Class. Book. iit tS'P THE SHEEP BY DR. WILLIAM A. RUSHWORTH, Late Sheep Inspector, Larimer Co., Colorado. Inspector Bureau of Animal Industry, Department of Agricluture, Etc., Etc. A historici'l and statistical description of SJieep and their pro-^ duct' . The fattening of Sheep. Their diseases^ with prescriptions for scientific treatment. The respective ' rf eds of Sheep and their fine points. Govern- nent inspectio7i, etc., with other valuable information. Including Numerous Illustrations; ALSO AN APPENDIX CONT.AINING SHEEP BREEDERS' DIRECTORY. THE BUFFALO REVIEW CO. Publishers, 1899. 1 WCJ ,: • a coarse, large sheep, with an abundant ■ r ,\i,.'^n LEICESTERS AND BOEDEli LEICESTERS. 25 fleece, but in the selection of smaller and more compact animals, necessary for the improvement in carcass, unfortunately the fleece diminished in weight proportionately to the decrease in size of carcass. The Leicester sheep as improved by Bakewell may be described as a white-faced, hornless sheep, covered with a fleece abont seven inches in length, having a lashy wool, ter- minated with a short twisted curl. The points of the Leicester are: Head, hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle; lips and nostrils black; nose slightly narrow and Eoman, giving the face a wedge-shaped appearance; face is covered with thin, white hairs; forehead covered with wool; ears thin, rather long and mobile and directed backward; a black speck on face, and ears not being uncommon; eye large and prominent; neck short, level with the back and broad at its base where it leaves the chest, gradually tapering towards the head, being particularly fine at the articulation of the head and neck, the neck appearing to ])ro- ject straight from the chest, so that there is almost one continued horizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast is deep, broad and full; shoulders upright and wide across the tops, giv- ing a great thickness through the heart; well filled up behind the shoulders, making the girth large; ribs are well sprung; loins wide; hips level; quarters long and straight; barrel round; ribbed well home; no irregularity on the line of the back or the belly. The bone is fine, the legs being small, standing wide apart; no looseness of the skin about them, and are comparatively free of wool; the fleece is fine and curly and free from black hairs; firm flesh; springy pelt and pink skin. In general form, the carcass is rectangular, with legs set well on, hocks straight, pasterns good and neat feet. All. these various points were only obtained bj paying long, continued attention to the individual pecularities, selecting the best to breed from, always bearing in mind that it is far easier to perpetuate a defect than to fix an improvement. The LEICESTER fattens best when about a vear or a vcar ■2& LEICESTEPvS AIS'D BOEDER LEICESTERS. and a half old, the carcass then weighing about 80 to 85 pounds. Tliey are an excellent sheep for crossing purposes, reproducing their wonderful carcasses even when crossed on very inferior stock. The pure-bred Leicester is liable to lay on fat very thickly, which is to their disadvantage, the demand for fat mutton hav- ing ceased. There are few breeds, however, which have not been improved by an admixture of the Leicester blood, Xotably have the Sonthdowns, Cotswolds, Lincolns and Hampshire I)owns. It may be as well to mention here the breed known as Border Leicester. This is now recognized as an independent breed, rivalling in its value and distribution the original Bake- well Leicester, from which it is descended. The breed originated about 1863, when a ^Ir. George Cully visited Dishley, forming an intimate friendship with Mr. Bakewell, he obtained Leicester rams, and by crossing them on a long-wooled breed, called the Teeswaters, in time established a flock of Leicesters. The Cully stock is looked upon as the origin of the Border Leicester. Bams from their flock were hired by breeders both English and Scotch, wd'io often paid as high as $500 for the use of a ram for one season. The difference between the Leicester and Border Leicester is chiefly observed in the head, that of the Border Leicester being white, nose slightly Boman, full muzzle, wide nostrils, and erect ears. The head is clean and free from wool, while the English Leicester has a tuft of wool on its head, also having wool in the shanks. The head of the English Leicester instead of being clear white, has a blul?h white tinge; the carcass also is not so long or large as the Border Leicester. Fault has been found with the Leicester ewe on account of its predisposition to get too fat, especially when on good soil. This has been partially overcome by crossing with the Cheviot, whicdi produces a hardier sheep, and not so liable to over-fatten. THE COTSWOLD. 27 Che Cotswold Breed, This is a very ancient breed. AVe find favorable mention is made of the Cotswolds by the very early writers. Speed, writ- ing nearly 250 years ago, says that the wool from this breed rivalled that of Spain. It has been claimed that they even were the origin of the Spanish Merino, it being a historical fact that Edward TV. permitted the exportation of a number of this breed to Spain, where they increased and spread rapidly, but, as before stated in the chapter on the "origin of sheep," Spanish wool was noted long before this for its fineness of fibre. AVe also find writ- ers in the time of Queen Elizabeth , speaking about the long- wooled Cotswold, which would go far to prove that the breed has always been so, and that they were never originally short-wooled. The COTSWOLD is a large, hornless sheep, with a long and abundant fleece. The ewes are good nurses and very prolific. The Cotswold of to-day contains a considerable strain of the Leicester, •which has tended to rather diminish the size and shorten the fleece, but they have retained the hardihood of the Cotswold, and are good rustlers and should cross well on the native stock of this country. Description of the Cotswold. Legs and face white, with occasional dashes of brown or gray, showing traces of the original stock. The head is strong and massive, without horns, and having a heavy forelock of wool; the neck and fore-quarters are strong and square; the brisket fairly prominent; the hind quarters are square, full and broad; the ribs well sprung, making a round barrel; the flanks are deep; the legs close but not long; the bone fairly heavy. Their general appearance is attractive, indicating a hardy, vigor- ous animal. They are shaped to fatten easily, making them a prime mutton breed. The fleece is close upon the back, and ft 05 THE LINCOLX, 29 long, someti::ies being nine inches in length; is well waved and soft. The Cotswold has assisted materially in establishing sev- eral of the present crossbreeds, notably the Oxford Downs and Shropshires in England, and the Cotswold Merino in Germany. Its availability of adaptation to varions climates and conditions and the general iisefnl character of its fleece in woolen manu- facture makes it one of the most valuable breeds we possess at the present time. Che Lincoln Sbccp. This is another famous breed of English sheep, and may almost be said to be a manvifactured breed, owing as it does its present perfection and size to systematic and judicious crossing of the old Lincoln sheep with other breeds, notably the improved Leicester. THE OLD LIXCOLIST was a large coarse sheep, with flat sides and hollow flanks, large legs and feet. Their fleece averaged between ten and twelve pounds, almost touching the ground, and was very oily. They fattened slowly, and made much fat internally. THE XEW LK^COLN is, as before stated, the product of Leicester crosses upon the original breed, the result being a largo sheep; in fact, the largest of any in the British Isles. The flesh is firm; wool extraordinarily long; fleece very heavy, a ram's clip often weighing between twenty-five and thirty pounds; the wool is bright, and lustrous when shorn. "While some breeders con- sider that the Lincolns as a mutton breed are inferior to the Downs, every one admits that for crossing on the common or native stock of the American Continent they are "second to none." H. A. Danniels, Secretary of the N'ational Lincoln Sheep Breeders' Association, writes concerning their early importations to this country as follows: "Among the first importers of this breed to Canada were John Geary of London, "WilliamAValker of oK •a g o a. a. -o o * ,2 - THE HAMPSHIEE DOWN. 45 Body — "Well proportioned, with shoulders well placed, fitting smoothly upon the chest, which should be deep and wide, broad and straight back, thick loins well covered with firm flesh; hind-quarters well finished; twist deep and full 20 points Head and Neck — Head, short, broad between the ears and eyes, bold and masculine in rams, without horns, well covered with wool, ears short and erect, eyes bright, color of face and ears dark- brown. Xeck of medium length, strong and mus- cular (especially in rams), symmertically joined to head and shoulders 15 points Legs — Well set apart, broad, short, straight, color dark- brown and well wooled; pastern strong and up- right 5 points 100 Che Rampebire Down. The Hampshire Down of to-day in no manner resembles the old Hampshire from which it is supposed to be descended. The old Hampshire had probably existed on the Downs of Hampshire in the time of the Roman occupation of Britain, and doubtless its fleece helped furnish the supply for the wool factory established by the Romans at Winchester. They were a large, long-horned sheep, with fine, short wool. The rams were noted for their large, bony, unsightly heads. The present improved Ilampshires are supposed to have originated from a cross between the old Wiltshire horned-sheep as well as the Berkshire Knot and the Southdown. About 1820 a Mr. John Twynam used improved Cotswold rams on Hamp- shire ewes, obtaining an animal which combined the qualities of tlie old Wiltshire, Southdown, and Cotswold. As we find the B THE HAMPSHIRE DOWN. 47 name of one man generally figuring in the building up of a par- ticular breed, so we find that the Hampshire Downs owe their present excellence in a great manner to a Mr. Humphrey of Oak Ash, "Wantage, Eng., who by careful crossing with the largest and best fleshed of the improved Southdowns, succeeded in pro- ducing a sheep of perfect form, with a strong constitution, and carrying a useful and valuable fleece. All the praise, however, does not belong to Mr. Humphrey, as among the careful breed- ers of this particular breed tlie names of Mr. Rawlence of Bul- bridge, Mr. Stephen King, Mr. William King, Mr. Moore, Mr. Edward Waters, Mr. Frank Budd, and some others, are divided the honors of bringing this breed to its present state of perfec- tion and excellence. The Hampshire sheep were first imported into the United States a short time before the War of the Rebellion, the first im- portation being made to Virginia. In 1855 Thomas Messenger of Great Neck, Long Island, imported a small flock of these sheep from England. In 1881 Henry Metcalf of Canandaigua, N. Y., imported the ram "Shepherds' Pride." Since this time the im- portations have increased in frequency, the Hampshires obtain- ing their just deserts in becoming more popular year by year. The imported Hampshire Down vies with the Oxfordshire Down for being the heaviest of the Down breeds. They mature early. The fact that the Hampshire ram lambs are sold for ser- vice at seven and eight months would go to prove this assertion. The ram lamb should have a black face, surmounted by white fleece; a dark tinge round the poll not being desirable, and will materially reduce the value of the animal possessing it. The ears must not be mottled, but should be semi-transparent, resembling a bat's wing. The shanks should be a rich brown, almost black color, free from mottled appearance; the nose of the ram should be thick, the head being large, with a slightly Roman profile; the neck is long and well set on; shoulders sloping; deep r- THE HAMPSHIEE DOWX. 49 in the brisket; ribs well sprung; back straight; broad across the loin; the quarters are long and broad; the hams round and heavy. The ears are characteristic of the breed. They are thin and mo- bile, falling outwards slightly, giving the appearance of great width of poll. The head is w^ll covered with wool between the ears and on the cheeks. The wool is medium length, and of strong fibre. Mature rams weigh up to 300 pounds and ewes a trifle over 200. As a race of sheep they possess constitutional vigor; mature early; the lambs possess excellent fattening qualities. The ram is endowed with remarkable prepotency, indelibly leaving his mark on his offspring, making him a valuable animal to cross on common ewes. We print here the standard of excellence for Hampshire Downs as recognized by the Hampshire Down Breeders' Associa- tion of America : Standard of GxceUcncc. Head — Moderately large, but not coarse; well covered with wool on forehead and cheeks. Xostrils — Wide. Color (head and legs) — Dark-brown or black. Eyes — Prominent and lustrous. Ears — Moderately long and thin, and dark-brown or black color. Legs — "Well under- outside of body, straight, with good size of bone, black. Xeck — A regular taper from shoulders to head, without any hollow in front of shoulders, set high up on body. Shoulders — Sloping, full, and not higher than the line of back and neck. Chest — Deep and full in the heart place, with breast prom- inent and full. Back — Straight, with full spring of rib. 50 OXFORDSHIRE DOWN. Loin — AViJc and straight, without depression in front of hips. Quarters — Long from hips to rump, without sloping, and deep in thigli. Broad in liips and rump, with full hams. Inside of thighs full. Scale of points. Head — Size and shape, 5; ears and eyes, 3; color, 5; legs and feet, 2 15 Xeck, shoulders and breast — Xeek, 5; shoulders, 10; chest and breast, 15 30 Body — Back and loin, 15 ; rib, 5 20 Quarters — Length, 10; width, 10; twist, 5 25 Wool — Forehead and cheeks, 2; belly, well covered, 3; qual- ity, 5 10 Total 100 Oxfordshire Down, This popular breed of sheep originated shortly prior to 1833 as the result of crossing Cotswold rams on Hampshire Down ewes. A Mr. Samuel Druce of Eynsham, Oxon, England, was the first to establish the new breed, his aim being to produce a sheep with the frame of the long wool and the quality of the Down. The Hampshire at this time w^as not that of the present improved type, but the old stock, said to be a loosely made, big- headed sheep, which a few years afterwards underwent improve- ment at the hands of Mr. Humphrey. About this time a nuni- l)er of breeders became interested in the cross instigated by Mr. Druce, and w-e find that Mr. Gillet of Southleigh, Mr. Twyn- liam, and a Mr. Blake practising this method. As the number of breeders of this particular class increased, the opportunities 3. o LJ -<' o !> 1 u. C ? "-- i 1 1 3 ■^^ 1 a ^,>, 2 O ri ^ 3 I s. { <;>. O |i .(A ^» ^ 'f.f^' 52 OXFOEDSHIEE DOWN. of better selection advanced. It became possible by this means to produce a distinct breed of a uniform shape and character. Prior to 1859 they were known as Down-Cotswolds — Mr. Druce calling them his half-breeds. When the breed was still in its embryonic stage, the records show that a considerable amount of promiscuous crossing took place before a type was linally fixed. Mr. C. T. Eead states: "The owner formerly divided his Hock into three parts, putting a half-breed ram to the ewes which were about right — a Cotswold to the smaller ones, and a Down to the coarser sheep," — and we also find that several breed- ers used Cotswold rams on Southdown ewes, thus infusing the blood of the improved Southdown in the new breed. As already stated, they were named Oxford Downs in 1859, and have un- doubtedly been bred pure ever since that date. They obtained recognition as a distinct breed in 1862, the Royal Agricultural Society, at the Battersea meeting, offering prizes for Oxfordshire Downs, recognizing the fact that short-wooled sheep, not South- downs, was not a proper classification of the middle-wooled breeds of sheep of the British Isles. The first importation of Down-Cotswolds to America was made in 1846 by Mr. Clayton Reybold of Delaware City, Del., and in 1853 William C. Rives sent to A^irginia one ram and five ewes, a Mr. Fay introducing them into Massachusetts about the same time, obtaining them from the same flock in England as those obtained by Mr. Rives. Careful breeding and selection has given them that uniformity of character, the lack of which was freely criticised in the early lifetime of the breed, till since 1870 the type has become firmly fixed, specimens of the breed being found in almost every part of Europe, South Africa, Aus- tralia, Xorth and South America. 54 THE DORSET. Cbc Dorset, This is the oldest known breed of English sheep, having been preserved nnmixed from a very remote period, and are cer- tainly the best of all the horned breeds. The Dorset has some very valuable traits, the chief of which is fecundity and the ability to breed at an early season. Dorset ewes take the ram in April, and yean in September. The lambs are then fit for the Christmas market. The ewes make excellent nurses, frequently bearing twins, and will rear a greater number of lambs than any other breed of sheep. The Dorset horned-sheep is somewhat larger than the Southdown; longer in the legs; face and legs white, and the horns of both sexes of moderate size; their frame is more compact, the barrel rounder, and they are by no means bad feeders. Mr. M. A. Cooper, Secretary of the Dorset Horn Breeders' Association of America, writes about the breed as fol- lows: "Dorsets were first introduced into America in 1885, but little interest being taken in the breed until about 1890 to 1891, when a few breeders in America united and formed an associa- tion. Since 1891 importations have been made every year, till at present they have been introduced into twenty-eight of the different States. Two very large importations were made in 1897. The Dorsets are popular with breeders generally, the de- mand exceeding the supply. The Dorset ewes are more correct in their shape than many of the improved breeds, being straight in the carcass, deep in the body, the rump large and round, the leg full and well let down toward the shank. Losses in lambing and barreness in ewes are rare; 150 to 160 lambs may usually be calculated for every 100 ewes. The rams are being extensively used in the Western States for crossing purposes. The demand for Dorsets increase every year, as their merits become known to the flock master." The Dorsets are hardy, very quiet and docile, readily adapting themselves to changes in surrounding-^. and conditioxis. 56 THE SUFFOLK. Che Suffolk. This is one of the few remaining breeds of Down sheep "which grazed on the chalk hills of England, from Norfolk and Suffolk to Kent, Sussex, Surrey, Hampshire, Bucks, Berks, Wilts and Devonshires, all of which counties possess an underlying chalk formation. The origin of this breed were the old Nor- folks, of which mention is made by Arthur Young in 1797, who states that " their mutton for the table was superior in grain, flavor, quality and color of gravy." The first improvement was made by crossing improved Southdown rams. This, however, was supposedly prior to 1850, since which time it is claimed they have been bred pure, without any outside admixture of blood. The Suffolk Sheep Society of England lay down the follow- ing points as necessary attributes of this breed: Head hornless; face black and long; muzzle reasonably fine, especially in ewes (a small quantity of clear white wool on the forehead not objected to) ; ears medium length, black and of fine texture; eyes bright and full; neck moderately long and well set; shoulder broad and oblique; chest deep and wude; back and loin long, level and well covered; tail broad and well set up; ribs long and well sprung, with a full flank; legs and feet straight and black, with fine and flat bone; wooled to knees and hocks, clean below ; fore legs set well apart ; hind legs well filled with mutton ; belly well covered with wool; fieece moderately short, close, fine fibre, wdthout tendency to mat or felt together, and not shading off into dark wool or hair; the skin fine, soft and pink. The first importation of Suffolk sheep to the United States was in 1888, made by Mr. M. B. Streeter of Brooklyn, N. Y., the first President of the American Suffolk Flock Registry Association. In 1890 the Iowa Suffolk Sheep Company of Atlantic, Iowa, im- ported quite a number, subsequent importations both in this •country and Canada following fast, till at the present writing 38 THE SUFFOLK. they are becoming well known, and have established themselves as an important addition to the recognized breeds of sheep on the American Continent. They are a hardy, healthy sheep, suitable for ranging on the "Western prairies, and their comparative free- dom from foot-rot favors their trial on some of the marshy soils of the Eastern and Middle States. The following is the scale of points adopted by the Ameri- can Suffolk Flock Registry Association : Scale of points for Suffolk Sheep. General Appearance — Pleasing outline; good carriage, and symmetry of development. Points 7 General Form — Large in size; inclined to long in body; me- dium strength of bone; somewhat cylindrical in shape, and straight above, below and in the rear 15 Head — Medium in size, inclining to be long and covered with fine, short, glossy, black hair to the junction with the neck; a small quantity of clean, white wool on the forehead is not objected to, muzzle moderately fine, especially in the ewes; eyes bright and full; ears of medium length and fineness 10 !N'eck — Moderately long and well set, and blending well with the body with some crest in the lambs 5 Pore-Quarters — Well developed; breast wide, deep and full; brisket, broad; cliest, capacious with good heart girth; shoulders, broad, oblique and well filled in the neck vein and crops; withers, broad; arm, well developed 15 Parrel — Roomy; back, straight, broad and well fleshed throughout its entire length ; ribs, well sprung and mod- erately deep; fore and hind flanks, full and deep 15 Hind Quarters — Pong, deep and full; tail, broad and well set up; buttock, broad; twist, full; thigh, broad and full. . . 15 THE MEEINO. 59- Feet and Legs — Straiglit, of medium length with flat bone; bare of wool below the knee and hock, glossy black in color and set well apart S Fleece — Moderately short with close fine lustrous fibre, and without tendency to mat or felt together, or to shade off into dark or gray wool or hair, especially about the neck and tail. The fleece should cover the whole body ex- cept the head and the legs below the knee and hock; and the skin underneath it should be fair, soft and of a pink color 10 Total 100 Che Sbort-CKooled Breeds, Che JMerino. The home of this ancient and famous breed appears to have been in Spain, from whence they were imported into France, England, Germany, the United States of America and Australia. They are the only truly short or fine-w'ooled breed, and as raised in Spain, were distinctly a wool sheep. We cannot do better here than print verbatim an article written by Mr. E. IST. Ball, Secretary of the Michigan Merino Sheep Breeders' Association, which fully covers the history of the breed and its first importa- tions to this country: *'The ancestors of the American Merino, called by some at this late date Spanish Merino, Vermont Merino, etc., were imported to the United States from Spain. The true origin of the sheep and the country from which they erainated is some- what uncertain, but at an early day fine-wool sheep of excellent quality were transported from Syria to Greece, from Greece to Italy, and from Italy to Spain. THE MERIXO. 61 At a very early period ^liletn?, a Grecian colony in Syria, ■was celebrated for its woolen fabrics, and historians lead iis to believe that not only the woolen goods but also the sheep that produced the wool were carried into Greece itself. 708 B. C, Tarentum, in Italy, was settled by the Greeks, and of this prosperous settlement mention is made of the produc- tion and manufacture of its excellent w^ool. The Tarentine sheep were unexcelled for their fine wool. Dr. Perry notes that the Spanish Merino and the ancient Italian race seem to have certain qualities common to both. It was a marked character- istic of these sheep that the rams had horns and the ewes had none, and this is believed to be the only breed of short-wooled sheep in Europe presenting this distinguishing characteristic. Morrell states that about the beginning of the Christian era, the sheep of Italy surpassed all others in the fineness of their fleeces, and according to Pliny 'the best wools are those of Apulia, which are of a very short staple.' Youatt says of the sheep of Spain that they were probably imported from Italy. They were the Tarentine breed and had gradually spread to the w^estern extremity of Europe. These sheep once introduced and established never after- ward were aliens to the country of Spain. In the eighth cen- tury the Saracens and Moors conquered a portion of Spain, which abounded in flocks and herds. These people were enterprising, and under their management the sheep increased in number and popularity, and to such an extent had grown the wool industry of Spain and so renowned her woolen fabrics that in the thirteenth century 16,000 looms were in operation in Seville alone, but later, when the Moors were expelled from Spain, the looms of Seville dwindled to sixty, and Spain was importing wool. In 1576 she exported to Bruges 40,000 sacks, each sell- ing for no less than $45. Others of finer quality w^ere shipped to Italy at the price of $112.50 per sack. For centuries the THE MEKIXO. 63 Merino sheep of Spain contributed largely to the support of the Government. The Spanish Merino was of two divisions, transhiimantes, or migratorv flocks, and Estantes, or stationary flocks. The Transhnmantes were divided into two classes, Leonese and Sorian. Of all the sheep of Spain those of Leon were superior in form, quantity and quality of fleece. At the beginning of this century Dr. R. R. Livingston, many years a -resident of Spain, says of this class of sheep there were about four or five million distributed as follows: The Duke of Infantadoes' flock 40,000 The Countes del Compo de Alonse Xegretti 30,000 The Paular Convent 30,000 The Escurial Convent 30,000 The Convent of Gaudaloup 30,000 The Marques Perales 30,000 The Duke of Bejar 30,000 Ten flocks belonging to sundry persons 200,000 All other flocks in the Kingdom 3,800,000 As to the very first importation from Spain to the United States there seems to be a difference of opinion. One says in 1793 Mr. William Foster of Boston, Mass., imported two ewes and a ram smuggled through the port of Cadiz. These Mr. Foster gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of Cambridge, who, not knowing their value, killed and ate them. Another says the first importations was by AVilliam Porter of Boston in 1798 of two ewes and a ram. These he gave to Mr. Andrew Craigue of Cambridge, who, not knowing their value, killed and ate them. One thing seems pretty certain, the first importations of Spanish Merino sheep into the ITnited States disappeared as mutton, and were of no account from a breeding standpoint, but beyond a donbt the mutton was good. In 1801 Seth Adams imported a 64 THE MERINO. pair of Merino sheep that were taken to his farm in Zanesville, O. In 1801 a Merino ram, "Don Pedro," was imported, being one of four selected, the others having died, at the request of Mr. Dupont de Nemoues by M. Delessert of Paris, who was at the head of a commission to select in Spain on behalf of the French Government a flock of 4,000 Merino sheep. Champion )^Iertno Swe, Daisy. Shown at JHcw South CElales, Hustralia, 1898. The first importation of value was on the 10th of April, 1802. Colonel David Humphreys shipped at Lisbon seventy- five ewes and twenty-five rams — pure Spanish Merinos one and two years old, and after a voyage of fifty days landed seventy ewes and twenty-one rams in the United States, which were taken to his farm at Derby, Conn. The larger portion of the ewes THE MEKINO. 65- were retained in one flock, but a portion of the rams were sold to neighboring farmers for improvement of their flocks. In 1803 Dr. James Meares of Philadelphia imported two ewes and two rams. 1809 "William Jarvis procured 200 Mermos of the Eoyal Escnrial flock by special favor, and these, no doubt, were the only Escurials ever imported. In 1810 Mr. Jarvis procured 1,400 Spanish Merinos of the Paular flock. These sheep were from true Transhumantes, from the best flocks, and were un- doubtedly among the best sheep imported into the United States. Mr. Jarvis imported approximately 1,400 Paulars, 1,700 Aguirres, 200 Escurials, 130 jSTegrettis, and about 200 Mont- arcas — 3,630 in all. In 1810 Gen. E. H. Derby made a shipment which re- sulted in landing 300 to 400 Merinos. In the same year, 1810^ Peck and Atwater of Xew Haven, Conn., imported a flock, and in January, 1811, Heaton & Co. of Xew Haven, Conn., landed a cargo which were taken to Connecticut. From these early importations the Spanish Merino fast became scattered throughout the Eastern portion of the United States. The improvement has been steady until the original Spanish Merino is lost sight of in the more perfected animal, known as the American Merino, reared in a large number o£ States from the far East to the extreme West, and there is not a State in the Union where sheep are bred that the stamp of the American Merino is not seen, and exports have reached to Aus- tralia, Africa, and South America." In the management of Merino flocks in Spain great care is exercised to promote the growth and prevent injury to the fleece from any cause whatever. They are constantly under the care of shepherds, who house them whenever it rains, and are always stabled at night. The average amount of fibres to the square inch of skin surface is from 40,000 to 48,000, far in excess of the 66 THE EAMBOUILLET' number of any other breed. The length of the wool varies from one to four inches. As a general description we find the Merino is of fair size; head handsome; decorated with horns, the head short around ears and well covered with wool. The horns are open and wide, well turned and marked with fine transverse Avrinkles. The nose is short and may be pink in color, but a darker shade is preferable. The neck is short but full and gains character from the heavy folds of skin which adorn both males and females. The shoulders should be very wide over the tops, the body long, ribs deep and well sprung. The legs are short, the hocks incline to be cat-hammed. Folds of skin are gathered round the base of the tail which, from their disposition, are called the rose. The wool must grow over the whole body down to the claws, and wool fibres are often seen growing out of the clefts of the hoof. Cbc RatnbouiUct^ The origin of the French Merino dates back to 1721, when some ewes were imported from Spain into France. This impor- tation was followed by another about 1750, and in 1776 M. Tru- daine, the French Minister, imported another flock. In 1785 Louis XVI., King of France, who owned an estate called Ram- bouillet, established there an experimental farm and obtained permission to purchase' and export from Spain a flock of pure- bred Merinos, which he placed on this estate. This importation was made from the fines); flocks of Spain, being selected from the flocks known as the Serales, Paular, Xegretti, Escurial, Alcola, San Juan, Portaga Iranda and Salezar. Of this importation 360 head, composed of forty-one rams, 318 ewes and seven wethers, arrived safely at Rambouillet, although thirty-five of the ewes and gixtv lambs succumbed to foot-rot soon after their arrival. ?^ 3 — s, is'' ■OH O 3 c •* j; ai 3, =?'o -t'^M / \ JfA IS S 2,2 3aa' « -.hi.'i . J. 68 THE EAMBOUILLET' The Ramboiullet flock, after surviving many vicissitudes during the French Revolution and subsequent reconstruction period, was the subject of close attention and care on the part of the French authorities, an exact record being kept and every means taken to insure its well-being. About 1534 several of the English mutton breeds were imported into France. The cross of those on Merinos being favorably thought of by the French agriculturists induced the management of the Rambouillet flock to increase the size of their sheep, the increase being obtained solely by selection and feeding, thus maintaining the purity of the breed. In 1850, continuing these methods, the Ram- bouillets had become large in carcass, but less robust in constitu- tion, accompanied also with a diminution of the fleece. To over- come the last two defects a return to original conditions became necessary, the Negretti type becoming the favorite, till in 1867, the flock improved in regard to the production of wool, and be- came able to support itself exclusively on pasture, and endure the hardships incidental to weather changes and dry seasons, for which the high feeding and long continued pampering had .almost ruined it. . The first importation of Rambouillets to the United States was made by D. C. Collins of Hartford, Conn., in 1840, who succeeded in obtaining two rams and twenty ewes. Later, in 1846, a Mr. John A. Taintor secured two rams and seven ewes from the Gilbert flock; these were also brought to Connecticut, subsequently being purchased by A. L. Bingham of Cornwall, Yt. These first importations did not prove popular, however, and it was not till some years later that this particular class of Merino found favor among the fiock-owners of this country. The Rambouillet Association was organized in March, 1890, the list of members and number of animals recorded increasing year by year. THE DELAINE MEEIXO. 69 Delaine JMerino. Is supposed to have sprung from an importation of In- fantados, imported about 1810 by R. W. Meade, part of which in 1820 or 1821 passed into the hands of a Mr. Alexander Reed. Later several parties purchased sheep from Mr. Reed, and these then became the base for that particular type called the Delaine. These were a small sheep originally, but by good feeding and careful selection they soon developed into large-framed, black-topped sheep, with an abundant fleece. The mating of the Dickinson Merino with the Meade sheep appears to have been the origin of the new Delaine, and while no one or two individuals can claim to have been the ancestor of this particular class, as the breeders made selection from all the best Merino flocks which had been imported from Spain, there appears to be no doubt that to the Meade or Dickinson stock the chief credit is due. In 1882 an association was formed to record all such ani- mals as were eligible to registry in the Register of the Associa- tion, only sheep designated as belonging to the Victor-Beale De- laine Merino were to be admitted to registration. ]\rature rams should weigh not less than 150 pounds and the ewes not less than 100 pounds. Scale of points as given by the Delaine Merino Sheep Breeders Association is as follows: Constitution 10 points Heavy round the heart 6 points Short heavy neck 6 points Good dewlap 5 points Broad back 8 points Well sprung ribs 5 points Short legs 6 points 70 THE CHEVIOT. Heavy bone 8 points Small, sharp foot 10 points Length of staple, one year's growth three inches. ... 8 points Density of fleece 8 points Darkish coat on top 5 points Opening up white 5 points Good flow of white oil 5 points Good crimp in staple 5 points Perfection 100 points JMountain Breeds. Of these breeds we shall only take special notice of two, viz., the Cheviot and the Herdwick, — the first named breed claiming more particnlar notice, importations of them having been freely made to the United States. The Herdwick can be taken as a type of other, monntain breeds, of which there are c[nite a number, dift'ering only one from the other in name, possessing, all more or less, the same general characteristics. Che Cheviot, Takes its name from the hills which it has grazed over for a period of centuries. They are a hardy sheep, fitted to thrive on scanty pastures, and contend with the climatic changes so prevalent in their native hills. Beyond a donbt their present existence has largely been due to the law of "survival of the fittest," they being the one breed out of many others which fre- quented the same district which withstood the test of time, not only having held their own, but spreading out, obtaining foot- hold in manv localities other than their native hills. 72 THE HEEDWICK. They are a white-faced, hornless sheep, carrying a fine, short fleece. Like the majority of mountain sheep, they are liable to be light in the fore-quarter. Their designation as Cheviots appears to have been given them in 1792 by Sir John Sinclair. They were termed long sheep (meaning length of body) in contradistinction to the black- faced or short sheep — a breed more especially to be met with in the North of Scotland, the stronghold of the Cheviot being in the South. The first improvement of the original stock appears to have been about 1755 or 1756, by the judicious admixture of Lincoln blood; they have also been greatly benefited, as have many other of the prominent breeds of to-day, by crossing with the improved Leicester However, experience has proven that to maintain the characteristic hardiness of the race, it is necessary to breed them pure. As a mountain sheep they are unexcelled, and should prove valuable to withstand the hard- ships of the Western mountain ranges. Che Rerdwich* Is a native of the Xorth of England Lake Region, grazing over the beautiful mountain districts of Westmoreland and Cumber- land. It has become famous throughout the North of England more on account of the delicate flavor of its mutton th^n for its wool-growing qualities. Tradition places the origin of this breed at the time of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, stating that a Spanish vessel, in trying to escape, ran aground on the coast of Cumber- land, and that "forty small sheep managed to save themselves from the wreck, swimming ashore at Drigg, and were claimed as jetsam and flotsam by the lord of the manor." Eor the last 300 years they have held their own in the district, being peculiarly adapted to their mountain ranges. THE HERDVVICK. 73 In general appearance the Herdvvick is a small sheep, carry- ing a heavy fleece, which is disposed to be heavy on the top of the shoulder; the wool grows well down to the knees and hocks, the poll and belly being well covered. The head is broad, nose Roman, the nostrils are wide, jaws deep; the eyes are prominent and lively; the ears are fine and white. The faces and legs of lambs when first dropped are black, a few white hairs, however, being visible at the tips of the ears, and also in some cases round the feet. The white hairs gradually increase till at three year? of age the white predominate, some being perfectly white, others a steelish grey. The rams generally are horned, the horns starting well at the back of the head, and curled. The hoofs should be white. There are no records to show that any of this breed have been imported to America, and it is doubtful whether they would prove a useful addition to the stock of the country, being small in size, and carrying a poor quality of wool. Their only recommendation is their inherent hardy constitution to overcome the above mentioned disadvantages. famous Xmportcd Collie, Cleveland perfection, sired by South- jsort perfection. Xmported and owned bjp Robert S. OXest, Cleveland, Ohio. CHAPTER III. Cbc CClool Industry. The manufacture of woolen goods dates back to Bible his- tory. As stated in the introductory chapter of this work, the Romans introduced the arts of weaving and spinning wool and established a factory for the same at Winchester, England, soon after their conquest of that country. Under the Saxon mon- archy following the Roman exodus from Britain, we find that wool spinning became universally followed in all households, and so high was the art esteemed that princesses and noble ladies 'learned to spin, and from the habit being universally followed by the female members of the families the word spinster for un- married ladies has been handed down to the present time. In the time of the Wars of the Crusades, and even later, we find that wool reprsented the national wealth, frequently being used to supplement the limited coinage of those times. It was ac- cepted in payment of ransoms and as collateral security for the sinews of war. Later Holland excelled all other countries in the manufacture of woolen goods up to the time of its conquest by Spain, Then the industry suffered from the tyrannical imposts of the governing power, which finally drove the artizans to seek other lands. England afforded many of these exiles protection, and to this source is directly traceable her superiority in the art of woolen manufactures, which to a certain extent she retains up to the present day. Wool, unlike hair, grows in a spiral form, is softer and more pliable, due to a fatty secretion issuing from the glands situated in the cutis vera or true skin, which supplies the yolk of the 76 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. fleece, preventing injury to the wool fibres from cotting or felt- ing from the constant friction while upon the sheep's back. Wool resembles hair, in that each filament is a minute tube filled with pulp, covered externally by a scaly covering formed by flat cells, the edges of which over-lapping each other, give the filament a serrated appearance when examined under a high magnifying power, to which also the wool owes its felting properties and its adaptation for clothing purposes. The felting property and other qualities of different wools have long been known by practical experience, but that felting was due to the serrated edges of the individual wool filaments is a comparatively recent discovery which was made in 1795 by a Mr. Monge in France, and later, but independently, by a Mr. Youatt in Eng- land. Different wools were found to possess a greater or a less number of serrations to the inch in length, the felting property depending on the increase or decrease of the serrations. It was" found that in Merino wool (Saxony) the serrations ran as high as 2,700 to the inch, in the English SouthdoM'n 2,050, and in the Leicester 1,850. Fine wool, possessing a greater number of serrations and growing in a spiral form, being superior in its felting properties to the coarser goods. Wool when it is to be manufactured first undergoes the pro- cess termed carding. The card is an instrument which breaks the wool, dividing it i^to a multitude of fragments, which from its spiral form are left in a curved state. When pressure and moisture are applied the serrated and curved filaments intertwine and lock together. This is termed felting. After wool is carded it is spun and woven into cloth, being oiled during this process. Following this it is treated with Fuller's earth to ex- tract the oil, the moisture and pressure which are now applied calling out its felting properties and giving the cloth a close and dense appearance. THE \YOOL INDUSTKY. 77 "Wool for worsteds is treated very differently. Instead of being carded, it is combed. This consists in combing it out smooth and then spinning it, giving it a looser appearance, thus accounting for the more open texture which carpets possess as compared to cloth or carded goods. Eaw wool passes through eleven different stages before the manufacture is completed, viz: Sorting, washing, drying, plucking, combing, breaking, drawing,, roving, spinning, reeling and weaving. Wool is generally classed as long or short, being graded as superfine, fine, medium and coarse. The same fleece will be- made up of wool of the various degrees of fineness, it being the business of the wool stapler or sorter to separate these various qualities and prepare them for manufacture. The fleece is un- rolled; the wool sorter then selects the fine locks from the coarse; the finest wool is selected from the neck, shoulders and sides; the next best from the upper part of the legs and thighs, extend- ing to the haunch and tail; the inferior wool being distributed on the upper part of the neck, throat, belly, breast and part of the legs. The stapler then divides the finest wool into ten lots,. classed according to the degree of fineness, commencing with the pick lock, then the prime, the choice, the super, the head, the downrights, the seconds, the abb, the liA^er, and lastly the breech wool. These are the divisions which are found to exist in a single fleece. On the sheep's back the following points are taken into consideration : 1. Strength of fibre. 2. Fineness. 3. Curl. 4. Thickness. 5. Closure of the fleece. 78 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 1. THE STKEXGTH OF FIBRE. This is indicated by the amount of yolk in the fleece. AVhen this is small in quan- tity the fil)re becomes dry and brittle in character. 2. FIXEXESS. The wool shonld be fine in quality all over the carcass, the diameter of the filaments jooo fo j^gg of an inch in thickness. 3. CURL. This is the waved appearance of the wool fibi'es. These waves should be uniform and numerous through- out the length of the fibre. 4. TlIICTvXESS. This means the closeness of the fibres upon the skin, which varies according to the breed, those of the pure-bred ]\rerino being as many as 48,000 to the square inch of skin surface. 5. CLOSURE OF FLEECE. This is important. A well-closed fleece renders the wool impervious to dust and dirt, which would be injurious to the quality of the staple. The clos- ure^ is formed by the matting together of the free ends of the wool fibres through the viscid properties of the yolk. This gummy substance gathers the dust, which forms a black coating to the fleece, making a crusty covering, which when lightly pressed upon feels elastic to the touch. The bad qualities of a fleece mav be enumerated as follows: 1. Stripy or watery wooL o Toppiness. o O. Fclty wool. 4. Llemp. 5. Cloudy wool. r,. Broad-topped wool. >- Break. 1 . STRIPY OR AV ATER Y WOOL is generally found in or near the shoulder, where the best wool should be. This wool THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 79 is called stripy on account of the straiglitness of the fibres, the natural waves or curves being absent, when pressed between the fingers it appears lifeless; devoid of elasticity; more like cotton than wool. This staple is only fit for very inferior goods, and sheep with this defect should not be bred from. 2. TOPPIXESS. This is where the tops of the wool fibres do not join together evenly to effect a perfect closure of the fleece. This defect frequently causes a matting together of the ends of the points of the wool, making when the wool is worked, a quantity of noils, causing waste. This may be due to uneven growth in the early life of the lamb, in which case, after the first shearing, it will not be liable to recur. "When present in old sheep it indicates a defect in the animal's breeding. 3. FELTY AVOOL. This is caused by an absence of yolk in the wool, which allows the wool fibres to felt on the sheep's back. It may be due to exposure to wet weather long continued or more frequently to a low condition from poor feed, or chronic ill health. Sheep possessing felty wool as a constitu- tional defect should not be bred from. 4. HEMP consists of hairs interspersed among the wool fibres. It may be detected on the face and forearm, and in rams on the scrotum. "Whenever it is found in these localities it will be present throughout the whole fleece. These hairs being white and not taking the dye, injure the fleece for the manu- facture of dress goods and fine cloih to such an extent that a fleece so affected is reduced by value one-half. Sheep with this defect should be sold to the butcher, as they are worthless for breeding for wool, the defect being hereditary. 5. CLOUDY "WOOL is a condition where the fibres ad- here together from the skin to the points of the wool, but not to such an extent as to be termed felty. A flossiness is apparent at the bottom of the staple which, in combing, is removed, while in 'SO THE WOOL INDUSTRY. carding wools this is not so objectionable; in combing wools the £oss is thrown out, and becomes waste. This defect is also hereditary. Sheep so affected should not be bred from. 6. BROAD-TOPPED WOOL is a very serious defect. It consists of an interlacing of the fibres, which are split, the top appearing even; but the surface is divided into broad masses, or, as they are commonly termed, "tops," and on endeavoring to part the wool, it will be found felted together, tearing apart with difficulty. Broad-topped wool is dead, deficient in yolk, break- ing off in the process of manufacture, causing a very great loss of material. This affection is also hereditary, and should preclude the animal from breeding. 7. BREAK m WOOL renders the fleece worthless as far as combing is concerned, and no matter how fine the staple may be as regards quality it can only be used to manufacture the class of goods which are made from inferior wool. A breachy staple when stretched out for examination will be found to part with great ease down the middle or in some other part, .showing a weak place in the wool. On examining the fibres microscopically at this spot they will be found of a dead, stripy appearance. This defect being present in the staple, makes it impossible to sort, and causes the entire fleece to be classed as in- ferior in quality. This is a common defect, and is generally due to mismanagement in feeding or exposure or any other cause affecting the condition or health of the sheep. The weak spot in the fibre is carried forward as the wool grows. If the cause is removed, however, the wool may regain its normal condition. To avoid this trouble the flock should be fed and watered regu- larly, and shielded from undue exposure, as a check for a short time is a frequent cause of this serious trouble. Another cause, and the most general one for break in the wool, is the use of caustic solutions in sheep dips, especially the THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 81 lime and sulphur preparation. It is a fact that the majority of the wool clip from the Western States, namely, Colorado, Xew Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming and Utah, is seriously depreciated in value from the fleece containing this defect, and it has been argued more particularly at Farmers' Society meetings in the East by certain local authorities that it was due to the alkali dust robbing the fleece of its natural yolk. This idea is erroneous, however, a properly topped fleece containing the normal amount of yolk will not permit the entry of foreign substances, whether it be dirt, sand or alkali dust ; but the mere fact of dipping sheep in the solution above mentioned, which robs it of its power of self-protection, is almost wholly responsible for this defect in Western fleeces. This is easily shown. Sheepmen who use standard preparations Avhich contain mineral or vegetable oils and which do not exert caustic properties on the wool fibres, do not experience this difficulty in the fleece. Mr. H. W. Smart of Ogden, Utah, who runs between 50,000 and 55,000 sheep on the range annually, in talking to the writer on the subject of dips made this statement: "We have had to fight the scab year after year, and have used lime and sul- phur because it was cheap. There is no doubt that it is in- jurious to the sheep, causing break in the wool, besides exerting a cauterising effect of the skin, and we are continually experi- menting with and are on the lookout for something to take its place which will not be too expensive." If Mr. Smart was to take into consideration the amount of money which he loses an- nually from this defect in his wool clip from the use of the above named solution, he could well afford to use some preparations which are known to be effective, and which do not cause this de- fect in the fleece, even though it cost him five cents per head to dip his sheep. While the production of wool in the United States has stead- ily increased from year to year, the supply has never been suffi- 82 THE WOOL IXDUSTliY. cient for the home demand. We find in 1850 there were, all told, 21,723,220 head of sheep in the United States, according to statistics of the Agricultural Department. In January, 1897, the total number amounted to 36,818,643 — an increase since 1850 of 15,095,423. But when the corresponding increase in the population of the country is taken into account, we find that the sheep supply falls far short of keeping pace with the growth of the population. On next page we print a table showing the amount of wool imports into the United States from 1893 to 1898, inclusive, as compared with 1838. The exportation of wool from this country being of such small amount it is only necessary to state that the total exporta- tion for the year ending June 30, 1896, amounts to only 855,950 pounds. Tlie above figures being correct, it becomes apparent that so far as wool is concerned, there is no probability for some years to come to fear an over-production. The sheep industry is steadily on the rise, with prospects of higher prices for wool, and an increasina vearlv demand for feeders. O cd td H 3: '^, -1 —, > r; -H -3 a: - ■r ^ ■i ■n -t ^ -I T 1 u 3 = n re T X r. o E 3" n o c r > 5' > r -I fii 5' 3" = ' e 3 U -• W ^ 2 5' i. ^' i" s- p- >? 5 5- ^ i S ^. S' ^ s = o % 2 » O Ti 3 ■n > :£ W •n >i ^ 3. c V X 5' en o' 3 a. 3 -5 n. a n a o d ,_, z tU 00 i^ -^ :;! -i -^ — - — — ' 'i c •^ t- en 3 lo ^ X •a ^ o ^ ^T T: o ?^ 1.J to -I "■ c X •fl o d t-t •z JO ja. ro o ~t 5 - ;^ - 2 ^ 5 - X en rfk- ^ M 31 31 X S2 X ^ s^ to J5 --T Jl £. t. o o a (X c 03 £^ 31 35 J5 u ^ X » 00 GO s O'bl CO 00. O GC CC QC ^ 31 c _n s; X o J! ^ O ^ X ^ o 5 J; oi s w CX> -n -1 j: 3 X y. o -o 't d Z Ol 5" "-' £k ^ 3 -* X H-* — ' ^ *. ■o £ J .= CI "in tc ^ S z^ ■o » -- (56 O 5. £> 31 -^ o "• ^1 — ^i 3> -1 X ..O lO Ol ^ i/T Ol ^ O ^ c;» SS -I ^ => O -I - Ol 31 W 3 O ^ O X X ^ o ^ 03 S "4 £ o » DC ^ CD X Lo I& K W Oi J5 j^ -J X ^ ^ <£> rf^ ND » » N3 £- X ^ X -* Ol ^ o "w ^ o Ji -J M -n X " " 31 . ►13 O d Z o K^ DO 3 J" ^ ■X .5 j ^ p wl _., r^ J a o ^I O .J £k ..n -1 — CD D ,; c N3 J,' X _g ^ 31 S -3 Ol 3» j3 M » i. Cl J 5 ^I s .£k. i 31 2 J§ i » -I g 3? p 1^ g M S o M 3> .D X s > H w W o l-l lO P GC! o jo M 05 IS B o oo; J5 o o c 00 2 o H a B !'^ 00 w " > B B 50 O M lO c >- p ^I •-0 Kj ";1 M hi '*, on Ol <1 P oi c ft IC i_i B CHAPTER IV. f^ecding and fattening. It is only of recent years tliat the industry of feeding sheep in this country for the liome and export trade has assumed large proportions. Formerly the sheep were valued more for the wool they produced than their mutton qualities, but as wool depreci- ated in value and the people at large became educated to the value of mutton as an article of diet, chiefly through the crossing of valuable foreign mutton breeds on the native stock, the matter of feeding sheep to meet the demand claimed the attention of the flock-owners, until at the present time sheep feeding has be- come of almost as much importance as wool growing. It is our aim here to show the various methods in feeding adopted in different parts of the country, which, necessarily, have to vary to suit different localities and conditions. Naturally the atten- tion of feeders is called to consider what particular breed has the most aptitude to make flesh and fat, also wdiat particular class will fetch the highest price on the market he is feeding for. For instance, a feeder expecting to supply the export trade will feed onlv such animals that have a laro-e carcass, the demand abroad being for large mutton, while that which brings the top price at home is the medium size to small of frame when prime. Again the majority of feeders in this country are not breed- ers, but rely chiefly on the supply from the AVestern States and territories for their stock to feed. That being the case, it re- mains to be seen what is considered the best class of sheep to feed. Of late years the common lambs from Xew Mexico and Southern Colorado have sprung much into favor, their points of FEEDING AND FATTENING. 85 advantage being their ability to fatten quickly, adapt themselves to different climates, and being small in carcass, rarely weighing over ninety-five pounds when prime, they fetch the top market price, being eagerly bought by the butcher on account of the small amount of waste in killing, white fat and finely flavored mutton. These sheep are generally bought by a commission buyer, who distributes them around to his customers. As soon as they arrive at the feeding pens they are given all the hay (alfalfa if obtainable) they will eat. Then after the first week they are put on ration of oats, commencing with a small quantity, which is gradually increased imtil at the end of the fourth week they are eating about a pound per day to the head. Corn then is gradually introduced with the oats, the feed of oats being cut down a» the corn is substituted until the sheep are on corn only, eating about one-half pound a head per day at the end of the sixth week. From now on the corn is slowly increased till full feed is reached, which means just what they will clean up with- out leaving any in the feeding trough?. It is a good plan once a week, every Saturday for instance, to substitute oats for the corn. The sheep will be found to relish the change and come back to their corn next day with a renewed desire for it. Eock salt should be kept in the pens at all times. They should be watered twice a day, excepting in very cold weather, when once will be sufficient. This should always be prior to feeding. The feeding should be done at regular hours. For instance, if a pen is fed at 4 o'clock P. M. one day, it should be fed at the same time or as near that time as possible every day. Regularitv in feedino- will be found vcrv essential to success. This is the general method of feeding Mexican lambs in the Western States, where no sheds are required, where the air is dry and climate uniform. During the last year a number of Mexican lambs have been imported into the Eastern States to 86 FEEDING AND FATTENING. feed, especially in Ohio and ^lichigan and even as far East as New York, and it is a qnestion whether the same success will crown the efforts of the Eastern feeders, the climate being diametrically opposite to that of the Western States, sheds being a necessity and higher priced feed having to be taken into con- sideration. On the feeding of Sheep in General. A certain amount of food is required to enable an animal to live and remain in health. This is termed the necessary ration ■of food. Should this be diminished the animal will fail in flesh, and in time die; vice versa, if more than the necessary ration be fed than is requisite to repair the natural waste of the animal body it will gain flesh, or give an increase, if a female, in the milk supply or wool. A full-grown sheep takes 3 1-3 per cent, of its weight in hay per day to keep in ordinary condition. Growing animals should be given all they will eat readily. Quietude and warmth greatly facilitate the process of fattening; that this is a fact is easily shown. Motion increases waste of tissue, causing an in- creased respiration to supply the extra amount of oxygen needed; the excess of oxygen requires an increased amount of carbon, which is virtually wasted, whereas it should be expended in pro- ducing fat. Cold operates in a like manner, an extra supply of oxygen and carbon being required to produce extra combustion to restore the loss in temperature. Among herbivorous animals, to which class of course the sheep belong, the carbon required for the warmth of the system and respiratory process is in greater part supplied by the food the animal consumes, while in carnivorous or meat-eating animals it is chiefly supplied from the waste of the tissues of the animal economy. With carniv- ora, the whole of the food consumed can be converted into flesh, while with herbivora, only a portion is capable of being assim- FEEDING AND FATTENING. 8T ilated. A simple analysis of the blood and flesh can be esti- mated as follows: I'or simplicity, we will take 10,000 parts instead of 100, which will avoid the use of decimals, making it more intelligible to the general reader. In 10.000 parts of flesh and blood we find: Carbon 5.182 5.195 Hydrogen 757 717 Nitrogen 1.501 1.507 Oxvgen 2.137 2.139 Ash 423 442 10.000 10.000 It will be apparent by comparing these figures that but a slight difference between the two exists, and that the proportion of carbon and nitrogen in both is practically the same. These are the proportions in which these two elements unite in the tissues of the body. Xitrogen always will be found in the elements composing muscle structure, commonly called flesh. Any food devoid of nitrogen being valuless in nutritious properties. The difference between flesh and fat can be said to consist in the absence of nitrogen in the latter. An analysis of mutton fat, taking 10.000 parts again, can be estimated as follows: Carbon 7.900 Hvdrogen 1.170 Oxygen 930 10.000 So it will be apparent that articles of food, such as oil, but- ter, starch, sugar, etc., which are devoid of nitrogen, while they increase the development of fat, fail entirely to nourish the tissues, and so would in time fail to support life. 88 FEEDING AND FATTENING. Before giving a table of feeding stuffs, it will be as well to briefly explain the terms used. For instance, our analysis of the blood and tissues was found to contain carbon, hydrogen, nitro- gen, oxygen and ash, and the value of a foodstuff will depend on the proportion of the above elements which it may contain. The oxygen and hydrogen will be taken into the animal body in the form of water. AVater (all feeding-stuffs contain water), the amount varying from eight to fifteen pounds per 100 pounds of dry materials such as hay, straw, or grain to sixty to eighty pounds in ensilage, and ninety pounds in such roots as turnips, etc. Materials containing nitrogen are classed as Protein. These furnish materials for the creation of muscle-fibre, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horn, wool and the constituents of milk, known as casein and albumen, thus conclusively showing that protein is one of the most important constituents of feeding-stuffs. Ash is the residue from the combustible part of any feed- ing-stuff, and is found chiefly to consist of potash, soda, iron, lime, magnesia, chlorine and carbonic, sulphuric and phosphoric acids. It is largely responsible for the formation and building up of the bones of the body, the excess of ash being voided in the manure. Carbo-hydrates are free from nitrogen and are classed un- der the head of nitrogen-free, extract. They include fat pro- ducers, such as starch, sugar, gums, oils, etc., and form an im- portant part of all feeding stuffs. Carbo-hydrates form the larger part of all vegetable foods. They are either stored up as fat or consumed in the body to produce heat ^nd energy. A certain quantity of food being required to repair the waste of the animal economy, as has been stated heretofore, is termed the necessarv ration. An excess of this ration means a FEEDING AND FATTENING. so- corresponding gain in flesh, or fat, milk or wool, etc., while a diminution would mean a wasting or starving of the constituent parts of the body and finally death. In trying to ascertain the food-requirements of the sheep we cannot do better than print Wolff's tables for the same: per Day and per T>eacL Growing Sheep. Age. Average Live Weight per Head, Pounds. Digestible Food Materials. Total Or- ganic Matter Pounds. Carbo- y . P,„teio. «Sf P-"^«. Fuel Value, Calorics. 5 to 6 mo. 6-8 " 8 "11 " 11" 15" 15 " 20" 56 67 75 82 85 .18 .17 .16 .14 .12 .87 .85 .85 .89 .88 .045 .040 .037 .032 .025 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 2143 2066 2035 2067 1966 By calculating the daily ration of the sheep, assuming that the food consists of clover, hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn, barley or oats. We find that the Wolff standard for growing sheep between the ages of six to eight months calls for protein .17, carbo- hydrates .85 of lb. and ,040 of a pound or 40-1000 of a pound of fat, which would produce 2,066 calories of heat. In 100 lbs. of clover hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn, barley and oats, etc., the following proportion of dry mat- ter and digestible food ingredients will be found: Food Stuff Dry Matter Protein Carbo Hydrates Red clover 84.7 Corn-silage 20.9 Alfalfa ! 91.6 Corn grains \ 89.1 Barley , 89.1 89.0 88.5 9.5 11.4 90.8 Oats Wheat bran... Turnips lluta-bagas... Linseed meal. 6.58 0.56 10.58 7.92 8.69 9.25 12.01 .81 .88 28.76 35.35 11.79 37.33 66.69 64.83 48.34 41.23 6.46 7.74 32.81 Fat 1.66 0.65 1.38 4.28 1.60 4.18 2.87 .11 .11 7.03 Fuel Value. 84.995 25,714 94,936 156,836 143,490 124,757 111,138 13.986 16,497 144,313 ■90 FEEDING AND FATTENING. The foregoing table gives an analysis of the food values per 100 lbs. of the common stuffs used for fattening sheep in this conntrj. The method to obtain the necessary ration of corn and hay or alfalfa, oats, corn and linseed meal or any other mixture to compare with AVolff's table is as follows: for eight to eleven jvionths old Lamb, Cbrce JNIontbs feeding. Eation. Total Dry Matter. Digestible Portein. .317 .039 .020 .071 Digestible Carbon- Hydrates. 1.110 .333 .120 .032 Digestible Fat. Fuel Value. 3 lbs. alfalfa hay... 1-2 lb. corn 2.7480 .4405 .2225 .2270 .041 .021 .0104 .017 2848.08 784 18 1-4 lb. oats l-41b. linseed meal. 311.11 360.77 Total Wolff standard, 3.680 1.7 .447 .16 1.595 .0894 .85 .037 4304.14 2035. The above ration is not given as a correct ration, but as a comparison in food values, as taken with Wolff's feeding stand- ard. It will be readily seen that there is an excess in total of dry matter of almost two-thirds, an excess of proteids of nearly the same amount, .an excess of carbo-hydrates by one-half, a practical similarity in digestible fats, and twice the amount of fuel value. Taking Wolff's standard as correct, the ration should be changed by reducing the amount of alfalfa hay, and corn till the amount of digestible proteids and carbo-hydrates compare as near as possible with the standard. It is, however, impossible to give any exact ration which would be suitable to any and all feeding sheep or lambs. The amount consumed is governed by the individual idiosyncrasy of the animal, the main point in feeding all animals being regularity as regards time for feeding grain, giving just what the sheep can clean up readily, dry quarters, and quietude. The value of a feeding table is that it shows intelligent feeders the relative difference between certain foodstuffs as fat FEEDING AND FATTENING. 9r and flesli producers, enabling them to intelligently increase the feed as needed, so as to ensure desired results. food and Increase. Sheep fattening on corn with good hay, or alfalfa, com- bined with some roots or other succulent food, will consume on an average of fifteen pounds of the dry substance of the mixed food per 100 pounds of the live weight per week, and should yield over a considerable period of time one part of increase in live weight for about nine parts of the dry substance of their food. The food being of extra good quality, sheep may give a maximum amount of increase for a given amount of total dry substance of food, provided the latter contain as much as five parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of the nitrogenous com- pounds. Cereals contain on an average rather more than six parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds — the leguminous seeds, such as peas and beans, often not more than two parts to one. Oil meal and corn contain rather more than six-sevenths of their weight of dry substance. Turnips and ruta-bagas contain from one-twelfth to one-ninth, and potatoes about one-fourth of their weight of dry substance. With as much as five or six parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds in the dry substance of the fattening food for sheep the increase will probably be very fat. In the earlier stages of feeding it is de- sirable to have a lower proportion of total non-nitrogenous to nitrogenous compounds. Che proportion of parts. Tn proportion to their weight, sheep yield rather more in- ternal loose fat than oxen. In relation to their weight oxen contain considerably more of stomachs and contents than sheep. Oxen and sheep are proportionately equal in the other internal •92 FEEDING AND FATTENING. organs, sucli as the heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, liver, gall- bladder and contents; they also are proportionately equal so far as blood is concerned. As sheep mature and fatten, the internal offal parts increase in actual weight, but decrease in proportion to the weight of the animal. The loose fat alone of the internal offal parts in- creases in actual weight in proportion to the weight of the body. As sheep mature and fatten the total "offal" increases in actual weight but diminishes in proportion to the weight of the body. Fattened sheep (shorn) should yield about 58 per cent, carcass in fatted live weight; excessively fat sheep may yield 64 per cent, or more. AVhen the fattening food of sheep contains less than about five parts of non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds, the proportion of gross increase for a given amount of dry substance of the food, will not increase with the increased proportion of nitrogenous compounds, whilst the proportion of the carcass to the live weight will be somewhat less, the carcass being more fleshy and containing less fat. Sheep should '^tore up about ten parts of fat for every 100 parts of non-nitrogenous substance consumed. Sheep on a mixed fattening diet should give about nine parts dry increase, made up of about eight parts fat, eight-tenths to nine-tenths of a part nitrogenous substance, and about one-fifth of a part mineral matter for 100 parts dry substance consumed, demonstrating that nearly ninety parts of the consumed dry substance are ex- pired, perspired, or voided from the system. The stomachs and their contents constitute about seven and one-half per cent, of the entire weight of the body; the intestines and other contents amounting to about three and one-half per cent. Taking collectively the stomachs, small and large intestines and their respective contents, we find that the entire bodies of sheep yield an average of rather more than eleven per cent. FEEDING AND FATTENING. 93 The rate of increase in actual weight as the sheep fattens is rather greater for the heart, aorta, lungs and widpipe, liver and gall-bladder, pancreas, spleen and blood than it is for the col- lective stomachs, intestines and their contents. A fat sheep or lamb fit to kill should contain about thirty per cent, of fat — a very fat sheep might contain considerably more. It must be thoroughly understood that in fattening sheep, the same as in fattening other animals, that heat is a food saver. Little exer- cise and warm quarters will effect a saving of a third in the cost of feeding. CHAPTER V. Hnatomical Structure of the Sheep. We shall not enter deeply into a consideration of the anatomy of the sheep, believing that the technical terms, while very necessary for the nse of scientific men, would only tend to confnse the. general reader. We will endeavor to simply ex plain the general structnre and internal organs and their uses, so that when describing symipioms of diseases, and after-death appearences, the parts mentioned can be readily understood. We find that the sheep, so far as its general make-up is concerned, resembles the ox very closely. The animal body is an aggregation of separate cells, each endowed with life and having a certain function to perform. The general make up of an animal is called tissue. Tissue of an animal body is a collec- tion of cells, together with their formed material, which is char- acterized by a special function. The formed material is that which surrounds the cells and is not vital in its properties. The animal body is composed of solids and fluids. The solids are the muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective tissues. They may be said to enter into the confonnation of the solids. There are, however, a few special tissues which it will not be worth our while to consider in this work. Epithelial cells are those having the special function of protecting the organs underlying them, they also have the func- tion of secretion and enter into nerve construction. They are alwavs found covering the surface of the body, and the interior of all cavities having communication Avith the exterior of the sv«tem. Connective tissue is a collection of cells with their AXATO^rrCAL STRUCTURE OF THF. SHEEP. 95 formed material controlling the shape and framework of the body. Connective tissue is divided into three classes, 1 fibrous. 2 cartilaginous, 3 bone. Muscular tissue is composed of a collection of cells wirh their formed material, having the function of contraction. • Of muscular tissue we have two varieties, namely, the voluntary and the involuntary. The voluntary muscular tissue is that which is under the control of the will, such as the muscle tissiu' of the legs, neck, tail, etc. Involuntary muscle tissue is that which is not under the control of the will of the animal, fur instance, the muscle structure of the heart, stomach, etc. Fat is formed in the animal body by the degeneration of the cells themselves. Adipose, or fatty tissue, is formed by the aggrega- tion of masses of degenerated cells held together by the formed material of those cells. Xervous tissue is composed of a collection of cells, endowed Avith the function of irritability. To support the various tissues and afford shape and support for them, we find the class of con- nective tissue called bone, being arranged to form a framework, or skeleton, to which all the various tissues are attached. In the sheep we find that the skeleton is composed of nearly two hundred separate bones of various sizes and shapes. The bones in order to permit movement, one over the other, are joined together by strong bands called ligaments, the motion of the limbs, head, and neck and other parts of the body being effected by the contraction of the various muscle structures, which are connected to the bones. The insertion of the muscle to the bone being by means of a tough fibrous structure, intimately con- nected with the muscle substance, and called the tendon. Muscles as a rule have two separate points of attachment, which are generally bones, the contraction of the muscles brings these points nearer together, so effecting motion. 96 ANATOMICAL STEUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. Muscles are supplied with vessels of various kinds, such as arteries, to bring them blood for their nourishment; veins to carry away the worn out material, nerves to furnish sensation to the parts and communicate the mandates of the will. The nerves pass from the brain or spinal cord, and resem- ble a system of telegraph wires; one set of which receives sensa- tion and transmits it to the brain, the other which transmits the will from the brain to the muscles. The brain is a whitish, pulpy substance situated in a large cavity in the skeleton of the head, which extends from the forehead, above the eyes, to the base and back of the skull. The spinal cord is situated in the hollow found in the center of the bones of the back, generally called the vertebrae, and extends from the base of the skull, where it connects with the brain, to the center of the first bone of the tail. The body, viewed as a whole, can be divided into two cavities, that of the chest, in which the heart and lungs and various gland structures are situated, and that of the abdomen, where the stomachs, intestines and other organs necessary for the digestion of foods are located. The heart is the pump of the system, the lungs may be said to be the filter and sterilizer. The blood as it leaves the heart is forced by the heart's contraction to all the various parts of the body, carrying to those parts nourislmient and material to repair their continual waste. Having performed these functions it passes into minute vessels called capillaries, from thence into large ones called veins, and from there it is returned to the heart, only entering into a different cavity in that organ than that from which it started. From this cavity the blood is again expelled by the heart's contraction, passing to the lungs, there it is exposed to the air and takes up oxygen, throwing off the carbonic acid gas and effete matter which it had collected in its journey through the animal body; from the lungs it passes back to the heart, finally entering into the same cavity from ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 97 Avliicli it was first expelled, only to be again pumped out and sent on its mission through the system. The abdomen contains, as has been mentioned, the stomachs, liver, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and other organs, where the functions of digestion are carried on, and where various fluids are manufactured for or excreted from the system. We find that the internal organs are not firmly fixed in the different cavities, but are suspended as it were from the roof of these chambers by a membrane, en- dowed with nerves and blood vessels, called respectively: the pericardium, as it envelopes the heart; the pleura, as it invests the lungs, and the peritoneum as it suspends and covers the stom- achs, liver, intestines, and other parts in the abdomen. The part of the peritoneum suspending the large and small intestines is called the mesentery, and contains within its folds nerves, blood vessels, and glands, connecting with the circulation of the blood supply of the absorbent glands of the bowels, called villi. These glands in the mesentery are called lacteals, they absorb the products of digestion, called the chyle, and convey it away to a duct or canal called the thoracic duct, which enters the cir- culation near the point of entrance of the venous blood to the heart. It is the chyle in the blood which furnishes nutriment to the various tissues, and is of vital importance in repairing the incessant waste of the tissues. We shall consider the functions of the liver and other organs of the body when describing the respiratory and digestive organs of the body. The Skeleton of the Sheep is an aggregation of bones possess- ing stability and firmness for the attachment of muscles, and the protection of the vital organs situated in the chest and ab- dominal cavities. Bones are composed of inorganic salts deposited in a basis of animal matter; to the former it owes its hardness and density, to the latter its elasticity and tenacity, the combination of the two rendering the tissue solid and elastic enough to prevent 98 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. breaking from any ordinary cause. The external surface of every bone is covered by a dense, tough, inelastic membrane called the periosteum, except where a tendon plays over the bone, or where one bone articulates with another, in which places ^vill be found a layer of cartilage. The periosteum is firmly adherent to the bone, and is the bed in which the blood vessels and nerves supplying the bone Skeleton of the Sheep. are distributed. It becomes very painful when inflamed, on account of the pressure on the nerves, due to its inelasticity. It is the protecting life membrane of the bone it covers; any bone denuded of this covering will in all probability die, ex- foliate and decay. The long bones of the limbs contain a hollow cavity extending from one end of the bone to the other. This eavitv contains a substance called the marrow, which is a soft ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OP THE SHEEP. 99 yellow fat, deposited in fibres of connective tissue. It nuiirishes the bone, preventing brittleness and dryness. Bones are classed as long, flat or irregular. Under the head of long bones are classed the bones of the limbs, which support and act as levers for the bony framework. Flat bones are found where the least possible motion is desired. They help to enclose cavities containing important organs, such as the brain; or the bones en- closing the cavity of the chest, where the heart and lungs are situated. Irregular bones include all not classed with the long and flat varieties. They are found in the spinal column, skull, and also in the limbs. They possess as a rule many angles, with surfaces for attachment of tendons and articulating surface. In proportion to their size they present a much greater mechanical strength than those of the other classes. Cbc Bones of the Head. The skull of the sheep articulates with the first cervical verte- brae from which it is suspended by its base. It is composed of a number of distinct and separate bones, which, as the animal be- comes advanced in age, ossify into one solid mass. The first ob- ject of the bones of the skull is to protect the brain from injury. For this purpose the skull surrounding the brain consists of two plates or tables, the outer tough and thick, the inner hard and brittle. The outer, being tough, yields slightly to resistance, diminishing concussion, while the latter, by its hardness, prevents the entrance of sharp bodies into the brain. The cranial cavity containing the brain is about one-third the size of the other parts of the skull, the other cavities being the mouth, for the entrance and masitication of food, and the nasal, for breathing and smell- ing purposes. The cranial cavity is formed by the union of nine distinct bones, cabled respectively 2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 100 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital. The frontal bones form the an- terior part between the eyes, called the forehead. The inner plate of these bones is separated from the outer, forming a cavity between them called the frontal sinns, which sinus is divided by a septum or ridge to afford support and strength to the part. The internal plate covers the anterior portion of the part of the brain called the cerebrum. In horned sheep this frontal sinus or cavity is considerably deeper than in others, affording greater protection for the brain, the horned sheep being naturally more pugnacious than its hornless brother, and with greater ad- vantages to do harm. In horned sheep the horns proceed on each side from the frontal bone, appearing to be prolongations of that bone. The two parietal bones are placed at the upper and middle part of the cranium, covering the middle parts, or lobes of the cerebellum, their internal surfaces closely corres- ponding to the external conformation of the cerebellum. The occipital bone is situated at the back or base of the skull. It is a single bone possessed of great strength. Its in- ternal surface covers the base of the brain called tlie cerebrum, the medulla oblongata, which may be classed as the connection between the brain and spinal cord, resting on its floor; the pos- terior part of the bone is smooth and round, to articulate with the first bone of the cervical vertebrae or neck, called the atlas. It has many external projections for the attachment of muscle tendons, giving motion of the head on the neck. The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are composed of two parts, one the squamous temporal and the other the petrous temporal, which in the sheep ace distinct and separate from each other. The squamous temporal is externally a convex plate, with a hooked projection arising from it. This projection assists in forming what is called the zygomatic arch. The squamous ANAT0:MICAL STEUCTUEE of the sheep. 101 portion in its posterior part has a shallow cavity for the articula- tion of the lower jaw-bone. This cavity is shallow in herbivorous animals, snch as sheep, when compared with that in meat eating, or carnivorous animals. This is due to the different modes of mastication of the two classes, that of herbivora being a grinding lateral motion, only a shallow articulation is required, while in carnivora, which require to tear and rend their food necessitating opening the jav.'s very wide, the articulation is necessarily deep. The petrous portion of the bone is hard, flinty, apparently a solid convex figure. It is the receptacle, however, for the organ of hearing, and contains on its internal face orifices for the passage of the auditoiy nerve, with a corresponding larger one on its external face for the passage of sound. The inferior and middle parts of the cranium are formed principally by the sphenoid bone. This supports the middle lobes of the cerebrum, and has many holes in it for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. Anterior to and inferior to the cranial cavity we find an- other called the nasal, which is separated from the cranial by a bone called the ethmoid. This bone supports the anterior lobes of the cerebrum, and has passages through it for the exit of the olfactory nerves, Avhicli are those conve^ang the sense of smell to the brain. This is the bone which is punctured when oper- ating on "sturdy" or "giddy sheep," by passing a wire up the nasal cavity through the ethmoid and puncturing the sack con- taining the parasite in the cerebral part of the brain substance. The other bones of the head are those composing the part called the face, viz., the frontal, nasal, superior maxillary, lachrymal, anterior maxillary, palate bones, malar, and inferior maxillary. These bones are of various sizes and shapes, in- timately joined together, becoming blended almost into one solid tnns^J as the animal progresses in age. 102 ANATOMICAL STEUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. Cbe Bones of the Body. The backbone, or vertebrae, extends from the articulation of the first bone of the neck, called the atlas, to the last bone of the tail, termed the coccyx. The bones of the neck, or cervical vertebrae as thev are termed, are very irregular in shape, with a large channel in the center passing through all of them, and protected on all sides by the bodies of the separate vertebrae. It is in this channel that the spinal cord is situated, and through holes in the bodies of the vertebrae, called foramen, the spinal nerves pass to the different parts of the body. These bones all have large projec- tions from their superior surfaces and sides, which are respec- tively termed the superior and transverse processes. The super- ior increase in size become very large in the region of the shoulder, and then decrease as they approach the tail, while the transverse processes are small in the region of the neck and shoulder, increasing in length as they approach the loin, finally disappearing at the coccyx. These processes or spines are for the attachment of the various muscles, and from those of the neck we also find a yellow elastic ligament passing forward from the withers to the poll, which is mainly instrumental in supporting the head and neck. Attached to the side of the bodies of the vertebrae of the -lioulders and loin are long, flat bones, termed the ribs, 13 on each side, eight of which being attached directly to the chest- bone, called the sternum, are termed the true ribs, the other five are attached by a cartilage to the former, and are termed the false. The ribs should sprJng horizontally from tJie backbone describing an arch as they descend downward and slightly for- ward, increasing the rotundity of the frame, which gives the .inimal a greater surface for the deposition of flesli. The loins are formed by the strongest of the vertebrae, the transverse pro- AXATOMICAL STRUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 103 cesses at this point being' long and broad, they afford protection to the roof of the abdominal cavity. On their length depends rlie breadth of loin and a})ility for the animal to pnt on flesh at that part. Behind the loin we find that five of the vertebrae become ossified into one single bone of great strength, and perforated by nnmerous holes for the passage of spinal nerves. The spinal cord diminishes in size on entering this bone, terminating at its hind extremity in several nerves, which pass to the mnscles of the tail. The bones of the tail, called the coccyx, are not per- forated in their middle, are irregular in shape, and nnmerous. They simply give attachment to the tail mnscles. Cbc Bones of the fore Gxtrewities. The shoulder-blade, called the scapula, is a triangular- shaped bone, the base being situated uppermost. It has a spine or ridge running down its middle for muscle attachment. It is not very long in proportion to its width, being flat and slightly hollowed out on its inner face, where it is attached to the ribs by means of muscles. The forepart of the body being slung, as it were, between the fore extremities, concussion and injury is materially diminished and an additional flexibility is given to the body, wlich could not be obtained by a bony articulation. Articulating with the lower end of the shoulder blade we find a thick, irregularly-shaped long bone, termed the humerus, or upper arm bono. It projects downward and backwards, and articulates with the lower arm lione or radius. This bono in the sheep is short and strong. Back of the radius and running par- allel to it .and articulating with the knee-joint below and humerus above is situated the elbow-bone or ulna; below these ilie bones of the knee-joint are situated, and below these again i? the shank or metacarpus, composed of two bones, oue uf which. 104 ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. is rudimentary. The principal metacarpal bone is furrowed throughout its entire length by a deep fissure, a trace of primi- tive separation of the bone in two pieces, the posterior face being also similarly marked. Below the metacarjous we find four bones or digits, two of which are perfect. Behind the articulation of the metacarpus and digits are two small bones called sesamoids, which serve as levers, over which tendons pass. The bone of the foot or os pedis is also double, and articulating, superiorly with pasterns, gives the conformity of cloven foot. The foot is formed by the coffin bones and navicular, two of each, surrounded by a horny box, as an outside protection to the sensitive parts overlying these bones. The lower and back part of the coffin bone is attached to an elastic pad of a fibrous nature, which by its elasticity minimizes the concussion consequent to the weight of the animal being suddenly thrown on the foot. This pad, resting on the hornv heels, supports the principal part of the animal's weight, very little being communicated to the toe of the foot. In sheep the crust of the foot is secreted by a vascular structure, the coronary substance which in the horse secretes the greater part of the crust, being absent in the sheep. The sole of the foot is secreted from the vascular membrane situated immediately above it, called the sensitive sole, there being a considerable thickness of this dense substance between the coffin bone and horny sole. This explains why, in sheep with foot rot, the foot can be so quickly restored, as when the horn is lost it is imme- diately replaced from the structure under it, and there is not the delay as in the horse, where the secretion is mainly formed from the coronary substance. The inside of the crust, between the toes or cleft of the foot, is much thinner than that portion on the outer side, and it is here that foot rot most frequently commences. The horny part of the foot consists of the crust, or outer shell, and sole. The crust ANATOMICAL STKUCTUEE OF THE SHEEP. 105 surrounds the sides and front of the foot, turning inwards at the toe, passing straight back to the heels. It is thin on its inner sides, getting thick at toe and outside of foot. The sole covers the bottom of the foot, the heels being jointly formed by the crust and sole. The heels are springy and soft. They support the principal part of the animal's weight, and are the part which suffer most when the sheep are compelled to travel far over hard ground. At the pastern joint where the foot becomes cleft a small open- ing can be detected, which is the entrance to what is tei*med the Xntcrungulatc Sinus of Sbccp. i»— Inner aspect of first phalanx. ! lower portion, where the bolus is first seized to be returned to the EUMIXATIOX. 125 mouth. Beyond a doubt some portions of the food undergo re- mastication several times. The liquid portion of the food after passing through the reticulum most likely goes direct to the fourth stomach. This is inferred from the dry condition of the contents of the third stomach, even when the animal is in the best of health, that viscus being the organ which triturates and breaks up into small fragments, the matter which passes into it thus rendering them more susceptible to the action of the gastric juices of the abomasum or stomach proper. Where the leaves in the omasum are imperfectly formed it has been observed that the animal so affected will not thrive, although it may consume a large amount of food. The fourth stomach, called the abomasum, is the stomach proper, where the virtual act of diges- tion is carried on, the contents being subjected to the action of • the gastric juice. Young animals existing on their mother's milk employ only the fourth stomach for- the digestion of the same. The other stomachs, not being in use, are practically undevel- oped, but as it commences to feed on other substances requiring" a more extensive and intricate process to extract their nutritive properties the other stomachs develop in size to accommodate the new conditions. By the time the food arrives in the fourth stomach it has been well macerated and mixed with fluid, forming a pulpy mass, ready to be submitted to the action of the pepsin and acid secreted from the mucous glands of the organ. The food in this viscus is converted into a mixture called chyme, rendering it fit for further processes of digestion in the intestinal canal. On leaving the fourth stomach the food passes through a valvular orifice called the pyloric opening, the passage through which is guarded bv valves opening towards the intestines, affording entrance to them, at the same time rendering a return of tlie contents of the intestines to the stomach impossible. 126 THE INTESTINAL OEGANS. Che Intestinal Organs. The intestines are sub-divided into two classes, the small and the large; the small being narrow and uniform in diameter and of considerable length, the large being irregularly dilated and sacculated. The small intestines are arbitrarily i-'^ I, 1,111 If*'^"^ "^^ "'^'K.* a . (From Chauveau s Anatomy ) a, a— Lacteal vessels in the villi. ^, ^—Superficial layer of the lacteal vessels (rete angustum). c, c — Deep layer of the lacteals (^^^f atnplum.) d, d — Efferent vessels pro- vided with valves, e — Lieberkuhn's g-lands. X— Payer's grlands. ^—Circular muscular layer of the wall of the intestine. A— Long-itudinal layer. ?— Peritoneal layer. divided into three sub-divisions, that joining the abomasum being called the duodenum, which is a short curved portion con- taining glands called Peyers patches, and receiving ducts from the pancreas and liver. This is succeeded by a short portion THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 127 desceiRliiig duwnward and backward to the left tlank, where it becomes the jejununi, the ileum being the portion suspended in the left flank whieh terminates at its junction with the large gut called the caecum. r^be Large Intcatttics Are divided into three divisions. 1. The Caecum. 2. The Colon. 3. The Rectum. The caecum is a vast reservoir in the form of a cul-de-sac. It is nearly cylindrical in form without bulgings or longitudinal bands; its extremity is rounded and globular, floating freely in the cavity of the abdomen and directed backwards. The ileum joins the caecum by piercing the latter at right angles at its superior extremity, the internal mucous membrane of the ileum forming a valve permitting the passage of material to the caecum, but effectually preventing its return. The caecum serves as a reservoir for the enormous quantity of fluid ingested by herbivorous animals, which in its rapid course through the stomachs and small intestines is not absorbed by the villi or mucous projections in the bowels. The fluids accumulate iu this gut, and by their solvent properties on the matter contained in it favor their entrance into the circulation through the large expanse of absorbing surface which the mucous membrane of the gut presents. It is in this viscus that digestion is virtually completed in herbivorous animals. The colon commences from an opening situated above the entrance of the ileum to the caecum. In calibre it at first equals the caecum, but soon be- comes constricted, maintaining a uniform diameter, which, for about eight feet in length, is nearly treble the diameter of the small intestines; then the gut decreases in size to the same calibre as that of the small intestines, continuing so for about nine feet in length, when it again increases in size about one foot ]U'ior to its termination, this latter part being termed the rectum. THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. 129" At the point of diminution of calibre of the large intestines the faeces gradnally become hard, acquiring the form of small black pellets, being voided in this condition when the animal is iu good health. We shall now consider the organs secreting fluids which have entrance to the intestinal canal, for the purpose of aiding digestion. Of these we find two, the liver and pancreas. The liver is the largest and most useful solid organ of the body. Having manifold functions, it secretes the bile which is of vast importance for the digestion of food; and furthermore, it manufactures sugar, the bile is thrown into the ducts, while the sugar finds immediate access to the blood vessels, to be conveyed on through the system. In the sheep the weight of the liver averages about l-50th part of that of the carcass, with a slightly greater specific gravity than water. The structure of this organ is peculiar, owing to the diversity of the functions it is called upon to perform. Externally it is found to present a mottled appearance due to small polygonal spaces of a rounded appear- ance, in the center of which redish spots will be observed. These circular bodies are the lobules about l-20th of an inch in diameter, separated one from the other by the polygonal spaces, which are really a network of blood vessels. To explain the structure of this important organ it will be only necessary to examine one of the lobules. The lobule itself is separated from the others and held in place by a network of blood vessels, which permeate its substance, joining together in the center of the lobule. An artery called the hepatic artery and a vein called the portal vein convey blood to the liver, both entering the organ side by side through a fissure called the transverse. €bc Bile. The bile is elaborated from the blood brought to the liver by the portal vein, which conies direct from the intestinal mu- cous surfaces, charged with assimilable substances absorbed by the veins of the intestinal papillae called the villi. 130 THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. The bile being separated from the blood is conveyed into a receptacle called the gall bladder, from which a dnct issues, opening into the small intestines about eighteen inches from the junction of the stomach and intestines. Ruminants are all furnished with this reservoir or gall bladder, so also is man, and the majority of carnivorous animals, the exception being the horse, in which case the bile is thrown out into the bowel as soon as it is manufactured, causing at all times a constant flow into the intestines of this liquid. Xlbc functions of the Bile. Bile is both a secretion and an excretion. To better under- stand the meaning of these terms ir may be well to define them as follows: A secretion is a fluid manufactured in the animal body for further use. An excretion is a waste material to be eliminated from the system. Bile contains both secretory and excretory ingredients. It is a natural purgative, stimulating the action of the intestinal juices and the peristaltic motion of the bowels. Besides being an antiseptic, it assists in the digestion of fats. Entering the in- testines close to where the chyme flows from the stomach it pre- cipitates certain ingredients in that fluid, rendering them suscept- ible to the action of the juice from the pancreas. The quantity of bile secreted from a sheep's liver in 24 hours by weight amounts to between three and five pounds. The liver then may be considered as the regulator of the amount of sugar and fatty matter in the blood, any excessive amount which is not required to support combustion accumulat- ing in the various tissues of the body. "Che Pancreas. The Pancreas is an organ composed of glandular tissue .entirely, making a fleshy mass, hence the name pancreas, THE GENITO-URINAEY SYSTEM. T3t which means "all flesh." The fluid secreted from tia^ oi^c^x^ empties into the intestines through the same duct conveying the l)ile. It is exceedingly active, possessing in its varied functions more powers than any other juice. In herbivorous animals the flow of pancreatic juice is continuous, never ceasing entirely. It contains five difi^erent ingredients, which exert changes on vari- ous kinds of foodstuffs, having a specific action in emulsifying fatty matters, rendering them capable of absorption. Cbe Genito-Clrinary System. Urine is an excretion, separated from the blood by the kid- neys, which are two solid organs situated in the abdominal cavity, firmly attached to its roof in the part called the sub-lumbar region, or loin. The kidney in appearance is bean-shaped, with a tube leav- ing its concave portion called the ureter. This tube proceeds backwards and downwards, reaching the pelvic cavity, where immediately below the terminal end of the intestine we find a large fluctuating sac, the size of which depends on the amount of its contents — this is called the bladder. The ureter passes back to the neck of the bladder, to which it gains access by pene- trating first its muscular coat, between which and the mucous membrane it passes for a short distance, then piercing the mucous membrane it gains access to the interior of the bladder, this peculiar manner of penetrating the coats of the bladder being an arrangement of nature by which the flow of the urine from the bladder back into the ureter is prevented. The kidneys play a most important part in the animal economy, as they eliminate from the blood not only the superfluous water and other accessory substances, but the excremential nitrogenous products resulting from tissue waste. Comprising the urinary apparatus we find the 132 THE GENITO-UKINAEY SYSTEM. (1) Kidneys. (2) The ureters. (3) The bladder. (4) the urethral canal leading from the bladder and communicat- ing with the outside of the animal body either by passing through the penis, or, as in the female, by an opening on the floor of the vaginal cavity. If a horizontal section is made of a kidney it will be found to possess a cavity called the renal basin, which receives the urine as it is secreted by the gland. It is here that the ureter com- mences. The internal surface of the renal basin is covered with a mucous membrane, which extends continuously through the ureters to the bladder, which organ it entirely lines, extending from it down the urethral canal to the end of the penis, or. in the female, the vulva. The intimate structure of the kidney is composed of minute tubes which arise from tufts of blood vessels. The excremen- titious matters are separated from the blood in these tufts and eonvej^ed down the tubes to the renal basin, from which they are conveyed by the ureters to the bladder, being voided from that organ in accordance with the will of the animal. The urine is a peculiar fluid. Its solids represent the waste from tissue change. It is the sewage of the system, and con- tains among its solid ingredients a substance termed urea, which if separated and purified ajipears in the shape of needle-like crystals, which are soluble in hot or cold water. Urea is sup- posed to arise from excess of nitrogenous food, and from nitro- genous changes constantly taking place in the body. Its elimina- tion from the system is very important. Should urea remain in the blood, or be re-absorbed, uraemic poisoning is produced, a condition frequently seen in cases where the functional proper- ties of the kidneys are impaired by disease. In the ram the iirethra is of considerable length, extending as it does the whole length of the penis; just below the anal opening it forms an acute angle to conform with the downward and forward direction .of the penis. THE GENITO-UKINAKY SYSTEM. 133 Che Generative Organs. IiuliviJuals in the organic kingdom possess the faculty of reproduction in order to perpetuate the species to which they be- long. Milk-giving animals, to reproduce their kind, need the concurrence of tAvo individuals, a male and a female, who under certain circumstances have intercourse, the male furnish- ing the fertilizing fluid for the germ, which is supplied by the female. The fluid from tlie male is called the semen. This vivifies the ovum, rendering it capable of development. Cbc 6enital Organs of the Male. The semen, or vitalizing fluid, is elaborated in two glands called the testes or testicles. , These are oval in shape and situated in a cutaneous sack placed between the hind legs, which is called the scrotum. In this sack they are separated one from the other by means of a dividing septa, a prolongation from the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity. The testicles in the foetus are formed in the abdominal cavity, descending into the scrotum a few days prior to or after birth. In descending they carry their peritoneal covering down with them into the scrotum, giving them three coats as it were, one of skin and two of folds of peritoneum. Frequently the testicles in leaving the abdominal cavity are accompanied by a portion of the intestines, which also occupy the scrotal sac, forming what is termed a congential hernia. Arising from the testicle is a thin whitish cord, which connects it with the glands or reservoirs placed on the superior surface of the neck of the bladder. This is called the spermatic cord. It is composed of nerves and blood vessels and a portion of peritoneal covering, enclosing also the duct called the va? deferens, which conveys the semen from the testicle to the glands on the bladder, termed the vesiculae seminales. Connecting the vesiculae seminales to the urethra are two short tubes termed 134 THE GENITO-UEINARY SYSTEM. the ejaciilatorj ducts. The semen being thrown through the ejaculatory ducts into the urethra, by the contraction of the walls of the vesiculae seminales at the time of copulation, passes down the urethra and is deposited in the vagina of the female. The testicles in sheep are very large in proportion to the animal's size, which accounts for the wonderful procreative powers possessed by rams, that are able, when full grown, to serve from 75 to 100 ewes in the course of a month. The penis of the ram has at its extremity a vermiform appendage, which is a prolonga- tion of the urethra. This is very sensitive, and is the part fre- quently injured in the removal of calculi from the penis. When injured this appendage is very apt to slough off, seriously affect- ing the usefulness of the ram for breeding purposes. "Che 6eiicratm Organs of the ■female. Situated in the abdomen, close to the borders of the pelvic cavity, are found two ovoid shaped glands, one on each side, rest- ing in the folds of a ligamentous structure called the broad liga- ment. These are the ovaries, and are to the female what the testicles are to the male. In these bodies the germ ovum is gen- erated. Passing downwards and backwards from the ovary we find a very short convoluted tube, which connects the ovary with the womb. This tube is called the fallopian tube. It is at- tached to the ovary at the time of germination of the ovum by Dieans of a fimbriated umbrella- like opening called the pavilion of the tube. The womb is a membranous sac to which the ovum is carried, and in which it develops. It is situated at the entrance of the pelvic cavity, immediately under the rectum, being held in position by the broad ligament. It possesses a body and two arms, or horns as they are termed, the extremities cf which are twisted upwards and outwards, and are also held in place by folds of the broad ligament. The posterior end of the uterus terminates in a muscular neck, called the cervix uteri,. THE GENITO-UEINAEY SYSTEM. 135 which projects into the vaginal cavity. The cervix uteri i< always tightly closed, excepting in the period of oestrum and dur- ing parturition. The vagina is a muscular cavity, lined with mucous membrane, situated immediately under the rectum and communicating with the outside by means of a slit-like opening called the vulva. The ovum being generated in the ovary, is Cltcrus, Oviducts and Ovaries of Sbccp. /—Confluence of cornua. e — Round lig'atnent. g — Cornua. h — Fallopian tube. m — Broad ligament (Owen). vivified by the semen from the male, either in the fallopian tube on its passage to the womb or in the womb itself. As soon as fertilized, the egg locates in one of the horns of the womb and there develops into the foetus, the process of development lasting- over a period of about five months before birth of the mature lamb takes place. CHAPTER VIII. JVIating and Selection. In mating sheep the qualities of both parents must be con- sidered, aiming to correct the bad ones and at the same time per- petuate those which are desirable. In the greater number of cases the influence of the male on the offspring is found to ex- ceed that of the female. This is seen in other animals as well as sheep. A mule, for instance, simulates its sire, the ass, in gen- eral conformation and habits; a small mare bred to a large stal- lion produces an offspring half as large again as itself; a Lincoln ram on a Down ewe will produce offspring resembling the former more than the latter. jSTature's laws seeming to be that the sire shall to the greater extent fix the conformation of the offspring, the disposition being frequently governed by that of the dam, the exceptions to this being few, and only tend to prove the rule. In mating and selecting sheep, breeders seek for various points, not so much on account of their particular value when taken singly, but because they are evidence of other valu- able qualities, such as an ability to quickly take on flesh or mature early. Thus we find that in the Southdown breed small heads and legs and small bones are sought after, as these quali- ties are found to be accompanied with exceptional fattening properties. Again black legs and muzzles are desirable, gener- ally insuring a hardy constitution. These then are only the signs of good qualities, the qualities themselves consisting in the different points tending to make up the general conformation of the animal ; for instance, a straight back is a quality in itself, as also is breadth of loin and rotundity of frame. A straight back MATING AND SELECTION. 137 gives a large surface for putting on flesh, and also affords more space for the abdominal organs beneath it. For mutton breeds small bone is desirable; large bone takes a correspondingly greater supply of nutriment in the form of blood, etc., which Avould otherwise be employed in building up the fleshy tissues, hence it is a superfluous quantity, and for a like reason horny ap- pendages can be dispensed with. Rotundity of frame is an ex- cellent attribute, supplying as it does an extended surface for the attachment of the muscles of the back and loins. A soft mellow feeling to the skin is another good quality to be sought after, showing as it does that the cellular tissue underlying it is in a healthy condition, and that fatty cells are being formed in its meshes. The j^oint sought after in breeding is a well formed animal, its frame plentifully supplied with flesh, with as little bone and gristle as possible. The flesh should be distributed largely on the loins and quarters, correspondingly less on the head and neck. Where a large development of flesh exists a disposition to fatten will also be found, and for this to be profit- able the animal must be capable of quick maturity. A number of the prominent breeds, especially those of mutton qualities, have been improved and owe their present state of excellence to judicious cross-breeding, and while this is a fact, it has been demonstrated that no more difficult task in breeding animals than successful crossing can be attempted, calling for not only the application of correct principles, but a degree of practical judgment and shrewdness, which in some persons seems to be in- herent M'ith their nature, while others may strive a lifetime and never acquire the science. Time and time again useful breeds have deteriorated by the injudicious application of cross-breed- ing, some fatal defect having been overlooked only to appear ex- aggerated in the progeny. Again there is hardly a breed of long-wooled sheep whicdi has not been imprm-ed by the admixture of Leicester blood, 138 MATING AND SELECTION. Lut where tliis has been tried on the middle-wooled breeds re- sults were moderate, not effecting any permanent improvement, and often, as in the case of the Southdown breed, were far from successful or virtually failures. So it must be borne in mind that crossing" in the main is experimental, at times succeeding beyond the breeder's most sanguine expectations, at others fail- ing entirely for no visible reason. Where judgment assists in the process is in selecting the successful results, per- petuating them and rejecting the failures. In this manner after a few generations a breed of sheep is sometimes produced which, as in the case of the improved Oxford Downs, Shropshires, and some others we could mention, are desirable to perpetuate with- out the further admixture of foreign blood. Another subject of great importance to breeders is "in-and- in breeding". This process as applied to the human family would be found highly objectionable, for the reason that among people marriages are contracted with little if any regard to the health of the individuals concerned, and certainly without an extensive knowledge of each other's family history. For in- stance, we tind a healthy man marrying a consumptive female to perpetuate the faults of her constitution to his offspring, or a healthy young woman marrying a syphilitic man to hand down a curse to four generations of their descendants. ]^[ow should the offspring of these ill-sorted couples inter-marry the predis- position to tlie disease already inherited would be increased two- fold. A scrofulous brother and sister, from sexual intercourse, could only beget diseased progeny; but supposing that a family had been bred by careful selection, if for generations the ancest- ors on the male side had been always healthy and w^ell formed, and the same could be said of the ancestors on the female side, wdiat danger could be apprehended from a cross in, as breeders term it, viz: the intercourse of brother and sister, or son with parent, where there were no defects to be transmitted, none MATING AND SELECTION. 139 would be possible, and the unnatural mating would only tend to increase the strength of the already present good qualities. While this would be an impossibility as applied to the human family on account of the promiscuous intermingling and indelible stamj)ing of inherent defects for generations and generations, when applied to animals its rationality becomes apparent. Where due attention has been paid to the breeding only from healthy, well formed subjects, in time the disposition for health and form become inherent, and as a sound constitution and per- fect conformation are essential to successful breeding, it is the development of these points which we most desire. For this reason the objection to breeding from close relationship, which is insurmountable in the human family, is untenable when applied to animals. The advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals are as follows : Supposing that the qualities of both parents are good, the more likelihood of the progeny inheriting them by breeding with a view to improvement, the best qualities become concentrated in one family. Should the members of this family not breed one with the other, they would most likely have to be crossed with inferior animals of either sex. This process in- stead of furthering would retard improvement. It is for this reason, therefore, that the most eminent and successful breeders have built up and perpetuated individual families of sheep by the process of in-breeding, and the stock from these pure-bred sheep have proved the strength of heredity by the inheritance of the good qualities of their in-bred ancestors. Where in-breeding fails is in neglect of proper selection, not culling the weak and badly formed from the flock, the breeding of these only tending to perpetuate defects, or whore two animals possessing the same bad quality are allowed to breed. Xotwithstanding their own good qualities, the tendency to perpetuate the bad becomes increased tw^ofold and is hard to get rid of, a defect seemingly being handed down with greater 140 MATING AND SELECTION. ease than a good point can be introdnced. Should, however, proper care be employed, and only those animals possessing good forms and sonnd conditions be allowed to breed, then beyond question the stock will be preserved pnre, the proper form and qualifications will be handed down to the offspring. Selection. This consists in the proper weeding out of the undesirable ewes from the flock and the selection of rams specially fitted to propagate the type of breed and form sought after by the breed- er. The drafted ewes, consisting not only of those with broken mouths, but such of the younger stock whose faulty conforma- tion renders them unfit to perpetuate their kind. The breeder selects every year one or more rams to place with the ewe flock, and naturally selects those wdiose points and breeding are in line with his desires. Should he be breeding for wool more than mutton the selection will be of a ram of the Merino type, taking care that in all respects it is a typical representative of the breed. If breeding for mutton, or for both wool and mutton, those selected will be from such breeds as are noted for these par- ticular points and qualities, but in no case does the breeder select a ram of faulty conformation, even though he be descended from a long line of noted ancestors, the mere fact of his imper- fections being evidence of a weakness in his chain of ancestry. The same applies to the selection of ewes. The breeder hav- ing decided on the particular class which he desires, always bears the same in mind when buying ewes to add to his flock. He will also make annual drafts from the flock, all undesirable animals being sold as feeders, or if fat disposed of to the butcher. Every draft made on a flock tends to strengthen the general appearance and enhances the value of the remainder. Ewes with weak necks, imperfect form or fleece, flat ribs or slanting quarters, are undesirable, their progeny being certain to inherit MATING AND SELECTION. 141 some of their faulty features. If the breeder will cull out all such animals it will only be a short time before the results will more than pay for the sacrifice. At the same time it must be admitted that a weak fore-end can be overcome by crossing with a ram with an exceptionally strong one; that a weakness on the part of one parent may be surmounted by the selection of one of the opposite sex which evidences a proportionate amount of strength where the other shows weakness. Ewes before being put to the ram should be in good condi- tion. They will then be in the best shape to conceive, and the lambino- season will be materially shortened therebv. CHAPTER IX. H Study of Disease in General. Before defining the word disease it would be as well to un- derstand what constitutes health. Prof. A. H. Baker of the Chicago Veterinary College defines health as follows: ''When the lungs, heart and abdominal vestments, with their functions, attendants, and adjuncts, causing respiration, circulation and digestion, all presided over by the brain and nervous system, working harmoniously together are each performing their func- tion rythmically, one with the other, the condition is known as health." Disease is the opposite to health, or a deviation from the healthy condition, some organ or organs failing to perform its proper functions. The general symptoms of disease in a sheep are the want of sprightliness, acting in a dull manner, an inability or indifference to remain with the flock, a rough, dirty, dry condition of the fleece, assuming unnatural recumbent positions, a desire for its own company, leaving the herd, and moping by itself. The dis- eases of sheep are numerous, and frequently fatal, being influ- enced by the nature and habits of the animal as well as by its constitution. As stated previously, when considering the digestive system, the organs of digestion are excessively developed in the .sheep to permit it to extract nutrition from coarse and seemingly innutritions foods; to supply this complicated digestive machin- ery an excessive nervous development is required, and hence it will be found that the brain is small and the intellect poorly de- veloped, the nervous energy being expended on the stomachs and intestines. A STUDY OF DISEASE IX GEXEKAL. 143 The muscular system is also weak, the sheep being imfitted for laborious exercise, even in its free state, and still more so among the better bred and pampered varieties, where the nature of the food and enforced inactivity tend still further to weaken its energy and vitality. In comparison with the weak muscular development we find tliat the vascular system is also feeble, the amount of blood cir- culating in the system being considerably less in proportion to the body weight than in the horse. Exertion requires extra combustion, greater waste of tissueSj and a correspondingly greater circulation of blood to supply the tissue and repair its waste. The horse being required to exert muscular force frequently needs a large blood supply, whereas in the sheep these exertions are not necessary, hence the waste of tissue is also less, and a large amount of vascularity is un- needed ; and while the sheep consumes a greater amount of food, as compared in size w4th the horse, we find that it is quickly con- verted into flesh, only a small portion remaining as blood in the system. It will be noticed that the number of specific diseases of sheep as compared to the horse and ox are few, seemingly due to the animal's inherent constitution, which resists certain dis- eases affecting other herbivora, as pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa, glanders, etc., but it is found that the diffusion of races of sheep to other localities has tended to increase the number of con- tagious sheep diseases. Again a large proportion of sheep are sold to be slaughtered before reaching maturity, and the ma- jority before reaching old age, virtually reducing the number of diseases to which they would be liable had they been allowed to reach adult state. For this reason we have few chronic diseases to deal with, such as produce serious changes in the skeletal, cir- culatory, and digestive system — of the horse for an example — resulting from overwork and old age. 144 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. Tiie small size of the sheep, combined with its docile nature, render its handling for examination and treatment in disease an easy matter, but it may be as well to state here the proper man- ner to catch them to avoid injuring the animal or the staple. Sheep shonld not be held or lifted by the wool, as it not only produces unnecessary pain, but the struggles on the part of the animal cause the skin to be bruised. Ewes heavy in lamb should never* be caught by the hind leg for self-evident reasons. To catch sheep, especially large heavy ones, seize the animal by the neck with both hands, pass one hand around the body, grasp the brisket, and lift the sheep clear from the ground, setting it on its rump. "When using a crook apply it quickly to the hind leg above the hock, drawing the animal back sharply to prevent it from springing sidewise and wrenching the leg; when the sheep is within reach seize the leg, releasing the crook. The simplest manner to lift a sheep without inflicting injury is to grasp it around the body with the arms immediately behind the forelegs, raising it and laying it on its side or setting it on its rump. The domestication of the sheep calls for various operations, such as shearing, washing, castration, etc., any of which when not properly carried out being liable to cause disease; exposure to cold storms, errors in hygienic surroundings, even if apparently trifling, grazing on unsuitable pastures are all fertile causes of disease. Even domestication predisposes to disease, especially among the highly improved breeds, from the artificial nature of the animal's existence, which renders the system more compli- cated and susceptible to trifling derangements, which very quickly become serious. Owing to the complex arrangement of the digestive system it is frequently the seat of disease, which is as often caused by an excess of aliment as a deficiency, or a super- abundance of dry matter, or from the germs of parasites, which mature and exist in the internal economy at the expense of the health of the aninuil, and it will be observed that the diseases A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 145 which affect the digestive organs are more numerous and fre- quent than all others to which sheep are liable. By their ex- posure to the vicissitudes of the weather, although greatly pro- tected by their woolly covering, also from being grazed on cold and wet soil, unsuitable to their natural habits, diseases are fre- quently induced, especially those of the feet, such as foot-rot. The herding together in flocks facilitates the spread of infectious diseases through the herd, and the attacks of flies and other vermin during the summer months are a source of annoyance and care to the sheep owner. Parasites are the most serious and fatal causes of sheep diseases, producing a large proportion of the losses. They affect the animal internally and externally, causing debility and wasting, but at the same time they are easily recognized, and yield readily to properly applied agents. Diseases which affect limited areas or districts, due to some local cause, are called enzootic. Sheep from their conditions of life and management are frequently subject to enzootic diseases, a number of a flock being affected simultaneously, causing the necessary treatment to be applied in a wholesale or general man- ner. In the treatment of large numbers of a flock it would be impraticable to catch each individual member and dose it separ- ately. To overcome this difficulty it is necessary to supply such agents in the food, which, being consumed by the flock, will do the most good, and for this reason such medicines as sulphate of iron and salt are given in the feeding troughs; for foot-rot foot baths (consisting of shallow troughs containing the desired medicinal agents) through which the sheep are driven; dipping or washing with agents to destroy parasites and salves of different kinds have been found useful, the hoalrhy as well as the diseased being submitted to the treatment. In the treatment of plethoric diseases, such as apoplexy, phrenitis, and some congestive disor- ders and blood derangements, bleeding is useful and frequently resorted to. Purgatives arc specially valuaV)le on account of 146 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. their quick action on tlie digestive sjateni; of these we find oily doses more useful than the Glauber and Epsom salts. Pills or boli so frequently used in the treatment of the horse are unsuit- able for the sheep or ox, and should not be used. The effects of purgative drenches are greatly assisted by the addition of stomachics and stimulating agents, which by their action on the nervous system give tone to the mucous lining of the stomachs, especially the maniplies. When bleeding is resorted to the veins under the ear and eye are usually selected for the operation, but should a considerable blood letting be desirable opening the jugular will be found the quickest and best. The amount of blood to be drawn should not exceed eight ounces. It is useless to take less than one ounce, as the effect of the loss of such a small quantity on the system would be nil. A rough method of bleeding frequently applied is the anq^utation of the ear or tail. This is, however, a crude method of obtaining the result desired, and inflicts disfigurment on the animal. To bleed from the cheek vein stand astride the sheep, pressing its body between the knees, pass the left hand un- der the jaw, draM'ing the head upwards and backwards slight- ly. When in this position the animal can neither struggle nor escape, then press the fingers of the left hand beneath the angle of the right jaw, just in front of the swallow or gullet. This will stop the circulation of the vein, causing it to enlarge; with the right hand trace the swelled vein in its course over the cheek, and at a point about equidistant from the eye and angle of the mouth insert the lancet, making the incision from below, up- wards, being careful not to cut through the inner side of the vein, but only its outer border. After sufficient blood has been ex- tracted discontinue the pressure caused by the left hand and the bleeding generally will cease. Should it not, however, insert a pin through the lips of the incision and wind some thread round it. It is sometimes advisable to bleed from the saphena vein. A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. 147 Tlii:> is located on the inside of the hind leg, and is operated on about two inches above the hock joint. To operate lay the sheep broadside on the ground, tie three legs together, leaving the one to be operated on free, have an assistant draw it out straight and hold firmly. Shave off any hair or fleece over the part to be operated on, and by compression or ligature above the part distend the vein, then make incision through its external coats with the lancet, remove desired amount of l)lood, release the pressure, and secure lips of incision with a pin, as above described. In bleeding from the jugular the animal is controlled in the same manner as when operating on the cheek vein; the neck is then compressed by passing a string around it tightly; this is termed ligating, the string being called the liga- ture; the wool is then cut away from the course of the vein and the lancet inserted. After sufficient blood is drawn the wound is closed by pin suture. Bleeding from the jugular, in fat sheep, is a difficult matter on account of the adipose tissue placed im- mediately under the skin, making it hard to satisfactorily locate the vein. In such cases bleeding from the saphena or cheek veins is advisable. The pulse is defined as the impulse given to the blood through the action of the heart, representing, as it docs the ac- tual heart beats, which in healthy subjects average a certain num- ber per minute. It acts as a register of the condition and num- l)er of heart beats, which when they exceed the normal or fall l)elow the same to any amount would show a derangement of the animal economy, viz: disease. The normal pulse of a sheep ranges from 00 per minute in the lamb to 60 in the adult, averaging 75. It can readily be taken at the femoral artery on the inside of the thigh by press- ing it firmly with the fingers against the thighbone. The pulse in sheep, however, cannot altogether be relied on as an indicator of disease, as in all animals when subjected to excitement it is 148 A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENEKAL. liable to run up considerably above the normal, and the sheep being very timid and excitable when caught is liable to be found with an abnormally high pulse, although in a state of perfect health. So also the temperature, which while in most animals is a sure index to the condition, in the sheep varies consider- ably even in health, different observers having arrived at various results in forming estimates of the average, running all the way from 101 degrees to 104 degrees Fahr. Shearing has also been found to cause a slight fall, the tem- perature of unshorn sheep exceeding those shorn. An experienced flock-master is generally able to determine with comparative ease the nature of any particular affection which may be of frequent occurrence in a flock, the finer methods of diagnosis only being necessary as a rule in obscure sporadic cases. The gait of the animal and its behavior are special guides to many affections, such as lock-jaw, sturdy, rabies, etc., the color of the mucous membranes of the eye, state of the tongue, condi- tion of the urine or faeces, all are guides governing the animal's condition. The condition of the tongue is an extremely valu- able sign. Youatt states that in inflammations affecting serous n)enibranes, such as peritonitis, pericarditis, etc., the tongue will be found red, and tliat previous to an attack of dysentery the edges become red, showing a marked contrast to the body of the organ. It becomes yellow-brown in disease of the liver, purple or black in blood and respiratory diseases, pale and soft in atonic maladies and anaemia. . The condition of the faeces, their character, color and com- position, and amount of urine voided, its color, etc., are all valu- able guides to the animal's health. The shedding of wool, or slipping the fleece, wool-slip as it is termed, is frequently ob- served after severe diseases, where the internal body temperature has been high, or may be caused by drinking an excessive amount of cold water when fatigued, or through sudden changes of diet. A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GENERAL. 14& Frequent causes of disease; among sheep are iinsuital)le pastures, containing an excess of laxative or perhaps astringent herbs; the excessive feeding of roots, snch as tnrnips, grazing on rye or old dead grass, even salt in some cases causes plethora, and many such simple causes are all fertile disease-breeders to sheep, showing that what at one time may constitute a healthful article of diet, at others becomes a menace to the animal's exist- once. When studying the cause of obscure maladies all the above causes must be taken into consideration, as also the nature (jf the soil and composition of drinking water, and everything with which the animals have come in contact. Overcrowding in feeding lots, or overstocking of pastures, want of exercise, all are prejudicial to a normal, healthy condition. Disease in many instances can be prevented by a proper re- gard to sanitation, only exhibiting healthy diet, taking into con- sideration all the common causes of disease, and removing the same where possible, in fact the judicious use of common sense as applied to sheep raising will be found generally more profit- able than medication. CHAPTER X. Diseases of the Brain and JServous System. While tlie nervous system of the lower order of animals possibly is not qnite so sensitive as that of the human, it is found that the finer bred the animal is the more sensitive the nervous arrangment becomes. Each of the divisions of the nervous sys- tem have phenomena peculiar to themselves, enabling the ob- server to ascertain which becomes involved in disease. The dif- ferent classes of disease being divided according to the parts in- volved, those of the brain being called cerebral, of the spinal cord the spinal, and of the nerves the peripheral. When the brain is involved in disease there is a loss of perception, volition and special sensation. In paralysis of one side of the body, either motor or sensory, the brain is affected, but in cases of transverse paralysis, where the hind limbs are affected or a posterior portion of the carcass, then it is due to disease of the spinal cord, also in cases of incontinence of urine or retention, we conclude the cord to be affected. Where certain localized parts only are paralized, such as a muscle or set of muscles of one portion of the leg, it is due to an affection of the nerves supplying the part, and is termed peripheral. Injury to the outer or corticle portion of the brain will affect the voluntary motions of the animal, while injuries to the deeper portions affect the involuntary or automatic motion, and severe injury to the vital parts produces instant death by causing paralysis or suspension of the vital functions. All in- juries embracing the whole system produce either excitation and increased nervous excitability or paralysis. One of the greatest DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 15i peculiarities of this system is that there may be a great derange- ment of function without perceptible alteration of structure. frenzy, encephalitis, or Cerebritis. This is inflammation of the brain substance. It is fre- quently seen occurring as a sequela to the operation for gid. or fallowing an attack of apoplexy or fractures of the cranium. It is also caused by exhaustion and exposure or as the result of some specific fever from the blood becoming poisoned. Food of too stimulating a nature, or an excess of coarse, innutritions food- stuffs. Rye-grass tops are apt to cause the disease, especially when overripe. Plethora and exposure to the hot rays of the sun in the summer season are predisposing influences. Lambs are more often afflicted with this disease than grown sheep. Symptoms. The primary symptoms arc stupor, the animal being dull and unwilling to move. This stage is rapidly succeeded by more active symptoms. The animal becomes frantic, throwing itself about with great violence, the mucous linings of the eyelids be- come red and congested, the eyes appear to bulge from their sockets, the pupils of the eyes contract, respirations become irregular and bowels constipated. In lambs the violent symp- toms are most marked. They jump about continually, their motions appearing ridiculous. A few generations ago when thus affected they vere said to be bewitched, and burned alive by good churchmen to exorcise the fiends. Grown sheep when attacked may suddenly spring from the ground and fall dead, or should the attack be prolonged the periods of excitability are alternated with intervals of exhaustion and quiet. During the acute periods the sheep breathes hard and runs about in all directions with its tail carried upwards. It will butt in its delirium at men i>r other sheep or anything wliicli conies in its way. 152 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. treatment. This in sncli a severe affection mnst be prompt. It is advis- able to bleed from the jugular vein, as directed in a preceeding chapter, taking abont eight ounces of blood from a full-grown sheep. This should be followed by a cathartic. In this case Epsom salts are useful; give four ounces in half pint of warm water, to which one drachm of Jamaica ginger should be added. When the animal affected is of sufficient value to warrant ])ar- ticular care, it should be confined so as not to injure itself during delirimn and given one drachm doses of bromide of potassium every two or three hours. post-^Iortcm Hppearanccs. The lungs will be found congested, the blood vessels in the l)rain much distended, in some eases being ruptured, the blood oozing into the brain substance. Hpoplcxy. This is an intense congestion of the blood vessels of the brain, with rupture and more or less hemorrhage. This disease is most frequently caused from the plethoric condition. It gen- erally occurs in hot weather and where sheep are grazed on rich pastures. It is more frequently met with in the sheep than the ox, Youatt explaining this as being due to the less perfect heat regulating power of the former animal and its being more forced in feeding. Symptoms. The attack is always sudden. The sheep falls to the ground in an unconscious condition, sometimes froths at the mouth, the eyes are dilated and prominent, the animal often seeming to be blind. In the commencement of the attack, instead of falling down, the sheep mav stand still in one spot, apparently oblivious to its suiTOundings, and on being compelled to move falls over DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 153: and dies suddenly. Owing to the causes producing this tro\ible^ the first precaution should be to move the balance of the flock tf). poorer pasture, supplement this with a wholesale purge of Epsom salts and gradually reduce all artificial food, such as linseed meal, oil cake, etc. The affected animals as a rule die before aid can be extended them, and should they recover from the apoplexy they are very liable to be attacked with inflammation of the brain. This is a disease Avhich can better be prevented than treated, and if the sheep has been carefully watched some premonitory signs may be detected, such as a refusal to feed, the animal does not chew the cud, appears listless and dull, the linings of the eyelids are congested, and the respirations rapid. As soon as these signs are noticed the sheep should be bled at once, taking at least eight ounces of blood, making the incision in the jugular. The animal should be removed to different quarters, the feed reduced, and four ounces of Epsom salts, combined with ^ ounce of liquor ammon. acetatis and ^ pint of warm water administered as a drench. In the majority of cases this will ward off the threat- ened attack, and is always worthy of a trial. epilepsy, fits and Coii\>ulstons. Epilepsy, fits, convulsions with delirium, the sheep becom- ing insensible, and at times comatose, is a disease caused by any- thing which tends to instate the nervous system, such as tumors in the cavity of the cranium, fractures and depression of the cranial bones, or reflected irritation to the brain from other parts of the body, caused by the presence of worms in the intestines; indigestion, especially such as occurs in lambs due to sudden changes of pasture, neglect or mismanagement. Grazing the flock early in the morning while hoar-frost is still on the ground is also a cause, and accounts for epilepsy frequently breaking out 154 DISEASES OF THE BKAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. among sheep in the early spring and late fall, when thev are thriving well and in good condition. Symptoms. The sheep being apparently in good health suddenly throws up its head, staggers, looks wild, champs its jaws, and froths at the mouth, runs round a few times, then falls, convulsions en- sue, the movements of the limbs become rigid, the sheep becom- ing totally insensible. The fit may last a minute or two, then consciousness returns. The animal rises W'ith a dazed look, gradually getting all right and commencing again to feed, as if nothing had occurred. treatment. If due to hoar-frost on the grass, keep animals confined till it has disappeared before allowing them to graze. If due to worms, treat for the same as prescribed in the chapter on worm diseases. General treatment consists in affording hygenic surround- ings, paying particular attention to the feeding, seeing that stimulating and fattening foods are fed sparingly. Mark the animals in the flock subject to epilepsy and sell them for slaughter. Do not breed from animals subject to the disease. Kever in any case set a dog on a sheep suffering from an epileptic fit to drive the fit away, as is sometimes brutally done. Rydrocepbalus, or ^ater on the Brain. Hydrocephalus, water on the brain, dropsy of the brain, usually due, always in the adult, to a serous collection in the ventricles of the brain. The lamb is particularly subject to this complaint, and as it sometimes exists prior to birth, the size of the head prevents delivery. When found occurring in the foetus (unborn lamb) it is due to ^ome congenital taint, which interferes with the proper development of the foetus. DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 155, This disease in the adult sheep is rare. When occurring, the symptoms are similar to those of inflammation of the brain, commencing with drowsiness without delirium. As the serum collects, consciousness diminishes, the pressure on the brain finally causing paralysis, death usually taking place during con- vulsions. Crcatmcnt. Treatment is always unsatisfactory. AVhen the first symp- toms become noticeable the sheep should be slaughtered, and if in fair condition, and in the commencement of the disease, could with safety be used for human consumption. As seen in the foetus, to save the life of the ewe, it becomes necessary to destroy the lamb by puncturing its skull to permit escape of the fluid and allow the bones to collapse. Prudence teaches us not to use the ewe again for breeding, and if many cases occur in a flock, the ram must be looked upon with sus- picion, and had better be changed. Louping-IU. Louping-ill, also called Tremblings, Thorter-ill, ]\Iad Stag- gers, etc. This is a remarkable disease, seemingly caused by a deranged sensibility of the nerves of the hind parts, probably due to a sub-acute inflammation of the spinal cord, more particu- larly in the region of the loins. The inflammation of the spinal cord is followed by a serous effusion, which in mild cases coagulates, becoming transformed into a sort of fibrous tissue. This produces permanent pressure on the cord; not sufficient to produce paralysis, but enough to cause derangement of sensibility. Great losses have resulted from this disease, and notwithstanding the large amount of prac- tical and theoretical investigation instituted as to its nature and cause, much remains shrouded in darkness. Gamgee, Eich- 156 DISEASES OF THE BEAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. thofer, Koll, Hamilton, Profs. AVilliams, Dick and Young- have conducted careful studies and experiments as to the origin of this disease without any definite results. The history of loup- ing-ill shows that it has existed in epidemic form many times in iScotland — notably on the Silurean strata, extending from the Hebrides to the Southern extremity of Dumfriesshire. Waldie of Jedburg- long ago suggested that louping-ill was due to liming the soil, and that it disappeared when the lime became ex- hausted. — Steele. Dr. Hamilton suggested that the disease was inflammation of the brain and spinal cord. Profs. Dick and Eobertson both considered that smut on grasses caused the dis- ease; coarse withered grasses for food are also generally asso- ciated with this disorder. Ticks have also been considered to be the cause, supposedly carrying some specific poison and in- fecting the sheep, but this theory seems untenable, as the dis- ease has been known to appear in pigs, where the idea of tick infection would have to be discarded, it being more probable that it originated in them from eating sheep offal from animals which had suffered from the malady. Overstocking, poverty, ■dry easterly frosty winds in April and May are also said to be productive of louping-ill to a great extent — in fact, almost every- thing has been claimed to be a cause, showing certainly a great diversity of opinion as to the origin of this obscure complaint. Symptoms. Trembling of the hind parts, twitching of the muscles. In acute cases, the pulse is accelerated, skin dry and hard, catarrh is often present, emaciation sets in, the sheep grinds its teeth, commences to pine, and finally death supervenes. Richthofer claims that the disease has only developed and become hereditary since the introduction of Merinos, and Roll also classes it as a disease of high-bred, fine-wooled sheep. In the early stages of the disease the sheep are in poor condition and going back, the DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. 157 fleece is dry and de^id to the touch, the nervous symptoms soon setting in, generally evidenced by a loss of power in one or more limbs, sometimes the whole side being involved, or even the whole body of the sheep may be affected, appearing to be palsied or attacked with tetanus, both of which diseases it simulates to a considerable extent. The head and neck are attacked with periodic spasms, which contract or draw them backwards with a violent jerk, tending to constrict the oesophagus and threaten strangulation on attempting to swallow liquids. A frothy saliva is emitted from the mouth, especially during the convul- sive fits, which may occur every five minutes, and are ac- companied by a very laborious and quick respiration, which sub- sides on the termination of the spasm. A sheep may exist for days in this condition, and should it not rally, death sooner or later ensues; even of those which eventually recover, many will lose the use of a hind leg for a considerable time, drawing it behind when moving, the leg feeling dead and cold to the touch. Not infrequently tumors appear around a joint or on the fore- legs and brisket, which on being opened are found full of pus. Creatmcnt. Treatment is entirely preventive, and consists in remov- ing the flock to new and fresher pastures, feeding commer- cial foods, as oil cake, etc. Give the lambs a sufficient dose of Epsom salts to act as a purge, about four ounces for adult sheep. In fact, stimulating, nourishing diet and good hygienic surround- ings are all we can prescribe for this condition, owing to the lack of knowledge as yet existing in reference to the cause of this most destructive complaint. Simple paralysis — Palsy. Simple Paralysis — Palsy, is a loss of power either sensory or motor, or both. It is a frequent disease in lambs, caused by 158 DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTE:\r. exposing the ewe at weaning time to inclement weather, com- bined with want of proper nutriment. This affection is also seen occurring in ewes as a sequela to abortion or prolonged difficult labor. It frequently attacks newly-dropped lambs, often prov- ing fatal in a night. Indigestion caused from gorging on roots, poisons ingested with grasses from the pastures, or obstinate con- stipation are frequent causes of paralysis. Symptoms. When not very sevci-c the lamb will be found standing still, with the hind parts powerless. In bad cases the subject will be found down, unable to rise, all power over the hind limbs being lost. Where the motor functions are generally affected, a severe and persistent diarrhoea frequently results, the animal seldom thoroughly recovering. treatment. For adult sheep, purgatives, tonics, and stimulating lini- ments are best calculated to remove the cause and restore tone to the system. Take Gentian fluid extract 1 drachm Ginger tincture 1 drachm Sweet spirits of nitre 2 drachms Mix and give as one dose in two ounces of water twice daily. For lambs give one-quarter to one-half of the above amount, according to , age. In persistent cases nux vomica may be tried, administered in gruel; of this give five to ten drops in the gruel, commencing at five drops and gradually increasing the dose till ten is reached, then scale down to five again. Where the loins are badly affected and the animal is valuable, the owner wishing to save it, should clip the fleece off over the loins for a space of three inches each way and paint the back with a solution of lunar caustic one drachm to one ounce of distilled water. Apply some of the above with a brush to part; use it once DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND XERVOUS SYSTEM. 159 daily for a period of two or three days. Kepeat in a week if necessary. "Where the animals are in good condition and fit for slaughter, they should be sold to the butcher, unless, as above stated, the owner is particularly desirous of keeping them. As seen occurring in newly-born lambs, the young animal should be rubbed and warmed gradually; a teaspoonful of sweet spirits of nitre should be administered in a little warm water, and the lamb returned to the ewe, both being made as comfortable as possible and protected from cold winds. CHAPTER XI. Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. These include all diseases of the lungs, bronchial tubes, larynx, nostrils, etc., and while they occur less frequently and are not so numerous as those of the digestive system, yet they will 1)6 found occurring both in the milder forms of influenza and catarrh and the severer forms of inflammation of the lungs, or their serous coverings in the form of pleurisy, or attacking the bronchial tubes, as in bronchitis. In fact it is asserted that pleurisy is a common affliction of sheep, numerous cases of the same having been recorded following shearing and dipping, etc. Sheep shorn early in the season are very liable to pleurisy, and fatal terminations are not uncommon. Nasal Catarrh. iSTasal Catarrh, commonly termed "snuffles," very frequent- ly affects sheep which have been exposed to stormy weather, especially in the winter season. Sheep which have been shipped a long way to market frequently arrive at their destination with a severe attack of snuffles. Nasal catarrh is an inflammation of the lining membrane- of the nose, and may exist in either of the three forms of inflammation, viz: acute, sub-acute or chronic. Symptoms. In the acute form considerable fever will be present, de- noted by rapid breathing, a high color of the visible mucous mem- branes. The head is held out straight, the appetite is atiecied to a certain extent and there seems to be a tendency for the in- flammation to pass downwards to the lungs. A cough is gener- DISEASES OF THE KESPIKATOEY ORGANS. 161 ally present, caused by the accumulation of mucus from the inflamed surfaces. In the first stage the sheep sneezes fre- quently, shaking its head, evincing pain, and in the course of a few hours a mucus discharge from the nostrils commences. The mucus discharge soon becomes thick, but is odorless. After a few days pus is formed and emitted with the discharge, which in consequence becomes thicker and yellow, with a heavy specific gravity, — sinking in water. This disease will often, if not treated, continue in this state for several weeks, till nature effects a cure, or it may be followed by an extension of the inflammation to the lung tissue, causing pneumonia or bronchitis, which are very liable to prove fatal. Creattnent. The removal of affected sheep from exposed places and ad- ministration of tonics and stimulants will in the majority of cases effect a speedy cure. Give one teaspoonful of sweet spirits of nitre three times daily in a little water, or Dunn's tonic drench, made as follows : Gruel 1 pint Tincture of iron 2 drachms Tincture of ginger • | ounce Fluid extract gentian ." . ^ ounce Mix and divide into three doses; give one dose daily. Another excellent tonic is Elixir calisaya bark, iron and strychnine, dose one teaspoonful four times daily in a little water. On account of this disease affecting a number of a flock simultaneously, it has been held to be contagious. This, how- ever, is erroneous, the multiplicity of cases being due to all of the sheep having been exposed to the same errors of hygiene contemporaneously. Catarrh causes a weakening and prostration of the affected sheep, which is very hard to overcome, making them unprofitable 162 DISEASES OF THE KESPIRATORY ORGANS. feeders; so it should be guarded against by not unduly exposing the flock in the fall and winter to severe storms or grazing them on damp unsuitable pastures. Randall says: "I early found that depletion in catarrh in our severe winter months rapidly pro- duced that fatal prostration from which it is next to inqjossible to recover the sheep — entirely impossible without bestowing an amount of time and care on it costing far more than the price of an ordinary sheep. The next course is to prevent the disease b}- judicious precautions." Sore Chroat, Laryngitts. This is inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the larynx — the cartilaginous box situated at the superior extremity of the windpipe or trachea. We find in acute caees the swelling- is oedematous (spongy), the blood-vessels of the throat becoming engorged with blood, while gangrenous patches may form on the mucous membrane which may extend over the whole of the throat, causing diphtheritic sore throat. Symptoms. Some fever, indicated by rapid respirations, the head projected in as straight a line as possible, the mouth is held open, a frequent painful dry cough is present, the sheep evidences diffi- culty in swallowing, especially liquids, which return through the nostrils, the eyes protrude more or less, and saliva forms in the mouth, which dribbles from it in the animal's repeated efforts at swallowing. Crcatmctit. Apply the following stimulating liniment to the throat once or twice daily for two or three days, rubbing it well in: Take. Oil of turpentine 1 ounce Strong aqua ammonia 1 ounce Linseed oil cmia. Umbilical Hernia is very common in the sheep, and rarely if ever causes any inconvenience. treatment. Where rnptnre threatens the life of the animal through strangulation it had better be sold to the butcher. Umbilical hernia as seen in sheep, while unsightly, is seldom serious and in no case would an operation for this trouble in sheep be justified. Stricture. In the bowel occurs as a result of changes in the tissues of the bowel, resulting from acute inflammation, chronic thickening and degeneration of its walls, Avhich by constricting the tube, acts as a mechanical obstruction to the passage of faecal ma- terial. This complaint is rare, and when occurring in sheep has no differential symptoms to distinguish it from inflammation of the bowels, which it virtually causes. It is always fatal. ~So treatment. Tolvulus. Is a twist or alteration from natural position of part of the bowel, generally the ileum twisting round the colon. Xo treat- ment or diagnostic symptoms. Always fatal. Intus-Susccption. Is when one part of the bowel slips into the part posterior to it. It may be likened to the finger of a glove, half turned inside out. This is supposed to occur from violently increased bowel motion, (peristalsis). This also is a fatal affection, with no particular diagnostic symptoms. In all the above enumerated troubles the symptoms simulate those of inflammation of the bowels, there being intense nervous prostration and nausea, with an absence of bowel sounds or murmurs, scientifically called bor- borvgmus. jSTo treatment. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 181 Impaction of the fourth Stomach of Lambs. Due fO milk curdling. This is a very fatal and frequent dis- ease, being due to forcing lambs for the early spring market, where cow's milk is given in addition to what the lamb obtains from its mother. Symptoms. The lamb is dull, stupid, unwilling to move, breathes hur- riedly, is constipated, the belly is swollen and tender. treatment. Freely administer thin gruel to which has been added bi- carbonate of soda. Give about 10 grains by weight of the soda in every dose of gruel, administering two or three ounces of gruel every two hours. Follow this treatment with linseed oil as follows: Aromatic spirits of ammonia. A teaspoonful Linseed oil 4 ounces Shake well and give as one dose. CoUc. This is rather a rare affection so far as sheep are concerned, due no doubt to the fact that the food having been so thoroughly worked over in the stomachs, indigestible materials rarely enter the bowel. Symptoms. Colicky pains, grinding the teeth, frequently getting up and lying down, striking the belly with the hind feet, the pain not constant, there being intervals of ease between the spasms of pain. This condition is more frequently seen occurring in lambs than sheep, resulting from errors in diet, such as over-feeding from the bottle, when cows milk is used, or from obtaining a surfeit of milk even from its own dam. 182 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. Creatmcnt. iXntispasmoclics and carminative agents are indicated, sncli as peppermint, ginger, and sulphuric ether. Counter-irritation, such as the application of a stimulating liniment to the belly, the ammonia liniment prescribed in this work being useful. Cathartics should also be given. Take. Tincture of ginger 1 drachm Sulphuric etlier 1 ch-achm AVarm water 4 ounces Mix. Give as one dose. This is the dose for a lamb about three months of age; others in proportion to age. This will be found in the majority of cases to speedily give relief. A rectal injection of soap and warm water may also be administered with beneficial results. Inflammation of the Bowels, enteritis. This is a rare condition in the sheep, and whether it really exists as a disease or is the effect of other diseased conditions yet remains to be proven, it being considered doubtful by a number of authorities whether true enteritis ever occurs in the sheep. "Youatt mentions strangulation, intussusception, volvulus, her- nia, rupture and ascites, as found in post mortem cases where from the caecum to the abomasum, after including it and other stomachs, there was -distinct inflammation and sometimes gan- grene." — Steele. Symptoms. In addition to those found in cases of colic, the sheep lies down most of the time, the pain is continuous instead of in- termittent, the temperature is elevated and continues so, till towards the termination of the attack. A frothy saliva will be observed round the mouth, the bellv is tender to the touch. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 183 Crcattnent. A stimulating application to the belly is indicated. For this use the amnioniacal liniment, or the fleece may be clipped close and a mustard plaster applied. Purgatives in this disease should never be used. Opium, combined with quinine, and per- haps belladonna and camphor, will often afford relief. Give mucilaginous fluids instead of clear water to drink; during con- valescence administer mild diffusible stimulants, such as solution of ammonia acetate in drachm doses, and should constipation be present use rectal injections to counteract it. On no account use purgatives. A prescription for enteritis may be written as follows : Take. Laudanum li ounces Spirits of camphor 6 drachms Fluid extract belladonna leaves. . .2 drachms Alcohol 6^ ounces Mix. Give one tablespoonful every three hours in quarter pint of warm griiel. The counter-irritation in the form of ex- ternal applications to the belly should not be neglected in these cases, and, as stated above, the application of mustard will afford luuch relief Diarrhoea, or Supcr-purgatton. This is an unnaturally fluid condition of the faeces, result- ing from mismanagement and neglect. It exists either as a functional disturbance or a symptom of some other condition. It is caused by some irritant in the stomach or bowels, which produces an increase in their peristaltic motions, an excessive amount of water being extracted from the capillary blood ves- sels in the mesentery, and thrown out into the bowel. This gives rise to an increased thirst, which unless controlled will only increase the trouble. Abundant and watery diet, unripe grasses, sudden changes in the food, exposure to inclement climatic con- 184 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. ditions, or after such operations as dipping, shearing or washing, are all common causes in adult sheep. Mechanical and chemical irritants, local tissue changes, functional changes of the abdom- inal glands as seen in tuberculosis, diseases of the liver, where an over-secretion of bile is present, are also fertile causes of diarrhoea. This disease is frequently complicated with dysen- tery, often terminating in an attack of that affection. Symptoms. A thin, watery condition of the faeces, frequent, painless, odorless, and free from slime or blood. At the commencement of the trouble there will not be any constitutional disturbance, but should the trouble persist, the lining of the bowels becomes injected, causing colicky pains, increased pulse beats, which get weaker and weaker. A rapid lowering of the temperature takes place, in all cases an excessive thirst will be exhibited, the animal loses flesh rapidly, the face has an anxious, haggard look, the tongue becomes furred, the extremities, as death approaches, get cold, the visible mucous membranes turn a pale color instead of the normal pink, these latter symptoms being those of extreme and protracted cases of diarrhoea, which if existing would clearly go to prove neglect on the part of the sheep-owner. Diairboca of Lambs. Diarrhoea of Lambs, also called the White Skit, from the profuse white-colored evacuations. This is caused by the ingested milk curdling in the lamb's stomach. It is a dangerous disease, and is virtually due to constipation and not diarrhoea, the watery discharge being the whey from the mass of curdled milk in the fourth stomach. The fourth stomach of rumin- ants, as has been stated in a prior chapter in this work, is the digestive stomach, and normally possesses the property of curdling milk to better facilitate its digestion. This disease being due to DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 185- an excess of tlae natural functions of the stomach, the milk either being too rich in quality, or partaken of in excess, coagulates too quickly from the increased powers of the gastric juice, which increase takes place when the lamb commences to pick other nourishment. Symptoms. In addition to the characteristic white color of the dis- charges will be found dullness, heaving of the flanks, a tense, en- larged condition of the abdomen and at times costiveness. 'Che 6rccii Shit. Also a disease of lambs, in which the watery evacuations are of a greenish color. This is due to exposure and errors of diet at the time of weaning. It is often quickly fatal, sometimes terminating unfavorably in tw^enty-four hours. Crcatment for Diarrhoea in Hdult Sheep. Make the patient as warm and comfortable as possible. As- certain the cause of the trouble and if possible remove it. In all cases withhold the water, only allowing the sheep to drink bland fluids, such as linseed or rice tea, flour gruel, etc. Take. Cooking soda 1 ounce Water 1 gallon Allow the sheep to quench its thirst with the above. It will be found useful to correct any excess of acidity in the stom- ach and bowels, and may go far towards relieving the trouble. Take Prepared chalk 1 ounce Laudanum 4 ounces Tincture of ginger 1 ounce Peppermint water 8 ounces Mix. Shake before using, giving the affected sheep two to three tablespoonfuls night and morning. For lambs just weaned 186 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, give half the above dose. In all cases of diarrhoea the diet de- mands particular attention, and if the purging persists over twentv-four hours, the sheep should be moved to dryer pastures or fed dry food, such as hay and bran. In cases of diarrhoea it is not considered good practice to try and stop the evacuations suddenly with astringent mixtures, but rather to aid nature in getting rid of the irritant. For this purpose it is as well to com- mence treatment with linseed oil, and if pain is a marked symp- tom, opium in any of its forms, preferably laudanum, can be added, as for instance Take. Linseed oil 4 ounces Laudanum 2 drachms Give as one dose for an adult sheep; younger animals in pro- portion to age. Then a few hours after, if the sheep does not ap- pear better, commence the use of the prior prescription. treatment for the Cdbitc Scours or Skit. In this instance we must endeavor to dissolve the hardened mass in- the fourth stomach, the proper method being the admin- istration of alkalies. Take. Sulphate of magnesia 1 ounce Cooking soda ^ ounce Tincture of ginger 1 drachm Warm thin gruel 4 ounces Mix and give as one dose. Following this a cordial mixture may be used, such as Tincture rhubarb 1 ounce Magnesia 1 ounce Bi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces Tincture of catechu 2 ounces Glycerine '^^ drachms Water 12 ounces DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 187 Mix. Give from one-half to two tablespoonfuls three timeir. daily according to the lamb's age. In all cases where the young animals are still dependent on their mother's milk for their nour- ishment it is advisable to treat the dam, especially is this the case in diarrhoea attacking lambs. To do this the preceding mix- tures can be administered to the ewe twice daily in doses of three to four tablespoonfuls, the direct treatment of the lamb being re- duced to a minimum. For green skit as seen in lambs just weaned, the animals should be made as warm as possible, and the above cordial mix- ture prescribed for the white skit should be given in tablespoon- ful doses every three hours. Combined with which it will be well to use small doses of whiskey, as a quick stimulant is urgently needed in this complaint. Dysentery, Bloody flux, also called Cling. Is an inflammatory disease, affecting the mucous membrane of the large intestines, and is frequently fatal. It appears to be attended by a form of fever typhoid in character, accompanied by fluid discharges from the bowels, large quantities of mucus and some blood. It is often caused by the continual feeding of coarse and unwholesome food, or from grazing on low lands which have been submerged by water, the sand and grit de- posited on the grasses setting up an irritation, followed by inflam- mation of the bowels. Hay cut from such pastures will also produce this disease. Symptoms. The sheep has an exhaustive diarrhoea, fever quickly de- velops, the animal showing evidences of extreme weakness. The fever in these cases marks the difference between them and diarrhoea, as in that disease the temperature is lowered instead of elevated. The evacuations are thin^ but adhesive, painful, laden with mucus and often accompanied Avith blood, the belly is 188 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. tender to the touch and swollen, the waterv faeces adhere to the wool of the tail and thighs, causing soreness and sometimes ulcer- ation of the parts. Flies invade the sore surfaces, maggots de- veloping as a result of their attacks. The sheep has an excessive thirst, the appetite is unnaturally good, the animal still eating, notwithstanding its weakened and diseased condition. Death may result in a few days, or the attack may be prolonged up to five or eight weeks, the animal finally succumbing from exhaus- tion. The wool may become so matted over the rump as to pre- vent the expulsion of the faeces. This condition is called "pind- ing," and should it not be removed it will eventually cause death from retention of the faecal matter. Mistakes are also liable to occur. A cursory examination might result in this condition being taken for constipation, and purgatives administered, which would produce fatal efPects. Youatt makes special mention of this condition, and states that it is frequently found affecting ewes when suckling lambs. To avoid this condition in cases of dysentery the wool on the rump and thighs should be removed and the parts kept clean. The following powder dusted on the part will be soothing and prevent the attacks of flies. Take. Iodoform i drachm Calomel 1 drachm Sub-nitrate of bismuth 2 ounces Mix. Or a solution of oil of tar and turpentine can be em- ployed, which is less expensive and equally effective, as Oil of tar .' 1 ounce Spirits of turpentine 1 ounce Spirits of camphor 2 ounces Neatsf oot oil 4 ounces The affected animals should be comfortably housed. The diet must be of the best. Dry feed, such as a ration of oats and bran, with good hay, with small allowance of linseed meal. In the commencement of the disease give the sheep four ounces of DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 189 linseed oil. This will tend by its laxative action to remove any irritant from the bowels, and at the same time has a soothing effect on the mucous surfaces. Small doses of linseed oil should be persisted in all through the treatment. This is best given combined with rhubarb, ipecacuanha and laudanum, Take. Laudanum 2 ounces Wine of ipecac 1 ounce Tincture of rhubarb 1 ounce Linseed oil 9 ounces Mix. Give two tablespoonfuls twice daily. Combined with this, administer Dover's powder, 30 grains, once daily for three days. "Where the discharges are offensive Dr. Alexander recommends administering as an adjunct to other remedies, pure beech-wood creasote in drop doses. Convalescents from this dis- ease need careful feeding and should receive tonic treatment for some time, as recovery is slow in all these cases. Take. Powdered nux vomica 3 drachms Powdered sulphate of iron 3 ounces Powdered gentian root 4 ounces Powdered saltpeter 1 ounce Linseed meal 8 ounces Mix. The above prescription, on account of containing nux vomica, must be thoroughly mixed to insure the even dis- tribution of that ingredient through the balance of the prescrip- tion. Give the sheep recovering from dysentery one tablespoon- ful in the feed twice' daily. All sheep in the spring of the year should be "tagged," which consists in the removal of the tags of wool around the breech, so, that should they scour the evil effects from flies will not take place. Constipation in adult sheep. This is a condition arising from a surfeii of dry feed. When occurring in lambs it may be due to gastric trouble. 190 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. In adults it may be due to defective peristaltic motion, caused by impaired nerve force, the result being a deficiency of mucus in the bowels, so retarding the onward passage of the faeces. Crcatmcnt. For adult sheep administer at once a rectal injection of soap and water or warm linseed oil, or better still glycerine, and in- ternally giv3 : Barbadoes aloes ^ ounce Tincture of ginger 1 drachm Linseed oil 6 ounces Mix. Give as one dose. For lambs the best agent to admin- ister is an animal fat, such as lard, three or four tablespoonfuls of warm hog's lard is to be highly recommended, and should this be slow in acting, give a rectal injection of warm milk, to whieli sufficient molasses has been added to make it a chocolate color. The best way to give this is to suspend the lamb by the hind legs, the syringe is then inserted, the animal held up for a brief period, and then set free — the results should be prompt. The newly born lamb is best treated through the medium of its dam. To effect this give the ewe the cathartic drench above prescribed. In cases where the rectum of the young animal is obstructed with hardened faecal matter, it should be removed with the fingers and a small injection of oil given. This will soften the mucous surface which might be injured during the extraction of the mass. Imperforate Hnus. Is a condition sometimes seen affecting the newly born, the rectum having no communication with the outside. Sometimes the rectum can be felt underneath the skin, in which event a surgical operation may be successful. In any event, should this condition not be righted, death would soon take place from the absorption of effete material. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 191 Rcmotrboids, Piles. These may project externally or be situated within the rectum. Internal piles cause a bloody appearance of the faeces, and the animal appears stiff behind. The external project from the anus sometimes to the extraordinary length of six to eight inches, being an eversion of the rectum. The writer has seen quite a number of these cases, the mucous membrane surface being congested and ulcerated, the best treatment for which is slaughter, for if the animal has not been suffering from irritative fever due to the trouble, the flesh may with safety be consumed by the public. This trouble generally occurs from constipation, or may follow an attack of diarrhoea, and is due then to an atonic condition of the bowel. We have classed it here under the head of hemorrhoids. It is scientifically termed prolapsus of the rectum, and only differs from protruding piles in the large amount of surface exposed. tTrcatmcnt. Laxative diet, the application of an ointment composed of equal parts of sulphur and lard will be found of service, or Take. Acetate of lead 20 grains Tannic acid 2 drachms Calomel 2 drachms Sulphate of morphia 4 grains Glycerine 4 ounces Mix. Apply to the hemorrhoids. Where the piles pro- trude, smear them with the ointment, and pass them back through the anus. Pcrttonttis. Is inflammation of the peritoneum or covering of the bow- els, which also invests the walls of the abdominal cavity. This is a very rare disease in sheep. The omentum or that part of the peritoneum investing the bowels is remarkable for its large size. 192 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. It is frequently the seat of parasitic diseases, notably the nodular disease caused by the oesophagostoma columbianum, which we shall treat of in the chapter on parasitic diseases. Steele says "that simple peritonitis is common in old sheep, resulting from debility, the evidences of which are dropsical swellings, etc." In these cases the destruction of the animals is the best method of procedure, very old sheep not being worth the time and trouble necessary to effect a cure. Diseases of the Liver. The liver of the sheep is one-twenty-fifth part of the weight of the animal, exceeding in weight the liver of the human being, being proportionately twice as large. Of the diseases affecting the liver of sheep non-parasitic in origin, we shall only describe two as being of sufficient importance, viz., inflammation of the liver, called "Hepatitis", and jaundice or "Icterus". Diseases affecting the liver, which necessarily interfere with its func- tions, are recognized by the yellow appearance they produce on the visible mucous membranes, especially the lining of the eye- lids (conjunctiva). Hcutc InfUminatioti of the Lmi*^ Rcpatitis. This is supposed to arise in the investing membrane of the organ, called the capsule, being virtually its peritoneal covering, originating generally' as a result of inflammation in some con- tiguous organ. It is most frequently caused by grazing sheep on low-lying pastures, where the growth of grass is high and rank, and is sup- posed to be due to over-nutrition. Symptoms. The sheep is feverish, the respirations hurried, the visible mucous membranes are of yellowish appearance, due to the pres- DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 193 ence of bile in the fine capillary blood-vessels. That pain is evidenced when pressure is exerted behind the right shoulder we believe to be doubtful, unless abscesses already exist, in the liver, although this has been claimed by authorities, notably Williams, to be a diagnostic symptom ; lameness of the right fore- leg has also been stated as a prominent symptom. Crcattnent. The sheep should be bled. This is best accomplished by opening the jugular, as has already been described in this work. The diet should be reduced and the following cathartic admin- istered. Take. Glauber salts 4 ounces Bi-carbonate of soda 1 drachm Common salt 1 ounce Dissolve in a sufficiency of warm gruel and give as a drench, administering it slowly. After the purgative has oper- ated, the following prescription will be found useful. Take. Fluid extract gentian ^ ounce Alcohol 2 ounces Sulphuric acid -J drachm Water 8 ounces Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily half an hour be- fore feeding grain. Sheep suffering from hepatitis should be fed grain spar- ingly, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of bran and oats mixed, half lb. of each. "Ifauiidicc, Icterus. Is a yellow condition of the system, and may be due to either a non-secretion of the bile from the blood, or a re-absorp- tion of the bile into the blood, through some obstruction in the bile ducts of the liver. Prof. Dick claimed that jaundice was 194 DISEASES OF THE LIVEK. more frequently observed in the sheep and dog than in the other domesticated animals, but this assertion no doubt included cases of liver-fluke, of. which we shall treat separately. Where sheep are highly bred, and especially where they are pampered for ex- hibition purposes, the liver is very liable to acute or chronic de- generation of a fatty character, and according to Steele, "this seems to be the nature of the fatality which often occurs among highly-bred sheep, more especially ewes in lamb." Sheep, how- ever, die in great numbers from liver diseases about the period of parturition; sometimes without presenting any symptoms of disease of that particular organ, or of any disease whatever; sometimes anaemic, and occasionally with well marked symptoms of jaundice." — Williams, Vet. Med. Symptoms. Will be recognized by a general yellowish appearance of the eyes and mucous membranes, the faeces are offensive, the mouth has a sour smell, the skin is itchy, dry and yellow in color instead of normal pink. In acute attacks the condition may re- semble anthrax,, death occurring in from sixteen to twenty-four hours. Should the trouble persist, blood-poisoning is likely to set in, in wdiich case the evacuations become black, then green, and finally bloody in character, the temperature being elevated and the respirations hurried. Crcatment. This is in the main preventative; the disease being caused by errors in diet, the first procedure is to correct the same, cer- tainly so far as the balance of the flock not yet diseased are con- cerned. In the sheep this affection arises from feeding mater- ials rich in saccharine products and lacking in nitrogenous ele- ments, and is frequently seen arising where, turnips have been fed in large quantities to the exclusion of other foodstuffs. So in DISEASESS OF THE LIVER. 195 order to change the diet to rectify this error, nitrogenous foods should be supplied mixed with the roots, such as hay, or straw, bran, oats, etc. - The affected sheep should be given a liver stimulant, es- pecially if the disease is due to non-secretion of the liver. Take. Aloes 2 drachms Fluid extract of rhubarb root 1 drachm Warm water ^ pint Give as one dose. Follow this daily with one ounce of Glauber salts. Dissolve one ounce of cooking soda in one gallon of water for the animal to drink. All medicinal treatment in this trouble, however, is very liable to be unsatisfactory when applied to sheep. CHAPTER XIII. Diseases of the Urinary System. The surplus of nitrogen in the system is formed into urea and voided through the organs composing the urinary system, viz., the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Should, however, this through some cause be retained, its effects would produce blood-poisoning from the altered condition of the blood supply, being evidenced by delirium, terminating in coma and death. In herbivorous animals the urine has what is termed an alkaline reaction and is tested by dipping in it a piece of red litmus paper; this (when the fluid is normal in character) will im- mediately turn blue in color and vice versa; should the urine be acid, blue litmus paper will be turned red. It is not necessary in this work to enter into any extended description of urine tests to diagnose the diseases which affect the urinary system of the sheep, as these animals rarely suffer from such complaints, those occurring generally being due to sabulous deposits in the bladder, or calculi in the kidneys and ureters, due to an excess of phos- phates, caused by high-feeding, unnatural conditions, etc. Nephritis, Itiflammation of the Kidneys. This disease has never been reported as an original lesion in adult sheep. Steele gives an account of it occurring in lambs newly born, recapitulating an address delivered on the subject by Mr. Roger Williams at a meeting of the Pathological Society of London, April 6th, 1886, who states as follows: "The dis- ease began soon after being Svet born/ with difficulty in walking, the new-born falling down and lying down on one side, some- DISEASES OF THE URINAEY SYSTEM. 197 Tiiiu's with choreoid movements, without loss of consciousness, without difficulty in breathing or cough. They may linger on for two or three weeks, but in the end always die. Sucking was not impaired nor the appetite. The disease may terminate in joint evil, with pus in the joints and all along the spine. The disease occurred on heavy clay soil, and in the lambing season the east wind was cold and nipping. At all events, it was found that if a ram served only ten ewes, the progeny was vigorous and did not become affected with the disease. "The urine was albuminous and acid; there were no renal casts, crystals, pus or blood. The capsules of the kidneys stripped off easily, exposing a surface studded with congested stellate veins. The cortex was swollen and soft, pale and yellowish in color, whilst the pyramids were firm and deep red in color. The disease was acute tubal nephritis. The interstitial tissue was normal — nothing abnormal w-as detected in any of the organs, and the spinal cord w^as healthy. Some of the lambs were born with the disease and soon succumbed." Renal CakuU. Stony deposits in the pelvis of the kidneys and in the ureters. These deposits are generally the cause of urinary dis- eases in sheep. They are mostly composed of phosphate of lime, and seem to be due to an excess of dry food, as sheep at pasture are seldom affected with this complaint. "When these calculi occur in the kidneys they seldom cause any appreciable disturbance, but their lodgment in the ureters, which would tend to cause a retention of urine, would be followed by grave results. These cases are very rare, however. As seen in the bladder, they appear harmless, their effects being marked when they cause a stoppage of the urethra, in which case an excessive inflamma- tion of tissue and extravasation of urine results, which speedily proves fatal. 198 DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM. Clrctbral Calculi. Are deposits of stony materials which by their presence ob- struct the passage of the urine through the urethra, causing its accumulation in the bladder, with distension and perhaps rup- ture of that organ or a filtering through its walls into the adjoin- ing tissues, causing pyaemia, eventually septicaemia and death. Symptoms. The sheep is unable to void its urine, prefers the recumbent position, on being forced to rise the back is suddenly curved, after which a few drops of urine are passed. The respirations are hurried, the sheep grunts frequently, is restless and uneasy, refuses to feed. As the urine accumulates the animal becomes stupid, symptoms of abdominal pain are evidenced, the temper- ature is elevated, the mucous membranes becoming red and con- gested, uraemic poisoning results, quickly followed by death un- less previous to the uraemia the calculus is forced through the penis above the vermiform appendage, leaving a free passage for the accumulated urine. Creatmcnt. This is necessarily operative. If the sheep is turned up on its rump and an examination made of the skin covering the end of the penis, called the prepuce, it will be found enlarged and in- flamed; a dropsical condition of the tissues of the belly will also be frequently noticed, especially in cases where the trouble has existed for some time. Push back the prepuce and draw out the penis; an examination of the worm-like extremity will generally reveal the presence of sediment, obstructing the end of the urethra. This deposit may be in the form of gravel or fine sand, and un- less it is removed little can be done to afford relief. "Where the deposit is of a gravelly nature, the best method is to remove the appendix entirely. When the deposit is very fine in character DISEASES OF THE UEINARY SYSTEM. 199 a careful manipulation of the part will almost always effect its removal. This should always be preceded by the application of warm water to relax the tissues, so facilitating the removal of the deposit and reducing the liability of lacerating or bruising the sensitive vermiform appendage. If the obstruction is caused by sabulous material deposited on the lining membrane of the urethra, extending some distance from the appendage, it may be necessary to cut down and remove the deposit, making a longi- tudinal incision in the penis, through the urethra, laying it open from above downwards to the vermiform process. This oper- ation on wethers is simple and efficacious, but when performed on rams is liable to seriously impair their breeding qualities, although there is considerable difference of opinion on this point, many breeders claiming to have lambs got by rams w'hich have been so mutilated as to have lost the vermiform process entirely. Should the operation on the penis prove of little benefit it must be taken as evidence that the accumulations are so abundant that they occupy not only the urethra but the bladder, ureters and kidneys, in which event no treatment could prove of any service and the animal should be destroyed. In these cases the meat is unfit for human consumption, the tissues of the belly being im- pregnated with urine, the presence of which taints the w^hole system. Where several animals in a flock show^ symptoms of strang- ury, it is Avell to inspect their diet, which should be changed and carbonate of potash administered. A frequent cause for urethral calculi in sheep is feeding excessive quantities of mangolds or beets. Where this is the case, change to other rations. The following will be found useful in these conditions. Take Fluid extract of belladonna 1 ounce Potassium carbonate 3 ounces Water 1 pint 200 DISEASES OF THEUKINARY SYSTEM. Mix. Give one tablespoonfiil three times daily — dose for adult sheep. Sanmetto in teaspoonful doses three times daily is also a most effective remedy in all diseases of the urinary organs of sheep. As a dressing to the penis, where gravel has been re- moved by operation, the following will be found useful: Fluid hydrastis (Merrill's) 2 drachms Distilled extract witch hazel 1 ounce Water 3 ounces This can also be injected into the urethra, and will prove beneficial. CHAPTER XIV. paraeitic Diseases, Due to Internal parasites* Parasites are living animal-organisms, which extract nour- ishment for their existence from the tissues of their host. Of these we shall recognize two general classes. Entozoa, those which live on the natural cavities or solid tissues of the animal. And Ectozoa, those infesting the outer surface, or skin, existing on the effusion created by the irritation caused bj their ]»resence. In this chapter we shall consider only the diseases due to the presence of the entozoa, or internal parasites. In sheep we find that parasites are the cause of many of the most serious diseases — they invade all the organs of the body, from the brain to the rectum, their multiplication and resultant damage being in direct proportion to the neglect and bad management on the part of the flock owner. parasitic Disease of the Brain. Sturdy, 6id, 'CumsicU, This is a condition due to the presence of a larval tapeworm ■or hydatid in the brain substance, the parasite as seen in its cystic state imbedded in the brain being termed the coenurus cerebralis. It is caused from the ingestion by the sheep of the eggs of the taenia coenurus — a species of tapeworm, wdiich have been dis- 202 DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PABASITES. tributed on the ground or in the drinking water by other animals^ snch as wolves, foxes, coyotes, etc., but more especially is the dog responsible for sowing the germs of this disease. The prevalence of this disorder depends to a great extent on the use of sheep dogs, it being noticeable that where the sheep run in enclosed pastures where dogs are not required to assist the herders, the liability to infection is reduced to a minimum. The eggs of the tapeworm on being swallowed by the sheep hatch within its stomach, immediately pierce the walls of that organ and gain entrance to the circulation. They are then car- t^aenia Coenurus. Hdult, J^atural Size. (Raillet. ) ried to the different parts of the body, those which reach the brain and spinal cord remaining in those organs, developing into cystic bodies, which continue to thrive and grow at the expense of the tissues. The others which fail to reach the brain and spinal cord may locate temporarily in the heart, lungs, diaphragm, etc., where they seem to grow for a time and then disappear. On reaching the brain substance the young para- sites pierce the tissue, lodging in it and commence to develoj). DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 203 In the course of two or three months time they may have at- tained the size of a hazel nut, their presence at that stage seri- ously interferring with the general health of the sheep. Should the head of a sheep infested with these hydatids be fed to dogs these organisms in the brain tissue develop into adult tapeworms, the eggs of which being passed by the dogs on the grasses, etc., and being eaten by the sheep, develop again into hydatids, so completing the life cycle. Brain of Sheep with Cocnurus in poste- rior part of Right Bcmisphcre. (COBBOLD. Brain of Sheep with four Coenuri simultaneous!)?. Symptoms. The sheep appears dull, out of sorts, grazes in a listless manner, rumination is imperfectly performed, the animal seeks seclusion, its movements are erratic, staggers as it walks, becomes giddy and falls down frequently. Again it may be grazing quietly, suddenly jumps as if frightened, and runs away at full speed. The primary symptoms of dullness and stupor seemingly are due to congestion and inflammation of the brain caused by the invasion of the young parasites, and should the sheep re- 204 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. cover from this stage there will be an apparent improvement in its health for a few weeks time, till the gradual enlargement of the cyst or cysts so press upon the brain substance as to interfere with its blood supply, causing absorption of brain tissue, at the same time numerous heads are protruded from the cyst, which also tend to produce irritation of the brain. At the commence- ment of the second stage the animal is weak and fallen away in flesh, due to the first attack. This condition speedily becomes aggravated, the sheep stops feeding, the appetite is lost and rumination suspended. The animal has a haggard appearance, due to blindness, which may affect one or both eyes, caused from pressure on the optic nerve. The sheep continually moves in a circle, assuming peculiar gaits and positions, depending on the part of brain in which the hydatid is located. Spooner states that if the head is held constantly on one side, and the animal always moves in a circle, corresponding to the way the head is held, that the coenurus is located in the depressed side, probably in the lateral ventricle of the brain. Should the sheep move in a circle sometimes in one direction, and again in another, it may be con- cluded that a parasite is present in both hemispheres, and if the animal depresses its head, moving forward in a straight line, stumbling over and running into everything in its path, the hydatid is probably located in the division of the brain between the hemispheres. Again should the sheep throw up its head, moving forward with a reeling motion, the conclusion is drawn that the cyst is in the cerebellum or fourth ventricle of the brain. When more than one cyst is present, the symptoms are a com- bination of the above, and cannot be relied on as a guide for operation, of which we shall treat later. When the coenurus in- vades the spinal cord or medulla oblongata it causes paralysis, and should this symptom be combined with blindness, the prob- ability is that the cyst is located at the base of the brain. When the spinal cord is invaded the sheep stagger and walk without DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PARASITES. 205 control of the posterior limbs, or an intense itchiness may be present along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the pos- terior portion of the body involving the bladder and rectum fre- quently takes place. A disease which resembles gid to a certain extent is caused by grubs in the nasal and frontal cavities, produced from the larvae of the gad-fly. It will be recognized, however, by the symptoms of catarrh and sneezing, and lack of the violent move- ments seen in gid. Crcatmcnt. This is preventive to a great extent and consists in adminis- tering vermicides to the dogs which inhabit the farm where the sheep are kept, especially the sheep-dogs, and keeping the sheep where they are not so liable to pick up the eggs voided by dogs belonging to other parties. The heads of affected sheep should on no account be fed to dogs, but should be burnt or otherwise effectually destroyed. These precautions, while they would not entirely stamp out the gid on account of other ani- mals, such as foxes, wolves and coyotes being bearers, they will lessen the trouble to a great extent. Experience shows that with a better general care of sheep, gid is less frequently observed at- tacking them. Gid attacks appeai: to be more frequent in ani- mals wdiich have been exposed to inclement weather, which has a tendency to Aveaken the nervous system, the resulting debility making them more prone to attack. When one or more cases occur in a flock, it is permissible to suppose that a number have been invaded at the same time, in which event any animal which is fat, and shows the slightest indication of gid, should be sold to the butcher. Where treatment is to be tried, the oper- ation of trephining the skull and puncturing the sack is per- formed. This allows the escape of the contents of the cyst, and in some cases w^here only one cyst is present it has been known to be successful. 206 DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES. Co Operate. It is necessary to make a careful examination of the skull, and where the cyst is located close to the surface a softening of the bone will be noticeable. By trephining the skull at this point the parasite can be discovered and removed, also an oper- ation termed wiring has been performed. This was the method first employed by a Scottish shepherd by the name of Hogg, and in his hands was oftentimes successful. It consists in feeling for the soft spot in the skull and placing the thumb of one hand firmly on it, while with the other hand a thin wire or knitting needle is pushed up the nostril nearest the affected part till the point of the wire is felt under the thumb, so perforating the cyst and permitting the escape of its contents. Should this not cause inflammation of the brain, and no more cysts be present, the sheep will have a good chance to entirely recover. To treat the sheiep-dogs and to ensure their freedom from the cause of all this trouble it is necessary to administer vermi- cides to them about every four months. The dog to be treated should not be fed for at least twelve hours before receiving the medicine, but it can be allowed all the Avater it desires. The evening before administering the worm medicine a dose of castor oil is advisable — for large dogs the dose is three tablespoonfuls. ]\redium sizes one to two tablespoon- fuls. Then in the morning Take. Kamala 3 drachms Gruel 1 ounce Mix. Give as one dose. Where the dog is medium sized, two drachms of kamala will be sufficient. This is a very effectual taeniacide. It is not necessary to follow up its administration Avith a cathartic on account of its laxative properties. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 207 I'iiilay Dun presci'ibcs for tapoworiii as follows. Take. Oil of male shield fern 20 drops Oil of turpentine 30 drops Sulphuric ether 60 drops Beat all together with one egg and administer to the dog in a small quantity of souj). This should be followed in twelve hours' time by a dose of castor oil. This disease occurs more frequently in lambs than in old sheep, presumably due to the tissues of the young animal being softer and more easily pene- trated by the parasites. As dogs are the most fruitful source of distribution of this pest, and the sheep being the source from which they obtain the same, it is advisable that all viscera and heads from slaughtered sheep should be withheld from them, unless thoroughly cooked. If this was universally carried out the losses from gid would materially decrease. parasitic Nasal Catarrh. This disease is directly attributable to the invasion of the nasal cavities by a fly called the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which de- posits its larvae on the inside of the nostrils. The embryos proceed to crawl up the nostrils, producing intense irritation of the mucous membranes, investing the frontal and maxillary sinuses. In appearance the gad-fly resembles an overgrown house fly. When flying it is so quick as to be almost invisible. It is a dull-colored insect, the head and thorax being about as long as its abdomen, the back is brown, with small points and patches of darker color, its under surface is dark brown, with yellow spots at the center of each abdominal segment. The wings are transparent, mottled with spots and stripes, they are almost as long as the body, which they completely envelop. The head is large, containing two large greenish eyes, the under sur- face of the head has white markings. The antennae are short 208 DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PAEASITES. and bulbous at their bases. There are a few hairs on the head and quite a number on the body, sides and limbs. It has no mouth, or appreciable proboscis, its object in life seeming to be the propagation of its species, which when the male has im- pregnated two or three females, marks the end of his existence. The male gad-fly in size is as large as the female, but its head is narrow. They do not attack the sheep, and, as above stated, only exist to impregnate the female. The female gad-fly is sup- posed to deposit not the eggs, but live larvae within the nostrils of the sheep, few only being placed on any one animal owing to the agitation and violent movements exhibited by the sheep on the approach of the fly. These larvae are exceedingly small in size when first deposited. Their bodies are elongated and white. On examination with a lens they show that the body consists of eleven segments, with two hooks at its anterior end to be used to attach itself to the tissues and also to draw its body upwards and forwards; the posterior end is furnished with two stigmata, or breathing pores. The under surface is covered with minute spines. The bodies are transparent, close examination revealing the respiratory and digestive apparatus. The larvae as it ma- tures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (about three-quarters of an inch), the body becomes dark and striped with black bands, the spines also turn black. When this condi- tion is reached the grub escapes from the nostrils of the sheep, and falliufj: on the ground immediately bores into it. It remains in the ground for a period of from one to two months (the length of time depending on the weather conditions). When the fly is matured within the chrysalis, it pushes up the upper end of the case and reaches the surface of the ground by the same hole the larvae made in the first instance. On arriving at the surface the fly appears at first sluggish and dull, the body and wings needing exposure to the air to cause them to harden. When this has taken place and the right time comes — that is wdien the DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. 209 fly is fully matured — it. darts off with remarkable swiftness to find a flock of sheep and single out its victim. Symptoms. On the fly touching the nostrils of the sheep the latter im- mediately shakes its head, at the same time striking the ground with its fore-feet. The sheep commences to run, holding its nose close to the ground, endeavoring to escape its pursuer. The ani- mal runs into the middle of the flock. The whole flock becomes alarmed even if only one fly is in evidence. They place their noses close to the ground and huddle together as closely as possi- ble to make it difficult for the fly to attain its object. The young larvae deposited on the mucous membranes create an in- tense irritation from the insertion of their hooks and spines, drawing themselves up the nasal chamber by means of these pro- jections, leaving dark points of hemorrhage on the mucous sur- face wherever the points have been inserted. On proceeding up- ward they reach the turbinated bones, entering the frontal and even superior maxillary sinuses. Those that reach the superior maxillary sinuses grow in size, but never escape from their location, finally dying and undergoing degeneration. Those which reach the frontal sinuses, however, on reaching ma- turity find their way backward to the nasal chambers, and are A'oided to the ground. As the larvae grow in size in the sheep's head the animal becomes affected with a catarrhal discharge. This is at first clear, but later becomes thick with mucus. The sheep frequently sneezes, these efforts resulting in the expulsion of mucus and oftentimes matured larvae. The animal will lie down and hold the nose pointed in the air, gradually turning its head round and backwards. The eyes become red and w^atery, the sheep moves "vvith the nose close to the ground, stepping high with the hind legs, frequently raising the head to the wind and bending it sharply baclcwards. They may be seized with giddi- 210 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. ness, and stagger, but they do not turn in a circle or show evi- dences of any acute brain disturbance, all signs tending to show an obstruction and irritation of the nasal chambers. The duration of the attack may be from sixty days to ten months, all depending on the time the larvae remain in the nasal chambers. A sheep may be re-infected at different times, and so contain larvae of different sizes and various stages of develop- ment. The fly is liable to attack the sheep whenever the tem- perature is not too low for its existence, the months of June and July being those in which its depredations are most to be feared. treatment. This is of two kinds, preventive and surgical. A practical method of prevention consists in smearing the noses with a mix- ture composed of tar and grease in equal parts, rubbing it on with a brush. Where the owner has only a few sheep to take care of this individual dressing of the animals may be feasible, and to be effective should be applied at least once a week throughout the fly season. AVhere large flocks are kept it becomes an ex- ceedingly difficult matter to secure them from the attacks of this pest. It is a good plan to herd them during the hot part of the day (when the fly is most active) on dusty ground, the dust raised by the sheep tending to prevent the onslaught of the flies. Surgical Crcatmctit. This is only resorted to wdiere the removal of the larvae is absolutely necessary, the owner desiring to keep the animal for breeding purposes, and its life being threatened by the attack. It consists in trephining the skull at the frontal sinus, the olden- ing being made, according to Turn, as follows: "Cut off the wool which covers the forehead. Trace with colored chalk a transverse line uniting the middle of the two eyebrows and divide it by another line passing at the middle of the forehead. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 211 The point of choice for trephining will be in each of the two upper angles thus obtained, without engaging the lines which limit them. The operation is performed according to the ordin- ary rules of surgery. From the opening made one often sees the larvae, which are extracted by forceps. To kill others, benzine moderately diluted with water is injected. The flap of skin is then cleaned, applied to the opening and sewed to the adjoin- ing skin. The whole is then covered with a turpentine-coated leather plaster. The patient is separated for a few days from other sheep. Sheep bear the operation with the same impunity as they do marking the ears or other minor operations." This operation would not be advisable in the hands of every flock owner, and when all is said and done, it only relieves the trouble for the time being, as the next fly which comes along and de- posits its larvae will create the same trouble. Perhaps the ad- vice given by Neumann, in his work on parasites, is the best and easiest carried out (except where the sheep are valuable and de- sired for breeding jiurposes). lie says: "At all times, if the number of animals affected is considerable, the malady should be left to follow its course, and those which present the gravest symptoms should be sent to the shambles." As a preventive in large herds the following might be tried : Take a squared log and bore holes in it with a large augur; in these place salt, and dress the edges of the holes with tar. Sheep then will apply tar to their noses every time they eat the salt. parasitic Bronchitis; Roosc, Rusk. Also vulgarly called "Snots." This destructive affection is due to the invasion of the bronchial tubes and lung tissue by worms scientifically called the strongylus filaria and strongylus rufescens, the former, however, is the one most frequently pres- ent, and is found attacking other ruminants, notably tlie camel and goat. 213 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. The strongylus filaria in length is from one to two and a half inches long, in color the male is a brownish yellow, and the female white, their bodies are uniform throughont their entire length, except at the ends, which are tapering. "The head is short, stumpy, rather angidai', but not tuberculated as in other strongyles. Extending from the mouth is a short oesophagus, entering the stomach, from which a straight intestine is con- tinued nearly to the extreme end of the tail. The tail of the female is pointed; the oviducts filled with eggs and live young- extend into the vulva, which is situated close to the anus." — AVilliams. In aged sheep these parasites do not always cause incon- venience, as an examination of the lungs of fat sheep has shown ■them to be loaded with these worms; but in lambs the parasites pierce the softer lung-tissue, gaining entrance to the bronchial tubes, where they set up an intense irritation, frequently caus- ing death. While aged sheep are not so liable to show the effects of attacks from these parasites, sometimes they become anaemic and debilitated, especially is this noticeable in lambing ewes, many of which succumb to the trouble. These parasites in sheep are the cause of bronchitis and sometimes pneumonia, and very often a combination of the two called broncho-pneumonia. The method of their introduction appears to be through the medium of the water supply, or from grasses, especially those of low-lying lands having an insufficient drainage. On gaining access to the alimentary canal (stomachs and intestines) they pierce the walls of these viscera and obtain entrance to the circu- lation, by which they are carried to the lung tissue, where they remain till mature, when they pierce the tissues and pass into the bronchial tubes. Their presence then sets up the irritation characteristic of the disease, the parasites remaining in the lung tissue outside of the tubes, appearing to cause little if any incon- venience. 'Williams states that he has observed these parasites DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 213 ill the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, and this goes to prove the correctness of the above theory of migration. A very large number of worms may be present in the lungs of a single sheep and are also found infesting the intestines. This would account for the amount of infection and source of danger a single diseased sheep may be to a pasture. Symptoms. These depend to a great extent as to whether the lungs only are attacked, or v.hether the parasites are also present in the intestinal canal. In the majority of cases the parasites are present only in the lungs; in some cases both the lungs and alimentary canal contain the worms, and in a few exceptional cases they are only jDresent in the stomachs and intestinal canal. As seen attacking the lung-tissue of lambs, they cause distressing- fits of coughing, difficulty in breathing, the affected animal fre- quently rubbing its head against the ground. Symptoms of anaemia (bloodlessness) soon become apparent. This is evi- denced by a paleness of the mucous linings of the eye-lids, the skin becomes dry and papery, the wool has a tendency to fall out, the breathing becomes hurried, the animal loses strength and sinks rapidly. When the parasites are present in the intestinal canal as well as the lungs, purging is associated with the other symptoms above mentioned. The animal has colicky pains, in- tense thirst, and a tendency to dropsy. An examination of the mucus discharges of the nose and of the faecal matter will frequently reveal the live parasites. The disease runs a course extending all the way from one to four months, depending on the strength of the sheep and the number of parasites gaining access tojthe system. If the symp- toms are well marked at the outset, the disease is almost sure to prove fatal unless the worms are few in number and the animal 214 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAEASITES. has sufficient strength to cough them up. This disease appears to be more prevalent some seasons than others, its ravages being more serious after prolonged damp spells, when it is liable to be epizootic, and cause very large losses to the flock-owner. treatment. This must be both preventive and curative. As a preventive the' sheep, lambs especially, should be moved to fresh pastures. If the season is wet they should be herded on the hill sides, avoiding all low-lying lands as much as possible. Salt seems to exert destructive influence on the parasite; rock salt should be ]ilentifully supplied for the sheep to lick, and dry fodder should be fed if obtainable in which salt has been plentifully sprinkled. The curative treatment, which will be found most practicable, is to confine the sheep in sheds, which are as air-tight as possible, then by burning sulphur in an iron kettle suspended from the roof of the shed just above the heads of the sheep sulphurous acid gas is formed. The inhalation of the fumes will cause violent expectoration on the part of the sheep, the parasites being expelled in the mucus discharges. These fumigations should be repeated three or four times. The safest plan is for an attendant to stand in the shed, and when he finds that the fumes are as strong as he can possll)ly bear them, to come outside, bringing out the burning sulphur with him. The sheep should then remain in the shed for a period of ten minutes. This pro- cedure should be repeated the next day, the sheep being com- pelled to inhale the fumes for a longer period, say twenty min- utes. On the third day the fumigations should again be carried out, which should prove sufficient to greatly relieve if not en- tirely cure the sheep. AVhen the flock is few in number, so that individual treatment can be instituted, injections of medicinal DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 215 agents into the trachea (windpipe) will often prove of great benefit. Take. Iodine 2 drachm loditle of potassium 2^ drachms Distilled water 3 ounces This solution is mixed with two ounces of oil of turpentine to whicli must be added six ounces of olive oil. Of this mixture, after it has been thoroughly shaken, one to two drachms shouhl be injected into the trachea by means of a hypodermic syringe. The injection may be repeated in two or three days time, the number of injections depending on the seriousness of the attack. Where the parasites are suspected in the aliment- ary canal, it becomes necessary to administer such agents as have a tendency to destroy the pests. Take. Oil of cloves 5 drops Tincture of ginger ^ drachm Oil of turpentine 2 drachms Linseed oil 1 ounce Mix. Give as one dose in oatmeal or linseed gruel, which may be repeated after an interval of two to four days. The viscera, lungs, etc., of sheep and lambs which have been destroyed by this disease should be burnt or otherwise disposed of so as not to spread the infection. Pastures which have become infected should receive a thorough dressing of salt. Care should he taken in introducing strange sheep into the flock to provide against their carrying the contagium of the disease. parasitic Diarrhoea. This disease is now recognized as one of the serious com- plaints affecting sheep. It is extensively distributed, occurring wherever sheep are to be found, and is the source of great con- cern to the sheep owner on account of its frequent fatalities. It 216 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. is caused bv irritation of the mucous membranes of the aliment- ary canal, owing to the presence of the tapeworm, scientifically termed the taenia expansa. Many writers report having ob- served cases of diarrhoea in sheep and lambs where segments of tapeworm were found in the faecal discharges. In 1877 an out- break occurred in Central Park, New York, in which the in- testines of lambs were filled with taeniae ranging from one to fifteen feet in length. The animals were unwell for two or three days, then, becoming affected with convulsions, would turn round in a circle and drop dead. Cross of Shrewsbury, Eng., the same year reports a case of scouring in lambs, in which innumerable segments, with double sexual organs and unarmed heads, were found in the alvine discharges. Cobbold also re- ports large losses in Australia, due to the same pests, and Gamgee also states that in Australia an enzooty, due to taeniae in lambs, is of frequent occurrence, especially on land Avhicli is over- stocked. Where tapeworm is suspected in a flock of sheep, an examination of the soil (after a heavy rain) on which they have been folded will often reveal the segments, washed free from the faecal matter. Cooper Curtice in the Government report of 1890 states that "no section of the United States seems to be entirely free from it," and further says: "It was introduced into this country from Europe along with the imported flocks, which harbored it." Description of the parasite Length variable, the largest measure from five to six yards in length and from one-twenty-fifth of an inch in breadth at the head to one-half an inch at the tail. The head is generally small and pointed, the neck very short, if discernible at all, the first segments are very short, the others as they proceed backwards to the tail becoming longer and broader. The head is small at tlie end, and is furnished with four suckers. The body of the DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAKASITES. 217 worm is made up of segments, very wide and flat, which varv In length in the different portions of its extent. In appearance the worm is a dull white, but becomes transparent on being sub- merged for a few hoi-.rs in water. Each segment is endowed with an independent set of genital organs, and contains eggs or young embryos, so it will be observed that each segment is cap- able of reproducing its kind without the assistance of outside agencies. The segments become mature as the embryos develop within them, and are separated from the others to be ejected with the excreta on the ground, there to fulfill their life cycle. The segments nearest the tail maturing first, are the first to be shed, the remainder following in their turn till the head only remains. It is owing to this process that lambs are able to recover after being attacked by this species of taenia. Symptoms. A paleness of the skin will be noticeable, the visible mucous membranes, such as the lining of the eyelids, will also have a bloodless appearance, the fleece is dry and brittle, the animal be- comes poor in flesh, and, should it be a lamb, it ceases to develop. The appetite will still remain good, being increased if anything, the desire for liquids is also increased, the animal at times drink- ing greedily. The digestive functions soon become deranged, rumination is imperfectly performed, the breath becomes foetid, signs of colic will be observed at irregular intervals, the- evacu- ations are varied in character, at times the animal is constipated, again it suffers from exhaustive diarrhoea, the belly becomes distended owing to accumulations of faecal matter or gas. The evacuations have a mucus character and are yellowish in color, an examination frequently revealing segments of the taenia ex- pansa. In severe cases the sheep becomes so weak that it with difiiculty keeps with the flock when grazing. They are attacked with convulsions, finally a malignant diarrhoea wliicb refuses to 518 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. yield to treatment sets in, the effect of which is to so increase the debility and wasting that the animal falls down unable to rise, quickly succumbing from exhaustion. Creatmcnt. This is also both curative and preventive. Where taenia expansa is suspected in a flock all the animals should be dosed, as the well ones if allowed to graze in the same pasture as those already afi^ected are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite, and in turn become mediums for its distribution. Before adminis- tering vermifuges to the sheep they should be prepared for the same by being kept without food and water for at least twelve hours. They should be all dosed at one time and kept confined for at least twenty-four hours after receiving the medicine, so that the segments and eggs, which will be voided, are not dis- tributed over the pastures. AVhen the owner or foreman is satis- fied that the medicine has had the desired result, the sheep should Tdb allowed access to the pasture, and the yard in which they were confined should be thoroughly covered with quick lime to de- stroy all evidences of the disease. One of the best and simplest taeniacides to use. is kamala. This is obtained in the form of a coarse red powder, its effects on the sheep for the expulsion of tapeworm being very satisfactory. Take Kamala , .... 3 drachms ]\lix thoroughly in three ounces of linseed gruel; this is the ■dose for adult sheep, lambs take from one to two drachms, ac- cording to their age. This should be administered very slowly to the animal to insure its passing into the fourth stomach and so on into the intestines, as, if it should be hastily given, it is liable to enter the rumen, where its effects would in all probabil- ity be nil. Should the kamala not prove efficacious the follow- ing can be tried. Take. Ethereal extract, male shield fern.l drachm Castor oil 4 ounces DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 219^ Mix and give as one Jose to adult sheep; lambs can be given from one to three-fourths of the above with safety. Following this treatment a tonic should be used to stimulate the appetite and assist nature in restoring health. Take. Salt 2 lbs. Epsom salts 1 lb. Sulphate of iron i lb. Powdered gentian ^ lb. Nitrate of potash 4 ounces Mix thoroughly. This can be given by mixing it in the feed, and will make a sufficient quantity for 100 sheep. It should be repeated two or three times a week till the animals show signs of marked improvement. preventive Creatmcnt. Consists in not over-stocking the pastures. The lambs should be kept in fields which have not been used for some months previously. Attention must be paid to the water supply, as this appears frequently to be a source of infection. It must be borne in mind that this disease is more prevalent during the summer months and that the majority of fatalities take place in lambs under six months of age. Lambs recovering from the attacks of taeniae or those which have been treated and rid of the same, should receive the best of care and attention, as the system is run down, the animals are weakened and emaciated, making them more liable to attacks from other ailments. parasitic Gastric Catarrh. This disease is generally found occurring as an epizootic. It is due to the presence of round worms, scientifically termed twisted strongyles (strongylus contortus) in the abomasum (fourth stomach). As seen attacking lambs it is particularly fatal. It is found occurring in all countries where sheep are Strongylua Cotitortus, Rud. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 221 Description of Xllustrations on Opposite page. Fig. 1. Adult female, X G, a, head; b, ovaries wound around the intes- tines; c, c, uteri ; d, a large papilla, just in front of and cover- ing the vulva ; e, anus. Fig. 2. Adult male, X 6. Fig. 3. Head— a, two barb-like papillae; ^, mouth; t, oesophagus ; rf, in- testine. Fig. 4. Eggs, highly magnified— a, eggs before they have left the ovaries ; d, eggs showing nuclei ; c, eggs after they have passed through the oviduct; d, egg with one cell; e, with two ; /, with four; g-, with eight ; h, with many ; i, egg as it is laid. Fig. 5. Skin, showing nine of the eighteen longitudinal lines. P'ig. 6. Portion of female — a, the intestine; b, b, the ends of the ovaries. Fig. 7. Caudal end of female— a, the anus; b, the vulva; c, vagina; d, d, uteri filled with eggs; e, oviduct; /,/, ovary ; g; intestine. Fig. 8. Spicula, enlarged. Fig. 9. Bursa, expanded to show costfB : a, ventral ; b, ventro-lateral ; c, lateral ; d, dorso-lateral ; e, dorsal ; /, spicula. Fig. 10. Group of adult males and females, natural size. Fig. 11. Caudal end of male— a, bursa ; A, spicula; c, seminal reservoir; d, intestine. 223 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. kept. It is frequently complicated with verminous bronchitis, and is generally prevalent during the spring and summer months.. ]^o portions of the United States appear to be free from its ravages. Throughout Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico proper, it is known under the name of lombriz, a deriva- tion from the Spanish "lombrici," meaning worms; its attacks being of frequent occurrence in those districts. Hppcarance of ^orms. Body red or white according as its intestine is full of blood sucked from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the extremi- ties are pointed, just behind its anterior extremity two small lateral projections (papillae) are noticeable. These are shaped in the form of teeth, projecting backward. Tine lines or striae mark its integument (skin) transversely, in addition to which are longitudinal ridges forty or fifty in number. The male worm is from one-half to one inch in length, the female from one to one and one-half inches, its body terminating in a pointed tail. Its vulva is situated a short di-stance from the tail in a de- pression covered by a powerful tongue-like appendage, which points backward; its eggs are ovoid and infinitesimally small in size. The probable source of infection of sheep by these pests is through the medium of the water supply. Leukart reports that he has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, reaching such a state of growth as tcr be able to mature after gaining access to ruminants. Such being the case, it is necessary to guard against the water supply being contaminated with the excrements of animals which are themselves suffering from these worms. Sympt'otTio. These so far as being characteristic of this particular order of worms are not well marked. The affected animal is dull, DISEASES DUE TO INTEKNAL PAEASITES. 223 •suffers from a depraved appetite, intense thirst, becomes poor in llesli and dropsical, the belly becoming enlarged and tense. It will suffer frequently from attacks of colic, and is affected with a black diarrhoea, which generally terminates in death. post-Mortem. Examination of the fourth stomach of sheep which have been attacked by these worms will find it containing hundreds ^nd perhaps thousands of twisted round worms closely packed to- gether, their heads buried in the mucous membrane, which is thickened and has a bloodless or pale appearance. Creatmcnt. Where the sheep are suspected to be suffering from worms they should be dosed individually, unless the flock is so large as to make it impracticable. Take. Kamala 3 drachms Linseed gruel 6 ounces Mix this is a sufficient dose for one large sheep. Lambs can be given from one-half to two drachms of kamala according to their age and size. Finlay Dunn in his work on veterinary medicine, prescribes as follows. Take. Common salt 3 lbs. Powdered ginger ^ lb. Powdered salt petre i lb. Dissolve in three gallons of warm water, to which when nearly cold add twenty-four ounces of turpentine. The dose for lambs of from four to six months old is two ounces, the full prescription being a sufficient quantity for 160 head of lambs. Zurn recommends picrate of potash, claiming that it will be found less irritating, and at the same time as eflficient a vermicide a.-=; kamala. The dose for a lamb is from three to five grains, and ior grown sheep twenty grains. It should be administered dis- 224 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PAHASITES. solved iu water. Where large numbers of sheep have to be treated pumpkin seeds have been used, and in many cases with satisfactory results. These can be given in unlimited quantities, mixed with dry feed, such as shorts, the great drawback in using this simple remedy being the difficulty to get the sheep to eat a sufficient quantity. After treatment the flock should be moved to fresh and uninfected pastures. The ground from which they have been moved should not be used to graze sheep on for at least two seasons, and where practicable the pasture should be given a dressing of lime or salt. A new method, and apparently, from all data which can be gathered on the subject a most successful one, is the use of benzine, or to make it more plain to the reader, gasoline, in a treatment of this affection. This is used as follows: For lambs weighing about 75 pounds administer one tablespoonful of gaso- line in half a pint of linseed tea or oat-meal gruel; repeat daily for three or four days. Adult sheep take from two to three tablespoonfuls. This treatment is simple, and from all accounts would certainly warrant a trial. It was first used in France, and the reports from that country were most gratifying, leading to the adoption of this agent by many prominent sheep men in this country, notably Jos. E. Wing of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, who re- ports favorably. Nodular Disease of the Intestines. This is a diseased condition of the intestines, due to a para- site called the oesophagostoma columbianum, the last word signifying that it was first found in the District of Columbia. The investigations leading to and determining this particular species of worm were successfully carried out by Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assisted by Dr. Cooper Curtice, also a member of the Department of Agri- culture. Its presence can only be detected by post mortem ex- DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 225 amination, when it will be foimd that the intestines of the sheep, more particularly the large guts (colon and caecum), are studded with whitish tumors, ranging in size from that of a millet seed to as large as a hickory nut, giving the external coat of the bow- els a knotty appearance, so injuring the gut as to make it worth- less for sausage casings, inflicting serious monetary loss to the butcher. "The adult worm is found in the large intestines of sheep in considerable numbers, and in the same animal may also be found the tumors. The parasite is usually found below the narrowing of the large intestines, where the latter changes from a sac-like receptacle to a large tube, and below the mass of tum- ors. The tumors may, however, extend the entire length of the intestines. It is evident that the distribution of the eggs of this adult would be favorable for sheep becoming again infected by them." — Department of Agriculture Report 1890, Cooper Cur- tice. There are no special symptoms characteristic of this par- ticular species of worm. The writer has seen hundreds of sheep killed at the abattoirs, the intestines of which were studded with tumors, the animals in life showing no particular signs of verm- inous trouble. In fact, it was frequently noticeable affecting the intestines in fat, prime sheep, but there is no doubt that serious trouble results to sheep harboring this parasite for any extended length of time, its effects appearing to be more disas- trous in the Southern and South Eastern States of America than in the more northern latitudes. The white tumors or cysts being situated under the peri- toneal covering and external to the mucous lining of the intes- tine, are not susceptible to the action of medicinal agents. The mature worms which are found in the intestines will yield to tlic same treatment as that prescribed for tapeworms causing para- sitic diarrhoea. 226 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. The fact of this particular oesophagostome being so universally distributed over large portions of the United States renders the problem of possible infection a hard one to solve. As a matter of economics this disease is worthy of grave consid- eration; large importations of sausage casings being necessary to supply the home demand. Che Rot. This disease has been the cause of greater loss to the flock ovv^ners than almost all the others combined, with the exception, perhaps, of sheep scab. Records dating back hundreds of years show that in Egypt the disease was most virulent, appearing there annually following the inundation of the banks of the Nile. Beyond a doubt, all cases of rot have arisen from keeping sheep on a wet, swampy soil, they being naturally an inhabitant of dry and lofty situations, and while they have been made to thrive on unsuitable grounds, the perversion of their natural habits ex- poses them to attacks by this most disastrous disease. The parasite causing this disease is known as the distoma hepaticum or liver-fluke; and while it is very common and has caused immense losses on the European continent and Great Britain, it has rarely been found affecting American sheep, al- though a few cases have been recorded in the East, on Long Island, also in Louisiana, Texas and California. As a matter of history, it may be stated here that the liver-fluke in Great Britain alone was, until recently, responsible for the loss of 1,000,000 sheep and lambs annually, and that in 1830 to 1831 this number was more than doubled, many farmers losing all their flocks, one farmer in the County of Kent losing $15,000 worth of sheep in the course of three months. On the continent of Europe its ravages haye been fully as great. Its presence has also been felt in Australia, and to a DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 227 certain extent tliroiigliout tlie different parts of the world where the land is swampy and subject to floods. M. M. Hamont, in an essay on this subject, states that "it assumes its most serious character after heavy rains and extensive floods, and in wet countries covered with aquatic plants. It affects animals of different ages and in all seasons. It appears every year in Egypt after the fall of the Nile, and it follows and keeps pace with the subsidence of the waters. In the superior parts of Upper Egypt it commences about the end of July, near Cairo in August, in the environs of the capital in October and November, and during the months of December, January and February in the Delta. It is most obstinate and continues long- est in the neighborhood of the confluence of the waters. In Lower Egypt it lasts about 120 to 130 days, and it disappears soonest and is least fatal when the rise of the Xile has not been considerable. Desolation and death accompany it wherever it passes. The Arabs say that this pest annually destroys 16,000 sheep in Egypt. Its victims usually perish on the twenty-fifth, thirtieth, thirty-fifth or fortieth day after the apparent attack." From this extract we can readily understand that it is a particu- larly fatal disease, and that it being of so rare an occurrence in the Ignited States of America is a cause for self-congratulation among the flock owners of this country. Symptoms. The primary symptoms are slight. Instead of the animal losing flesh it appears to increase in weight, the appetite remains good, the tendency to fatten being due to the better assimilation of the food products, owing to the increased secretion of bile caused from the irritation due to the young liver-flukes in the bile-ducts and liver, and this very tendency to fatten in the first stages of the disease has led feeders, notably the celebrated Bakewell, to purposely expose the sheep intended for early 228 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. market to the infection, so that the period of feeding would be shortened, and the profits correspondingly increased. Among the first noticeable symptoms will be a dullness and a pale ap- pearance of the mucous membranes of the eyelids, nasal cavity and mouth; the membrana nictitans, or winking eyelid, situated at the corner of the eyes nearest the nose, becomes yellow. As the disease progresses the affected sheep become flaccid about the loins, and commence to shrink; by passing the hand over the hips a crackling sound is produced, caused by the pres- ence of gases in the sub-cutaneous connective tissue ; the counten- ance becomes pale, the skin changes color from the normal healthy pink hue to a pale red, the wool parts easily from the skin, which as the disease progresses becomes covered with yellow and black spots; in a short time the dullness increases, the animal continues to lose flesh, the paleness of the mucous mem- branes increases until they become almost white, at which stage they commence to become yellow, showing the presence of bile in the blood; the yellow appearance extends to the skin, which now becomes loose and flabby, a watery fluid collecting under it, dropsical swellings being noticeable under the belly between the fore-legs and under the jaw. This last appears in the form of a large watery swelling, giving the sheep the appearance termed ''chockered." When this stage is reached the sheep quickly succumbs. Duration of the Disease. Some authorities state that the flukes remain nine months, others claim fifteen months in the affected sheep, and that after this time they gain access to the intestinal canal and are voided with the droppings. Thomas says he has seen the sickness last six years, Neu- mann claiming, as does Perroncito, that the flukes rarely quit their hosts, and the question of re-infection of the same animal DISEASES DUE TO INTEENAL PARASITES. 229 creates a doubt whether such a long period of infection was all due to the same parasites or to renewed generations of them. The disease ordinarily lasts from three to six months, but this is very uncertain, affected animals having been known to succumb in a few days after infection, the death in such cases being caused by acute inflammation of the liver, due to the irri- tation caused by the presence of the parasites. Sheep suffering from the rot, owing to their weakened condition, become suscept- ible to other maladies which are liable to cause death, even before the liver disease has had time to run its course. po9t-)VIortcm. Post mortem appearances depend entirely on the stage in Avhich the sheep is destroyed. Shortly after infection the thin edge of the small lobe of the liver, termed the quadrate lobe, be- comes a whitish-blue color, which spreads along the upper and lower sides. "When the disease has run a more protracted course, the flesh is found pale, and in the dependant parts of the body in- flltrated with a yellowish serous fluid. In far advanced cases few parts of the body are found which do not present evidences of disease, the heart is soft and pale, the lungs often being studded with tubercles; in all cases the liver is found extensively affected, generally pale in color and friable or mottled, with hard scirrhous spots with a fluid jelly-like deposit on different parts of its sur- face, particularly so around the bile-ducts. It will also appear puckered in places with cicatricial markings, caused by the re- parative process and contraction of the newly formed tissue. ( 'hannels are formed in the substance of the organ under the serous membranes covering it. These are visible to the naked eye. The biliary ducts are irregularly enlarged and thickened, the sacculations frec[uently being as large as a hickory nut, and oil makiiio- a traneverse section of these thev will be found to 230 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. contain flukes of varions sizes in a greenish black, sticky mass, the inside surfaces of pouches being lined with a gritty calcare- ous deposit. When the flukes leave the liver for the intestinal canal the structure of the organ will partially heal, but the liver never returns to the normal healthy condition. jSTeumann describes the appearance of the liver-fluke as follows: "Description. — Body flattened, leaf-like, pale brown, irregular, the adult from eighteen to thirty-one mm. long and Distoma Dcpaticurrit I^inn. Fig'. 1. Adult fluke, natural size — !«, young fluke, natural size. (RaiUet). Fig. 2. Eggs — a, egg with developing embryo; i, egg with embryo; c, egg-shell. (Raillet.) Fig. 3. Ciliated and free embryo — a, perforating apparatus; i, ocular spot. (Leuckari). Fig. 4. Encysted embryo found in snails. (A. P. Thomas). from four to thirteen mm. wide, oblong, oval or lanceolate, larger and rounder in front, Avhere it is abruptly contracted in such a way as to present a conical neck, attenuate and obtuse be- hind, skin bristling with numerous little points directed back- ward. Oval sucker terminal, rounded. Ventral sucker, large, projecting with a triangular opening, situated about three mm. behind the first. Intestine with two ramified branches visible through the skin, and of a deep shade. Penis projecting in front DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 231 of the abdominal sucker, always recurved. Yiilva small, situ- ated at the side of the male orifice or a little behind. Eggs brown or greenish, ovoid, length from 0.130 to 0.145 mm., width. 0.070 to 0.090 mm." The parasite has been found in the livers of the sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and a number of wild rnminants, also in the horse, ass, pig, elephant, rabbit, and man. Its habitat is in the biliary ducts of the liver where, according to Knchenmeister, it feeds on the blood from the mucous membranes of those pass- ages. Its life history was first determined by Leuckart, and later, but independently, by Thomas, an English scientist. It was called the fasciola hepaticum by Linnaeus, the naturalist, the name of distoma hepaticum being bestowed on it by Retzius, the word hepaticum being used in conjunction with either of the others to designate that the fluke is found in the liver. The flukes deposit their eggs in the biliary ducts, from which they pass into the intestines, and are voided from the sys- tem, dropping on the ground, where those falling in suitable places, under favorable conditions, hatch and escape by the rais- ing of a lid-like contrivance on the small end of the egg. These newly-hatched parasites are not young flukes; on the contrary, they are small ciliated embryos, which are enabled by the fine cilia (hair) covering them to swim about in water. These em- bryos immediately seek out the small water snail, it being neces- sary for the completion of the life cycle of this remarkable para- site that this snail act as an intermediary host for it during the completion of this stage. Should the embryo fail to become attached to the water snail in two days time it will die without completing its life cycle. On the other hand, should it become attached to the snail, it immediately bores through the shell. 232 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. lodging in the respiratory cavity of that mollusk. Here it be- comes encysted, contracting into an oval mass, which grows rapidly. At this stage it is called a sporocyst. This sporocyst splits up into from five to eight bodies, called rediae, which are about 2 mm. in length, these leaving the cyst one by one. These rediae each one of them develop within themselves fifteen to twenty cercariae, which are thrust out in turn through an orifice under the neck of the rediae. These cercariae are what escape from the snail, being scat- tered broadcast in its wanderings. After a short time they lose their tails, and again become encysted, the contents of these cysts being attached to blades of grass, etc., are swallowed by the sheep or other animal, the gastric juices acting on it break the covering, setting free the young flukes in the stomach and duodeneum, from which they gain the biliary ducts, and pass up them to the liver, where they grow into adult hermaphroditic parasites able to give origin to other generations of young. The life cycle of this parasite is as wonderful as any occur- ring in nature, at least seventy-five young flukes under suitable circumstances being able to develop from a single egg. preventive treatment. We cannot do better than print verbatim Thomas' formu- lated rules of prevention against this parasite, founded on its life- history, as follows: "1. All eggs of the liver-fluke must be vigorously de- stroyed. Manure from rotten sheep or other infected animals must not be put on wet ground. As the liver and intestines con- tain the eggs, those too must be destroyed or put in the compost heap. The manure of affected animals should not be stored where there is a drainage from it to the neighboring grass. It should be mixed Avith lime and salt before being spread on meadows or cultivated fields. "2. If sheep are infected, lot them be sent to the butcher DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 233 at once, unless they are specially valuable and are not badlv affected. If kept they must not be put on wet ground. "3. Care must be taken to avoid introducing eggs of the lluke, either with manure or fluked sheep or in any other way. liabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the eggs. "4. All heavy and wet ground must be thoroughly drained. "5. Dressing of lime and salt (or both) should be spread over the ground at the proper season to destroy the embryos, the cysts of the fluke and also the snail, which acts as host. "6. Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the more closely they graze the more fluke germs they will pick up. "7. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground they should have a daily alloMance of salt and a little dry food." J^edicinal Creatment. A perfect cure is almost hopeless. After the period of migration of the flukes to the intestines, a spontaneous cure sometimes results, which, however, is very rare. So far as me- find three kinds, namely, the sarcoptes ovis, which burrow in the skin; the dermatodectes, also called the psoroptes communis, the cause of common scab, which simply bite and hold on to tlie skin, and which is the parasite we shall mostly have to deal with in this chapter, and thirdly the symbiotes, or chorioptes ovis, the PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 23c cause of foot scab. In studying the life-history of these para- sites WQ find they are virtually alike, in that they attack the skin of the sheep, and live on the fluid arising from the irritation from their bites. The scabs form oyer the irritated surfaces; and beneath these crusts the insects deposit their eggs. In the course of from two to three days the eggs hatch, the newly born parasite becoming adult in fifteen days. Each female parasite, 0rcup of emaciated and Scabby Sbecp. according to Gerlach, will lay fifteen eggs, ten of which will bring forth females, the balance males. The young parasites as soon as they hatch spread and invade new territory, which gives the affected part the appearance of spreading by a constant advance of its circumference. The eggs being embedded in these crusts or scabs, are deposited on posts, feeding troughs, or bedding, etc., and become fresh centers of infection, it onlv emales. Males. 10 5 100 50 1,000 500 10,000 5,000 100,000 50,000 236 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. being necessary that they become deposited on the skin of the sheep for them to develop into live and aggressive parasites. Gerlach, the German authority mentioned previonsl}', com- puted that in three months time a single female would be re- sponsible for the existence of 1,500,000 progeny, as is shown in the following table: First generation after 15 days produces. . . Second generation after 30 days produces. Third generation after 45 days produces. . Fourth generation after 60 days produces. Fifth generation after 75 days produces. . Sixth generation after 90 days produces. . 1,000,000 500,000 Unless the affected sheep is submitted to proper treatment to destroy these pests they will increase indefinitely in numbers until death to the patient ensues. The form of scabies com- monly affecting the sheep in the United States from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean is that caused by the psoroptes communis, which attacks the ])arts of the sheep covered by the heavy fieece, causing the animal to rub and pull the fleece, so effecting a shrinkage in the wool clip, which, when the large num- ber of affected animals are taken into account, will be found to annually mount up to millions of dollars, all of which could be prevented by intelligently carrying out the Federal and State regulations governing the same, subjecting all affected animals to a rigid quarantine and effective treatment, and heavily punish- ing the owner of a lot of infected sheep if he should wittingly allow them to run at large. The common scab attacks the backs, flanks, sides, shoulders, necks, bellies, and rumps of the sheep, the spot infected appear- ing ragged, the sheep frequently biting the part as if it was try- ing to tear the wool, or striking the spot with a hind foot; in Showing Scabies in its first Stages. 238 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. aggravated cases tearing the skin with the hoof, causing ulcer- ation and thickening of the cuticle. Cbc f)ead Scab. This disease, as has already been stated, is caused by para- sites called the sarcoptes scabiei. They are the smallest of the scab- forming parasites, being almost invisible to the naked eye. In appearance they are rounded, ovoid bodies, with small pointed proboscis, the full grown parasite having eight legs, four to a side, supplied with suckers or feelers, while the newly-hatched insect possesses only three pair of legs, the other pair appearing about thirty-six hours after birth. Location and Symptoms. This disease first makes its appearance around the nostrils, rarely on the eyelids, and around the ears. From these locations the scab extends over the whole face, cheeks and eyelids, even to the lower portion of the limbs, under the belly, and especially in the flexures of the knee, hock and pastern joints, wherever the wool is scarce, as this species does not attack the parts covered by the heavy fleece. The first symptom noticeable will be that the sheep rubs and scratches its head violently. On examination at this period, a very small whitish yellow pimple will be found, which, on being rubbed, ruptures, allowing the escape of a yel- lowish serosity. This in drying forms minute crusts, the aggre- gation of which tend to form a thick and hard scab. The vesicles themselves are formed by the parasites burrowing into the skin, where they find the necessary nourishment for their growth and the propagation of the species. The young as soon as they hatch out migrate to a fresh location, where they imme- diately bury themselves in the skin in the same manner as their progenitors. In this manner the disease spreads, slowly at first, but after the first thirty days by leaps and bounds. As the dis- PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 239 ease progresses the scabby patches become confluent, thicker and liarder and white in appearance, extending over the lips, cheeks, nostrils, face, forehead, eyes and ears in one hard, thick scabby mass, causing an incessant, unbearable itching, in trying to allay which, by rubbing and striking the part with its feet, the animal tears through scab and skin, causing bleeding, soreness and ulcer- ation of the part. As these patches increase round the edges, the centers tend to heal, leaving scars and cicatrices to show the ravages of the disease. When the scabs cover the eyelids, the animal is in danger of starving to death, being unable to see where or how to obtain food. To find this insect it is necessary to raise the scab and examine the moist underlying exudate by the aid of a microscope. They are not to be found on the hard and dry portions of the scab. Head scab is not a common form of the disease in T^orth America, although cases of it are occasionally found. It is the most susceptible to treatment of the three kinds of scab, and wliile, unlike the common scab, it does not work direct injury to the fleece If neglected, the patient becomes poor in flesh, and indirectly by its effect on the general health, the normal growth of the fleece is prevented,. so curtailing the clip. treatment. The application of a good sheep dip or wash will effectually cure this trouble. ComTnon Scab, Psoroptcs Communis. The parasite causing this disease is much larger than the sarcoptes, being easily discernible with the naked eye, especially if placed on a black surface. It has caused more monetary loss to sheep breeders of all countries than any other condition or disease, not excepting the ravages caused by the liver-fluke; so rapidly does it run through a flock, and so destructive are its 240 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. effects on the wool indnstrv, that nearly all governments have enacted legislation aiming to control and eradicate the disease. Symptoms. When scab first breaks out in a flock of sheep the affected ones will be noticed scratching, biting, rubbing themselves, tak- ing hold of the wool and pulling it from the skin, causing the fleece to have a rough uneven look, the wool fibres being stuck together and wet where the animal has been biting the part. H Y«>u"9f 6ix-lcggcd Hcarus x loo. (Brown.) Sheep badly affected will be uneasy at all times, constantly pulling and scratching, especially is this the case if they are driven around and over-heated, the itching then becoming very severe. Co examine a Sbcep for Scab. Part the wool over the spot where the animal has been bit- ing, and by closely examining the skin small whitish-yellow elevations will be observed which present a marked contrast to the normal pink skin. These elevations are caused from the bites of the scab mites, which will be found on the wool fibres in close proximity. As the mites increase in numbers, PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 241 psoroptcs Commums Tel Dcrmatodcctcs Ovis. (©crlacb.) 242 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. the elevations do likewise, becoming closer together, finally uniting. The vesicles, on being rnbbed, exude a watery seros- ity. which accnnnilates and in drying forms a thin crnst, called a w^^^ 6-' ©roup of Scab parasites x 40. (Brown.) a. mature female acarus in a mass of scab. i>, young acarus after change of skin. c, cast-off skin of an acarus. <^, drum with yolk contracted. ?, drum containing a young acarus. /", orum with young acarus in interior about to be hatched. scab. The scab appears as a yellowish, thin, greasy layer. This as the disease progresses becomes thick and hard, spreading wider as the parasites invade fresh tissue around the edges of the scabs. These crusts in being' rubbed off or torn out bv the PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 243 frenzied motions of the sheep carry with them tags of wool. leaving the affected surfaces denuded and sore. These become again covered bj scabs, which are thicker than the former, these being still further increased in circumference by the outward migration of the parasites. As the affected surfaces enlarge their centers tend to heal, but the skin remains thick and wrinkled for a long time, the growth of the fleece being re- tarded and sometimes destroyed from the injury to the hair follicles. Ixodes of Infection. Since scab is caused by insects which are being continually distributed by the sheep rubbing on posts or dropping tags of Avool containing pieces of scab, which on coming in contact with other sheep soon cause an outbreak on them also, it can read- ily be seen that the sources of infection are many, among which can be enumerated the shipping of infected sheep in railroad cars as one of the commonest methods of distribution, or per- mitting healthy sheep to graze on a range on which scabby sheep have been kept, or the exposure in any way of healthy sheep to the eggs of the parasite, which are more to be dreaded than the mite itself. The parasite itself cannot live for any length of time away from the body of its host, and experiments have shown that it will succumb after a period of from ten to fifteen days, but its eggs, being almost indestructible owing to their dense fibrous covering, will last indefinitely, and should tlie sheep pick up any particle of wool or pieces of scab containing these eggs it is only necessary for them to remain in contact with the skin for a short period for them to hatch and become the foci for new and disastrous outbreaks. Ranges when once infected are not considered safe grazing grounds for the space of one year. Pens when infected need to be thoroughly gone over with slaked lime wash, with some parasiticide added to it, before they are 244 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN, safe to hold sheep again. All railroad ears should be thor- oughly cleaned and disinfected after having been used for the transportation of sheep, especially is this necessary in the West, where cars frequently are kept in use till the manure has ac- cumidated to such an extent that it becomes almost impossible to load sheep in them. These manure beds teem with the eggs of the parasites, which arc picked up by the sheep's fleece, caus- ing a wholesale infection of all exposed, thus carrying the dis- ease from one district to another or from State to State, and in many instances from the far West to the Atlantic seaboard. There are few if any counties in the Western States and terri- tories in which scabies is not constantly present, and it is from these districts that the lambs are sold to be fitted by the Eastern feeder for the spring market, which accounts for the general distribution of this disease every fall and spring. AVhile at the time of sale and up to their arrival at the feeding grounds they may appear perfectly clean and healthy, experience has taught those who make a business of handling feeders that it is a waste of time and feed to neglect dipping the lambs at once on their arrival, and if possible before they go into the feeding pens, as when this is delayed, as soon as the animal begins to get on feed the scab is sure to break out, the disease then being almost impossible to cure on account of the infection of the pens. The writer, when sheep inspector at Fort Collins, Col., can remember one season in particular when the lambs from Xew Mexico ap- peared healthy on their arrival from that territory, but in a short time scab developed in every flock of feeders in Larimer County, and as there were 150,000 head on feed in fifty-five separate flocks the reader can well understand the loss sustained by the owners, some of whom were compelled to dip their flocks five times in as many months, and then were only able to keep the disease under control, but not eradicated. Had these sheep H Bad Case of Scabies, the affected area extending from the Crooh around the Hnimal's JS^cch to the thumb of the examiner. Che Cuticle is much tbichencd and raw with pus in the Sub-cutaneous Cissues. 246 PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. been thoroughly dipped before shipping and then loaded on clean and disinfected railroad cars, this trouble would have been averted to a great extent, arid one more dipping on their arrival at the feed yards would have been all that was necessary to carry them through till spring. The mite causing common scab can easily be found at the edges of the scabs, and can be studied by means of a low power microscope, and so numerous are these parasites that one slide will often reveal the adult mites, the six-legged young and many eggs. Fall and winter are the seasons most favorable for the spread of this disease, owing to the animals being congregated together under sheds or in feeding lots, and the fleece at those seasons being long, facilitates the propagation and vitality of the parasites. In summer the change from dry food to green grass appears to effect a certain influence antagnostic to the spread of the scab, especially is this so after spring shearing. Scab if not treated will eventually cause extreme debility and perhaps death, owing to impoverishment of the blood and fatigue from loss of rest and sleep, caused by the intense itching due to the pres- ence of these pests. "Where breeding ewes become affected with scabies, there is great danger of abortion, and should this not occur, the newly born lamb will be weak and feeble, predisposed to sickness, and very hard to rear. Ewes not in lamb will sel- dom conceive when affected with this disease, and when this fact is taken into consideration, together with the depreciation of the value of the wool clip, from double ended wool, and a light fleece, it will readily be understood that the damages to flock owners from this disease which is spread so universally over the country, especially in th e "Western States, is enormous, and that without exaggeration it must amount to several millions of dollars vearlv. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 247 Crcatmcnt. Treatment for common scab is of two kinds: (1). Dipping; where the animal is immersed in a watery solution containing parasiticides, which while they destroy the pests, are supposedly harmless to the sheep. Hn Hggravated Case of Scabies, showing the Subject Kiching with its f'oot and morh- ing its Mouth in Response to a Little Hdditional Xmtation from tb« Gxamimr. (2). Hand dressing; Avhich consists in the application of some such substance as the mercury stone or turpentine and lard, etc., which is rubbed on the affected parts. This method is only practicable where few animals are to be treated. In all cases 248 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. where large flocks are infected, tliorougli dippings of all the sheep is the only practicable method of combatting the disease. Dipping. Under this head we cannot do better than quote verbatim some of the instructions given out by the Department of Agri- culture in a bulletin lately issued dealing with the subject. ''(1). Select a dip containing sulphur. If a prepared 'dip' is used, which does not contain sulphur, it is always safer to add about sixteen and one-half pounds of the sifted flour of sulphur to every 100 gallons of water, especially if after dipping the sheep have to be returned to their old pastures. "(2). Shear all the dieep at one time, and immediately after shearing confine them to one-half the farm for two to four weeks. Many persons pref(?r to dip immediately after shearing. "(3). At the end of this time dip every sheep (and every goat also, if there is any on the farm). "(4). Ten days later dip the entire flock the second time. "(5). After the second dipping place the flock on the por- tion of the farm from which they have been excluded during the previous four or five weeks. "(6). Keep each sheep in the dip for two minutes by the watch, do not guess at the time, and duck its head at least once. "(7). Be careful in dipping rams, as they are more likely to be overcome in the dip than are the ewes." Be careful in making your choice of a dip. In these days, when manufactured non-poisonous preparations are obtainable there is no excuse for endangering the lives of the sheep, and not them only, but those of the other live stock of the farm by using poisonous compounds, especially those heavily charged wntli arsenic. In regard to arsenical dips, the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture, in the bulletin already quoted from, says: There are both home-made arsenic dips and secret proprie- PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 249 tary arsenical dips. It is well to use special precautions with both, because of the danger connected with them. One of the prominent manufacturers of dips, a firm which places on the market both a powder arsenical dip and a liquid non-poisonous dip, recently summarized the evils of arsenical dips in the fol- lowing remarkable manner: "The drawbacks to the use of arsenic may be summed up somewhat as follows: "(a) Its danger as a deadly poison. "(b) Its drying effect on the wool. "(c) Its weakening of the fibre of the wool in one particu- lar part near the skin where it comes in contact wdth the tender wool roots at the time of dipping. "(d) Its not feeding the wool or stimulating the growth or increasing the weight of the fleece as good oleaginous dips do. "(e) The danger arising from the sheep pasturing, after coming out of the bath where the wash may possibly have dropped from the fleece, or where showers of rain, after the dip- ping, have washed the dip out of the fleece on to the pasture. "(f) Its occasionally throwing sheep off their feed for a few days after dipping, and so prejudicing the condition of the sheep. "(g) Its frequent effect upon the skin of the sheep causing excoriation, blistering and hardness, which stiffen and injure the animal, sometimes resulting in death." "Although this manufacturer has gone farther in his attack upon arsenic tlian this Bureau would have been inclined to do, it must be remarked that when a manufacturer of such a dip can not speak more highly of the chief ingredient of this compound than this one has done in the above quotation, his remarks tend to discredit dips based upon that ingredient." ^50 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. The extracts from the Bureau of Animal Industry concern- ing the use of arsenic are fully endorsed by the majority of flock owners. Among the most popular agents used for dipping purposes we find tobacco and carbolic acid; these two enter largely into the composition of the most extensively used prepared dips. Cobacco. Is a very efficient agent for the destruction of the acari. Its effects appear to last longer than those of the carbolic acid or coal tar preparations. We find it as the base of some of the most popular sheep dips. Home-made tobacco infusions, pre- pared by boiling a certain quantity of the natural leaf in a given amount of water, were formerly very popular with sheep owners, but since manufactured extracts have been placed on the market their extended use has largely been superceded by the prepared article, which possesses the advantage of always being uniform in strength and requiring only the admixture of warm water to be ready for use. Carbolic Hcid. Carbolic acid is also a reliable parasiticide. Many of the cold water preparations are largely composed of this article mixed with other ingredients, and presented to the public in such a form as to make a perfect emulsion when mixed with water. Zhe Dipping plant. This consists of a trough or vat and catching and draining pens. The vat is made either circular or straight. It should be at least five and one-half feet deep, and not to exceed six inches in wddth inside measure at the bottom, and twenty inches in the clear at the top. Its length will depend on the number of sheep intended to be dipped in it at any one time. For a dip- ping plant with a capacity for 5,000 sheep per day the following dimensions will be found satisfactorv: TAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 251 Che Catching pen. This should connect with a large pen, made to hold 1,000 head of sheep, from which they are driven into the catching pen, which is built as follows: Its floor is raised eighteen inches above the ground, to be on a level with the sides of the dipping vat, which project about that distance above the ground; its size, to be convenient for catching sheep, should not exceed twelve feet by twelve feet. A gate is placed at the end communicating with the large pen, the sides are boarded up for about three feet in height, an opening two and one-half feet wide being left where the vat and pen join. Che Vat. The vat should be at least fifty feet long, the other dimensions the same as those previously given. It should be built of two-inch grooved pine lumber, well leaded in the seams when put together, to make it absolutely water-tight. It is sunk in the ground to a depth of four feet, so that it projects not to exceed eighteen inches above the ground ; the sides should be tied to beams sunk in the earth, level with the bottom of the vat, to prevent the outside pressure causing the sides to bulge in and make it too narrow. The end of the vat next to the catching pen is made perpendicular, while the end leading to the drain- ing pens is made to slant at an angle of forty-five degrees, with strips nailed across to form a ladder for the sheep to climb out on. Length of vat on surface fifty feet. Length at bottom forty feet. The draining pens are of great importance, as they effect a large saving in dip. They should be built as per the illustra- tion, the plan being to build one large pen twenty feet by twenty feet square, having a slope of one foot from back of floor to end of vat, the sides sloping towards the center, with about six inch pitch from side of pen to center. In the center is a gutter ,JVIammotb Sbecp-Dtpping "Vat at the JVew "^orh Central Stoch "^ards, Buffalo, |N^. Y- t-engtb of Swim in the clear 1 36 feet. Capacity 100 Sheep at a time. Beatcd by steam and with all the latest improvements, mahing it by far the largest and best appointed Dipping plant in the United States. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 253 eight inches witle running the whole length from back of pen to vat. The floor is made of matched flooring laid on rough two- inch lumber. In center of pen, in a line with gutter, a division fence is run, which forms two pens ten feet by twenty feet, a swing gate being placed at end next vat, which when closing one 1. Draining- pens, 2. Steps leadinjir from vat to draining- pen. 3. Showing- di- vision of draining pen. 4. Swing gate at entrance to pens. 5. Slats of bottom of pens, leading from sides of pens to gutter in center. 6. Gates at e.xit of draining pens. 7. Runway back to ground. })en leaves the other open, so that when one pen becomes filled with sheep the gate is brought over, leaving the other opening- free. When this pen is filled, the sheep in first pen will have been drained sufticiently, and the gate at rear of pen can be opened to give them exit. By this means a continual stream of ^heep is kept passing through the pens. 254 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. The entire cost of a dipping plant of this size should not ex- ceed $150, and is a very necessary investment for the successful raising of sheep. In the Western States, where thousands of sheep are fed for the Eastern markets, every feeder has a dipping plant close to or adjoining his feeding pens, so that on the first sign of scab the affected sheep can be immediately treated before the disease obtains much headway; and even where a few sheep only are kei)t, and those mostly for breeding purposes, a dipping vat is an indispensable necessity. The flock should be dipped at least once a year and better twice to rid them of vermin, which are the natural enemies of the sheep in its domesticated state. Ticks, lice, etc., of which we shall treat later, are common pests of sheep, and -are best reached by thoroughly dipping the ani- mals harboring them- F)and Drcsoing for 6cab. This can only be satisfactorily carried out when the flock is composed of a few animals. It consists in catching the affected ones and pouring a strong solution of a prepared dip along the middle of the back, first parting the fleece into a furrow, and also in the arm pits and flanks, any affected part is also thorough- ly saturated with the mixture. A mixture of lard and turpen- tine, or coal oil and lard is frequently used for an application to the affected patches. This, however, while effectual in killing the parasites, leaves a dirty black mark in the fleece, which re- mains for months, besides frequently so cauterizing the skin as to cause it to slough, and in no way are the effects superior or cheaper to an application of some standard preparation which by reason of its mixing properties with water is easily applied and does not leave any mark to show that it has been necessary to use such an agent. It should be borne in mind that the pens in which affected sheep have been kept are sources of contagion for future outbreaks. When dipping sheep in feeding lots, the pens PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 255 should be thoroughly cleaned out, and the woodwork gone over with a solution of lime, or the ooze from the vat may be used in- stead, so that the pens are thoroughly disinfected before return- ing the sheep to them. Should this not bo done, the dipping of the sheep is only palliative at the best, for as soon as the effects of the dip leave the fleece the sheep will become re-infected from their own surroundings. Lime and sulphur has not been recommended here as a dip for general use, as, in order for it to be serviceable it has to be properly made, requiring much experience to be able to mix it so that the effects will not be deleterious to the fleece. The presence of lime in the mixture tends to harden the wool fibres, making them brittle and dry, appearing to rob the fleece of its natural yelk. While experimenters on a few head of sheep at agricultural colleges claim that its use does not set the sheep back or interfere greatly with their well being, it has been the experience of large feeders that hot lime and sulphur dips cause great damage, in some cases blinding the animals, and in all cases putting them off their feed for fourteen days or longer, Avhich does not seem to be the case where some of the standard preparations have been used. Sbccp Och. (Mclopbagus Ovinus.j Linn. A v'ery common parasite of the sheep found generally throughout the whole extent of the United States and Canada. This parasite, while not nearly so destructive as that causing the scab, produces sufficient damage to merit a study of its habits and life-history. In appearance the sheep tick may be said to repre- sent a greatly enlarged scab mite, witli the exception of its being minus suckers and feelers, and also only possesses six legs, wliereas the adult scab mite has eight. In length they are about one-(iiiarter of an inch, the body is short, broad, and tough. In C(»liir it is ferruginous, its abdomen being a greyish brown, 256 PAEASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. irregularly mottled. The head is small and resembles that of the common house fly in being disengaged from the thorax. The legs and body are covered with minute fine hair. Its legs are strong, each one being furnished with two strong, sharp claws. The abdomen of the tick when filled with blood from its host is immensely distended and transparent, the blood being plainly visible through its texture. The male and female differ from each other, the former being a little smaller than the Hdult Sheep Ctck, a: and puparium, /'. ( )^lelopbagu8. ) enlarged, after Osborn, 1896. latter. The eggs laid by the female are flat, ovoid in appearance and of a brownish color. They are nearly one-third the size of the abdomen of the parent. The eggs are laid one at a time, and are covered with a sticky dark material, securely fastening them to the wool fibres. When mature the embryo emerges through an opening in one end of the shell made by the splitting outwards of a portion of it, resembling a lid to a box, the young insect being an exact counterpart of its progenitors, and not having to pass through any intermediate stage of development, so generally the case in the reproduction of parasitic life. The life of the parasite is wholly spent on the body of its host. A PAKASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIX. 257 sheep infested with ticks, is a source of infection for the whole flock. A sheep freed from ticks can only again become infected with them by contact with other sheep harboring the parasite. Symptoms. The severity of the symptoms depends to a great extent on the number of parasites infesting the sheep. While a few will cause the animal but a trifling annoyance, in a short time they increase to such numbers that they cause an intense irritation and restlessness, interferring greatly with the well-being of the sheep. Lambs particularly (owing to their tender skin) suffer from these pests, being especially noticeable after shearing. Animals harboring a large number of ticks will scratch and pull the wool, the condition being easily differentiated from scab^ however, as a casual examination will reveal the ticks. Crcatment. The best method is to dip the whole flock, and the best time is directly after shearing. One thorough dipping in any prepar- ation used for scabies will be sufficient to destroy all the live ticks, but as some of the nits are sure to be left in the fleece, it is good policy to repeat the dipping in two or three weeks time. Sheep should not be turned into the old pastures until two or three weeks after dipping. This allows a suflicient time for the death of whatever ticks may have been dropped on the ground. In fact it is a good plan to disinfect and clean out the sheep-pens on the farm at least once L year. Many ticks will be destroyed if this is carried out. Before introducing fresh mem- bers to the flock they should always be dipped. This is a useful precaution, and if taken will often prevent the spread of this class of parasitic diseases. These parasites being easily destroyed, the flock-owner should experience but slight difficulty in keeping his sheep free of the same. 258 PARASITIC DISEASES OP THE SKIN. Ltcc. These parasites are frequently found auacking sheep. In appearance the sheep-louse resembles closely the common dog- louse. In length it is about one twenty-fifth of an inch, the female being slightly larger than the male; its general color is white, with the exception of the head, which is a reddish-brown. Sheep Louse— ■pcmalc. ( Cricbocepbalus Spboerocepbalus.) i, autenna. c, d, dorsal and side view of leg, enlarged. (After Osborn, 1896.) Their life-history resembles that of the sheep-tick; the adults lay their eggs at the base of the wool fibres, to which they are adherent by a sticky glutinous material. The eggs hatch out in the wool, the young louse emerging by pushing up a lid-like contrivance of the shell. They are often found in large numbers PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 259 associated with scab. Their favored locations appear to be the inner part of the thigh and sides of the neck. Their presence on the sheep produces considerable discom- fort, a thickening of the skin, which becomes rough and covered w'itli dry blackened scales, the wool becoming dry, brittle, and lifeless, giving the sheep an appearance of being out of condition generally. Sheep harboring lice will rub against posts and nib- ble at their flanks, frequently scratcliing the elbows with the hind feet. "When afl^ected sheep lie in the sun, the parasites strike for the outside of the fleece, a careful examination reveal- ing multitudes of small brown parasites. treatment. A thorough dipping or a dressing with a preparation of sulphur will quickly rid the sheep of this form of parasite. li^bc fly. (LuccUia MarceUaria.) This insect is the chief cause of maggot in sheep in the United States. It, according to Xeumann, "measures from one- third of an inch to half an inch in length, and is recognized by its blue thorax, streaked with the darker blue bands of a purple tint; the pads are black, and the wings brown at the base. The larva measure from one-half to five-eighths of an inch in length. This fly is met with over a great portion of America, from the Xorth of the United States to the Argentine Republic." The fly deposits its eggs on the wool, the larvae living on the yolk, the most favored location being the base of the tail, especially should the animal be suffering from diarrhoea or dysentery, then all parts contaminated with the discharge are attacked by the fly. Any sores, such as those caused from fighting in rams or wounds and abrasions of any kind, are liable to attack during the fly season. As soon as the eggs hatch the larvae or maggots, as they are termed, begin to burrow into the tissues, causing 260 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN, great pain and distress. The sheep shakes its tail, will bite itself, is very restless; or the reverse may be the case; it may stand with its head down, leave the rest of the flock, and have a listless, de- jected appearance; the wool at the parts attacked by maggots is raised and rough. An examination of the affected sheep will re- veal numbers of whitish maggots attacking the sore spots. Should the animal not receive any treatment, diarrhoea sets in as a complication, due to the enfeebled state of the animal's system, followed by marasmus and death. ■ treatment. Take flowers of sulphur and benzoated lard, equal parts, 'and apply to the sore surfaces. Oil of tar applied to the diseased parts will quickly destroy the maggots and prevent fresh attacks from the fly. The fleece should be cut away exposing the whole surface of the sore before applying the tar. A few drops of fish oil sprinkled on the fleece will protect the sheep against the fly for a whole season, but owing to its very unpleasant smell and its injury to the fleece, due to its lasting properties, it is not advis- able to use this agent. CHAPTER XVI. Specific Diseases. Are those which arise fiom a certain germ or poison, which being introduced into the system prodvices the same disease as that affecting the subject from which the germ or poison origin- ated. For instance, tuberculosis (consumption) was proven by Koch to be due to the presence in the tissues of the body of a rod-shaped micro-organism, termed by him the bacillus tuber- culosis. He also proved that tuberculosis did not exist without the presence of this special bacillus, and that the introduction of these baccilli into healthy subjects produced tuberculosis and no other disease. This also holds good for all specific diseaoes. Every specific disease has its specific germ, which if introduced into the animal economy through some channel (by the mouth, inoculation, respired air, etc.,) and finding suitable sun'oundings to develop in, quickly reproduces itself and poisons the blood either by direct destruction of the red blood corpuscles or by pro- ducing an alteration of the normal blood constituents, which soon causes the death of the affected subject; and vice versa, should the system be strong enough to overcome the freshly introduced germs, the surroundings not being suitable for their reproduction and development, they soon perish, in many cases without affect- ing any constitutional disturbance. Germs, then, are the cause of all specific diseases, and the question arises, what are germs? They are vegetable micro- organisms, rounded, ovoid, or spiral in shape, which possess the property of reproducing themselves in the animal economy. Their waste products termed the ptomaines being chiefly re- sponsible for the damage and destruction they cause. They are 262 SPECIFIC DISEASES. divided into many classes and sub-classes, which it would be im- possible to enumerate in this work, it being sufficient to say that the rod-shaped germs are called bacilli (rods), the ovoid ones are called cocci, generally termed micro-cocci, on account of their being microscopical in size, and the corkscrew-shaped ones are termed spirilla. Rod-shaped germs (bacilli) possess the prop- erty of reproducing themselves by fission, which is a breaking in two of the rod, each rod forming then two germs, and also by the formation of spores. These are roundish, clear bodies, which appear in the centers of the bacilli, and which also possess the property of forming bacilli, should they find suitable media and conditions for growth. It can be readily understood that these minute organisms are capable of indefinite and rapid multiplica- tion, which accounts for the short and virulent course of many diseases of this particular class. Htitbrax fever. Bv^xy* This is one of the most widespread diseases, its presence being recorded in all parts of the world occupied by animal life, and at the same time it is a very dangerous affection and highly contagious. "With few exceptions all warm-blooded animals are subject to its attacks and the poison from dead carcasses, con- taminating rivers and streams has been asserted to be a prolific cause for the mysterious deaths of numbers of fish. We find that it is strictly a specific disease due to a specific germ, and that although in different countries and kinds of ani- mals it is known under different names, still it is one and the same affection, due to one and the same cause. For instance, in the human family Ave find it occurring as wool-sorters' disease, or malignant pustule. In cattle it is termed anthrax fever, splenic apoplexy, also milzbrand in Germany and charbon in France. In the horse it has various names, depending on the locality in Avhich it occurs. In East India it is knoAvn as loodiana disease, SPECIFIC DISEASES. 263 and in Africa as horse sickness. While in the sheep it is gener- ally called braxy, but is also known as Cumberland disease (Aus- tralia), or great head (Xorth England), or typhus, etc., etc. But as occurring in all animals it is strictly correct to term it anthrax, as in all cases it is due to the presence in the system of a rod-shaped, spore-bearing bacillus, termed the Bacillus An- thracis. The history of anthrax is very interesting, dating back as it does to the remote past. A reference is supposed to be made to this disease in the Bible, Exodus, Chap, ix: "Boils which came forth as blains, upon man and upon beast through- out Egypt," one of the plagues of Egypt. Ancient Latin and Greek recoTds describe its appearance about the time of the seige of Troy, and in 1617 at Naples, in Italy, 60,000 persons are supposed to have perished from eating the flesh of anthra- coid animals. In Erance its ravages have been severely felt. In the latter part of the century, it assumed a most virulent form, all kinds of domesticated animals succumbing to its attacks, and to the investigation of a Erenchman, the celebrated Pasteur, is due the recognized preventive treatment, namely, the inoculation of healthy animals with an attenuated virus of the disease, which renders them forever after immune to its attacks. In the sheep as well as in cattle a condition is met with which simulates anthrax. This is called black-leg, quarter-ill, etc., and while this is a very serious affection, its virulence is not to be compared with anthrax proper; in fact it is not due to the "bacillus anthracis," but to another form of micro-organism. Diseases which are specific in character and similar to anthrax, are classed generally as anthracoid. They are not due to the anthrax bacillus and must not be confounded with that disease. 264 SPECIFIC DISEASES. Cause of Hntbrax. Certain influences seem to favor the development of the disease. It is found to be more prevalent in the early fall when the days are hot and the nights cold. Sudden changes in the weather are frequently attended by an outbreak of anthrax; humid weather, if associated with fogs, being especially liable to cause its development. Pastures bordering on rivers and streams, which are submerged at certain seasons of the year, frequently abound with anthrax infection, presumed to be carried there by the floods, which bring the germ from other localities where animals have succumbed to the disease. Hay from infected fields is liable to produce the disease, the spores having become attached to the blades of grass, only wait a suitable time and media for their development. Flies also spread the contagium by carrying the bacteria in their systems, and while resisting the influence of the virus themselves, they inoculate other animals with the germs, w^ith disastrous effects. Dietetic errors seem to predispose the system to attacks from this disease, particularly is this noticeable in changing from poor to highly nutritious foodstuffs,- especially if the same contain a high percentage of nitrogen. A plethoric condition is extremely favorable to the development of the anthrax bacillus, which would account for the fattest sheep in the flock generally being the first to suffer, especially those which have been thriving rapidly. It is also no- ticeable that the disease is very liable to break out after moving the flock from a poor to a rich pasture. Sheep on high feed pre- paratory to slaughter also frequently succumb to this complaint. Grazing animals on pastures or ranges, where deaths have previ- ously occurred from anthrax, is also a prolific cause of the trouble. Symptoms. Anthrax fever is more particularly marked by its lack of diagnostic ante-mortem symptoms, deductions being drawn from SPECIFIC DISEASES. 265 the circumstances surrounding the affected sheep. Sudden and inexplicable deaths of several sheep of a flock, which have sud- denly been attacked by convulsions, rapidly terminating in death, the animals, prior to the seizure having been in a healthy condition, should cause the sheep-owner to at once suspect anthrax as the cause. Then if a careful watch is kept on the flock, some premonitory symptoms may be observed. A sheep here and there will be noticed to be off its feed. On examining the same, the mucous membranes will be found congested; the animal appears stiff, especially about the head and neck; it moves with a sort of stiff gait, or it may be dull, and refuses to keep up with the flock, and if made to move will stagger and appear dizzy. Where the disease runs a comparatively slow course the patient will be feverish, appetite lost, appears dull, leaves the flock, the head hangs down, and the ears cold to touch and pendulous; the sheep is stupid and at times delirious, fre- quently tries to urinate, the material passed being scanty and brown-colored, the animal lies down almost all the time, is con- stipated, apoplectic symptoms, supervene, speedily followed by death. Associated with the above symptoms will frequently be noticed a discharge of mucus streaked with blood from one or both nostrils, the faecal matter also containing quantities of a blood-colored fluid; the carcass may swell, more especially the head and legs; the swellings emit a crackling sound when pressed" by the hand, due to the presence of gases under the skin (a sign of mortification of the tissues). On the inside of the mouth patches on the mucous membrane are often present. These exhibit a light violet color. Twitching of the muscles and effusions of a bloody serum between the skin and carcass, more particularly in the region of the shoulders and neck, generally take place just prior to death. "When anthrax attacks a flock of sheep it will be noticeable that a very few, possibly 1 per cent, of those contracting the disease, make a recovery. This fact 266 SPECIFIC DISEASES. alone should cause an observer to suspect anthrax in an outbreak of the above character. It will also be noticed that the fat sheep are the first ones to succumb and are also the first to be attacked by the disease. The sheep-owner must be a careful observer of conditions leading to sickness in his flock to be able to satisfac- torily diagnose and differentiate disease, and in cases where his intelligence appears to him to be at fault before the majority of the animals are destroyed, a professional man of known ability should be called in who can readily tell by microscopical exam- ination of the blood from the dead animals whether or not anthrax is the disease affecting the flock. As in almost all cases an outbreak of anthrax can be checked by moving the whole flock to an entirely new locality and vaccinating the healthy members with Pasteur's Anthrax Vaccine. Creatmetit. " In all cases of anthrax is only preventive, the disease run- ning such a rapid course, the subject frequently dying before even showing signs of sickness, medicinal agents cannot be used with any hope of success. The matter of first importance is to find out whether the complaint causing destruction to the flock is anthrax or not. Should it be this disease, the sheep should immediately be moved to different pastures or ranges, and Pas- teur's method of inoculation used on all the healthy members of the flock. This consists in the injection under the skin of the hind leg of an attenuated virus of the disease, which has to be specially prepared, and is obtained from the Pasteur laboratory in Paris, France, agencies for which exist all over the civilized world. Sheep when once treated with the anthrax virus are immune to the disease for the balance of their lives. This pro- cess is extensively carried on in European countries, and has been introduced in America mth good results. In Europe thousands of cattle as well as sheep are sub- SPECIFIC DISEASES. 267 jectecl to vaccination, with the result that the losses in those countries practicing this method have been steadily reduced year by year. The sheep-owner must exhibit great caution in the handling of animals which have died or are suffering from this disease, as malignant pustule in man results from the inocu- lation of anthrax blood into his system by the slightest wound or abrasion of the skin, a pin scratch having been known to produce the disease. Steele says: "A case is recorded of a shepherd, in bleeding a braxy sheep, getting a drop of blood in his eye, not washing it out, and dying from anthrax in three days." Then again woolsorters' disease is caused by the inhalation of powdered anthrax material from the wool of diseased sheep. The flesh of animals which have succumbed to this disease is ex- tremely dangerous, and has proven fatal to pigs and dogs. So in all cases the carcasses should be burned without skinning, or buried to a depth of at least six feet, the carcass being thickly covered with quick lime. The after-death appearances of an anthrax carcass will re- veal the following: Liquid bloody effusions directly under the skin, the blood in the arteries and veins is black and does not coagulate, red spots will be noticeable on the peritoneum cover- ing the bowels, and on the kidney capsules, effusions of blood will be found in the stomachs and bowels, the spleen is greatly en- larged, and the trabeculae (partitions) on its inside are broken down, so that by holding it up by one end its contents will gravi- tate to the other. This condition is not present in any other disease, and is of itself diagnostic of the complaint. The liver is also enlarged, and the urine in the bladder appears to be mixed with blood. Blach-Lcg ; Quartcr-IU. Scientifically termed emphysema infectuosum and haema- tosepsis. This is an anthracoid disease, due to a germ which, 268 SPECIFIC DISEASES. wliile being distinctly different to the anthrax bacillus, causes symptoms which simulate thofee of that disease. It is a very fatal affection, but does not spread so rapidly throughout a flock as anthrax fever. Like anthrax, it generally selects the fattest and best feeders in the flock for its victims. The disease runs a rapid course, and a very small percentage of the affected animals make a recovery. It is due to the introduction in the system of a vegetable micro-organism, which in size is slightly larger than the bacillus anthracis. It appears to localize itself in certain parts of the system, being present in the effusion of the affected quarter, but is absent in the spleen. Its methods of infection are very similar to those of anthrax. Low-lying pastures and grounds bordering on streams seem to be fertile localities for harboring the germs. The soil on which black-leg patients have died abounds with the bacilli, the grass on these spots generally growing very rank from the fertilizing effect of the carcass, and is eaten by the best feeders of the flock, which are not so par- ticular about their diet as those which do not feed so heartily, the consequence being that they become inoculated with the germs of the disease, which develop with fatal effect. This in part accounts for the fact that the fattest animals generally are the first to be attacked, their plethoric condition also favoring the rapid multiplication of the germs. It is a common dis- ease of both cattle and sheep, gcneraly seeming to prefer the young, immature members of the herd or flock, but older animals are not immune. Sjrniptoms. The sheep is noticed to be dull, off its feed, found lying down. If the disease has not progressd so far as to prevent the animal from getting up, it will be slow in its movements and very lame, either in front or behind, depending as to wdiether the fore or hind quarters are attacked. If the animal is down and unable to rise, an examination will reveal swelling of a fore SPECIFIC DISEASES. 26a or liiiul quarter, generally the latter. The swelling is emphy- sematous (air in tissues under the skin), and on passing the hand over it emits a crackling sound; it feels bloated to the touch, which is due to the rapid mortification and death of the part, taking place even before the death of the animal. The skin is bluish in color. The symptoms resemble so closely those of anthrax that it is only of late years the difference has been recognized, it being satisfactorily proven by comparing the bacilli of the two diseases and noting their different character- istics. Crcatmetit. Like anthrax, the medicinal treatment of black-leg animals does not recommend itself to our notice, the germs having gained access to the system, produce such grave and rapid tissue changes that no amount of dosing could be expected to restore normal conditions. Such being the case preventive treatment is relied on, and can be as satisfactorily administered as that used for anthrax fever. The Pasteur method of vaccination is used to this end, and 'has proved itself remarkably successful. It has been in vogue many years on the continent of Europe, and has been extensively used in large cattle herds throughout the West- ern States. It offers the same advantages for use in sheep, and is a subject well worthy of the attention of the flock-owner. Carcasses of black-leg subjects should be burned or buried with quick lime. Infected pastures should be quarantined and thor- oughly dressed with lime. When the members of a flock com- mence to die from black-leg, the rest should immediately be moved to fresh grazing grounds. Should this be done and the healthy members of the flock vaccinated in the majority of cases the death-rate will cease as suddenly as it commenced. 270 SPECIFIC DISEASES. foot and Mouth Disease; also called Infectious Hphtba^ or Gczema Gpizootica. This is a specific eruptive fever, wliicli not only affects sheep but cattle, pigs, clogs, poultry and occasionally the human family. There have been repeated outbreaks of this disease in Europe, its history being almost as ancient as that of anthrax. England first experienced its attack in 1839, the first appearance on the American Continent being about ten years later. It is a highly contagious affection, evidenced by pustules in the mouth, mostly on the dental pad, and around the coronets just above the hoofs, and in the clefts of the digits, these pus- tules rapidly forming angry sores which extend their circumfer- ences and tend to coalesce. It is supposedly caused by a micro-coccus, although the germ of this particular malady has never been isolated, but that such a germ exists is beyond a matter of doubt, all the character- istics tending to prove that the disease is specific in origin. The infection is contained in the saliva and excretions. It can be carried from animal to animal by the attendant. The excretions from the sores, also containing the contagium, accounts for the wholesale infection of pastures and the wide distribution of this disease. Dogs may carry the virus on their feet from one district to another, as also beyond a doubt do rabbits and other animals. An instance is recorded by "Williams where the virus was evidently distributed by a shepherd, whose clothes had be- come infected a year prior to the outbreak of the disease. This appears doubtful, however. The period of inoculation is short — from tv/enty-four hours to six days. The disease usually runs a benign course, the mortality being light. One attack does not confer immunity against subsequent ones. Symptoms. The course of this disease is divided into four staii'es. SPECIFIC DISEASES. 271 (1) In which fever, alternated with shivering fits, will be noticed; the pulse is rapid and the temperature high. The sheep appears dull; its nose is dry; the head feels hot; and in ewes suckling lambs, the milk secretion ceases. The urine is scanty, and sometimes slavering from the mouth is noticeable. This stage may last two or three days, then the second commences. (2) \^esicular eruptions appear on different parts of the body; the feet become swollen, the sheep being very lame. (This is often mistaken for foot-rot.) The vesicles are noticeable around the coronets, between the digits (toes), on the vulva if a female, and also on the teats, and in some instances, rarely how- ever in sheep, in the mouth on the dental pad. When the mouth is affected, the saliva flows from it freely, the appetite is good, the inability to eat being due to the sore mouth and not to constitutional disturbance. (3) The vesicles break and discharge; ulceration com- mences, the ulcerous patches having a tendency to extend and coalesce. Extensive sloughing of the skin above the hoofs fre- quently takes place, the sheep kneeling to eat, and also moving on its knees. In severe cases the sloughing extends into the joints, causing open-joint — a very serious and dangerous condi- tion. The duration of this stage is from a few days to perhaps two weeks, then being followed by the fourth. (4) The ulcers dry up, desication taking place; the sore- ness leaves the mouth, the animal eats well, exhibiting a good appetite, recovery being rapid and satisfactory. treatment. Medicinal treatment is of little avail, the disease running a regular course. Foot baths arc, however, especially beneficial to sheep, as they suffer more in this complaint "from foot soreness than other animals. 272 SPECIFIC DISEASES. To administer this shallow troughs are made with fences at the side, and the sheep compelled to walk through them, the medicinal agents being mixed with water in the troughs. Fur this the following will be useful: Take. kSiili^hato of zinc 2 lbs. Acetate of lead 2| lbs. (^arbolic acid crystals S ounces Water 10 gallons Mix thoroughly, pour into trough and compel the affected animals to walk through it once or twice daily, and care should be taken that lame sheep immerse each foot, as they are apt to hop through on three legs. This mixture must be stirred thor- oughly before passing sheep through it. "Cubcrculosis— Consumption. This is a rare affection of sheep, and while tables mesenterica has frequently been reported as present in post- mortem, we must believe that it has been confounded with nodidar disease of the intestines, due to the oesophagostoma Columbianum, a very prevalent condition, which is described in the chapter on internal parasites. Walley, in his work, "The Four Bovine Scourges," writing concerning tubercle, says as follows: "Species of animal: The bovine tribe is pre-eminently disposed, equally so indeed with nian. Next in order comes the common rabbit, which animals in some districts are almost anni- hilated by the disease; the pig is very prone to tubercle, as are also poultry, our feathered household pets, and under certain cir- cumstances, game birds. I have even seen it in the rook, though it is curious that the palmapedes are exempt from it. Tubercle is rarely seen in the sheep, cat or dog." SPECIFIC DISEASES. 273 Many conditions have been asserted to be due to tubercular infection, and are sadly lacking in proof. Where the disease is suspected, a subcutaneous injection of tuberculin would readily facilitate a correct diagnosis. 8becp pox. Yariola Ovina. This is a very destructive and dangerous disease which fre- quently breaks out among sheep on the European Continent, but which has up to the present time been unknown in the hemispheres of the Xew World. The reason for this is due to its short period of incubation. Even should infected sheep be shipped across the Atlantic, the disease would break out while they were on shipboard, which would, owing to the excellent meth- ods of inspection and quarantine of imported animals, debar them from becoming a source of danger to the flocks of this country. Should, however, the time ever arise when cattle-boats would make the trip at the same rate of speed made by the present liners the dangers of introduction of this disease would be in- creased considerably and would call for extraordinary efforts on the ]:art of the authorities to overcome the same. Causes. Beyond a doubt this is a specific disease, although the special contagium or germ responsible for its appearance has not yet been satisfactorily demonstrated. It is a highly contagious affection, and all conditions, such as overcrowding, cold, damp spells of weather, or any such causes which facilitate the spread of other contagious affections, hold good for this disease also. The stage of incubation when arising from natural infection and not experimental inoculation is computed by Prof. Simonds to be from nine to twelve days. The disease may be carried from one locality to another on the clothes of persons who have been in contact with diseased sheep. The contagium contained in the 274 SPECIFIC DISEASES. discharge of the sores on becoming dried and powdered up is carried by the wind and distributed over large areas, the virus of this disease appearing many times more volatile than that of the majority of the contagious affections to which the sheep are liable. Symptoms. The first apparent symptom is the presence of nodules which seem to be deeply imbedded in the skin. These are reddish in color and are more particularly noticeable on those parts not thickly covered with fleece, as the inside of the thighs and arm- pits, the prepuce of the ram, lips of the vagina in the ewe, and the under surface of the tail. The papillae enlarge and coalesce, and the animal is feverish from the first commencement of the attack. The red elevations enlarge in size, rising considerably higher than the surrounding skin; liquid forms under them; their centers become transparent and finally turbid; the liquid in the vesicles dries up, forming scabs which are desquamated, the under-lying part healing and gradually assuming its normal condition. In the malignant form it frequently does not produce typi- cal vesicles, but destroys the sheep from blood-poisoning. In this case the skin cracks in fissures, the nostrils become filled with foetid pus, and the animal soon succumbs to the disease. Crcatmetit. Consists in separating the healthy sheep from the sick and establishing a rigid quarantine. Keep sick animals in as cleanly condition as possible; the nostrils should be frequently syringed out to prevent the accumulation of pus, which would be liable to cause suffocation. Give the sheep good shelter and keep them warm, and should they desire to eat, feed nourishing, easily- digestible foods. Medicines do not effect much benefit, the SPECIFIC DISEASES. 275 disease running a regular course, and should only be used to com- bat special conditions, such as diarrhoea or excessive rises in temperature. Rabies, IMadncss, Rydropbobia. The earliest writers described this most fatal affection. Regarding it Mr. George Fleming, in his work dealing on the subject, states as follows: "Its great antiquity is undoubted. Plutarch asserts that ac- cording to Athenodorus, it was first observed in mankind in the days of the Asclepiadae, the descendants of the god of medicine, Aesculapius, by his sons Podalirius and Mechaon who spread through Greece and Asia Minor, as an order of priests, prophets and phvoicians, preserving the results of the medicine experi- ence acquired in the temples as a hereditary sect. They were the earliest physicians known to us, and it is not unlikely that they may have been the first to observe the madness of dogs transmitted to man." The contagion seems to chiefly reside in the saliva, the infection being transmitted from animal to animal and also to man by a bite from an affected subject. It is un- doubtedly a specific disease due to a specific germ, although up TO the present time, notwithstanding careful investigation, fhc germ has not yet been isolated. It is important, so far as slieep are concerned, on account of their association with dogs, these animals seeming to be more susceptible to this particidar trouble than any other species. Rabies is only transmissible by direct inoculation with the saliva from an afi^ected patient. The deposition of the virulent saliva on an abraded surface will as readily produce the disease as a bite from an affected animal. This should be borne in mind when handling sheep which may have been bitten by a sup- posedly rabid animal. 276 SPECIFIC DISEASES. The period of incubation varies considerably in the differ- ent species of animal, the shortest recorded in the dog being- seven days, the longest 155 days, while in sheep the disease is liable to develop any time between fourteen days to eight months. Sjmiptoms. The sheep will appear restless, evidences a desire for sexual interconrse, is off its feed and rapidly runs down in flesh, soon be- coming dull, a state of stupor developing. This is followed by a state of great excitement. The sheep shows a desire to attack whatever comes in its way, butting with its head to such an ex- tent and with such violence as to produce severe injury, being oblivious, however, to any pain. A frothy saliva dribbles from the mouth, the appetite is depraved, and rumination is suspended from the commencement of the disease. The sheep now manifests a desire to nibble and bite both animate and inanimate objects; does not appear to dread water, but is unable to swallow liquids. Muscular tremblings will be observed, accompanied by rapid and shallow breathing; the seat of inoculation appears to cause pain, evidenced by the sheep biting and pulling the wool from the part. The violent symptoms are quickly followed by paralysis of the hind extremities; coma sets in, death usually taking place between the sixth and eighth day after the first apparent symptoms of disease were noticeable. Crcatmcnt. After the disease has once manifested itself medicinal treat- ment will be devoid of beneficial results. "Where several sheep in a flock have been known to be bitten by a dog, supposed to be rabid, they should be separated from the flock and kept apart from all the other animals for at least three months. If rabies does not develop in that time it would be safe to infer that they had not been inoculated. SPECIFIC DISEASES. 277 As a preventive, bitten animals should have the wourJs cauterized, actual cautery being preferable to the application of nitrate of silver or caustic potash. AVhere a rabid dog has run amuck in a flock of sheep the only safe procedure is to shear the whole flock, carefully examining each animal and cauterizing all the wounds which may have been inflicted. post-J^ortem Hppcarancc The fourth stomach contains a dark brown colored slime; portions of the brain and spinal cord are congested; there ap- pears to be a breaking down or softening of the brain substance and meninges, particularly at the base of the brain. The blad- der is usually empty, its mucous lining being covered with petechiae (spots). The lungs are congested, the capillary blood vessels being distended with a tarry, imperfectly coagulated blood. The spleen, liver, and kidneys coated with red spots, due to the capillary extravasation. Symptoms of Rabies in the Dog. As the dog is generally the agent in disseminating the virus of the disease, it will be appropriate here to describe the symptoms as they appear in that animal, which will act as a guide for the flock-owner in determining as to whether his flock has been ex- posed to the infection of rabies, or subjected to the bites of a naturally vicious animal. The first noticeable symptoms of rabies in the dog is a scared appearance; the animal is inclined to hide and will howl frequently; it appears to be very thirsty and endeavors to lap water, but is unable to swallow it, probably due to muscular paralysis of the throat; it will exhibit a depraved appetite, de- vouring excreta, sticks, earth and small stones; delirium sets in; a desire to gnaw is noticeable; the dog will bite frequently, often sitting up and snapping at the air. A ropy saliva flows from the mouth; the animal attacks everything in its path. Where a 278 SPECIFIC DISEASES. dog attacks a flock of sheep, inflicting bites on a number without trying to kill outright any of them, it at once becomes an object of suspicion, such an animal should not be destroyed, (that, is to say, if it can be caught and confined without anyone being ex- posed to its attack), as, if rabid, the disease will run its course in a short time, four to eight days, after which there is still time to apply preventative treatment to the sheep, rabies not being liable to make its appearance among them for twenty days after inoculation. Where a dog has been found annoying sheep and is killed, a post mortem examination of its stomach will material- ly facilitate a diagnosis. If rabid, the stomach will contain rub- bish, such as sticks, stones, etc. This can be relied on as diag- nostic. Dogs which foam at the mouth and have fits are not rabid, and no danger is to be apprehended from them, even though they should inflict bites during the period of the fit. "Cctanus — Loch 'Jxvq* Is a condition caused by the direct inoculation with a germ called the bacillus tetani. It is decidedly a specific disease, and in no manner can it be said ever to arise spontaneously. Wounds and abrasions of the skin are very liable to be the channel through which the contagion gains access to the system. The germ of tetanus is of the character called anaerobic, meaning that it develops only in media free from oxygen; hence we find that slight wounds, especially punctures which tend to heal and close up immdiately after infliction, so excluding the oxygen of the air, are the most prone to be followed by tetanus. The germ appears to be present very generally in the soil, and only awaits the opportunity to gain entrance into the animal economy to de- velop and multiply with the most disastrous results to its host. Where cases are noticed arising without any apparent cause, it would be possible for the subject to have become inoculated SPECIFIC DISEASES. 279 through an abrasion in the mucous membrane of the alimentary canal, the germ having been taken into the system with the food. That form of nervous affection, arising after exposure to cold storms or the hot sun, in which many sheep become affected simultaneously, cannot be said to be tetanus proper, but rather a condition of innervation, accompanied with tetanic spasms, as a result of the perverted nervous functions. This condition is not nearly so fatal as tetanus proper, and will frequently yield to treatment. Rams, when castrated, are liable to develop tetanus; sheep, after shearing, have also been known to suffer from this disease. It is also met with as a sequel to parturition, in which event metritis, (inflammation of the womb), is always present. Symptoms. First signs of this disorder are a stiffness of the head and neck, involuntary twitchings of the superficial muscles of the face; the animal grinds its teeth; the jaws in a short time become rigid; the whole carcass becomes affected, the muscles of the neck especially become hard and knotty; the neck is curved, drawing the nose out straight, pointing, if anything, slightly up- Avards; the limbs become stiff. The condition of rigidity is sub- ject to periods of excitability, during which the patient is thrown into convulsions, the rigidity being more marked and severe following each period of convulsion. The disease in sheep tends to run a rapid course, generally terminating fatally in from ten to twenty-four hours after the seizure. Creatmeiit. If due to wound infection or following castration, wash out the wound with a strong antiseptic wash — five per cent, watery solution of carbolic acid, or a one to 1000 solution of corrosive sublimate. In all these cases give the wound plenty of air en- larsfins the cut if necessarv. 280 SPECIFIC DISEASES. The sick animal should be kept in warm quarters, and if the disease has been detected in the early stages, a full dose of Epsom salts is to be recommended, followed by such drugs as have a sedative action on the nervous system, such as potassium bromide, chloral hydrate, etc. As seen in ewes following parturition it is almost always fatal — in fact this disease is a most intractable and unsatisfactory one to treat — a small percentage of cases making a perfect recov- ery. "Where sheep ha\e suffered from tetanus and have been destroyed, they should not be used for human consumption. In- jections of tetanus anti-toxin are reported as being very success- ful in treating this disease in the human subject, and in case of a valuable animal becoming stricken, its use on sheep would be justifiable. erysipelas. This is a contagious and malignant affection of the skin, due to the introduction of a germ known as the streptococcus erysipe- latis, which on gaining access to wounds and abrasions of the cuticle is responsible for a deep-seated inflammation, which not only attacks the epidermis, but is prone to penetrate and involve the sub-cutaneous structures. Sheep frequently suffer from this disease, it being often ob- served after shearing, wdiere the cuticle has been injured, or fol- lowing any and all classes of wounds. Malignant metritis of ewes, following lambing, is frequently due to inoculation with erysipelas streptococci. The period of incubation is from fifteen to sixty hours. Symptoms. First recognize a tense, hard swelling of the skin, which is very painful to the touch ; the sheep exhibits symptoms of fever. In parting the fleece, and carefully examining the skin, numer- ous small blisters will be found, which contain a reddish, watery SPECIFIC DISEASES. 281 serositj The affected part may at first be small in diameter, but exhibits a tendency to enlarge by constantly increasing its circumference. The line of demarkation between the healthy and affected part is well defined, the affected portion being of such a deep red, inflamed appearance, and spreading so quickly as to have merited the popular name of "wild-fire," especially appropriate when occurring in the epizootic form, when it at- tacks numbers of sheep in a flock or district almost simultaneous- ly, these cases appearing to arise spontaneously in the form of a violent skin inflammation. treatment. The affected animal, if in good condition, should receive a full dose of Epsom salts; mineral tonics, especially iron, are in- dicated in this disease. These are the best administered in the feed. Take. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces Gentian 4 ounces Quinine sulphate 4 drachms Licorice root powd 6 ounces Linseed meal 4 ounces Mix thoroughly. Administer one tablespoonful in dry chopped feed twice daily, or where the patient refuses to eat its feed give it as a drench, mixed with half pint of water. To the inflamed surface apply an antiseptic wash, such as the White lotion, the formula for which will be found in the chapter on "Medicinal Agents," or camphorated oil, or any other soothing antiseptic application will be all that is required. HctitioTnycosia. Is a condition caused by the presence in the tissues of the animal economy (most generally those of the mouth or lungs) of a vegetable fungus termed the actinomyces or ray fungus. Every stock-owner is familiar with this disease, as it occurs 282 SPECIFIC DISEASES. in cattle under the name of "lump- jaw," but in sheep its pres- ence is very rare, and when occurring in them is generally found located in the soft tissues of the mouth; the writer remembers one case, however, where the lungs were affected. The presence of the fungus in the tissues of the body acts as 'an irritant, causing excessive cell proliferation in the immediate surroundings, resulting in a tumor formation, the swelling being composed of fibrous tissue, which exhibits a tendency to granu- late, and finally break down, forming a large firm mass with one or more centers of suppuration. The liquid pus from the tumor contains small, yellowish, cheesey granules, which, if properly treated under the microscope, will prove to be colonies of ac- tinomyces. While actinomycosis generally locates itself in the tissues of the upper or lower jaw, still the tumors may be found in any part of the animal economy. The fungus being a common para- site of certain grasses and grains, on being taken into the animal's mouth along with the fodder, causes actinomycosis principally by direct inoculation; should the sheep have a hollow tooth or abrasion of the mucous membrane of the mouth, its localization in that part of the system can readily be understood, and this ac- counts for those parts being more frequently' the seat of the tumor than the internal organs. The internal organs, such as the liver, spleen, etc., must evidently, when affected, become so through the media of the blood supply, and the fact that these organs at times are the seat of this disease would go to prove the danger attendant to actinomycotic infection. Actinomycosis occurs in the human family, cattle, sheep, swine, etc. This being the case, the flesh of animals suffering from the disease should be viewed with suspicion. "When once the disease has obtained a firm foothold, medicinal treatment is of no avail, and the subject had better be destroyed. BLOOD DISEASES. 283 Blood Diseases. Red QIatcr. dangutticous Hscitcs. This disease is frequently seen occurring in lambs, in those still sucking, as well as those already weaned. It also occurs in adult sheep. It is a very fatal affection, running a rapid course, death frequently taking place in six hours or less, after the first symptoms have been manifested. The cause of this condition appears to be in the nature of the food, — turnips and other foods containing an excess of water, and a lack of flesh and fat-forming materials, are especially re- sponsible for this disease. Spooner states: "It usually attacks both sheep and lambs when feeding on turnips, and particularly when there is a hoar-frost, and the sheep are folded on them during the night." It is a condition which all herbivora appear to be liable to, even the deer and other of the wild ruminants when kept in captivity, are liable to contract the disease. The writer was so fortunate as to be present at a post mortem on a young moose at the Park Zoo, Buffalo, 'N. Y., which evidenced every symptom of this interesting and obscure complaint. This animal had been running in a paddock containing succulent grasses, notably clover, which in the mornings would be heavily coated with dew; that, and the fact, perhaps, that the food supplied lacked some essential characteristic contained in the material eaten by the moose when roving wild, was evidently, partly, if not wholly, responsible for its death. Symptoms. The first noticeable symptoms will be a refusal to feed on the part of the sheep; rumination is suspended; the animal ap- pears dull; the eyes have a staring look; the breathing is labored; belly enlarged; the bowels may be very loose, with foetid dis- charges, or the subject may be constipated. Swellings will frc- 284 BLOOD DISEASES. quently be noticeable under the jaws and lower part of the neck. In some cases the animal falls dead suddenly, without having evidenced any marked symptoms of sickness, or they may be suddenly seized with giddiness, fall down on one side, become delirious, and succumb very quickly. Lambs, when attacked, appear to lag behind the flock; are dull and listless; succumbing suddenly without previously show- ing signs of acute pain. treatment. Consists in a change of diet; internally iron and mineral tonics are indicated. If the stock have been grazed on rape or turnips, they should be given plenty of dry food to compensate for the watery qualities of the other. Where the symptoms have once manifested themselves, the sheep is almost sure to perish, medical treatment being of no avail. The other members of the flock, however, should at once be moved to dryer pastures, and receive the tonic treatment already mentioned before greater losses ensue. post-]Mortcm Hppearanccs. The abdomen will be found to contain a red, watery fluid; the tissues of the body are anaemic, and present a glistening appearance, being pale in color; the blood vessels, and cavities of the heart, are comparatively empty; the kidneys are pale, the tubules containing a viscid fluid; the liver is enlarged and soft- ened, appearing as if it had been boiled; the peritoneum shows evidences of inflammation, frequently being covered with petechiae (spots). All conditions on post-mortem point toward anaemia with great debility, and extravasation of blood from the capillaries, the blood itself being altered in character. BLOOD DISEASES. 285 Hnacmia— Bloodlcssness. This is a term used to designate a condition of the system, where a poverty, or deficiency of the normal constituents of the blood exists, arising from various causes, mismanagement being directly responsible. It is a condition frequently seen accompanying debilitating diseases, or where the system has been (subjected to hardships which have overtaxed its strength. Ewes suckling lambs, when not supplied with sufficient nourishing diet, frequently become anaemic. The ravages of both internal and external parasites tend to produce this condition, owing to their ability to extract nourishment from the blood supply at the expense of the subject harboring them. Loss of blood, diarrhoea, insufficient food, ex- posure to sudden changes of temperature, foods containing an excess of water in proportion to the flesh-forming materials, wet grasses, and all such causes are prolific of this trouble in sheep as w'ell as other animals. "Williams states that "During the winter of 1ST2-3 this con- dition was exceedingly prevalent, owing to the inferiority of the grasses, the moist condition of the turnips, and the humidity of the atmosphere, for in many instances no organic disease or parasitic invasion were present." Symptome, When not caused by some parasitic invasion, or, as resulting from some other diseased condition, can be summed up as fol- lows: The visible mucous membranes are very pale in color, al- most white; the pulse is feeble; the subject is easily tired; the bowels are very irregular, frequently being constipated, owing to lack of tone in their muscular coats; dropsical swellings fre- quently appear round the joints, or dependant parts, especially beneath and between the rami of the lower jaw, giving the sheep 286 BLOOD DISEASES. a puffy appearance of the head, termed by some "chockered" or "poked." The tongue is cool, moist, and very pale in color. Steele, writing on this condition, gives the following as having appeared in a report on diseases among the sheep of Oregon: "The lambs were weaned in 1872, on the 20th of July, on tim- othy aftermath; four weeks afterwards they looked miserable and • died fast. Last year the lambs died rapidly shortly after wean- ing. This season they gave way while sucking. The symptoms both in young and old were 'tucked-up' appearance; cough, wool rough and dry, with fleeces partially cast, and wool on faces car- ried longer than usual; the lambs do not gambol. Some of the animals droop their heads; run at the nose; have gatherings under the chin, which occasionally dispel and at other times break out into running sores; a marked bloodless appearance of the mucous membranes and skin. The above animals were long-wooled sheep which for six months in the year were continually wet; the Merinos, being comparatively healthy, their thick, close, greasy wool seeming to prevent the moisture from penetrating to the skin." Ewes in lamb are very subject to a fatal form of anaemia; the wool is dry and hard; they become feeble, and fall away in flesh, becoming very weak just prior to parturition. treatment. In all cases of anaemia it is necessary to seek for the cause and, if possible, remove it. When due to parasitic invasion, this must first be attended to before a change for the better can be expected. If due to faulty management, not sufficient nourish- ing diet, or a superabundance of moisture, these conditions must first be changed and then the proper medicinal agents applied in order to effect a cure. In all cases of anaemia iron and vegetable tonics are indicated, such as the following: BLOOD DISEASES. 287 Take. Sulphate of iron 2 ounces Common salt 4 ounces Gentian powd 4 ounces Licorice root powd 8 ounces Mix thoroughly, and administer one tablespoonful twice daily in ground dry feed. "Where ewes heavy in lamb show signs of anaemia, great care must be observed in their treatment. They should imme- diately be moved to high, dry ground, and supplied with a differ- ent diet to that which they had been having. Ground grain fed dry, with the addition of warm quarters for the very weak ones to sleep in will be found necessary to effect improvement. Par- ticular attention should be given to the pastures, to be certain that no causes exist there which are responsible for the trouble. Rbcumattsin appears to be particularly a blood disease dependent upon some imascertained alteration of the blood. It may exist in one of three forms — acute, sub-acute, and chronic. The mature sheep are easily affected with this condition; it seems, however, to fre- quently attack lambs, generally in the acute form. The predis- position for this disease has always been looked upon as heredi- tar}^ and in every case where mal-nutrition of the body is present rheumatism is frequently observed. As it occurs in mature ani- mals it is supposed to follow some debilitating disease. The ex- citing cause in sheep and lambs, in most cases, seems to be expos- ure to cold and damp. Symptoms, First notice lameness. The animal is feverish; the affected joint or part feels hot to the touch and frequently commences to swell; the pulse is hard and rapid; the swelling feels firm and tense; if the joints become involved, inflammation of the perios- teum and synovial membranes frequently follows, accompanied 288 BLOOD DISEASES. by the deposition of porcelaineous deposits between the heads of the bones constituting the joint, in which event the lameness be- comes permanent. In sheep the neck and loins are frequently attacked, making the animal stiff and weak in its back; if the trouble locates in the neck, it will be carried bent to one side, or the disease may suddenly leave the neck or other parts and locate in a limb, the ability to leave one part of the body only to at once re-appear in anotlier being termed metastasis. Affected sheep generally assume the recumbent position. The acute form of rheumatism may terminate fatally. In such an event, a metastasis to the heart is generally the cause. This is not frequent, however, as the disease has a tendency to become chronic, the animal remaining stiff, with a liability to relapse to the acute condition during cold weather. Crcatmcnt. Acute cases of rheumatism require good hygienic surround- ings if a cure is to be expected. The affected sheep should have warm, dry quarters and nourishing food. Internally salicylate of soda in fifteen grain doses should be administered twice daily, or potassium iodide can also be given wnth good results. Ex- ternally to the inflamed parts a stimulating liniment should be applied, such as Strong water of ammonia 2 ounces Spirits of turpentine 2 ounces Linseed oil 8 ounces Chronic rheumatism incapacitates a sheep for further use- fulness in the flock. Animxals so affected should be destroyed, or, if in good condition, should be sold to the butcher. BLOOD DISEASES. 28» pining — Tinquisb. Is a disease due to grazing sheep on pastures containing a large amount of astringent plants, which by their action on the system, cause a fatal constipation of the bowels. This condition is not reported as having caused any serious losses in this country, but it has occurred frequently, accompanied with great fatality, in the North of England, being said to be mostly met with in the region of the Cheviot Hills. S>miptoins. The affected sheep are dull, languid, lying down most of the time, the ears droop, eyes run, the hair on the face becomes dry, the wool having a bluish cast. Death usually takes place in a month's time after the first symptoms of ailing were noticeable. A whole flock may be affected simultaneously, or only a few sheep at a time. Change of pasture to good succulent herbage generally affects a cure. CHAPTER XVII. Operative Surgery and Diseases of the 6ye» Operative Surgery. In the management of sheep, surgery as a part of the medi- cal treatment is, with the exception of such operations as cas- tration, docking and possibly at times spaying, very seldom called for. Sheep, with the exception possibly of valuable pure- bred animals, should they meet with such accidents as fractured limbs or other severe injuries are, as a rule, at once turned over to the butcher, the carcass being valuable as mutton, whereas surgical skill in such cases besides being costly might not at all times prove successful, and if unsuccessful, would result in a total loss to the owner. We shall treat more particularly in this chapter of the surgical operations necessary to the proper management of the flock, describing also methods of setting fractures and treatment of wounds, etc. Castration. Is an operation for the removal of the testicles of lambs, by which they become deprived of sexual desire, and their ability to fatten becomes materially increased, the subject maturing earlier, the quality of the mutton being improved, as also is that of the fleece. Opinions differ considerably as to the best age at which this operation should be performed, many experienced flock-masters preferring to operate as soon as possi- ble after the lamb is dropped, from twelve to twenty days of age, provided the weather is favorable, and claim that when thus early operated upon there is less danger of loss, the young animals OPEKATIVE SUKGEKY. 291 hardly appearing to notice the absence of their male appendages, while others prefer to let the lambs run until three or four months of age, or even longer, claiming that the carcass is in- creased in size, and the animals grow stronger and thrive better by the delay. However it is a mere matter of choice on the part of the owner as to what age to operate. All that is neces- sary is to perform the operation properly and in seasonable weather. Co Operate. Set the lamb on its rump, and make a careful digital exam- ination of the scrotal sac to be sure that hernia is not present. If the parts are in the normal condition, with the fingers and thumb of the left hand draw up the lower end of the scrotum (bag) and make a clean cut right across the end, severing it en- tirely. This is far preferable to slitting the sac, as such a wound is liable to heal prematurely and be the cause of serious trouble; whereas if the end of the sac is entirely removed the aperture will be forced to close gradually, thereby insuring good drain- age, which is very essential for the ultimate success of this oper- ation. After removing the end of the sac, grasp the upper end of the scrotum, forcing the testicles covered by their investing tunics to project from the opening, with the scalpel or knife now cut a longitudinal incision across each testicle, severing the tunics but not necessarily cutting the testicles; then take the testicles one at a time and draw downwards gradually, twisting the cord and scraping it with the knife, until it finally becomes severed. If this is properly performed and the cord slowly drawn out until it resembles a fine string, there will be little if any bleeding; whereas if the cord is directly cut across there is danger of excessive bleeding from the severed sper- matic artery. The after-treatment, should the operation have been performed in fly-season, consists in dressing the parts with a carbolic salve to prevent the wound becoming maggoty. If 292 OPERATIVE SURGERY. the operator will be careful in performing this operation in a cleanly manner, taking care that not only his hands and knife are clean, but that the dirt from the soil does not gain entrance into the wound, unfavorable results are not to be feared. In cases where tetanus follows castration, it is always due to a want of the above mentioned precautionary measures, the wound being infected by the germs of that disease. (See tetanus.) Many operators, especially in Europe, use elaborate meth- ods in performing this very simple operation, all of which, how- ever, with the exception of clams for scrotal hernia, of which we shall treat later, are quite uncalled for and liable to produce the very results which they are supposed to guard against. For instance, the method of searing the cord with a red hot iron, while the operation is necessarily antiseptically performed, the wound sloughs from the cauterization, requiring a longer time to heal without acquiring any material benefit to the subject. Crapping. Which consists in tightly binding the scrotum between two pieces of wood, until it sloughs off, is a slow, tedious process and decidedly antiquated and cruel. Cying and Lashing. Is virtually the same as trapping with the exception that a cord takes the place of the wooden clams. It has nothing but its antiquity to recommend it. The French method, termed Bistournage, is exceedingly severe and cruel to the subject. It consists in so manipulating and dislocating the testicles that their blood supply is shut off, the organs gradually withering away; a ligature is necessary, tightly tied around the scrotum below the testicles, which are forced upward into the inguinal canal. This process is mentioned here simply as an illustration of a simple operation made complex and painful by ignorance, or an inborn desire to produce unnecessary suffering on dumb brutes. OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 293 'Cbc Covered Operation for Scrotal F)emia. "Where the small intestines descend the inguinal canal and occupy the scrotal sac in company with the testicles, the condi- tion is termed scrotal hernia. Ir is necessary when per- forming castration on subjects with this condition to use a special method to prevent prolapse of the intestines, which would inevitably take place if the scrotum was opened in the manner used where the parts present normally. Where scrotal hernia exists the subject must be laid on its back and the intes- tines returned to the abdominal cavity. An incision is then carefully made in the sac exposing the testicle covered by the tunica vaginalis (investing membrane), wooden clams are then applied to the cord. These are two short, flat-sided pieces of wood which are placed one on each side of the cord above the testicle and firmly tied together by pieces of string at each end of the clams. These are then left on until the compression by ar- resting the circulation of the parts causes them to slough and finally drop off, the parts above the clams becoming adherent, preventing egress of the intestines. In fact the inflammation which this process as a rule sets up is generally so extensive as to obliterate the inguinal canal, effectually preventing a future descent of the intestines. Dochttig. This very simple operation is generally performed on lambs at an early age as a rule, and properly so at the time of castra- tion. A sheep's tail is, to say the best of it, a useless appendage. It cannot be used to brush off flies or anything else, and while most likely it had its use in prehistoric sheep, domestication by relieving it of whatever use it may have been put to, failed to prevent its appearance, atavism being stronger than years of domestication. Should the tail be left intact it collects mud and dung, giving the animal an uncleanly appearance. The 294 OPERATIVE SURGERY. accumulation of filth is also liable "to cause fissures in the skin, which become attacked by the fly. The tail may be severed by the knife without any after treatment, or should it be preferable, after cutting, the parts are seared with a red hot iron, which in- stantly checks the hemorrhage. Ewes for self-evident reasons should always be docked even If the wether lambs are allowed to go without. Spaying. This is the removal of the ovaries of the female, a counter- part of the operation of castration of the male, and while it is rarely performed on ewes, owing to the fact that their breeding qualities are more to be valued than the slight improvement in the mutton and facility to fatten which this operation is sup- posed to confer, still as it is a common operation on other classes of she stock, notably swine and cattle, and as beyond a doubt a spayed female will take on flesh quicker and do better as a feeder than one which is entire, which would be an advantage in fitting ewes for exhibition in the fat stock class, we shall briefly de- scribe here the modus operandi of the operation. Place the ewe on its back on an inclined plank, having as- sistants to hold the subject securely in position; make an incis- ion directly back of the umbilicus (navel) extending backwards towards the mammae about two inches in length, cutting directly through the skin and sub-cutaneous structures, exposing the lin- ing of the abdominal cavity (peritoneum) ; pierce this by insert- ing the knife at right angles to the body of the subject, and widen the opening suflEiciently to permit the insertion of the two first fingers of the hand, by reaching backwards and slightly to one side the horn of the uterus will be felt. This can be traced forward until the ovary manifests itself, situated at the extrem- ity of the cornua; bring the ovary to the surface and hold it with one hand, employing the fingers of the other to trace and OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 295 secure the other ovary, the possession of the first materially as- sisting in finding its fellow. The ovaries are twisted off to pre- vent hemorrhage, which would be liable to occur if the parts were directly cut with the knife. The horns of the uterus are then returned to the abdominal cavity and the lips of the incision brought together by sutures. It is well to take one deep suture through the skin, abdominal walls and peritoneum, and two superficial ones through the skin, just bringing the edges of the cuticle in apposition. The sutures should not bring the edges of the wound tightly together, as the inflammation which al- ways results would tend to tear out the stitches, which would be followed by serious if not fatal results. The after-treatment consists in dressing the seat of the oper- ation with pine tar or some such agent to keep the wound in an aseptic condition and prevent attacks of the fly. fractures. A fracture of a bone is the solution of its continuity. A simple fracture is where the bone is broken without injury to the soft tissues covering it. A compound fracture is where an open wound exists which connects with the broken bone. "Where the bone is shattered into fine fragments, the frac- ture is said to be comminuted, and complicated, when together with the broken bone, severe injury to the adjacent tissues, or deep-seated bruising of the parts also exists. Symptoms. Great lameness, inability to bear weight on the limb, which hangs limp, the animal being unable to exert any control over the affected member. Manipulation of the part reveals crepitus, the sound made by the broken ends of the bones coming in con- tact with each other. The animal exhibits great pain when the parts are being handled. 296 OPERATIVE SURGERY. Creatmcnt. Consists in bringing the ends of the fractured bones to- gether and holding them in place bj putting the parts in splints or a plaster of Paris cast. A sheep will, as a rule, nurse a broken leg and make a good recovery if the parts have been properly dressed, but unless the animal be a valuable ram or ewe, especially desired for breeding purposes, it is best not to try treatment, but to turn the animal at once over to the butcher. Cdounds. These may be divided into four classes : 1. Incised or clean-cut wounds. 2. Punctured. o. Lacerated or torn. 4, Contused or bruised. Xnciscd or Clean-cut CClounds. A clean-cut wound will as a rule unite by what is termed first intention, that is the parts when brought in apposition, ad- here and heal without any visible process of granulation. The proper treatment for incised wounds is to wash them with a four per cent, solution of carbolic acid to remove any foreign matter which may have gained access, and at the same time de- stroy bacteria, rendering the parts aseptic; bring the lips of the wound together by sutures and apply to the surface some dry- ing antiseptic powder, such as: Calomel 1 drachm Sub-nitrate of bismuth 1 ounce Mix. Dust over affected parts once or twice daily. This as a rule will be all that is necessary. punctured bounds. Punctured wounds require frequently to be enlarged to per- mit drainage. As this class of wound heals by granulation and suppuration, the healing process to be satisfactory should com- OPEKATIVE SURGERY. 297 luence at the bottom, extending outwards; the parts must be kept clean, and daily injections with some mild antiseptic solu- tion will be found to promote the process of healing and prevent danger of septic infection, to which this class of wound is especially liable. Lacerated or Corn bounds. Remove all the torn, hanging shreds of tissue and wash out the parts with some antiseptic solution, then dress daily with some powder such as calomel and bismuth, or Take. Boracic acid , . . 1 ounce Iodoform 1 drachm Powdered chalk 2 ounces Mix and dust over the parts once or twice daily. A lacerated wound heals by granulation. At times these become excessive, projecting above the surface and bleeding- very readily. These should be reduced by touching lightly with lunar caustic or sprinkled over with burnt alum. Contused or Bruised bounds. A bruised or contused wound is rarely met with in sheep, excepting those which have been shipped to the market in over- loaded cars and getting down are trampled upon. The treat- ment when applied consists in removing the inflammation by means of hot fomentations and dressing the parts with some cooling agent, such as the White lotion. Brutscd. The sheep in the pasture or feeding lot rarely becomes bruised owing to the protection afforded by its fleece. Sheej) which are shipped on railroad cars, from overcrowding, are often trampled on and bruised, the treatment for which is the same as that prescribed for contused wounds. 298 OPEEATIVE SUEGEEY. Strains or Sprains. A sudden stretching of a soft strncture, accompanied by rupture of the muscle fibres or extension of the tendons, is often followed by acute inflammation, swelling and fever. The affected parts are then said to be strained or sprained. The sheep, owing to its naturally slow and careful move- ments, rarely becomes affected with this condition. The sudden frightening of sheep by dogs or other causes might, however, result in the sprain of a limb from a sudden mis-step. Crcatmcnt. Consists in bathing the affected part with either hot or cold water to reduce the inflammation, and then applying some cool- ing lotion such as: Distilled extract of witch hazel .... 4 ounces Tincture of arnica 1 ounce Soap liniment 1 ounce Alcohol 2 ounces Water 8 ounces Hb9CC39. Is the collection of pus under the skin or in the deeper seat- ed tissues. It may follow the infliction of a bruise or result from some constitutional ailment. When an abscess is in process of formation the affected part feels hot to the touch; is painful and as a rule the animal shows signs of constitutional derangement, such as high fever. When the abscess is formed, by pressing the part, the fluid contained in it is felt to fluctuate, but the part does not pit on pressure like dropsical swellings. When the part feels soft to the touch the abscess is said to point. It is then ready to open and if left to itself would burst. This, however, leaves a gaping wound which takes time to heal. The knife should alwavs be OPERATIVE SURGERY. 299 used before this stage is reached. Insert the knife in the most dependent part of the abscess, making a wide opening to permit free drainage, after the contents have been evacuated the injec- tion of an antiseptic solution will be all that is necessary. • Any unnatural swelling or protuberance of the tissues of the animal body is termed a tumor. Tumors are virtually hyper- trophies or overgrowths of tissue. A tumor may be composed of tissue similar to that sun-ounding it, in which event it is termed a homologous tumor; or it may be entirely different from the contiguous tissue, and is then termed heterologous. Tumors grow in size, either by central or peripheral growth; both, however, depend on cell proliferation, the growth being formed in the same manner as normal tissue. The blood-vessels leading to the tumor usually become enlarged^ to supply nutrition to the growth, new blood vessels form among the meshes of the tumor cells. Consequently, as a rule, we find overgrowths of tissue to be very vascular, and bleed extensively when excised. Tumors are said to be malignant when they tend to destroy the tissues in which they are situated, and have a tendency to recur after removal. A benign tumor is that which does not differ materially in structure from the tissue surround- ing it, and does not show a tendency to degeneration and ulcer- ation, as do the malignant variety, neither does it as a rule recur after removal. Tumors are classified generally according to the structure composing them. We shall not here, however, enter into this subject, as the sheep rarely, with the exception perhaps of goitre, is affected with overgrowths of tissue, and malignant cancerous swellings in this species of animal are exceedingly rare. The etiology or cause of tumor formation has never been verv satisfactorilv denionstratcrl. Bevond a doubt a blow or 300 OPERATIVE SURGERY. injury to a part may be followed by tumor formation, not merely a simple swelling of tlie tissue resulting from inflammation con- sequent to the injury, but by the formation of new adventitious tissue growth; but in the human family, and also in some of the herbivora we find heredity undoubtedly is a vital point in the situation. Then again, Cohnheim's theory of the misplacement of embryonal cells undoubtedly is frequently correct. And of late years parasitic origin appears to be receiving much consid- eration at the hands of investigators. Cystic tumors are enlargements containing a fluid-like serum, and, according to Paget, originate by three different methods: Either by enlargement and fusion of the spaces of the connective or other tissues, the fluids accumulating in these spaces, causing the tissues to become rarefied, the dividing septa of the spaces becoming broken down till a sac or cyst is formed, the outside boundaries of which continue to secrete fluid which accumulates in and press out the walls of the sac, so enlarging it; or by dilatation and growth of natural ducts; or by rapid growth of new elementary structures, which is the form occurring as goitre, in the thyroid bodies of young animals, lambs frequently being oo afl^ected. Creatment. Treatment of tumors consists in their early extirpation by n.eans of the knife or destruction of the cell elements with strong- caustics, etc. The ram is at times affected with a tumor of the penis, which appears to belong to the carcinomata, and which necessitates early removal by knife or ligature. For the removal of a malignant growth to be successful every particle of the foreign tissue must be removed, it being a safe plan to dissect out some of the normal tissue contiguous to the growth, and so guard against the possibility of leaving be- hind any of the adventitious tissue. Yet even in many instances where the growth is malignant, it tends after removal, to recur OPERATIVE SUEGERY. 301 in other parts of the system by a process termed metastasis, making such growths one of the most dangerous and unsatis- factory conditions to deal with which affect animal life. Further mention will not be made of any special class of tumor liable to affect the sheep, with the exception of goitre, which will now be considered. Goitre. Struma* This is an affection of the thyroid glands, in which they be- come enlarged, sometimes to such an extent that the functions of the trachea and oesophagus become interfered with, so as to threaten the subject's existence. It may exist in any one r)f four forms, viz: (1) Real Goitre, when the swelling is due to enlargement of the gland follicles, the whole gland or only part of it being involved. (2) Fibrous Goitre, where the connective tissue of the gland is increased, the follicles remaining normal or nearly so, ])ortions of the gland as a rule only being affected. (3) Dilatation of the veins, or varicose goitre. (4) Cystic Goitre — or bronchocele. This last form is that generally found affecting sheep, lambs more especially, and is supposed to be due to the presence of magnesia in the drinking- water. Goitre is a common affection of the human family as well as animals, and up to the present time the causes do not appear to be very well understood. The locality appears '"o have a predis- posing effect. Williams states that animals grazing on soil ricli in magnesian lime are prone to this affection. As it attacks ani- mals, sheep especially, lambs, appear to be more subject to tlie condition than mature sheep. Heredity appears to have a strong- relation to the transmissibilitv of the disease, instances havin«r 302 ; DISEASES OF THE EYE. l)eeii recorded where a number of affected lambs in a flock were all got by one ram wliicli had the disease. Lambs from flocks in certain localities have been attacked enzootically at various sea- sons. Low sitv.ations or a damp atmosphere upon elevated situ- ations, according to Williams, will act as a cause of bronchocele. Symptoms. Swelling immediately under the larynx, at one or both sides of the trachea. This may not increase in size very rapidly, and in some instances tends to diminish and disappear of its own ac- cord. Where the gland increases in size so as to compress the trachea and interfere with deglutition as well, an operation for removal of the gland might be permissible. Crcatmctit. Consists in the administration internally of iodide of potas- sium in full doses, also giving once a week a cathartic dose of Epsom or Glauber salts. The wool should be clipped from affected surface, and the parts painted with iodine, or the com- pound ointment of iodine applied. Goitre, due to cancerous invasion, such as carcinomatous goitre, should be sufficient cause for slaughter of the animal. The meat on no account should in this instance be offered for human consumption. Removal of the affected gland or glands is not liable to result satisfactorily, in that the subject will become checked in its growth, and is liable to anaemia with marked debility. There would be noth- ing to recommend this' operation so far as sheep are concerned. Diseases of the 6ye. The sheep frequently suffers from eye affections, as do other of the lower order of animals. Many of these disorders are liable to produce permanent blindness, which is less noticeable in sheep than in other animals from the fact that their hearing DISEASES OF THE EYE. 303 being unimpaired tliey are enabled to keep with the flock and ex- perience but slight difficulty in grazing. Simple Ophthalmia. Inflammation of the conjunctivae or mucous membranes lin- ing the eyelids. It may be caused from foreign matter such as hayseed or dirt gaining access to the eyes, or bites from insects. It arises also as the result of exposure or as a complication of nasal catan-h. Symptoms. The eye is partly closed, the eyelids are swelled, the eye is retracted into the orbit, there is a copious secretion of tears which flow down over the cheeks. On turning back the eyelid the con- junctiva is found to be congested, with red streaks running across it. When occurring as a complication in nasal catarrh it in- vades the eye through the lachrymal duct. Should it attack the cornea, exudation often takes place infiltrating the tissues of that organ. The organization of this exudate produces a condition known as opacity of the cornea. Crcatmcnt. If due to the presence of foreign material this must be re- moved, this in some cases is a matter of great difficulty, es- pecially when the object becomes embedded in the tissues of the eyeball, and in many cases it may be necessary to transfix the membrana nictitans (winking eyelid) by means of a suture before the particle can be abstracted. After-treatment consists iu bath- ing the eye with cold water and using some simple lotion, such as: Sulphate of zinc 2 grains Sulphate of morphia 2 grains Distilled water 1 ounce • 304 DISEASES OF THE EYE. Drop a few drops into the eye two or three times daily, ^'here the mucous membrane of the eyelids has been cauterized by some such agent as lime, (this is frequently seen following the use of lime and sulphur as a dip for scab), introduce something into the eye which will lubricate and have a soothing effect, such as a drop or two of linseed tea, or a kernel of flaxseed may be in- serted under the lids. Ophthalmia proper, also called the Blinds. This is a condition of inflammation of the conjunctiva simu- lating in symptoms simple opthalmia, with the difference while that is due to foreign matter, or the extension of inflammation from other diseases, such as nasal catarrh, this appears often as an epizootic; is recurrent in character, each successive attack being more severe, the result being total blindness in the major- ity of cases. This disease appears to be closely allied to the dis- ease known as specific ophthalmia to which the equine is liable, which is also a recurrent disease apt to terminate in cataract and blindness. The cause of this affection so far has not been de- termined, but that it is infectious in character is extremely doubt- ful. The symptoms are the same as those noticed in simj)le oph- thalmia, but that there appears to be a certain amount of consti- tutional derangement and a tendency for the complaint to run a malignant course. The treatment would be the same as for simple ophthalmia. It is a good plan, however, to commence with a mild physic, such as four ounces of Epsom salts; use cold appli- cations to the eye and the zinc sulphate lotion. In extreme cases bleeding from the angular vein appears to afford relief. Hmaurcsis, 6utta Serena, Glass Gye, Is a condition in which there is paralysis of the optic nerve, rendering the eye useless. It may be caused from injuries, such as a blow over the head with a crook, or may be due to tumors in DISEASES OF THE EYE. 305 the cranium which interfere with the functions of the djjtic nerve. This condition is incurable. fungus Raetnatodcs. This is a malignant, cancerous disease attacking the cavity of the orbit. It is most commonly seen attacking cattle, but sheep are by no means exempt. It makes its first appearance as a small red spot at the side of the orbit, which enlarges rapidly, involving not only the eye itself but the bones and tissues sur- rounding it. CrcatmcTit. Consists on its early removal, to accomplish which the eye must also be extirpated. If the bones are already attacked they must be scraped and the parts cauterized. The actual cautery being preferred, the removal to be successful must be complete, otherwise the growth will quickly recur. Unless the sheep be a very valuable animal and it is desired to keep it for breeding purposes no treatment should be attempted, but as soon as the condition manifests itself the patient should be turned over to the butcher. Opacity of the Cornea. Is a sequel to inflammatory conditions of the eye, such as ophthalmia. It is due to the organization of the exudates which follow inflammation. This is of very common occurrence in sheep, due to the fact that unless the animal is valuable or is a member of a very small flock, ophthalmia would pass unnoticed by the flock-ow^ner, and if observed would not as a rule be- thought worthy of treatment, in wdiich event the disease running its course uninterrupted would in the majority of cases terminate with this condition. bounds in the Gyc, These, when occurring in the conjunctiva, would be accom- panied by all the symptoms of simple ophthalmia. "When the cnr- 306 DISEASES OF THE EYE. nea is injured, as may occur from a sharp instrument penetrat- ing the eye, and the aqueous humor is evacuated, the len& is liable to fall out, in which event of course the usefulness of the eye is lost. In the treatment of all ^younds of the eye try to keep down the inflammation and endeavor to maintain an aseptic condition. Always use weak solutions to drop into the eye, and in many cases the addition of one drachm of a four per cent, solution of cocaine added to one ounce of the lotion will give excellent results by relieving the pain. In all cases of in- flammation in and around the eye, it is a good plan to use atro- pine directly to the organ. This by dilating the pupil prevents the organization of the inflammatory exudates, or, better still, use the atropine solution in the following manner: Sulphate of atropia 2 grains Cocaine hydrochlorate sol. 4 per cent 1 drachm Distilled water 1 ounce Use for two or three days, applying a few drops to the eye several times a day. And then Take. Eserine 2 grains Distilled water 1 ounce and use this for two or three days. The atropia solution dilates the pupil while the eserine solu- tion has the opposite effect. In this manner the pupil is kept moving, lessening the possibility of organization of the products of inflammation. An opaque cornea, when of recent occurrence, can often be corrected by stimulation. To effect this apply with a feather or camel's hair brush a solution of the nitrate of silver, such as Nitrate of silver x grains Distilled water 1 ounce Apply this directly to the opacity once or twice a day. It is a good plan to administer internally saline diuretics, such as nitrate of potash in drachm doses, and a full dose of Epsom salts. CHAPTER XVIII, Local ]Von-Contagious Diseases. In the arrangement of this work a few diseases which did not especially belong with those already classified have been in- serted under the above heading. Among snch are several of those affecting the integument and glands of the skin and also certain conditions affecting the feet. We shall now consider such diseases of the skin as are dependent on constitutional derangement either from errors in diet or from faulty excretion of effete materials, due to an abnormal condition of the glands, eczema. This is a common affection among sheep, especially with young immature animals which are highly fed to prepare them for exhibition purposes. "While eczema is recognized in several different forms, we find that the vesicular is that to which sheep are more generally liable. The attack comes on suddenly, the parts attacked generally being the face and lips, but it also may attack any of the parts of the skin, especially those where the fleece is lightest, such as the belly, inside of thighs and armpits. The visible symptoms are intense itching, the animal rubs itself violently, small vesicles appear on the affected parts. These rupture, discharge a M'atery fluid, and, on drying up, a small nodule remains in the place of each vesicle, which might be mis- taken for scab, from which, however, it is easily differentiated, as an examination of the parts will reveal the absence of para- sites. 308 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Crcatmctit. This condition is invariably due to dietetic errors, from over-feeding, or feeding certain grains and grasses in excess^ such as clover or buckwheat. An entire change of diet will as a rule effect a speedy cure, especially if it is possible to put the sheep on fresh grass. When show sheep are attacked with this condition it is well to decrease their rations and give a saline cathartic such as Epsom salts. Combined with the food such medicines also may be given as exert a special action on the skin, as Fowler's solution of arsenic, which can be administered in from one-half to one drachm doses twice daily. As a local ap- plication to relieve the itching and prevent the animal tearing its fleece and thereby becoming ragged, a cooling lotion will be tV'und beneficial. Take. Acetate of lead -i drachms Water 1 pint Apply to affected parts once or twice daily, or, if preferred,, finely powdered boracic acid may be dusted over the parts. This is simply inflammation of the skin and may arise from one of several causes, such as stings of insects, frost bites, etc.; chapped teats in ewes, due to lying on wet ground, is also erythematous in character. It is characterized by a redness of the affected portion. Ac- companying the abnormal redness, the parts feel hot to the touch; appear swelled and are sore Anything interfering with the normal functions of the skin is liable to produce erythema, cold and wet being very common causes. It is also seen following debilitating diseases, where the system is weakened and the functions of the skin interfered with. The udder of the ew* just previous to or following par- LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 30& turition is very liable to this condition. Sore teats in ewes when not due to infection of aphtha maligna must be classed a& erythema. Creatment. It is always good practice to administer a saline cathartic in these cases. The parts can be dressed with a cooling dressing, such as the White lotion, the prescription for which is to be found in the last chapter but one of this work. Nitrate of pot- ash in one-half drachm doses can be given with advantage twice daily in the feed. For chapped teats in ewes dressing with some astringent mixture, such as Tannic acid 40 grains Glycerine 2 ounces will quickly effect a cure. CcUuUtis. This is inflammation of the cellular tissue underlying the skin, which it also involves. It appears to be due to a derange- ment of the circulation or may occur from blood-poisoning; it also occurs as an extension of erysipelas; in which case, however, its origin would be specific. Abscesses fomi in the cellular tissue, producing mortification and gangrene of the skin above them,, which sloughs off. This condition is very rare in sheep. Crcattnetit. Consists in administering tonics, such as iron and arsenic, or vegetable tonics, such as gentian and quinine, feeding stimulat- ing, easily digestible food, and adopting good hygienic measures generally. prurigo. This is a condition of the skin characterized by intense itching, but not accompanied by any eruption. It appears to be due to an altered sensory condition of the periphery of the 310 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. nerves and seems to arise as a sequela to indigestion, probably from some peculiar effect which indigestion produces on the sys- tem generally. Overfeeding is also liable to produce this condi- tion, especially where the diet has lacked a change. Associated with prurigo is generally a plethoric condition. Creatment. When due to indigestion, such agents must be administered as will tend to correct that condition, as charcoal and vegetable -and mineral tonics. Take. Sulphate of iron 1 ounce Gentian 4 ounces Powdered willow charcoal 4 ounces Fenugreek 1 ounce Nitrate of potash powdered ^ ounce Linseed meal 4 ounces Mix. Give one tablespoonful in feed once or twice daily. When accompanied by a plethoric condition, commence treatment with saline cathartics, Glauber or Epsom salts, and feed green food, such as fresh grass, etc., when possible. When sheep on high feed are attacked with this condition it becomes necessary to reduce the ration if a cure is to be expected. Impetigo Labialis. Is a pustular condition found affecting the faces and lips of lambs. Some fever and other constitutional symptoms accom- pany the breaking out- of the eruptions, but these, however, soon disappear, a change of diet being as a rule all that will be neces- sary to effect a cure. foot-rot, paronychia Intcrdigitalis. We shall consider this disease under the head of non- contagious affections because its contagious character has not, up to the present time, been properly established. Not that it is de- sired to take issue with any of the noted authorities, who have LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 311 expressed themselves as satisfied witli its contagiousness, but that it is necessary when claiming a specific character for a disease to be able to show incontrovertible proof that such is the case, and Tig. 1. Fig. 3. Fig. 2. ^1 Fig. 4. Fig-. 1. — 1. Shrivelled or decayed horn. 2. Dark spot indicating- a cavity. 3. Minute fissure. Fig. 2— Early stage of foot-rot induced by rubbing matter on interdigital cuticle at a. Fig. 3. — Advanced foot-rot. Hoof-horn overgrown to a degree highly abnormal; undjr-surface broken and rotten at 6. From one digit the hoof-hora is nearly detached, exposing inflamed foot at a. covered with fibres of soft horn, (These three illustrations are from originals of Prof. Brown.) Fig. 4. — Section of foot through horn-fissure (a), showing extension of the crack, to the interior; (6) edge of hoof bent under, permitting collection of dirt. (Brown.) 313 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. while certain experiments have been carried out by different noted veterinarians to that end, they have only been attended with success in very few instances, and then under such circum- stances that it is reasonable to believe that the methods employed Avould have caused the condition without the introduction of the discharge from affected feet. Foot-rot is the cause of very severe monetary losses to flock-owners, not that it is liable to terminate fatally, but that the irritation and fever it produces so interfere with the animal's well-being as to make it unthrifty, causing it to lose flesh, and thereby inflicting serious injury on its owner. The fact that a large number of animals in a flock often become affected simultaneously, has led many sheep-owners and also veterinarians to believe it to be a contagious affection. The question of its contagiousness has been affirmatively answered by many noted European authorities, among whom may be mentioned Gohier, Gasparin, Girard, Reynal, Mr. George Fleming and many others, and as directly denied by such eminent authorities as the late Prof. Dick of Edinburgh, and Profs. Brown and Williams. The late Mr. Eead of Crediton, Eng., after making exhaustive in- vestigations on the subject, concluded against its contagious char- acter, and stated that it was caused from the soil not being- adapted to graze sheep over, and that the mere moving of infected sheep to healthy land was sufficient in itself to perfect a cure. Before considering the causes of this disease it may be as well to consider briefly the anatomy of the foot, a knowledge of which will materially assist in determining the cause of the trouble. The hoof of the sheep is composed of two separate digits, each enclosed in a horny box or framework, the passage between the digits being termed the cleft. AVe find under the horn or wall of the foot a membrane termed the subcorneus membrane, which is composed of a number of leaf-like bands LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 313 running parallel one with the other. This laminal tissue covers the digits in the same fashion as a sock does the foot, the horny covering outside of everything being similar to the boot. The outer surfaces of the claws are convex, while the inner surfaces are slightly concave, which permits them to come in contact one with the other only at their extremities. Situated between the pasterns we find a gland known as the interungulate gland, its opening being protected by a few long projecting hairs. This gland secretes a yellow viscid fluid, intended to lubricate and pre- vent friction in .the cleft of the foot, and were it not present the continual movements of the claws and their constant contact with grit and other foreign matter would set up a chronic state of in- Xnterungulatc Sinus of Sheep, a— Inner aspect of first phalanx. ^— Hoof or claw, c— Interung-ulate gland, a'— Orifice of its duct. flammation. This canal at times becomes diseased. Inflamma- tion and disorganization of the structures of the hoof then de- velops, which if permitted to exist will eventually terminate in a condition simulating foot-rot. The hoof-horn is secreted from the coronary band, situated at the juncture of the skin and hoof. This structure is very vascular, and anything which would inter- fere with its normal functions would necessarily affect the secre- tion of the hoof-horn, either to decrease such secretion or through 314 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES. some false stimulation abnormally increase its formation, al- though its character would be changed and degenerated. Now it would appear plausible that if sheep are grazed on wet pastures, the continual maceration the horny covering re- ceives would eventually affect its structure, and that the coronary cushion would also from the same cause secrete a softened ab- normal horn, the oily covering of which being washed off, es- pecially in the cleft, would render the parts liable to not only soreness and inflammation from friction and contact with dirt and foreign matter, but would render them liable to absorb ma- terial, the presence of which would tend to set up inflammation and disintegration of the horn substance, and if that state is per- mitted to endure for any length of time the bones or soft struc- tures of the foot would perforce of circumstances also become in- volved in the process of degeneration. In considering the causes liable to induce foot-rot we must then lay great stress on the grazing of sheep in wet, low-lying pastures, and every authority, even those who advocate the theory of its contagiousness, admit that for the disease to exist it is necessary that the sheep should have been grazed on wet land. Mr. Read in an essay upon the subject, which has been frequently mentioned by different authorities, says: "Low situations conjoined with moisture are the fruitful and primary causes of foot-rot. Sheep in these situations have their hoofs and the integument above, to which they are united, and the highly elastic tissue situated between the claws constantly in a wet and humid state. Go into any of these pastures after the sheep have been placed there for only a short period and look at their feet. "Will there not be an increased growth of the hoof? "Will not the skin around the coronet and highly sensi- tive membrane be blanched? Will not the vascularity of the parts be weakened from its circulation being enfeebled? Now LOCAL NON-CO.NTAGIOUS DISEASES. 315 this is all produced by wet. In a few days, perhaps, we have a change of temperature; evaporation is produced from the surface of the land and from animal bodies as well, and the ground be- comes drier. A reaction takes place; the circulation is quick- ened ; the hoof swells or rather is pushed from the parts beneath ; the skin between the claws inflames; the heels bulge; the coronet enlarges; abscesses form; matter penetrates between the horn and the substance beneath, and disunites the sensitive from the horny laminae, and, in the worst forms of the disease, the hoof falls off." ^ This description by Mr. Read very properly and accurately covers the subject, given the cause, namely, prolonged unnatural surroundings, and it is not necessary to have any specific germ to assist in producing the changes in the hoof-horn. The fact that so many members of a flock appear to become affected simulta- neously, is easily explained, they all having been subjected to the same cause. The hoof to maintain its normal healthy condition must be submitted to a certain amount of wear and tear, other- wise the horn being continually under the process of formation, unless worn off and kept to its proper proportions, would grow abnormally long and favor changes in the horn substance. For this reason foot-rot is at times met with on dry, sandy soils, the softness of the soil not furnishing sufficient wearing properties to the feet. The mere fact of healthy sheep contracting foot-rot from being placed with those already diseased, in no manner proves that the disease is contagious, as the sheep are submitted to the same causes which produced the condition in the former. The form of the disease met with on high, gravelly soil is pro- duced from an excessive wearing away of the claws from contact with sharp, gritty particles, and while they go lame and at times abscesses form with fungoid growths of horn, it cannot be said to be malignant foot-rot, meaning the kind which arises from moist- 316 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. ure, as by moving the sheep .to less gravelly surroundings and employing simple treatment, such as an application of pine tar, a cure is speedily effected, the horny secretion in this instance not being perverted and changed, as Is the case where the parts have been kept in a super-moist condition. Symptoms. The sheep is noticed to walk with difficulty, appearing to rest frequently after progressing for a short distance. Distinct lameness will be observed in a day or two, the animal then lags behind the flock and soon assumes a lank appearance. On examination a moist foetid discharge will be noticeable between the claws of the affected feet. The feet are hot, the animal exhibiting signs of pain when they are pressed, and the coronet is swollen. In the commencement of the attack only one foot may be affected, or both fore-feet, or both hind, rarely all four feet are affected. At first the disease appears located in the foot, but it is liable to extend, involving the soft tissues of the coronet, forming abscesses above the hoof, and at times invading the bones and tendons of the knee. This, however, is very rare. The hoof -horn, as the disease progresses, takes on a species of dry-rot ; falls away piece by piece, exposing the delicate sensitive laminae situated underneath. These sprout outwards, forming fungous growths resembling excessive granulating tissue, in that they bleed easily when touched. The discharge from the affected surface is extremely offensive, and so strong in character that if only a few sheep in a flock are affected the disease can be recog- nized at some little distance from where the diseased flock is grazing. The horny sole becomes attacked and peels off, exposing the sensitive parts covering the pedal bone. The subject is then quite lame and should the fore-legs be the ones affected, it will move around on its knees, crawling on its belly if its hind feet LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 317 are diseased. The affected sheep lie down frequently; fall away in flesh, becoming eyesores to their owners. In extreme cases the claws are shed and the animal is liable to succumb to the dis- ease from the pain and inability to procure food. In the summer season the odor from the affected feet appears to act as an attrac- tion to the fly; the sores become infected with maggots, produc- ing a most deplorable condition. In a prize essay by Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd, we find the following: "On examining the foot in the first stage of the disease, the coronary edge, while no external injury can be traced, is some- times found a little swollen and inflamed; at other times the hoof is eroded, but whether it be shattered or entire, an intense heat is always perceptible in the feet, with a strong pulsation in the arteries where they are inserted in the coronary edges of the hoof, and, however sound the hoof may appear externally, the connection between it and the interior of the foot is always dis- solved, though the separation is not evident until the hoof is pared away. A peculiar smell is perceptible, especially in the advanced stages or when the ulcerous part is newly opened, yet even in the worst cases a large quantity of ichor is never dis- charged, there being little more than will wet the finger and that only when pressed out." This extract from Mr. Hogg's essay places the first symp- toms of this disease very plainly before the reader, and it only remains to describe the differences between foot-rot and a disease which it, to a certain extent, simulates and for which it has been mistaken namely, aphthous fever. (Foot and mouth disease.) f^oot-rot in its primary Stages, Is not associated with constitutional fever. The appetite remains good and the milk-supply of ewes suckling lambs is not materially diminished, hardly at all in the first stage of the disease. 318 LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASES. In foot-rot, as a general rule, one or two feet only are attacked at first, generally the two fore-feet. In foot and mouth disease all four feet generally are affected, vesicles extending over the front of the digits, and almost always around the heels. In foot-rot vesicles do not appear in other parts of the body, as on the udder, skin, or in the mouth, which is the case in foot and mouth disease. In foot-rot the separation of the wall of the hoof from the digit proceeds from below upwards, the reverse being the case in foot and mouth disease. Lastly, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. By an- nointing a wisp of hay with the discharge and drawing it through the mouth of a healthy sheep, a definite diagnosis can be arrived at, as this is always in case of foot and mouth disease sufficient to inoculate and produce the condition in the healthy subject; whereas in foot-rot the effects would be nil, it being impossible to propagate it in such a manner. treatment. This must be prompt and in many cases heroic if a speedy cure is to be expected. When a large number of a flock become affected, the daily turning of each diseased sheep would be a mattter requiring a large expenditure of time and trouble. To overcome this, various foot baths have been adopted through which the flock is driven once a week or oftener, if desired, and it is highly proper here to describe this method before taking up the individual treatment of the members of the flock. A shallow trough about two feet in width and eighteen inches deep, the length being a matter of convenience, depending upon the number of sheep to be treated, is set in the ground. A low fence is made to run the entire length and on each side of the vat, so that the sheep will be compelled to stand in it. A solution of arsenic made as follows: LOCAL N0N-C?ONTAGI0US DISEASES. 319 Take. Arsenioiis acid 3 lbs. Carbonate of potash 2 lbs. "Water 14 gals. The arsenic and potash mnst be boiled for at least half an hour in the fourteen gallons of water in order that the arsenic may ho well dissolved. A sufficient quantity of this solution is then poured into the trough so that the liquid will be about three inches deep, to permit it to thoroughly cover the feet and pas- terns of the sheep. Affected sheep before being stood in the bath, should have their feet pared; all fungoid growths should be removed. It is not necessary to stand the sheep in the bath for any length of time if the trough is over ten feet in length, the mere passing of the sheep through it will be sufficient. After leaving the bath care must be taken that the sheep are not allowed to graze until the liquid has drained from their feet, otherwise the drippings on the grass being eaten by themselves or other animals would cause arsenical poisoning. It is a good plan to place the trough on some bare place as far away from the farm buildings as possible, having a pen at each extremity of the trough, so that the sheep can be driven through without difficulty. The pen at the outlet to be used as a draining pen, the sheep to be held there until the feet have drained dry. The trough also should be provided with a water tight lid and kept locked, otherwise it would be dangerous to the live-stock of the farm. In mild cases of foot-rot, sulphate of copper (blue stone) may be used in the place of the arsenic, this should be used in the strength of one pound to the gallon of water. After the sheep have passed through the bath, it is found very beneficial to apply quick lime to their feet. The easiest method being to sprinkle the floor of a barn with the quicklime and compel the sheep to walk on it. It must be borne in mind. 320 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. however, that treating the disease without bettering the sur- roundings which led to, and are responsible for the condition, will be a very unsatisfactorj^ undertaking. If the disease has arisen from the excessive moisture, this must be changed before a cure can be expected; the same holds good when the soil is gravelly and liable to make the animals foot-sore. If possible run the sheep on ground which is suitable and accords with their habits. Where it is impossible to do so, it becomes necessary to house the sheep at night on dry ground or in sawdust-floored pens, and to adopt all such measures as will tend to counteract the drawbacks of the locality. Where a few sheep only in a flock are affected, those which show signs of lameness should be caught and turned. The affect- ed feet should be pared down, all shreds of horn or fungus being removed. The ulcerated surfaces should be cauterized to stimu- late the secretion of healthy horn. Many different agents have been used for this purpose with more or less success, such as butyr of antimony, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, creosote, chromic acid, terebene, and many others. Perhaps that which gives as good if not better results without danger of excessive cauteriza- tion is butyr of antimony. After applying this or any of the other agents to the sore surfaces, the parts should be dressed with Stockholm tar or carbolized tar, which makes an antiseptic and healing dressing having the tendency to stimulate the growth of healthy horn. When the granulations are very profuse, it will be found good practice to apply the actucil cautery, the red-hot iron in these cases appearing to exert a special action not to be obtained by the use of any chemical astringent and caustic agents. Ewes in lamb require careful handling, and unless the disease is far advanced they should not be turned for dressing; it will be found safer to stand them in the arsenical or copper solution. Quick- LOCAL NON-OONTAGIOUS DISEASESv 321 lime is liiglily recommended by many experienced flock-owners for this condition. It can be applied as already stated, and, as its cost is comparatively small, it certainly justifies a trial. Bear in mind that foot-rot generally prevails on moist land in wet weather, and on dry land in very dry weather (the ground then being hard on the feet). During such seasons special vigil- ance must be used by the flock-owner and measures adopted to pre- vent the occurrence of this troublesome affection. ItifUiTiTnatioii of the Ititcrdigital Canal. On the anterior of the pasterns superior to the claws, mid- way between the coronet and the upper pastern joint, is situated a small aperture from which project three or four hairs about one fourth of an inch in length. This aperture is the opening of the canal leading to the gland known as the interungulate gland, the uses of which have already been described. At times this canal becomes inflamed from irritation caused by the entrance into it of foreign bodies, such as pieces of grit or dirt, etc. Should these not be removed ulceration of the part& is liable to occur and abscesses form. The pus burrows through the walls of the canal between the digits, setting up intense in- flammation of the foot, which may, if not speedily relieved, proA'e fatal. This condition is readily separated from foot-rot in that the disease only attacks one foot and commences at the inter- digital canal, the orifice of which is swollen; in the same manner it will not be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, as only one member is affected, whereas in that complaint the likelihood would be that all four feet would be involved in the inflamma- tory process. Symptoms. Great lameness, an examination reveals the orifice of the interdigital canal swollen, the surrounding parts being swollen 322 LOCAL XON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. and the skin very red. The sheep is feverish aud uii its feed; ex- hibits symptoms of intense pain. It carries the, affected leg off the ground, limping aronnd on three legs while grazing. treatment. Consists in removing whatever may have entered into or blocked the outlet of the gland. The foot should be washed in warm water, the canal syringed out with a carbolized solution and the foot then placed in a poultice. After-treatment consists in applying some astringent application, such as a tincture of myrrh. Where the inflammation has been excessive, sinuses and ab- scesses already having formed, the canal must be laid open and the parts dressed with a strong antiseptic solution. When it is necessary to operate in this manner the applica- tion of a four per cent, solution of cocaine hydrochlorate will make the operation painless to the subject. CHAPTER XIX. parturition and the Diseases Incidental Cbereto, Normal parturition is the act of expulsion of the foetus from the womb of its mother after the completion of its full period of development within that organ. The period elapsing from the time of its first conception and its final expulsion from the uterus is called the term or period of gestation. This, as it occurs in sheep, extends over a period of nearly five months, or, to be more exact, from 142 to 150 days. The act of parturition, while a natural physiological process, is attended in all mammalia with more or less pain and risk to the existence of the subject. The foetus, being fully developed, acts as an irritant to the organ in which it has been elaborated, inducing a marked disturbance of the nervous system, accom- panied with violent contractions of the womb, aiming to expel that which has now become a foreign body. Expulsion is not effected by one effort, but by successive, slow and progressive contractions, becoming more severe and ex- hausting as the labor becomes prolonged. At first the pains are of short duration, increasing gradually in force. Normal con- tractions take place at the fundus, (center of the body of th6 womb); the cornua (horns) shorten towards the fundus; the womb towards the neck, and the neck towards the opening into the vaginal cavity called the os. The water-bag enveloping the foetus acts as a mechanical dilator to the neck of the womb, which, as the pressure increases, becomes thinner and shorter^ permitting the water-bag to dilate its opening or os. The limb? and head of the foeUis acting as a wedge maintain the dilatation) of the parts, which, as the pains increase in severity, finally fi- 324 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. large, obliterating the os entirely, making the vagina and uterus one large distended cavity. When this stage is reached delivery takes place very rapidly. Sheep frequently bring forth twins, and these may be born one directly after the other, or, after the birth of one lamb, a period sometimes of two or three days may elapse before the de- livery of the other takes place. Ewes, during the period of gestation, should be kept quiet and free from such distvn-bances as would be liable to result in premature delivery. Chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs, sudden changes in diet, improper hygienic surroundings, are all liable to result in abortion, and endanger the lives of the ewes themselves. The act of parturition is liable to be prolonged, owing to a number of causes which may arise, many of which are of such a serious nature as to result in the death of the ewe. As causes re- sulting in protracted labor we find: (1) Exhaustion from gen- eral debility. (2) Cold weather at time delivery is due. (3) Premature rupture of the envelopes (water-bag), permitting the escape of the liquor amnii (water); the uterus then becomes ex- hausted from contracting on the foetus, the neck of the womb not being dilated. (4) Obstructions in the genital passages, such as tumors in the neck of the womb or vagina. (5) Rigidity of the neck of the womb, frequently due to some injury inflicted in a previous delivery. (6) A complete obliteration of the os, which condition, however, is rare. (7) Torsion of the uterus, in which event the womb has become twisted on its neck — a con- dition caused by violent motions on the part of a pregnant sub- ject, and which has to be rectified before delivery can take place. The first set of causes, such as exhaustion from general debility, exposure, etc., are due wholly to mismanagement on the part of the flock-owner, and are not to be overcome at the last moment, but should be guarded against and prevented by proper PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 325 care of the ewes from the time of intercourse with the ram till delivery is due to take place. Where labor is prolonged from premature rupture of the water-bag, injections of warm water, or warm infusions of slippery-elm bark will facilitate the de- livery. Where obstructions, such as tumors in the genital organs, exist, their removal must take place before parturition can pro- ceed. In cases of rigidity of the os, whether due to previous injury or perverted nervous function, applications of warm water douches, or smearing the os with the extract of belladonna will often overcome the difficulty; should this not prove successful, however, it becomes necessary to operate, the proper procedure being as follows : Pass the hand in the vagina. This is a matter of some diffi- culty, as the passage is very small as compared with that of the cow or mare, but by diligent manipulation, using vaseline to pro- tect the mucous membranes, it can be accomplished; pass a probe- pointed bistoury into the os, and make three slight incisions, as theoretical Drawing, showing JMethod of Incision of Os Oteri. ■^ — Outer circumference of os uieri. B — Supposed centre of same. C C C— Incisions starting^ from B to circumference .^ shown in illustration. This will permit the os to dilate and de- livery to take place. Where ewes have been delivered in this manner they should not be bred from again on account of cica- tricial tissue forming in the os. After the lamb is weaned, the ewe should be fattened for the butcher. Where obliteration of the os uteri exists, the above operation 326 PARTUKITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. can be performed, but it is then n matter of great difficulty to lo- cate the proper point for making the incision. A great deal will depend on the experience and skill of the operator. Torsion of the uterus is a very difficult matter to overcome, especially in the ewe, where the passage is of such limited size. The proper method is to introduce the hand into the vagina and up into the uterus, where the spiral turn can be felt. After deciding as to whether the twist is to the right or left side, have an assistant turn the body of the ewe in the opposite direction, the operator leaving his hand in the cavity, endeavoring to exert his force in the direction opposite to that in which the assistant is tuaning. When the womb regains its natural position, deliv- ery will be able to take place in its normal manner. Parturition is frequently interfered with by malposition on the part of the foetus, its presentation not being suitable for its expulsion through the genital passages, or deformities of the foetus, termed monstrosities, may interfere with its delivery. These are to a certain extent common in sheep, and when present the skill of the operator will be required if the life of the ewe is to be saved. The various mal-presentations may be summed up as fol- lows: (1) Where head and one fore-leg is presented, the other being retained. To overcome this condition, gently repel the foetus back into the womb, and endeavor to obtain possession of the retained leg; bring it up into position, and allow parturition to proceed naturally. (2) Where the head alone is presented — both fore-legs being retained — push the head back, bring up the fore-legs, so permitting delivery to take place. (3) Where the two fore-legs are presenting, but the head is turned back — in this instance the head may be directly turned backwards, or may be dropped either between the legs or to one PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. i.T side of them. It will be necessary here to obtain possession of the head. Introduce a finger into the mouth of the foetus, or get the hand round the mouth, using force suificient to bring the head up into the passage, and deliver the lamb. (4) Where the side of the foetus only can be felt, it must be turned to its natural position. This requires judgment, patience, and skill on the part of the operator. No iron-clad rule of procedure can be laid down. The operator must manipu- late the parts until he can obtain possession of a limb, which should be brought up into position and another one sought for, which, when obtained, the foetus can be extracted. Either hind- legs or fore-legs are sufficient, — of course, if the fore-legs are brought into position the head must present properly, as in paragraph three. (5) "Where the back of the foetus presents itself the same procedure recommended in paragraph four must be employed. (6) Where the breech presents, the hind-legs being re- tained, repel the foetus, standing it on its head in the uterus; reach for a hind-leg, bring it up into the canal, then bring up the other, and extract the lamb by pulling it out backwards. (7) Where the foetus is too large for delivery. These cases call for embryotomy, the foetus having to be extracted piece at a time. Frequently, in these cases, if the operator can disembowel the foetus the carcass will collapse sufficiently to per- mit its being extracted. Where the head is enlarged (hydro- cephalic), it must be punctured to allow the fluid to escape; the head can then be crushed and delivery take place. Monstrosities also come under this class. They frequently necessitate the use of the knife on the foetus if the ewe is to be saved. In all cases where it is necessary to offer assistance to the ewe in lambing, care must be exercised to see that no dirt or foreign substances are introduced into the womb, which would be liable to result later in septic poisoning and death to the subject. 328 PAETUEITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL.. Force, when used, should be exerted gradually, in order that the soft parts are not injured or torn. It is always proper to thoroughly wash the hand and arm before inserting it in the vagina, also using vaseline or carbolized sweet oil to lubricate the passage and prevent abrasion of its mucous lining. Assistance should only be offered when it be- comes apparent that the ewe is unable to lamb without it; even where labor has been protracted, if the presentation is right, and the ewe still possesses good strength, it is better to let nature take its course than to try to hurry matters along. Conditions liable to occur incidental to parturition are as follows: Retention of the foetal membrai:'-^. These should be expelled from the uterus shortly after the lam 'as been born. Where they are retained for over twenty-four hours their pres- ence is very liable to cause septic poisoning. Take the ^ • o-fe^-. ing portions, twist them round a stick, and pull gently and stead- ily. This is generally all that will be required. After removal^ give the ewe four ounces of Epsom salts, or better still. Take. Epsom salts 2 ounces Carbonate of ammonia '^O grains Nitrate of potash .... ....... 1 drachm G inger, powdered 1 drachm Dissolve in eight ounces of water, and give as a drench. This is a very useful prescription to give ewes a week before- lambing is due. T^ :;:£ists in preparing the subject for the su- preme act in nature and prevents, to a great extent, such condi- tions a; ;;.: apt to follow parturition in well-bred pampered ani- mals. Blccdiiii?, flcx^iing, post-partcm J^cmorrbagc. May occur ?.s a result of the retention of the foetal membraneS; or from their being too suddenly severed from their attachments, or from exhaustion following protracted labor, which interferes with the natural contractions of the womb. PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 329 Crcatmcnt. Administer a quick stimulant, such as the following: Take. Sulphuric ether 2 drachms Aromatic spirits of ammonia .... 2 drachms Alcohol 2 drachms Add one half pint of water and give as a drench. Then make an examination, and if the womb is distended, filled with clots of blood, syringe it out with warm water. "When •cleaned out, inject a solution of iron : Take. Tincture of iron 4 drachms "Warm water 1 pint Inject it into the uterus, apply cold water to the vulva, and internally administer the following: Fluid extract ergot 2 drachms Inversion of the Womb.— prolapsus Cltcri This may be partial or complete. In partial inversion the fundus of the womb only is inverted into the vagina, or the whole may be inverted, projecting outside of the vaginal cavity, resembling a glove turned inside out. Where the condition has not existed for any length of time, it can readily be remedied. Wash the inverted portion with carbolized warm water, and be- ginning at the most dependent part, commence to turn it in by pressing the part forward and inward, turning it back into itself, as it were. "Where the condition has existed for some time, the parts may need scarification — this is done by lightly criss-crossing the organ with a knife, not cutting deeply, then apply common salt or a mixture of equal parts of powdered allspice, salt, and ginger; then turn the part back as before. Where gangrene has set in, amputation of the uterus will be necessary if the life of the ewe is to be saved. This can be done by taking a needle with a double thread and passing it directly 330 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. through the neck of the organ as far up as possible. Cut the ends of thread next the needle, leaving four separate ends; then take the ends of one thread and tie a simple knot, bringing it tight. This will enclose and effectually stop the circulation of half the stem. Do the same with the other thread, and then sever the parts outside of the suture with a sharp knife. After the uterus has been amputated, place the ewe in such a position as to raise the hind parts. Administer also an opiate, such as four drachms of laudanum or one grain of sulphate of morphia. In cases of inversion of the uterus, if the womb tends to pro- lapse after it has been returned to position, it may be necessary to take a deep suture with sterilized silk through the lips of the vagina, or a pessary can be inserted in the vagina, a simple and efficient method being the introduction of a pig's bladder, pre- viously softened by soaking in warm water; its external surface is well oiled, and after it has been placed in position, is blown up through a tube inserted in the neck; the neck of the bladder is then secured to prevent the escape of the air and is left inside till all danger of prolapse is over. Inversion of the Tagina. This is a condition very similar to prolapse of the uterus^ and may be accompanied by that condition. When occurring, it is generally as a sequela to premature rupture of the foetal mem- branes and escape of the "waters." The young animal, on being extracted in a rough manner, so lacerating; and bruising the delicate mucous lining of the vagi- na, and also the underlying connective tissues, causes a flaccidity or lack of firmness in the tissues, leading to inversion, which may take place immediately following the delivery, or at a later period, caused by straining due to after-pains, or it may take place any time during several days subsequent to parturition. It is also met with followine; abortion or retention of the foetal PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 331 membranes. It i? an accident which may occur in other than pregnant females, due then to lack of tone in the parts, or some injury, and also can occur during pregnancy in the latter period of gestation, caused then by pressure from the gravid uterus. Symptoms. Notice a circular reddish mass projecting from and between the lips of the vulva. Its surface is smooth unless lacerated and covered with particles of foreign matter from contact with the soil. The tumor appears larger when the ewe is lying down. An examination of the mass will be necessary to differentiate between this condition and inversion of the uterus. In that con- dition the cotyledons or placental papillae are easily discernible. In inversion of the vagina, the mass is perfectly smooth and marked on its under surface with a furrow, leading to the ure- thra, and in some cases the cervix uteri can be seen situated in the middle of the mass. Creatment. Wash off with a warm antiseptic solution, and commencing from each side, at tl^e lips of the vulva, turn the edges inward'?. gradually manipulating the mass till it has regained its normal position. "Where the parts have become lacerated it is necessary to apply topically some astringent anodyne agent. Take. Lead acetate 1 ounce Dissolve in one pint of water, to which may be added two ounces of laudanum. This can be injected into the vagina, and if necessary a deep suture can be taken through the vulva, the same as advised in inversion of the womb. Inflammatton of the Tagina.— Tagitiitis. This follows generally as the result of injury inflicted to the vagina during parturition. It is as a rule accompanied with in- ■flammation of the womb (metritis), in which case it is a very grave affection. 332 PAKTUEITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. Sjnnptoms. In appearance the lips of the vagina are very much swollen, the mucous lining of the cavity being of a deep red or livid color, frequently covered with patches of congestion; the parts feel hot and dry; the natural secretion having ceased. Pain is evidenced by the ewe when urinating; the vulva itches intensely; the ewe will rub against posts, etc., and in so doing is liable to lacerate the parts. As the inflammation progresses, the mucus secretion which was at first suppressed becomes abnormally increased, flow- ing as a serous liquid, streaked with blood, changing into a puru- lent discharge, which in passing over the thighs exerts a caustic and excoriating effect on the skin. Where the inflammation is excessive it has a tendency to terminate in gangrene, in which event the ewe is liable to succumb from septic poisoning; this termination, however, is rare. Creattnctit. Wash the parts in warm water, and use astringent injec- tions; that suggested in "Inversion of the Vagina" can also be used in these cases with good effect. Should there be danger of gangrene, iron and quinine can be administered internally and the parts dressed with carbolized oil. Inflannnation of the ^QotTib— Metritis. Parturient fever is a serious condition, due to one of several causes, such as injuries to the genital canal during parturition, retention of the foetal membranes (after birth), or the introduction of septic material, and exposure to cold during lambing has also been claimed as a cause of this condition. Symptoms. The ewe evidences symptoms of distress; the pulse is full and bounding; the respirations are hurried; the visible mucous membranes are congested; the lining of the vagina is inflamed^ PARTUEITIOX AX'D DISEASES IXCIDBNTAL. 333 and the vulva swollen; the bowels are constipated, and the natur- al secretion of milk is suppressed. The ewe lies down, and if forced to rise does so reluctantly. A discharge from the vagina is noticeable — at first transparent, soon becoming reddish in color and thick. The rumen is liable to become distended with gas, and in cases which terminate fatally the temperature will remain persistently high. Where the inflammation extends to the peri- toneum dropsy of the abdomen frequently follows as a sequela — in these cases the abdomen becomes enlarged, giving the subject a full appearance. Crcatmcnt. In these cases it is always advisable to commence treatment with a full dose of Epsom salts. The following is a useful pre- scription : Take. Epsom salts 2 ounces Common salt 2 ounces Ginger 1 drachm Molasses 8 ounces Mix and give as one dose. Place the ewe in warm comfortable quarters, and where the temperature appears high, give full doses of quinine and aconite combined. If the udder is swollen, bathe frequently with hot water, and after each fomentation apply some soothing ointmenr, such as Poke root powdered . ; -^ oz. Benzoated lard 2 oz. jMaH^^nt partunctit fever. This is a very grave condition indeed, due in all cases to septic infection, complicated frequently Avith erysipelas. It is virtually a blood-poisoning, and must not be confounded with simple parturient fever. It can be carried from ewe to ewe by the lamber making examinations of ewes which are in the act of parturition, after having handled an affected subject. 334 PARTUEITION A'SB DISEASES INCIDENTAL. Symptoms. All the symptoms of parturient fever are present in an ag- gravated form; the bowels at first are generally constipated, but as the disease progresses they become relaxed, diarrhoea setting in, the discharges being foetid, and in many cases accompanied by or streaked with blood. The udder is very much swollen, and shows symptoms of erysipelas infection. When this occurs the patient rarely, if ever, recovers. The ewe shows signs of abdom- inal pain, and strains frequently', a sanious foetid discharge being ejected from the vagina during these efforts. The disease runs a rapid course, the animal becoming delirious, coma setting in just prior to fatal terminations. post-^lortcm Hppearances. The womb is enlarged and thickened; the mucous mem- brane lining it is of a darkish brown color, darker patches being noticeable in places. In the cavity of the womb, a chocolate- colored fluid is present, in which remnants of the foetal mem- branes are often found; the whole organ presents the appearance of rapid decomposition, and has a very foetid odor. The vagina frequently has ulcerous patches on its mucous surfaces, particu- larly round the vulva and meatus urinarius (opening of the ure- thra into the vagina). The abdominal cavity contains a reddish liquid, the whole peritoneal surface showing signs of intense in- flammation; this is particularly noticeable in that part covering and supporting the womb. The muscular tissues are dark, at times almost black. The udder is sometimes spotted with gang- renous patches, resulting from a previous erysipelatous condition of that organ. Plain signs of general septic infection are also noticeable. treatment. Should be on the same lines as that prescribed in "Metritis." A laxative drench is always to be recommended in these cases, especially at the commencement of the trouble. PAKTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 335 The womb should be thoroughly syringed out with warm antiseptic douches. Permanganate of potash, one half drachm, in one pint of water, or injections of carbolic solutions in strength of one to forty will be found beneficial. Internally, quinine and iron are indicated, or salycilic acid combined with carbolic, and administered frequently but in very small doses. The strength of the ewe must be maintained by such stimulants as aromatic spirits of ammonia, alcohol, etc. Take. Salicylic acid grs. x Carbolic acid 90 per cent sol m. iii Dissolve in one ounce of gruel and give as one dose, repeating every two hours, or Take. Sulphate of quinine 1 drachm Tincture chloride of iron ^ ounce Water 12 ounces Mix and give one ounce as a dose, repeating every two hours. As a stimulant, the following is useful: Take. Sulphuric ether 3 cz. Aromatic -pirits of ammonia 3 oz. Alcohol 3 oz. Dose one ounce in four ounces of water, repeated every three hours. To the inflamed udder apply warm fomentations fre- quently. Between these the gland should be dressed with the ointment of poke-root and lard previously mentioned, or covered all over with a thick coating of vaseline. In all these cases the lamb should be taken away at the commencement of the attack. This disease is very liable to terminate fatally, to prevent which careful nursing is very necessary. 6argct— Matninitis, or Mastitis. Is a congested condition of the udder, which may be due to several causes, among which may be mentioned exposure to eo^l or wet, or the udder becoming bruised from contact w'.tl: l::.-i 336 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. ground when the ewe lies down, or when the ewe has only one lamb to suckle, which is unable t(j take the full supply of milk; or it may arise as a sequela to diseases of parturition, such as par- turient fever, or puerperal septicaemia. This is a very frequent condition with ewes, attacking them more often than it does other species of mammalia. It is a troublesome and dangerous affection, sometimes proving fatal from mortification of the parts taking place, and very often leaving the udder in an enlarged, indur- ated condition, ruining the ewe for breeding purposes, necessi- tating her being fattened and sold for slaughter. Symptoms. As seen occurring following injuries or exposure, swelling of the gland or part of it, appears suddenly. This swelling is hard and tense; the secretion of milk is impaired, that which is secreted being frequently streaked with blood; in mild cases, the ewe suffers very little pain, and there is no perceptible fever. These conditions tend to make a favorable recovery, but in cases of septic infection, the symptoms are aggravated, the disease being prone to run a malignant course. The swelling generally commences at one of the teats, rapidly spreading to other portions of the gland. The swelled portion pits on pressure, having a doughy feeling; symptoms of fever are well marked; the ewe appears dull and off its feed; rumination is suspended; the pulse is quick and hard, all signs of systemic derangement being pres- ent. The skin of the udder is very red and, in severe cases, turns black, mortification setting in. The gangrenous portion of the gland commences to slough; the disease has a tendency to extend to the skin of the abdomen, simulating erysipelas; the affected ewe loses flesh rapidly; death may ensue from blood-poisoning. This malignant form of inflammation of the udder is generally considered to be contagious. Severe cases run a very rapid course, sometimes fatal terminations taking place in twenty-four hours after manifestation of the first signs of the trouble. PARTURITIOX AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL 337 Where recovery takes place, the part of the udder which was affected is liable to remain in an indurated, scirrhus condi- tion, and even should this not be the case, the condition is liable to recur, making the ewe of little value to breed from. Creatmcnt. In all cases of garget, the lamb must be taken away and put to another ewe or raised on the bottle. The udder must be fre- quently bathed in warm water, using about two ounces of cook- ing soda in every quart of water. Between the fomentations dress the part with camphorated oil. Internally, in all cases ac- companied with high fever, aconite can be given with good re- sults. A full dose of Epsom salts should be given at commence- ment of treatment. "Where blood-poisoning is to be anticipated, quinine and iron will be found useful, and also fluid extract of poke-root, internally, given in half-teaspoonful doses every three hours, which often contributes materially in controlling the inflammation of the gland. If abscesses form, they must be opened and the contents evacuated, the after-treatment consisting in washing out the pockets with some antiseptic fluid and seeing that the parts are kept clean. Where gangrene sets in, the affected portion must be amputated. This can be done without danger of excessive hem- orrhage if the parts are incised inside of the line of demarkation. The edges of the wound should be dressed daily with oil of tur- pentine. Recovery from malignant attacks is a slow process. The ewe will generally "slip its fleece." This is of frequent occur- rence, however, following febrile conditions in sheep. Cracked Ccats. This is quite a common condition, which may be caused by the lamb pulling on an empty teat, or may be the result of infec- 338 PAETURITION A^D DISEASES I^XIDENTAL. tion,as in aphtha, where the disease is transmitted from the month of the lamb to the ewe's udder, or may arise from a number of simple causes which it is unnecessary to enumerate here. Cracked teats, when not due to contagious affections and where the fissures are superficial, will, as a rule, readily yield to treatment. But where the fissures are deep and bleed readily they are extremely sensitive, and the ewe wall not permit the lamb to suckle. This condition then is liable to result in oblitera- tion of the duct, and may finally terminate in inflammation of the udder from the retention of its contents. treatment. Consists in drawing off the milk with milk tubes, and dress- ing the fissures with flexible collodion or glycerine and tannic acid. Take. Tannic acid grs. xx Glycerine 1 oz. Mix and apply to sores with a brush or feather. foundcf, following Lambing— parturient Laminitis. The causes leading up to this condition are not very well un- derstood. The symptoms are lameness due to inflammation bo- tween the claw^s, extending up to the coronets and heels. Cold applications appear to give more satisfactory results than hot. Internally aconite in small frequent doses combined with quin- ine, to which, if the pain seems excessive, opium may be added. A moderate dose of Epsom salts should be administered ; the ewe should be kept in comfortable quarters, and given light, laxative food. The secretion of milk is suppressed from the commence- ment of the attack, and the return of milk can be regarded as a sign for quick recovery. DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 339 Diseases of the JVewly-Bom* Hspbixia. This is generally due to interrupted circulation in the um- bilical cord, from pressure on it in the passing of the foetus through the pelvis. Clean any secretion from round the nostrils; close the mouth and blow into the nostrils; should respiration be established, give a stimulant, or pour a few drops of brandy into the nostrils, place the lamb where it will be kept warm. Bleeding from the Umbilicus — Umbilical f)acmorvbagc. This comes, as a rule, from the cord being severed too close to the body. The application of styptics or astringents, such as nitrate of silver, or tannic acidj will as a rule, correct this condi- tion. Inflammation of tbc Umbilical Cord— Navel 111. This is a very serious and fatal affection, appearing to be of specific origin. It first appears as inflammation of the umbilical vein, but rapidly spreads to the adjoining tissues, t'^rm.inating in systemic blood-poisoning. This disease generally runs a malignant course, the inflam- mation rarely being confined to the umbilical vein. A clot forms at the umbilicus, which causes suppuration and the forming of a pervious opening or fistula. The inflammation ascends the um- bilical vein, as the clot enlarges and ascends, until the whole course of the vein as high up as the liver becomes affected, the trouble extending frequently to the portal and hepatic veins. Symptoms. The umbilical cord, instead of drying and withering up after birth of the lamb, remains moist and commences to swell, projecting from the navel slightly, feeling hard and unyielding, 340 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX. and ill size about the thickness of a common lead pencil. From: the center of the projection flows a thin, viscid fluid, which dues not possess any particular odor. The mere fact of the umbilicus presenting this appearance is evidence of the disease. The general symptoms are as follows: First notice the lamb to appear dull, assuming a recumbent position, rising with reluc- tance, and when made to rise, stands with the back arched, all four feet drawn together. The lamb will not care for the teat; appears to be suffering from a dull pain; the respirations are hur- ried, particularly so when septicaemia ensues. As the trouble progresses all the symptoms become aggravat- ed; the region around the navel commences to swell, and is pain- ful to the touch; the bowels which at first may have been consti- pated, become very loose, the discharges being offensive, which is nearly always the case in systemic blood-poisoning ; the urine is scanty and at times verv red in color; the visible mucous mem- branes become yellowish — an evidence of liver complication; swellings take place in various portions of tlie body, particularly around the hock joints. When these appear the subject shortly succumbs. Crcatment. This is mainly preventive, and as the cause is fairly well de- termined, and the preventive treatment being simple to use as well as effective, there is hardly any excuse for the occurrence of this fatal complaint. Cleanliness is the main preventive agent, adopting measures to prevent the freshly-severed umbilical cord of the newly-born lamb from coming in contact with filth or other material liable to harbor the germs of this disease. Direetlv, or as soon as possible after birth, anoint the fresh- Ij-severed cord with a solution of carbolic acid, or some other powerful antiseptic agent. If this is carefully followed out dur- ing the lambing season, there will be very few deaths from "navel-ill." DISEASES OF THE MEWLY-BORN. 341 But when the disease has once obtained a foothold, its treatment will be found very difficult and unsatisfactory. Even when successful, recovery is tardy, the lamb taking a long time to mature and proving an unprofitable feeder. SjTinge out the opening of the umbilical vein with an anti- septic solution : Take. Acid salicylic 20 grains Acid carbolic 90 per cent, (sol.) . . . ^ drachm Water 2 ounces Mix. Use as an injection several times daily. Internally, those agents should be given which have a ten- dency to counteract blood-poisoning and support the system. Give the salicylate of soda in ten-grain doses every hour, alter- nated with fifteen minims of the tincture of iron (med). Feed skimmed milk warm, or fresh cow's milk diluted one-third with warm water. If the lamb will suck, give the teat. See that the ewe gets plenty of nourishing diet to eat. Where navel-ill breaks out as an epidemic, the flock should be moved to fresh pastures or lots, and care taken to treat each lamb as fast as it is dropped. Retention of the Meconium. The contents of the intestines of the foetus are called the meconium. They are as a rule voided immediately after the lamb is born. Should this not take place, however, means must be taken to insure the removal before ill-results appear. This is effected by oiling the anus with sweet oil, injecting a small quan- tity, or inserting therein a small piece of soap. If removal does not take place the lamb will show signs of pain, refuse to suck,, and after a few days of suffering will succumb from inflamma- tion of the bowels. Imperforate Hnus. Is a malformation, the rectum not being communicable with the 342 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. outside of the bouy. iSometimes the termination of the gut can be felt under the skin where the anus should be. In these cases an incision can be made and the end of the gut fished up and sewed to the edges of the incision. Success is doubtful, however. The cheapest and best method is the destruction of the lamb, as it otherwise would liave to linger and suffer, only ulti- mately to succumb. The same condition may exist in connection with the vagina, or the prepuce of the male. They are simply mentioned here as malformations, and not to advise any special treatment. Is also another mal-formation of young animals. It ic caused by the non-closure of the foramen ovale at the time of birth, which produces a mixed venous and arterial circulation — hence the name of "Cyanosis" — (blue disease), from the blue color of the mucous membranes. Xo cure. Death usually takes place in a short while after birth. 8hiti Dryness. This is a condition when the lamb after being dropped, through neglect or inability of the ewe to reach it, becomes dry, the result being that the ewe does not recognize it as her off- spring, from its lacking some peculiarity which it seems to possess when wet with the amniotic fluid. This is frequently met with in young ewes with their first lambs, and it is a fact that smearing the lamb with the foetal membranes will cause the ewe to recognize and care for it. To make a ewe care for a strange lamb, something which is very frequently necessary in the lambing season, select a ewe which has just been delivered of a single lamb, rub the strange lamb against the fleece of the other while it is still wet and smear it freelv with the amniotio, fluid which flows from the uterus of DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BOEN. 343 the ewe. Then present the lamb to the ewe, she will at once take care of it, bestowing the same amount of affection on the stranger as it accords to its own offspring. Hbortion. Is the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently devel- oped to exist external to its parent. "Where the lamb is not carried the full term, but is suffi- ciently developed to exist for any length of time in the external world, it is said to be born prematurely. "When the foetus is dropped twenty days previous to its proper time or anywhere between the period of its first concep- tion and that time, the ewe is said to have aborted. Abortion may occur from several causes, such as climatic influences, cold rains, sudden changes in temperature, or from injurious ingredients in the food-supply, over-feeding on stimu- lating and easily digestible food, excessive drinking of cold water, partaking of certain herbs or eating corn-fodder which is mouldy or covered with smut. TJoses of purgative medicines often are responsible for abor- tion, as are injuries, sudden back slips, etc. Excitement or fear, such as the chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs; the forcible tup- ping of a pregnant ewe by a ram, neglect, starvation, and many similar causes, but last and the most serious of all, bacteria, which, on gaining access to the vagina of a pregnant animal, quickly cause this condition, and which we shall consider here under the head of Infectious Hbortion. This is now recognized as a separate and distinct affection, being due to the introduction of certain germs into the genital passages of the pregnant female, and while experiments and in- vestigations have all been conducted with a view to fix the specificity of this disease as occurring in cattle, without a doubt 344 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. the causes producing the condition in dairy cows are identical with those inducing the same affection in sheep. It has been conclusively proven that the introduction of a cow to a herd will often be followed by abortion of a number of the members composing the herd, that is to say, if the new-comer is from a herd where abortion has frequently taken place. It was also found that a bull which served cows that had aborted was liable to carry the infection to other previously healthy cows, with the consequence that while they would con- ceive and carry the foetus for a certain length of time, the ma- jority would abort, or be prematurely delivered about the seventh month of gestation. A Scotch commission, selected to enquire into the causes and devise methods for the prevention of abortion among dairy cows in Scotland, made a voluminous report in which the con- clusion was drawn that it was virtually a contagious affection, al- though they were unable to isolate the particular germ respon- sible for the trouble, but it was shown that the introduction of small quantities of the vaginal discharge from an aborting sub- ject into the vagina of a healthy pregnant cow would be invari- ably followed by abortion on the part of that animal. In fact it was only necessary to soil the posterior parts and tail of a healthy pregnant subject with the foetal membranes from an affected animal to shortly produce the same condition in the former. It was also apparent that the concagium was very active in the foetal membranes and tissues of the prematurely delivered calf, and that these being allowed to remain in the field or on compost heaps were a constant source of danger to pregnant animals. As has previously been stated, so far all experiments have been con- ducted to determine the nature of this affection among cattle — dairy cows in particular. Tke loss to the dairyman having as- sumed large proportions, the production of milk was seriously •curtailed by its ravages. While this condition among ewes has DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORX. 345 not called for or been made the subject of special investigation, it must not be construed that the trouble does not affect them, but rather that the damage to the ewe flock from this disease has not yet been properly recognized, or assumed such proportions as it has among dairy cows. Abortion resulting from whatever causes manifests certain premonitory symptoms which will at once be noticed by the careful shepherd and place him on his guard to prevent the trouble if possible. Symptoms. The first noticeable symptom will be dullness and refusal to feed; the ewe bleats frequently and appears very uneasy. Should these first premonitory symptoms pass unnoticed, no effort being made to alleviate them by proper treatment, all the signs become aggravated, labor pains set in, and in the course of from six to twelve houi's abortion takes place. Cases of abortion arising from accident, fear or improper food, etc., are usually manifested by the premonitory signs ah-jady described; while in cases due to infection there is apparently little if any warning. The ewe 'i ludder-.y ^eized with labor pa'ns, delivery shortly fol- lowing. Abortion in ewes is very liable to be followed by inversion of the uterus or vagina, or both. Where the foetus is dead be- fore delivery, the placenta is very liable to precede its expulsion, and in these cases inversion of the uterus is frequently met with. In cases of abortion due to infection from septic material, the foetus is generally born dead, the foetal :i/i?mbranes showing mr rked evidence of being diseased. Crcatmcnt. This is both preventive and curative. When abortion oc^ curs in a flock of ewes and several are affected, it is always proper to move the flock to fresh pastures, being careful to separate the ewes which have already aborted from the balance of the flock. 346 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. The cause must diligently be sought for and removed if possible. For instance, if the season has been wet and cold it is well to sub- stitute at once dry food and to move the flock to high ground where the herbage is shorter and less succulent. Ewes which have been subjected to excitement and fear, and show signs of abortion, should be placed in quiet quarters and given some nerve sedative, such as chloroform, opium, or viburnum prunifolium (the black cohosh which is given with very satisfactory results in these conditions), and can be given in teaspoonful doses in the form of the fluid extract, or an infusion of the crude drug can be made and two ounces given to such of the ewes as mani- fest symptoms of abortion. In all cases of abortion, whether due to infection or other causes, the dead foetus and its membranes should at once be de- stroyed, and not left in the pasture where other pregnant females may come in contact with them. The flock-owner must exhibit great caution and should on no account handle any other healthy members of the flock after attending to an ewe during abortion, as he can readily carry the infection, which is liable to spread like wild-fire through the whole ewe flock. Following abortion in ewes where the foetal membranes are retained the following will, as a rule, cause their expulsion. Take. Laurel berries, powdered 2 ounces Fennel, powdered , . . 1 ounce Bi-carbonate of soda 2 ounces Infuse in two quarts of water, giving eight ounces as one dose, repeating in six hours time if necessary. This mixture is highly recommended by Zundel, who claims that it proves efficacious in nearly every instance. In small flocks of ewes where infectious abortion is to be feared wash the vulva and base of the tail with an antiseptic solution such as a five per cent, watery solution of carbolic acid. This is an effectual preventive. In these cases it is well to in- DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 347 ject a small portion of the solution into the vagina. ^ This treat- ment, however, would only be practicable in small flocks, where the value of the animals would warrant individual treatment. In all cases of threatened abortion the ewe should at once be re- moved from the flock and should be isolated therefrom for a period of at least ten days. Abortion frequently takes place where the ram has been overworked, having too many ewes to serve, in which event there seems to be a disposition to weakness on the part of the foetus, which prohibits its being car- ried the full term. This can be rectified by limiting the number of ewes to the ram — a matter which every careful shepherd gives attention to. Ewes in lamb should not be fed on excessive quantities of watery foodstuffs Roots, such as turnips, especial- ly should be fed sparingly. The management of pregnant ewes calls for close attention and care on the part of the flock-owner, which will be more than compensated for in percentage of lambs, besides materially reducing the amount of losses to the ewes themselves during the lambing season. CHAPTER XX. jMedtcinal treatment in General. Hgcnts Used, Cbcir "Cbcrapcuttc Hctions and Doses. The medicinal treatment of sheep, when applied to a whole flock, differs to a certain extent from that used in the treatmeiifc of the individual members of a flock, in that when a disease breaks out in a herd, requiring that all the members or a large number of them be subjected to the actions of remedial agents, we find it impracticable to use drugs, which, however much they may be indicated, possess a nauseous taste, or properties prevent- ing them from being exhibited in the food. To overcome this difficulty the practitioner or flock-owner has to chiefly rely on hygiene, combined with the presence of simple tonic agents ad- ministered in the food or drinking water, several such prescrip- tions being inserted for their guidance in the part of this work describing disease. Hov/ever, in the treatment of small num- bers, where each animal can be caught separately and the agents administered, by far the most satisfactory results will be obtain- ed, as the animal then will receive just the required amount of the drug or drugs to obtain the desired systemic effect. Medi- cines which when taken in quantity (as would have to be the case in wholesale prescribing) are violent poisons, become invaluable aids to restore normal healthy conditions when given in correct doses. So in prescribing for large numbers of animals, where we have to rely on what each individual member will con- sume along with its food and water, we are at once placed at a disadvantage, as the only medicines suitable for such prescrip- MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 349 tions are necessarily not of the kind suitable lor grave systemic derangements. To combat this disadvantage, as above stated, hygiene must be relied on. This cannot be too strongly enforced on the minds of the flock-owner. For instance, in cases of foot- rot, remove the flock to high, well-drained ground, where the sur- roundings are dry. This, in connection with the treatment pre- scribed in this work, will effect a speedy cure, but to give foot- baths, etc., and leave the animals in the same locality will not be attended with the degree of success sought after. In medicinal treatment it is well to remember that in the animal economy there resides to a great extent what is termed "vis medicatrix naturae," (power of nature to cure itself), and that medicinal agents are only useful in so far as they assist that power, and that animals are frequently injured or recovery retarded or per- haps the sheep are killed outright by the promiscuous adminis- tration of drugs. Xo agent should be given without the party administering the same knowing just what he is giving, what re- sults he expects to obtain from the drug and in what manner it is supposed to act, and finally, the correct dose for the subject to which it is to be given. This is a fundamental rule in prescrib- ing medicine. If you would be successful in treating your flock in disease, study their wants and desires when in health. . Re- member for sick animals no dosing is far and away preferable to the ignorant use of powerful drugs or nauseous concoctions com- pounded by ignorant and bigoted quacks, who consider that the filthier the agent is which they prescribe the more salutary will he its effects. "When in doubt what to use, call in someone who is qualified by his education and experience to prescribe. Use what he tells you, and don't follow the advice of every loud- mouthed empiric, who is generally talking for effect, but when put to trial lacks knowledge of even the simple necessaries per- taining to the treatment of disease. 350 MEDICIINAL TKEATMENT IN GENEKAL. Medicinal Hgcnts. Are substances liquid, solid or gaseous, which are adminis- tered with a view to their exerting some particular effect on the animal economy by which changes incidental to a perversion of normal conditions arising from any cause whatsoever may be overcome and the subject restored to health. By the therapeutic action of a medicine, we mean the result obtained on the system from the amount of a certain drug necessary to alleviate or cure disease. By the physiological action of a drug, we mean that action obtained on the system by a drug which is the same both in health and disease. The following columns describing the therapeutics of the common drugs used, doses and also a certain number of prescrip- tions, are not written so much for the use of the veterinarian, who by his education is specially fitted to know what agents are indicated and how to combine them t# meet certain conditions^ but for the sheep-owner, who can refer to them for guidance, the matter being written in plain language without Latin terms, or abbreviations, so that it can readily be understood, a slight definition of certain terms describing the medicinal actions of the drugs being all that will be necessary. Hstringents. Agents which cause a contraction of the tissues. Hltcrativcs. Drugs which by their modification of the nutrition over- come certain pathological conditions, permitting the parts to re- turn to a healthy condition. Htiti-Spasmodics. Are feeble cerebral stimulants, which by their action on the nerve-centers increase their tone, thus overcoming minor spasms and nervous conditions. MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 351 Agents which cause a temporary loss of sensation. There are two classes of anaesthetics: (1) Local; (2) General. (1) Local, where the agent being applied to the body pro- duces anaesthesia only at the seat of application. (2) General. These produce a general condition of anaesthesia to the whole system. They are administered by in- lialation. Hntbclmintics. Drugs which either destroy or expel intestinal worms. Hnt-Hcids. Alkalies which, by their chemical action in the system, counteract excessive gastro-intestinal acidity. Hnodytics. Drugs which by their power to diminish excitability of nerves or nerve centers, overcome the sensation called pain. 3titxseptic9. Agents which prevent the development of bacilli or spores, causing a condition of septic decomposition. Cathartics. Are agents which stimulate the action of the bowels, caus- ing an increased flow of fluids to the parts. Of these there are three classes. (1) Laxatives. (2) Purgatives. (3) Drastics. A laxative, causes a mild action. Purgative, a slightly stronger. While a drastic causes a severe purgation. (Swlphur. Laxatives (Epsom salts. (Cascara segrada. 352 MEDICINAL TEEATMEXT IX GENERAL. (Senna. (Castor oil. Purgatives (Epsom salts. (Jalap. (Aloes. (Croton oil. Drastics (Gamboge. (Colocynth. Carminatives. Are agents which facilitate the expulsion of gases from the- stomach or bowels. Cholagogues. Agents which cause a removal of bile from the intestinal canal, by exciting the bowel movements. Diuretics. Medicines which increase the secretion of urine. Diaphoretics. Are drugs which by their action on the glands of the skin^ increase its secretory functions, producing perspiration. Rj'pnotics. Agents which, by their action on the system, induce sleep withoat causing ;^revious cerebral excitement. Vermifuges. Are agents which remove parasites from the bowels hj me- chanical action, the parasites not necessarily being killed in the process of removal. Vermicides. Agents which destroy intestinal parasites. MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 353 Monies. Are medicines which produce a permanent though scarcely perceptible excitement of all the vital functions. Dose for the dbeep and Lamb. Has been arbitrarily set down in the following pages. That of the sheep being close to the maximum amount to be ad- ministered in any one dose. That for the lamb being the amount safe to administer to the young animal of three to four months of age. However the flock-owner must use judgment and grade his dose in accordance with the age and size of the individual animal to which the medi- cine is to be given, as no hard and fast rule can be laid down in this regard. All the doses given, except when otherwise stated, are for the amount called for of the crude drug. The more con- venient form in which to administer medicine is that of the fluid extract, the doses for which being exactly the same as those of the crude drug, prevents mistakes being made as regards the required amounts. Fluid measure: 60 minims 1 drachm. 8 drachms 1 ounce. 16 ounces 1 pint. 2 pints 1 quart. 4 quarts 1 gallon. Weight measure: 20 grains 1 scruple. 3 scruples, 60 grains 1 drachm. 8 drachms 1 ounce. 12 ounces 1 pound. S)Tnbols : m stands for minim dr drachm oz ounce 354 MEDICINAL AGENTS. I 1 C5 Must be freely diluted Avhen given in- ternally. Vinegar, which is dilute acetic acid, is best for internal use. Forms the basis of many patent sheep di])s. As given internallj' it is use- ful in rinde pest, anthrax,' etc. Internally it has been used in tetanus (lock jaw), with beneficial results. Externally, mixed w ith water and I)otash, it allays itching. Take: Liquor potasse 1 dram. Prussic acid X'di'ani. Aqua 1 pint. Mix. Apply, being careful the skin is not abraded. It is commonly combined with other drugs, being used as a vehicle for their active principles. < ■A co' a IS > > 3 t y. % y. •A o 1— 1 i pi- 1 < 1 tf 1 w CO p . F' 50 ^o •r 4) ^ =P p 3 ?^ a u p P +j 5 a Oi as S O aj fcc _p .5 Internally it is antiseptic; used to prevent the multiplication of or- ganisms in the blood. p]xternally it is used as a parasiticide and dis- infectant. Paralyses the ends of sensory nerves, and allays irritation when applied externally. Internally it is a car- diac depressant. Heduces temperature, lowers pulse beats, relieves pain. It is useful in peritonitis or other acute inflam- matory conditions. Stimulant. Useful in colic and ab- dominal pains, equalizes irregular circulation in chills; is benefici;il in Inmbing if followed by chills. C i i \ Acetic Acid. P +-1 aj Acid Carbolic. 1:1 P'O •~^ Ol i p in o o < MEDICINAL AGENTS. 355 oT • * % fcc ■= a a '- g o -a" ij a C^ X S o rt X — 3 eS < oc a c a c a a O OD 0) X O rc a .i e5E aj a d X a- ;- lO Q X < OD o O OB o «3 o r-l OD U CO x' 3 u o 1— ( < Stimulant and tonic combined with Buch remedies as gentian, etc. Cathartic and purgative; not Cer- tain in its effect on slieej). It is useful, however, in indigestion, also inflammatory conditions, and is best given combined with salines, gamboge or croton oil. Is given as an astringent, in cases of diarrhoea, or applied externally to prevent bleeding, etc. Taeniacide and vermifuge. Especial- ly recommended in cases of tape- worm; it is not superior to male shield fern, however. 1 \ 1 c i 3 3 H 3 _i| OD < 3 < 3 % < 356 MEDICINAL AGENTS. REMARKS. Is recommended in the first stages of pneumonia. It is supposed to stim- ulate the cutaneous circulation. Arsenic forms the basis of many pois- onous sheep dips, which, at the pres- ent time, when non-poisonous equal- ly as efficient preparations are to be had, are dangerous and unprofitable. Used in a watery solution, however, in shallow troughs, combined with carbonateof potash, it provesagood agent for the treatment of foot-rot. If a solution is desired, mix with an equal quantity of compound tincture of myrrh; water decomposes it. Belladonna is fi-eciuently added to lin- iments and ointment, on account of its soothing effect. It is also useful in eye surgery, the alkaloid being the form used. i I IC 1 CQ a t Powder, Solution, Yi dram. X to •A 1 •A c! u [£ M X a Powder, 2 grs. Solution, 2 drams. 1 dram. s a t^ a a THERAPEUTICS. Quickens the circulation, stimulates desire to urinate. Used externally to relieve inflammation in sprains, etc. Is given as a tonic, combined with opium and ant-acids. It is useful in cases of imperfect digestion with diarrhoea. Externally it is used for foot rot, etc. Carminative, mild stimulant; it is also useful in cases of constipa- tion, combined with aloes or salts. Caustic; useful in foot-rot. Diseased surface to be paretl off and dressed once or twice a week with the agent. I« useful in catarrh, sore throat, pneumonia, bronchitis, or where- ever there is an excessive mucous secretion to be counteracted. 1 c 1 I 1 J J 3 a -^ Arsenic, (Fowler's Solutioa of) s 1 •Antimony, (Bntyrof) Belladonna, ( Fluid extract) MEDICINAL AGENTS. 357 'i OS < Friar's balsam, the compound tinct lire of benzoin, is a splendid applica tion for wounds, ulcers and sores o any descrii)tion. As a vehicle to apply, ia conjunction with other agents, benzoated lard has much to commend it. Take: Tannic acid 1 dram £ O 11 N c: o: Benzoated lard.... 2 ozs. Mix. As an application to sores, oi for the maggot it will be found un- excelled. 5 3 ^ la i? .3:3 ■X -^ ^3 *5 Take: Linseed oil 1 pint. Spts. turi)entine 2 ozs. Add slowly sulp- huric acid 6 drams. Leave bottle uncorked until chem- ical action subsides. This is a useful prej)aration for foot-rot. 1 < X X x > r-l THERAPEUTICS. Is a mild stimulant, and is useful in pneumonia and bronchitis com- bined with other remedies. X C X +i s Cl. 4. ^■= o ^ ge 3 Internally in gastric diarrho'a of lambs. X .'- t' 'z X X 1 a "5 M a O - 1 x' _2 358 MEDICINAL AGENTS. of PC PS In ointment form, combined with other ingredients, it makes a valuable an- tiseptic application for wounds. c X K c ■J = ,c a Mix. Makes a useful application to allay itching in skin affections, and is also a servicealile douche to be inject- ed after prolonged and difficult par- turition, where antisepsis is desired. X O) X 03 o 3 X 3 . o) ;3 > c •^ o X Oj be a o i) "a! X Is prescribed in cases of nervous excit- ability, to ward off fits of epilepsy, and to promote sleep. It is used in diarrhoea, combined with other agents; also to relieve bron- cliial irritation. Dissolved in oil, or j)ut up in ointment form inbenzoated lard, it will i)revent attacks of the fly. In eversion of the rectum, frequently observed in sheep suffering from an atonic condition of the lower bowel, a Buppositoi-y of caco butter and cannabis indica, after the protnsion hasbeen reduced, will effect beneficial results. i o i 1 < x > 'fi > 5 X So X bo X 5 o 1) .3 X •■~ > x So o r-l r-l a' 1 CD t T5 X •A y< 02 Oh s >, "a a u 0) 0/ - ■-5 & Ol X +J 3 Valuable antiseptic, useful in sore mouths, used as a wash. .\lso given internally in cases of gastric irritation. -i-j a a '■5 6 > eg > aj 15 X 'C a> . X ~ 2 >-. c O 'x 1 aJ +3 s 5 3 X +-) X CO C i . >— X . a |l X •— S 1! 5 i 3 ^ 3 .5 F a 1 a < 7 5 3 O -u X OJ 3 03 'o o X aj c X e« 'X :2 o a" CO a; ca u CO cS "5 3 c g 3 03 ^ 1 3 3 « 3 a 03 3 a ;= MEDICINAL AGENTS. 359 fee u E.o i 3 '+3 '~ "S ^ O C iC IP C a; +3 . ^ ^ t: 8< ^ Of r oi lis 5 X «= o^ £ ^ ^ 2 0-- ^ '"^ c 5 ?• cu ci 4i .S a as o S CD 1^ >-. C CO 'E IE '/. r^ CC N N N N O C O O O O r< ■^ VN\»iXN;0 CD 5r, aJHS rSi'O JU . o i£! OJ Q, tl O 2 ^ S-? _ •5^^ jP-t CD C^ e3 J •— ►^ — 2 'Sj S E^i-^ ^ !J0 CJ K o B ^ ; t« ^Z 2 -If 5 3 5 '^ O; g >^ O o3 03 .2 --^ . +i to w he a a i * ^ '-1 ;^ CO +J^ 5 c p. o ? oj S §■= « • - %£.'" ^ P cc c S^ o-^ C3 i^ C "^-^ S -, oj &C oj TO p 00 s X a: I' ..O ^, O 05 • — o 5 •^'§ IC 5 OB ■^ cot; t^ r 'O c3 o S ^ it*^ TO n- 1- * O i a o ^ 0^ cc '-M .t: 'H jj * > a +j a* P oi s 5 o 'S '^ C H !E ■£- §^ ■"aa5-S c > a> i^ S i.a s C a> fp a; C a o +j c C3 IE 4, 'c S ■^ 5 a ^ ^ a . s ?; «^ N .— a 'a 2 fee ^ a a .5 « QD QO ^ a ^ a ^ S 0-; a-'-' I O 4) . t- — 360 MEDICINAL AGENTS. ■< To relieve pain it is combined with oi)ium or morphine and belladonna. It is useful in severe cases of jjarturi- tion. 1 a Administered in syrup or mucilagin- ous gruel, to avoid scalding the mouth. When administered as an aufesthetic it is inhaled, requiring about 1 oz. to produce complete an- aesthesia. To be well diluted with water, on ac- count of its cauterizing effect on the buccal mucous membrane. Useful in cases of diarih(ea and dys- entery. CO c. 3 'a 3 X o X i>^ 3 3 3 "Xj o 3^ 3 ■" 3 t; X _3 ^1 s Is a combination of drugs contain- ing chloroform, Indian hemp, mor- ])hine, tincture of capsicum, prus- sic acid, aconite, hyoscamus, oil of peppermint, hydrochloric acia, and simple syrup. 3 3 ■i as P5 =3 d c u o 1 aj ^ a 3 3 §-< 1 i ' 1 3 1 1 ■ 1 MEDICINAL AGENTS. 361 c = CC — tc ^ t. fj o CO a o - (u 5 =J i 0- cd •^■^ ^ pj 3 c; 3- S =° P ^ ^ J P. QQ 5 i - t- .i F^ C S f .. o X 9 o 3 cd o 5 CCT3.P !- -2 o ^ S OJ CC 3 _ 0) & S ctf ;< C ^TS' 2 S — ^ . f i • - 5 a: 1^ i: o 5 ■/! ^ X ss •" a C :d S Qj o - a^ X cw Ol » ra 0:= i'x *-' "^ fe so. 2 .9 cs g , ^' p 7^ ^ p ^ .J3 .=; f» OD ■73 £ p. p p n< ^ S aj 4; X 3 X _^ a 9^ 3 0;^-P ri c Oj X .0^ p cd X +; ^^ 0^ '— cs tj3 _ B Cb 0) fl p - c '"' P o c Sr3 3 P '-•" a) S-C-^ 01 ca X 01.^ ■- j: r-: o =^ tj = £ 5^ •- r -p" 3 r -^ .p - a ^ p " X a X P a; a = i: S s= - p'S^ 2 =i r _:; !E _ ,-, S^ +j a O -- -Mi-4 O a «3 a I ° *2 p. a X X O) .a -M Tl u 1> a R n cS aT h'S -S g O X § aj 11 j]J S « ? a!.a P 03 " fc- ^ « -^ "^ +^■33 *-> .- X 'O O ^ = 2 - =0 S ^^ i'S 362 MEDICINAL AGENTS. ii "^ . • « X rj .9.9 , eg 0) a- • M2 ft >-. O 41 t- Oi o S M '^ •-' S 5 S ^■^^ c ■^.9 O £ aj X ^ rS X ''^ *" ^ ^ '-^ ■£ a >j o cS -— ' , ei ^ X X > X o •" •— s •'- a "t^ 0* "t^ •"■ 5 w cs'i; a T3 t- g aj 03 .2 feJJc CC cS *> Sh ft.^ -p u X c r <* ^ % > . i ° o fee ^ ^ a jri a X o) ,2|-^§x ! p ? o ;> '-C -" o a a_ ^ X a O X t< — OJU X i = CO a P A O O br-i_ X ^ i a ^- a- " ft CC ti. -M CS a c +j a TS'x- s^ ^-a|^ a * o ox).^ g a H Cij O) Oj ^ S ft a CO Qj ri 3 *" 5- S - 5 ^-i a <- COT C O ? g X «^ +^ 5S >-' ■M ^ 4, a 3 +j S « ?y ^, *-" X o a.i f^ a t3 -p a g S 5 1) rt 3 05 CO oil %, iJ sib S^ft^ -^ X •- oi'a 33 1 t- X '— I' ra X a o Cfl-O ,^ « X 3 PT, +^ co.t: S =^ S ^xi ce a 0) ft 3 X "^ .9 ==-r^ X — a 03 3 +j - X O £ 4< 'X, S ( Oi o; :— X . a T5 a, £ «^ "St: OX3 " a:s c3 '^^ a CJ MEDICINAL AGEi'fTS. 363 1 After expulsion of intestinal worms iu sheep it is advisable to feed them condition powders in the feed, con- taining sulphate of iron. Or in the case of individual animals whose value warrant particular care, the following will be found to be an ex- cellent tonic. Take: Tincture of the chlor- ide of ii-on 1 OZ- X a a o > 3 ^. i Water enough to make 4 ozs. in all. Dose — 1 tablespoonful, in 4 ozs. of water, twice daily, after being fed grain. Dose given is that of the extract, (solid.) o i a X be a t -3 bo 02 X be y. •A 4 drauis. X bii > X 1 c c J Q U d internally it is a haeraatinic tonic and astringent, useful in aniemic conditions. It improves the ap- petite and exerts a good effect in cases of diarrhoea due to a general atonic condition. Kxternally it is an astringent, styptic and a good antiseptic agent. Asa substitute for linseed oil in lin- iments, etc.; external use only. u 'r cS >j p ^^ Oi 1) zr. A mild hepatic stimulant, blood purifier and tonic; not so good as gentian or golden seal. 3 cS +3 3 a a .. X -tJ c3.2 .3 a is o ^ Copperas. (Sulphate of Iron.) 5 a o Cyanide of Potassium. Dandelion. (Taraxacum). 364 MEDICINAL AGENTS. 1 I xA A Dovers' powder will frecpiently be found to afford relief in cases of pro- longed diarrhcea. In cases of fardel-bound, epsom salts combined with other agents, is fre- quently prescribed. Take: Epsom salts 4 oz. Fl. ext. nux vomica... xxx gtts. Ammonia carbonate. .xxx grs. Tincture of ginger 1 dram. Water 1 itt (live as one dose, administering it slowly, to prevent as far as possible its entrance into the first stomach or rumen. Chills, and shiveiing fits, the premon- itory signs of disease, are fre(|uently checked, by a full dose of suli)huric ether, combined with aromatic spir- its of ammonia and water. 1 X fcc aj N o X a 03 c 13 a UI 1 dram. X O 1 dram. 00 a 03 u a: H W 1 -^ 1 ^ Composed of ipecacuhana, opium and potassium sulphate. It is a diaphoretic, and expectorant, it is useful in bronchitis and the first stage of pneumonia. A valuable and frequently used pur- gative, its use is indicated in cases of indigestion, impaction of the Ist and 8rd stomachs; it causes an excessive, secretion of waterly mucus from the walls of the bowels, which clears them of undi- gested, fermenting food material, the presence of which is an irritant, frequently being the cause of di- arrhoea. Used in cases of protracted labor, to induceand strengthen labor pains. Following parturition, if the uterus fails to contract, or flood- ing ensues, its use is indicated. Internfilly, diluted with water, it is an effectual cnrminative, it checks gastric fermentation, and controls flatulence, it being particularly indicated in blasting or hoven. It is also a strong diffusible stini ulant. g ) O ^^ u > o X m a o X o 'A Ether. (Sulphui-ic Ether.) MEDICINAL AGENTS. 365 >. o d if c*- o o «~ =.2 — oo — , a" 03 o o P.5.S •- U ^ •fr'O . "^ -t^ o !-ii O s_ — TT ■w n tc K a X £ I 2 2 ■S^ o 9 550 iil . 2 OC ^ OD fl.S^ O — ^■^^ ^ O § ^ J! « .^ O o OD C S j; a cs eg 5 '" s o cd 2? rt OJ a .S c o X O) x CEcc£ ■5 ^ 00 C^l -t -). -J, M ^ +j 4J a •1=3 ^ Si X '^ . EC ^ .3 C O . ^ss^c-s ^13 'O ^ c ?^ ^ S --^ " a * a o 3 Q .a J ." o , 9j 'O Oj ^ OD ^ J5 03 H a u P rU .3 -< -^3 0) m ^ a E-i o a « ^ IS t-i -M aj a X cS OC O o -^ o t- "3 ^ •" cd cj a fcc -g CO c a 0) X w -jii 'x bJO "t: r * O ^S i « bC h X ^ ^ ^' is bf 2 "f* .2 X ^ o ^^ gg.a? «=-: ^ ^ CO a a a O 0) .a dj +^ au- o o .-a .i! a a =d o 3 '£= a o iat.S.2 ^ aj 0/ X +; -H> X be ? X 2 "S 0- a -d r- O ■— X = a C cd X ^ _a a iD 3 ?; C a, - ^^ S 2 rt a S be o X3 o 366 MEDICINAL AGENTS. \ i < a Used as an astringent dressing to wounds, etc. , it can be used internally but has nothing to specially com- mend it above lead acetate. Active purgative. Take: Hogs' lard 4 ozs. Croton oil 5 minims. Heat till lard just melts, give as one dose. rfl o 1 P. < h3 a a C8 00 a 73 oc o ►—1 H R 1 ^ 1 s; H 1 Aromatic stimulant, carminative and stomachic, given in conjunc- tion with purgatives it lessens their tendency to gripe. Internally, it is a laxative, given with castor-oil, it increases the activity of that agent. Used exter- nally it composes the basis of many lotions, etc., and is a useful vehicle for carbolic acid, etc. a s 'S o w. °o ce _£< Xfl o; 0) A preparation of the acetate of lead, and the oxide, boiled for a certain l)eriod of time, then filtered, and the original amount of water made good. Used as a base for medicinal agents, where it is desirable to use them in ointment form. Internally, it is sometimes given warm as a laxative, or combined with other medecines for a purgative. 'a 'S 00 S Li P-i ^ 5 m Xfl u a> 3 OS 5 cd 00 b ? -A "5 as 00 'bC O X Is '73 MEDICINAL AGENTS. 367 REMARKS. Hydrochloric acid aids digestion, es- pecially of albuminoids; it prevents fermentation of food in young ani- mals, particularly those feeding on milk, and by doing so reduces their liability to diarrhoea. Its use is in- dicated in white skit, or scours of lambs. A useful injection to be used after re- moving urethral calculi, is made as follows: Take: Fluid hydrastis 1 dram. Distilled extract witch hn7.pl 1 o7 o a • .- : +j '• '^ u O ^ a; l« S o a >< Foul smelling wounds are rendered deau and asceptic by washing them out with equal parts water and hy- drogen peroxide. This is a good ap- plication to precede, the dressing of all wounds and sores. t For cases of indurated udd^r appli- cations of thecompound iodine oint- ment are frequently found beneficial. C s: ►5 — z S « X 1 dram. s 2 I. r, 1 H Internally, it is astringent, tonic, and antiseptic, and is an antidote for poisoning from alkalies. Exter- nally it is used as a caustic, stim- ulant, astringent and antiseptic. Tonic and simple bitter; locally ap- plied, preparations of hydrastis have a remarkable effect on mu- cous surfaces. Isan anti-ferment, destroys bacteria, renders wounds asceptic, it ap- pears to have a special affinity for combining with and destroying l)us cells. Its use is indicated in epilepsy, it is also an anodyne, and is used to ameliorate thegriping of cathartics. This agent is prescribed internally as an alterative, and resolvent, its use being indicated in dropsical conditions. Internally, it is a ser- viceable stimulant for unhealthy wounds. 1 c 5 :5 « o is o E3 ^< Hydrastis Canendensis. (Goldenseal.) 4J u rs ^ a o — Iodine. 368 MEDICINAL AGENTS. REMARKS. c "c c a ■J J Sub-nitrateof bismuth, 2 ozs. Mix. Dust over sores; it will pro- mote their healing and prevent the attacks of flies and other insects. 1 O Q M cc So > Eel El! I OD u H o H P Oh < W Externally as an antiseptic and deodoriser; as an application to wounds it will prevent attacks of flies, etc. Promotes the secretion of bronchial mucus, and is useful in cases of dysentery, combined with other drugs under the name of Dover's Powders. This mineral and its salts are ranked among the most valuable agents at the disposal of mankind. Met- allic iron, in the form of filings or iron powder, is occasionally used as an antidote to mercury or cop- per poisoning; but it is with the saltsor compoundBofironthatthe prescriber will mostly deal. Not a stable form of iron; exposure to air changing it into ferric oxy- hydrate. Indicated in nervous diseases, or for ricketty patients. See Copperas. C P c J c ;. C Ipecacuanha. a* p 1— 1 5 cS a o X! ce o a Iron Phosphate. Iron Sulphate. MEDICINAL AGENTS. 369 3 M C .a c^ o "o *" 3 0) C be 8- ^ !"■ "2 ^ S t a ^ OJ t .£ O 3^ tc.S • « +3 a CO 3 n 1°^ -1- r- a £ S Use as an injection. The above will also be found useful to destroy worms in the rectum, but will require further dilution; about Y2 the amount of the tincture of iron being ample. 1 as 2 ^ a. 4) 03 a 0. a) 5 aj bO a la +j In preparing ointments lor sheep, in which animal fat forms the base, it is considered preferable to use hogs' lard, or fat other than that extracted from the sheep or its avooI. 3 a • 3d X ' 2 ^ \l a T-l 5 i XXX. grs. 1 dram. 1 oz. IE a ■i a 7 b u p p a Tonic and astringent, ha?matinic and styptic. In cases of debility anaemia this form of iron is spec- ially indicated. lisematinic, tonic and alterative; is useful to stimulate the absorp- tion of swellings in young weakly subjects. Indicated in rheumatism and to promote the absorption of serous effusions. a; C^i Co .si'a c3 Stomachic, carminative and in large doses diuretic. Presumed to be beneficial in cases of rot. Vermifuge and purgative; specially useful to expel tape-Avorm, being fully as efficient as male shield fern. « +j a; -t-T 3 OJ a a ■3 .2 m 'S c3 JD cS OS 1 =3 13 aj 4 drams. X N 5 drams. x' s~ fcn y. y, 1 to 2 ozs. 12 OZS. DRU(i. THERAPEUTICS. Allays pain and irritability; relieves congestion and inflammation by diminishing the activity of the vaso-motor centre. It is invalu able in diarrhoea, arising from any cause whatsoever. It is indicated in dysentery, colic, peritonitis and in diseases of the respiratory or- gans. > -IS w. % Is iiulicated in diarrhoea and dysen- tery, p^xternally it is employed in the form of a lotion, as a cooling application to bruises, strains, etc. L'sed as an ant-acid in indigestion and diarrhoea. Combined with turpentine it destroys bronchial, round worms of lambs. Mixed Avith olive oil it makes a useful ap- plication to burns. In ordinary doses laxative; in large ones cathartic; it is a good men- struum, for the administration of agents which otherwise would cauterize tiie mucous membrane of the mouth and oesophagus. Laudanum. (Tincture of Opium.) u 3 O4 X ce 'P 1— 1 ^-- .4-1 CS MEDICINAL AGENTS. 371 I zc <: S i 1 be .S 'ct a: "^ (.< C i c li The liquid extract is preferable to the powdered root; the dose given here is that of the liquid. For local dressing for scabies in shoei) it is often used, and while very effec- tual for destroying the i)arasites, its use is accompanied with some dan- ger for the patient, through absorp- tion of the drug. Ewe's suckling lambs should never be dressed with this agent, owing to the liability of absorption and ])assage into the milk. i i o Q ! < s X DC X X 1 1 1 1 1 i 1 \ f (. j i i 1 -1 % It The powdered root added to con- ditioning powders makes them more palatable. It is useful to allay irritation of the bronchial mucous membrane. -l-i C a.. bC g ->J cS t3 d x a cd i g CD a a; Vermicide and laxative frequently prescribed for the removal of tape- worm. S oc 'O C 03 _o !5 cd a o cc eS "-S Mercury. (Mercurial Ointment.) a^ .2-0 so 3 372 MEDICINAL AGENTS. REMARKS. Nicotine is the active principle in the sheep dips, composed from to- bacco alone, or with other ingredi- ents. Such dips are very effectual for destroying parasitic life, and are harmless to the sheep. The dilute acid when given according to the dose set down here, must be freely diluted with water or some bland fluid. When applying it as a topical application in foot rot, the surrounding parts should be dressed with oil, and the acid applied to diseased surfaces with a glass rod, or splinter of wood, care being taken that an excessive cauterization does not take place. xn O P bo S X 2 drams. S > X a: X 4 drams. > THERAPEUTICS. X a _o '■3 s so 3Q . X a> . X 3 3 3T3 ■|§ '5 Alkaloid of tobacco. Tobacco or its active principle nicotine are not used internally. Externally, it is used as a parasiticide. 6 IS 02 Internally in the dilute form, it is a hepatic stimulant and tonic. Ex- ternally, it is used to remove mal- ignant growths and as a caustic for foot-rot. Stimulant, diaphoretic and diuretic. It is used as a carminative and antispasmodic, when combined with hyoscyamus, opium and other anodynes. Increases the pulse beats but lowers arterial pressure, by its action on the vaso-motor centers. Useful in epilepsy, both in warding off and shortening the duration of the fit. c 3 a a u O Nicotine. Nitric Acid. Nitre. (Sweet Spirits of) 3 MEDICINAL AGENTS. 373: x/i ■< +i ITS t, ■^^^ aj ^ O 'o -E — -a -e -kJ'O S OJ 43 4. a> t3 8 o a> a^ ^o o o ot: o o ^ S tt5 rH -^ -)< ^ ^ tJ^ oi O 5R ce — o) o aj I :fl O . 2 TO O -O n a r3 cd rn 03 Oi ct-- CC 3 TO S c^ I— I O ly bX! !» bt.S P od _'0 O cj s O; ■ cc^ a! O bo o W CL, i -a 73 2 o ^ a ai aa « a-- •- 'C -M ace 3 = ^ J 6'^ = f 5 a ^ >.o a * — w o c Q. t- a co^ o o Ij tC • — 43 S"" a= a C T3 •3 CO TO I- a o t a — g^a -a S o< 1* a « j_, ^ +3 S o ai °a3 ^ to a _ c6 +J 3 (C CS OD a.sg*, — a bfi cs — « •— g i5C 5 2 0) a CO Oj +J;^ . I. 0^ -3 a .5^ ; -• as ^5 iO 00 lO ,00 374 MEDICINAL AGENTS. a -t^ „ o ci B c. O 9 t- IS o a: — T C P 1 ^ a cb a T" t. CJ rt a * a Co o 0) O) " O ai i* C3 lA a +j 'o oj 2+^ 3 t^ H CO CC a (UM i^ .QX! 5J +?' a a =s == H-? t, g,gi cs^ cc ««'*- ■^ — oT-a b "^ t3 3 o o bP - . cC O CC C o2 <: s > o a (M o p Same therapeutically as Oil of Anise; same dose also. o IP 02 Internally and externally it is both antiseptic and stimulant. Its use is indicated iii all cases of septi- cft'mia, combined with quinine, iron, ether, and alcohol. Prompt counter-irritant externally. Internally stomachic and carmin- ative. For internal use the ground mustard is used, the dose for which is stated here, (not the oil.)' 4) cS .S a ;> ai u a, S£ ■-P a a a is Is cd o) .CJ 00 u a P-, 7 a o S cd a a c'^ O . c C a 04 13 3 m a a i Cd MEDICINAL AGENTS. 375 .s o cd ■ -^ «y fl t. O i— I : oo 0; . is '3 Kj 0) Oj c O DO ^'5 CS 0; K- fl S — 01 3' .2 o i^ S^' 5 P-^.t S o w = S a o o ■^^ " o ^ 'S . . o • • SO) -- a. l* •^ *-" a o 2 s a — ^ cS ■" '-+3 a- OJ 0?.- _ .2 .a b O cc O >- ^°o ?"* a ^ 2 ** " fl :ti o ? C o >; "^ 2 ■/• S .i£ 2i a ct — • S-. 3 O nj So OS O 0* O 4-1 ■ &X1 re oc tc cfl '-' t- 0! -M . s cc cc -a a j2 a o a-- =* claims (^ O) C3 -(J g oj cC r; bo a a ^ a OJ p .^ ai -l-l , 'l-u rn ^ a a (1> cS +J a 01 > ■43 a g § a OS -i3 > = *-a n . Zir-j'o a _ oj o ;s o.ii o fe j; ac a j3 ■u !c a a ^•^.2« +J «J =y ^ a o oc a __ a .— Q. > i CO Ip CO r^ oi ri a oaSo i-; .S o tc a: ;- «£ Id 4< «;; O. 3 X O o c.a _a ^ '3 a d o ^ 0.2 a X c5 e;.ti . a 5 c =^ 3 +^ o JJ. ii^t: 13 ~ ?cS X =«a^ X t- 'C Sh a S 0- " a a CTJ Oj a> - < a X ra-3 a; c * r- ^ S 2 ^ '^ -"^ s .s: I -y -S ■- ia'-^::r-aJ_r^-a^i^ a Tr X a ■ ^- :;:: X ii a o-r ce 2 Sg S j: d «' '4;.s+-'^'— s OJ S Oj O; aj 3 o a 13 +j a bi)_^ T +^ C a _i; ^ _- .g > X =*; r^ :a O) -g ° — X — p 4; ;: a> X r^ X a.a -1- ji a l»3 3 'S. lO o a W n a) a a a. a Oi Ch i.g^ 376 MEDICINAL AGENTS. o •*- fee Q. CD O fe o •T3 '^ +j t^ . a* Co %t -^ £-1 T r. 1- j; ^ 4^ 3 03 -U •^ < tt'.S f^ .Sis • z: a* >^ ^ cc •— a w ^ ii ^ : .5 fl S ~ 111 a- a t>^ - QJ o 2 S= 2 O ^ OJu- a: ° r^ 03 r CO «^ y< Ox th"5 5g '-0 Sc^ Oj ;- ^ S c6 O Oi ^ .C c cc cS 3 C "a! 4-J X 5 % i c? c a -M X I— * S C .^ 3 _o' ^"o .^ S Oj o O oj a; an. £ i C ^ ci tc E.5 .a ^ O -P +^ o X 'r" X Ci; ;g ^ X ,^ n '^ ,,, a: a oj £ bC * ^ rt ce c . ci N '— ■ CO aj o a t; p go .5 a> CL> > iC a X .a i2 _ ra -•' t^ .£ 01^, 000," X 3 ti cS o a cs o ^• CC p. Oj r--. ■ X a ^•-2 ce oj 5 -a ,i^ ^ ^J J if) sS — a) cs t- s J ^ ;- ,." X -T! O = S 5 ot£°o bo 3 t- ? a ^ - 9 o "^' 3 2 'X J ^ X 0.), C3 oj X3 cS rt cS X cC ^, .^.^ ft aj -rt ;;:; x ? o P - ^' a'^S-il a>'^.£ S a ■" a N " o +j '^'S'a ^ t. X a a; ° a-: cS 3j « +j o ii'C' w= ^ x^ a o ^g O C3 X a ctf a^H c3«_ a o <1> • CS a cS Oj 4J b r, w (~ f: »— 1 C Ph a — a-a •so P4 MEDICINAL AGEXTS. 377 >, ^ ^ ^ re s t5 i^ 0) o g at m (-1 0) 3 to L. 0) tn o ec^ 1 c ^ 4^ AJ c u (1) ■n -t- fC tJ FT' O) CD i/ ,o a^ — 03 .— — , 01 "^ 2 tI3 P C 15 o -U fcJO c bX > -3 i w ^ O -i^ Oj CC CC •"• Oj X a: t- -M OJ O .^ tn Ch a . o.r -e o - *;^ ri 0-* ^-* ^•2 g « o o-Sl a> OB 3D a: X b ^ ^ K iC bCiCO M > X(M •-< . s .9 s .Si "5 ? s 5-r &Cfl ^H OS'S a a o o :,- Oi o iS ^ CC S '^ 1, -a -3 ^ 41 ^ O ^ m •. »^* "O OJ T) ^ 01 c o ^ OJ It s a: 03 ce XJ &r a> a o O m OD m CS m f a .M 1) O a a -M >< a ^ o o be O K X «^ s X := eg a) XI 05 ~ 3 33 =='H 2 cS o X "7^ oS X ' X t- ^ '-' • Q - ;-! 1^.9 a" ^^ •- o) j:^ — > — X ->-' "S +J a; -1 a, dj i; c3 X -O O c3 p< a -^ 3 X S a^ X ,-— ^ X ■"a s 0) S -P o o O a -p o X 13 "^ §•9 X X a o . C ^ TO |.9^ C X 3 a a Q a cs « i o bt p 0, w a/ H bt a^, "S 4^ 03 "S a 03.2^— 9-0 «3.£ a :S bo a a 9 2 i: £ - -jr el O O o a 0Q.2 >jn w S ea Of 378 MEDICINAL AGENTS. «^ o -2 = c a r":3 CO 3 .s = — o IE CO ?= « '5 O C3 S e =* o "^ J IE o "t; .- ®^ ? 5C S :^ ■§5 5 0^ fl cc 'C o fc — ' cS tt' CS a 3 0.2 - O CC OD O j^ ■ CC O- 5:2 a"cc cC - ai X - . ^ o — 0; fJC ^ c ti O •a I (^ CD O -go 3 t. . O ^ M ubar Com Pow ft -a A 2 'S S ^ .-^"^ 5 '+3 i +3 W cc a bfS -rS =•> a 22 a ^ eC X .^"C .^. t- a, •— ,», ^ ■'-' -W « X &§ 03 ".S a'o.^ a ^ CI o «u a^ t; o fccB 00 fe5 ^ ni Ir^Tl ?i-e .5 •" bca a ' o ® JS X 3) +3 2 S2 a Hi '13 'r cS +? Co < 5) a a H E a o ■^ u O Si . SB ^ a 31 !§'« t« a > o Astringent and caustic as used ex- ternally. Internally, tonic and astringent- Its use is indicated in epilepsy, also combined with opium for diarrhceaand dysentery. It is a very effectual application for foot rot. Antiseptic, deodoriser and insecti- cide. When used internally the gastric juices chemically acting on the drug set free the sulphuric acid contained therein, making it an invaluable internal antiseptic. Ant-acid, diuretic and diaphoretic. It is used with benefit, in" indiges- tion and flatulence. Externally, solutions of soda, relieve the in- tense itching of skin affections. 5 -i- c a c t4 i Silver Nitrate. (Lunar Caustic) Sodium Hyposulphite. 1 a o .a 2 o .380 MEDICINAL AGENTS. I <3J P rc 01 Ih C 4) a § o " c -3 - 0) S — — be i O aj 05 2 C_l ce c3 r 1^ rH 2e 5 ? 3 fi ® y cs - '^ ,5 ^ ? 0) p; S c o ' (ii -t^ -^ S IE tc "*^ ■^ o i; fi=S c ar t- c- ^ o a "^ "x 1 O s- C 4) tc +j >+; O ** = S *> *■ O Oj xi ! =- C s s . S3 » 3^ ~ g -S ^ £ 0) ^ Xi •- p,-M =^ a £-56 cd •- '-^ X +? a ><•- a a ^ 2 ■>, =* S ^ o ^ i ■^t^ S O "S X G a eg •= +j a "r — O) i=: a ' 5 "E o a +i ■a s- X 5 ^ 03 X iji a — cs . -^ a — • i=L,i2 III i)=; fc^ o. ;:^ X a g ^ X t- - 'X 0) c •*- X P +j . a^ a^ t- .a c 4" "5 a '^ i^ C3 ^ ~ +. ^ X t. S 4j a _. — :i O^ X .- .t^ &-^ -^ X 5 tS rj «' '- :; S^ a a S e *.S =:J X js a ^' aj a ^ X CgX! ~ CO >5 (h O O 3 X ^ o: a; C a ac o i: o B ^^ o o ■32 r^ t% 1-H Z:n S3 $ u > 86 « l» 3 X cc X :j o^ 3 MEDICINAL AGENTS. 381 rt 1- " <* T^ = rt & •C i; V. ■" i; aj o Bi D ■=• ^^ P, n! OJ -. u C * ?^^ rt «^ C 3 ^ ctuni, by ring-e, inj ult sheep lenias are eep arisin 0) >^~ r~^ -S -; o «i oj jq c ■;: 0) -M 0)'°^ t; ^ - 5 - ■" V -M ^ n 1) C 0) c K J •- X> o = Ji ri S o ^ 2 *j U 3 T-j 3 2 aj '^ "^ = j: y .- U 01 ,^ - XI bj)a;i S •" •eg o o 3 ja — •- o u 60 bO 'w o~ P< T1 p a 03 T3 4-> ^ o +-' ff( C ;^ XJ Si o o +-> ,a +-> a u< « ■< , a. -t-/ C 0) a -t-' c o O ^. 4J n 0* r/i Oj ->-> « fl cc OJ ^ a ee a (71 c8 T1 (K m •-' !C ac S m S C X! ►* as "^ ■'- S ct !h "S "i^ 5.9 o s °^ -^ g .Si =* "S -a 'cjo a ^H o o c O a; N o •- I-. ,a a £i) ■JC! a u " cc o 03 ^ •= 9. ^ h ^ C 33 c ^ si CO t- = o ^ ?s ** '-^ o c* aj 'o P. ce S o ST! sD ? a< « •a o o 3B ■ a, "3 CHAPTER XXI. Inspection, 6overnnient and State. The inspection of live stock and meat products, starting Avitli a small beginning some twenty years ago, has gradually risen to vast proportions, embracing not only the inspection of live stock entering the United States, but exercising a rigid in- spection of export animals and their products, a careful examin- ation of inter-state shipments, and at the large market centers of the country, an unexcelled stock-yard inspection, where the diseased and crippled stock after being examined on arrival at the yards, are tagged by inspectors and killed under their per- sonal supervision. When if unfit for human consumption the carcasses are immediately tanked. The results from the tank- age being converted into fertilizers, axle grease, etc., permitting only the healthy to enter the channels of consumption. The Government inspection of sheep may be briefly stated as follov/s: First. As regards their importations into the United States. On arriving at the port of entry, after complying with the cus- toms regulations, they, if they should be importations from other countries than Canada, are placed in a suitable quarantine sta- tion, where they remain for a stated period of time (fifteen days) subject to daily inspections by the veterinary inspector in charge. Should they at the termination of that period prove to be in a healthy condition they are permitted shipment to their destina- tion in the interior, and vice versa, should any evidences of dis- ease appear among such animals while in quarantine they are immediately slaughtered and the carcasses destroyed or rendered in compliance with the regulations. Sheep imported from Can- ada, however, are admitted under special regulations common INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 383 to both countries. They have to be accompanied with a certifi- cate given by the official Canadian veterinarian of the district where they were bred in Canada, stating that they have been personally inspected by him and are free from any contagions and infections affections, and that no contagions disease (except- ing tuberculosis or actinomycosis) has existed in said district for the period of six months prior to said shipment. The clause relat- ing to tuberculosis and actinomycosis, referring more particularly to cattle than sheep. The importer also in making his entry makes affidavit that said stock is imported for breeding or slaughtering purposes. Should they be for breeding and a cer- tificate of registry accompany them showing that they are pure- bred and that their ancestors for two generations back are also registered, they then enter duty free, and are allowed to pass immediately to their destination. Sheep entering for immediate slaughter do not require a veterinary certificate, but only the affidavit of the importer. They are, however, submitted to a rigid examination by a veterinary inspector before being allowed access to the markets. The regulations given below being faith- fully carried out l)v those having charge of the same, virtually preclude the possibility of the introduction of diseased sheep into the United States. Regulations for the Xtispccttoti and Quarantine of Hnitnals Xmportcd from Canada into the Qnitcd States. V. S. Department of Agriculture, Oflfice of the Secretary. Washiuffton. D. C, .January 23, 1897. In pursuance of sections 7, 8, and 10 of the act of Congress en- titled "An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, and prohibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in cer- tain cases, and for other purposes," approved August 30, 1890, and 384 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. of an act of Congress entitled "An act making appropriations for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal jear ending June 30, 1897," the following regulations, to take effect from and after Feb- ruary 1, 1897, are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quaran- tine of animals imported from Canada into the United States, and all orders and regulations or parts thereof inconsistent with these regulations are hereby revoked in so far as applies to inspection and quarantine of animals imported from Canada: 1. With the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, the follow- ing-named ports along the border or boundary line between the United States and Canada have been designated as quarantine sta- tions, and all animals imported from Canada into the United States for which inspection is required by these regulations must be entered through these ports, viz: Vanceboro and Houlton, Maine; Beechers • Falls, Island Pond, Newport, Richford, and St. Albans, Vermont; Rouses Point, Ogdensburg, Charlotte, Suspension Bridge, and Buf- falo, New York; Port Huron and Detroit, jNIichigan; Duluth and St. Vincent, Minnesota; and Port Townsend, Washington. 2. The word "animals" when used in these regulations refers to and includes all or any of the following kinds: Horses, neat cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine. The term "contagious dis- eases" when used in these regulations includes and applies to all or any of the following diseases: Glanders and farcy, maladie du coit, anthrax, contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Texas or splenetic fever, tu- berculosis, actinomycosis, foot-and-mouth disease, rinderpest, sheep pox, foot-rot, sheep scab, hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas. Animals found affected with any one of these contagious diseases must be returned to Canada or killed without compensation. 3. All animals imported into the United States from Canada must be accompanied by an affidavit made by the owner or importer, declar- ing clearly the purpose for which said animals are imported, viz: whether for breeding purposes, for milk production, for work animals, for grazing, feeding, or slaughter, or whether they form part of settlers' effects, or whether they are horses entered for temporary stay, as provided in section 7 of these regulations. Said affidavit must be presented to the collector of customs at the port of entry, who will decide whether the animals are entitled to enter under these regula- tions, and who will notify the inspector of the Bureau of Animal In- dustry in all cases where these regulations require an inspection to be made. 4. All animals imported into the United States fov breeding pur- poses, for milk production, for grazing or feeding, horses for work. INSPECTION, GOVERNlSfENT AND STATE. 385 and swine for slaughter must be inspected by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry at the port of entry. All animals cov- ered by this section except horses, and swine for slaughter, must be accompanied with a certificate signed by a Canadian official veter- inarian, stating that no contagious disease, except tuberculosis and actinomj-cosis in cattle, affecting the species of animals imported, has existed in the district in which the animals have been kept for six months preceding the date of importation, excepting animals which are part of settlers' effects, or belonging to Indian tribes, which may be entered without certification or inspection. The owner or importer must present an affidavit that said certificate refers to the animal or animals imported. The certificate for cattle for breed- ing and for such milch cows must also show that they have been sub- mitted to the tuberculin test and found free from tuberculosis, giving the date of testing, with the chart of reaction, and a description of the cattle, with age and markings. All animals imported for breed- ing purposes, milk production, grazing or feeding, when not accom- panied by the required affidavits and certificates, must be detained in quarantine for one week, at the expense of the owner or importer, under the supervision of the inspector in charge. During this deten- tion a rigid inspection will be made, and cattle for breeding or milk production will be tested with tuberculin. Animals found free from disease at the end of this period will be released. Cattle and sheep for grazing or feeding, if accompanied by the required affidavits and certificates, need not be unloaded for inspection, but all other animals covered by this section must be unloaded and carefully inspected. 5. All Canadian animals will be admitted at any port of the Unit- ed States for transit in bond to any Canadian port without inspection. 6. Cattle and sheep in bond for export will be admitted without inspection at any of the ports named in section 1, in transit to and for export from Portland, Me., Boston, Mass., and New York, N. Y. Horses will be admitted in bond at any port of the United States with- out inspection for export from any port of the United States. All ani- mals admitted for export will be subject to inspection at port of ex- port. 7. Horses for temporary stay, whether for pleasure driving, team- ing, exhibition, racing, or used in connection with stock raising or mining, cattle and sheep for slaughter, and animals belonging to In- dian tribes or forming part of settlers' effects will be admitted through any port without inspection or certification. 8. The railroad cars used in the transportation of animals speci- fied by these regulations must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected 386 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. before said animals are placed therein. All litter from previous ship- ments must be removed, and the car \vhitev\'ashed with lime and car- bolic acid, one pound of commercial carbolic acid to five gallons of lime wash. Unless this regulation is complied with Canadian animals will not be allowed entry into the United States, and animals from the United States will not be admitted into Canada. Shippers should see that cans are properly cleaned and disinfected before animals are loaded. J. STERLING MORTON, Secretary. Regulations for the Xtispection and Quarantine of )Veat Cattle, Sbcep, and Other Ruminants, and Swine Xmported into the Clnitcd States. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary. Washington, D. C, February 11, 1S95. In pursuance of sections 7, 8 and 10 of the act of Congress entitled "An act providing for the inspection of meats for exportation, and pro- hibiting the importation of adulterated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and for other purposes," approved August 30, 1890, the following" regula- tions are hereby prescribed for the inspection and quarantine of neat cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the United States, and all previous regulations prescribed for such inspection and quarantine are hereby rescinded: 1. ^Yith the approval of the Secretar3' of the Treasury, the fol- lowing-named ports are hereby designated as quarantine stations, and all cattle, sheeiD, and other ruminants, and swine imported into the United States, must be entered through said ports, viz: On the Atlantic Seaboard, the ports of Boston, New York, and Balti- more; on the Pacific Seaboard, San Diego, Cal.; along the boundary between the United States and Mexico, Nogales, Ariz.; El Paso, Eagle Pass, and Laredo, Tex.; along the border or boundary line between the United States and British Columbia and Canada, through the cus- tom ports of Yanceboro and Houlton, Me.; Richford, Newport, St. Al- bans, Island Pond, and Beecher Falls, Yt.; Ogdensburg, Rouses Point, Buffalo, Charlotte, and Suspension Bridge, N. Y.; Detroit and Port Huron, Mich.; Minnesota, Minn., and Puget Sound, Wash 2. Ihe word "animals," when used in these regulations, refers to and includes all or any of the following kinds: Neat cattle, sheep, and ESrSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 387 other ruminants, and swine. The words "contagious diseases," when used in these regulations, includes and applies to all or any of the fol- lowing diseases: Anthrax in cattle, sheep, goats, or swine; contagious pleuro-pneumonia in cattle; Texas or splenetic fever in cattle; tuber- culosis in cattle; foot-and-mouth disease in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine; rinderpest in cattle and sheep; sheep pox, foot-rot, and scab in sheep; hog cholera, swine plague, and erysipelas in swine. 3. All cattle, sheep, and other ruminants imiDorted into the United States from any part of the world shall be accompanied with a certifi- cate from the local authority of the district in which said animals have been for one year next preceding the date of shipment, stating that no contagious pleuro-pneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, or rinderpest has existed in said district for the past year. And all swine imported into the United States from anj^ part of the w^orld shall be accompanied with a similar certificate relating to the existence of foot-and-mouth disease, hog cholera, and erysipelas. All such animals shall also be accompanied with an affidavit by the owner from whoni the importer has purchased them, stating that said animals have been in the district where purchased one year next preceding the date of sale, and that none of the above-mentioned diseases have existed among them, nor among any animals of the kind with which they come in contact, for one j-ear last past, and that no inoculation has been practiced among said animals for the past two years. Also by an affidavit from the im- porter or his agent supervising the shipment, stating that they have not passed through any district infected with contagious diseases af- fecting said kind of animals; that they have not been exposed in any possible manner to the contagion of any of said contagious diseases, and that the animals, when not driven, have been shipped in clean, and disinfected cars and vessels direct from the farm where purchased. 4 The foregoing certificate and affidavits must accompany said animals and be presented to the collector of customs at the port of entry, and by him delivered to the inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry stationed at said port, to allow them to be imported into the United States. 5. All neat cattle imported into the United States from any part of the world except Mexico, Central and South America, shall be subject to a quarantine of ninety days, counting from date of arrival at the quarantine station. All sheep and other ruminants, and swine, from any part of the world except North, Central, and South America, shall be subject to a quarantine of fifteen days, counting from date of ar- rival at the quarantine station. 6. Any person contemplating the importation of animals from any- part of the world except North, Central, and South America, or of 388 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. cattle from the Dominion of Canada, must first obtain from the Secre- tary of Agriculture two permits, one stating- the number and kind of animals to be imported, the port and probable date of shipment, which will entitle them to clearance papers on presentation to the American consul at said port of shipment; the other, stating- the port at which said animals are to be landed and quarantined, and the approximate date of their arrival, and this will assure the reception of the number and kind specified therein at the port and quarantine station named, at the date prescribed for their arrival, or at any time during three weeks immediately follow'ing, after which the permit will be void. These per- mits shall in no case be available at any port other than the one men- tioned therein. Permits must be in the name of the owner of, or agent for, any one lot of animals. When more persons than one own a lot of animals for which permits have been issued, a release from quarantine Avill be given each owner for the number and kind he may own, and this release will be a certificate of fulfillment of quarantine regula- tions. Permits will be issued to quarantine at such ports as the im- porter may elect, so far as facilities exist at such port, but in no case will permits fc>r importation at any port be granted in excess of the accommodations of the Government quarantine station at such port. United States consuls should give clearance papers or certificates for animals from their districts intended for exportation to the United States only upon presentation of permits as above provided, with dates of probable arrival and destination corresponding with said permits, and in no case for a number in excess of that mentioned therein. When such shipments originate in the interior of a foreign country, these permits should be submitted to the consul of that district and through the forwarding agent to the consul at the port of embarkation. 7. Cattle and sheep from the Dominion of Canada for export from the United States may be entered at the ports of Island Pond and IJeecher Falls, Vt.. in bond for Portland, Me., for export from the lat- ter port only, provided said animals are accompanied by the health certificate and affidavits required by section 3, and provided, further, that suitable pens are furnished by the railroad companies at the ports of entry for their unloading and proper inspection. 8. All animals imported into the United States shall be carefully inspected by an inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industry, and all animals found to be free from disease and not to have been exposed to any contagious disease, shall be admitted into the United States, sub- ject to the provisions for quarantine as established in paragraph 5. Whenever any animal is found to be affected with a contagious dis- ease, or to have been exposed to said disease, said animal, and all ani- INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 389 mals that have been in contact with or exposed to said animal, will be placed in qnarantine, and the inspector quarantining- the same shall report at once to the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ who will direct whether or not said animals quarantined shall be appraised and slang-htered, as provided by section 8 of the act under which tliesc reg-ulations are made. All animals quarantined by reason of disease •or exposure to disease shall not be admitted to the established quaran- tine grounds, but shall be quarantined elsewhere at the expense of the importer, or dealt with in such manner as the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry shall determine. 9. In case of imported animals proving to be infected, or to have been exposed to infection, such portions of the cargo or the vessel on which they have arrived as have been exposed to these animals or their emanations shall be subjected, under the direction of the inspector of the Bureau of Animal Industrj^ to disinfection in such manner as may be considered by said inspector necessarj^ before it can be landed 10. No litter, fodder, or other aliment, nor any ropes, straps, chains, girths, blankets, poles, buckets, or other things used for or about the animals, and no manure shall be landed, excepting under such regulations as the inspector shall provide. 11. On moving animals from the ocean steamer to the quarantine grounds thej^ shall not be unnecessarily passed over any highway's, but must be placed on the cars at the wharves or removed to the cars on a boat which is not used for conveying other animals. If such boat has carried animals within three months, it must be first cleaned and then disinfected under the supervision of the inspector, and after the con- veyance of the imported animals the boat must be disinfected in the same manner before it may again be used for the conveyance of ani- mals. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid- able in the transportation of animals from the place of landing to the quarantine grounds, it must be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the inspector raay in special cases direct. 12. The banks and chutes used for loading and unloading im- ]wrted animals shall be reserved for such cattle, or shall be cleansed and disinfected as above before being used for such imported cattle. 13. The railway cars used in the transportation of animals to the <|uarantine grounds shall be either cars reserved for this exclusive use ■or box cars not otherwise employed in the transportation of animals or their fresh products, and after each journey with animals to the quarantine grounds they shall be disinfected by thorough cleansing and disinfection under the direction of the inspector. 14. While animals are arriving at the qnarantine stations, or leav- 390 INSPECTION, GOA^ERN.MENT AND STATE. ing them, all quarantined stock in the yards adjoining the alleyways through which they must pass shall be rigidly confined to their sheds. Animals arriving by the same ship may be quarantined together in one yard and shed, but those coming on different ships shall in all cases be placed in separate yards. 15. The gates of all yards of quarantine stations shall be kept locked, except when cattle are entering or leaving quarantine. 16. The attendants on animals in particular yards are forbidden to enter other yards and buildings, unless such are occupied by stock of the same shipment with those under their special care. No dogs, cats, or other animals, except those necessarily present, shall be al- lowed in the quarantine grounds. 17. The allotment of yards shall be under the direction of the in- spector of the port, who shall keep a register of animals entered with description, name of owner, name of vessel in which imported, date of arrival and release, and other important particulars. 18. The inspector shall see that water is regularly furnished to the stock and the manure removed dailj% and that the prescribed rules of the station are enforced. 19. Food and attendance must be provided by the owners of the stock quarantined. Employees of such owners shall keep the sheds and yards clean to the satisfaction of the inspector. 20. Smoking is strictly forbidden within any quarantine inclosure. 21. No visitor shall be admitted to the quarantine station without special written permission from the inspector. Butchers, cattle deal- ers and their employes are especiall^y excluded. 22. No public sale shall be allowed within the quarantine grounds. 23. The inspector shall, in his daily rounds, as far as possible, take the temperature of each animal, commencing with the herds that have been longest in quarantine and ending with the most recent ar- rivals, and shall record such temperatures on lists kept for the pur- pose. In passing from one herd to another he shall invariably wash his thermometer and hands in a weak solution (1 to 100) of carbolic acid. 24. In case of the appearance of any disease that is diagnosed to be of a contagious nature, the inspector shall notify the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry, who shall visit the station personally or send an inspector, and on the confirmation of the diagnosis the herd shall be disposed of according to the gravity of the affection. 25. The yard and shed in which such disease shall have appeared shall be subject to a thorough disinfection. Litter and fodder shall be burned. Sheds, utensils and other appliances shall be disinfected INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 391 ;is tlie inspector may direct. The y.ard, fence, and manure box shall be freely sprinkled with a strong solution of chloride of lime. The flooring- of the shed shall be lifted and the whole shall be left open to the air and unoccupied for three months. 20. In case of the appearance of any contagious disease the infect- ed herd shall be rigidly' confined to its sheds, where disinfectants shall be freely used, and the attendants shall be forbidden all intercourse with the attendants in other j-ards, and with persons outside the quar- antine grounds. J. STERLING MORTON, Secretary. The quarantine exacted from all slieep arriving from for- eign conntries excepting Canada reduces the danger of admission of such disease as sheep-pox, rinde-pest, etc., to a minimum, and the proof of the pudding being in the eating, it is only sufhcient to say that since such regulations have been in force no outbreaks in the United States have occurred among sheep which are traceable to the admission of foreign animals. The same precautions are exercised in the shipments of sheep to foreign countries, notably England. All such animals have to be carefully examined by a Government official at the market where they are purchased. They are again inspected before being loaded on the ship for transportation abroad. Great care is taken that no animal showing the least sign of sickness is permitted to be shipped. Sheep-scab is particularly guarded against. The sheep be- fore shipment are submitted to a thorough dipping to insure their beino- free from this troublesome affection These regulations are necessary owing to the fact that complaints have been made against American sheep, claiming that they have been responsible for outbreaks of contagious diseases in countries importing them, notably England, it having been asserted that scab frequently followed their entrance to that country. These complaints have so prejudiced the authorities there, that at the present time ship- ments of live stock arc onlv permitted entry under the condition 392 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. that thej are slaughtered at the port where the entry is made. They are no longer allowed to be sold to the farmers for feeders or stockers. The only way this disadvantage can ever be over- come is by the rigid enforcement of all the regulations govern- ing the transportation and handling of live stock at home, so that foreign countries will finally be forced to believe in the compe- tency of the American inspection and again permit their impor- tations on the former more favorable terms. The following are the United States regulations governing^ the importation and exportation of sheep: Order and Regulations for the Xnspcction of Cattle and Sheep for Gxport. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary. Washington, D. C, October 20, 1890. The following order and regulations are hereby made for the inspection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States, to Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by Section 10 of the Act of Con- gress approved August 30, 1890, entitled "An act providing for the in- spection of meats for exportation, prohibiting the importation of adul- terated articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proclamation in certain cases, and for other purposes:" 1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is hereby directed to cause careful veterinary insiDCction to be made of all neat cattle and sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe. 2. This inspection shall be made at any of the following named stock yards:— Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts- burg, Pa.; and at the following ports of export, viz: — Boston and Char- lestown, Mass.; New York, N. Y^; Philadelphia, Pa.; Baltimore, Md., and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle shipped from any of the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being shipped to the ports of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from other parts of the United States will be tagged at said ports. * * ***** 7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 393 port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di- rectly at the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall not be unnecessarily passed over any higfhwajs or removed to cars or boats which are used for convejing other animals. Boats transporting- said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disinfect- ed under the supervision of the Veterinary Inspector of the port, and the ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly rleaned or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said In- spector. When passage upon or across the public highways is unavoid- able in the transportation of animals from the cars to the boat, it must be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the Veterinarj' Inspector ma3', in special cases, direct. 8. Any cattle or sheep that are offered for shipment to Great r.ritain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not been inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula- tions, will not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta- tion, as they will be deemed, under the law, to have been exposed to infection so as to be dangerous to other animals. 9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and yards to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge of the Veterinary Inspector of the port. No ocean steamer will be allowed to receive more cattle or sheep than it can comfortably- carry. Over-crowding will not be permitted. 10. The Veterinarj'^ Inspector at the port of export will notify the Collector of the Port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep that are entitled to clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection of said animals will be given to the consignors for transmission with the bills of lading. J. M. RUSK, Secretary. Order and Regulations for the Inspection of Cattle and Sheep for export. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, February 7, 1895. The following order and regulations are hereby made for the in- spection of neat cattle and sheep for export from the United States to Great Britain and Ireland and the Continent of Europe, by virtue of the authority conferred upon me by section 10 of the act of Congress approved August 30, ]S90. entitled "An art i)roviding for an inspection 394 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. of meats for exportation, prohibiting" tlie im2:)ortation of adulteratecT articles of food or drink, and authorizing the President to make proc- lamation in certain cases, and for other purposes'": 1. The Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry is herebj' directed to cause careful veterinary inspection to be made of all neat cattle and sheep to be exported from the United States to Great Britain and Ire- land and the Continent of Europe. 2. This inspection will be made at any of the following- named stock yards: — Kansas City, Mo.; Chicago, 111.; Buffalo, N. Y.; Pitts- burg, Pa.; and at the following- ports of export, viz: — Portland, Me.; Baltimore, Md.; Boston and Charlestown, ^lass.; New York, N. Y.; Philadelphia, Pa., and Norfolk and Newport News, Va. All cattle shipped from any of the aforesaid yards must be tagged before being shipped to the ports of export. Cattle arriving at ports of export from other parts of the United States will be tagged at said portS; 3. After inspection at the aforesaid stock yards, all cattle found free from disease and shown not to have been exposed to the contagion of any disease, shall be tagged under the direction of the inspector in charge of the yards. After tagging, the cattle will be loaded into cleaned and disinfected cars, and shipped through from said yards, in said cars, to the port of export. 4. All animals shall be reinspected at the port of export. All rail- road companies will be required to furnish clean and disinfected cars for the transportation of cattle and sheep for export, and the various stock yards located at the ports of export shall keep separate, clean, and disinfected yards for the reception of export animals onl3'. 5. Shippers shall notify the inspectors in charge of the yards of in- tended shipments of cattle, and shall give to the said inspector the locality from which said animals have been brought, and the name of the feeder of said flnimals, and such other information as may be prac- ticable for the identification of the place from which said animals have come. 6. The inspector, after passing and tagging said cattle, shall notify the inspector in charge of the port of export of the inspection of said animals, giving him the tag numbers and the number and des- ignation of the cars in which said animals are shipped. 7. Export animals, whenever possible, shall be unloaded at the port of export from the cars in which they have been transported di- rectly to the wharves from which they are to be shipped. They shall not be unnecessarily passed over any highway, or removed to cars or boats which are used for conveying other animals. Boats transporting said animals to the ocean steamer must be first cleansed and disin- INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 395 fected under the supervision of the inspector of the port, and the ocean steamer must, before receiving said animals, be thoroughly- cleansed or disinfected in accordance with the directions of said in- spector. ^Yhen jiassage upon or across the public highway is unavoid- able in the transportation of animals from the cars to +he boat, it must be under such careful supervision and restrictions as the inspec- tor may direct. S. Any cattle or sheep that are ottered for shipment to Great Britain or Ireland, or the Continent of Europe, which have not beea inspected and transported in accordance with this order and regula- tions, or which having been inspected are adjudged to be infected, or to have been exposed to infection so as to be dangerous to other ani- mals, shall not be allowed to be placed upon any vessel for exporta- tion. 9. The supervision of the movement of cattle from cars and yards to the ocean steamer at the ports of export will be in charge of the in- spector of the port. No ocean steamer will be allowed to receive more cattle or sheep than it can comfortably carry. Overcrowding will not be permitted. 10. The inspector at the port of export will notify the collector of the port of the various shipments of cattle or sheep that are entitled TO clearance papers, and certificates of the inspection of said animals will be given to the consignors for transmission with the bills of lading. J. STERLING MORTON, Secretary. [Hmcndmctit to the Order dated fcbruary 7, 1895.] U. S. Department of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, Dec. 19, 1895. It is hereby ordered that the Order and Regulations of February 7, 1895, above mentioned, be and same are hereby amended as follows: Section 2 is hereby amended by the addition of Port Royal, South Carolina; New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, as ports of export. And it is stipulated that transportation companies carrying cattle or sheep to Port Royal, S. C, for export shall establish at that point special stock yards for export cattle and sheep, and such stock yards shall be vised for no other purpose. The cattle exported from Port Royal, S. C, shall originate above the quarantine line established by the Department of Agriculture and 396 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. shall not be unloaded south of said line prior to arrival at Port KoyaL Cattle exported from New Orleans, La., and Galveston, Tex., shall originate south of said quarantine line, and no cattle from north of said quarantine line shall be exported from ports of New Orleans, La., or Galveston, Tex., except by special permit from the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. All cattle and sheep exported from the three ports above mentioned shall be inspected, and the provisions of sections 4 and 5 of order of February 7, 1895, shall be applicable there- to, together with such other provisions of said order as may be deemed practicable by the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. The tagging of export animals at above ports shall be discretion- ary with the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry. J. STERLING MORTON, Secretarj'. While a strict inspection is thus maintained on all sheep imported into or exported from this country, it must be acknowl- edged that the regulations governing inter-state shipments yet leave something to be desired. For instance, the interpretation of the term "inter-state shipments" appears to be somewhat vague. Sheep designed for shipment for feeding or breeding purposes from any of the large stock-yards in the country which come under the care of Federal inspectors must be dipped before being allowed to leave the yards. This is a most excellent pro- vision, and if rigidly enforced would materially assist in keeping under, if not entirely eradicating, the disease known as scab; but here arises a loop-hole through which advantage of this regu- lation can be taken. Sheep shipped to a stock-yards and held there for sale and which are sold at those yards and allowed to remain therein several days after such sale come under the State laws and are not subject to the restrictions of the inter-state regulations. These sheep can be shipped to any point in that State without dipping. Now, it would be evident that if the infection from scab exists in the large stock-yards throughout the country as is claimed, these sheep would carry the infection to whatever point INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 397 witliin the State tliey were shipped, and not only that, but they would infect the car or cars used for their transportation, which on being used again in the inter-state trade for other sheep ship- ments, would be liable to cause outbreaks of the disease in differ- ent parts of the country; furthermore, sheep affected with scab in the State of New York, for instance, can be shipped to the "New York Central stock-yards and from there, should the ship- per so desire and unless the State authorities should see fit to in- tervene, can be shipped to any other point within that State, as in no sense would they come under the regulations governing inter-state shipments. From this it is evident that although the Federal inspectors may use due diligence and care in enforcing their regulations, sheep scab can still be distributed over wide areas of country. The Western States appear to have thor- oughly grasped this idea and are generally enforcing State legis- lation to cover the movements of diseased animals within their borders; and if every State in the Union would enact laws pro- viding for the appointment of sheep inspectors who shall be assigned to certain districts within each State, and whose duty it should be immediately on the report of a contagious disease existing within his district, to investigate, and if the facts should justify him, quarantine said animals and said dis- trict in which the disease occurs, prohibiting their being removed from the farm or feeding lot until cured, it would be a speedy so- lution of this difficulty. Their co-operation then with the Fed- eral inspectors at the different stock-yards would render it vir- tually impossible for diseased animals to be transported through- out the country. The inter-State Federal inspection of sheep is carried out with the object of preventing the spreading of contagious dis- eases, notably sheep-scab, from one State to another, but un- happily this disease has gotten such a firm hold now generally throughout the United States, especially where "Western sheep 398 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. are being fed, that the only method for the eradication of the pest is to place a rigid quarantine on diseased stock wherever they may be found. An instance can be quoted here to illustrate the desirability of some such proceeding. In 1896, in a "Western feeding district where considerably over 100,000 lambs are fed every year for the Eastern markets, principally Chicago, the majority of the flocks were affected with scab — in fact, all but one or two. These animals, while they were thor- oughly dipped, were by no means in all cases cured, but were released from the State quarantine and shipped to Chicago, be- cause, as it appeared, scabby sheep arriving there for immediate slaughter were passed by the authorities, and it would have been detrimental to the interests of the sheep-feeders of that State to have had their flocks held in quarantine while others were per- mitted access to the market. The mere fact that the transporta- tion of animals suffering from such a disease would infect the railroad ears to the further danger and damage of other shippers does not appear to have entered into their calculations. They were not engaged then in protecting their neighbors' territory, and the result now is apparent. Whereas, the scab was mostly confined some years ago to certain sections of the country, nota- bly the Western States and Territories, now we find it has been scattered broadcast; that clean sheep in feeding lots are the exception and not the rule, the trouble having followed the lines of the railroads till it is unsafe to load absolutely healthy sheep on railroad cars and after shipment place them with a flock free of disease, as they carry with them the infection from the cars, which in a short time will cause outbreaks of scabies in the flock to which they have been admitted. The following regulations refer to the inter-State transpor- tations of sheep: INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 399 Cransportation of Sheep Hffcctcd with Scabies. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Office of the Secretary, Washington, D. C, June 18, 1897. To the Managers and Agents of Railroads and Transportation Compa- nies of the United States, Stockmen and Others: In accordance with Section 7 of the act of Congress approved May 29, 1884, entitled '"An act for the establishment of a Bureau of Ani- mal Industry, to prevent the exportation of diseased cattle, and to provide means for the suppression and extirpation of pleuro-pneu- monia and other contagious diseases among domestic animals," and of the act of Congress approved April 23, 1897, making appropria- tion for the Department of Agriculture for the fiscal year ending- June 30, 1898, you are hereby notified that the contagious disease known as sheep scab, or scabies of sheep, exists among sheep in the United States, and that it is a violation of the law to receive for transportation, or transport any stock affected with said disease from one State or Territory to another, or from any State into the District of Columbia, or from the District into any State. It is also a violation of the law for any person, company or corporation to deliver for such transportation to any railroad company, or master or owner of any boat or vessel, any sheep, knowing them to be affected with said disease; and it is also unlawful for any person, company or cor- poration to drive on foot or transport in private conveyance from one State or Territory to another, or from any State into the District of Columbia, or from the District into any State, any sheep, knowing them to be affected with said disease. All transportation companies and individuals shipping, driving or transporting sheep are requested to co-operate with this Department in enforcing the law for prevent- ing the spread of the said disease. Inspectors of the Bureau of Ani- mal Industry are directed to report all violations of this act which come to their attention. In order to more effectually accomplish the object of the above mentioned laws, it is hereby ordered that any railroad cars, boats or other vehicles, which have been used in the transportation of sheep affected with said disease, shall be immediately cleaned and disin- fected by the owners or by the transportation companies in whose possession said cars or vehicles may be at any time the animals are unloaded by first removing all litter and manure which they con- 400 INSPECTION, GOVERNiMENT AND STATE. tain, and then saturating the woodwork with a tive per cent, solution of crude carbolic acid in water. Inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry are directed to see that this order is carried into effect. JAMES WILSON, Secretary. State Inspection. Several of the Western States and also some of those of the Middle West have realized the necessity of controlling the passage of live stock across their borders, hence we find that the State of Colorado has built up an inspection bureau which has much to commend it. Starting out to prevent the promiscuous driving of Texas cattle into its territory, (they having been the cause of disastrous outbreaks of Texas fever among the stock with which they came in contact), laws were enacted which had for their especial meaning the prohibiting of sheep affected with scab from coming into the State. Unfortunately, however, the sheep-feeders found their source of supply endangered, as the sheej) raised in the State were insufficient, or not such profitable feeders as those obtainable from Xew Mexico and Arizona, and their influence was sufficient to produce special rulings on the part of the Veterinary Sanitary Board by which they were per- mitted to continue the importations of lambs from infected dis- tricts on the payment of a tax per head of from one to two cents, which was termed an inspection fee, although it was virtually a payment for privilege, as an inspection would have prohibited their importation altogether. These sheep or lambs then were shipped direct to the feeding districts and placed on the farms of the feeders, where they were considered to be in quarantine, the feeder being supposed to use due precaution by means of dipping, etc., to clean them up. This could only be a perfunctory pro- ceeding at the best; just sufficient to keep the disease under con- trol but never entirely eradicating it; and when fit for sale the stock was shipped direct to one or the other of the great markets. INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 401 This process was responsible for the scattering of the infection over wide portions of territory. Far better would it have been if some method could have been found to compel a thorough cleaning of the flocks of ISTew Mexico, compelling every sheep leaving the Territory for other States to be dipped before being loaded on the cars. Then if they had been dipped thoroughly again on arrival at their destination, the disease would have been under control, and the danger of transmitting infection reduced to a minimum. We beLf.eve lately better methods are being taken to guard against these conditions, and that a supervision of rail- road cars and their thorough disinfection is being taken in hand, which is sure to produce beneficial results. Dr. Charles Gress- well, State Veterinary Surgeon and Secretary of the Colorado State Veterinary Sanitary Board, writes concerning inspection as follows : "I am strongly in favor and always have been of rigorous inspection regulations, mainly with the object of protecting own- ers of improved stock, who, of course, suffer the most from negli- gence of owners of less valuable animals. It is a noted fact that scab does more injury in direct proportion to improvement of breed and artificial handling. The owner of the wild Mexican sheep suffers but little in comparison to the owner of well-bred Shropshires or other pure-breeds. The same idea holds good with cattle, so the whole question resolves itself into one of rigorous inspection or no inspection whatever. With no inspection at all herds of sheep and cattle will gradually become more or less im- mune to contagious diseases which affect them, although with a great loss in the process. Animals raised by artificial selection and under our present domesticated conditions have little or no power to resist disease, and the ravages of disease among them are always very expensive. Therefore modified inspection is apt to make people think they are secure. They go in for the improved conditions, and then suffer from imperfectly executed inspection 402 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. laws. If there were no inspection laws, they might learn to-- take care themselves, or not go into the business of improved stock at all. Therefore, I repeat, inspection laws if once institu- ted should be carried out rigorously in spite of the temporary hardships they may and do at times cause, and the execution of such matters should he kept absolutely free from politics of every kind." "We publish here the rules and regulations governing the entry and disposition of sheep arriving in the State of Colorado from outside States and Territories: State of Colorado Sbccp Quarantine. Denver, Col., May 4, 1897. From and after this date and until further notice, the following- regulations will g-overn the admission of sheep from the States of Washington, Oregon, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, California, Nevada, Utah and Texas, and the Territories of Arizona, New Mexico and Okla- homa, and the Republic of Mexico, into the State of Colorado. First. All sheep intended to be driven or shipped into or through this State from the above scheduled States and Territories must be inspected by the .State Veterinai-}' Sanitarj- Board or bj' its duly au- thorized deputies before being allowed to enter said State, and due notice must be given of such intention to the Secretary at the Capitol Building, Denver, Colorado, or to one of the authorized inspectors of this Board, except: Sheep from the above scheduled districts may en- ter Colorado without inspection or a bill of health, by rail, provided they do not unload in the State except in quarantine pens for the purpose of feeding and watering and for a period not exceeding twenty-four hours. Second. No sheep, except as provided for above, will be allowed to be driven or shipped across the State line unless accompanied by a Bill of Health granted by the State Veterinary Sanitary Board, or by its duly authorized deputies, certifying that such sheep are wholly free from disease, and have not come in contact with any diseased sheep during the preceding sixty days, or unless accompanied by a Special Permit, which will be granted only on the following condi- tions: That sheep so introduced shall be dipped to the satisfaction and under the supervision of this Board, or its duly authorized inspectors. INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. 403 at Denver, Pueblo, La Junta or at such other point as may be desig"- nated by said Board, before such sheep shall be permitted to reload, or be driven to any point from the point of unloading, and said sheep, if introduced under such Special Permit shall be held in quarantine by said Board until the above provisions of inspection and dipping- are fullj^ complied with. Third. To defraj* the expenses of inspection and the necessary supervision, a fee of one cent per head will be charged before a Bill of Health is issued, and a fee of one and one-half cent per head before a Special Permit is issued. The latter fee will include the costs of re- lease hereafter granted upon the fulfillment of the terms of the Permit. Fourth. The cars used to transport all sheep coming into this State under Special Permit, as provided for above, and the pens in which the}- are unloaded, must be disinfected in the following man- ner: (a) Remove all litter and manure. This litter may be disinfected by mixing it with lime, or saturating it with a five per cent, solution of carbolic acid, or if not disinfected it may be stored where no sheep can come in contact with it. (b) Saturate the walls and floors of cars, fencing, troughs and chutes, or pens with a solution made bj^ dissolv- ing four ounces of chloride of lime in one gallon of water, or disinfect the cars with a jet of steam under a jjressure of not less than fifty pounds to the square inch. Inspectors will be stationed at the following points: P. J. Towner, E. Las Vagas, New Mexico. H. G. Ballard, Thompsons, Utah. J. A. Slayton, Carr, Colorado. J. H. Fleming, Folsom, New Mexico, and at other points of dipping within the State of Colorado. The penalty for infringement, or an attempt to infringe upon the provisions of this order, is a fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than $5,000, or imprisonment for not less than three months nor more than two years, or both. THE STATE VETERIN.\RY SANITARY BOARD OF COLORADO. E. J. TEMPLE. President. CHAS. GRESSWELL, Secretary. The rules and regulations of the various "Western States and Territories governing the transportation or driving of sheep across their borders are, with few modifications and" changes, a counterpart of the above, so further reference to them will be un- 404 INSPECTION, GOVERNMENT AND STATE. iieces:?ary. Suffice to say that inspection is as yet in its infancy. Tlie more the intelligent farmers see of its benefits, the more de- sirous are they to claim the protection afforded them by the en- forcement of the laws, and it is safe to predict that the next few years will see a marked diminution in the spread of contagious affections, and a great amount of capital thereby saved to the pro- ducer. Index* H Abdomen Abortion Abomasum Abscess Acari Acetanelide Acetic Acid Actinomycosis Aconite Adipose tissue After-pains Afire, how to tell .... Ale Alcohol Alexander, Dr. AS... Alimentary canal . . . Alfalfa Aloes Alteratives Alum Amaurosis Ammonia Liniment. . Amniotic fluid Anaemia Anaesthetics Anal opening" Analj^sis food-stuffs . Anatomy, the Anise-seed Ant-acids Anterior maxillary.. Anthrax fever Anthelmintics Anodynes Antimony Antiseptics Antispasmodics Aphtha Apoplexy Apothecaries meas- ure Arachnoid space Areca nut Argali Arnica Arsenic Paffe. 96 343 121 298 240-241 354 354 281 354 95 330 113 355 354 189 116 90 355 350 355 304 162 324 285 351 132 89 94 359 351 101 262 351 351 356 351 350 168 152 353 107 355 19 356 356 Page^ Arsenical sheep dips. 248- Arteries 96^ Asafoetida 356 Ash 88 Asphixia 339- Astringents 350 Atlas, the 100 Auditory nerves .... 101, 108 B Bacillus anthracis . . 263 Bacillus tetani 278 Bacillus tuberculosis. 261 Ball, E. N., Sec. Me- rino Association . . 59 Bakewell, Mr 23 Barley, food value . . 89' Belladonna 356 Benzoated lard 357 Benzine 224^ Benzoin 357 Bismuth 357 Bile, the 129- Bile, functions of . . . . 130 Bistournage 292 Black oils 357 Black leg 267 Black leg, vaccina- tion against 269- Bladder, the 131 Blasting 173 Bleeding 146, 328 Bleeding from cheek vein 146 Bleeding from jugu- lar vein 147 Bleedintg from sa- phena vein 146 Bleeding from um- bilicus 339' Blinds, the 304 Bloat 173 Blood, the 87 Blood anal^^sis 87 Blood, circulation of. 96 Blood diseases 283- Bloodlessness 285 406 INDEX. Bloody flux Blue-stone Bones, the Bones of the head . . Bones of the body.. Bones of the fore extremities Bones of the hind extremities Boracic acid Borboryg-mus Brain, the Broad ligiament Bronchocele Bruises C Cachexia Caecum, the Calabar bean Calcis, the Calculi Calculi, renal Calculi, urethral .... Calomel Camphor Cannabis Indica .... Oantharides Capillaries Capsicum Carbo-hydrates Carbolic acid Carbolic dips Carbonate of am- monia Carbonate of lime... Carbon Carbonic acid g-as Carcass weig"hts Card Carding" Cardamons -Carminatives Cartilag-e Cartilaginous tissue. . "Castor oil Cascarilla bark Castration Catarrh "C'athartics •Catechu '€ells Page. 187 358 95,97 99 102 103 106 358 180 96, 107 135 301 297 169 127 358 107 178 197 198 359 358 358 359 96 359 88 354 250 360 359 86 96 92 76 76 359 352 98 95 360 360 290 160 351 359 94 Page. Cellulitis 309 Cercaria 232 Cerebritis 151 Cerebellum 100, 107 Cerebrum 100, 107 Cervical vertebrae . . . 102 CerVix uteri 134 Chalk 185 Charbon 262 Charcoal 361 Cheeks, the 114 Chest, the 96 Cheviot sheep 70 Chlorine gas 361 Chloral 360 Chloroform 360 Chlorodyne 360 Chloride of lime 359 Chokered 228,286 Choking 171 Ohorioptes ovis 234 Ctiolagogues 352 Chyme, the 121 Chyle 97 Cinchona 361 Cling 187 Cloudy wool 79 Cocaine 361 Coccyx, the 102 Codeine 361 Cod-liver oil 361 Coenurus cerebralis. 201 Coffin bone 104 Colchicum 362 Colic 181 Colon, the 127 Common scab 236, 239 Combing 77 Congential hernia 133 Conjunctiva, the 303 Connective tissue.... 95 Constipation 189 Consumption 272 Convulsions 153 Cooper, M. A., Sec. Dorset Association. 54 Copperas 363 Corn, value for food.. 89 Corn, silage 89 Cornea 303 Cornea, capacity of.. 305 Corrosive sublimate.. 362 INDEX. Cotswold sheep Cots'vvold sheep, de- scription of Cotton-seed oil Covered operation... Cracked teats 169, Cranial cavity Cranial nerves Creosote Crepitus Cross-breeding Croton oil Cumberland disease.. Cyanide of potassium Cyanosis Cystic tumors D Dandelion Daniells, H. A., Sec. National Lincoln Association Delaine Merino Delaine Merino, or- igin of Delaine Merino, scale of points Dentition Decussation Dental pad Dermatodectes ovis. . Diaphoretics Diaphragm, the Diaphragmatic herni a Diarrhoea Diarrhoea of lambs. . Digitalis Dipping Dipping plant Diseases, definition of Diseases, anthracoid.. Diseases of brain.... Diseases of digestive system Diseases of eye Diseases of liver Diseases, parasitic... Diseases due to ex- ternal parasites.. . . Diseases of the res- piratory organs. . . . Page. 27 27-29 363 293 308, 337 99 108 362 295 137 362 263 363 342 300 363 29 69 69 70 113 108 112, 117 234 352 117 179 183 184 363 248 250 142 263 151 168 302 192 201 234 160 Diseases of the urin- ary system Diseases of the new- ly-born Diseases, incidental to parturition Distoma hepaticum.. Diuretics Docking Dorset horned sheep. Dorset sheep, first importations Downrights, the Dover's pow^der Drastics Dropsy Dropsy, abdominal... Druce, Mr Drying up Drying "wool Duodenum, the Dunn's tonic drench. Dura mater Dysentery e Early lambs Ectozoa Eczema Eczema epizootica. . . Ejaculatory ducts... Ellman, Mr Eoabryotomy Emphysema infectu- osum Enemata Encephalitis Enteritis Entozoa Enzootic diseases.... Epithelial cells Epiglottis, the Epilepsy Epsom salts Ergot . Erysipelas Erythema Ethmoid bone Ether Euphorbium Eustachian tubes Eversion of rectum.. 407 Page. 196 339 323 231 352 293 54 54 77 364 352 192 228 50 176 77 126 161 107 187 54- 201 307 270 134 37 327 267 381 151 182 201 145 94 117 153 146, 364 364 280 308 101 364 365 115 19 1< 408 INDEX. Ewes, conceive best.. Examine for scab Examination of ex- port sheep Examination of im- port sheep Excretion, an Extensor muscles f Fallopian tubes Fardel bound Fasciola hepaticum.. Feeding- Feeding' lambs, ra- tion for Feeding- tables Feeding tables, value of Feeding tables, Wolff's Felting Felty w^ool Femur, the Fennell Fenugreek Fibrous tissue Fish oil Fits Flooding Fly, the Foetus, the Food and increase . . . Foot and mouth dis- ease Foot-rot 104, Foramen Fow^ler's solution.... Fractures Frenzy, the Frontal bones Fungus haematodes. . Gad-fly Gall-bladder Gamboge Ganglion Garget Gasoline Gastric juice Gentian Page. 141 240 392,396 383-386 130 110 134 176 231 84 90 89, 90 90 89 76 79 106 365 365 95 260 153 328 259 135 91 270 145, 310 102 380 295 151 99, 101 305 207 130 365 109 335 224 121 365 Germs Germ ovum Gestation, period of. Gid Ginger Glass eye Glauber salts Glycerine Goitre Goulard's extract. . . . Granulation, healing by Grass staggers Great head Green skit Gressvs^ell, Dr. Chas.. Gullet, the Gutta serena n Haematosepsis Hampshire Down Hampshire Do'wnjthe old Hampshire Down, the new Hampshire Down, first importations.. Hampshire Down, standard of excell- ence Hay, food value of. . . Head scab Healing by first in- tention Healing by granula- tion Health, definition of. Heart, the Heels, the Hemorrhoids Hemp Hepatic artery Hepatitis Herdvnck sheep Hernia Hernia, congenital. . . Hernia, d i a p h r a g- matic Hernia, umbilical. . . . Hermaphroditic para- sites Page. 261 133 135, 323 201 366 304 146, 366 366 115, 301 366 296 176 263 185 401 117 304 267 45 45 47 47 49-50 89 238 296 297 142 96 105 191 79 129 192 72 179 133 179 180 232 INDEX. Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd Hog's lard Hoose Honeycomb, the Hoven Hock joint, the Humerus, the Husk Humphrey, Mr Hydrastis canenden- sis Hydrocephalus Hydrochloric acid.... Hydrocyanic acid Hydrogen Hydrogen peroxide.. Hydrophobia Hydro thorax Hypnotics Hyoscyamus t Icterus Ileum, the Ilio caecal valve Impaction of rumen. Impaction of omasum Impaction fourth stomach of lambs.. Imperforate anus Impetigo Labialis Imports from Canada Imports other coun- tries In-breeding Incontinence of urine Infectious abortion.. Infectious aphtha Inferior maxillary... Influenza Inflammation of blad- der I n fl a m m a tion of bowels I n fl a m m a tion of brain I n fl a m m a tion of bronchial tubes. . . . I n fl a m m a tion of liver Page. 206 366 211 120 173 107 103 211 47 367 154 122, 367 366 88 367 275 166 352 367 193 127 127 175 176 181 190, 341 310 383 386 138 265 343 270 101 160 198 182 151 163 192 I n fl a m m a tion of lungs I n fl a m m a tion of inter-digital canal. I n fl a m m a tion of kidneys I n fl a m m a tion of pleura I n fl a m m a tion of vagina I n fl a m m a tion of womb Inflammation umbili- cal cord Inspection Inspection, Federal.. Inspection, State Interdigital canal inter-State sheep in- spection Inter-ungulate sinus. Intestines, length of. Intestinal obstruc- tions Intus-susception .... Inversion of womb. . Inversion of vagina.. Involuntary muscle tissue Iodine Iodoform Ipecacuanha Iron Iron carbonate Iron iodide Iron phosphate Iron sulphate Iron tincture Ischiatic spines Jaborandi Jalap Jaundice Jejunum Jugular vein Jugular vein, bleed- ing from Juniper berries K Kamala 409- Page. 164 106, 321 196 166 331 332 339 38.^5 382-400 400-404 105 399 105 126 178 18a 329 330 9S 367 368 368 368 368 369 368 368 369 106 369 369 193 127 146 147 369 369 410 INDEX. Page. Kentish long--wooled sheep 33 Kidneys, the 131 Kidneys, inflamma- tion of structure.. 196 L Labor pains 323 Lachrymal bones.... 101 Lachrymal duct 303 Lacteals 97 Llama 21 Laminal tissue 313 Laminitis 321 Laminitis parturient . 338 Lanolin 369 Larkspur 370 Larynx 115,117 Laryngitis 162 Lathing 292 Laudanum 370 Laxatives 351 Lead acetate 370 Leicester sheep 23 Leicester sheep, the old 23 Leicester sheep, the new 25 Leicester sheep, Border 26 Leicester sheep, fleece 25-26 Lice 258 Ligaments 95 Lime water 370 Lime and sulphur dip 81, 255 Lincoln sheep 29 Lincoln sheep, the old 29 Lincoln sheep, the new 29-32 Lincoln sheep, scale of points 33 Linseed oil 370 Linseed meal 89, 90 Lips, the 112 Liquid measui-e 353 Liquor amnii 324 Liquorice 371 Litmus paper 196 Liver, the 129 Liver, functions of.. 129 Page. Liver, inflammation of 192 Liver flukes 228 Lobules of liver 129 Lock-jaw 148, 278 Loodiana disease.... 262 Lomhriz 222 Long-wooled breeds . 23 Long bones 98 Loss of cud 174 Louping-ill 155 Lucellia marcellaria. 259 Lungs, the 96 M Madness 275 Mad staggers 155 Maggots 260 Magnesium sulphate. 371 Malar bones 101 Male shield fern 370 Malignant pustule. . . 262 Malignant parturient fever 333 Mammitis 335 Manyplies, the 121 Marrow, the 98 Mastitis 335 Mating 136 Measure, solid 353 Measure, liquid 353 Medical agents 350, 381 Medical treatment in general 348, 349 Medulla oblongata. . . 100, 107 Meconium, the 341 Melophagus ovinus.. 255 Membrana nictitans. 228,303 Mercurious chloride. 371 Mercury 371 Merino 59 Merino, first impor- tations 63-64 Merino, American. ... 59 Merino, Spanish 63 Merino, Delaine 69 Merino, Dickinson... 69 Merino wool fibres. . . 65 Mesentery, the 97 Mesentery, glands of 97 Metacarpus 103 Metastasis 301 Metritis Mexican lambs Middle-wooled sheep. Midriff, the Milz-brand Mindererus spirit.... Molar teeth Mong-e, M Monstrosities Morphine Mountain breeds Mouth, the Mouth, broken Mucus rales Muscles, the Muscular tissue Muscles, contraction of Musmon, the Mutton fat Mutton, analysis of. . Myrrh Nasal bones Nasal cavity Nasal catarrh Navel-ill Nephritis Nerves Nervous tissue Nicotine Nippers, the Nitrite of amyl Nitric acid Nitrogen Nitre, sweet spirts of Nitro - hydrochloric acid Nocard, M Nodular disease Non-contagious dis- eases Nux vomica O Oatmeal Oats, as food Obliteration of os uteri Obstruction of gullet Occipital bone INDEX. 411 Page. Oesophagostoma col- umbianum 192, 224 Oesophagus 117 Oesophageal canal... 118 Oestrum, period of.. 135 Oestrus ovis 207 Oil of anise 373 Oil of carron 373 Oil of cinnamon 374 Oil of ergot 374 Oil of eucalyptus 374 Oil of mustard 374 Oil of olive 373 Oil of peppermint. . . 374 Oil of tar 374 Oil of turpentine 375 Oil of vitriol 375. Olfactory nerves 101, 108 Omasum, the 121 Omasum, impaction of 176 Opacity of the cornea 305 Operative surgery 290-302 Opium tincture 375 Ophthalmia, simple . . 303 Ophthalmia proper. . 304 Optic nerves 108 Os hyoides 115 Os pedis 104 Ovaries, the 134 Ovaries, castration of 294 Oxfordshire DoTvn ... 50 Oxfordshire Down, origin of 50 Oxfordshire Down, early importations. 52 Oxygen Sa P Palate bones 101 Palsy, the 157 Pancreas 130 Pancreas, its uses... 131 Pancreatic juice 131 Paralysis 150 373 Paralysis, peripheral 150 90 Paralysis, simple 157 Paralysis, transverse 150 325 Parasites 145 171 Parasites, internal... 201 100 Parasites of the skin 234 Page. 279, 332 84-85 23 118 262 371 113 76 327 372 70 114 113, 140 164 110 95 95 19 87 87 356 101 101 160 339 196 96, 108 95 372 113 372 372 87 372 373 169 224 307-322 373 412 INDEX. Page. Parasitic diseases of the brain 201 Parasitic gastric ca- tarrii 219 Pa r a si tic 'b r o n clii t i s . 211 Parasitic diarrhoea. . 215 Parasitic nasal ca- tarrh 207 Parietal bones, the.. 100 Paronchyia inter- dig-italis 310 Parotid glands 114 Parturient laminitis. 338 Parturition 323 Parturition, diseases incidental to 323 Parturition, m a 1- presentations 326 Parturition, normal. 323 Parturition, p r o- longed 324 Pastern joint 104 Pasteur, M., method of vaccination for anthrax 263 Patella, the 106 Pelvis, the 106 Penis, the 134 Pepper 375 Peppermint 375 Pepsin 122 Pericardium 97 Peritoneum, the 97,120 Peritonitis 191 Periosteum, the 98 Permanganate of pot- ash 376 Persian sheep ' 21 Petrous temporal bone 101 Peyers patches 126 Pharynx ■ 115, 117 Physiological action of drugs 350 Pia mater 107 Picklock, the 77 Picrate of Potash 223 Piles 191 Pinding 188 Pining 289 Placental papillae 331 Plethoric diseases... 145 Page. Pleura, the 97 Pleurisy 166 Pneumogastric nerve 108 Pneumonia 164 Poked 286 Pomgranate root bark 376 Portal vein 129 Post-partem hemorr- hage 328 Potassium bi-carbon- ate 375 Potassium chlorate.. 367 Potassium hydrate.. 377 Prehensile organs... 114 Prime, the 77 Probang, the 172 Prolapsus of the rec- tum , 191 Prolapsus uteri 329 Prolapsus vaginae... 330 Prominent breeds of sheep 23 Proportion of parts.. 91 Protein 88 Proof spirit- 377 Prurigo 309 Prussic acid 354, 377 Psoroptes communis. 234 Ptomaines 261 Pulse, the 147 Pulse beats 147 Pumpkin seeds 224 Purgatives 145, 352 Pylorus, the 122, 127 Q Quarantine regula- tions . 383 Quarantine, import sheep 386 Quarantine, sheep affected with con- tagious diseases... 399 Quarter-ill 267 Quicklime 319 Quinine sulphate.... 377 R Eabies 148, 275 Eabies, in the dog. . . 277 Radius, the 103 INDEX. 413 Page. Rambouillet, the.... 66 Rambouillet Associa- tion 68 KamTDOuillet, early importations 68 Rambouillet, origin of 68 Rectum, the 127 Red-clover, value of. 89 Rediae 232 Red water 283 Renal basin 132 Renal calculi 197 Regulations for in- ter-state shipments 399 Retention of foetal membranes 328 Retention of mecon- ium 341 Retention of urine... 197 Reticulum, the 120 Rheumatism 287 Rheumatism acute... 288 Rheumatism chronic. 288 Rhubarb 377 Rhubarb, compound powder of 378 Ribs, the 102 Rigidity of os uteri . . 325 Rock salt 85,214 Rocky na o u n t a i n sheep 19 Romney Marsh sheep 33 Romney, first impor- tations of 35 Rosin 378 Rot, the 226 Rot, prevention of . . . 232 Rumen, the 118 Rumen, impaction of 175 Rumination 123 Rumenotomy . 176 Rupture 179 Ruta-baga 89 S Sacrum, the 107 Saliva, the 114 Salivary glands 114 Saliva, its uses 115 Salmon, Dr. D. E 224 Salt 145,378 Sanguineous Ascites. 283 Page. Sanmetto 200 Santonin 378 Sapo Mollis 378 Sarcoptes ovis 234 Searing, the cord 292 Secretion, definition of 130 Scab, the 234 Scab infection 243 Scab mites 238-242 Scab, multiplication of 236 Scapula, the 103 Scrotum, the 133 Scrotal hernia 133,293 Secretion, a ISO Selection 140 Semen, the 133 Sesamoids 104 Shearing 148 Sheep 19 Sheep, number in U. S 22 Sheep, how to catch . 144 Sheep pox 273 Sheep tick 255 Short-wooled sheep. . 23,59 Shropshire breed 41 Shropshire, origin of 41 Shropshire, points of excellence 43-45 Shropshire, early im- portations 43 Shropshire Sheep As- sociation 43 Silver nitrate 379 Simple ophthalmia . . 303 Skeleton, the 95,97 Skin dryness 342 Snots, the 211 Snuffles, the 160 Soap liniment 379 Sodium carbonate... 379 Sodium hyposulphite 379 Sore mouth, con- tagious in lamhs.. 169 Sore-throat 162 Soft palate 115 Southdown sheep.... 35 Southdown early his- tory 37-39 414 INDEX. Page. Soutflidown Associat- ion 39 Soutihdown, scale of points 40-41 Spanish Merino 21 Spanish wool 20 Spaying 294 Special nerves 108 Specific diseases 261 Spermatic cord 133 Sphenoid bone 101 Spinal cord 9G, 102, 107 Spinal vertebrae 96 Splenic apoplexy 262 Spleen in anthrax... 267 Sporocyst 232 Sprains V'98 Squamous temporal.. 100 Starch 88 State, inspection of sheep 400 Statistics, wool 82-83 Stavesacre seed 380 Steno's duct 114 Stifle joint 106 Stomach 97 Stomach round Avorms 219 Stomatitis 169 Strains 298 Streptococcus erysip- elatis 280 Stricture 180 Stripy wool 78 Strongylus contortus 219 Strongylus filaria. . . . 211 Strongylus rufescens 211 Struma 301 Sturdy 148,201 Subcorneus m e m- brane 312 Sublingual glands. . . 115 Submaxillary glands. 114 Suffolk sheep 56 Suffolk standard of excellence 58-59 Suffolk Association.. 56 Sussex sheep 35 Sugar of lead 380 Sulphate of iron 363 Sulphur 380 Sulphuric acid 380 Sulphurous acid Superior maxillary.. Super-purgation Sympathetic nerve... C Tables Tables, wool imports Tables, Wolff's Taenia coenurus Taenia expansa Tagging Tar Tar, oil of Taraxacum Teeth, the Teeth, incisors Teeth, molars Teeswaters, the Temperature, how to take Temporal bones Tendons Testicles, the Testicles, castration of Tetanus Therapeutic action of drugs Thoracic duct Thorter-ill Thymus, the Thyroid bodies Tibia, the Tissue Tissue, kinds of Tobacco Tobacco sheep dip. . . Tonics Tongue, index in dis- ease Tongue, the Toppiness Torsion of uterus. . . . Trachea, the Tracheotomy Transverse paralysis. Trapping Treatment of indi- viduals Treatment, a whole flock Page, 380- 101 183 109 83 83 88 202 216 189 381 374 363 112 113 113 26 148 100 95 133 290 278 350 97 155 115 115 106 94 95, 96 381 250- 353 148 115 79 326 117 163 150 292 348 349' INDEX. 415 Trembling's, the Trephining- Trocar, the Tuberculosis Tumors Tumors, treatment of Tunica vaginalis Turnsick Turnips Tying Typhus a Ulna, the Umbilical cord Umbilical hernia Umbilical cord, in- flammation of Umbilical h e m o r r- hage Uraemic poisoning. . . Urea Ureters Urethra Urine Uterus, the Uterus, amputation of T Vaccination anthrax. Vaccination blackleg. Vagina, the Vaginitis Variola ovina Vas deferens Vaseline Veins Vermes Vermiform append- age Vermifuges Vermicides Vesiculae seminales. Villi, the Vinquish Voluntary muscle tissue Volvulus Vulva, the m Water on the brain.. Page. 155 210 172, 174 272 299 300 293 201 89 292 263 103 339 180 339 339 198 132, 196 132 132 131-132 134 330 266 269 135 331 273 133 381 96 201 134, 199 352 352 133 97, 127 289 95 180 135 154 Page. Watery wool 78 Webb, Jonas 37 Wheat'bran, for food 89 White oak bark 381 White skit 184 Wild-fire 281 Wing, Jos. E 224 Wiring lOl, 206 Wolff's tables 89 Wool 75 Wool balls 178 Wool closure of fleece 77 Wool curl 77 Wool, growth of 75 Wool fibres 65 Wool fibres, serra- tions of 76 Wool, fine 76 Wool, fineness 77 Wool, superfine 77 Wool, hemp 79 Wool, short 77 Wool, cloudy 79 Wool, long 77 Wool, broad-topped.. 80 Wool break 80 Wool, watery 78 Wool, stripy 78 Wool thickness 77 Wool, felty 79 Wool, toppy 79 Wool, stapler 77 Wool, strength of fibre 77 Wool imports 83 Wool-sorters' disease 262 Womb, the 134 Wounds 296 Wounds contused. .. . 297 Wounds of the eye.. 305 Wounds incised 296 Wounds lacerated.. . . 297 Wounds punctured.. 296 T Yolk of fleece 76 Youatt 76 Z Zinc sulphate 381 Zygomatic arch 100 SHEEP BREEDERS' DIRECTORY. CONTAINING A LIST'OF THE PROMINENT SHEEP BREEDERS' ASSOCIATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. AIom Sheep Breeders* Hssociation of Hmerica— Continued. Vice-Presidents. Canada— A. T. Button. New Yorlt — J. L. Buell. Indiana — A. H. Omstead. Pennsylvania — D. Strickler. Michiigan — Lewis Love. Connecticut— J. B. Palmer. Ohio— S. C. Priest. Nebraska — 'H. D. Watson. Wisconsin — Hug-h H. Price. Illinois — John J. Gates. Kentucky — James B. Finnell. ^Maryland — Gall a way Cheston. Massachusetts — Alfred Birnie. Missouri — A. M. Teller. Delaware — George W. Bush. New Jersey — R. Stuyvesant. North Carolina — J. S. Carr. Vermont — James C. Colg-ate. Virg-inia — Prof. D. O. Nourse. Ontario — M. N. Empey Minnesota — Giles Hayward. Oregon — Richard Scott. Maine — H. B. Whitman. Tennessee — James J. McClaskej'. Cotittncntal Dorset Club. Secretary. J. E. WING. Vhc Itnprovcd Blach-^op Merino Sbccp Breeders* Hssociation of Hmerica. President. L. L. MARSH. Vice-President. L. J. WILSON. Corresponding Secretary. O. M. ROBERTSON. Secretary and Treasurer. L. M. CROTHERS. 424 OFFICERS OF ASSOCIATIONS. Hmcrtcan RambouiUct Sbccp Breeders' Hssociation. President. J. E. WEBB, Webb, Ind. Vice-President. C. L. HALLADAY, Sebewa, Mich. Secretary and Treasurer. E. V. BUENHAM, Woodstock, Ohio. National Delaine JMcrino Sheep Breeders' Hssociation. President, JAMES McClelland. Corresponding Secretary. J. H. HAMILTON. Treasurer. R. W. CKOTHERS. Recording- Secretary. C. C. JOHNSON. "Cbe Michigan Merino Sbeep Breeders' Hssociation. President. A. A. WOOD, Saline. Vice-President. H. R. DEWEY, Grand Blanc. Secretar3^ E. N. BALL, Hamburg. Treasurer. THOS. VAN GIESON, Clinton. Directors. L. W. Barnes, Byron. P. \ oorhies, Jr., Pontiac. William Hall, Hamburg. F. L. Corbin, Lansing. C. E. Lockwood, Washington, Mich. Committee of Pedigrees. D. P. Dewev, Grand Blanc. W. E. Bovd'en. Delhi Mills. E. W. Hardy, Howell. BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 425 National Cheviot Sheep Society. President. PROF. C. S. PLUMB, LaFayette, Ind. First Vice-President. P. P. NOEL, Rockville, Ind. Vice-Presidents for States. T. N. CURRY, Hartwick. N. Y. U. S. MILLER. Pulaski, Iowa. H. C. DAVIDSON, Elbridge, Tenn. C. H. MARSHALL, Vergennes, Vt. Secretary. HOWARD H. KEI:M,' Ladoga, Ind. Treasurer. ISAAC LLOYD, Russellville, Ind. Artist. L. A. WEBSTER, Whiting, Vt. Executive Committee. The President and Secretary ex-officio. P. P. Noel. Hon. D. W. Heagy. R. L. Ainslie. Isaac Lloyd. William Curry. W. S. Crodian. Sheep Breeders* Directory. Breeders of Leicester Sheep. Archer, A. E Warwick, Ont, Adams, V. R iJray ton, Ont. Alcoat Bros Brucefield, Ont. Anderson, W. . Castle Avery, Man. Armstrong. J. S Marden, Ont. Allison, George Burnbank, Man. Attridge, Wm. T. L Waterdown, Ont. Adair, VYm Alsfeldt, Ont. Andrews, John St. Thomas, Ont. Allin Bros Newcastle, Ont. Armstrong, G B Teeswater, Ont. Austin, W. R ;-;apperton. B. C. Armour, Andrew Diinnville, Ont. Allen, Robert Meibourn, Que. Allin, Henry Orono, Ont. Bowman, Richard Charlottetown, P. E. I. Banks, John \niaranth Station, Ont. 426 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. BaM, Adolpf Lore, Iowa. Beebe, E. E Huron, S. D. Brodbent, Brooks New VVilming-ton, Pa, Baxter, Daniel .Allans Corners, Que. Bissett, J. G Cole Harbor, N. S. Blais, A. & J Glen Sandfield, Ont. Bennett & Pardo Charing- Cross, Ont. Boswall. Albert Pownal, P. E. 1. Blackburn, VV. C Orono, Ont. Baker, La,wrence W Comstocks, N. Y. Baker, Fred Dashwood, Ont. Bricker, J. U Grattan, Mich. Brown, Wm Fordwich, Ont. Batchell, C. A Lower Bedford, Ont. Billings, C. J Gooding-, Mieh. Bell, Donald Bellingham, Ont. Bald\vin & Lethbridge Fingal, Ont. Brown, Alfred Bethel, Ont. Barlow, Judson Binbrook, Ont. Bannen, J. J' Hurlbut, Wis. Bower, Augustus Lower Ohio, N. 8. Bickell, George Appleby, Ont. Bishop, J as. T Summerton, Mich. Bowlby, John A Bath, M. Y. Brown, David Maple Creek, Neb. Currelly. T. & Son Fullarton. Ont. Clark. Wm North Wiltshire. P. E. I. Campbell, M Northwood, Ont. Cornwall, Ira St. Johns, N B. Conley, G. B Marshall, Mich. Cowan, John S Newry, Ont. Campbell, Jas K ; Palmerston, Ont. Cameron, Andrew West"wood, Ont Crozier, Archie Bleachburg, Ont. Cunningham, Tbos Tamworth, Ont. Calder, J. A. M v North Glaniord, Ont. Clements, Nelson Vanessa, Ont. Corning, Wm. Chegoggin, N. S. Cowieson, John Queensville, Ont. Crerar, Alex '. Lisbon, Ont. Cox, E. G Albany, Oregon. Cowan, Jas Allans Corners, Que Campbell, Peter Amberly, Ont. Cunningham, John Clare, Mich. Craig, Chas Middleton, P. E. I. Clark, D. F Sears, Mich. Campbell, Adam Burnbj', Ont. Calkins, L. J St. Johns, Mich. Cranston, Andrew Madrid, N. Y. Cuming, Nicholas Birth, Ont. Cuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y. Cordingley, David Lisgar, Ont. Clay, Richard Katrine, Ont. BREEDEBS OF LEICESTEE, SHEEP. 427 Dwyer, Jas Skerry, N. Y. Doherty, A. F Clare, Mich. Doelly, John Cass City, Mich. Deschenes, M Fraserville, Que, Donkin, Thos. & Sons Kiverview, Ont. Davison Bros Harriston, Ont. Davis, T. G Wiarton, Ont. Duncan, Wm L Washburn, Maine. Dwyer, C. H North Bang-or, N. Y. Donovan, L. J Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B. Donaldson, S. S Ubly, Mich. Dickson, John Kirkwall, Ont. DeCourcy, Daniel Bornholm, Ont. Easton, Abram Appleby, Ont. Essery, James Union Roads, P. E. 1. Elcoat, Appleton Brucefield, Ont. Empie, Wm Minaville, N. Y. Eastwood, R New Toronto, Ont. Eg-gert, Frank Sanilac Centre, Mich. Easton, Wm Palermo, Ont. Edwards, Geo B Covey Hill, Quebec. Easton, Adam S Nelson, Ont. Fletcher, John North Burns. Mich. Frank, R. W King-sbury, Quebec. Fox, Chaa P Moscow, Idaho. Fenderson, Garnett So Stetson, Maine. Farran, W. W Clinton, Ont. Fennell, Jas Bradford, Ont. Foster, Wm. E Erieview, Ont. Foster, Jesse C Erieview, Ont. Forquer. Thos Caldwell, Mich. Fisher, Thompson Newton Robinson, Ont. Fennell, J. W Painswick, Ont. Fleming, Donald Kilsyth, Ont. Fothergill, Chas Appleby, Ont. Gaunt. E. & Son.' Lucknow, Ont. Graham, DC Cameron, 111. Goudey, S. P Yarmouth, N. S, Goodal, W Allans Corners, Que. Graham Bros Ailsa Craig, Ont. Gourley, Thos Mitchell, Ont. Goodwin, L. F Munro, Ont. Garbutt, R. J Belleville, Ont. Glenn, Wm Clinton. Ont. Grimes. Wxn Speaker. Mich. Gardhouee, J. M Highfield, Ont. Gamley, Alex D Brandon, Manitoba. Garbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont. Geise, Emil Merton. So. Dak. Gamache, Peter St. Modest, Quebec. Grills, James Salem, Ont. Gerrow, Geo N Uxbridge, Ont. Hammond. Henry Cainesville, Ont. 428 BREEDEKS OF I/EICESTER SHEEP. Howard, B. C Apple Grove, P. Q Henry, Frank Calderwood, Ont. Harrison, C. B Mang'erville, N. B. Henry, G. P Halifax, ^. S Heard, L. A Escalante, Col. Hastings, Robert Wingham, Ont. Harrison, Frea Falkirk, Ont. Hart, Alex Hampstead, ' Ont. Harriman, H. D Saxonville, Mass. Honey, E. J Warkworth, Ont. Hyde, G. R PrairieviUe, Mich. Haseltine, E. A Hornellsville, N . Y Harvey Bros Kincardine, Ont. Hubbard, H. G Dundee, N. Y Hill, D. W Potsdam, N. Y. Hastings Bros Crossbill, Ont. Hood, John & Son Park Hill, Ont. Hopkins, A. D Morgan town, W Va. Harper, Richard Coldsprings, Out. Hastie, Alex C Comber, Ont. Herwance, B. I? Holton, Mich. Hutchinson, Jobn Millbrook, Mich. House, John G Calkinsville. Mich. Hales, D. N Lisle, Ont. Holmes, John T Tupperville, Ont. Hodgkin. A. W Tillburg. Ont. Hammer, George Reed City. Mich. Haden, John C Nelson, Ont. Higginson, W. W Hawksbury, Ont. Hall, J. W Bailieboro, Ont. Ingraham, Albert Margaree. N. S. Ironsides. H. W Puslinch, Ont. Inkster, Wm U'liderwood, Ont. Irvin, David Nassagaweya, Ont. Ireland, John IS elson, Ont. Jackson, John Ahingdon, Ont. Johnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont. Jamieson, A. S Clapham, Quebec. Johnston, T. B Hillman, Mich. Jenkins, A. S Delaware, Ont. Jackson, F. H Winchester, Ky. Johnson, J. W Underwood, Ont. Johnston, Wm Gait, Ont. Jacques, T. B Comwallis, N. S. Jamieson, John T Lake View, Mich. Johnson, T. B Godfrey, Mich. Kelly, John Shakespeare, Ont. Knickerbocker, G. H Pine Plains, N . Y. Kinsman. J. H Moorefield, Ont. Kelley, Frank Grovesend, Ont. Knox, John Clanbrassil, Ont. King, Thomas Tyre, Mioh. Kitching, George Corwhin, Ont. BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 429 Lawrence. Chas CoUingnvood, Ont. Laidlaw, John Wilton Grove, Ont. Lewis, A. M Cairo, Mich. Ladd, Wm Portland, Oreg-on. Lee, T Hig-hgate, Ont. Log"in, D Picton, N. S. Lee, J. L Ironside, Oreg^on. Lane, Henry Mt. Mellick, P. E. I Logan, John Watford, Ont. Laycock, Fred Gladwin, Mich. Laur, Frank ^lillerton, Onl. Longhead, Jos , Lion's Head, Ont. Lawson, George Laskay, Ont. Lj'on & Son, C. H Gageville, Ohio Metier, Pete; North Pelham, Ont. Murphy, J. W Cass City, Mich. Martin, R. G Marysville, Ont. Miller, Robert Brougnam, Ont. Morley, Wm Palmersion, Ont. Murra}', Jas Glenmorris, Ont. Moodie, .\ndrew Perth, Ont. Marshall, John Cass City, Mich. Mason, C. K norneilsville, N. Y. Martin, L. V Volant, Penn. Mullin, Wm Coldbrook, St. Johns, N. B. Mackintosh, Wm Burgoyne, Ont. Mason. Jas Aberfoyle, Ont. Marr, Jos. F Grovesend, Ont. Mahon, L H. M East Oro, Ont. Moodie, W. H Wyman, Mich. Murray, Andrew Clanbrassil, Ont. Martin, J. W Canton, Ont. Martin, W. H Warden, Que. Metcalf Bros. & Stone East Elma, N. Y. Morrill, B. B Stanstead, P. Q. Maw, Chas Omah, Ont. Murry, P. «fe M Summerton. Mich. Mull, Melvin Mt. Pleasant, Mich, Mellett, Michael Summerton. Mich. Moffatt, H. S North Sydney, Cape Briton. Milne, David ' .' Ethel, Ont. McCoy, W. A. & Sons Mercer, Penn. McEwen, J. D Falkirk, Ont. McNabb, Mungo Cowal, Ont. McCaig, Niel Allans Corners, P. Q. McTavish, John Shakespeare, Ont. McC-ormick, Edward Mt. Hope, Wis. McClennan, K Grovesend, Ont. McNeill, A Charlottetown, Ont, Mclntyre. Wm Newington, Ont. McKinney. L Kingsmill, Ont. McCarthy, Timothy A Leaton, Mich. McLean, A Frome, Ont . 430 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. McFarlane, Henry Cayuga, Ont. McKinney. J. W Salem, Oregon. McGillaver, Jas Amulree, Ont. MeBain, Thos Kirkwell, Ont. McLean, Wm. J. M Napier, Ont. McLarane, John Mt. Salem, Mich, McKenzie, Duncan , . . . Mt. Salem, Mich. McHardy, J Dunlop. Ont. McCallum, A Danville, Quebec. MeConnell, Thos. C Spring-brook, Ont. Nichol, Bros Plattsville, Ont. Neily, J. B Xictaux, N. S. Newton. Wm. & Sons Pontiac, Mich. Nevius. C. S. & W. V Chiles, Kansas. Neff. Albert Singhamt-on. Ont. Neely, G. M Selby, Ont. Neville, C. W Newburg'h, Ont. Nelson, Chas Martin, Mich. Nugent, Wm Neveburgh, Ont. Norish, John Nassagewaya, Ont. Ont. Agric. College Guelph, Ont. Orr, John Gait, Ont. Oliver, Adam Branchton, Ont. Otto Bros Wartburg, Ont. Oats, George Collins, Ohio Penhale, George Exeter, Ont. Parkinson, G. & W Eramosa, Ont. Pringle, David Huntingdon, P. Q. Preston, D. R Leamington, Ont. Pease, Curtis Westfield, Penn. Parlee, M. H Sussex, N. B. Page. J. F Mystic, Iowa. Preston, John W Glennen, N. W. T. Peters, J. C Ft. Wayne, Ind. Patterson, Peter M Rockton, Ont. Rutherford, John ,....„ Koseville, Ont. Richardson, A. J Thayer, Neb. Rigley, J. W Oswego Falls, N. Y. Rutherford, Ebenezer Amulree, Ont. Ramsey, F. J Dunnville, Ont. Ray, Wm KentviUe, N. S. Rawlings, Caleb Ravenswood, Ont. Rolers. Henry A Napoleon. Ohio. Robb, James Kazubazua, Quebec. Rundle, John Sparta, Ont. Ridenour, D. W St. Johns, Mich. Reed, Isaac Ardtrea, Ont. Risch, Wm Grandville, Mich. Rogers, W. G Carberry Manitoba. Rickman, Chas F LTnion, Ont. Rader, Wm Howard City, Mich. Rennie, Win Shakespeare, Ont. Ross, D. C Woodville, Ont. BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 431 Rodger, H. W Hammond, N. Y. Somers, Mrs. Eliza St. Marys, Ont. Smith, A. W Maple Lodge, Out. Snell, Jas Clinton, Ont. Slack, Ezra Ubley, Mich Shaw, Robert Glanford Station, Ont. Shelton, P. H. & Sons Cameron, 111. Smith, W. E Grovesend, Ont. Stedman, Smith S Groton City, N. Y. Smith, Frank R Rush Center, Kansas, Soribner, W. L Schoharie, N. Y. Swanburg, Cornelius Shelburn, N. S. Sherman, Frank L , Bath, X. Y. Silcox, Frank H lona, Ont. Smith, Harry Grovesend, Ont. Salisbury, \Vm. H. Caldwell, Mich. Stone, J M Bridgeton, Mich. Shaver, Simeon Lunenburg, Ont. Sugg, Andrew Mt. Pleasant, Mich. Strait, E Stony Point, Mich. Somerville, Matt Central Lake, Mich. 'Spearing, George Batteau, Ont. Smith, Harvey Aylmer, Ont. Stuyvesant, R Vllamuchy, N. J. Stougbton Peter St, Sylvester, Quebec. Stewart, Thos Wye Bridge, Ont. Sanderson, Jas Fordwich, Ont. Schweiger. Thos Glenwood, Minn. Shepard, J. M Shepherd, Mich. Steinaoker, John Mitchell, Ont. Bilverthorn. Chas Somerville, Mich. Shaw, Ira B Schomberg. Ont. Shea, Thos Fergus, Ont. Thomson, Adam Shakespeare, Ont. Thompson, R. A Newcastle. Pa. True, E. V Newport, Vt. Tod, Alex. . Depew, Iowa. Thomson, Jos. & Son , Salem, Ont. Tavlor, Robert Abbott, Neb. Taylor, B. F New York, N. Y. Toles, Peter Mt. Brydges, Ont. Thompson, Peter Salem, Ont. Tigue, Thos Bath. N. Y. Taylor, Jeff D Gainesville, Mo. Thorn, J. L CaJkinsville, Mich. Tape, Bros Ridgetown, Ont. Thompson, David Arthur, Ont. Vinz, J. C Oakdale, Wis. V^osburg, J. A tiarrison, Mich. VVingate, A. L Avon, 111. Wood, A. F Mason, Mich, Whitelaw, A. Sr W Guelph, Ont. Wood. C. & E Freeman, Ont. 432 BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. Weir, Wm. K Millbamk, Ont. Walton, John Calkinsville, Mich. Wright, John Chesley. Ont. Watt. W. B Salem, Ont. White, A. F Hornellsville, N. Y. Wells, John Gait, Ont. Walton. D. D Lake City, Mich. Wood, Robert Genoa, Quebec. Wolcott. S Shelby ville, Mich. Ward, Frank Vermontville. Mich. White, Hug-h Evart, Mich. Woolacott, John J Kennicott, Ont. Work, Samuel Calkinsville, Mich. Wilk, J. A Forest Hill, Mich. Watson, Henry Kirkwell, Ont. Walker, Georg-e Eady, Ont. Wright, Wm, & Sons Clachan, Ont. West, F. B Jefferson, Oregon. Will, John Ft. Covington, N. Y. Winter, E Brown City, Mich. Willey, Levi Clare, Mich. Walker, Alex Hinch. Ont. Waldron, Edwin Mt. Pleasant, Mich. W'alton, Edward Calkinsville, Mich. Wright, H Guelph, Ont. Wood, Wm Palermo. Ont. Wilkins. H Port Nelson, Ont. Wagoner, M. D Sand Beach, Mich. Walters, Michael Paimerston, Ont. Yale, J. W Meriden. Conn. Young, John Abingdon, Ont. Young. Wm Guelph, Ont. Zimmerman, Jacob Fayette, Ohio. Breeders of Hmertcan Cotswold Sheep. Adams, H. D Newcastle, Ind. Allen, Geo Oriel, Ont. Allen, J. R. & Bros Draper, Utah Anderson, C. S Hoagland, Pa. Artz, W. 8 Osborn, Ohio. American Live Stock Bailey, A. G Keysville, Va, Bailey, Samuel Jttoxeter, Ont. Balsdan, John I Balsam. Ont. Barker. S. & Son Mount Vernon, Ont. Bassett, H. S Preston, Minn. Baumberger, F Northport, Mich. Bell, Geo. B Neely, Kansas. Bechtold, R. E Bippus, Ind. Bennington, S. & Sons Volga, Iowa. Blunden. S Forest, Ont. BKEEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 433 Bonnycastle, F. & Son Campbellford, Ontario. Bostwick, N Vandorf , Ont. Bostwick, A Oak Kidges, Ont. Boynton, P. W. & Son Dollar, Ont. Brien, E Kidgetown, Ont. Bradt, W. H Linesville, Pa. Brown, B. P F'-ankf ort, Ind. Brown John L Uxbridge, Ont. Brown, C. H Liberty, Idaho. Brown, F. W Portage La Prairie, Man- Brown, Thos Lo wmore. Iowa, Brown, Reuben Ithaca, Mich. Brunk, Thos. W Eola, Ore. Brooks, J. W Solina, Ont. Bryan, D. W Westchester, Ind. Buck, S. N Appleton, Wis. Buckler, S. H Raglan, Ont. Burton, John • Brougham, Ont. Burruss, H. D Daum, IlL Campbell. E. & Son Pittsfield, Ohio. Case, O. T West Clarksfield, Ohio. Caswell, Guy C Bowen. New York. Chapman, F. M Audley, Ont. Cherry, D. H. & Son Xenia, Ohio. Cheesman, John Farmland, Ind. Chick, John Attica, N. Y. Clark, Thos Beecher, 111. Clark, P. & Son Cable, Ohio. Coates, Wm, H Claremont, Ont. Cook, J Greenbank, Ont. Cork, F. L Mineral Point, Wis. Coxworth, S Whitby, Ont. Current, Freeman Lost Nation, Iowa. Curtiz, A. E Stanshead, Que. Day, C. L Hudson, Wis. Dale, J. H Renville, Minn. Dayton, E. C Dickenson, N. D. Devitt, W. J Greenwood, Ont. Dodge, H. J Dodgeville, Ohio. Dodge, W. H Dodgeville, Ohio. Donaldson, J Pleasant Retreat, Mo. Doty, John M. & Son Charleston, lU. Douglas, John Aberfoy le, Ont. Drayer, E Ithaca, Mich. Diinn, J. W Kinsale, Ont. Edgar, J. W New London, Iowa. Esler, A. L Huron, Mich. Everett, L. N Burton, Ohio. FMcht, Valentine Oriel, Ont. Fisher, George B LaFarge, Wis. Findley, J. W Olney, 111. Forest, James Ashburn, Ont. Freemyer, W. H Portland, Ind. 434 BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. FrinK, B. H Napanee, Ont. Garbutt, C. T Claremont, Ont. Giflford, E. E Fairfield, Maine. Goocher, Geo. B Cresco, Iowa. Goodfellow & Bros., John MaceN-ille, Ont. Gould, Chas Uxbridge, Ont. Grey, Allen Uxbridge, Ont. Groove, C. B Laingsburg, Mich. Handyside, John Litchfield, Ohio. Harding & Son, Geo Waukesha, Wis. Hart, Henry Hillsdale, Mich. Heim, J. B New Chambersburg, Ohio. Hintz, \Vm Fremont, Ohio Hoflfnian, D. M Fayette, Mo. Hogan & Sons, James Waunakee, Wis. Hoover Bros Atha, Ont. Howell, Edward Weiner, Wis. Howitt, James Claremont, Ont. Hume, James Arkell, Ont. Hyghed, E. B Elwood, Iowa. Hysop, Ernest Killarney, Man. Isaac, J Markham, Ont. Jackson, W Pond Mills, Ont. Jewell, N. M MineralPoint, Wis. Johnson, F. W Freedom, Maine. Kealy, A. P Hammond, Wis. Ketchum, P. R West Union, Iowa. Kirkland, M. E. & M. A Ostrander, Ohio King, George R Cambridge, N. Y. Kirby, Jos Armstrong's Mills, Ont. Koch, Theo. F Hector, Minn. Ladd, C. E North Yamhill, Ore. Laid law, Wm. G Wilton Grove, Ont. Laird, G. & R Guelph. Ont. Lambert & Sons, F. P Bailev, Iowa. Lapham, G. E St. Johns, Mich. Law, James Ridgetown, Ont. Langmaid, G. A Courtice, Ont. Lewis, D. C Camp Point, 111. Linten, Wm. Jr Aurora. Ont. McCandless, J. R Tama, Iowa. McCandless, S. A Belle Plaine, Iowa. McCandless & Son, W. G Cottonwood Falls, Kas. McCrae, D.. . .'. Guelph, Ont. McDowell, S. V Fredonia, Pa. McKim, F. W I^nsing, Mich. McKinley. E. Burns Vaughnsville, Ohio. McNeill, M. H Laurel, Ohio. McNelly, Hugh Arkell, Ont. Marquis, George Victoria Corners. Ont. Merritt. H. G Onarga, 111. Mills, R. G Whitby, Ont. Middleton, Geo Claremont, Ont. BREEDERS OF AMERICAN OOTSWOLD SHEEP. 435 Millard, S. G Huntsburgh, Ohio. Miller, VV. G Waukesha, Wis. MilJer, Robert .Stouffville, Ont. Milne, J Glanworth, Ont. Montgomery, Wm. R. Jr Hillsdale, Mich. iMoehrke, Gust Chilton, Wis. Montgomery, J. K West Union, Iowa, Morgan, E. A Kerwood, Ont. Morgan, H. W Ashtabula, Ohio, Morgan, Robert Kerwood, Ont. xMoody, J I;avenswood, Ont. Morrison, C Wesby, Ont, Morrison, John Brooklyn, Ont. Morrow, R. O Hilton, Ont. Moutray, J. I Olney, 111. Murdock, D. S Troy Center, Wis. Murray, James Wilton Grove, Ont. Neville, C. VV Newburgh, Ont. Oliver, Wm Greenbank, Ont. Orme Bros Tooele, Utah. Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont. Orcutt, T. H Rocky Ford, Col. Park & Sons, John Burgessville, Ont. Peavy, Frank Newton, Iowa. Pelton, Joshua Falkland, Ont. Phelps, T. C Greensboro, Ind. Porter, M Coi-vallis. Ore. Porter, P. W Howe, Idaho. Potter, Milton Sheridan, Ore. Poiry, John B Portland, Ind. Prout, George Zephyr, Ont. Puckrin, Isaac Audley, Ont. Pugh, H. E Venedocia, Ohio. Pnzey, Henry Fairmount, 111. Rawlings & Son, H Ravenswood. Ont. Redmond, John McMinnville, Oregon. Reed, L. E Sinclairville, N. Y. Renick, A Sycamore, Ky. Richards, R. O '.Huron, S. D. Ririe, J. B Weber, Utah. Russell, A. S Carrville. Ont. Russell, J. & W Richmond Hill, Ont. i^haflFer, N. B Newcastle, Ind. Schwert, Henry Crestline. Ohio. Scott, R Milwaukee, Oregon, Shaner, W. J Jackson, Mo. Shirley, Oscar Houlton, Me. Shier, Thomas Cnmbray. Ont. Shore Bros Glanworth, Ont. Shore, T. Hardy Glanworth, Ont. Slater. Johnathan Buttonville, Ont. Smith, J. E Middlesex. N. Y. Smith, A. B Mossmin, N. W. T. 436 BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. Smith Peter Hillsdale, Mich. Snell, John C , Snelgrove, Ont. Snell, J, G. & Bro Snelgrove, Ont. Snell, J. G Snelgrove, Ont. Snell, R. P Snelgrove, Ont. Sockett, John Rockwood, Ont. Stevens, W. W Niles, Mich. Stillman, Wm Campbellsford, Ont. Stump, J. B Monmouth, Ore. Swank, Wm Lev^isburg, Ohio. Sweet H. J Wessington, S. D. Tait, J. B Otter Creek, Pa. Tait & Sons, F. S Otter Creek, Pa. Teel, H. G RushviUe, 111. Thompson, Wm White Rose, Ont. Thompson Wm Uxbridge, Ont. Thompson John Uxbridge, Ont. Tweedie Wm East Brook. N. Y. Tweedy Joseph Gallas Point, P. E. L Van Dusen, W. ]., Hillsdale, Mich. Vetterick, Reinhart Mt. Etna, Iowa. Wallis, Wm Uxbridge, Ont. Ward, Jos.. Marsh Hill, Ont. Ward, Edward Greenbank, Ont. Watson, A. J Castlederg, Ont. Watt, D. B. & Son Xenia, Ohio. Watt, D. B. & R. C Xenia, Ohio. Waters, Thos. D Rockwood, Ont. Weekes, George Glanworth, Ont. Weld, W. S Calder, Ont. Westfall, G. W Hillsdale, Mich. White, Lorenzo Greenwood, Ont. Williams, Wat&on New Corydon, Ind. Williamson, W. A Mt. Cory, O. Williams, Thos Dowagiac, Mich. Willis, Wm New Market, Ont. Wilson Bros Muncie, Ind, Willson, Mrs. R. M North Branch, Mich. Wilson, Fred Conde, South Dakota. Wilson, Wtn Brampton, Ont. Wilson & Bros. W. W Muncie, Ind. Wilson, Herman A Downsville, N. Y. Withycombe, J Hillsboro. Ore. Woodford, J. Hal Shakespeare, Ky. Woodrow, H. S McLean, 111. Wright, W. E Glanworth, Ont. Breeders of Lincoln 8becp. I. N. Raymond Lake Odessa, Mich. E. D. Reynolds Cressy, Mich. Johnston, John Redman, Mich. G. H. Brettell Greystead, Ont. BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 437 Thomas Fraleig-h Arva, Ont. Leonard Parkenson Eramosa, Ont. D. A. Campbell Mayfair, Ont. E. Humphrey Thamesford, Ont. T. E. Robson Ilderton, Ont. R. S. Robson Ilderton, Ont. H. P. Gage St. Johns, Mich. P. B. Smith St. Louis, Mich. Wm. T. Lytle Beaconsfield, Man. George Gould & Son Rutherford, Ont. W. N. VVakeman Dalton, N. Y. C. C. Robson Ilderton, Ont. Duncan Cameron Ivan, Ont. George Cox & Son Michigan. James Cranston Denfield, Ont. A. Longley Ontario. F. G. Woodruff Athens, Mich. R. F. Nixon Maple Grove, Ont. U. G. Gibson Lowell, Wis. W. W. Crittenden Howell, Mich. Wood & Morden Langsbank, Ont. Isaac Kinsey Caledonia, Mich. Wm. Harding La Grange, Ind. S. Kellogg Bennettsburg, N. Y. Ralph Brothers Ballymote, Ont. George Price Leutz, Mich. R. Dexter Leutz, Mich. W. West Ilderton, Ont. Col. C. C. Rice Chicago, 111. J. W. Frizzell Brooklyn, la. Lowry Austin Norris City, 111. George Lewis Ballymote, Ont. John Mitchell Glencoe, Ont. Dennis Bow Bridgeport, Mich. Thomas Shanklin Ivan, Ont. L. D. Bradshaw Ovid, Mich. Lewis Bros Perrinton, Mich. M. & D. Gray Anson, Maine. Noah Tompkins Fostoria, Mich. Fred C. Tompkins Fostoria, Mich. W. W. Steed Farmington, Utah. James H. Shafer Mason, Mich. J. F. Miller Logan, Mich. H. A. Bishop Millington, Mich. Henry Dale Owosso, Mich. W. Charlton Ilderton, Ont. James Anderson Derwent, Ont. Knox Brothers Thamesford, Ont. R. Little & Son Ilderton, Ont. John Gearej- London, Ont. T. C. Rogers North Ridge, Ont. Eli Hodgins Lucan, Ont. A. L. O'Neill Birr, Ont. 438 BEEEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. Frank Hicks Centralia, Ont, Carey Marshall Vergennes, Vt. E. Osterhout Ovid, Mich. George P. Casler Ovid, Mich. J. W. Dunkle Ovid, Mich. G. H. Daniells Elva, Mich. John Larecht Westphalia, Mich. J. B. Hoffman Oakley, Mich. S. L. Big-nail Fovvlerville, Mich. Lewis Epkey Fowler, Mich. Ephraim Knight Cass City, Mich. Welch, G. J. «fe Bro Tekonsha, Mich. Breeders of Southdown Sheep. Aitken, George Woodstock, Vt. Alexander, A. J Spring Station, Ky. Allen, George Allerton, 111. Alvord, Henry E Lewinsville, Va. Anderson, S. W Asbury, W. Va. Armstrong, L. A Covington, Ky. Aylor, John H Gunpawder, Ky. Bailey, C. I Winthrop, Me. Baker, Geo. & Sons Simcoe, Ont., Can. Barker, Chas. E Pembroke, Ky. Barrett, F. W. Mrs Wadsworth, N. Y. Bashford, Lester J Hollovvville, N. Y. Beer, Thomas Bucyrus, Ohio Bellevue Farm Co Cranberry, N. C. Benjamin, L. H Haskinville, N. Y. Benninger W. M Benninger, Pa. Bickford, Lewis J Dixmont Centre, Me. Billings, Frederick Woodstock,' Vt. Booth, A. P Hematite, Mo. Booth Brothers Edgerton, Kan. Boutelle. Geo. K Waterville, Me. Burgess, Mrs. E. L. & Son Norwich, Ont., Can. Burroughs, J. L Newburg, Ohio Buswell, Turner Solon, Me. Campbell, G. J ' Pittsfield, Ohio Carr, Guy Compton Sta., Queb., Can. Cass & Burns Buffalo Hart, HI. Chapman, Wm. J Union Hill, N. Y. Clark, Samuel Lawrence, 111. Clay, G. M White Hall, Ky. Clay, Sidney P Lexington, Ky. Compton, Wm. H Monroe, Ohio Cope, Jesse K West Chester, Pa. Crothers, L. M Crothers, Pa. Cutting, Walter Pittsfield, Mass. Dale, b. H Glendale, Ont., Can. Donnan, J. A. Wadsworth, N. Y. BREEDEES OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. 439 Donoho, W. T Elmerville, Tenn. Douglas, T. C Gait, Ont., Can, Dunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va. Eiselstein, Geo Pomeroy, O. Estill, VV. W Lexington, Ky. Evans, D. W Venedocia, Ohio Fargason, J. T Memphis, Tenn. Fen nessy, E.J Avon, 111. Fisher, I\. M Danville, Ky. Fitzgerald, S. E Bryan, Pa. Flinn, W. W Chetek, Wis. Frease, Henry A Stoutsville, O. French, Chas Solon, Me. Fuller, Alfred G Seymour. Wis. Garland, A. M Chicago, 111. Garland, C. A Bangor, Me. Glessner, J. J Chicago, 111. Graham, D. C Cameron, 111. Haight, Mrs. D. B Dover Plains, X. Y, Hamilton, A. L Lexington, Ky. Hamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va. Hamilton, Thos. P Auxvasse, Mo. Hamilton, W. V Caledonia, X. Y. Hanna, A. D Asbury, W. Ya. Hartshorn, M. D. & Bro Newark, Ohio Harvey J. R Turlington, Nebr, Harvey, T. W Marietta, Ohio Hass, John D West Stockbridge, Mass. Henderson P. G Central City, Iowa Henthorn, Wm Richland Centre, Wis. Hewitt, Mrs. Sarah A Ringwood, N. J. Hill, John A Manor, Texas Hilton, A. B Saratoga Springs, X. Y. Hilton. W. G Anson, Me. Hite, R. P Gallatin, Tenn. Horton, Edw. E Chester, N. J. Huston, John E Xew Lisbon, Ohio Hutchison, T. M Xew Wilmington, Pa. Irion, John A Gallipolis. O. Irvine, W. D Danville, Ky. Jackson, John & Sons Abingdon, Ont., Can. Jones, T. C. & Soti Delaware, Ohio Kellogg, Isaac & Son Reading, Mich. Kent, A. M Jamestown, X"^. Y. Kissinger. J. H Kissinger, Mo. Kuder, Geo. & Sons Tontoganv, Ohio Ladd, Chas. E Portland. Ore. Lawell, D. E Grant, Ky. Leiter, L. Z Chicago, III. Leland, J. A Springfield, 111. Libby, A. D Oakland, Me. Lorbach. Henry Waverly, Ohio Markillie, W. B Gobleville, Mich. 440 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. Marsh, Robt. & Sons Richmond Hill, Ont., Can. Martin, Wm Binbrook, Ont., Can. Mass. Ag'l College Amherst, Mass. Mass. School for Feeble-Minded Waverly, Mass, Mathes, W. T Hockley, Texas McCoy, W. A Mercer, Pa. McEwen, Robert Byron, Ont., Can. McKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis. Meredith, Mrs. Virginia C Cambridge City, Ind. Metier, Peter North Pelham, Ont., Can. Miller, Wni Markham, Ont., Can. Mills, Charles F Springfield, 111. Moorhead, E. S Williamsburg, Ohio Morton, Levi P Rhinecliff, N. Y. Noble, W. U Brecksville, Ohio Nunes, F, D Chatham, 111. Ontario Ag'l College Guelph, Ont., Can. Pagham Harbor Co Selsey, Chichester, Eng. Pancoast, J. D Moorestown, N. J, Pate, J. M Rising Sun, Ind. Peck, J. M Hornellsville, N. Y. Phillips, Richard New Waterford, Ohio Pickrell, James H Springfield Pickrell, Jesse C Lanesville, 111. Pomeroy, R. F New Castle, Pa. Potts, J. H Jacksonville, 111. Prather, S. E Springfield, 111. Privett, Uriah & Bro Greensburg, Ind. Redky, H. H Sugar Tree Ridge, O. Renick, Abram Sycamore, Ky. Rhodes, J. Foster Woodstock, Vt. Ridgway, Wm B New Holland, Ind. Robinson, F. F Hanover, Ohio Rockefeller Wm Tarry town, N. Y. Rook, Thos. G Salem, la. Rupert, L. S Bloomington, 111. Scott, F. A Huntsville, Mo. Sharpless, S. J Phihidelphia, Pa. Shaw, C. C. & Son Newark, Ohio Shaw, Robt. & Sons Renton Sta., Ont., Can. Sheets, S. E. & A West Milford, W. Va. Shoemaker, T. T Charleston, 111. Simenton, A. & Sons Blackheath, Ont., Can. Simpson Stock Farms Saxonville, Mass. Sites Albert Lennox, Ohio. Smith, D. VV Springfield, lU. Smith, T. W. & Sons Glanford, Ont., Can. Smith, W. M Fairfield Plains, Ont., Can. Snyder, E. W Pullman, W. Va. Snyder, Miss Lizzie Pullman, W. Va. Spicer, W. E. ." Bushnell, 111, Springer, Frank K Springfield, 111. Springer, John G Springfield, 111. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 441 Stuckey, Chas. J Mechanicsburg, Ohio Tarbell, C. P South Koyalton, Vt. Telfer, W. E. & G. L Paris, Out., Can. Terrell, A. J New Canton, Va. Townsend, Thos. C Springtield, Vt. Tomplvins, F. J Girard, Mich. True, J. M Baraboo, Wis. Turner, J. M Rising Sun, Ind. Twombly, H. McK Madison, N. J. Warren, John Hobart Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Watt, D. B. & R. C Cedarville, Ohio Wells, Frederic E Greenfield, Mass. Wheaton, E. C Marshall, Mich. Whipps, Wm. & Son Carlisle, Ind. Wilcox, C. L Lakefield, Minn. Wilkinson, J. T Chilliwhack, B. C, Can. W^therspoon, Lister Midway, Ky. Wit te, (, id West Salem, 111. Wood, Mrs. W. A ' East Smithtield, Pa. Wood, Walter A Hoosick Falls, N. Y. Breeders of Shropshire Sheep. Abbe, CM Greenfield, Mass. Abbott, John Lapeer, Mich. Abbott, J. J. C. Est Montreal, Can. Abrams, J. E Prospect Lake, Mich. Ackerman, George Melville, N. D. Adams Bros Caledonia, Mich. Adams, Clark E .Burlington, Wis. Adams, E. E Whitehall, N. Y. Alford, Chas Talmadge, Mich. Allen, A. R Albion, N. Y. Allen, Benj New Castle, Ind. Allen, George & Son ; Allerton, 111. Allen, Elwood Miamisburg, O. Allen, Harry Allerton, 111. Allen, James M Bear Lake, Mich. Allen, M. & Son Seward, N. Y. Allen, S. B Burdett, N. Y. Allin, Samuel Bowmanville, Ont., Can. Allin, T. B Iowa City, la. AUis, F. W Madison, Wis. Allison, T. H Kittanning, Pa. Allison, T. J Campbell, 111. Allman, F. \V Berlin, W. Va. Alverson, J. P Carp, Ind. Ames, Cyrus Rockland, O. Ames, Mrs. L. V. S Elsah, 111. Andalusia Dairy Co Salem. O. Anderson, J. A North Cape, Wis. Anderson, James R Forward, Wis. 442 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Anderson, Robert Thornbury, Ont., Can. Andrews, H. L Richland Center, Wis. Andrews, Samuel Ironton, Wis. Andrews, S. F Gratis, O. Andrus, Ernest Mosherville, Mich. Andrus, F. J Harlem, 111. Anthony, Joshua Coleta, 111. Arbog-ast, L. P Doug-lass, 111. Archer Bros Bankers, Mich. Ardsley Park Stock Farm Dobbs Ferry, N. Y. Armer, Fred Ballston Spa, N. Y. Armstrong-, A. A Camargo, 111. Armstrong-, A. & Son Cathcart, Ont., Can. Armstrong-, William Ravenna, Ont., Can. Arnold Bros Alleg-an, Mich. Ash, L. B Kahoka, Mo. Ashby, D. S Red Oak, la. Augenstein, W. D Waldo, O. Au & Norrick Bai'nes, O. Avery, Gardner Forest Grove, Mich. Avery, John Clinton, Ont., Can. Axe, Wm Westchester, Ind Aylor, J. H Gunpowder, Ky. Babcock, B Ionia, Mich. Babcock, F. M Gouverneur, N. Y. Badgley, Jed Westport, S. Dak. Bair, A. J Neptune, O. Bailey, E. A Winthrop Center. Me. Bailey, Levi Ovvatonna, Minn. Bailey, M. M Portland, Me. Bailey, O. J Peoria, 111. Bain, William Taunton, Ont.. Can. Baird, D. S Johnstown, N. Y. Baird, Georg-e, Sr Clinton, Ont., Can. Baker, F. A Detroit, Mich. Baker, L. C • Comstock, N. Y. Baker, O. W. & Son Gilbert Station, la. Baker, Thomas Solina, Ont., Can. Baker, W. J South Montrose, Pa. Baker, W. K. & Son ." Bruce, 111. Baldwin, Herbert Marlette, Mich. Baldwin, L. H Nanticoke, N. Y. Ballachey, Geo., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can. Ballinger, C. H Lexington, Neb. Ballinger, E. F. & Son Upland, O. Ballou, F. S Slatersville, R. I. Baltzell, T. H Decatur, Ind. Banks, John W Warsaw, Ind. Banks, W. A La Porte, Ind. Bannister, A. D Albion, N. Y. Bard, C. H St. Louis, Mich. Barcley, Robert C Cazenovia, N, Y. Barkley, James B Argyle, N. Y. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 443 Barmore, Clark Moore's Mills, N. Y. Barnard, A. & S Smithville, Ont., Can. Barnard, S Ypsilantl, Mich. Barnes, M. C Mexico, Mo. Barnes, A. D Smithville Flats, N. Y. Barnum, A. K St. Paul, Minn. Barr, John Dunsmore, Out., Can. Barter, William Attilla, 111. Bartholomew, H. S. K Goshen, Ind. Bartlett, H. G Oberlin, O. Bartlett, J. H Worthington, Mass. Barton, A. S Boissevain, Man. Barton, J. C Kanona, N. Y. Bassett, D. & Son Dana, 111. Bates, A. A Irwin, O. Baughman, J. C Redfield, S. D. Baum Bros Phoenix, Ariz. Beach, E. E. & Son Green Oak, Mich. Bean, C. M. & W. L McGrawville, N. Y. Beard, R. L Sparta, O. Beardsley, P. A. & Son West Andover, O. Beattie, William H Wilton Grove, Ont., Can. Bebout, J. C Cannonsburgh, Pa. Beck, M. J Gilead, Mich. Bedell, A. J Whittier, la. Beebe, E. E Wolsey, S. D. Behler, John V St. Louis, ;Mich. Behrens, J. C. & Son O'Fallon, 111. Belden, DeWHtt S Benson, Vt. Bell, John Amber, Ont., Can. Bell, J. C Union City, Mich. Benedict, J. A. & Sons East Poultney, Vt. Bennett, F. P Boston, Mass. Bennett, Henry Glanworth, Ont., Can. Bennett, Louis Weston, W^ Va. Bennett, U. P. & Sons Independence. Mo. Bennington, S. & Sons .\ olga City, la. Bennington, T. B Grafton, O. Berry, Jos. H Detroit, Mich. Bertenshaw, T. F Drewersburg, Ind. Best, Chas Milwaukee, WMs. Beits, C. R Stryker, O. Betzner, Geo. D Copetown, Ont., Can. Beverstein, J. E Middlebury, Ind. Bevington, George Springfield, 0. Billings, M. J Sawyer, X. Y. Billings, S. N Stonington, Conn. Billman, Jacob Sullivan. Ind. Billman, S. H Orville. O. Bingham, C. S Vernon. Mich. Bingham, W Vernon, Mich. Bird, George Bedford, Mich. Bird, Rollin Springfield, O. 444 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Birnie, Frank Unadilla, Mich. Birnstill, C. G Lockport, 111. Bishop, Frank Leonard, Mich. Bishop, George A Syracuse, N. Y. Bivens, E. M Crookston, Minn, Bixby, M. H South Haven, Mich. Bixby, T. A South Haven, Mich. Black, J. Edwin Bridgeport, 111. Black, Wm. C Balm, Pa. Blackwood, R Martintown, Ont., Can. Blaine, S. E. & C. H Button, Mich. Blair, Robert Almonte, Ont., Can. Blake Bros Galesburg, Mich. Blank, G. W Uniopolis, O. Bliss, Horace Iosco, Mich. Blodgett, D. M Williamsburg, Mich. Bloodgood Stock Farm New Marlboro, Mass. Bloomer, C. A Sparta, Mich. Blue, E. L Steubenville, O. Blue, V. D Hamler, O. Bogue, B. P Rose Hill, Kan. Boice, J. H Rushville, 111. Bole, James Woodville, Ont., Can. Boles, J. W Auxvasse, Mo. Bopes, C. A Hamlet, 111. Bo wen, Guy S Clarendon, N. Y. Bowen-Jones, J. (Hon. Mem) Shropshire, Eng. Bower, Geo. L Lansingville, N. Y. Bowers, C. H. & H. S Cranberry, O. Bowman, W. R Mount Forest, Ontario, Can. Bowsher, C. F. & C. M Buckland, 0. Boyhton & Gordon Dell Rapids, S. D. Boynton, W. J Rochester, Minn. Brace, B. W Albion, N. Y. Brand, W. D Kirby, Mich. Breck, Geo E., Estate of Paw Paw, Mich. Breck, S. R West Claremont, N. H. Breckon, W. J Appleby, Out., Can. Breedon, M. F Charleston, 111. Brent, VVm Tyrone, Ont., Can. Bresee, Albert & Son Hubbardton, Vt. Brewer, E. B Marion, O. Brill, J. H Pittsboro, Ind. Brims, James Athelstan, Que., Can. Brock, A. H Bath, O, Brondige Bros Holly, Mich. Brooks, L. L Creston, la. Broughton, Arthur Albany, Wis. Broughton, D. & Son Franklin, Mich. Brown, Alfred Picton, Ont., Can. Brown, Will S Elbridge, N. Y, Brown Bros Springville, Ont., Can. Brown, Edward S Scottsville, N. Y. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 445 Brown. H. F Minneapolis, Minn. Brown, \Vm. F. S Portland, Me. Brownlee, Hugh A Shawville, Que., Can. Brubaker, Geo West Millgrove, O. Bruce & Kerr Roseniount, Minn. Bruce, William McLennan, Ont., Can. Buchanan, B. B Brownsburg, Va. Buchanan, J. A Ingersoll, Ont., Can. Buchecker, O. D Mason City, la. Buckley, T. B Valley Falls, N. Y. Buechley, E. M Greenville, O. Bullard, A. B Wayland, Mass. Bullers, Chas Kirkman, Pa. Bunnell, J Lansingville, N. Y. Burch, F. E Milf ord, Mich. Burdick, G. W Wirt Center, N. Y. Burkhart, O. C Chelsea, Mich. Burnap, M. O Sumner, O. Burner & Walton Woodstock, Va. Burnett, H. L Sandy Lake, Pa. Burnett, Leonard Greenbank, Ont., Can. Burr, Geo North Hector, N. Y. Burruss, H. D Daum, HI. Bush, W. T Woodburn, Ont., Can. Buskin, John Wodehouse, Ont., Can. Butler, E. S Ridgeway, O. Butler, F. J Eckford, Mich. Butrick, J. S Tipton, Mich. Button, G. W Flushing, Mich. Buttrick, C. A New York, N. Y. Buzzard & Christophel Goshen, Ind. Cable, H. C Sandyville, O. Calder, Charles Brooklyn, Ont., Can. Calkins, D. M Perry, N. Y. Camp, J. F La Porte City, la. Camp, L. & H La Porte City, la. Camp, M. S Greens Landing, Pa. Campbell, E. G Keisters, Pa. Campbell, John, Jr Woodville, Ont., Can. Campbell, P. A Aberfeldy, Ont., Can. Campbell, R Hillsdale, Mich. Campbell, R. H Mt. Carroll, HI. Carbee Bros Springville, la. Carman, M Mecosta, Mich. Carnegie, J. H Coboconk, Ont., Can. Carpenter & Anderson Watseka, 111. Carpenter, E. G Hortonville, Wis. Carper, B. F Rosemond, 111. Carr, A. N Ljona, Pa. Carr, Chas. A Cass City, Mich. Carr, E. K Jonesville, Mich. Carr, Guy Compton, Que., Can. Carr, Guy B Glenwood, Ind. 446 BKEEDERS OF SHKOPSHIRE SHEEP. Carr, J. H Unionville, la. Carr, J. S Durham, N. C. Carring-ton, Eli Bath, N. Y. Gary, Jesse Marshall, Mich. Casgrain, Eug-ene L'Islet, Que., Cau. Cass, Harry Buffalo Hart, 111. Cass, J. D Beloit, Wis. Cassada, F. D Elmira, N. Y. Cassatt, A.J Berwyn, Pa. Casson, M. & J. C Presho, N. Y. Caswell, C. C Eby, Ind. Cather, John B Flemington, W. Va. Chaddock & Parker Pewamo, Mich. Chad wick, W. W Monroe, Wis. Chaffee, H. W Brecksville, O. Chambers, Ers. & Bro Mansfield, O. Chamberlain, L. V Waterloo, la. Chaming-, Wm Forrest, 111. Champlin, J. P Ruth, N. Y. Chapek, Frank Wauzeka, Wis. Chapin, Chas. A Nlles, Mich. Chapman, Chas. W Stoning-ton, Conn. Chapman, D. L. & A. B South Rockwood, Mich. Charlton, Joseph Ilderton, Out., Can. Chipman, Chas. B Moorefield, Neb. Childs, H. H Rockford, Mich. Childs, M. F Okasis, Minn. Chisholm, Horace Paris, Ont., Can. Christley, W. G Balm, Pa. Christner, C. N Haysville, Ont., Can. Church, B. A "..St. Louis, Mich. Clapham, W. H. & Co Attica, Ind. Clark, B Hibbetts, O. Clark, James Eckford, Mich. Clark, Wm Kunkle, O. Clark, W. P Chatham. N. Y. Clark. W. T Monroe City, Mo. Clarke, J. C Church, ' Mich. Cleveland, Chas Gresham, Oreg-on. Cleveland, J. M Union, Mich. Clifford & Gillett Welling-ton, O. Cloug-h, H. H Elyria, O. Cloug-h, John, Jr Carrollton, 111. Cloyd, Richey Conroe, Ind. Cobledick, d". Clandeboye, Out., Can. Cochrane, M. H Hillhurst, Que., Can. Coddington, A. P Tecumseh, Mich. Coe, B. W Centre Harbor, N. H. Coe & Sawyer Ypsilanti, Mich. Coe, R. E Kirkville, N. Y. Coe, W. P Gerrardstown, W. Va. Coffland, J. E Richland Centre, Wis. Coffland, J. S East Richland, O. BEEEDBRS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 447 Cole, A. H Savona, N. Y. Cole, Ogden Addison, Mich. Cole, Oscar Aurora, III. Cole, T. J. T Tyrone, Ont., Can. Cole, W. B Blooniingdale, 0. Colegrove, J. N Corry , Pa, Colegrove, Robt Prattsburg, N. Y. Colgate, J. C Bennington, Vt. Collacutt, R. & Sons Tyrone, Ont., Can. CoUard, Chas & Sons Edmund, Wis. Collett, M. VV Metea, Ind. Collin, F. M Benton Centre, N. Y. Collins, A. M Shushan, N. Y. Collins, George Oswego, 111. Colorado Agricultural College Ft. Collins, Col. Colton, J. E Taopi, S. D. Combs, H. L South Whitley, Ind. Comrey, Andrew Mahanoy City, Pa. Comstock, J. L West Richfield, O. Comstock, W. G Chuckery, N. Y. Conley, G. B Marshall, Mich. Conley, R Marshall Mich. Conquest, T. J Farwell, Mich. Constable, W Cooperstown, N. Y. Con worth, John Paris, Ont., Can. Cook, A. P. Co., L'td Brooklyn, Mich. Cook, Arden L Corinth, Ont., Can. Cook, Jos. S Eardley, Mich. Cooke, Z. M Gaithersburg, Md. Coolley, C. H Attica, la, Coolley, M. S Attica, la. Cooper, Edward Adrian, Mich Cooper, James Kippen, Ont., Can. Cooper, Jos. & Sons Perry Center, N. Y, Cooper, William Alameda, N. W. T. Cooper & Watkins Kankakee, 111. Copeland, W. E Teeswater, Ont., Can, Corbitt, J Ionia, Mich. Cornell University lihaea, N. Y. Cornell, Willis Baldwinsville, N. Y. Cornman, Theo Carlisle, Pa. Cornue, W. D Alden, 111. Cotterell, F.J Dover, Minn. Coulson, J. K New Lebanon, Ind. Cornell, Wm Lindsay, Ontario, Can. Courter, P. T Delaware, O. Courter, W. F Allendale, 111. Covert, H. B Lodi, N. Y. Cowan, William Port Union, Ont., Can. Cox, A. B Cherry Valley, N. Y. Cox. John W Xew Wilmington, Pa. Crabbe, J. W Clunette. Ind. Craft, W. K Grass Lake, Mich. 448 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Craig-, Jas Canaserag-a, N. Y^ Craig, Prof. J. A Rice Lake, Wis. Crary, A. T. & G. E Lamoille, la. Craven & Stanim Fredericktown, O. Crawford, J., Jr Brantford, Ont., Can. Crews, M. F Areola, 111. Crisp, Walter Dell Rapids, S. D. Crocker, S. D Columbia Station, O. Cronk, Frank W Tulare, S. Dak. Cronin, William Mt. Sterling, 111. Crosby, J. S Greenville, Mich. Cross, E. E Sharon, N. Y. Grossman H. D Sennett, N. Y. Crouch, W. P Corry, Pa. Crowgey, Henry J Wytheville, Va. Croxall, J Brooklin, Ont., Can. Cullinan, M. F Dillon, 111. Cummings, Arthur Cuylerville, N. Y. Curl, F. M Cardington, O. Curtis, O. F Marshall, Mich. Cusick, B Marion, O. Cuthbert, A. S North Argyle, N. Y. Cuthbert, Jos White Lake, Mich. Cuthbert, W. S Hammond, N. Y. Dale, V. & Son Oakwood, Ont., Can. Dancer, E. H Lamoni, la. Danford, A. C Lloydsville, O. Dart Bros Concord, Mich, Dashner, G. E Fisherville, Ontario, Canada. Dates. W. M Heddens, N. Y. Davidson, J. N. & Son Whitesville, Ind. Davies, Robt Toronto, Ont., Can. Davis, A. M Howell, Mich. Davis, Bruce St. Thomas, Out., Can. Davis, M. G Viroqna, Wis. Davis, M. H Dodge Center, Minn. Davis & Moon Medina. N. Y. Davis, Z Delaware, O. Davison, G. Howard Millbrook, N. Y. Davisson, William Mechanicsburg, O. Dawe, Ernest .- Sioux City, Iowa. Dawson, Jas. F Odessa, Ont., Can. Dawson, Nichol Ballieboro, Ont., Can. Day Sidney Oneida, lU. Day, VV. A Blakesburg, la. Dayton, W. H Cleveland, O. Dean & Pulling Parma, Mich. Dean, W. J. G Hanover, Mich. DeArmann, S. S Franklin, Pa. DeCew, Thos. H Chicago, IlL DeLander, R. S. & Co Broad Run, Md. Den Blyker, John Kalamazoo, Mich. Denny, George M Harvey sburg, O. BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 449 DeKight, S. H Sodus, X. Y. DeWitt, G. & Son Eaton Kapids, Mich. Dickey, Mrs. A. C. Marshall, Mich. Dickin, John Milton West, Ont., Can. Dickson, John E Corvvhin, Ont., Can. Dickson, John T Goderich, Ont., Can. Diehl, John V Varna, Ont., Can. Dietrich, Chas. F Millbrook, N. Y. Dinehart, C. E Slay ton, Minn. Dobbins, D. I Ipava, ill. Dodds, John H Lapeer, Mich. Dolph, A. W Teegarden, Ind. Donald, James Canton, Minn. Donald, T. H Redwood, N. Y. Donaldson, Joseph Pleasant Retreat, Mo. Donaldson, Wm South Zorra, Ont., Can. Dore, W. O Trout Creek, Ont., Can. Dorsey, A. & Son Perry, 111. Douglas, John Streetsville, Ontario, Can. Douglass, S. H Pontiac, Mich. Downing, A. S I'almyra, N. Y. Downs, R. S Chillicothe, O. Drake, Earle Madelia, Minn. Dryden, Hon. John Toronto, Can. Duflfy, E. J Binbrook, Ont., Can. Duguid & Green Highmore, S. D. Duncan, Marshall Brantford, Ont., Can. Dunham & Bechtol Iberia, O. Dunham, L. S Concord, Mich Dunkin, Andrew Varna, Ont., Can. Dunkin, John Bridgeport, W. Va. Dunkin, John Thorndale, Ont., Can. Dunlap, H. M Savoy, 111. Dunn, G. H Auburn, Ind. Duryea, A Rochester, Minn. Dutton, CO Plainfield, Mich. Dwells, Franklin Grass Lake, Mich. Dyer, D. D Columbus, Ont., Can. Dysart, S. A Lancaster, Me. Easton, Andrew, Est Bright, Ont., Can. Easton, R. & W Paris, Ont., Can. Easton, Robt. & Son Ayr, Ont., Can. Eaton, H Rawhide Buttes, AVyo. Eaton, J. H Plainfield, Vt. Eaton, W. E South Solon, Me. Echols, J.J Lewisburg, \V. Va. Edgerton, J. J. & Son Nassau, la. Ed'sall. J. P. Pine City, N. Y. Edson. A. W Austin, Minn. Edwards, A. W Caistorville, Ont., Can. Edwards, W. C Rockland, Ont., Can. Egbert, R Sandy Lake, Pa. Egbert, T. E Hammond, Wis. 450 BFvEEDEHS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP Elder, Jas Virden, Manitoba. Elderkin, G. D Oak Park, 111. Eldred, A. H Albany, Wis. Ellett, E. J Berlin Center, O. Elliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont., Can. Elliott, Andrew Oalt, Ont., Can. Elliott, Chas. & Son Bladensburg-, O. Elliott, Edwin Morning- Sun, O. Elliott, W. B. & Son Clarksville, Mo. Elwell, Fred Zumbrota, Minn. Ely, E. P. & Son Niles, Mich. Emerson, C. W North Clarendon, Vt. Emmert, E Nappanee, Ind. Emmons, M Dowagiac, Mich. Empey, D. 1 Mt. Elgin, Ont.. Can. Emrich, VV. S Casey, 111. England, 0.0 Templeton, S. D. Ensign, H. >» Claridon, O. Ennis, A. A Danielson, Conn. Errington, F (llanworth, Ont., Can. Everett, George P Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Can. Evans, D. W Venedocia, O. Evans, J. H Ripley, 0. Evans, Nathan Bolivar, O. Evarts, Oman ^Manning, N. Y. Ewing, Wm Paisley, Ont., Can. Falter, J. B Carrothers, O. Fargey, Peter LaRiviere, Manitoba. Earquhar, I. J Winchester, Ind. Farquhar, W. T Trenton, Ind. Farrand, P. & Son Colon, Mich. Farris, A. R Mechanics Falls, Me. Eaulkner, Chas. VV Pontiac, Mich. Eeltham, H Thessalon, Ont., Can, Eerguson, U Charlottestown, P. E. I. Ferguson & Killifer Paw Paw, Mich. Fields, C. A Cedar Falls, la. Fiegchen, J. G Clarksburg, Ont., Can. Fifield, Eugene Bay City, Mich. Filer, E. G Filer City, Mich. Firestone, D. S Columbiana, O. Firkins, A. J = Ord, Neb. Fish, E. C Reedsburg, Wis. Fisher, Arthur Chatham, Ont., Can. Fisher, R. D Sharpsburg. Md. Fisk, F. A Coldwater, Mich. Fisk, J. W Charleston, N. H. Fitch, Valentine Oriel, Out., Can. Flannagain, W. H Candor, N. Y. Floweree Sheep and Horse Co Sun River, Mont. Foote, Dr. F. M Marshall, Mich. Foley, Daniel Mt. Salem, Mich. Ford, F. W Hickory Corners, Mich. BKEEDE'KS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. 431 Ford & Stratton Hickory Corners, Mich Forester, Edward (iormley, Ont., Can. Forgey, H. C VVliitesville, Ind. Fort, D. 1... Viclisburg-, Mich. Fosdick, W. B Pontiac, Mich. Foster, A. H Allegan, Mich. Foster, J. E. & Son Prairie Home, 111. Foust, F. H Columbia, City, Ind. Fowler, H. A Heart Prairie, Wis. Fowler, John Warsaw, O. Fox, A. O Oi'egon, Wis. Fox, J. A Raymilton, Pa. Fox, Philip Madison, Wis. Francis, H. K Mendon, 111. Frank, Ed. S Clayton, 111. Erase, Orrin Doylestown, O. Eraser, Robt Bradford, Ont., Can. Eraser, Thomas Brucefield, Ont., Can. Eraser, William Wilton Grove, Ont., Can. Frazee, C. & W Green Valley, 111. Frazier, W. C Atlantic, la. Frederick, B. J Cold water, Mich. French, M. J Wenona, 111. Fritchman, W. O Muscatine, la. Fry, J. O LaHarpe, 111. Fuller, J. B BuflPalo, N. Y. Fulton, J. H Nashville, Tenn. Funk, J. S Singer's Glen, Va. Furry, Wm. & Son New Palestine, Ind. Gabrilson, C. L New Hampton, la. Gage, H. D Flint, Mich. Gage, W. J Flint, Mich. Gamber, L. D Fayette, O. Gammon, G. W Forest, Ont., Can. (Janton, D. G Saurin, Ontario, Can. Gardner & Kammerer Broadhead, Wis. Garlock, W. J Owen, Wyo. (iarnett, John Durgan's Creek, Mo. (Jarrett, J. M Fort Garrett, Ky. Garrison, R. E Brockport, N. Y. Gates, F Willimantic. Conn. Gaul, Geo Sumner, O. Gaylor, C. M (Est. of) Big Rapids, Mich. Geary Bros London, Ont., Can. Gentle, W. T Fairview, 111. German, Geo. H Franklin, Mich. Germann, H., Jr Frances, O. Germania Company Germania, Wis. Gesler, Rudolph Wapakoneta, O. Getty, S. W Chambersville, Pa. Gibson, Richard Delaware, Ont., Can. Gibson, Robert Momence, 111. (iifEord, Albert Valley Falls, N. Y. 452 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Gilford, Geo South Easton, X. Y. Giles & Son Apalachian. N. Y. Gilkeson, M. F Folly Mills, Va. Gillet, S. B Carey, O. Gilliam & Hover Warsaw, Ind. Gillingham, Thos. & Son Gillingham, Wis. Gillogly, A. J Palermo, 111. Ginter, Lewis Richmond, Va. Glide, J. H., Jr Sacremento, Cal. Glover, J. E Hudson, Wis. Godeffroy, A. E Godeffroy, N. Y. Goldsberry, J. A Bloomingdale. Ind. Goldsmith. O. C Lafayette, Ind. Gonyeau, F. F West Milton, Vt. Good, I. R Svrac'use, Ind. Goodrich, F. W Farmingdale, S. D. Gore Bros Clayton, III. Gordon, Luther , Brockport, N. Y. Goudey, S. P Yarmouth. Nova Scotia. Gould, I. J Uxbridge, Ontario, Can. Goundry, John Naples, N. Y. Gourley, J. F Maple Creek, N. W. T. Graham Bros Fenimore, Wis. Graham, F. A Maumce, O. Graham & Williamson West Milgrove, O. Grant, C. B Detroit, Mich. Gray, E. F Republic, O. Grey, S. & Sons Albia, la. Grey, Wm Albia. la. Green, A. E Orchard Lake, Mich. Green, Fred Ashkum, 111. Green, Wm Orange C. H., Va. Greenshields, J.N Montreal, Can. Gregory, D. F Dowagiac, Mich. Gridley, C. F West Candor, N. Y. Griffin, D. C Ypsilanti, Mich. Griffin, F. E Oberlin, O. Griscom, C. A Haverford College, Pa. Grosvenor, A. M Sand Lake, Mich. Groves & Heighway Concord, Mich. Grove, W. F '. Bolivar, O. Gurney, C. W Paris, Ont., Can. Guthrie, E. L Paris, 111. Hager, A Plantagenet Mills, Ont. Can. Hager, A. J Vermont ville, Mich. Haight Bros Addison, Mich. Haines, J. N. & Sons Avilla, Ind. Hale, H. H Haverhill, Mass. Hales, T. F Mt. Sterling, la. Hall, Arthur N Ionia, Mich. Hall, C. R East Dixfield, Me. Hall, D. F Kilwinning, Mo. Hall, F. S Lewiston, N. Y. BREEDERS OP SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 453 Hall, H. H..: Fredonia, N. Y. Hall, Thomas B Sacremento, Cal. Hallenbeck, D. H Seward, N. Y. Hamlin, Chester P Temple, Me. Hamilton, H. A. S Staunton, Va. Hammond, G. H., Jr Detroit, Mich. Hamrich, J. R. M Clreencastle, Ind. Hankins, Albert Hurlburt, Ind. Hanley, J. C Read, Ont.. Can. Hanmer, D. G. & Sons Mt. Vernon, Ont., Can. Hanna, S. A Unionvale, O. Hanson, Wm. H Luana, Iowa. Harbin, W. A Pleasantville, Ind. Harding-, F. R. & Son Buchanan, Mich. Harding-, L. T Laporte, Ind. Harding-, O. G Buchanan, Mich. Harkness, E. D Springtield, Pa. Harmon, G. B Brockport, N. Y. Harrington, Clark S Willow Lakes, S. Dakota. Harring-ton, F. O York Center, la. Harris, B. F West Liberty, O. Harris, J. L Eckford. Mich. Harris, L. B Lyndonville, Vt. Harrison, John Owen Sound, Ont., Can. Harrison, M. H Belgrave, Ont., Can. Harrod, T. H Newton, Miss. Harsh, D. D Minerva, O. Harshman, E. E West Middlesex, Pa. Hartley, L. M Salem, la. Hartshorn, A. E Owosso, Mich. Hartshorn, B, I Brockport, N. Y. Harvey, J. N. & Sons Kendallville, Ind. Haskins, C. A Lansing-ville, N. Y. Hatch, F. W '. English Prairie, 111. Hathaway & Shaw Bloomfield, la. Hatherly, Edwin Lapeer, Mich. Haverstoek, S. G Butler, Ind. Haviland, H. G Glen Falls. N. Y. Hawkins, J. W Rollin, Mich. Hawkshaw% W. S Glanworth. Ont.. Can. Hawley, E. F Pittsford, N. Y. Hawley, H. H Vernon. Mich. Hawley, J. B Coldwater, Mich. Hawthorne, C. L Maynard, Ohio. Hay & Baton New Lowell, Ont., Can. Hayden, E. C Wyoming, N. Y Hayes, Enos Cleves, O. Hajnes, C. A Trenton, Mo. Hays, J. L. & Son Mannington, W. Va. Healey, W. W South Danville. N. Y. Heaton Bros Fort Wayne, Ind. Heinbaugh, C. W Three Rivers, Mich. Helser, Eli Warsaw, Ind. 454 BEEEDEES OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP. Hemphill, R. W Ypsilanti. Mich. Henders, Wesley & Bro Hamilton, Ont. Henderson, L'has MarshvilJe, Ontario, Canada. Henderson, J. H Elder's Ridge, Pa. Henderson, W. A & Son Waseca, Minn. Henn, John H Redmon, 111. Henry, N. C Geauga Lake, O. Henry, Eichard & Son North Benton, O. Herman, Wm Cleveland, N. Y. Hewitt, Wm New Albany', Pa. Hickox, W. C Wyoming, Wis. Hicks, J. D Altoona. Pa. Hiester, Henry Pennville, Ind. Higgins, J. T New Maysville, Ind. Hill, B. F Blooming-dale, Ind. Hill, Ed. S Peruville, Ind. Hill, Sam. H. & Son Gregg, Texas. Hill, W. E. & A. S Kalamazoo, Mich. Hills, C. & Son Delaware, O. Hilligoss, J. B Florida, Ind. Hilton, Bert Anson, Me. Hilton, James New Scotland, N. Y. Hilton, Joseph New Scotland, N. Y. Himrod, Elmer Burdett, N. Y, Hindman, James Franklin, Pa. Hindmarsh, George Ailsa Craig, Ont., Can. Hinds, H. H Stanton, Mich. Hinkley, C. L Alexandria, S. D. Hitch, H. G West Liberty, 111. Hitchcock, Don K Brimfield, Ind. Hitchcock, John Pecatonica, 111. Hodgens, T. D London, Ont., Can. Hogue, John Cadwallader, O. Holbrook, C. H Portland, Me. Holcomb, A. J Charlotte, Mich. Holmes, H. A Austin, Minn. Holmes, Milton Charleston, N. Y. Holmes, Robert, Jr Castile. N. Y. Hood, C. E. M Gallatin, Mo. Horn, B. H Tiffin, O. Horn, O. D Garland, Pa. Hosford, C. F Mexico, N. Y. Hough, Jas. M Clear Lake, S. D. Howard, O. N Woodstock, O. Howard, W. F Milford Center, 0. Howe, E. E Howell, Mich. Howell, W. S Thornyhurst, Ont., Can. Howick, D. S Celina, O. Hoy t, G. L Lafayette, N. Y. Hubbard, H. W Corydon, la. Huflf, O. A Kent, N. Y. Buffer, G. C Broad Run, Md. Buffer, J. M Broad Eun, Md.. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 455 Hug-hes, F. J East Claridon, O. Hughes, 1. F East Claridon, 0. Hulit, A. B Huron, S. D, Humm, J. S Haysville, O. Humphrey, J. V Mercer, Pa. Huner, H Ridgeville Corners, O. Hunter, George Elgin, 111. Hunter, James Alma, Ont., Can. Huntington, H. C Belvidere, 111. Huntley, C. S Elrov, Wis. Huntley, L. B Marlow, X. H. Huntsman, S. F Cairo, Mo. Hurst, Frank Libertyville, la. Hurst, J. T Wyandotte, Mich. Huston, J. E New Lisbon, O. Hutchins, Wm. H Freemont, Ind. Hutchinson, Charles White Pigeon, Mich. Hutson, Andrew Sparta, W^is. Ingersoll, A. A Lockport, 111. Ingersoll, B. F Lockport, 111. Ingersoll, Geo Fonda, X. Y. Innes, Alexander Clinton, Ont., Can. Ireton, W. H Crosstown, O. Irving, C. H New Market, Ont., Can. Jackson, Wm Hopkins Station, Mich. Jacobs, John Leon, Wis. Jennings, G. P Allegan, Mich. Jennings, Hudson Brantford. Ontario. Can. Jerue, S Sodus, Mich. Johnson, C. H Busti, N. Y. Johnson, E. E Compton, III, Johnson, H. H Keynoldsville, N. Y. Johnson, J. H North Pelham, Ont., Can. Johnson, J. W^ Flowerfield, Mich. Johnson, L. G Flowerheld, Mich. Johnston, W. Evans Ravenna, Ont., Caa Jones, Aaron, Jr South Bend. Ind. Jones Bros. & Co Radnor, O. Jones, C. E Carysbrook. Va. Jones, D. D Alexandria, O. Jones, E. O Radnor, O. Jones, F. W Dowagiac. Mich. Jones, J. L Leon, Wis. Jones, P. D Mt. Morris, N. Y. Jones, J. F. & Son West Salem. Wis. Jones. Samuel Flushing, Mich. Jones, W. L \'andalia. Mich. Jones & Miller Casey, 111. Jepson, John P (iranada, Minn. Jordan, Rufus Plymouth, Ind. Jordan, W. H Des Moines. la. Joy. Fred. Est. of Birmingham. Mich. Junkman, H. O Ellsworth, Wis. 456 BEEEDEKS OF SHEOPSHIRE SHEEP. Kane, Alfred Goshen, Ind. Kantner, Benj Wapakoneta, O. Kates, Elmer Goblesville, Ind. Keenan, J Le Roy, 111. Keith & Bishop Millington, Mich. Keller, P. A Seymour, Iowa". Kelley, D. S Berlin, W. Va. Kelley, E. M Manning, la. Kelley, Merchant \Yoodstock, Mich. Kelly, R. D Ypsilanti, Mich. Kelly, Eli & Son Fairfield, la. Kelly, J. B Loda, 111. Kelly, Sherman Reynoldsville, N. Y. Kellogg, F. E Rich Hill, Mo. Kelso, W. C Hallock, Minn. Kemp Bros Greenville, Mich. Kempley, J. H. & C. H Packwaukee, Wis. Kendrick, J. K Denver, Col. Kennedy-, J. E Caledonia, Mich. Kennedy, Stiles St. Louis, Mich. Kennedy, W. W Martinsville, Ind. Kent, A. M Jamestown, N. Y". Kent, E. E Chagrin Falls, 0. Kerr, \Vm. Holme St. George, Ont.; Can. Kerr, John Brantford, Ont., Can. Kesling, Perry Pipe Creek, Ind. Ketcheson, D. H Menie, Ont., Can. Keyes, C. B Richland Centre, Wis. Keyes H. W North Haverhill, N. H. Kibler, Robt Rose Hill, 111. Kilmer & Meyers Waukarusa, Ind. Kimball, F. J Philadelphia, Pa. Kimmell, Orlando Kimmell, Ind. Kincaid, A. D Farmer City, 111. King, C. C Puckersbrush, Ind. King, Chas. L Grat, Neb. King, E. D Burlington, Kan. King, Geo. B Parma, Mich. King, T. H Trumansburgh, N. Y. Kingsbury- & Nelson ' Cassopolis, Mich. Kingman, R. T Hillsboro, N. D. Kinner, J. M Elberon, la. Kinny, C. H Leesburg, Ind. Kinsell, Z. T Mt. Ayr. la. Kipp, E. A Chilliwack, B. C. Kirkpatrick, E. S. & Son Wellsville, Kan. Kirkpatrick & Son Hoge, Kan. Kitchen, John & Co Delhi, Ontario, Canada. Kleckner, H. S Tyrone, Wis. Klingler, Henry Lebanon, Ind. Klein, Albert St. Killan, Wis. Klock, D. M East Hamlin, N. Y. Klose,' George Colon, Mich, BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 457 Kneeland, Barney St. Johns. ]Mich. Knox, J. K .' Palmer, Mass. Koog-le, O Ohio City, O. Koons, Dr. P. A Mechanicsburg, Pa. Krass, J.J Fremont, O. Kregle Bros Monona, la. Kreis, Dan Cardington, O. Kuder, C. C Tontogany, O. Knudtson, H. H St. Ansgar, Iowa. Laborn, J. C Mumford, N. Y. Lackawanna Breeders' Association Waverly, Pa. Ladd, J. M Victor, N. Y. ■Ladew, E. R Glen Cove, L. I. LaGrange, C. C Slingerland, N. Y. Lamb, T. R Carlos City, Ind. Lambkin, F. E. & C Lowell, Mich. I>ampman, J. C Hastings, Mich. Lander, John Taunton, Ont., Can. Landman, Paul Scotland. S. D. Lanehart, Albert Butler, O. Lantz, J. F Altoona, Pa. Laraway, H Emery, Mich. Larrabee, Chas., Jr Windham, Conn. Lasher, G. V. & Sons Rutland, O. Late, W. H Bridgeport, W. Va. Latham, F, H Corwith, la. Lathrop, G. W Oxford Junction, la. Latson, E. E Howell, Mich. Latta. Prof. W. C West LaFayette. Ind. Law, T. A Astor, W. Va. Lawrence, Chas Collingwood, Ont., Can. Law^rence, Chas Danville, Wis. Lawrence, H. H Columbia City, Ind. Lawrence, Jas Groton, Mass. Lawrence & Crosby Harrington, X. Y. Lay, Jacob Wayne, Wis. Laylin, T. C Norwalk, O. Leach, John Burlington, Wis. Lean, John Palmyra, Wis. Leask, James Taunton, Ont., Can. Ledger, Alfred , Burford. Ont., Can. Lee. O. W Painesville, O. Leland, E. E Emery, Mich. Lemen, Clare Hamburg, Mich. Leonard, H. J Beloit, Wis. Leonard, Mrs. S. A Roann. Ind. Leonard, S. F Washington, Minn. Lesh, D. W^ Markle. Ind. Lessiter, John Cole, Mich, Levens, C. W Albert Lea, Minn. Levering, Richmond M LaFayette, Ind. Levering, Mortimer LaFayette, Ind. Lewis, B. R Salem Center, Ind. 458 BEEEDEES OF 9HE0PSHIEE SHEEP. Lewis, W. H Burford, Ont., Can. Lind, Xiels A Rolf e, la. Lindsey, Jos Otsego, Mich. Lindsey, V. S Farmer City, 111. Litherland, J. & Son Allendale, Ind. Littell, J. W. H. & Son Corydon, Ind. Livingston Bros Leonardsburg, 0. Lobdell, E. L Mukwango, Wis. Lobdell, J. M Schuyler Falls, N. Y. Lockhart, W. J ' Belleville, 0. Lockie, Collin J Elmdale, N. Y. Lockwood, A Marshall, Mich. Logan, David Pictou, Novia Scotia. Logan, W. J Mercer, Pa. Lones, J. H Warsaw, Ind. Longmuir, Gavin , Pontiac, Mich. Loomis, George D Tiffin, O. Lord, Mrs. B. B Sinclairville, N. Y. Lord, Jas. E Stonington, Conn. Lottridge, J. M Hamilton, Ont., Can. Lybrand, E. C • Richland Center, Wis. Lyon, F. H Worthington, Minn. Lyon, W. H Davenport, N. Y. Lyons, C. H. & Son Gageville, O. Lytle, N. P. & A. J Angelica, N. Y. MacDermaid, J Kansas City, Mo. (Hon. Mem.) Macdonald, Samuel Port Hood, N. S Mackenzie, J. H Pictou, Nova Scotia. Macmillan, J. A. S Brandon, Manitoba. Macomber & Ballard Keeler's Bay, Vt. Magee, Wm Janetville, Ont., Can. Main, S. C Delaware, O. Major, Wm. & Son Whitevale, Ont., Can. Makyes, E. L Onondaga, N. Y. Maltby, H. F Brighton, Mich. Manley, Patrick Youngstown, O. Mann, D. S Concord, Mich. Mann, S. J. & Son Lindenville, O. Mannan, E. E Quincey, Ind. Mansell, A -. Shrewsbury, Eng. (Hon. Mem.) Markel, Asa LaFayette, Ind. Mars, B. J Gresham, Pa, Marsh, T. A Caywood, N. Y. Marsh, W. C Farmer, N. Y'. Marshall, Alex Cass City, Mich, Marshall, John Cass City, Mich. Marshall, J. W. & Sons Zanesville, 0. Marshall, Eobt Flora, Ont., Can. Martin, N Chicago, 111. Martin, Wm Caledonia, Mich. Mascher, L. F Silverton, Ore. Mason, T. A Joliet, III. [BEEEDERS OF SHEOPSHIEE SHEEP. 459 Mason, Mrs. W. B Marshall, Mich. Mathers, S. & Sons Belleville, N. Y. Matrau, M. W Bainbridge, Mich. Matson Bros Schodack Landing, N. Y. Matteson, O. C Westport, S. D. Mattice, W. F Ridgetown, Ont., Can. Maw, \Vm Brooklin, Ont., Can. Mead, Thos. G ^«. Tecnmseh, Mich. Meadows, A. E JHB Port Hope, Ont., Can. Meaker, M. E & Son Wr Danby, N. Y. Medcraft, T. H .7. Sparta, Ont., Can. Merkling, L. P Kendallville, Ind. Merrill & Fifield Bay City, Mich. Merritt & Roberts South Charleston, O. Meyer, J. H Somonauk, Ills. Michigan Agricultural College Lansing, Mich. Mickle, Z. & Sons Garland, Pa. Miebach, Henrj- Powhattan, Kan. Milham Bros Kalamazoo, Mich. Millard, Jas Knoxville, la. Miller, A. & Son Smithville Flats, N. Y. Millen, F. D Bath, Ont.. Can. Miller, Geo. N Ehinebeck, N. Y. Miller, J. H Huron, S. D. Miller, J. L Caledonia, Mich. Miller, John & Sons Brougham, Ont., Can. Miller, S. R Windsor, Ont., Can. Miller, Willard Anita, la. Miller, W. C South English, la. Miller, W. H Berrien Springs, Mich. Miller, W. J Keene, Ont., Can. Millett, Patrick Fowlerville, Mich. Milloy, D Paris, Ont., Can. Mills, H. A. & Son Wadsworth, 0. Mills, VV. S Creston, la. ^lilton, John Marshall, Mich. Minckler, G. W Oshkosh. Wis. Mitchell, E. B Danvers, 111. Mitchell, G. J Newtonville, Ont., Can. Moe, Chas. I Jackson, Mich. Mohler, David Van Wert. O. Moir, J. J Glendenning, Man. Moody, Edward Humber, Ont., Can. Monier, C. W Sparland, 111. Monkman, E. C Castle Derg. Ont.. Can Monnier, Ed. W Elizabeth, 111. Montague, R. S Caro, Mich. Montgomery, W. R Hillsdale, Mich. Moody, Robt (iuelph, Ont., Can. Moore, H. M New Wilmington, Pa. Moore, I. N Ashmore, 111. Moorewood, A. P Gordonville. Va. Mores, J. H Lansing, Mich. 460 BEEEDBRS OF SHEOPSHI-EE SHEEP. Morey, Thos. P Mountain View, Mo. Morley, I. W. & Son Alleman, Wis. Morgan, J. W Embarrass, Wis. Morgan, W. H Granville, Mo. Morris, J. H. & Son Warrenton, 111. Morris, J. R Chicago Heights, 111. Morrison, J. M Berlin, W. Va. Morrow, A. S Plumville, Pa. Morse, Chas A Vicksburg, Mich. Mottinger, AI. O Plainfield, 111. Mougey, Jacob Wooster, 0. Moutray, J. L Olney, 111. Moyer, D, H , Campden, Ont., Can. Moyer, H. A Syracuse, N. Y. Moyer, J. F Sheakley ville. Pa. Mulkin, M. C Friendship, N. Y. Munif ord, H. W Moscow, Mich. Munro, J. L Covington, Pa. Murdock, J. J Berne, Mich. Murley, John & Son Kendall, 111. Murpny , James Lapeer, Mich. Murrie Bros Russell, 111. Musick, C. E Hughesville, Mo. McBride, A. J Farmer City, 111. McBride, D. & Son Lewellville, O. McCaig, James Collingwood, Ont., Can. McCallum, J. A Martinstown, Ont., Can. McCann, J. M Bridgeport, W. Va. McCannell, Wm. A Washington, Vt. McCarthey, John Adelaide, Ont., Can. McCartney. Thos Longburn, Manitoba. McClelland, J. M Utica, O. McClelland, R. A Yorkville, 111. McCIintick, W. T Chillicothe, O. McClure, S. M Sumner, 111. McClure, T. W Carey, O. McCollum, W. D Auburn, O. McConnell, A. P London, Pa. McCormick, L. H. «fe R, H Chicago and Lake Forest, III. McCoy, Thos -. Plain Grove, Pa. McCrumb, L. A Jamestown, Pa. McCulloch, D Steubenville, O. McCurdy, W. A Warsaw, O. McDougald, A. P Melbourne, Ont., Can. McDowell, F. K Troy, O. McDowell, J. S Troy, O. McDowell, L. C New California, O. McDowell, W. H Bad Axe, Mich. McEachron Bros Argyle, Ont., Can. McEachron, R Williamsburg, la. McEachron, W Williamsburg, la. McEldowney, W. J Chicago Heights, 111. McEwen, Malcomb Clinton, Ont., Can. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 461 McFarlane. James Clinton, Ont., Can. McFee, J. T Lenox, la. McGehee, John Shawneetown, 111. McGinness, W. H Winterset, la. McGregor Bros Epsom, Ont., Can. McHenrv, Lewis Hornellsville, N. Y. Mcllroy,"^ H. T. & Bro Stark, Mo. Melntire, J. W Dayton, Pa. Mcintosh, J. A. & Son Ravenswood, VV. Va. McKee, J. H. & Son Crookston, Minn. McKelvey, J. O. & Bro Vallonia, O. McKelvey, Lowell Bryan, Ohio. McKenzie, James Baxter, la. McKerrow, Geo. M Sussex, Wis. McKillip, Wm JefPersonville, O. McKown, J. W Cannonsburgh, Pa. McLachlan, Luke Sioux Falls, S. D. McLaren, Duncan Dunmore, Ont., Can. McLaug'hlin, Duncan Brussels, Ont., Can. McLaughlin, W. J. & J. A Hornby, N. Y. McLouth, Willis DeWitt, Mich. .McMillan, A Lorneville, Ont., Can. McMillan, G. M Canton, 111. McMillen, B. F Newark, O. McNaull John Ashland, O. McNeal, F. B Alcony, O. McPherson, A. & A Forest, Ont., Can. McQuitty, D. W Hughesville, Mo. McRoberts, J. H Lucan, Ont., Can. McVittie, A Detroit, Mich. Nance, Harry Civil Bend, Mo. Napper, S. T. & Son Scales Mound, 111. Neely, J. xM. & W. W Greenfield, la. Nevins, H. B Perry, N. Y. Newberry, W". J Axtell, O. Newell, John & Sons West Liberty, O. Newton, J. T Hudson, O. Nichol, A. P Granville, O. Nichols, G. M Williamson, N. Y. Nichols, W. C. & Son Cresco, la. Nicholson, E Bracebridge, Ont., Can. Nickleson, J. W. & Son Hackleman, Ind. Nielson, T. B Sinking Creek, Va. Nolin, W. T Milford, 111. Noon, J. C Prairie Home, 111. North Dakota Agricultural College Fargo, N. D. .\orton, C. W Wilton, la. Norton, H. C Byron, N. Y. Norton, John Webster, S. Dak. Norton, S. M Friendship, N. Y. Norton, W. H Springwatei-, N. Y. Norton, W. H Allentown, N. Y. Noyes, A. F Beaver Dam, Wis. 462 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. IXoyes, H. H Pleasantville, Pa. Oakes, S. T Greenville, Pa. Obrecht, John F Mohican, O. O'Connor, Stephen Fayetteville, O. Ogilvie, R. B Madison, Wis. O'Hanlon, T. & Sou Bankers, Mich. O'Harra, C. W Galloway, O. Ohio xVgricultural Experiment Station Wooster, O. Olds, F. S York, Mich. Oles, Hiram Pleasantville, Pa. Oliver, E. P Flint, Mich. O'Neil, J. V Hoytville, Mich. Ontario Agricultural College Guelph, Ont., Can. OrmistoQ, G. W Enfield, Ont., Can. Ormsbv, J. Y Toronto, Ont.. Can. Orr, W. H Harrisville, Pa. Osborne, G. W Concord, Mich. Osborn, W. B Canandaigua, N. Y. Otto, D. G Canton, 111. Oughton, John Crystal City, Manitoba. Overholt, R. B Marshville, Ontario, Can. Overton, John 4th Nashville, Tenn. Owen, A. A. & Bro Bunker Hill, 111. Paddock, P. P Malone, N. Y. Page, A. W Berlin, Wis. Paine, W. H Nunda, N. Y. Paisley, S. W Lacombe, Alta, Can. Palmer, E. C Williston, N. D. Palmer, Jas. B Jewett City, Conn. Paradise, F. P Brookfield, Mo. Pardee, Mrs. J. S Three Oaks, Mich. Parish, D Waupaca, Wis. Parker, J. & M Stanford, Out.. Can. Parker, R. H Kinsman, O. Parker, Ward Reed's Ferry, N. H. Parks, J. W. & Co Bourbon, Ind. Parrish, W. S Canandaigua, N. Y. Parson, \\ . & K Komoka, Out., Can, Patteson, G. W Ash ton, la. Patteson, T. C '. Toronto, Can. Patiton. J. B Trenton, Mo. Patton, T. C. & Son Hanna City, 111. Patton, Thos Copley, O. Paul, Hugh Dundee, Minn. Payne, J. C Prairie-du-Sac, Wis. Payne, J. L. & Son Parshallville, Mich. Peak, Alex & Son Vera, 111. Pearshall, Mary A Easton, Mich. Peavey, Frank, Jr Newton, la. Peckham Bros Woodstock, Wis. Peckham, J. W Gillingham. Wis. P.entz, J. C Rabor, Ind. Perrin, W. A Rochester, N. Y. BREEDERS OF SHKOPSHIEE SHEEr. 46.'] Perry, E. R North Charleston, X. H. I'ersing", H. S. cVr Son Zone, O. Peters, \Vm. H Elmira, N. Y. Pettibone, J. J ^[anchester Centre, Vt. Pettit, W. G Freeman, Ont., Can. Phelps, C. A Newcastle, Ind. Phelps, E. A Dexter, Mich. Phelps, Rufns Dexter, Mich. Phillips, A., Ashdown, Ont., Can. Phillips, Joseph Maidstone, Ont., Can. Phillips & Knickerbocker Flint, Mich. Phillips & Son Snodes, O. I'hillips, W. II Frankford, Ontario, Can. Phin, Jas. P Hespeler, Ont., Can. Phin, John Hespeler, Ont., Can. Pickering-, P Mukwonago, Wis. Pickett, Jos Caledonia, Mich. Pier, W. H Richland Centre, Wis. Pierce, Irving & Sons I'nion City, Mich. Pierce, William '. Brinsley, Ont., Can. Pierson, Hiram Pittsburg-, }klich. Pitman, inarrison Hill Grove, Ind. Pitting-er, H. O Pavonia, O. Pittin-ger, J. A Warsaw, Ind. Pixley, Edward Roverton, Ind. Plant, L Milibank, S. D. Plessinger Bros. & Warvel Beamsville, O. I'lumly, J. L Waubeek, la. I'ollard, Arthur Burford, Ont., Can. I'omery, J. W Troy, Pa. Pond, John P North Clarendon, Vt. Porter, R. C Mt. \'ernon, Ontario, Canada. Porter, J. O Binghamton, N. Y. Porter, W. L Atwater, O. Portuondo, J. F Philadelphia, Pa. Postle, F. L Camp Chase, O. Poulter, C. J Big Mound, la. Powell, H. E Ionia, Mich. Powell, John Wabash, O. Powell, J. L Benton Ridge, O. Pratt, H. C Canandaigua, N. Y. Pray & Beis Bros White House, O. Pray, W. H Alvinston. Ont.. Can. Prestel, John W Sheridan, Mich. Prince. Polk Guthrie, Ky. Pringle. R. H Clay. la. Privett. V Greensburg, Ind. Pugh, Thos. & Son Whitevale, Ont., Can. Purdue University West Lafayette, Tnd. Purington. E. B." Mt. Sterling. Wis. Purinton, L. E Middle Falls. N. Y. Quick. S. R Brooklyn. Ind. Quick, AV. J Brooklyn, Ind. 464 BREEDEES OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. Eaccoon Farm Association Bellowsville, Pa. Eager, Jacob Williams Center, O. Eaikes, George Barrie, Unt., Can. Eailsback, B. T Hopedale, 111. Eamsey, W. O Allendale, 111. Eandall, S. W Morton, N. V. Eankin, L. T Athens, 111. Eankin, Walter Musselshell, Mont. Eausc'h, Henry Madison, Ind. Eay, E. J Springvvater, N. Y. Eaydure, W. S Evansburgh, Pa. Eeed, H. E Uowell, Mich. Eeesor, W. D Markham, Ont., Can. Eeichenbach, C. W Apple Creek, O. Eeid, Mrs. E. J Souris, Manitoba. Eeid, Hector Brucefield, Ont., Can. Eeid, Samuel Varna, Ont., Can, Eeinbolt, Chas Titfiu, (). Eemington, W. A Geneseo, 111. Eendall, John Camperdown, Ont., Can. Eeplogel, O. E LaPorte, Ind. Eeynolds, P. B. & Son Owosso, Mich. Eeynolds, W. H Middle Falls, N. Y. Eice, C. C Chicago, 111. Eice, J . W. & Son Winchester, Va. Eichard, T. F Chubb's Corner, Mich. Eichardson, C. P & Son Clarksville, O. Eichey, E. E Sun Dale. O. Eicker, Clarence Black Creek, N. Y. Eider, T. M & Son Fairfield, la. Eigdon, Frank Wapakoneta, O. Eiggs, C. W Albuquerque. N. M. Einebolt, E. S Overton, Pa. Eingvvalt, William New Castle, O. Eigsby, J. P Blythe, Ont., Can. Eisley, C. M Ut. Carmel, 111. Eoadruck, Wm. A Colburn, Ind. Bobbins, O. B Edwardsburg, Mich. Bobbins, S. VV Wethersfield. Conn. Roberts, D. & Son Faulkton, S. D. Eoberts. Joe New Sharon, Iowa. Eoberts, T. E Detroit, Mich. Eobertson, John Wyoming, Ont., Can. Eobertson, J. A Eochester, Minn. Eobinson, H. L Edinburgh, Pa. Eobinson, H. N Ithaca, Mich. Eobinson, J. W St. Mary's, Ont., Can. Eobinson, Thos Kintore, Ont., Can. Eockwell. W. H Ulster, Pa. Eodgers, A. H Hammond, N. Y'. Eodgers, D. H Eose Point, Pa. Eogers, Smith Lennon, Mich. Eohm, H. C Waterloo, Ind. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 465 Kolason. H Howell, Mich. Roller, A.J Elgin, O. Rook, W Marshall, Mich. Itooke, E. M Ypsilanti, Mich. Hose, Morgan E Mansfield, Pa. Ivoss, John & Son Bucyrus, O. House, Eugene Cohocton, N. Y. Koush, G. L Springfield, O. Kowat, J. A. & M Hillsdale, Ont., Can. Iiowe, C. H Orillia, Ont., Can. Howe, John Brent Creek, Mich. Howe, J. H Flushing, Mich. Howell & Thorpe East Albany, Vt. Rowland, J. W Delaware, 0. Rowland, L Warren, Pa. Hovvntree, J. C Rochester, Wis. Hudd, Carl E Sheldon, N. D. Hudell, A Hespeler, Ont., Can. Rudy, Will Conlogue, 111. Huland, Acker Lockport, 111. Kumbaugh, G. F Fredericksburg, O. Rumbaugh, J. F Holmesville, O. Rumsey, L. D Lewiston, N. Y. Rundel, H. J Pontiac, Mich. Rundel, J. F. & Son Birmingham, Mich. Rupert Bros Mercer, Pa. Rush, A. S West Middleton. Pa. Rush, Elwood Shaw, Kan. Russell, Dwight Napoleon, Mich. Russell, E. T. Cherry Valley, O. Russell & Grant Markham, Ont., Can. Rutherford, J. & Son. Roseville, Out., Can. Rutherford, W. L. & W Waddington, N. Y. Ryder, Chas. & Son Barnerville, N. Y'. Sabin, E. D Hudson, Mich. Salkeld, John Goderich. Ont., Can. Salter, R. B Colby. Wis. Sanders, D. A Goshen, Ind. Sandy & McGinnis Cloverdale, Ind. Sawyer, A. J Hamburg, Mich. Schantz, W. H Hastings, Mich. Schmit, J. A Greenville, Wis. Schoonover, Tlios Moulton, O. Schreiber, W. C Allendale, Ont., Can. Schuessler, S. & C Iowa City, J;'. Schwark, Clias., Jr Erastus. O. Scott, F. E. & Son Hompo, Mich. .Scott, F. F Ross. O. Scott, Henry Melville Cross, Ont., Can. Scott, J. A Hagerstown, Ind. Scram, Wm. H Omro, Wis. Scudder, II Anson ia, O. Seabury, I. H Gahvay, N. Y. 466 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Seale, John, Jr Hackleman, Ind. Seamans, H Factory ville, Pa. Seamster, J. H Lancaster, Mo. Searcy, S. J. & Sons Patriot, Ind. Searing, James , Pewamo, Mich. Sears, C. A Garden Prairie, 111. Secrist, Willard New Cumberland, Ind. Seeley, R. F Waterloo, N. Y. Sellers, J. M Palestine, Ind. Semple, R. E Shawano, Wis. Sexsmith, F. J Greenfield, Iowa. Shaffer, S Princeton, Pa. Shaner, A. R Saxon, 111. Shaw, Jos Houstonville, Pa. Shaw, Robt Millbrook, Ont., Can. Shaw, Prof. Thus St. Anthony Park, Minn. Shaw, Thos Arden, Pa. Sheets, C. H Maple wood, Ind. Sheets, G. R Cromwell. la. Sheldon, H. O Paw Paw, Mich. Slieldon, Henry O Kalamazoo, Mich. Shelton, V. tI Teegarden, O. Shepherd, R. D New Sheperdstown, W. Va. Sheppard, G. M Clear Lake, S. D. Sherer, Geo Magnolia, O. Sherman, Frank L Bath, N. Y. Sherman, H. E Norwalk, 0. Sherman, O. V Roseoe, 111. Sherman & Roeper Wyoming, N. Y. Sherman, W. D Shushan, N. Y. Sherrill, E. N Lexington, Neb. Sherrill, E. S Detroit, Mich. Shields, Albert Caistorville, Ont., Can. Shirley, Oscar Honlton, Me. Shirreffs, J. R Clarence, Ont., Can. Shook, Silas Youngstown, O. Shore, F. R White Oak. Ont., Can. Showman, J. A Union Station, 0. Shroyer, E. M Millgrove, Ind. Shutt, A. M McDonaldsville, O. Sickler, C. D Malta, N. Y. Sidle, J. C Blachleyville, 0. Silsby, Seth Orangeport, N. Y'. Simon, M. B Bloomdale, O. Simpson, John Xassagaweya, Ont., Can. Sims, H. H Thamesford, Ont., Can. Sinclair, C. E Bvron, Minn. Sisson, W. B Easton. N. Y. Skinner, Horace Maple Rapids, Mich. Skinner, Levi Tyrone, Ont., Can. Skrine, O. P .Vanconver. B. C. Skrine &- Tryon (^renfell, N. W. T. Slater. Amos West Andover, 0. BKEEDEES OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46T Slater, P. F Hinckley, 111. Sloan, D. H Ashland, O. Smalley, J. A Vicksburg, Mich. Smead, C. D Logan, N. Y. Smellie, G. L., Mgv Binscarth, Manitoba. Smith, Albert Eau Clair, Wis. Smith, A. J Decatur, Ind. Smith, Arthur Eau C'laire, Wis. Smith Bros Athens, Mich. Smith Bros Middleburv, Ind. Smith, C. J. & Sons Stubblefield, 111. Smith, Sir D. A St. James, Manitoba. Smith, D. J Kendallville, Ind. Smith, D. S. & F Belleville, Wis. Smith, F. E Marshall, Mich. Smith, F. H Groton, S. D. Smith, F. J Andover, O. Smith, Harvey Sterling, N. D. Smith, H. D Compton, Quebec, Can. Smith, H. F Benson, Vt. Smith, J. A Clarksburg, W. Va. Smith, J. J. & Son West Branch, la. Smith, Jos. I* Saybrook, 111. Smith, Lyman F Keynoldsville, N. Y. Smith N. H \ . .P.araboo, Wis. Smith, Oliver H Brussels, Ont., Can. Smith, R. R Howell, Mich. Smith, Tom Beecher, 111. Smith. W. Frank Monticello, Mo. Smithson, Wm South Monaghan, Ont., Can. Smock, F. H Monroe, Wis. Snell, J. S Marshall, Mich. Snell, William Clinton. Ont., Can. Snoke, J A Delaware, O Snuff, John W Niles, Mich. Snyder, A Centre l*oint, la. Snyder, Jos. B Waterloo, Ont., Can. Snyder, W. G Sandy Lake, Pa. South Dakota Agricultural College Brookings, S, T). South worth, Myron Charlotte, ^Mich. South worth, T.' M Allen, Mich. Spaulding, A. R Lake City, Minn. Spaukiing, O. A Burdett, N. Y. Speedwell Farms Lyndonville Center, Vt. Spencer, H. H., Est of .Brooklin, Ont.. Can. Sprague, E. E. & Sons Yermontville, Mich. Sprague, Sidney Falconer, X. Y. Spratt, E. O Spring .\rbor, Mich. Springside Farm Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Stalker, Dillon Oskaloosa. Ta. Stanley, F. W Boston, Mass. Stanley, J D Horton. Kan. Stannard, J. D Fort Collins, Col. 468 BKEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Staples, K Lifford, Out., Can.. Starin, J. H p-ultonville, N. Y. Stemmons, T. J Avilla, Mo. Steingrabe Brcs Kile, Pa. Stephens, L. E Robinson, 111. Stevens, H. C Greenwich, X. Y. Stewart, F. W Forrest, 111. Stewart, Hiram Lennon, Mich. Stewart. William Wevbridg-e, Ont., Can. Stewart, W. S .' (iolden. III. St. George, Hy, Est. of Quetton, Oakridge, Ont., Can. Stickle, C. H Pinckney, Mich. Stine, E. E Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio. Stoddard, Orrin . Busti, N. Y. Stoddard, O. J. & Son Busti, Tn\ Y. Stokes, E. J Mitchell, la. Stone, J. B. & Son Richmond, 111. Stone, R. M. & Sons Marcellus, N. Y. Storms, J. Y. & Son Lebanon, 1 nd . Storrs, A. A Bogart, O. Stotlemyer, E. D Beaver Creek, .Md. Stowers, Chas. E Wheatland. N. D. Strange, J Arcana. Ind. Stratford, Jos Brantford, Ont., Can. Stratton, W. M Burlington, Wis. Streator, S. R Wolcott, Ind. Street, Wm. & Sons , London, O. Streetor, S. F Painesville, O. Streib, Jacob , Fox Station, Ind. Streib, William Pox Station, ind. Strong, T. D Tecumseh, Mich. Stuart, James Hamlin, N. Y, Sturdy, George O Goderich, Ont., Can. Sturdy, G. W Goderich, Ont., Can. Sturges, W. M Mansfield, O. Stuyvesant, R Allamuchy, N. J. Suliivan, M Welton, la. Summers, A. D Canaan, O. Sutherland, L. W Oxford, Mich. SutlifF, Jesse Cherry Valley, N. Y. Sutton, Chas '. Shortsville, N. Y. Sutton, D. R Ann Arbor, Mich. Swengle & Morrison Neoga, 111. Sutton, N. M Tecumseh, Mich. Sweet, A. L Kirby, Wis. Swartz, P. M Waukesha, Wis. Swickard, J. W New Albany, O. Swindler, II. H New Market, Ind. Swineford, H Richmond, Va. Switzer, H. A Woodham, Out., Can. Taft, Frank Ionia, Mich. Tainter, A Menomonie, Wis. Tait, S. W Montpelier, Ind BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 46^ Talcott. G. B Owego, N. Y. Taleott, J. B Rome, N. Y. Tallcot, G. M Skaneateles, N. Y. Tamblin, A Orono, Ont., Can. Taylor, H. C Koping, Mo. Taylor, Isaac S Grand Ledge, Mich. Taylor, J. W Yountsville, Ind. Taylor, O Earlham, la. Teegarden, C. M Atwood, Ind. Teel, H. G Rushville, III. Telfer, A. & Son Paris, Ont., Can. Telfer, Jas. A St. Paul's Station, Ont., Can. Templeton, J. Y Greenville, Pa. Terry & Steele Byron, N. Y. Thatcher, Jos , Valparaiso, Ind. Thayer, Chas. I Cooperstovvn, N. Y. Thomas, A. P Plymouth, Ind. Thomas, E. H Hornby. N. Y. Thomas, Henry & Son Wabash, Ind. Thomas, M. A. .Eden Mills, Ont., Can. Thomas, Owen & Sons Round Hill, Va. Thompson, J. L Gas City, Ind. Thompson & Trimble Swoope, Va. Thompson, W. O Frankfort, Ind. Thompson, John Blake, Ont., Can. Thorn, VV. G Skaneateles, N. Y. Thornbnrgh, W. H Oilman, Ind. Thorne, Oakleigh . .Millbrook, N. Y. Thorp, Henry Charlotte, Vt. Tibbals, A. U Miamisburg, O. Tilden, S. J West Lebanon, N. Y. Tilghman, C. H Tunis Mills, Md. Timmons, T. A. & Sons , Westtield, 111. Tink, E. & Sons Columbus, Ont., Can. Tobias, Mrs. E. J Lansing, Mich. Todd, S. H Wakeman, O. Tomlinson, A. R Neponset, 111. Townsend, Evan Waupaca, Wis. Tracy, D. Jj Denver, Col. Treat, D. & Son Talmadge, O. Treadway, William Highland Creek, Ont., Can. Trentield, A Darien, Wis. Trushell, A. T Dell Roy, O. Tucker, W. G Elm Valley. N. Y. Tucker, F. M Arkansas Citj% Kan. Turnbull, J. & Son Neponsett, lU. Turner, G. W Yale, la. Turner, H. S Elsah, 111. Turner, J. C Rising Sun, Ind. Turner, James M., Est. of Lansing, Mich. I urner, J. W Shelbyville, Mo. Turner, W. K Shelbyville, Mo. Tuttle, Chas. \ Hornellsville, N. Y. 470 BKE'EDEKS OF SHROPSHIEE SHEEP. Twaniley, H. M. & Son Chelsea, Mich. Tweed & Whiteman Georgetown, O. Tyson & Dickinson Redwood Falls, Minn. Underhill, C. T Knoxville, la. Inderwood, \V. U Easton, Mich. l/re, John, Jr Badger Mills, Wis. I tah Agricultural Experiment^tation Logan, Utah. A'aleiitine Bros Dexter, Mich. A'alentine, C A Miliington, Mich. Van Aken. (i. W Coldwater, Mich. Van Allen, L. L Greenville, Mich. A'an Atten, J. & B Jernsalem, N. Y. A'an-de-Boe, Geo Claverack, N. Y. \andercook, W. C Cherry Valley, 111. Van Duzer, J. F Menlo, Iowa. Van Hees, A. C Allegan, Mich. ^'an Lieu Bennington, Mich. \'an Meter, John Cranberry, O. \'an Raalte Holland, Mich. ^'an Veer, J Qu" Appelle, Assa., Can. Van Vleet & Gulick Lodi, N. Y. Van Wagoner, Jas Kingsiton, Mich. ^'enner & Smith Hartsville, Ind. Vincent, J. I Scott, N. Y. Vinson, J. D Centralia, Mo. Vivian Bros Forest, Ont., Can. Voorhees. G. M Ypsilanti, Mich. Vosburg, E. W Kalamazoo, Mich. Vosburgh. H. P Halsev Valley, N. Y. Wade, F. B Litchfield, Mich. Wadsworth, J. W Geneseo, N. Y. Waggoner, D. C Decatur, Ind. Wagoner. George Fleming-ton, N. J. Wait, Jas. A Otego, N. Y. Waite, H. & Son West Valley, N. Y. Waite, S. H Wellsbridge. N. Y. W^aldo, C. E. & F. D Grand Ledge, Mich. Walker, James & Son Jackson, Mich. \Vall, F. A Weyauwega. Wis. Wallace, R Delaware, O. W^allace, Wm '. Chillicothe. O. Wallace, W. &' .1 Niverville, ^fanitoba. Can. Walter, CM Oakbourne. Pa. ^^'a1ter, J. G McKune, Kan. Walters, Frank Nappanee, Ind. Walton. John Calkinsville. Mich. Walton. R. C Rogers, Ark. Wanneniacher. D North .Tackson. O. Ward, C. Eugene Fort Atkinson, Wis. Ward, Frank D Batavia. N. Y. Ward, "W. C. & E. B Huttonsville. W. Va. Warner. Bert Elysian, Minn. Warner, Frederick Mabbetsville, N. Y. BEEEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 471 Warner. Henry J Clarence, la. Warner, I. D Britigeport, Conn. Warren, W. W Union City, Mich. Warters Bros Allerton, 111. Waters, F. E ; West Liberty, la. Watkins, G. J Bath, X. \ . Watson, A. C Aihia, la. Watson, (jeo. C Caro, .Mieh. Watson, .los. E Marbledale, Conn. VVayland, E. J Swoope. Va. Weaver, E. B Highmore. S. D. Weaver, E. W Sussex, Wis. Weaver, J. F Sussex, Wis. Weaver, J. M Leip.sic, O. Weaver, V. W Schuyler Falls, X. Y Weaver, vV. R. . .^ '. Canton, 111. Webb, Isaac Rushville, Infl. Webb, O. L Teeg-arden, Ind. Webb, Wm. M. & Sons Cananoque. Ont.. Can. Webb, W. R Albany, WMs. Webb, W. S Shelburne. Vt. W' ebber, J. A Portland, Mich. Webber, W. H Lakelet, Ont., Can. Weber Bros Middleville, Mich. W'eigle, Louis Montpelier, O. Weitz. C. H Stockdale, Til. W^lch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha, .Mich. Welch & Remington ■ Davis. Mich. Wells, A. M .- Oak Grove. Mich. WeHs, Jas Yirden. Manitolia. WVlsh, D. J Ionia. Mich. Welsh, James Bubona. Iowa. Wel.'^h & Palmer WMlliston. \. D. Westbrook. CM Eldorado. 111. WVstcott. E Iowa City. Ta. Wetherall. F. S Cookshire. Que.." Can. Wheatley. N. E. & Son Brookfield. Vt. W^iipps, John Carlisle. Ind. Whitbeck. C Craryville. X. V. Whitcher, E. T FaiTnington, Minn. 'White. C. E '.Burton. O. W^hite, C. S Lenoxville. Que., Can. W'hite, W. P .Sheakleyville. Pa. W'hiteside. T. M Innerskip. Ont.. Can. Whitfield, Frank Pontiac. ^fich. Whitford, A. N Kendallville. Ind. Whitford. W\ H Kendallville. Ind. Whitney. G. G Horsehead. X. Y. Whitteker. X. L Canoe Camp. Pa. Whittum. E. .\ Charlotte. Mich. Wiard. M.. Jr Avon, X. Y. W^igginton, .lohn Clinton. Out.. Can. Wilbur, De Witt Ionia. Mich. 472 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Wilcox, A. W. & J. P Bridgport, Vt. Wilcox, B. F East Glenville, N. V. Wilcox, Horace Wooastock, Mich. Wilhoit, R. O Kansas, 111. Wilkinson, H. C Birtle, Manitoba. Willard, J. A Mankato, Minn. Wilcox, R. M , Avery, O. Williams & Bucking-ham Kalamazoo, Mich. Williams & Edwards Knightstown, Ind. Williams, Ed Domestic, Ind. Williams, Henry C Union Grove, Wis. Williams, Isaac North Stonington, Conn. Williams, I. J Muncie, Ind. Williams, Jas & Sons OaKland, O. Williams, M Muncie, Ind. Williams, Mrs. M. E Fayette la. Williams, N. P Muncie, 'ind' Williams, S. A. & Co Mercer Pa. Williams, Wm. B ." "Lapeer, Midi. Williamson, Thos Almira, Ont., Can. Williamson, T. F Middle Falls, N. Y. Willis Bros Gary, S. D. Willits, W. J Three Rivers, Mich. Willows Bros Barney, la. Wilson, D. B Waterbury, Conn. Wilson, E. B Fancy Hill, Va. ^Alison, L. W Solitude, Ind. Wilson, Paul C Menominee, Wis. ^^'Ison, W. F Dover, Minn. ^^ ilson & Tuttle Belding, Mich. Winchester, C. H Elkhart, Ind. Wmdiate, D. E Pontiac. Mich. Wineland, Ed Avoca Ja. Wingate, C. W '[]][ ! Avon, N. Y. Wisler, Samuel Nappanee, Ind. Woien, P. P Deer Creek, la. Wolcott. A. S Concord, Mich. Wolfe, J. N Domestic, Ind. \\ olfley. S. D. & Bro Delaware O Wood, A. D ^ Carroll, Ind. Wood, Howard Conshohocken, Pa. \\ ood S. R Xew Vienna. O. \\ ood, W m Chelsea. Mich. Woodbury, E. D Portland. Mich. Wooden, A. M Mosherville, Mich. Woodford, A. H West Candor, X. Y. Woodman, W. W Avon, Mich. Woodruff, J. B Hornellsville, N. Y. W oods & Newlove BrighHon, Mich. W oodworth, J. A Savre Pa Wood worth, ,7. 1*. & Son ' ... .Geneva O Woodyard. E. A .".'.'. Pa rkersburg. w'. Va! Woodyard, J. F Parkersburg. W. Va. BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 473; VV oodard, W Bloomer. Wis. Work & Collins Bardolph, 111. Workman, S. 1 Kuob Noster, Mo. Wormer, E. F Ciuilderland Center, \. Y. Worrell, A. H Clayton, Ind. Wren Christopher Uxbridge, Ont., Can. Wright, A. W Sandy Lake. Pa. Wright, W. E Glanworth Ont., Can. Wyler, J. E Monnt Hope, O. Wylie, R. D Washington. Pa. Wyman, W. W Sebewa, Mich. VVithycombe, James Hillsboro, Ore. Yantis, B. F Metea, Ind. Yearly, Georg-e Bracebridge, Ont., Can. Yeiser, F. C Avilla, Ind. Yonng-, L. H Mineral Ridg-e, O. Yonng-, R. C Orwell, Vt. Young-, W. P Monnt Pleasant. la. Yuill. Jos Carlton Place, Ont., Can. Zeigler & Weldon Clinton, 111. Zimmerman, J Fayette. O. Breeders of Rampsbire Down Sheep. Anderson, A. A New Bedford, Pa. Armstrong- Bros .Deal. Ind. Allison, J. H Mercer, Pa. Adams, H. E Montgomery, Mich. Andrews, Edward E Nottawa, Mich. Bowditeh, E. F., Est Framing-ham, Mass. Benham, E. M Hopewell Center, N. Y. Bradley, L. C Farmer, N. Y, Bowditeh, N. I Framingham, Mass. Benson, C. J West Groton, N. Y. Beahan, James Watkins, N. Y. Becker, F. L Fenton, Mich. Butler, Wm Eckford, Mich. Bassette, W. A Farmer, N. Y. Brig-g-s, Cassius Vick.sburg-, ;Mich. Burch, Col Chicag-o, 111. Bentley, E. A Wellsville, N. Y. Burdick, Frank. Franklin, N. Y. Baker Bros Lakeville. Mich. Ruche, Chas & Sons T-ake Odessa, Mich. Crawford, E. R.. Est Reading-, Mich. Cline. M. B Riverside, Iowa. Chamberlain, Henry • • .Pontiac. Mieh. Childs. Fred Milford. Mich. Court, J. & Son Marshall. Mich. Clark Bros Austerlitz, ^[ich. Conine, F. B Kanona, X. Y. 474 BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. Corbett, Herman Farmington, Me. Cole, John G Tyrone, N. Y. Chilton, Hon. W. T Campbellsburg, Ky. Cochrane, Jas A Hillhurst Sta (P. Q.) Can. Doolittle, C. 11. & Son Streetsboro, Ohio. Dawson, George S Ronnd Top, Pa. Dennis. Martin Stillwater, X. J. Daneaster, H. J Kenoma, Mo. Davis, C. H Fairdale, 111. Egbert, S. L Sandy Lake, Pa. England, Joseph Four Towns, Mich. Foster, Hiram Deputy, Ind. Frost, C. L Catharme, X. Y. Font, John .) North's Mills, Pa. Frederick, (Jeo. B Lewisburg, Pa. Filley, A. F Fairbury, 111. Fisher, Robt. B Cambridge, N. \. Fisher, W. T Viroqua, Wis. Farnum, F. H Hartland, Me. Flint, J. W Scio, X. Y. Fletcher, W. G Chelsea, Mich. Gordon, Jno. I Mercer, Pa. Ganes, J. VV Reeseville, Wis. Ghormley, Hugh. Greenfield, Ohio. Gladding, C. E Altus, Pa. Goble, Roy Fredon. X. J. Greer, James M Four Towns, Mich. Grim, Geo. W Fremont, Ind. Gernert, C. H Columbia X Roads, Pa. Griffin, E. J Clifton, N. Y. Killer, I. J West Bay City, Mich. Ham, Eugene YeVbank, X. Y. Holmes, Thomas & Son Lamont, N. Y. Hedges, Jos. B Iowa City, Iowa. Huston & Spears Yassar, Mich. Hoag, J. & Son Tomhannock, N. Y. Hilton, T. G Anson, Me. Howe, J. H Tioga. Pa. Heidelbaugh, P. F ^ Delphos, Ohio. Harner, C. B Xenia. Ohio. Junkin, Joseph Mercer, Pa. Kelly. John Shakespeare, Ont, Krouskop, A. H Richland Center, Wis. Lent, L Lent, N. Y. Lautz, Charles Buffalo, N. Y. Lesnet, J. C Montpelier, Ohio Lawson, R. M Burkes Garden, Va. McMillan, James Dertoit. Mich. McKee, E. L Pardoe. Pa. McGregor, James St. Clair, Mich. Moriarty, John Hudson, Mich. Maharg Bros Maharg, Pa. BREEDERS OF HAMPSHIRE DOWN SHEEP. 475- Mead, H. D Busti, N. Y. Michigan Agricultural College Agricultural College, Mich. Matttinson, Thos., Jr South Charleston, Ohio. Manning, J. E. & Son Booze, S. Dak. Nickuin & Miller Mercer, Pa. Niver, Charles W West Copake, N. Y. National Shire and Hackney Horse Co Neillsville, Wis. Newconi, E. P Dean, Ohio. Osterhout, J. H Melrose, N. Y. Ontario Agricultural College (luelph. Out. Porter Bros Three River.s, Mich. Pierce, John Troy, Ohio. Parke, J. J. & Son Svvar twood, N. Y. Pettigrew, E. G Flandreau, S. Dak. Peck, Charles Elsie, Mich. Pratt, C. B Chatham. N. Y. Potter, A. H Mendon, Mich. Kutherfcrd, John Roseville, Ont. Roberts, Horace Moorestown, X. J. Ruland, A Lockport, 111. Richey, N. B. & Sons Lone Tree, Iowa. Richardson, M Commerce, Mich. Reynolds, I. G South Brooks, Me. Ranger, C. D Hornellsville, N. ^ . Rockwell, A. R Mason City, Iowa. Reid, Hon. Whitelaw New York City. Richardson, J. A. & E. W Flandreau. S. Dak. Scarflf & Artz New Carlisle, Ohio. Sheep, James Milton, Pa. Squires, W. J Alainesburg, Pa. Schell, J. P Iowa City, Iowa. Smith, Wm. C Washington, Mich. Standard Meat and Live Stock Co Rawlins, Wyo. Strough, L. T . Vicksburg, Mich. Springer, W. K . . Jeromeville, Ohio. Simpson Stock Farm Saxonviile, Mass. Smallwood, W. W Warsaw, N. Y. South Dakota Agricultural College Brooking, S. D. Seribner, W. L..' Schoharie, N. Y. Seeley, I. C, Agent Minneapolis, Minn. Thompson, S. F Mercer, Pa. Taft, J. H., E.St , . .Mendon, Mich. Tucker, :Mrs. X. B Alfred, N. Y. Turner, Warren Franklinton, N. Y. Taylor, Geo. W Rock City FalLs, N. Y. Taylor, Robert Abbott, Neb. Thompson, L. E Cherry Flats, Pa. Tyler, C. A Nottowa, Mich. Terpening. Geo. W Reading. Mich. Thomas, D. C Canisteo. N. Y. Taylor, H. B Fairbury, 111. I'aggart, J. L Yesta", Ind. Unsicker, D. K Wright. Iowa. 476 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Welch, G. J. & Bro Tekonsha. Mich. Wood. James ]\lt. Kisco, JN. Y. Wykes, John Gaines, Mich. Woodward & Jaqiies Wright's Corners, N. Y. Wright, Wm Hamilton, HI. Williamson Bros Balm, Pa. Wilson, L. Banks Creston, Iowa. Wise, A. M Oval City, Ohio. White Bros Hornellsville, N. Y. Walters, Edward West Chester, Pa. White, Eben Hornellsville. N. Y. Whitney, S. R Chesterfield, Mass. Watson, Wm. & Son Youngstown, Ohio. Worman, J. H Westport, N. Y. Witter, M. J Friendship, N. Y. Wilson, L. F Slate Lick, Pa. Breeders of Oxford Down Sheep. Aburn, David Ligonier, Ind. Adams, H. T Huntington, ind. Agricultural College Ames, Iowa Agricultural College Guelph, Ont. Agricultural College Mich. Alderman, Chas Manning, N. Y. Allen, A. H Dushville, Mich. Alvord, Z. C Menomonie, Wis. Amest, T. M Hague, Va. Anderson, R Eden Mills, Ont. Anderson, James O Decorra, 111. Anderson, J. R Xenia, 111. Arkell, Henry Arkell, Ont. Arkell, Henry Teeswater, Ont. Arkell, Peter Teeswater, Ont. Arnold, Albert Watrousville, Mich. Archleman Bros Stryker, O. Atherton, W. P Hollovvell, Me. Atwood, W. A Flint, Mich. Aylor, John H .' Gunpowder, Ky. Baber, B Blue Ridge, Mo. Bailie, James Nile, Ont. Baird, W F Orchard, Kan. Baker, F. D Flint, Mich. Bakes, J Center Square, Ind. Bales, O. H. . . . Knightstown, Ind Ballard Joseph Georgia, Vt. Banks, Luther Bourbon, Ind. Barbaree, Stephen Nassagaweya, Ont. Barclay, G. A .,Sebewa, Mich. Barnes, D. N Leavenworth, Kan. Barney, M. C Flint, Mich. Barthelme, Ferd St. Lucas, la. BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 477 Rates. John Moltke. Out. IJates, W. C Parsippan.v, N. .1. Beach, Eaten Cleveland. N. Y. Bean, Abraham Bright, Ont. Beard, Edward Monlpelier, O Heattie, W. H Wilton Grove, Ont. Beckett, Wm Hewitt. Ont. Beebe, E. P Holly, N. Y. Beeler, C. C. & Son Liberty. Ind. Begole, Chas Flint, Mich. Belden, Jos Care, Mich. Bell, W. J Angus, Ont. IJerkhart Bros Kalida, Ohio Bewley, Chas Troy, O Biddel, F. C Chadds Ford, Pa. Bidlake, D. W Chardon. O. Billings, E Brockville, Ont. Bingham, Lile Edinburg, O. Birdsall, F. <& Son Birdsall, Ont. Black, Capt. Hugh Xetley Creek, :Man. Black. Fred Amhnrst, N. S. Black, Robert Cor whin, Ont. Bonham, Geo. D Osceola, Pa. Bordwell, A P'argo, IS'. Y. Bovyer, F. G Georgetown, P. E. I. Bowen, C. B .Vttioa, N. Y. Bowen, R Attica, N. Y. Bowman, W. E Medina, O. Boyack, Chas. E Independence, la. Bradford, Mrs. E. G Wilniinglon, Del. Branch, F. A Medina, O. Brosseau, E. C Brosseau Sta., Que. Brathen, Newton Clifford, Ont. Bray, Jas Longburn. Manitoba Bricker, A. L Primrose, O. Brien, Wm Ridgetown, Out. Briges, H. R Houston, Minn. Brigham, Henry Allan Park, Ont. i-trillinger, John Maple Hill, Ont. Brocknay, A. C 15 .Mile Grove, la. Brooks, Fred Decatur, Hi. Brown, Chas. E Maineville, O. Brown, Geo. & Stanley Green Center, Ind. Brown, Homer J Harford, N. Y. Brown John M Beecher City, HI. Brown, Nemiah Huntington, Ind. Bruders, T Hoard. Wis. Bryant. Henry Roland, 111. Brydon, Donald Mosborough, Ont. Buchannon, Albert Corunna, Ind. Buckenbush, W. H Russia ville, Ind. i?udge, Wm. P Granton, Wis. Burk. John Ney. O. 47S BKEEDEES OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Burrington, John R Grand Blanc, Mich. Burr, J. U East Tovvnsen, O. Buskirk Bros Wayland, Mich. Butler, Thomas Woodson, 111. Cady, Seward A Brookfield, Pa. Cady, S. A Troopsburg-, N. Y. Cain, O. B Mainevilie, O. Calhoun, E. \V Landers, B. C. Cammidge, Robert Wiarton, Ont. Campbell, Archibald Clachan, Ont. Campbell, Donald .Corvvhin, Ont. Campbell, G. J Pittsfield, O. Campbell. J. S Butler, Pa. Campbell, O. P -. . .Tipton, Ind. Campbell, P Kevvaskum, Wis. Campbell, T. M Franklin, Tenn. Cargill, H Cargill, Ont. Cargill, H. & Sons .Cargill, Ont. Carter, Alfred Flat Kock, Mich Carton, John J Flint, Mich. Cass, Wm Butler, 111. ('ation, IMathew Brampton, Ont. Cauft'man, J. E South Bend, Ind. Cauffman, R. M Buchanan, Mich. Chamberan, Jacob Huntington, Ind. Chambers, E. M Ferris, Mich, Chandler, W. E Fairtield. la. Chapman, W. H Bloomingdale, Ind. Cleary, E. W Owaneco, 111. Cleaver, H. H Florida, Mo. Clendenen, R. R Raymore, Mo. Cochran, Peter Almonte, Out. Coggshall, Eugene Cambridge, la, Colby, F. W Laconia, N. H. Cole, Martin E Creston, O, Cole & Wright Bad Axe, Mich. Concannon, Patrick Mertensia, N. Y. Conger, Sid Flat Rock, Ind. Conger, Sid Hope, Ind. Cook, Chas Cyrus, Neb. Cook, Edmund Wilniot, South Dak. Cook. Jos Maple Hill, Ont. Cook, J. W Goshen, Ind. Cooper, J. V Picton, Ont. Corbett, Kyron Bryan, O. Cormick, Andrew Paisly, Ont. Corvvhin, Bros Rushsylvania, O. Coulson, J Hornby, Ont. Cousins, John & Son Harriston, Ont. Cousins. John Harriston, Ont. Creighton, J. R Malvern, 0. Cribbs, Geo Heshbon, Pa. Crone, John W West Lebanon, Ind. BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 479 Cunningham, Wm. & Son Antioch, Ind. Curtis, Prof Ames, Iowa Dallner, Fred. S Salina, la. Davis, J. T Chestervilie, Ind. Davisson, F. M West JMancliester, O. Davy, W. H Siloam Springs, Ark. Dean, Clias. E Marble Hill, Ind. Deft'enbaugh, G. G Madisonburg, O. DeGarmo, H. J Highland, Mich. Denby, Wm. A Carlinville. 111. Denky, Jos Mt. Vernon, Out. Dexter, Foster M Roseway, McNulta Island, N. S. Dickison, Mary Mildway, Ont. Dickison, Wm Mildway, Ont. Dilsaver, G. W Delphos. O. Dixon, Wm Brandon, Wis. Donaldson, James Teeswater, Ont. Donner, G. A Edenburg, Ind. Doron, A. J Celina, O. Doty, E. E Geneseo, N. Y. Dunlap, US Truro, Novia Scotia Dunn, F. W Walton, N. Y. Dunwell, J. A Shelbyville, Mich. Dupont, Mrs. Eugene Wilmington, Del. Duvall & Taylor Alliance, O. Duvall & Taylor Marlboro, O. Eby, Amos Floradale, Ont. Edwards, Edwin North Wiltshire, P. E. I. Eernisse, Isaac Hingham, Wis. Eldred, Alva Tekonsha, Mich. Eldridge, Ihomas Canadice, N. Y. Elliott, A Pond Mills, Ont. Elliott, Andrew Kelso, Ont. Elliott, W. R Hespeler, Ont. Empie, Wm Minaville, N. Y. Eno, John W Cass City, Mich. Eshback, Jes Warsaw, Ind. Evans Bros Muskoda, Minn. Evens, M. L .South Butler, Mich. Evans, Smith Gourock. Ont. Everett, W. W Faber, J. A Pulaki, O. Farmer, W. H Franklin, Tenn. Father! ngham, P Ernington, 111. Faucett, G. W Palo, Mich. Fellows, C. L Winnebago, Wis. Ferguson, H. D Bloomfield, Iowa Finlay.son, K Campbellton. Ont. Fisher, John H ^finerva, O. Fisher, Frank Orleans, Ind. Fisher. S. W Sidney. 111. Fisher, W. R Medina, O. Fleener, John W Leisure, Ind. 480 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Fletcher, Duncan Newbury, Ont. Fletcher, Jos Menclon, 111. Foster & Guthrie Deputy, Ind. Foster, Joseph Fair Grove, Mich. Foster, J Walkerton, Ont. Fowids, ri. M Hastings. Ont. Frazer, Douglas Glenf arrow, Ont. Fred'eriek, Henry Meadowdale, N. V. Friedline, W. L Knights, Pa. Fry, S. M (iinghanisburg, O. Ganyarth, G. M Granger, O. Ganz, J. A Wapmandee. Wis. Garwood, Ezekiel South Bend, Ind. Gasskill, Wm .- Gearhart, J. J North Robinson. O. George, F. H Cabery, 111. Gerkin, Fred Napoleon, O. Gillett, S. E Ravenna. O. (libson, J. David Bomanville, Ont. Gillies, Duncan Moffatt, Ont. Gillson, Wm Lis, 111. Glass, I. J. & Son Sharpsburg, 111. Goddard, L. G Ravenna, O. Goldsborough, F. C Easton, Md. Gordon, Judge Gyrus .Clearfield, Pa. Gottshall, E . . . . .■ Flint, Mich. Gottshall, J. H Flint, Mich. Gourley, J. P Cornell, 111. Graham, Robert Brandon, Wis. Graham, John Eldora, la. Green, Arthur Caistorville, Ont. Green, John S Caistorville, Ont. Griffin, George Burgessville, Ont. Griggs, Richard Orangeville, Ont. Grimes. Truman Denver. Ind. Groob. Moses Beamsville, Ont. Gunn & Barclay Rosina, Mich. (Junn, J. S Rosina, Mich. Guthrie, C. R Prospect, Wis. Hagen, Wm Elba, N. Y. Hagerty, H ' Hagerty, la. Haines, George Hall, R. E Center Square, Ind. Harcourt, John ....St. Ann's, Ont. Hargrave, Wilkes W '. Seney, Mich. Harrrison, E. B " Viola, Idaho Harshbarger, John 1 ', Atwood, 111. Barter, S. K ' ". Troy, O. Harter, Will Mexico, Ind. Harvey Bros Kincardine, Ont. Harvey, B. W "^loomingdale, la. Haslett Bros '.'.". Jarvis, Ont. Hathaway, A. B " .',". .Mertensia, N. Y. BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 481 Henry, John Montpelier, 0. Henson, Veii Huntinf>ton, Ind. Hesskett Bros Fulton. 0. Higle.y, Leverett G Butler, Ind. Hill, L. A , South Danbv, N. Y. Hill, L. D Hingham, Wis. Hilton, C. W A nson. Me. Himmel, Henry Kadcliffe. la. Hine & Finlayson Dutton, Out. Hine, R. J. . .' Dutton. Out. Hint, Wm Indian Falls, N. V. Hitchcock, Mrs. L. J Flint, Mich. Hitchcock, VV. P Newark, N. V. Hobbs, D. C. & Sons Hobbs. Ind. Hollingsworth, H. S Colfax, Wash. Hoodelnier, W. L Auburn. Ind. Howard, G. F Utica, la. Huber, F. B Gerard, 111. Huges, J. L Hartford City, Ind. Huges, W. R Boltonville, Wis. Hull & Harvey Salem, Til. Hume, David Arkell, Out. Humphries, H Hastings, Ont. Hunter, Jas Walkerton, Ont. Hunter, John Salem, Ont. Hutchins, M. C Flint, Mich. Huxford, John lonson, Anthony Jarvis, Ont. lonson, Walter Jarvis, Ont. Jackson, T. H South Bend. Ind. Jefferv, John G Kingston, Mich. Jenks^ J. & Co Sand Beach, Mich. Jewell, W. F Dodgeville, Wis. Jickling, Jos. B Carman, Man. .lohnson, A Rowlins, Wye. Johnson, C. D Dixon, Wis. Johnson, Edmond H Kines. Mich. Johnson, O. A Leon, N. Y. Johnson, S. IN Reeds Corners, N. Y. Johnson, Wm Benton City, Mo. Jones, Frank Claverack, X. Y. Jones, Robert ■. Fort Steele, Wy o. Jones, Sam Hustisford, Wis. Jones, Thomas Delaware, O. Jull, J. E Burford, Ont. Jul], J. H Mt. Vernon. Ont. Kapp, Geo Monument City, Ind. Keeler, P. J Clyde, Mo. Kellv, S. B River Herbert, X. S. Kellv, Eli Fairfield, la. Kellv, Lola E Fairfield, la. Kerfin, W. F Rockfield, Ind. Ketzler, H. C Flint, Mich. I 482 BKEEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Kincaid, R. Y Athens, 111. Kinch, T. L Covert, Pa. King, Rich. W Grand Valley, Ont. King, T. A. & Son Parma, Mich. Kirk, John Fair Grove, Mich. Kirkpatrick, G. W Kirksville, la. Knollin, A. J Pomeroy, Kan. Knox, A. G ' Pulaski, Pa. Korn, Frank South Bend, Ind. Kreider & Karpum Sterling, 111. Kuder, L Greenville, Pa. Lahring, Louis Linden, Mich. Laing, Andrev\' ^ Arkell, Ont. Lamb. James A Walkerton, Ont. Langdon, H. A Mesopotamia, O. Large, (i. V> Taylorville, III. Leahy, D Chilton. Wis. Leavalley, C Fair Grove, Mich. Lee & Aitkeii Flint. Mich. Lemon, Milton Crooked Creek, Ind. Lemon. Simon Kettleby, Ont. Leonard, J. I Warren, Ind. Lining, jG. B Hamersville, 0. Lewis, Benson Salem. Ind. Lewis, C. C Point Pleasant, W. Va. Lewis, F. M ]\radelia, Minn. Lind, Wm Arkwright, Ont. Lindsay, David Haggersville, Ont. Lines, P. A Treaty, Ind. Little, Wm Walkerton, Ont. Long, T. F Cascade, Wis. Love, L Port Sandfield, Ont. Lovejoy, A. J. & Son Roscoe, 111. Lowery, W. D Senecaville, O. Ludwig. S. R Sheridan, Pa. Lvon. L. A Latimer, Ont. Malloy. W. J Yatton, Ont. Manewald, Christian Plymouth. Ind. Mann, W. H Hicksvilie. O. Manning. John Adell, Wis. Marin, W. A Meloin, Minn. Martens, John Lake City, Minn. Mason, O. W Mason. Ind. ]\Iassee, H. S Menomonie, Wis. Matchett, Mrs. F. A Poinceton, Ind. IMathews, J. B Blue Mounds, 111. Maxwell. J. H Columbia. Mo. Mc Adams, Martin Rushlyvania, O. McBeth, L. P ^ Hamersville. O. McCarthy. John Madelia. Minn. McClelland, Hiram Beachburg. Ont. McClelland. Perrv Odin, 111. McCormick, E. &"Sons Mt. Hope, Wis. BREEDEHS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 483 McCrackeu, F. S Kerrmoor, Pa. McCracken, J. B Muskegon, Mich. McDonald, A. VV St. Mary's, Ont. xVIeDonald, John Millbi'ook, N. S. McEwen Bros Bluevale, Ont. McFarlane, Alex Flint, Mich. McGill, VV. D Sussex, Wis. McGranaham, J. P Atlantic, Pa. Mcintosh, J. B Windsor, O. Mclntyre, Alex Wallacetown, Ont. McKay, A. M Edina, Mo. McKay & McKeen Gays River, N. S. McKecknie, O. B North Fairfield, Me. McKee, Alex Teeswater, Ont. McKenzie, Alex Canipbellville, Ont. McKenzie, A. & D. Corwhin, Ont. McKerrovv, Geo Sussex, Wis. McLaren, P. B . *. Clearwater, Man, McLean, Andrew Walkerton, Ont. McLoid, Alex Paisley, Ont. McNaug-hton, Peter Gourock, Ont. McNeil, N. D Grand Blanc. Mich. Meikle, Jas. & Son Myron, la. Middleton, C. G Clinton, Ont. Miller, Chas. W Hillsboro, 111. Miller, Dr. B. F Flint, Mich. Miller. Geo Elmira, Ont. Miller, H. P Sunbury, O. Miller, J. W Palmer, 111. Miller, W. T Mexico, Ind. Minnesota University Experiment Farm. Mitchell, D. W Caistorville, Ont. Mitchell. Robert Caistorville, Ont. Moffat, John Eden, Wis. Montgomery, K Tiverton, Ont. Moody, G. B Richmond, Me. Morden, David Walkerton, Ont. Morgan, Ben Franklin, O. Morgan, H Kipton, O. Morgan, L. M Albion, N. Y. Morne, Pat Marden, Ont. Morrill, B. B ; Stantead, Que. Morris, E. G Mesopotamia, O. Morris, E. G North Bloomfield, O. Morrish, S Flint, Mich. Moss, P. B Billings, Mont. Moulton, H. L Rootstown, O. Moulton, W. A Cicero, N. Y. Mowers, J. H ii'"iggsville. Wis. Mowry Henry Owensville, Ind. IMnhlhauson, Wm Walkerton. Ont. Muir, J. E Hatton, Mo. 484 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Murphy, Chris Sanilac Center. Mich. Murphy, J. VV Cass City, Mich. Myers, John S Larue, O. Nash, VV. T Cassville, O. Nave, A. P Attica, N. Y. Neal, John W Quanicassee City, Mich. Neely. Wilson J Brooklyn, Mich. Neeson, Peter Formosa, Ont. Nepham, V\ m Banks, Ont. Nessei Robert Rush City, Minn. Neville, C. W Newburg, Ont. Newcomb, R Alvordton, O. Newkirk. Geo West Middleton, Ind. Newton, W'm Pontiac, Mich. Nicolas, EJi Mexico, Ind. Noll, C. W Mira Creek, Neb. Ohio Experiment Station Wooster, O. Olmsted, Jay Muir, Mich. Olmstead, L N Muir, Mich. Orchard, N Glen Orchard, Ont. Osborn, Cyrus Danville, 111. Palmer, M. P Thorndike, Me. Palmer & Smith Newark, N. Y. Park, Benjamin Camden. Mich. Parker. G. VV Clyde, Parkinson, Lazarus Greenock, Can Parnell, R. M Wyevale. Ont Parsell, G. T Saiem Center, Ind Paterson, W, A Flint, Mich Patterson, -James Almonte, Onl Petterman, Ed Peru, Ind. Pelletier, L. Conrad Montreal, Que. Peiton, (leo. & Sons Reedsburg, Wis. Pendexter. J. L Intervale. N. H. Pennington. Jabez Teeswater, Ont. Perry, H. R. & Son Ellington, Mich. Peters, F. S Flat Rock, Mich. Peters. S. W. M Berkley Springs, W. Va. Petty Rufus Pickering, i . E Middletown, Ind. Pitkle, Wesley Springlake, O. Pierce Bros Creston, 111. Plue, C. D iS'orth Pembroke, N. Y. I'ollock. J. T Atkinsons Mills, Pa. Polly, W. A Alamo, Mich. Porter, J. A Haynie, Wash. Pounds, .loseph Crete, Pa. Powell, John Wabash, O. Pratt, Mrs. E Ionia, Mich. Preston, Chas Andover, N. Y. Price, S. F Nevrark, Zv" . Y. Pritcliard, F. G Belden, O. BREEDER6 OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 485 Privett. Uriah & Co Greensburg-, Ind. Purviance, James M Hunting-ton, Ind. Kandel, Clarence Brick Chapel, Ind. Reed. Chas Douglas, Wyo. Reed, Paul Belfast, Ont. Rennie. ('has Eden Alills, Ont. Richardson, Jennie Indianapolis, Ind. Rife, John Clyde, O. Riley, Geo Lakefive. Wis. Rinear Bros Brecksville, O. Rinear, C. C Brecksville, O. Ritter, Jacob Vandalia, 111. Roach, Thomas Byron, N. Y. Roach, Thomas Elba, N. Y. Robertson, David Fergus, Ont. Rogers, John L Yantisville, 111. Jiogers, J Red Key, Ind. Rohrer, S. B Leroy, Kan. Ross Alex Westvilie, N. S. Ross, I. M (Jerman, O. Ross, John Mt. Forest, Ont. Roush, Jacob Montpelier, O. Roux, Fred Stryker, O. Rowell, S. J Goshen, Ind. Rowland, O, A Coral. Mich. Roxburgh, John Norwood, Ont. Ruby, Asa Treaty, Ind. Rutherford, J Roseville, Unt. Ryan, John Saal. A. O Huntington, Ind. Sandick, Wm Folden Corner, Out. Schaf, P. J St. Paul, Ind. Schenck, VVm Frankfort, ]nd. Sehnebly , L. R Fairvie w, Md. Schrock, C Shipshewana, Jnd. Schroeder. F. C. & C. C Bourbor, Ind. Scott. John Bryan, O. Seaver, VV. S Highland Station, Mich. Selby, C. G New California, O. Selle, A Mequon, Wis. Service, Chas Hartland, Wis. Seymour, G. & Son Rootstown, O. Sbafor, W. A Middletown, O. Shaw, A Walkerton, Ont. Shearman, Albert H Kennedy, N. Y. Sheldon, J. ii Flint, Mich. Sherwic, Allen E Fennella, Ont. Shields, O Montpelier, Ind. Shook, H. V Marshfield, Mo. Shores, F. M Waterville, Me. Short, C. P Sharntz, Sylvester Stoniugton, ill. 486 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. Simpson Stock Farm Saxonville, Mass. Singrey, J. F Avilla, Ind. Skinner, L. B Denver, Ind. Slayton, Walter C Avoca, xN. Y. Sly, R. D West Clarksfield. O. Smith, Chas Plum Tree, Ind. Smith. Flint F Flint, Mich. Smith. Francis G Blanchard, Mich. Smith, Henry Azalia, Mich. Smith, James Clachen, Ont. Smith, J ames Dutton, Ont. Smith. L. W. B Norwich, A\ V, Smith, Thomas Newry, Ont. Smith. VV. W^ Plumtree, Ind. Snively. Joseph A Greencastle, Pa. Snyder, Omer Pleasant Hill, O. Soper, Aiex. '. . .Hayden, Ont. Sorby. I).