caps, 
 skin cartridges for 
 revolvers, linen car- 
 tridges for Sharp's 
 breech-loaders, and 
 a few poor rim-fire 
 copper cartridges 
 had been made, but 
 now came this new 
 industry more im- 
 portant than all the 
 rest combined. At 
 first they made rim- 
 fire cartridges, for 
 the center-fire had 
 not been invented, percussion caps 
 and shotguns, but soon dropped the 
 guns to concentrate on ammunition. 
 A Versatile Genius 
 
 Mr. Hartley and his associates by 
 their business sagacity had created an 
 opportunity, and were on the lookout 
 for a mechanical genius. He came; 
 his name was Alfred C. Hobbs. 
 
 Hanging on the wall of the present 
 New York City office is a former lock 
 of the Bank of England. The English 
 Government had ofi"ered a prize of 
 one thousand dollars to any one who 
 could pick it. IVIr. Hobbs, jack-of- 
 all-trades, finally did it in fifty-one 
 hours. He had been 
 
superintendent of the Howe Sewing ^ 
 Machine Company, and, after five 
 years brought his great ingenuity 
 to the problems of cartridge-making. 
 For twenty years he remained in 
 charge, inventing nearly all the 
 special machinery that made the 
 business so successful. It is difficult 
 to get a permit to visit the Bridgeport 
 factory. The mechanical secrets are 
 too valuable. 
 
 Col. Berdan's Center-Fire Idea 
 
 The first cartridges consisted in 
 packing powder, ball, and wads into 
 a single case so that the powder was 
 ignited by a very small quantity of 
 high explosive called ''priming mix- 
 ture." For a while this priming mix- 
 ture was concealed in a hollow rim 
 and exploded by the pressure of the 
 falling hammer. But Col. Berdan 
 revolutionized cartridge-making. He 
 manufactured a form of our present 
 primer; placed the priming mixture 
 in a little cup, then secured, just 
 _. below but in 
 
 OFF TO FRANCE. 
 
 Material Aid for the Struggllnft Republic— 
 A Carfto of Arms En Route. 
 
 The steamer Ontario, of Bos'.OQ. twinship with the 
 Srie, over which vessels the "Hub" went nearly wild 
 vhen they were launched, and which were to ruin Mr. 
 Cunard in return for his letter to the "Hubbites" on 
 1 of their protest against the withdrawal 
 ers from their little town, after lying at a 
 dock in Boston ever since, came here a short time ago 
 e if something could not be ma<le, all hope of ever 
 doing so at Boston having been abandoned. 
 
 She cleared from the Custom House yesterday for 
 >wes and a market; with a full cargo of arms and 
 munitions of war. as follows; — 
 73.620 muskets. 
 80.950 carbines. 
 500 riSes. 
 
 500 army revolvers. 
 17.785.358 cartridges. 
 1 case moulds. 
 55 pieces artillery. 
 
 The total value of the warlike mat 
 hree-fourths of which is shipped by 
 Ontario is a vessel of 8,889 
 eighty 
 
 1, SI. 853. 497, 
 
 bou.se. The 
 
 I. and has a crew of 
 
 There were no passengers reported at the Custom 
 House, hut it would be singular if there were not a 
 few enthusiasts accompanying such an important 
 addition to the resources of France. The Ontario 
 a market," which means 
 to get a convoy of French 
 i.of-war in case any enteiprising German war 
 iel took a fancy to try whether such a cargo was 
 contraband of war The Ontario is commanded by_ 
 Captaiu Towns* 
 
 FROM THE N. Y. HERALD PRINTED IN 1870 
 
 contact with 
 this mixture, 
 a piece of 
 metal called 
 the "anvil." 
 This cup, 
 now called 
 the "prim- 
 er, ' ' was 
 seated in the 
 center of the 
 base of the 
 c a r t r i dge. 
 W hen the 
 hammer fell 
 and struck 
 
 THE y M C FALTOKV IN 1873 
 
 the firing-pin that ignited this little 
 cap, the priming mixture was driven 
 against the anvil and exploded. This 
 explosion was transmitted to and 
 ignited the powder through a small 
 opening in the base of the shell. 
 Owing to the position of the primer, 
 these cartridges were called "central- 
 fire cartridges" and are well known 
 today. 
 
 These cartridges were first made 
 at the U AI C factory. 
 Surrounded by the Enemy 
 
 In 1870 occurred an incident un- 
 equaled in the history of salesman- 
 ship. France, in a desperate struggle 
 with the invading Prussian armies, 
 needed American arms and ammuni- 
 tion, and in August the firm's special 
 representative. Air. W. W. Reynolds, 
 secured in Paris an order of con- 
 siderable size, and also a large 
 payment for preceding shipments. 
 Paris being besieged, how was he 
 to get them to America with every 
 foot of the surrounding country 
 guarded by watchful Germans.'' 
 The Pinch of the Siege 
 
 After a few davs food 
 
began to 
 
 grow 
 
 scarce, 
 
 but ever 
 
 as he 
 
 strolled 
 
 about he 
 
 thought 
 
 of escape. 
 
 He must 
 
 get his 
 
 order 
 
 and his 
 
 payment 
 
 past the 
 
 Prussian 
 
 lines. The only pathway lay through 
 
 the air. Armed with a permit from 
 
 Peard, the Finance Alinister, he sought 
 
 out an old theater which had been 
 
 converted into a balloon factory; to 
 
 complete one balloon took ten days, 
 
 and cost ^1,250 in gold. 
 
 At this point word was received 
 from the Government that IM. Gam- 
 betta, the great War Minister, must 
 leave Paris for reasons of state, and 
 the use of the American's balloon 
 was requested. A period of bad 
 weather followed; from day to day 
 Gambetta was forced to delay his 
 start, so that the second balloon was 
 finished before the first left. Friday, 
 the morning of departure, came. An 
 immense crowd of people drew to- 
 gether; the members of the Govern- 
 ment were present, and both bal- 
 loons bore the French tricolor. Gam- 
 betta and his companions climbed 
 into the wicker basket attached to 
 one. In the other were seated Mr. 
 Reynolds, his friend Air. C. W. Way 
 of New York, a French officer M. 
 
 DISCt'SSING TERMS AT END OF FRANCO-PRUSSIAN WAR 
 
 C u z o n , 
 and the 
 aero- 
 naut 
 D u r e - 
 vilio. 
 Danger in 
 the Air 
 At eight 
 minutes 
 past e- 
 1 e V e n 
 theropes 
 were 
 th rown 
 off^, and 
 the balloons shot high into the clear 
 sky. A breeze bore them toward the 
 Prussian lines; soon there were puffs 
 of smoke far beneath them. Bullets 
 whistled through the air; cannon, 
 musketry and rockets were turned 
 upon the adventurers, and for a time 
 they were in the greatest danger. 
 Swiftly moving specks — mounted 
 Uhlans — galloped along the thread- 
 like roads below, expecting the voyag- 
 ers would be forced to descend; but 
 fortune favored, and the freshening 
 breeze finally bore them out of range. 
 A Narrow Escape 
 
 Then there came a new peril. 
 Gambetta's engineer lost control of 
 his balloon which dropped close to the 
 ground and then shot swiftly up again 
 directly beneath Mr. Reynold's car; 
 for a few minutes it looked as though 
 a fatal collision could not be avoided. 
 A sudden breath of wind changed its 
 course, and once more the two swept 
 onward together. 
 
 Gambetta attempted to land at 
 Criel but discovered just in time that 
 
 ^^^fflTt^r 
 
it was a Prussian camp. He escaped 
 by throwing his baggage overboard 
 and was wounded in his hand by a 
 shot. Later he came down into a 
 tree top near Amiens. The Americans 
 
 ISBSf- 
 
 
 kept on for ninety-five miles 
 and made a safe landing at Ville 
 Roy whence they, too, went by 
 rail to Amiens. 
 Russia and Turkey Clash 
 
 Then Russia and Turkey de- 
 cided to light. Both patronized 
 the Bridgeport factory, and the 
 strange situation developed of 
 one plant daily grinding out 
 thousands of cartridges for the 
 combatants to lire against each 
 other in deadly battle. Both 
 nations had their inspectors at 
 the works. The officers treated 
 each other with formal courtesy 
 while they inspected millions of 
 the little messengers of death 
 which were to fill the air of 
 Southeastern Europe with noise 
 and destruction. The chief 
 
 Turkish inspector was the famous 
 Tewfik Pasha, later Alinister of 
 Finance, and at one time minister to 
 this country. 
 The "Irish Turk" 
 
 Some of the older men of the 
 Company recall one inspector 
 called the "Irish Turk." A real 
 Turk by birth, he had the face, the 
 build, and even the brogue of a 
 red-haired, blue-eyed Irishman. 
 The Turkish contract amounted 
 to two hundred and ten million 
 rounds, the largest order ever 
 placed in this country. 
 
 The Russian contract really 
 began some years before the war, 
 in 1868. The coming of the 
 Russian inspector, Gen. Gorloff", 
 was of great advantage to the 
 
 BSMH 
 
 (f... .« l fi-^J. ^:-iJ ..^..i .*'f.~ f. ■ 
 ^^?^;^ ' f.iil....t..^ 
 
 ^^.^^ 
 
 PORTIONS OF PO 
 
 SHOWING SI 
 
 
 //cy /j7/ 
 
 TORNEY GIVEN TO MR. REYNOI.nS. 
 IF FIRM ANIl FRFNill \'1SI-,S 
 
business. This competent officer was 
 a very severe inspector, and thus 
 helped establish the highest standard 
 of product. After two years of 
 strict application to business Mr. 
 White, secretary of the Company, 
 took him out for a social evening; 
 Gen. Gorloff then remarked that it 
 was his first outing in America, and 
 added that if the contract were a 
 failure he might as well blow his 
 brains out. 
 
 Was it a failure.'' Gen. Gorloff re- 
 ported: "There have been fired in 
 our regular work twenty thousand, 
 seven hundred and twenty cartridges 
 without one missfire, and two hundred 
 reloaded ten times, making twenty- 
 two thousand, seven hundred and 
 twenty total, without a missfire, in the 
 inspection of two million." 
 Recovered from a Wreck 
 
 Robert J. White reported in 1871: 
 "The bark Forya from New York to 
 Cronstadt with three million, six hun- 
 dred and forty-five thousand, one 
 hundred and twenty U AI C cart- 
 ridges for the Russian Government 
 was dismasted in a gale, had the deck 
 stove in, and was abandoned at sea. 
 The steamer Iowa from Liverpool 
 found her partly filled with water, 
 pumped her out, and towed her to 
 
 New York, arriving April, 1871. 
 Much of this ammunition had been 
 under water five weeks. The whole 
 was taken out and returned to the 
 factory, the wet paper boxes removed, 
 and ten thousand, four hundred and 
 fifty of the cartridges fired, proving 
 them uninjured." Twenty years later 
 more of this lot were tested without 
 a missfire. U M C cartridges from 
 the wrecked "Alaine," found in good 
 condition after thirteen years' sub- 
 mergence, furnish another striking 
 example. Could there be better proof 
 of the quality of the primer, its water- 
 tight fit in the primer pocket, or the 
 excellence of the lubricator and the 
 crimp? 
 
 In 1871, the Russian Grand Duke 
 Alexis came to this country and 
 visited Bridgeport, where he made a 
 speech. The U AI C plant was in 
 gala attire, one long line of "grass- 
 hopper machines" being decorated 
 with bouquets that rose and fell 
 with the motion of the mechanism. 
 So many factory girls appeared in 
 silk dresses that the Duke was much 
 amazed at the condition of operatives 
 in America. 
 The Russian Tramp 
 
 A poorly clothed man, apparently 
 a vagrant, one day approached Gen. 
 Gorloff with a request for work. He 
 said he was a Russian who had been 
 told by the Consulate in New York 
 that he might find a job at Bridge- 
 port. The General directed him 
 to the U M C Company wdio 
 set him to work cleaning 
 the office, 
 
 CHARGF 01- THE Tl RKb AT KAKAH \SSANKOI 
 
looking after guns, etc. 
 Though his clothes were 
 shabby, he had small 
 hands and feet, and kept 
 himself remarkably 
 clean. One day, two 
 months later, he failed 
 to appear as usual, but 
 about ten o'clock arrived 
 faultlessly attired from 
 silk hat to polished 
 shoes, and said with a 
 courtly bow: "Good 
 morning. General, I leave you to- 
 day. Good-by." 
 
 He was a nobleman's son who had 
 been detailed to serve as a spy upon 
 the General. 
 An International Secret 
 
 At one time Gen. Gorloff rejected a 
 large quantity of cartridges to the 
 great surprise of the Company who 
 had believed them perfect. Spain, 
 engaged with a Cuban rebellion, 
 promptly bid for the rejected lot; 
 there had been a secret understanding 
 that these should be refused by Russia 
 to aid Spain. 
 
 It was well that Spain secured this 
 shipment since the Insurrectionists 
 had not neglected to provide them- 
 selves with Remington rifles and 
 U M C ammuntion. In the later 
 Cuban rebellion, that just preceded 
 the Spanish-American War, all 
 the forces fighting under Gomez, 
 Maceo, Garcia, and the others, were 
 so equipped although it had been a 
 difficult matter for the "Junta" to 
 forward their munitions to the scene 
 of war. More than one such fili- 
 bustering expedition was overtaken 
 and captured within the three-mile 
 
 limit by United States authorities. 
 Very much the same experience 
 marked many of the other Central 
 and South American wars and up- 
 risings. However much these factions 
 might differ among themselves, they 
 all agreed as to what were the best 
 rifles and cartridges. In one case there 
 was thecurious situationof twonatlons 
 ■ — Colombia and 
 Venezuela — at 
 war with each 
 other, whileasep- 
 arate insurrec- 
 tion was proceed- 
 ing in each coun- 
 try; all four of 
 the warring bod- 
 ies fired U M C 
 bullets from 
 Remington rifles. 
 Perhaps noone 
 is more deeply 
 versed in the in- 
 side stories of in- 
 ternational conflicts during the past 
 thirty years than is Mr. W. J. Bruff, 
 the Company's general manager. Did 
 not the seal of business confidence 
 fasten his lips, there is much of recent 
 history that he might illumine. 
 Making Paper Shells 
 
 In the panic of 1873, the steady 
 wages of the U M C plant relieved 
 Bridgeport. This same year the Com- 
 pany bought from C. D. Wells of 
 Springfield his equipment for making 
 paper shells which were practically all 
 hand-made. Soon machines were in- 
 vented for this work, — an important 
 development, because shotguns were 
 rapidly increasing in use. This was 
 
 D DUKE ALEXIS AND 
 GENERAL CUSTER 
 
A 
 
 \A'C?k, 
 
 -,. re^y 
 
 due 
 ,. to the 
 fact 
 .-■' that as 
 the country 
 became settled 
 and big game grew 
 / harder to find, 
 sportsmen gave 
 more attention to 
 wing-shooting. A sup- 
 posedly ample stock was 
 made up, and the Com- 
 pany advertised that 
 such a shell was on 
 the market. Orders 
 aggregating ten million, 
 fairly flooded the plant, 
 thus showing the power 
 of advertising and the 
 size of the market. 
 
 The first U M C 
 shot shells were of 
 brass, but the paper 
 shell followed. At 
 first furnished to be 
 loaded by sportsmen, the 
 factory began supph'ing them 
 ready -loaded in the '8o's. 
 To-day several hundred mil- 
 lions are turned out each year. 
 Brains and Opportunities 
 
 The vast plant — much the 
 
 largest ammuni- 
 tion factory in the 
 ." world — is thus a pro- 
 -- i/ - . ■' duct of " Brains and Op- 
 -'W-^r portunity." Every new rifle, 
 
 ^^ shotgun or revolver of any 
 y caliber, is known immediately; 
 thereupon the best ballistic experts 
 in the country, under the direction 
 of Mr. Wm. M. Thomas, Ballistic 
 Engineer, at once develop the load 
 best adapted to it. So perfect and 
 uniform are the results, that arm- 
 makers have adopted them as stand- 
 ard, and work in accord with the 
 U IM C Company in making changes. 
 
 One Incident illustrates the care 
 taken at every point: In making 
 paper shells, the paper tube, where 
 the edges lap, naturally had a ridge 
 that was awkward in the gun. In 
 order to lap over smoothly, machinery 
 was introduced to grind thin these 
 edges; this step having been noted 
 by ]\Ir. Bird, the paper manufacturer, 
 he developed a thin -edged paper 
 specially for this process. That is 
 why a U M C loaded shell slips so 
 smoothly into your gun. 
 Mr. Hartley's Energy 
 
 Until his death in 1902, Mr. Hartley 
 watched the work closely, and threw 
 into it his inspiring energy. Once 
 while making empty paper shells the 
 primer had to be changed. At the 
 factory great haste was being made, 
 when Mr. Hartley arrived and in 
 his forceful way exclaimed: "Do it 
 more rapidly. Put benches in the 
 storehouses. Get a thousand more 
 girls if necessary. I want those 
 shells reprimed!" It was done. 
 
 The marvelous speed with 
 
 'F'' 'X:^ 
 
DEER-STALKING WITH THE CROSS-BOW 
 
 This Compact Arm with its Small Bolt and Great 
 Power was Popular with Many Sportsmen 
 

 
 /tr^/ 
 
 which the great ten- 
 story shot-tower was '',> 
 rushed to completion 
 several years ago, shows 
 that the energetic spirit 
 of Air. Hartley survives a 
 in the present manage- | 
 ment. The ground was | 
 broken in July, and per- f 
 feet shot produced in „ 
 the following February. \ 
 Smokeless powder f 
 came into use; the 
 U AI C Company led 
 in applying it to fixed 
 ammunition. It needed 
 
 •/a ' - A,--' 
 
 X.'3 Co..^ (e. 
 
 ■ /' 
 
 /',. 
 
 
 
 ORIGINAL EXPENSE ACCOl'NT 
 
 SHOWING BALLOON ITEM ^ i 
 
 creasing scale. 
 Ideas born within 
 its walls have devel- 
 oped until they re- 
 quired more build- 
 ings. The growth 
 has been continu- 
 ously from within 
 outward. Alen 
 once factory hands 
 have risen by their 
 own abilities to 
 important places, 
 as Jerome Orcutt 
 has done — forty-six 
 years ago a tool- 
 
 new primers for perfect ignition, after maker, now the second vice-president, 
 
 careful experiments, these were per- This great Company has played Its 
 
 fected, resulting in the "Nitro Club" part in the wars of the earth but the 
 
 and "Arrow" brands of shot shells. principal role today is that of peace 
 
 Foreign orders, an increasing de- in serving hunters and marksmen, 
 
 mand for sporting ammunition, both For these it produces loads to fit 
 
 at home and abroad, the needs of every known make of modern hand 
 
 the growing army of operatives, the firearm, and carries in stock the 
 
 addition of much new machinery, the enormous total of fifteen thousand 
 
 necessary equipment for so great a diflferent kinds of loads, 
 
 business — all of these have compelled The subject is growing more com- 
 
 from time to time repeated enlarge- plicated as new inventions are being 
 
 ments of the factory. developed; in the future, as in the 
 
 And so J^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^8 past, the Union Aletallic Cartridge 
 
 plant's his- mf^^^^^ ^ ^ory has Company will be found foremost in 
 
 run on in M ffi ffll™ ml ever-in- the manufacture of ammunition. 
 
 /J 
 
 y-SrS\ 
 
A Visit to the Bridgeport Plant 
 
 '11 
 
 Getting Impressions 
 
 IT IS no easy matter to 
 secure a pass to the 
 Bridgeport plant. Its 
 great advantage over 
 other concerns lies, to 
 ; ■ a large degree, in the 
 exclusive machinery, 
 that has been developed at so much 
 pains and expense, and the secrets of 
 which are so carefully guarded. In 
 our case, however, there will be 
 nothing to hinder us from getting a 
 few general impressions, provided 
 we do not go into mechanical 
 details too closely. 
 
 The very size of the great manu- 
 factory is impressive — sixteen 
 acres of floor space, crowded 
 with machinery, and resound- 
 ing with activity. In building 
 after building, floor above 
 floor, the sight is similar: 
 ^, / the long rows of busy 
 
 ''d\ machines, the whirling 
 
 network of shafts and 
 •■■ belts above, the in- 
 
 tent operatives, and the steady click- 
 ing of innumerable parts blended into 
 a softened wide-spread sound. It 
 seems absolutely endless; it is a mat- 
 ter of hours to go through the plant. 
 Stop at one of the machines, and see 
 the speed and accuracy with which it 
 turns out its product; then calculate 
 the entire number of machines and 
 

 you will begin to gain a little idea as 
 to what the total output of this vast 
 institution must be. 
 
 More than once you will find your- 
 self wondering whether there can be 
 guns enough in the world, or fingers 
 enough to press their triggers, to use 
 such a tremendous production of 
 ammunition. But there are, and the 
 demand is steadily increasing. This 
 old world is a pretty big place after all. 
 No Labor Troubles 
 
 One of the earliest impressions }'ou 
 are sure to get is of the superior grade 
 of employes. These are not the ordi- 
 nary factory hands, but men and 
 women of a very intelligent type — 
 Americans mainly. They are work- 
 ing under such comfortable condi- 
 tions of light, heat and ventilation, 
 and the machines are equipped with 
 such devices for safety and conven- 
 
 ience, that you are not surprised at 
 this general air of content, so different 
 from that found in many plants. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that, among 
 the 2,500 hands, labor troubles have 
 been practically unknown throughout 
 the Company's entire history. This 
 truly speaks volumes, both for the 
 reasonableness of the hands, and the 
 
 consideration of the management. 
 High wages, steady employment, con- 
 siderate treatment and opportunities 
 for advancement, these have been 
 the policy from the first, and the men 
 at the top are in many cases those 
 who have grown old in the service. 
 Handling Deadly Explosives 
 
 Another thing to strike you is the 
 matter-of-fact way in which these op- 
 eratives, girls in many cases, handle 
 the most terrible compounds. We 
 stop, for example, where they are 
 making primers to go in the head of 
 your loaded shell, in order that it may 
 not miss fire when the bunch of quail 
 whirrs suddenly into the air from 
 the sheltering grasses. That grayish, 
 pasty mass is wet fulminate of mer- 
 cury. Suppose it should dry a trifle 
 
too rapidly. It would be the 
 last thing you ever did suppose, 
 for there is force enough in 
 that double handful to blow- 
 its surroundings into fragments. 
 You edge away a little, and no 
 wonder, but the girl who handles 
 it shows no fear as she deftly 
 but carefully presses it into 
 
 
 moulds which separate it into the 
 proper sizes for primers. She knows 
 that in its present moist condition it 
 cannot explode. 
 Extreme Precautions 
 
 Or, perhaps, we may be watching 
 one of the many loading machines. 
 There is a certain suggestiveness in 
 the way the machines are separated 
 by partitions. The man in charge 
 takes a small carrier of powder from 
 a case in the outside wall and shuts 
 the door, then carefully empties it 
 into the reservoir of his machine, and 
 watches alertly while it packs the 
 proper portions into the waiting shells. 
 He looks like a careful man, and needs 
 to be. You do not stand too close. 
 
 *The bullet breaks a metal tape at the moment of 
 leaving the muzzle. This time and the time of striking 
 target are electrically recorded on the Chronograph. 
 
 The empty carrier then passes 
 through a little door at the side of the 
 building, and drops into the yawning 
 mouth of an automatic tube. In the 
 twinkling of an eye, it appears in front 
 of the operator in one of the distrib- 
 uting stations where it is refilled, and 
 returned to its proper loading ma- 
 chine, in order to keep the machine 
 going at a perfectly uniform rate; 
 while at the same time it allows but a 
 minimum amount of powder to re- 
 main in the building at any moment. 
 Each machine has but just sufficient 
 powder in its hopper to run until a 
 new supply can reach it. Greater 
 precaution than this cannot be imag- 
 ined, Illustrating as it does, that no 
 effort has been spared to protect the 
 lives of the operators. 
 Learning a Secret 
 
 Did you ever find an imperfect 
 
cart- 
 rid ge 
 orshot 
 shell 
 i n a 
 UMC 
 box? 
 It is 
 hardh' 
 pos- 
 sible. 
 Does- "^ 
 n't it strikeyou as re- 
 markable that, in an 
 output of something 
 like four million per 
 day, every cartridge 
 should be perfect? 
 
 Such things are 
 not accidental. 
 The secret is 
 UMC inspection. 
 Let us see what that 
 means. It means 
 laboratory tests to 
 start with. Here are 
 brought many sam- 
 ples of the body pa- 
 per, wad paper, met- 
 als, water- proofing 
 mixture, fulminate of mercur}', sul- 
 phur, chlorate of potash, antimon}' 
 sulphide, powder, wax, and other in- 
 gredients, and even the operating 
 materials such as coal, grease, oil, and 
 soaps. In this room we see expert 
 chemists and metallurgists with their 
 test-tubes, scales, Bunsen burners, 
 retorts, tensile machines, microscopes, 
 and other scientific-looking apparatus, 
 busily hunting for defects. 
 
 PUTTING METAL HEADS ON PAPER SHOT SHELLS 
 
 For 
 exam- 
 p 1 e , 
 one 
 mark- 
 e r is 
 exam- 
 ining 
 a sup- 
 ply of 
 cupro- 
 nickel, such as is used 
 in jacketing certain 
 bullets. A corner of 
 each strip is first bent 
 over at right angles^ 
 then back in the other 
 direction until it is 
 doubled, then 
 straightened. It does 
 not show the slight- 
 est sign of breaking 
 or cracking in spite 
 of the severe treat- 
 ment, therefore it is 
 perfect. Let but the 
 least flaw appear, and 
 the shipment is re- 
 jected. 
 Photographing the Invisible 
 
 Another man is engaged in taking 
 photographs of the invisible — invisi- 
 ble, that is, to the naked eye. By 
 means of a powerful microscope at- 
 tachment he first enlarges tiny metal 
 crystals until it can be seen whether 
 the structure shows the chance of 
 fracture. This is most important. 
 It indicates why UMC shells do not 
 burst in use. Even the severe govern- 
 
 *Such is the speed of these presses, that the brief interruption necessary for taking this photograph, caused 
 the loss of nearly 40,000 cartridge shells, although the presses were stopped for less than five minutes. 
 
ment test, requiring that the same 
 shell be fired and reloaded twenty 
 times does not worry this plant, for it 
 has the record of some of its shells, that 
 have been fired and reloaded eighty 
 times, finishing in good condition. 
 
 Then come the various branches of 
 the inspection work. These are too 
 many and long to examine in detail. 
 Our guide explains that the Inspec- 
 tion Department is a unit by itself, 
 distinct from the rest of the shop. 
 Its head reports directly to the Man- 
 ager of Works and is not connected 
 with the manufacturing departments. 
 His word is law. No matter whether 
 a carload shipment is being held up 
 for a handful of one particular kind 
 of cartridge, the car cannot go until 
 this man is satisfied that all are 
 right. 
 Expensive Care 
 
 It is expensive to take such pains. 
 We are told that it costs more to 
 inspect shot shells than it does to load 
 them, and that some of the high-power 
 rifle cartridges are inspected so many 
 times that, were it not for the use of 
 automatic machinery, they could not 
 be sold at a reasonable price. Here 
 and there, as we go, we get glimpses 
 of this process which takes the entire 
 time of several hundred employes. 
 At one point large inspection belts 
 covered with the product, move slowly 
 between rows of bright-eyed girls who 
 occasionally make little darting grabs 
 at something that has seemed defect- 
 ive to their practiced glance. In 
 other rooms, long rows of operatives 
 are holding hands full of shells up to 
 the light, or rolling them over their 
 hands in the same keen search. 
 
 The Inspection of Empty Shells 
 
 Perhaps it may be interesting to 
 quote from a summary prepared by 
 IMr. Thomas, showing but one stage 
 of the process: 
 
 '' Shot shells are received by inspec- 
 tion department after the heads, 
 tubes, bodies, primers, and battery 
 cups have been carefully examined, 
 gauged, sized and tested; they are 
 then: 
 
 "(i) Gauged for body diameter 
 in chamber gauges. 
 
 "(2) Gauged for head thickness 
 and head diameter, and if any quan- 
 tity of these defects be found, all 
 shells in inspection department of 
 that particular brand are returned 
 to manufacturing department to be 
 either corrected or scrapped. 
 
 "(3) Primers carefully examined. 
 
 " (4) Entire shell examined for 
 
 M. 
 
 «m SHOT TO' 
 ■■■■■■■■■ 
 
 SHOT TOWER — TALLEST BUILDING IN 
 
 iNNKi: ucL r 
 
t«l 
 
 m i 
 
 any blemish which might mar the 
 general appearance. Slight scratches 
 on head, or spots on bodies are suf- 
 ficient causes for their rejection. The 
 average consumer would be unable to 
 determine in many cases, if shown 
 our scrap pile, why the shells in 
 question had been rejected." 
 
 Similarly, metallic cartridges 
 must have shells gauged for size of 
 pocket; heads gauged for diam- 
 eter; shells carefully inspected 
 inside and out for flaws, dents 
 and buckled necks; primer pockets 
 examined for shape and condition; 
 shells gauged for length; shells 
 gauged in chamber gauge for body 
 diameter; necked shells gauged for 
 profile and distance from head; 
 shells examined for depth of primer 
 seating, condition of anvil, and ex- 
 ploded primer; and shells finally gone 
 over for general defects that may 
 have escaped other inspections. 
 Weighing Bullets 
 
 In the same spirit, girls with deli- 
 cate scales, like those you see in a 
 
 druggist's prescription department, 
 are weighing the bullets carefully, 
 one by one, hour after hour, day after 
 day, giving all their thought and at- 
 tention to this one thing; while other 
 employes explode about two million 
 primers a year in testing their sensi- 
 tiveness. 
 
 The loaded shells and cartridges go 
 through a series of gauges and tests 
 seemingly unnecessary after all that 
 have preceded the loading. For ex- 
 ample, it does look a little wasteful 
 to see men take shells at random from 
 the various loading machines and 
 packing tables, in order to cut them 
 up and examine the contents. When 
 we learn that a half-million perfectly 
 good shells are thus destroyed each 
 year, it impresses us as painstaking 
 run mad, but it helps to explain why 
 there are no misfires in your U M C 
 box. 
 Testing for All the World 
 
 And then at last come the shooting 
 tests. Five hundred thousand rim- 
 fire cartridges, two hundred and fifty 
 
thousand center-tire cartridges, and 
 five hundred thousand loaded shells 
 must still be sacrificed on the various 
 shooting ranges each year, in order to 
 study Velocity, Intensity of Sound, 
 Penetration, Pressure, and Shot Pat- 
 tern, also the Alushrooming qualities 
 of soft-point bullets, and the Rigidity 
 of those with metal cases. Each of 
 these points in what is known as the 
 "Ballistic" work has special experts 
 and apparatus. There is no guess- 
 work anywhere. 
 
 Among other points we step into 
 the gun-room. It looks like the 
 arsenal of a fort. There are case after 
 case of rifles, shotguns, revolvers, and 
 pistols of practically every style, 
 caliber, and make, ever put on the 
 market, some of them classified as 
 English, German, Turkish, Argentine, 
 French, etc. These are all for test 
 purposes, for it is the determination 
 of the Company to produce the 
 standard load for every known kind 
 of firearms; and as soon as a new type 
 appears anywhere, its counterpart 
 
 finds its way into this 
 room. In an adjoin- 
 ing room, filled with 
 pungent fumes of 
 powder, a rackful of 
 these guns is being used 
 with the appropriate loads. 
 
 Thus the process of destruction 
 serves that of construction, and the 
 apparent waste of a large sum of 
 money each year in "burning pow- 
 der," is really a wise economy. 
 Alaintaining the standard at what- 
 ever cost, is a business investment in 
 the future. 
 Deer In the Powder Park 
 
 Two miles distant is the powder 
 park, a really beautiful spot where 
 curiously enough, a small herd of wild 
 deer that broke into the park several 
 years ago, have lived contentedly ever 
 since. Many small buildings are 
 scattered through the three hundred 
 and sixty-one acres, and in these is 
 stored the main supply of powder. 
 By means of a pouring plant this pow- 
 der is turned from the kegs into 
 
 
 ?fi 
 
 THE ENTRANCES THE INDUSTRIAL ARMY JUST BEGINNING TO LEAVE 
 
 -^^ 
 
i^i? 
 
 (. \Ki krrx.i [ 01 \i s \ioKi- 
 
 rHAN 1 (tl)() (Hill (.1 SM \j I |.sl 
 (HI 1 II ()\ H\NI)) 
 
 small car- 
 riers, and 
 every for- 
 t y - f i V e 
 minutes 
 one of 
 the Com- 
 pany's lit- 
 tle engines 
 takes a 
 single car 
 of these 
 sealed car- 
 riers over 
 their pri- 
 vate rail- 
 way to the 
 factor}'. 
 Thus the 
 powder is 
 delivered 
 only as fast 
 as needed. 
 
 Various Departments 
 
 It is not our purpose to see things 
 systematically, and we shall ramble 
 at will from one department to 
 another. At one place we find 
 whole rows of machinery turning out 
 old-fashioned percussion caps, and 
 realize that there must be still many 
 of the old muzzle-loading nipple guns 
 in use in various out-of-the-way cor- 
 ners. Again, we find somewhat sim- 
 ilar machines pressing the steel linings 
 that have made the U M C steel-lined 
 shot shells famous the world over. 
 In another room we sniff the fra- 
 grance of cooking flour, sug- 
 '^ \ - gestive of a cracker bakery, 
 but it is only paste for the 
 -•■ paper tubes of the shot 
 
 shells. Again, here is the 
 
 heavy, steamy odor of wet felt where 
 the wads are being made; and there 
 on the other hand, are printing presses 
 of unusual shape turning out a shower 
 of printed "top-shot wads." 
 
 If you look at the end of your shot- 
 gun load you will find the shell 
 closed with a disc of cardboard bear- 
 ing the size and description of that 
 particular load. If you were to dig 
 out this disc you would find it printed 
 on both sides. Why.'' 
 Economy of Handling 
 
 Formerh' these were printed on 
 one side only, but in handling mil- 
 lions of such small objects a large 
 number were sure to be turned over, 
 and then needed to be righted. This 
 took time, and time is money. 
 Finally it was decided to print on 
 both sides, which was quite as easy, 
 and then the discs would be always 
 right side up. 
 
 Other presses are printing labels 
 and box covers. At one point girls 
 are fitting cardboard boxes together 
 with a deft speed that is fascinating 
 to watch. At other points packing 
 is going on with many clever little 
 mechanical aids to quick handling. 
 
 And then there are the great ware- 
 rooms for raw materials, and the 
 other rooms for crating, marking, and 
 trundling into waiting box cars. 
 The Big Teapot 
 
 High abo\e the huge plant stand 
 two objects that may be seen for 
 miles around. One of these is the 
 new shot tower, and the other the 
 water tank of one hundred thousand 
 gallons, — the "big teapot" they call 
 it familiarly — which is connected with 
 the intricate system of sprinkler pipes 
 
^^^^ 
 
 in every building. This means tliat 
 every nine square feet of floor space 
 has automatic fire protection. 
 
 Near this is the pov^^er plant with 
 its lofty boilers, mighty engines, 
 and marvelous dynamos sending life 
 through wires to the army of machines. 
 
 The electrical equipment is of the 
 finest, and the switchboards are every- 
 where enclosed in wall cases with 
 glass doors and asbestos lining, to 
 guard against chance of accident. 
 Built in Seven Months 
 
 All this time, however, we have 
 had the shot tower in mind. Occa- 
 sionally we have caught glimpses of 
 it from various windows, and when we 
 have stepped outdoors in passing 
 from building to building, there it has 
 stood, dominating the whole scene. 
 
 Our guide, with the satisfied air of 
 having saved the best for the last, 
 now says that we will go there, and 
 tells us, as we cross the yard, how it 
 was rushed to completion in seven 
 months, and that it represents the last 
 word in scientific shot production. 
 
 The great building is solid masonry, 
 metal, and concrete. There does not 
 seem to be a burnable square inch 
 about it anywhere. Two large iron 
 cylinders 
 descend 
 in the 
 
 center, coming down through the ceil- 
 ing from above; we are invited to look 
 through an open port in one of these. 
 Raining Shot 
 
 We see nothing but the whitened 
 opposite wall, against which a light 
 burns. 
 
 It appears absolutely empty, though 
 within it is raining such a swift 
 shower of invisible metal that if we 
 were to stretch our hands into the 
 apparently vacant space they would 
 be torn from our arms. 
 
 A large water tank below is churned 
 into foam with the impact of the 
 falling shot, and as we look down- 
 ward we make out finally the haze of 
 motion. It is so interesting that we 
 take the elevator and rise ten stories 
 to the source of the shower. 
 
 Here high in the air are the large 
 caldrons where many pigs of lead, 
 with the proper alloy, are melted into 
 a sort of metallic soup. This is fed 
 into small compartments containing 
 sieves or screens, through the meshes 
 of which the shining drops appear 
 and then plunge swiftly downward. 
 Cascades of Shot 
 
 But this only begins the process. 
 Taken from the water tanks and 
 
hoisted up again, the shot pellets, in 
 a second journey down, through com- 
 plicated devices, are sorted, tumbled, 
 polished, graded, coated with graphite, 
 and finally stored. 
 
 The building is almost bare of work- 
 men; everything is mechanical. 
 
 One pretty sight is that of cascades 
 of shot pouring out of spouts, and 
 rolling smoothly down glass inclines, 
 tier above tier. Here perfect shot, 
 moving more swiftly than the occa- 
 sional imperfect ones, shoot over low 
 partitions, which check the latter, and 
 drop them into separate bins. Noth- 
 ing imperfect enters any U M C load. 
 
 A Bunch of Statistics 
 
 Now we return to our starting point, 
 but our guide feels that we should 
 take with us figures of what we have 
 seen, and runs over the following list: 
 
 "There are one hundred and one 
 buildings with a total 
 floor area of sixteen acres, 
 in a twenty - five - acre 
 tract. Includingthe 
 powder park and other 
 land, the Company owns 
 four hundred and twen- 
 ty-seven acres. 
 
 "There are fifty thou- 
 sand dollars' worth of fire 
 protection apparatus. 
 
 "The private railway 
 system includes about a 
 mile of track between 
 the buildings, in addition 
 to the track running out 
 to the powder park. 
 
 "About four million 
 loads are produced each 
 working day. These re- -^ 
 
 quire an average of thirty-five opera- 
 tions each, or one hundred and forty 
 million operations in ten hours. 
 
 "One day's shipment will some- 
 times run to seven million loads. 
 
 "From four to five million paper 
 wads are cut every day. 
 
 " In the shot tower one hundred and 
 fifty tons of metal can be daily con- 
 verted into the inconceivable total of 
 twelve hundred million — one and 
 one-fifth billions — of shot pellets. 
 Laid out in a row touching each other, 
 one day's production of shot would 
 reach two thousand miles, or from 
 New York to Salt Lake City. 
 
 "The ammunition produced ranges 
 all the way from tiny 'B. B. cap' 
 cartridges to five-inch shells. Some- 
 thing over oneniilHon of these smallest 
 cartridges would be required to equal 
 one of the largest." 
 
 The Office Building 
 
 Nothing has been said 
 of the brain of the plant, 
 its offices. These are to 
 be found in every fac- 
 tory, but rarely so spa- 
 cious as here, occupy- 
 ing as they do a whole 
 building with many 
 departments. Here 
 we began, and here 
 weend our journey, 
 with bodies tired 
 and minds weary 
 but inter- 
 e s t e d . 
 
 M\Rl KLUS HARTLEY DOUliE 
 
 PRESIDENT 
 
 AT THE BRIDGEPORT PLANT 
 
"gsp.- 
 
 IP 
 
 ' . 1 ,3.1 
 
 
 An Interesting Day at Ilion 
 
 The Growth of Eighty Years 
 
 N— > OT far from the banks of 
 the Erie Canal, where 
 it runs through Ilion, 
 stands a group of large 
 brick buildings about 
 whose early days we 
 have already learned. Here, 
 as described in an earlier chapter, 
 came Eliphalet Remington more than 
 eighty years ago; but how amazed he 
 would have been could he have real- 
 ized the greatness of its present 
 growth, for, as we roam through the 
 works, we come upon signs, "Building 
 No. 53," "Building No. 69," etc. It 
 is borne in upon us that a deal of 
 space is required to produce all the 
 Remington arms that the world de- 
 mands. 
 
 Of course, as in the cartridge fac- 
 tory, we find here similar vistas of 
 swiftly whirring shafts, belts and pul- 
 leys; long rows of resounding machin- 
 ery, and armies of operators. There 
 are, however, points in which the 
 
 manufacture of guns differs from all 
 
 other processes. These we will notice 
 
 especially. 
 
 To Prevent Bursting 
 
 At the outset, we touch a point of 
 interest. When you raise a gun to 
 your shoulder you take a chance. It 
 must be pressed close to your face, 
 since that is the only way for you to 
 sight it. It must contain a powerful 
 charge, or it will not shoot to kill. 
 Suppose that there be a flaw in the 
 barrel near the base, the gun might 
 explode with serious results. 
 
 This often happened with the 
 clumsy arms of olden time. It is 
 occasionally heard of today. 
 
 Therefore, if you are a sportsman, 
 it is reassuring to step into the room 
 where they test materials. Modern 
 science has learned a thousand things. 
 It takes no chances. 
 
 A new shipment of steel enters the 
 works. It comes from a steel mill 
 famous for its products, and is sup- 
 
.' ' 
 
 ry 
 
 ^3CV 
 
 posed to be made upon a 
 
 formula which must give 
 
 perfect results, according to the 
 
 laws of metallurgy, but even these 
 
 passports are not sufficient. It must 
 
 stand the test. 
 
 By Machine and Chemistry 
 
 Accordingly, numerous samples are 
 taken from different parts of the lot 
 and fashioned into "Test Plugs." 
 Question number one is asked of the 
 metal by the keen-eyed man in 
 charge of the laboratory: 
 
 "Were you carefully made upon 
 that formula.'' Do you contain the 
 exact percentage of carbon which 
 will give the best results.^" 
 
 The answer involves weighing in 
 the most delicate scales, and test- 
 ing with chemical reactions until it 
 is absolutely certain that the steel 
 is according to formula, and Is uni- 
 form throughout. But this does 
 not pass it until question number 
 two is asked: 
 "Are you as strong as you should 
 be.^ Come, show your strength." 
 And now the test plugs go into 
 a powerful contrivance that strains 
 them in the most scientific way, 
 and shows the answer upon an 
 indicator. Since the giant force 
 of 300,000 pounds pressure to the 
 square inch can be brought to bear, 
 ; the slender plug must break at 
 j some point, and this point 
 
 is carefully recorded. 
 
 If it fall even a trifle 
 
 short of the strength 
 
 required, which is 
 
 5,000 pounds to the 
 
 square inch, more 
 
 ' '''i;: i^M 
 ■'^'■■M- 
 -^■■S-^ 
 
 than double the pressure .^^,,1, 
 
 of a service charge, the steel 
 is rejected. That is one of the reasons 
 why you can raise your Remington 
 to your face with perfect safety. 
 
 Remington arms, by the way, are 
 made of "acid open-hearth steel," 
 which is stronger, weight for weight, 
 than the Bessemer steel ~' j.;- 
 
 used by most manu- ;; ~ ', 
 
 facturers. .^ -,; 
 
 We " Pass the Test " 
 
 If visitors were tested as severely 
 as the material, we should all be 
 turned back at this point. Fortun- 
 ately, we are favored and allowed to 
 pass inside. Here we spend, most in- 
 terestingly, several hours wandering 
 from building to building, and admir- 
 ing the ingenious skill with which the 
 modern firearm is produced. 
 
 Some departments quiver with 
 the shock of huge hammers which . 
 come crashing down upon the 
 metal parts and give them, 
 roughly, the shape that 
 later will be finished and 
 perfected by machine and 
 tool. 
 
 At other times, we 
 stand fascinated by the 
 automatic machinery 
 that hums busily 
 along, almost unat- 
 tended as some 
 faithful, intel- 
 ligent servant 
 who can be 
 trusted to work by himself. 
 
 In one place, a press is 
 rapidly engaged in giving 
 the correct bend to 
 
AN UNEXPECTED MEETING 
 
 The "Kentucky Rifle" with its Flint-Lock was 
 Accurate but must be Muzzle-Charged 
 
some small but important part. It 
 stops its great pressure at exactly the 
 right point with the most mathemat- 
 ical nicety, and a visitor remarks: 
 "Such a delicate touch as that might 
 almost play billiards!" 
 Making Barrels 
 
 One of the most important features 
 is, of course, the making of barrels. 
 The machines for drilling and boring 
 , are the best that money can buy, and 
 
 ljyf4. the operatives the most skilful to 
 be found anywhere. Care at this 
 stage reduces the necessity for 
 straightening later. Every point 
 is given the minutest atten- 
 tion. In drilling 22 calibers, 
 for example, the length of the 
 hole must be from loo to 125 times 
 the diameter of the drill. 
 
 Improvements have made it pos- 
 sible to drill harder steel than for- 
 merly. This reduces the weight of 
 the gun, and is important to the man 
 who carries it. 
 Taking off 2-1000 of an Inch 
 
 The boring is an especially deli- 
 cate task. In choke-boring your 
 shotgun, for example, the final ream- 
 er took off only 2-1000 of an inch. 
 Think of such a gossamer thread 
 of metal! But it insures accuracy. 
 
 No pains can be too great for that. 
 
 This exquisite painstaking will be 
 seen still more in the barrel-inspec- 
 tion department, to which we will go 
 now. In passing, we must not forget 
 the grinding shop where is perhaps 
 the finest battery of grinding ma- 
 chines in the United States; or the 
 polishers running at the dizzy speed 
 of 1,500 to 1,700 revo- 
 lutions per minute, and 
 making the inside of the 
 barrel shine like glass. 
 This high polish is im- 
 portant for it resists rust 
 and prevents leading. 
 
 That is the atmosphere 
 of the whole place. Every 
 action has its reason. 
 There is not an unneces- 
 sary motion made by 
 any one, and there is 
 not one necessary thing 
 omitted, whatevei the 
 cost or trouble. 
 
 Looking at Reflected Lines 
 
 But here is the In- 
 spection Department. 
 Hanging in the windows are trans- 
 lucent frames with a black line across 
 the center of each. You will see 
 one of the inspectors take a barrel 
 from the waiting rack, hold one end 
 toward the light, squint critically 
 through the tube, and lay it aside 
 approvingly. 
 
 You pick it up and follow his ex- 
 ample. First, you point it straight 
 at the black cross-line on the frame. 
 Then you tip up the farther end 
 ever so little, and see how two re- 
 flected shade lines form on 
 
GUNS AND RIFLES 
 
 the shining inner surface and run 
 down the barrel toward your eye. 
 These lines are straight as a die, there- 
 fore, the barrel is perfect. Should 
 either one waver the slightest frac- 
 tion the inspector's quick eye at once 
 detects it. Yours might not. Swiftly 
 he picks up one after another and 
 repeats the process. Ah! there is 
 one that doesn't sat- 
 isfy. This he places 
 in a frame having a 
 three - point bearing ; 
 taps it gently once or 
 twice, looks through 
 it again, repeats the 
 process, and now finds 
 it absolutely true. 
 
 Or perhaps he uses 
 a slightly different de- 
 vice and does the 
 straightening with a 
 hook instead of a ham- 
 mer. Either method 
 accomplishes the pur- 
 pose. 
 An Inspecting Machine 
 
 But the spirit of the 
 factory never rests 
 contented with past achievements. 
 That is why there is now being in- 
 troduced a new machine, of even 
 greater delicacy, showing reflected 
 circles in the barrel, and doing the 
 straightening mechanically. No 
 other manufacturer uses such a 
 machine. 
 
 We must not forget the gauges. 
 Have you any idea how many times 
 your Remington rifle or shotgan has 
 had to pass through the gauging pro- 
 cess? Not a single part of the 
 mechanism could go to the assembling 
 
 room until it had been separately 
 measured and proved perfect. 
 
 There are two hundred and forty- 
 five inspection points, and five hun- 
 dred and seventeen gauges must be 
 used: forty-nine on the guard; forty- 
 six on the receiver; thirty on the 
 breech-block, and so on. On the 
 receiver for the No. lo repeating 
 shotgun, however, seventy gauges 
 are used, and thirty-one for the trig- 
 ger alone. 
 Beyond the Power of Sight 
 
 Some of these gauges are mar- 
 vels of delicacy, but there is one 
 machine used which perhaps 
 has never been equaled. Not 
 only will it make measurements 
 to one twenty-thousandth of an 
 inch but it is actually sensitive 
 to differences of a one hundred- 
 thousandth of an inch. Such 
 a minute dimension we can 
 not even imagine; it is be- 
 yond the range of the most 
 powerful microscope, and 
 yet here is a piece of 
 mechanism which can 
 really detect it. 
 
 Compare this with the 
 machine which can test ma- 
 terial up to 300,000 pounds 
 to the square inch, already 
 spoken of. Do you wonder 
 that an arm coming from a place 
 
Jp 
 
 >"-;*n 
 
 PAST AND PRESENT MODELS 
 RIFLES 
 
 1. Harper's Ft-rry iiuizzle-loadinn uiiisket. 
 
 2. Transformed SprinKfield brceth-loader. 
 
 3. Geiger patent nO caliber carbine. 
 
 4. Beales pat. 44 caliber sporting rifle. 
 
 5. Thomas pat. rifle cane. 22 and '^2 cal. 
 H. Remington pat. military rifle 
 
 where they use such devices should 
 be a "game-getter" ? 
 From Past to Present 
 
 One room links us with the past, 
 for in it are to be found a collection 
 of the guns manufactured at Ilion 
 during the past fifty years. 
 We look in vain, unfortu- 
 nately, for examples of 
 the original rifles as made 
 in the little forge by the 
 brookside; even the 
 Jencks carbine, which be- 
 gan the series of Govern- 
 ment contracts, is not 
 shown. 
 
 Here, however, is the 
 "Harper's Ferry" model, 
 — an antiquated muzzle- 
 loading musket — while 
 the next in order shows 
 the great step to the 
 breech-loader. In the 
 third, the nipple-lock has 
 been replaced by one of 
 more modern make; a 
 little farther beyond is 
 seen the entry of the fam- 
 ous dropping breech-block 
 backed up by the hammer. 
 It was this improvement 
 that started the flood of 
 foreign orders narrated in 
 
 "The Romance of 
 Remington Arms." 
 
 1. Rider pat. 22& 44 cl 
 
 2. Eliott pat. 41 cal. 
 double derringer 
 
 ■"=^- 
 
 "^^=^ 
 
 3. Rider pat. 22 cal. 
 
 4. Rem. pat. 44 cal. 
 
 5. Smoot pat. 41 cal. 
 t>. Eliott pat. .32 cal. 
 7. Beales pat. 32 cal. 
 ><. Rider pat. .50 cal. 
 
 Remington iiat. military carbine. 
 Keene pat. sporting mod. repeater. 
 Knife bayonet for military rifle. 
 Remington pat. small-bore spc 
 
a. Beales pat. 38 cal. M 
 
 10. Rider pat. 32 cal. ^ 
 magazine repeater m 
 
 11. Sniootpat.32cal. ^ 
 
 12. Eliott pat. 41 cal. ^ 
 •^in>;le derringer 
 
 Passing over several types, the next 
 to claim special attention shows the 
 transition from single-fire to repeater. 
 This is the Remington-Lee bolt-mech- 
 anism rifle, developed after years of 
 experimenting in this fac- 
 202222321 tory. It constitutes the 
 parent of modern military 
 rifles, and is the arm that 
 was first used in battle by 
 the Chinese, as already 
 described, proving so 
 superior to the Kropat- 
 chek rifles of the French. 
 The series of rifles cul- 
 minates, of course, in the 
 familiar pump — or trom- 
 bone — action, and the 
 automatic repeater; in this 
 latter the recoil is utilized 
 to perform all the opera- 
 tions of setting, firing, 
 ejecting empty shells, and 
 replacing them with 
 fresh loads. 
 Shotguns, Pistols, and 
 Revolvers 
 
 Nor must we overlook 
 the similar progress, as 
 here set forth, in shotguns, 
 from the dropping breech- 
 '""' block type to the trom- 
 bone action and automatic repeaters. 
 Shotguns form an increasingly large pro- 
 portion of the total output, because of 
 the greater num-ber of sportsmen hunting 
 birds and other small game. The require- 
 ments of these hunters are closely 
 studied. The many styles of pis- 
 tols and revolvers displayed 
 are relics of the past. 
 Their manufacture. 
 
 13. Snioot pat. 38 cal. 
 
 14. Eliott pat. 22 cal. 
 
 15. Rider pat. 32 cal. 
 
 16. Rem. pat. 22 cal. 
 
 17. Beales pat. 44 cal. 
 
 MODELS— Continued 
 
 Remington pat. juvenile. No. 4 model. 
 Remington pat. juvenile. No. model. 
 Remington pat. target. No. 7 model. 
 Browning pat. sporting, auto-loader. 
 I'l-dersen pat. trombone repeater. 
 
 SHOTGUNS 
 
 'III iiiiliilliii ■ 
 
 Rider pat. 20 ga.. single shot, No. 1 model. 
 Whit more pat. 12 ga., 2-bar'l, lift lever. 
 Remington pat. 12 ga.. 2-bar'l, mod. LSHO. 
 Rem. pat. 12 ga.. 1-bar'l. semi-hammerless. 
 Rem. pat. 12 ga.. 2-l)ar'l, hanimerless. 
 Browning pat. 12 ga. auto-loader. 
 
 T!^W 
 
\H 
 
 
 '■^'^'f 
 
 \.^, 
 
 n 
 
 f 
 
 with the exception of the double 
 derringer, has now been discontinued 
 by the Company in order to concen- 
 trate attention upon the production 
 of rifles and shotguns. 
 Rifling and Other Matters 
 
 There is much more to notice as we 
 go from building to building in the 
 big enclosure. In some places we 
 come out upon elevated passage- 
 ways, running over the roofs of 
 buildings; we examine with interest 
 the rifling department, one of the 
 most critical points in the shop 
 where the shallow spiral grooves are 
 cut into the barrel in order to give 
 the bullet the rotation which will 
 keep it true in flight. These grooves 
 of course must be of exactly the right 
 depth and spiral that the best results 
 shall always follow. 
 
 We shall see, without stopping to 
 describe, the big oil-pumping engines 
 that supply oil for the lathes and 
 drills; also the brazing furnaces, to- 
 gether with many other things; and 
 we shall come at length to the gun- 
 testing rooms. 
 
 "\\ hat! "you exclaim, "more tests.'' 
 Is there to be no end to it.'"' Ap- 
 parently not, for these are Remington 
 guns with ninety-five years of repu- 
 tation to sustain. 
 Testing with Loads 
 
 First, then, is the barrel as perfect as 
 we believe it.'* We know that it is per- 
 fect in gauge and workmanship, but is 
 there the slightest chance of an invis- 
 ible flaw in material.'' The original 
 tests of material made this very, very 
 unlikely, but we will take no chances, 
 j If there be such a flaw, it must burst 
 at more than double the service charge. 
 
 Accordingly the gun is laid in a 
 rest with its muzzle pointed through 
 an opening in the wall into a bank of 
 sand. We get behind a steel plate 
 for safety, and put cotton in our ears; 
 the trigger is pulled by means of a 
 string, — bang! the gun is uninjured; 
 its strength has been assured. 
 
 Then follow tests for action and 
 speed, and if the gun be an auto- 
 loader the swift rattle of its dis- 
 charges is surprising. The well- 
 gauged parts move as smoothly as the 
 works of a watch. And finally there 
 are the target tests. 
 Firing at Targets 
 
 Rifle after rifle in succession is laid 
 in a rest and fired at a mathematically 
 divided target upon the hillside. 
 
 The results are noted through a 
 telescope. Difficulty at this point in- 
 varibly rejects the rifle. 
 
 Shotguns are discharged at paper 
 targets in the shooting gallery. We 
 walk through the hallway that runs 
 outside to the point where a boy is 
 handling the targets. We hear a 
 distant bang. The boy pulls a han- 
 dle in the side of the wall, and a 
 frame emerges bearing a well-peppered 
 sheet of paper. This he unfastens 
 and hangs up for reference, pinning a 
 fresh sheet in its place. These targets 
 must all be examined and every shot- 
 hole be counted. If in any case there 
 be found less than 75% of the shot 
 within a circle of thirty inches from 
 the center, the gun is at once rejected. 
 
 Every Remington gun must pass 
 triumphantly through each of its 
 tests. You will find the inspector's 
 mark at the base of your rifle or shot- 
 gun barrel; it is never placed there 
 
MASTER OF THE SITUATION 
 
 The Modern Sportsmnn with his Remington-UMC 
 Automatic Rifle is Prepared for all Emergencies 
 
^^^^^■. 
 
 until the completion of this entire 
 
 process. 
 
 Utilizing "Kicks" 
 
 The auto-loading gun, the especial 
 pride of the Remington Works, with 
 its solid breech, its side ejectment, 
 its perfect balance, and its self-acting 
 mechanism, makes use of the recoil, — 
 "the Kick" — and turns it into ser- 
 vice. Something very much like this, 
 in another sense, takes place in the 
 factory office, and perhaps it is after 
 all the most interesting feature of 
 the institution. All the rest deals 
 with the present, but this has its 
 bearing on the future. 
 
 Once a week, on Tuesday, the 
 department heads gather for the 
 purpose of discussing all letters, sug- 
 gestions, or complaints. Complaints.'' 
 Is it possible that such incredible 
 pains as we have witnessed can ever 
 fail to satisfy.? Yes, occasionally, 
 for the human being is a curious 
 creature, and no one has ever satisfied 
 him everywhere. 
 
 But the Company invites com- 
 plaints, is grateful for them. Each 
 point is weighed and discussed with 
 
 
 as much care as the inspection 
 of a barrel. Alany minds have 
 
 many points of view. It is possible 
 that some kick may contain a hint of 
 great value, of which no one has 
 yet thought. The kick must be 
 made of service. 
 Your Letter 
 
 Therefore, if at any time you feel 
 moved to write to the makers of 
 your gun, you may do so with the 
 certainty that the letter will be read 
 and discussed around the table in the 
 long room, that has the 
 big bison-head at one end, 
 surrounded by a collection 
 of curious and historic guns. 
 There men, who have made 
 guns for more years, perhaps, 
 than you have lived, will con- 
 sider every point you raise, 
 and if it should happen, as 
 might chance, that the point 
 you make be new, they will 
 hold you in grateful remem- 
 brance. 
 

 The New Chapter 
 
 The Greater Future 
 
 HIS is the Chapter of the years to come. Thousands of 
 dealers, and millions of customers will help us write it in 
 every land. You have already traced with us the biographies 
 of two great institutions. Each started with small begin- 
 nings, and rose steadily to a stage many times greater than 
 ^^' was dreamed in its early days. In so doing the Remington 
 Arms Company acquired acknowledged leadership in the 
 manufacture of rifles and shotguns, while the Union Metallic Cartridge 
 Company became easily the world's foremost producer of ammunition. 
 Then one day in the recent past two famous trade-marks slipped 
 quietly into one, thus: 
 
 T 
 
 Rgrndngtori + 
 
 ^™ 
 
 A new chapter — this Chapter — in the world's in- 
 dustrial history had begun. 
 A Symbol and What It Means 
 
 Trade-Marks and symbols may mean much 
 
 or little. "Old Glory" beheld the first 
 
 time is merely a pretty flag, but an 
 
 American who sees it flying in 
 
 some foreign land, bares 
 
 his head. 
 
AUG 21 1912 
 
 and thinks with emotion of the great 
 Republic it represents. "Remington" 
 and"U IM C" call to mind the years 
 of time, the lives of men, and the 
 millions of capital, that have been 
 devoted to the upbuilding. Each has 
 gained a meaning, full of interest to 
 those who know, but taken together 
 they represent a force, so much greater 
 than the sum of both, that it may 
 be years before the world realizes its 
 full significance. 
 
 The new trade-mark, therefore, 
 stands for the tremendous weight of 
 past achievements, but its principal 
 bearing is on the future. 
 
 It means that the greatest experts 
 known to both industries have been 
 brought into close co-operation under 
 a single head. This is important in 
 view of the fact that guns are made 
 for ammunition, and ammunition for 
 guns. Each is useless without the 
 other. An improvement in either, 
 that is not accompanied by a corre- 
 sponding improvement in the other, 
 loses much of its value. 
 Creative Brains 
 
 But two corps of experts working 
 together from both sides of a single 
 problem, are like the two blades of a 
 pair of shears cutting swiftly and 
 truly because of their union. There 
 can be no uncertainty under such 
 conditions. Every new theory in gun- 
 making must be developed through 
 the co-operation of those who will 
 produce the ammunition for its use. 
 Every idea, arising in the busy brains 
 
 of the cartridge and shell makers, is 
 
 instantly influenced by the 
 
 keen practical judgment 
 
 of the Ilion authorities. Thus it does 
 not have to stand the test of outside 
 use in order to prove success or failure. 
 From the start it necessarily is right. 
 Matchless Facilities 
 
 Brains, however good, must be 
 backed by resources. The Remington 
 Arms-Union Metallic Cartridge Co. 
 has the advantage of unequaled facil- 
 ities. From laboratory apparatus to 
 mechanical equipment, commercial 
 organization, and financial capacity, 
 its development is not hampered at 
 a single point. Alany of its devices 
 are exclusive, and every new resource 
 of value, that can contribute ever so 
 slightly to the general welfare, is 
 supplied as soon as it appears. 
 Impelling Spirit 
 
 But more important than either, 
 is the spirit behind both men and 
 means. This country stands upon 
 the threshold of greater commercial 
 development than the world has ever 
 seen. No past leadership will suffice 
 unless newly won with each new 
 year. Manufacturing, no longer 
 merely an industry, is coming 
 to be thought of as a science 
 and an art. The full, broad 
 realization of these facts is the 
 largest asset of this Institution; 
 its dominating thought of the 
 future, and its determination to 
 keep a place in advance of even the 
 general forward movement, con- 
 stitute the strongest insur- 
 ance that every development 
 of value will make its 
 first appearance bearing 
 the symbol 
 "Remington-UMC" 
 
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