m^i^^ "A^vIH f:;rt>i'i:!!'^>3y'-- '■■■ B!l!it-"-;";';;^^'',';y;';;.;^^j, iili^' »-i.*''\.;si, •*t'VjL::' •?L'ji5:C'i ?.u: 'r-_i:iZ^A ■t':'ii:-:^!<^0ift . tt? ■ / Document Sd Session [ ^'tfsAlJi | No. 671 PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIG EXPOSITION MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING THE RE- PORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- MENT BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION December 7, 1910. — Read; referred to the Committee on Industrial Expositions and ordered to be printed with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1911 % u- 61sT Congress 1 3d Session J SENATE r Document I No. 671 PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION 7'c2 to 7^ MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, TRANSMITTING THE RE- PORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERN- MENT BOARD OF MANAGERS OF THE GOVERNMENT PARTICIPATION IN THE ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIO EXPOSITION ^.A-A.»S-*-TA-**- - «d"^rfi- Decemeee 7, 1910. — Read; referred to the Committee on Industrial Expositions and ordered to be printed with illustrations WASHINGTON GOVEENMENT FEINTING OFFICE 1911 ■^ ^ 15 :3U To the Senate and House of Representatives: I transmit herewith, for the information of the Congress, the report of the United States Government board of managers of the Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, held at Seattle, Wash., June 1 to October 16, 1909, inclusive, and call the attention of the Congress to the recommendation of the board as to printing the report. Wm. H. Taft. The White House, December 7, 1910. 3 Washington, D. C, May 1, 1910. Sir: There is transmitted herewith a report of the Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, hekl at Seattle, Wash., June 1 to October 16, 1909, inclusive. It is recommended by the United States Government board of managers that if the report is pubHshed as a public document the illustrations be included. If it should be so published, it is recom- mended that a sufEcient sum be authorized from the unexpended balance remaining in the appropriation of $200,000 for the expenses of a Government exhibit to cover the expense of printing 2,000 copies — 500 copies for the Senate, 1,000 for the House of Represent- atives, and 500 for distribution to public libraries throughout the country. Respectfully, Jesse E. Wilson, W. DE C. Ravenel, Wm. M. Geddes, XJnited States Government Board of Managers. The President op the United States. 5 ■7 mt^^^ 4 vv 'A MM.i REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT BOARD OF MANAGERS, ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION, SEATTLE, WASH., 1909. I REPORT OF THE BOARD OF MANAGERS. The conception of an international exposition at Seattle, Wash., to exploit the resources of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific territory was ■wisdom personified, in view of the results achieved. This great commercial seaport on Puget Sound afforded the means and the occasion the opportunity to make known and foster the vast impor- tance of trade in the Pacific and great Northwest country. It meant to symboUze all this, and more — to open the door to a new world of enterprise and activity and awaken renewed interest in the wondrous resources of a section of the country that has already contributed milUons to the wealth of the United States and the world. Within a radius of 1,000 miles of Seattle over 8,000,000 people abide, and achievements of the Western Hemisphere could nowhere be more satisfactorily exemplified than in the Pacific Northwest. Adjacent to the city, on the beautiful campus grounds of the Wash- ington State University, a site of 250 acres of ground was selected. Situate between two beautiful lakes. Lake Union and Lake Washing- ton, with the Puget Sound in sight, the grounds were unsurpassed in water front, while tall and stately pines, commanding mountains, entrancing vistas, and sloping terraces made a picturesque scene of natural beauty that only required a few touches of man to adorn. The enlistment and activity of the State of Washington and the city of Seattle in the enterprise were manifest from the beg inni ng and of that kind that does things. By a special act of the legislature of the State of Washington the corporate body, known as the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company, was encouraged to go ahead with the enterprise; the city of Seattle within one day subscribed for and added over half a mdhon dollars to the enterprise. It was on this showing that the United States Government later, by special act of Congress, made provision to be represented in a display of exhibits showing the resources of Alaska, the Hawaiian Islands, and the Phifippine Islands, and such other exhibits as would afford a ■ means to illustrate the principal functions and their educational value in connection with the development of commerce in the coun- tries bordering on the Pacific Ocean, the preservation of forests, reclamation and irrigation of arid lands, and such other matters as would impart a knowledge of the national history, especially that of Alaska, Hawaii, the Philippine Islands, and that part of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. The Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was incorporated under date of May 8, 1906, and capitalized for $500,000, which capitalization was later increased to $800,000. The following ofiicers were elected: J. E. Chilberg, president; John H. McGraw, R. A. BaUinger, and A. S. Kerry, vice presidents; I. A. Nadeau, director general; W. M. Sheffield, secretary; C. R. Collins, treasurer; and John W. Roberts, counsel. 9 1 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. It also appears that in the furtherance of the exposition the Legis- lature of the State of Washington provided for the sale of certain shore lands of Lakes Washington and Union in front of the city of Seattle; that the sum of S400,000 was thus appropriated for exhibits, and 1600,000 was appropriated to be expended by the board of regents of the State University in the construction of certain build- ings for the school, and the board of regents was instructed to turn over these buildings to the exposition company for its use during the exposition. Also the lease of 250 acres of the university grounds, in consideration of which the exposition company agreed to dehver to the university at the close of the exposition all buildings which it might erect and all improvements made on the site. At the close of the exposition the State took over the life-saving station for a boathouse, and the Philippine building erected by the Government, for which the latter was reimbursed. APPROPRIATION FOR GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT. That the Government might- participate in the Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition, with an exhibit showing its resources, a pro- vision was made in Public Act No. 141, approved May 27, 1908, as follows : Sec. 10. That all articles that shall be imported from foreign countries for the sole purposes of exhibition at the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, to be held at Seattle, State of Washington, in the year nineteen hundred and nine, upon which there shall be a tariff or customs duty shall be admitted free of the payment of duty, customs fees, or charges, under such regulations as the Secretary of the Treasury shall pre- scribe; but it shall be lawful at any time during the exposition to sell for delivery at the close thereof any goods or property imported for and actually on exhibition in the exposition buildings or on the grounds, subject to such regulations for the security of the revenue and for the collection of import duties as the Secretary of the Treasury may prescribe: Provided, That all such articles when sold or with- drawn for consumption or use in the United States shall be subject to the duty, if any, imposed upon such articles by the revenue laws in force at the date of with- drawal; and on articles which shall have suffered diminution or deterioration from incidental handling and necessary exposure the duty, if paid, shall be assessed ac- cording to the appraised value at the time of withdrawal for consumption or use, and the penalties prescribed by law shall be enforced against any person guilty of any illegal sale, use, or withdrawal. Sec. 11. That there shall be exhibited at said exposition by the Government of the United States from the Smithsonian Institution and the National Museum such articles and material of an historical nature as will impart a knowledge of our national history, especially that of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands and that part of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains. There shall be exhibited from the Executive Departments of the United States such exhibits as will illustrate their principal administrative functions and their educational value in connection with the development of commerce in the countries bordering upon the Pacific Ocean; the preservation of forests; the reclamation and irrigation of arid and semiarid lands; the improving and enlarging of transportation facilities and the safeguards of navigation; and the economic value of the investigations and operations of the Government with reference to public health, geology, experiment stations, coast and geodetic survey, and public roads. To secure a complete and harmonious arrangement of such Govern- ment exhibit a United States Government board of managers is hereby authorized to be appointed to be charged with the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, safe-keeping, exhibition and return of such articles and materials as the heads of the several departments, the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, the Superintendent of the National Museum, respectively, decide shall be embraced in the Government exhibit herein authorized. The President of the United States may also designate additional articles of peculiar interest for exhibition in connection with the said Government exhibit. Said Government board of managers shall be composed of three persons now in the employ of the Government and shall be apppointed by the President, one of whom shall be designated by the President as chairman of the said ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC KXPOSITION. 11 board and one as secretary and disbursing officer. The members of said Government board, with, other officers and employees of the Government who may be detailed to assist them, including officers of the Army and Navy, shall receive no compensation in addition to their regular salaries, but they shall be allowed their actual and neces- sary traveling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence, to be fixed by the Secretary of the Treasury, while necessarily absent from their homes engaged upon the business of the board. Officers of the Army and Navy shall receive said allowance in lieu of the subsistence and mileage now allowed by law; and the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy may, in their discretion, detail retired Army or Navy officers for such duty. Any provision of law which may prohibit the detail of persons in the employ of the United States to other service than that which they customarily perform shall not apply to persons detailed for duty in connection with said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. Employees of the board not otherwise employed by the Government shall be entitled to such compensation as the board may determine, and such employees may be selected and appointed by said board. The disbursing officer shall give bond in such sum as the Secretary of the Treasury may determine for the faithful performance of his duties, said bond to be approved by said Secretary. The Secretary of the Treasury shall advance to said officer from time to time, under such regulations as he may prescribe, a sum of money from the appropriation for the Government exhibit herein authorized, not exceeding at any one time Ihree-fourtha of the penalty of his bond, to enable him to pay the expenses of said exhibit as author- ized by the United States Government board herein created. The Secretary of the Treasury is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhibition in connection with the exhibit of his department, upon such grounds as shall be allotted for this purpose, one of the life-saving stations authorized to be constructed on the Pacific coast of the United States by existing law, and to cause the same to be fully equipped with all apparatus, furniture, and appliances now in use in life-saving stations in the United States. The Secretary of Commerce and Labor is hereby authorized and directed to place on exhibition, in connection with the exhibit of his department, in such build- ing or aquarium as shall be allotted for this purpose, a complete exhibit of the fish and fisheries of the United States, paying special attention to the fish and fisheries of the Pacific Ocean, with a view to demonstrating, in the fullest manner possible, the economic value of such fish and fisheries: Provided, That the cost of said exhibit herein authorized, including the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrange- ment, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles and materials so exhibited, shall not exceed the sum of two hundred thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 12. That the Secretary of the Interior is hereby authorized and directed to aid the people of the District of Alaska and of the Temtory of Hawaii in providing and maintaining appropriate and creditable exhibits of the products and resources of Alaska and Hawaii at the said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, and for that pur- pose he is authorized to appoint one or more persons to supervise the selection, pur- chase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of such articles as maybe exhibited from said Territories at said exposition: Provided, That the total expenditure for said exhibit for said District of Alaska on the part of the Government, including such selection, purchase, preparation, transporta- tion, arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated : And provided further, That the total expenditure for said exhibit for the Territory of Hawaii on the part of the Government, including such selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe- keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 13. That the Secretary of War is hereby authorized and directed to aid the people of the Philippine Islands in providing and maintaining an appropriate and creditable exhibit of the products and resources of the Philippine Islands at the said Alaaka-Yuk on- Pacific Exposition, and for that purpose he is authorized to appoint one or more persons to supervise the selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe-keeping, exhibition, and return of such articles as may be exhibited from said Philippine Islands at said exposition: Provided, That the total expenditures for said exhibit on the part of the Government, including such selection, purchase, preparation, transportation, arrangement, installation, safe- keeping, exhibition, and return of the articles so exhibited, shall not exceed the 12 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. sum of twenty-five thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be neces- sary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appro- priated. Sec. 14. That the Secretary of the Treasury shall cause suitable buildings to be erected on the site of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition for said Government exhibit, including an irrigation and biograph building; also a fisheries building com- plete, with mechanical apparatus; also buildings for the exhibits of the District of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands; also buildings for such other purposes in connection with the e.xhibits herein authorized as in the judgment of the Secretary of the Treasury may be necessary. Said buildings shall be erected from plans prepared by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury, to be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Secretary of the Treasury is hereby author- ized and directed to contract for said buildings in the same manner and under the same regulations as for other public buildings of the United States, but the contract for said buildings, including the preparation of ground therefor and the approaches thereto, and the interior and exterior decorative wiring and lighting thereof shall not exceed the sum of two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, which sum, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and required to dispose of said buildings, or the materials composing the same, at the close of the exposition, giving preference to the State of Washington or to the Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition corporation or to the city of Seattle to purchase the same at an appraised value to be ascertained in such manner as the Secretary of the Treasury may determine. Sec. 15. That the allotment of space for exhibitors in the building or buildings erected under authority of this act for the use of the District of Alaska, the Territory of Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands shall be done and performed without charge to exhibitors by the Government board created by this act. Sec. 16. That dies for medals bearing appropriate devices, emblems, and inscrip- tions commemorative of said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition and of the awards to be made to the exhibitors thereat shall be prepared by the Secretary of the Treasury at some mint of the United States for the board of trustees of Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition, a corporation, subject to the provisions of the fifty-second section of the coinage act of eighteen hundred and seventy-three, and upon the payment by said Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition of a sum not less than the cost thereof; said medals shall be coined by the coining press located in and being part of the Government exhibit, and without cost to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition: Provided, That said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition shall furnish free of charge the electric power necessary to operate said coining press and all provisions of law against the counter- feiting or imitating of coins of the United States shall apply to the medals issued under this act. Said Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition shall furnish without cost to the United States all materials used by the printing and engraving presses exhibited by the Government at said exposition in the production of the usual souvenirs of appropriate design, and said Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition is hereby authorized, through any agent, employee, privilege holder, or concessionaire appointed by its proper officer, to vend and sell at or near the place of manufacture any medal, print, or engraving authorized under the provisions of this act: Provided, That the vending and selling of all such medals, prints, and engravings shall be subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. Sec. 17. That the United States shall not be liable on account of said exposition for any expenses incident to or growing out of the same, except for the construction of the building or buildings hereinbefore authorized and for the purpose of paying the expense incident to the selection, preparation, purchase, installation, trans- portation, care, custody, and safe return of the exhibits made by tho Government and for the employment of proper persons as officers and assistants by the Govern- ment board created by this act, and for other expenses, and for the maintenance of said building or buildings and other contingent expenses to be approved by the chair- man of the Government board, or, in the event of his absence or disability, by such officer as the board may designate, and the Secretary of the Treasury, upon itemized accounts and vouchers: Provided, That no liability against the Government shall be incurred and no expenditure of money appropriated by this act shall be made until the president of said exposition shall have furnished to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury proof that there has been obtained for the purpose of completing and opening said exposition bona fide subscriptions to the stock of Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition (a corporation), by responsible parties, contributions, donations, and appropriations, from all sources, aggregating a sum not less than one million dollars: Provided, That no appropriation made by any State or Territory, and no appropriation herein made, shall be considered as any part of said million dollars. ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION. 13 Sec. 18. That the United States shall not in any manner or under any circumstances be liable for any of the acts, doings, or representations of said Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition (a corporation), its officers, agents, servants, or employees, or any of them, or for service, salaries, labor, or wages of said officers, agents, servants, or employees, or any of them, or for any subscriptions to the capital stock, or for any stock certifi- cates, bonds, mortgages, or obligations of any kind issued by said corporation, or for any debts, liabilities, or expenses, of any kind or nature whatever, attending such exposition corporation, or accruing by reason of the same. Sec. 19. That nothing in this act shall be construed so as to create any liability upon the part of the United States, directly or indirectly, for any debt or obligation incurred or for any claim for aid or pecuniary assistance from Congress or the Treasury of the United States in support or liquidation of any debts or obligations created by said United States Government board in excess of appropriations herein made. Sec. 20. That the United States shall not in any manneror under any circumstances make any loan, directly or indirectly, to the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition or for the benefit of said exposition or for any of the purposes thereof, and shall not appro- priate for any purpose whatsoever in connection with said exposition any sum of money other than that provided in this act. The act of Congress having provided that none of the money so appropriated should be expended until the Secretary of the Treasury was satisfied "that there had been obtained for the purpose of com- pleting and opening said exposition bona fide subscriptions to the stock of Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition (a corporation), by respon- sible parties, contributions, donations, and appropriations from all sources aggregating a sum not less than one million dollars," the exposition company furnished the Treasury Department a list of subscriptions thus required. The total aggregate was over $1,450,412. Thereupon the Secretary of the Treasury addressed the following communication to the Government board of managers: Hon. Jesse E. Wilson, Chairman, United States Government Board of Managers, Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, Washington, D. C. Sm: Under section 17 of the sundry civil act, approved May 27, 1908, the appro- priations made by Congress for the Government's participation in the Alaska-Yukon- Pacific Exposition can not be made available until the president of said exposition shall have furnished to the satisfaction of the Secretary of the Treasury proof that there has been obtained for the purpose of completing and opening said exposition bona fide subscriptions to the stock of Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition (a corpora- tion), by responsible parties, contributions, donations, and appropriations from all sources aggregating a sum not less than $1,000,000. I have to inform you that, as Acting Secretary of the Treasury, I have this day approved the evidence submitted by the president of the exposition that this pro- vision of the law has been complied with, and the appropriations are therefore now available. Respectfully, Beekman Winthkop, Acting Secretary. Under the provisions of this act of Congress there was appropriated $600,000 for the purpose of Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, for its buildings, and for the exhibits of the Territories of Alaska and Hawaii and the Philippine Islands. The act provided that the President should appoint a board of man- agers to consist of three persons already in the Government service, who were to receive no compensation in addition to their regular salaries, but allowed a certain sum for subsistence while absent from home in the discharge of their duties. Of the .teOOjOOO it was pro- vided that $200,000 be made use of for the Government exhibit, $100,000 for the District of Alaska, $25,000 for the Territory of Ha- waii, and $25,000 for the exhibit showing the resources of the Philip- pine Islands. The remaining $250,000 was to be expended in the 14 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. erection of suitable buildings for the display of the Government and exhibits contributed by the above possessions. In all there were five buildings erected in conformity with the general architectural design adopted by the exposition company in which to house the Govern- ment exhibit. The main building was situated at the head of the ■ court of honor, covering an area of 108,084 square feet, and with its towering dome and massive proportions was the most conspicuous as well as the largest structure on the grounds. To the south of this building was the Alaska exhibit building, and at the east the Hawaiian, with the Philippine building covering 6,000 square feet directly to the north. The building erected for the life-saving exhibit was a model station, with all the improved arrangements required by that service. It occupied a commanding position on Lake Union at the foot of the Pay Streak, in front of which were given daily exhibitions of the life- saving crew detailed to the exposition during tbs period thereof. A letter from the then President Koosevelt, under date of June 29, 1908, expressed the wish that the Secretary of the Interior take full charge of the Government participation in the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, the act of Congress, approved May 27, 1908, having given the bureaus of that department the greater proportionate share of the work. The Assistant Secretary Jesse E. Wilson was therefore selected chairman of the Government board of managers, William M. Geddes, of the Treasury Department, and W. de C. Ravenel, administrative assistant of the National Museum, were designated as the other mem- bers of the board. Mr. Geddes was designated by the President as secretary and disbursing officer. In conformity with the act of Congress, the members of the Govern- ment board held their first meeting in the oflice of the chairman, in the Interior Department, on July 17, 1908. At this meeting Mr. Ravenel was made vice chairman of the board to have powers corresponding to those of the chairman in his absence. A resolution was adopted requesting the head of each of the executive departments and the Superintendent of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum to designate some person as representative of his department to co- operate with the board in the preparation and maintenance of the Government exhibit, and the several departments provided with a copy thereof. In accordance with this request of the board, the fol- lowing representatives were designated, and given authority to certify vouchers to the chairman of the board covering expenditures made by their respective departments: Department of State Mr, W. J. Carr. Treasury Department Mr. W. W. Ludlow. War Department Mr. John C. Scofield. Department of Justice Mr. 0. J. Field. Post Office Department Mr. C. A. Conrard. Navy Department Mr. F. S. Curtia. Department of the Interior Hon. Jesse E. Wilson. Department of Agriculture Mr. S. R. Burch. Department of Commerce and Labor Mr. Frank H. Bowen. Smithsonian Institution and National Museum Mr. W. de C. Ravenel. The chairman was directed to address a communication to the Jamestown Ter-Centennial Commission requesting that the office fur- niture and fixtures of that commission, for which they had no further use, be turned over to the Government board of managers, Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, and the same was utilized for the offices of ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 15 the departments. Mr. Dana Wliite, jr., was selected for service in the office of the secretary and disbursing officer and his term of office to begin September 1, 1908. At the second meeting of the Government board of managers, August 4, 1908, the Supervising Architect of the Treasiuy was invited to be present, and he submitted a tentative plan of the Government building, Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, which, with one or two alterations, was approved by the board. Upon this information being received the board allotted to the several departments the fol- lowing space in the main Government exhibit building in which to install their respective exhibits : Square leet. Department of State 1, 776 Treasury Department 6, 783 War Department ' 9, 758 Department of Justice 1, 923 Post Office Department (exclusive of model post office) 7, 724 Navy Department 8, 435 Department of the Interior 11, 060 Department of Agriculture 12, 770 Department of Commerce and Labor (exclusive of Fisheries) 3, 928 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 12, 770 Total 76, 927 The following by-laws were adopted by the board for the govern- ment of its actions: Section 1. The heads of the several departments and the Secretary of the Smith- sonian Institution and the Superintendent of the National Museum shall each be requested to name a representative, and such authorized representatives shall be chained with the control of the exhibits of their respective departments, subject to the supervision and approval of the board of managers. Sec. 2. The chairman shall preside at the meetings of the board, and on behalf of the hoard shall approve all vouchers. He shall have authority to call meetings of the board whenever he sees fit, or upon the request of one of its members. He may at his discretion invite the departmental representatives to meet with the board for consul- tation. Sec. 3. The board shall select a vice chairman who shall preside at the meetings of the board and otherwise perform the duties and exercise the powers of the chairman during the absence or disability of the chairman. Sec. 4. The secretary and disbursing officer shall cause to be made a record of the meetings of the board, and shall conduct the correspondence of the board as such. He shall keep a record of all appointments and vouchers. He shall pay all vouchers for expenses incurred in connection with the Government exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition, when such vouchers have been properly certified and approved in accordance with the rules and regulations prescribed by the board, and according to law. He shall render each departmental representative a statement of the condition of any funds that may have been allotted to the exhibit of that department by the board, when requested, and in no case shall he pay vouchers in excess of such allot- ment. Sec. 5. Thenumberof employees and their salaries shall be fixed by the board. All appointments shall be made by the board, as required by law, and appointments so made shall be signed by the chairman in evidence thereof. Sec 6. Proposed amendments to these by-laws must be offered in writing at a meeting of the board at which the full membership is present, and, to be adopted, must be approved by a majority vote of the members of the board. The following rules and regulations governing the disbursement of the appropriation of $200,000 for the Government exhibit were adopted: 1. All payments shall be made upon vouchers — forms of which shall be prescribed by the Comptroller of the Treasury under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury — and shall be made, so far as practicable, by check, but no amount in excess of $20 shall be paid in cash except to regular employees on the pay roll. 16 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 2. Such vouchers shall be certified by the authorized representative of the depart- ment incurring the expense, approved by the chairman of the United States Govern- ment board of managers, or in his absence by the vice chairman of said board, or such officer as the board may direct, and certified by the company or person to whom payment is made. If paid to a firm, the voucher must be certified by some person authorized to sign the firm's name. 3. Where it is impracticable to fully describe upon the face of the voucher the service or material furnished, the voucher shall be accompanied by eubvouchers giving the desired information. 4. Partial payments upon contracts may be made by the disbursing officer, provided such contracts are in the possession of the Auditor for the Treasury Department, and where, under the terms of the contract, partial payments become due and are payable. All executory contracts, so far as possible, must be in writing. 5. All such vouchers paid by the disbursing officer, after having received favorable administrative action, shall be approved by the Secretary of the Treasury and referred to the Auditor for the Treasury Department for settlement. WTien the disbursing officer is in need of money to be placed to his official credit, he shall make requisition therefor, showing the amount needed and for what purpose. 6. Any account involving the payment of a sum of money in excess of the amount standing to the credit of the disburaing officer, or involving the payment of a sum of money which, by reason of the amount thereof, would delay the settlement of other accounts, or any account, the validity of which may be questioned by him, may be forwarded to the Treasury Department for settlement and the amount found due paid by warrant. 7. All appointments of officers or employees of the Government board of managers shall be made in writing and show distinctly the rights and'duties of the officers and employees as well as the rights and obligations of the United States. The following allotment of the appropriation of $200,000 for the Government exhibit was made by the board at its meeting held August 21, 1908, and the representatives of the various departments instructed to make no expenditures in excess of the amounts so allotted: Department of State $4, 000 Treasury Department 24, 000 War Department 16, 000 Department of Justice 4, 000 Post Office Department 10, 000 Navy Department 14,000 Department of the Interior 24, 000 Department of Agriculture ■- 24, 000 Department of Commerce and Labor 26, 000 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum 24, 000 Biograph exhibit 5, 000 General fund 25, 000 Total , 200, 000 At this meeting the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company was requested to submit to the board information as to the classification of freight, rates, and the terminal charges that would be made on shipments of exhibits, also data pertaining to shipments. A schedule of per diem allowances and traveling expenses was adopted by the board of managers and later approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. Members of the Government board, heads of departments, assistant secretaries of executive depart- ments and other Government institutions, heads of bureaus, and the Assistant Secretary and cliief clerk of the War Department ; also repre- sentatives from the executive departments, Smithsonian Institution, and National Museum, whenever detailed to cooperate with the board of managers and when absent from their stations in discharge of their duties in connection with the work, were allowed a per diem in heu of subsistence together with their transportation. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 17 Officers of the Army and Navy received no compensation in addi- tion to their regular salaries, but were allowed their necessary trav- eling expenses, together with a per diem in lieu of subsistence, when detailed to the board, said allowance being in lieu of subsistence and mileage now allowed by law. All details wherein transportation orders were used were approved by the chairman of the Government board of managers or officer duly authorized to approve same; employees and detailed officials were classified by the representative of the department from which they were detailed. Provision having been made for a biograph exliibit by an allot- ment from the appropriation for a Government exhibit, James C. Boy kin was placed in charge of that exhibit, and he was authorized to certify vouchers for all expenditures from the allotment made for that purpose. This exliibit was made in the south \ving of the Hawaii building, a review of wliich is given in another part of this report. The board decided that all lectures wherein biograph pictures were to be exliibited should be given in the room so assigned for the biograph exliibit, and that certain hours would be set apart for use by the various departments for the purpose of lectures. The matter of water and power for the operation of the Government exhibit was given consideration through the following communica- tion from the chairman of the Government board of managers to the exposition company: Sirs: After a careful inspection of the conditions on the site of the exposition grounds and considering the accommodations and absolutely necessary requirements of the United States Government relative to matters that the exposition company should furnish in order that a proj^erly equipped exhibit may be installed and main- tained by said Government, we submit the following memoranda, and request that your company furnish the same, without any expense to the Government, as has been in the main furnished by other exposition companies; In addition to what you have heretofore agreed to furnish, and in order that there be no misunderstanding, we desire it made plain that the electric power for moving exhibits and sufficient electric power to operate biograph exhibits shall also include electric power for operating exhibits, motors, and the machinery connected therewith, such as panoramas, series of lamps in Patent Office exhibits showing the progress of invention in the class of illuminations, series of specimens of color photography, series of transparencies of various kinds, and particularly those illustrating the opera- tions of the Reclamation Service, etc. We want to have, aa far as possible, live exhibits, with the utmost attractiveness. Direct as well as alternating current should be provided for. You will be advised of the approximate power that will be required as soon as possible. Such fresh water necessary for drinking purposes and water for operating motors and producing power to operate exhibits is required, as well as water for washstands and toilet rooms in the Government buildings. Fresh-water supply of 150,000 gallons per 24 hours of Lake Washington or Cedar River water to be delivered at the Fisheries Building, with at least 40 pounds pressure through a 4-inch independent main, not tapped for fire plugs or any other purpose. A con- tinuous flow is absolutely necessary; cutting it off, even for a brief period^ would be disastrous and cause the loss of all stock in the aquarium. A suitable pipe line of galvanized-iron pipe and necessary connections with ade- quate pumps and power to pump salt water from the railroad siding into the salt- water reservoir in the building as may be needed during the exposition period. The capacity of the reservoir is 30,000 gallons. The salt water will be delivered by the Government on the siding in tank cars in as few lots at each dehvery as the number of cars obtainable will permit. It is imi^ossible to specify the number of deliveries, but they probably will not exceed four or five. Prompt service is essential. Electric power in the Fisheries building should be available at least four or five weeks before the opening. 68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 2 18 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION A fish transportation car will be employed at brief intervals throughout the exposi- tion in bringing in fresh stock for the aquarium and there must be a free siding for this car, such siding to be open, for handling the car, as needed. On arrival, unloading must be immediate. When not engaged in transporting fish, the car will be kept in first-class condition on the siding as part of the exhibit. Free admission at all times for wagons and attendants with live fish for the aquarium and for messengers carrying such fish under any satisfactory system which will not cause delay or require special action in each case should be provided for. As a site for the life-saving station, a space of at least 100 by 100 feet is desired at a point on Lake Union at the east end of the esplanade at the foot of the Pay Streak; the building to face west. It will be necessary to extend the bulkhead a distance of 50 feet south at right angles with the present bulkhead. The esplanade should be extended back at that point, as the 50-foot street would not afford sufficient space to accommodate the public. It should be understood relative to the hauling and placing of exhibits at the expo- sition grounds that, in case the party or parties who may be awarded the privilege or given the concession for the same fail to meet the demands of the Government within 24 hours after being requested to haul and place the exhibit, the Government official or officials in charge may procure any other person or persons to haul and deliver its exhibits to the proper place, whether on bringing the property and exhibits to the exposition or removing it therefrom and, on so doing, the Government will be under no obligation to, or be required to pay, the party or parties that may be granted the privilege or given the concession as aforesaid. It is very important that the Government be advised immediately that you will comply with this request, in order that it may completely and fully carry out the plans of the Government in providing for installing and maintaining the exhibit. In. order to comply with the wishes of the board the executive committee of the exposition company passed a resolution embodying all the requirements of the board as expressed in the above commu- nication. As near as can be approximated the amount and kind of electricity used by the several departments for the operation, of their exhibits, which was furnished gratuitously by the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company, is as follows: The Treasury Department, for the operation of its mint machinery, required 35 amperes at 220 volts direct current, and of the same current for the marine engine in the Revenue-Cutter Service, 5 amperes. For the operation of X-ray and high frequency appliances, 20 amperes at 110 volts direct current. In addition there were required fifteen 16-candlepower, and fifteen 32-candlepower electric lamps to light the dark room for X-ray demonstrations, the operating room platform, and other exhibits distributed throughout the Treasury space. In the Post-Office exhibit space 50 incandescent lights were necessary, of 110 volts alternating current. About 20 horsepower was required distributed for motors used to operate mutoscopes, mail chutes, and canceling machines, including the machines in the model post office, which was for general public use. The Department of the Interior made use of 20 horsepower of 220 volts direct current, and 5 horsepower of 110 volts direct current. In the operation of its exhibit the Department of Agriculture, with its model road machinery, made use of but 30 amperes of 110 volts direct current. The Department of Commerce and Labor, which included the Bureau of Fisheries exliibit, utilized a supply of electricity at 220 volts, 2-phase, 60-cycle, alternating current. This fully supplied the current for one 20-horsepower and two 3-horsepower motors. There were 65 incandescent lamps used for lighting the interior and base- ment of the exhibit. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 19 In arranging for the exhibits in tlie main building it was decided that the height of exhibit lines and partitions separating the various exliibit spaces or any other partitions erected within the exhibit spaces should not exceed 12 feet. Upon request of the Post Office Department 2,000 square feet of space was assigned for a model post office on the first floor in the northwest corner of the building, which proved to be very satisfactory in location, and the use of such an office was greatly appreciated by the public. In order to get in closer touch with the situation the board deemed it advisable that tliey proceed to Seattle and take up with the expo- sition company' matters pertaining to the proper installation of exhibits, and on October 23, 1908, the board met with the executive officers of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition Company. Mr. I. H. Dunlap, chief agent of the Bureau of Fisheries accompanied the board on their trip to Seattle and arranged with the exposition company the details in connection with the fish exhibit. The exposition com- pany gave the board most courteous consideration in this and all other matters. During the visit of the board to the exposition grounds in conjunc- tion with Capt. Oscar S. Wicklund, of the Life-Saving Service, a site was located at the foot of the Pay Streak on Lake Union for the life-saving station, which selection was later approved by the repre- sentative of the Treasury Department. The Director of the International Bureau of the American Repub- lics, Hon. John Barrett, who was also in Seattle at this time, took up with the board the matter of space in the Govermnent building for an exhibit of that bureau; but he was informed that Congress had not made such provision in the original act. Later, however, a special appropriation of S.3,000 was made for an exhibit of the International Bureau of the American Republics and 750 square feet of space was allotted for such purposes. A report covering the exhibit is given elsewhere by the representative. Plans and specifications for the main and fisheries buildings, Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, erected for the Govern- ment exhibit, were prepared in the office of the Supervising Architect of the Treasury and conformed to the general scheme of architecture adopted by the exposition company for the various exhibit palaces on the grounds. The contract was let to Strehlow, Freese & Peter- sen, local contractors of Seattle, the net amount paid to the con- tractors for these buildings being $218,832.69. A separate contract was awarded for the building of the life-saving station, in amount W,720. On January 12, 1909, a communication was addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury asking for the detail of Mr. C. E. Thatcher as transportation agent for the period of the exposition, and under his supervision the exliibits were transferred to and from Seattle. The various railroad companies authorized freight rates on shipments of Government exliibits to Seattle upon the following conditions: On all exhibits carried to the exposition and made a part of the Government exhibit on which full tariff rates were paid a free return was allowed in case shipment was offered for return within 90 days after the close of the exposition, switching charges for which the board was required to pay $4 per car at Seattle. Bills of lading covering exhibits showed the precise routes over which such exhibits were transported, and the usual land-grant deductions were made on all shipments. On less-than-carload 20 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. shipments of merchandise tlirough the local station at Seattle a rate of 7^ cents per 100 pounds was charged, minimum charge on single shipment 50 cents. To these rates and other charges were added by the exposition management a rate of 8 cents per 100 pounds, minimum charge on single shipment of 50 cents for any ship- ment consigned to the Government buildings. These charges in all instances were computed on a basis of the railroad bills of lading subject to the regularly established minimum rates. On heavy or bulky articles exceeding 3 tons in weight an extra cost of handling was charged in both directions. In the matter of transportation of employees negotiations were made with the several railroad companies, who permitted a .?62 excursion rate to Seattle and other northwestern points, dates of sale from May 25 to September 30, 1909, tickets good via any regular route and returning via anj' other direct route, final limit of tickets October 31, 1909; but owing to the inconvenience of these dates it was impossible to transfer many of the employees on excursion tickets, as they were required to proceed to Seattle before the first date of sale and return after the final limit of the tickets. Upon request from Commissioner J. C. McBride, of the Alaska exhibit, 224 square feet of floor space were allottetl in the Alaska Building to H. D. Kirmse, a manufacturer and retail dealer of Skag- way, Alaska, for an exhibit of Alaska gold nuggets, jewelry, carved ivory by the natives, souvenir spoons and forks, Alaskan Indian baskets, moccasins, and totems. On this space were employed native ivory carvers, metal workers, basket and blanket weavers, making a thoroughly live exhibit. There were also allotted 409 square feet of floor space jointly to the Alaska Coast Steamship Co. and the Alaska Pacific Steamship Co. both of Seattle, for an exhibit illustrating the operation of the industries along the lines of ' these two transportation companies in Alaska. Wall space in the rear of the space was also occupied by these companies. In the same building was also recommended for approval an allotment of 199 square feet of floor space to the Alaska Steamship Co. and the White Pass & Yukon Kailway Co., of Skagway, Alaska, for an exhibit illustrating the industries along the lines of these two companies in Alaska, together with the wall space in the rear. The Alaska Garnet Mining & Manufacturing Co. of Minneapolis, Minn., made request for certain space in the Alaska Building, 7 feet by 24 feet, for an exhibit of Alaska garnets, showing the process of polisliing, etc., which was approved by the board. In the instaUation of the Government exhibit it was found necessary to have a separate transformer room in the building, and upon the request of the exposition company space was assigned for such pur- poses on the first floor in the rear of the Forestry exhibit and adjacent to the model post office, space 18 feet by 32 feet being allotted, and the expense of construction of this room and operation expenses were borne by the exposition company. At a meeting of the board held March 24, 1909, the secretary and disbursing officer was directed to proceed to Seattle on or about AprU 1 and take full charge of the installation of the Government exhibit acting upon the authority of the following resolution: Resolved, That in the absence of the chairman, or vice chairman, of the United States Government board of managers for the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, from Seattle, Wash., the secretary and disbursing officer be, and is hereby, authorized and directed to exercise the authority of the chairman, as acting chairman, in approving vouchers for expenditures from the appropriation ^'Government exliibit, Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition, Seattle, Washington," when the same have been properly ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 21 certified by the representative of the department incurring the expense, or some person by him designated and authorized; also to make such appointments in behalf of the board as may be found necessary, and to have full supervision of the work of installing the Government exhibit, and that the accounting officers of the Treasury Department be so advised. The following rules and regulations to govern ofi&cers, special agents, and employees connected with the Government exhibit, were adopted : The Government exhibit building will be opened at 12 o'clock noon, Tuesday, June 1, 1909. The hours thereafter will be from 9 a. m. until 5.30 p. m. Officers, chief special agents, assistants, and employees are expected to be on duty during these hours each day. The chief special agent in charge will, in his absence from his exhibit space, see that some assistant remains on duty during his absence. Smoking is positively prohibited within or near the Government exhibit building. In unpacking exhibits, no excelsior will be allowed to remain in empty boxes stored underneath the building. Copies of rules governing the guard force will be provided by the captain of the guard to each member thereof. A meeting of the entire membersliip of the board was held in Seattle on May 17, 1909, previous to the opening of the exposition for the purpose of inspecting the same and being present during the opening exercises of the exposition. The scheme of decoration of the various buUdings was elaborate and effective, the buildings thoroughly burlapped throughout, the national ensign beiag utihzed in an attractive manner and to the best advantage. For the care and operation of the Government exhibit the board authorized the appointment of a captaia of the guard, 3 sergeants, and not to exceed 12 guards duly appointed by the United States Government board of managers. The guard was organized in three reUefs, as follows: First, from 8 o'clock a. m. to 4 o'clock p. m.; second, from 4 o'clock p. m. to 12 o'clock midnight; and third, from 12 o'clock midnight to 8 o'clock a. m. The captain of the guard, W. F. Bopp, had immediate command of the guard, reporting to and receiving orders from the chairman of the board of managers, or the secretary and disbursing officer thereof, in the chairman's absence. Details of United States soldiers and marines for guard duty in the Government building were under the command of their respective officers. The guards were uniformed in dark-blue blouse and trousers and regulation cap. Side arms were only allowed for the night reUef. Card passes were provided for the members of the board, officers, and representatives of the various departments, but the exposition company required that photograph passes be issued for all other employees, for which a charge of $2 was made. The buildings were opened each day from 9 o'clock in the morning until half past 5 in the evening, except Sundays, when the same were closed to the public. On Sunday afternoon. May 30, 1909, previous to the opening of the exposition, the board of managers invited the officers of the exposi- tion company to accompany them on a tour of inspection around the Government exhibit buildings. It was a source of gratification to the exposition company as well as to the members of the board that the entire exhibit was in perfect order and the installation of the 22 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITIOK. exhibit of each department fully completed. The building was per- fectly decorated and the exhibits in readiness for the inspection of the public. The exercises incident to the opening of the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition, June 1, 1909, were held in the large amphitheater a short distance from the main Government buUding, and were presided over by Mr. J. E. Chilberg, president of the exposition company; the membership of the board was present and participated therein. At the close of the official program, promptly at 12 o'clock Seattle time, President Taft, from the White House in Washington, pressed a but- ton, and immediately following the announcement was made of the official opening of the exposition. Flags were unfurled from each of the masts on the Government exhibit buUdings, and the doors of the buildings opened for the period of the exposition. As a means of. attracting notable persons to the Northwest during the period of its operation, the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition afforded an opportunity that was greatly beneficial to that section of the United States. Many distinguished citizens from home and abroad visited the exposition in an official capacity, among whom was the President of the United States, WUliani H. Taft, who on Sep- tember 30, 1909, was a guest of the exposition company, and at which time he made an official inspection of the Government exhibits and buildings. Among the other distinguished visitors who were officially escorted through the exhibit by rnembers of the Government board were Hon. Kichard A. Balhnger, Secretary of the Interior; , Hon. Frank H. Hitchcock, Postmaster General; James J. HUl, presi- dent of the Great Northern KaUway; Gov. Charles E. Hughes, of New York; Gov. John A. Johnson, of Minnesota; Ambassador Jusse- rand, of France; Gov. F. W. Benson, of Oregon; Gov. M. E. Hay, of Washington; Hon. W. H. Able, of Kansas; Lieut. Gov. P. J. Kelly, of Michigan; Judge Levi H. Bancroft, of Wisconsin ; Hon. S. H. PUes, United States Senator from Washington; Gern Dip, Chinese consul; Gov. Brady, of Idaho; ex-Gov. J. H. Fletcher, of South Dakota; Gov. Spry, of Utah; Gov. Hoggatt, of Alaska; Gov. GUlett, of Cali- fornia; Gov. Gilchrist, of Florida; Baron T. Takihira, Japanese ambassador ; Gov. Glasscock, of West Virginia ; and Hon. John Barrett, Director of the International Bureau of the American Repubhcs. Without exception they expressed themselves as being greatly pleased with the presentation made of the Government resources by the tastily arranged exhibits of the various departments. In his official capacity, on July 5, 1909, Gov. M. E. Hay, of Wash- ington, and staff paid their respects to the Government board of managers, expressing their gratification over the Government's con- tribution to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. At the life-saving station, erected by the Government on a site near Lake Union, at the foot of the Pay Streak, a crew of 11 picked men from the regular service were detailed and the station properly organized. They were under the supervision of Capt. O. S. Wick- lund, of the Point Adams (Oreg.) Station. DaUy drills were given demonstrating the work of the service, which included surf-boat drill; manual of oars; beach-apparatus drill, showing rescue from a wreck ; life-boat capsizing, showing the self-righting self-bailing boat ; and restoring the apparently drowned, aU of which was of manifestly AlASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. 23 great interest to the general public, judging from tlie throngs that gathered to witness these driUs. Assistance was given the pubhc schools of Seattle and adjacent towns in making personally conducted trips of school children through the buildings bv teachers in charge. Those in charge of the exhibits sought to make such tours instructive and the innovation proved highly satisfactory. By special appropriation the dome of the main Government build- ing was later illuminated 11,000 electric hghts, with a large electric flag above the main entrance. This added materially to the appear- ance of the building and grounds at night. The expense of $24,000 incurred for such illumination and additional electricity was on a special contract between the Secretary of the Treasury and the exposition company. The absence of intoxicants from the grounds warranted a smaller guard force than had been contemplated, as the crowds were both orderly and intently interested. But one or two minor accidents were ofiiciaUy reported to have occurred within the buOdings, and fewer exhibits purloined than has been the case heretofore. The exposition company having canceled its outgoing tariff, the board found it necessary to enter into contract for removing the exhibits from the buildings to the cars at the close of the exposition. Such a contract was entered into with F. E. Grau, of Seattle, the price being the same as that guaranteed by the exposition company at the opening of the exposition. A drinking fountain was placed near the niain entrance of the Gov- ernment building, at an expense of $180; also toilet rooms for the use of the general public, attendants being placed in charge, and such service was greatly appreciated by the visiting pubhc. On the occasion of the visit of the President of the United States to the exposition grounds and Government exhibit, it was deemed advisable to close the buildings during the inspection made by the official party, no one being admitted thereto except by card. Two companies of infantry, besides the usual guard force, were in attend- ance in and around the Government buildings to prevent crowding and accidents, and the day's exercises passed off in a quiet and satis- factory manner. On exhibitors' day the Government budding was included in the arrangement of the program, on which occasion the concessionaires in the Treasury Department space gave away to the pubhc 1,000 copies of the official engravings and official medals stamped on the coining press in that space. A committee on condemnation was recommended for the purpose of appraising such property as might be abandoned by the several departments at the close of the exposition, and Mr. C. E. Thatcher, Mr. James C. Boykm, and Mr. H. C. McArthur were appointed such committee by the chairman. Postmaster Russell, of Seattle, made request to the architect's office for the transfer to his office of such furniture and fixtures as might be made use of in the service; such transfer was made and record filed with the Secretary of the Treasury. This was mostly furnitiu'e loaned to the Government board of mana- gers after the Jamestown Exposition. Fire extinguishers, rugs, waste baskets, burlap, decorations, etc., not belonging to the building proper were turned over to the United States marshal at Seattle, 24 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. under instructions, for use at the Federal penitentiary at McNeil's Island. Receipts were taken for all such property and are a part of the files of the office of the board of managers. Two boxes of flags in fairly good condition were returned and turned over to the Treasury Department, under instructions. These ensigns were used for interior decoration and on the flagstaffs of the Government building and were borrowed from the Jamestown Tercentennial Commission. The chairman of the committee on condemnation, appointed by the board and approved by the Secretary of the Treasury, to appraise and dispose of such property as might be abandoned by the several departments at the close of the exposition, submitted his report, showing the following receipts: From — Smithsonian Institution and National Museum $25. 00 Department of State 11. 00 Department of Commerce and Labor 12. 50 Navy Department 2. 50 Department of the Interior 5. 00 Government building decorations 7. 00 Government building fixtures , 5. 00 General office 1. 50 Total , 69. 50 A list of the property in detail is filed with the report, together with the names of the parties to whom the same was sold, and the money deposited to the credit of the miscellaneous fund in the Treasury. The hearty cooperation of the representatives of the departments, chief special agents in charge of the respective exhibits, together with that of the other officers and employees, added materially to the success of the Government exhibit, and the same was greatly appre- ciated by the general public and the exposition company. Upon request of the exposition company a list was furnished by the various representatives of those entitled to awards or diplomas in connection with the preparation and installation of the Government exhibit, it being understood that the Government exhibit in no wise entered into competition with the other exhibits on the grounds. Such diplomas were furnished to those entitled to the same by the exposition company. Simple yet befitting closing exercises were held on the last day of the exposition, under the direction of the board of managers, on the plaza in front of the main Government building. The musicians marched into this court of honor, where a large assemblage had gathered. From across the court came the strains of the Metlakatla Indian band playing national airs. The oflicial band followed with the "Star Spangled Banner," joined in by the throng, who stood in singing the anthem. While the large flag over the main entrance of the Government building was being lowered for the last time, the Igorot quartet from the Philippine Islands and the Hawaiian quartet united in the national anthem. The Government buildings were thereupon declared closed to the public. THE GOVERNMENT EXHIBIT, BY DEPARTMENTS. 25 28 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. convention, together with the photographs of the members of the convention in attendance, arranged in order of signatm-e, by States, witli facsimiles of the Articles of the Constitution as adopted. Then foUowed an exhibit of the portraits of the Presidents of the United States from Washington to and including William Howard Taft. There were also presented proclamations of all the Presidents, from Washington to Roosevelt, followed by a portion of the correspondence leading up to the formulation of the Monroe Doctrine, with photo- graphs of those who participated in it. Exhibited in a wall case was the fine crab-tree walking stick of Benjamin FrankHn, with gold head, curiously wrought in the form of the Cap of Liberty. An extract from a codicil of Franklin's wiU, of July, 1788, states: I give it to my friend, and the friend of mankind, George Washington. It it were a scepter he has merited it, and would become it. Documents relating to the expansion of the territory of the United States from the close of the Revolutionary War to the close of the Spanish- American War, in 1898, were among the most interesting of the exhibits. There was shown a portion of each treaty under which additional territory was acquired, a map showing the location of the territory acquired, with the date of the acquisition, and photographs of the representatives of the two Governments who brought the nego- tiations to a successful conclusion in each instance. The interest manifested by students of liistoiy and by the pubhc in general in this portion of the exliibit was very gratifying. A case near by contained ceremonial letters and communications from many celebrated personages of foreign countries, including Louis, Bang of France, 1788; Emperor Napoleon I; Victoria, Queen of Eng- land; William II, German Emperor; Emperor Frederick, of Germany; the Shah of Persia. The wall-space exhibit was completed by the portraits of the 4 Secretaries of Foreign Affairs and the 40 Secretaries of State, begin- ning with Robert R. Livingston, the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs, and ending with the portrait of our present Secretary of State, the Hon. PhUander C. Knox — all grouped, in the order of their respective service, around an oil painting, 8 feet square, of the Seal of the United States. The portion of the exhibit so far described occupied wall space 12 feet high by 140 feet long, and covered the period from July 4, 1776, to 1909. Fifteen cases, plate-glass frames, and one metal and two marble pedestals were used in displaying that part of the exhibit which occu- pied the floor space assigned to the Department of State. The cases contained many interesting historical relics, among which were: The desk on which was written the rough draft of the Declara- tion of Independence; the eyeglasses and service sword of Washington; the sword of Andrew Jackson; a gold-mounted sword and two gold- mounted pistols voted by the General Assembly of the State of Con- necticut to their feUow-citizen, Capt. Isaac Hull, as a testimonial of their sense of his distinguished services, gallantry, and conduct in July and August, 1812. In one case was displayed the handsome and massive solid silver urn given to Capt. Hull by the citizens of Philadelphia, September 5, 1812, for gallant and distinguished services. * AiASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 29 Various war and peace medals ordered by the Congress of the United States were shown. The series of war medals began with the medal ordered by the Continental Congress in commemoration of the siege of Boston in 1776, and presented to George Washington, and, continuing, included that presented to Gen. Grant for distinguished services at Vioksburg, Miss., and Chattanooga, Tenn., in 1863. The peace medals began with the medal presented to Capt. Armstrong September 5, 1776. The last medal in this series was that in honor of Benjamin Franklin, commemorating the two hundredth anniver- sary of his birth. In one of the cases was a beautiful diamond studded medal pre- sented to the United States by the Sultan of Turkey to commemorate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of America. The medal consists of a weO-cut cameo representing the landing of Colum- bus, which is surrounded by a gold wreath set in diamonds, with a small bow knot of diamonds at the base. In this case were also exhib- ited one of the handsome gold watches, with chain and charm, and one of the marine glasses wliich are presented by the President of the United States to masters and officers of foreign vessels in recognition of their humane services in effecting the rescue of shipwrecked American seamen. In one of these cases was also shown a facsimile copy in plaster of a treaty between the Athenians and Chalcideans, 446 to 445 B. C. A metal pedestal was surmounted by a wedgewood bust of Washington, probably the only bust of Washington in this material in existence. On one of the marble pedestals was a projec- tile, a souvenir of the commune of Paris, presented to the Department of State by E. B. Washburne, minister of the United States to the French Repubhc, and on the other pedestal was exhibited a brick taken from the great wall of China. On one side of a large plate-glass screen was displayed a United States flag, woven in one piece of silk material and paid for by the contributions of 25,000 weavers of Lyons, France, wliich was pre- sented to the people of the United States as a token of their sympathy at the death of President Lincoln; while on the reverse side of the screen was shown a sUk rug, woven in the form of a United States flag, which was presented to the United States by the orphans of Har- put, Turkey, as a token of their gratitude. In the remaining floor space were arranged several pieces of furni- ture for the use of visitors, who appeared fuUy to appreciate this slight contribution to their comfort and to their leisurely inspection of the exhibit. TBEASUBY DEPARTMENT. The Treasury Department exhibit occupied 7,500 square feet of floor space in the southwest section of the main floor of the Govern- ment building, the foUowing offices and bureaus being represented: Office of the Secretary of the Treasury, office of the Treasurer, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Supervising Arcliitect's oflice, Bureau of the Mint, including United States assay office, Revenue-Cutter Serv- ice, Pubhc Health and Marine-Hospital Service, and the Life-Saving Service. The Secretary's office had on display a collection of oil portraits of former Secretaries of the Treasurv. 30 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. The office of the Register of the Treasury was represented by a series of winged frames containing samples of colonial currency, old con- federate notes, bonds, and securities, and bonds and securities of our insular possessions; also United States bonds of different issues. The exhibit of the Office of the Supervising Architect consisted of a series of drawings, photographs, and pen sketches representmg the various important public buildings which have been erected under the direction of that office. This bureau offered as part of its exhibit the maia United States Government building, the Alaska, Hawaiian, and Pliilippiae buildings, and the life-saving station, aU of which were erected under its direction. The commanding location of the main Government buOduig and the beauty of its architecture occa- sioned very favorable comment from the many visitors to the expo- sition. The office of the Treasurer of the United States had on display in appropriate gilt frames national-bank notes, a series of notes, bonds, and securities issued by the United States, and an old cutting knife and punching machine used by the Treasury Department from 1863 to 1899. The knife was used m cutting 2,601,784,936 separate pieces of paper currency, representing a total face value of 15,586,- 688,853.96. The principal feature of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing exhibit was a printing press in operation, the methods of plate printing as used by the United States being fully demonstrated by expert Government workmen. Specimen prints were made from engraved steel plates, showing portraits of the President and Vice President, the American eagle, the U. S. S. Nebraska, and a special commemorative design especially prepared for the Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition. The bureau also exhibited engraved portraits and vignettes, includ- ing a complete set of the Presidents of the United States, Secretaries of the Treasury, and a number of fine vignettes used on notes and securi- ties; bonds, notes, certificates, and other obligations issued by the United States, showing all of the processes from the blank paper to the finished article; internal-revenue stamps, postage stamps, including the latest issues, and notes and stamps prepared for Cuba and the insular possessions. The exhibit of the Bureau of the Mint comprised the various devices and machines used in the process of coining money. One of the latest-type coining presses used by the Government was in fuU opera- tion, in charge of an expert coiner fi'om the Philadelpliia Mint, showing the operation of coining the double-eagle, actually coining a medal the size of that coin. The process was described by the operators in charge. The melting furnaces, the temperature of which for melting the metal alloys is about 2,000° F., are used in the first operation, the metal being cast into ingots. These ingots are then run through the roUing mill and reduced from one-half of an inch to eighty-five thousandths of an inch. This mill is operated by a 50-horsepower motor, and the power is transmitted to the rolls by means of helical gears and pinions. After the strips are cut to their proper lengths by multiple shears, they are blanlved by the cutting press, running 210 strokes per minute. The blanks are then upset in order to have enough metal at the edge for the border of the finished medallion. I ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 31 This tends to harden the edge, and after annealing, cleaning, drying, and polishing in a rotary tumbler and drying machine, they are ready for stamping. The coining press used for this exerts a pres- sure of 150 tons to properly bring up the design and requires only a 7i-horsepower motor. The machines exhibited by the Mint Bureau were a large modem coining press, rolling machine, punching machine, coin hopper and counting board, screw press (built in 1797 and used at that time for stamping small coins), washing machine, riddle or drying machine, upsetting machine, and cutting machine. All were in actual oper- ation in charge of experts. An interesting feature of the Mint Bureau exhibit was the large collection of national medals in bronze, which represented the highest type of skilled workmanship in the art of die cutting and medal staniping. Many were finished in bold relief and were very artistic in design. For the first time at any exposition the United States assay office established a branch in the Government building, where deposits of gold were melted and assayed in the presence of visitors to the fair. The display consisted of gas furnaces, pouring table for gold, crusher, rolls. Cupel furnaces, panning tank, assay balances, drill machine, flux bin, Troemer 2,000-ounce scale, flume and flume board, cranes, etc. On the wall space allotted to the Revenue-Cutter Service were hung oU paintings, draped with the flags of the service, showing notable historical achievements of the ships of the service. The main part of the floor space was utilized for the display of one 6-pounder Hotchldss hand-operating gun, one 3-pounder semi- automatic gun, and one Colt automatic gun, all the guns being mounted on cage stands and illustrating the types that are in gen- eral use on revenue cutters. Projectiles were exhibited and were used to demonstrate the manner of loading and firing. There were also six complete models of revenue cutters, em- bodying types from the early topsail-schooner class to the modern steel propeller, and also a working model of a triple-expansion marine engine with shaft and propeller, driven by an electric motor. All these models were inclosed in plate-glass and mahogany cases, mounted on mahogany tables. Cutlasses, revolvers, rifles, etc., were also sho-ivn, together with water-color pictures illustrating the various uniforms worn by the officers and men of the service. The exhibit of the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service was planned to outline the duties with which that bureau is charged b}- law and the progress in scientific medicine and public-health administration. Equipment of a marine hospital was shown, including a clinical record case in which were filed the completed records of each patient treated. A large X-ray room contained an induction coil and static machines, demonstrations of which were made several times daily to show the public the value of such apparatus in surgery and in the treatment of skin and nervous disorders. A model of a ward in a marine hospital, showing the furniture used, as well as various appliances and instruments, was exhibited. ( 32 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. The surgical section consisted of a model operating room, having in the center life-sized wax figures, representing a surgical operation in full progress. Around the sides of the room containing this section were placed steam sterilizers for dressings, water sterilizers, irrigating stands, and instrument cases containing a complete surgical arma- mentarium, glass-topped bottles, glass basins, and all the other appur- tenances of a fully equipped operating room. A laboratory exhibit was made up of such apparatus as is used in chemical and bacteriological laboratories. Samples of the culture media upon which germs are planted and tubes and plates containing pathogenic organisms were also shown. An illuminated case showed microphotographs of various germs and germ carriers. On a table were arranged a series of pathological specimens that attracted con- siderable attention, and were of great educational value to sani- tarians and the medical men in general. These specimens showed in natural colors the changes in the organs and tissues of rodents due to bubonic plague. The medical officer in charge of the exhibit had a number of microscopical preparations of the germs of bubonic plague, which were shown under the microscope on request. The remainder of the exhibit consisted of models iUustrative of the work done by the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service in sup- pressing epidemic diseases. A model of a house in New Orleans was shown screened against the mosquitoes carrying yellow fever and malaria. Adjoining this was a model of a house and stable showing the measures to be taken to keep the carrier of bubonic plague at a respectful distance. Taxidermal groups of the California ground squirrel and its natural enemies were shown to call attention to the squirrel as a carrier of bubonic plague. As the Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service also enforces the national and interstate quarantine laws, the remainder of the space was devoted to two models of national disinfection and fumiga- tion camps at Reedy Island quarantine. Camp Perry, Fla., and a model of the tuberculosis sanitarium at Fort Stanton, N. Mex., in connection with wliich were models of the tents used in the open-air treatment of tuberculosis at this station. One of the important adjuncts to the Treasury Department exhibit was a complete and modern life-saving station located at the foot of the Pay Streak, on the banks of Lake Union, and fully manned by a skillful keeper and crew selected from various stations on the Pacific coast. It was provided with all necessary furniture and other facili- ties for residence and equipped with all modern appliances for the saving of life and property fi-om shipwreck, including the entire beach apparatus and other gear and appurtenances that are employed by the service in establishing line communications between the shore and vessel and in rescuing shipwrecked persons when the use of boats is not deemed practicable. This station also contained a col- 'i lection of boats, consisting of a Beebe-McLellan self-bailing, water- ■ ballast surf boat, with centerboard and sails; a 26-foot Dobbins self- righting and self-bailing lifeboat equipped with a 40-horsepower gasoline engine for the rapid propulsion of same. Paintings and photographs illustrating the development of the service and methods of operation were displayed on the station walls. Exhibition drills of the crew were given daily, consisting of surf- boat practice under oars, capsizing and righting life and surfboats; ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION". 33 practice with beach apparatus, diving and mimic rescues of supposedly drowning persons, including demonstrations of the methods employed in the resuscitation of the apparently drowned, and signaling. Lectures were given daily in the biograph room, with stereoptican illustrations, on the work of the mint, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, Life-Saving Service, and the Public Health and Marine- Hospital Service. WAB DEPARTMENT. The exhibit of the War Department was made up of exhibits from the office of the Secretary of War, General Staff of the Army, Quarter- master's Department, Corps of Engineers, Ordnance Department, Signal Corps, Coast Artillery Corps, United States Military Academy, and Gettysburg National Military Park, as follows: From the office of the Secretary of War a large photograph of the Secretary of War; 14 colored transparencies, size 40 by 50 inches, which graphically illustrate b}' means of battle pictures the military history of the United States; 12 enlarged photographs of scenes in the Philippine Islands during the Moro campaign ; a large relief map of the Panama Canal and the Canal Zone, and a collection of photo- graphs of scenes of work on the Panama Canal. From the General Staff of the Army a relief map of the battle fields of San Juan and El Caney; a collection of military maps of Cuba, the Philippines, Alaska, etc. ; 48 photographs of scenes during the Russo-Japanese War; and a collection of the publications issued by the Military Information Division. From the Quartermaster's Department a complete display of uniforms, 3.3 in number, disposed on lay figures, 5 mounted and 28 unmounted, worn by officers and men in arctic, temperate, and tropical climates; 3 models of the U. S. Army transport Sherman, 2 being sectionalized ; stuffed carabao, hitched to cart from the PhUippine Islands, showing the only kind of transportation which was available in the Philippines when our troops went out there m 1898; Army wagon used during Sherman's march to the sea, during which time it traveled 4,160 miles; office wagon used by Gen. Thomas during the Civil War; models of the different Idnds of tentage used in the Army; model of the Arlington National Cemetery; Army bedstead, bedding, trunk locker, and barrack chair; a winged frame containing 48 plates showing the uniforms of the Army from 1776 to 1908; 2 lay figures (mules) with aparejos and packs; model of a United States Army mine planter; 3 cases containing the various chevrons, old and new style, indicating the rank of noncommissioned officers in the United States Army; flag stand containing various silken colors, national and regimental, and the colors of the President of the United States, the Secretary and Assistant Secretary of War. From the Corps of Engineers, a relief map of New York Harbor, showing the new Ambrose Channel; 5 models showing development of ocean vessels in the nineteenth century; model of United States ocean-going suction dredge Atlantic; 10 photographic views of the Government road system in Yellowstone National Park. From the Ordnance Department, 15 cartridge-making machines in operation, with five skilled operators who gave practical demon- strations of the method and process of manufacture of the smaU-arms 68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 3 34 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. cartridge; a 4.7-inch siege howitzer, which was a new gun and has not yet been issued to the service; a 3-inch rapid-fire field gun and Umber, with complete outfit of artillery harness disposed on 6 lay figures (horses) ; 1 piece of 6-inch armor plate showing results of test- ing projectiles at Sandy Hook proving grounds; a 75-millimeter Vickers-Maxim mountain gun and carriage; a Gatling gun, caliber .30, and carriage (this gun fires 800 shots a minute) ; working models of the 12-inch gun on disappearing and barbette carriages; models of the 1 5-pound er and 6-inch rapid-fire guns; a 37-millimeter Vickers-Maxim gun and carriage; a very interesting collection of 177 small arms dis- played in 2 gun racks; 3 oak blocks showing penetration of small-arm bullets; sample boards of automatic pistols, revolvers and pistols, and component parts of the latest model United States magazine rifle; a 16-inch cast-iron shot, weight 2,400 pounds, and a simulated pow- der charge, 640 pounds, for same; a Maxim, caliber .30, automatic gun, packed for transportation in the field, on 2 lay figures (mules) ; a Maxim, caliber .30, automatic gun on wheel mount; 8, 10, and 12 inch projectiles; 5 armor-piercing projectiles which had been fired through armor plate and recovered whole; samples of metallic cases and sectionalized projectiles; boards displaying the various kinds of small-arms ammunition manufactured. From the Signal Corps, a field wireless telegraph set, in operation; a field wireless set, packed for transportation in the field on 3 lay figures (mules) ; telephone and aeroscope used in fire-control system at Coast Artillery posts; submarine cable instruments in operation (these were exact duplicates of the cable instruments which are used between Seattle and Alaska) ; telautograph instruments in operation (these instruments transmit for miles a facsimile of one's handwriting) ; a field telephone s\vitchboard ; time-interval bells; types of sub- marine cable ; set of heliograph or sun telegraph instruments ; acety- lene lanterns for night signaling; mortar, pistol, and bombs for day and night signaling; collection of instruments used by the United States Army Signal Corps ; two sets of Signal Corps flags ; a collection of photographs, 33 in number, showing the work of the Signal Corps. From the Coast Artillery Corps, a realistic exhibition of the means of protection which would be aft'orded our harbors in time of war, consisting of a miniature mine field with shore connections and a model of a battleship floating in a glass tank, the tank representing part of a harbor entrance. In the tank were planted a group of 19 miniature mines, all of which were connected up electrically as would be the actual mine cases; the miniature battleship was towed across the mine field, and by turning a smtch, when the ship came in con- tact with one of the mines, the operator lit it up and at the same time exploded a small charge of powder in the turret of the battleship which caused the turret to fly open and the smokestacks to fall over and the ship to list as if sinking. Five demonstrations of tliis exhibit were given each day. To protect the mine field from attempts by the enemy to pick up the mines or cut the connections, 2 model forts with guns and searchlights were shown; 2 full-size mine oases No. 32 and No. 38; 3 photographs showing the effects of a submarine mine explosion. From the United States Military Academy, a frame pavilion, the interior of which was an exact reproduction of a cadet room in the barracks. On the exterior walls were shown an interesting series ALAS:^-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 35 of photographs of scenes at West Point, together with a series of plas- ter tablets and shields bearing the names of graduates IdUed in action from 1802 to 1904; the names of those who have received the thanks of Congress, medals of honor, and commissions for distinguished service, and of those who held high civil office under the Government. There was also a smaU entresol or room in which was displayed pho- tographs of a number of distinguished graduates, superintendents, and professors of the Mihtary Academy; the schedules of studies, textbooks, and some historical data fi'om the academy library. From the Gettysburg National Park Commission, a rehef map of the Gettysburg battlefield, size 11 by 15 feet; 6 large maps and 57 photographic views of the battle field. The exhibit was prepared and instaUed under the direction of John C. Scofield, assistant and chief clerk War Department, with Joseph J. Hittinger, cliief special agent, in immediate charge. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. It need hardly be said that a department dealing mostly with ques- tions of law, and in its administration coming but rarely in direct contact with the people of the country, can not compete with most of the other executive departments, as an exhibitor of entertaining objects Ulustrating its functions. People attend expositions, however, to receive impressions and not to pursue profound investigations, and an earnest effort, therefore, was made by the representative to col- lect and arrange materials for the department's exhibit in Seattle which would be interesting to the majority of citizens and as repre- senting in the best manner possible some of the functions of a depart- ment which, though but a very modest factor in the exposition, is otherwise as important as any. In the assignment of space, the Department of Justice received approximately 2,618 square feet of fioor space, adjoining the space of the Smithsonian Institution, the division Une being marked by screens which were substantial and ornamental and on which were displayed appropriate exhibits. From the appropriation for the United States Government exhibit the sum of $4,000 was aUotted to the Department of Justice. This amount was more than sufficient to meet aU expenses, including the purchase of new material, preparation, packing, transportation, maintenance, etc. Owing to the fact that the duties of the representative in Wash- ington would not permit of his going to Seattle personahy to install the exhibit, Mr. Charles B. Hopkins, United States marshal at Seattle, was designated as acting representative, and the exhibit was installed under his supervision. Mr. Hopkins, in addition to his regular duties as United States marshal at Seattle, gave the exhibit his personal attention throughout the exposition period, and he discharged his responsibUity with ability and discretion. At previous expositions the oil portraits of Attorneys General occupied most of the wall space and were rehed upon as the chief feature of attraction, but, owing to the long journey from Wash- ington to Seattle and the risk of damage to the portraits, none was sent to the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition. To take their places, however, a number of charts were prepared showing the organization 36 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. of the United States courts. Other large statistical wall charts were also shown giving a statement of the amount of business in the United States courts for the year, including a separate chart of bankruptcy statistics. They were not the best exposition material, but were representative of the department's functions. A large hand-drawn map, showing the nine Federal judicial circuits and districts of the United States and the places of holding Federal court, occupied a side wall of the exliibit room. Small reproductions of this map were gratuitously distributed to interested persons. Through the courtesy of the clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States there was presented a most interesting collection of records from the Supreme Court files. Not many persons, even among those of the legal profession, were aware that jury trials had ever been held in the Supreme Court, and the list of jurors, return- able February 2, 1795, which appeared among the papers loaned by this court, was a revelation. There were also shown manuscript dockets of the Chief Justice and of Justice Washington for 1820 and 1817, respectively; "allotments of circuit terms, 1792 and 1796;" "venire returnable August 5, 1794;" and other ancient records per- taining to this, the highest court of the United States. The department also had on display plaster-cast busts of the Chief Justices of the United States from the time of Jolm Jay to Morrison K. Waite. Busts of Rufus Choate and Daniel Webster also occupied pedestals. These busts were made from the originals in the Supreme Court of the United States by special permission of the Chief Justice, Hon. Melville W. FuUer, and are the only duplicates in existence, the - molds having been destroyed as soon as the duplicates were made. HISTORICAL PAPERS. The United States circuit court at Richmond, Va., loaned from its files, for display at the exposition, a collection of papers in the Aaron Burr treason case, among them being the original indictment charging Burr mth treason against the United States, and the original order for his arrest signed by Chief Justice John Marshall ; a subpoena duces tecum to President Jefferson and others in this case, and the deposition of Aaron Burr as to a letter of Gen. Wilkinson to President Jefferson material to Burr's defense. There also appeared among the papers from the Richmond court the original indictments against Herman Blennerhassett and Jonathan Dayton for treason and raising rmlitary expeditions. Perhaps one of the most important features of the exhibit was the collection of old papers and documents taken from the files of the Department of Justice displayed in three large show cases. These papers included letters bearing the autograph signatures of John Quincy Adams, Daniel Webster, Andrew Jackson, and others. There was an autograph letter by John G. Whittier and one by Abraham Lincoln, while others bore the signatures of Commodores Perry, Hull, Decatur, and Porter. Also on exhibition was a sheet of letter paper showing the insignia of mourning used after the death of President Lincoln, and a pardon granted by President WiUiam McKinley and attested by Hon. John W. Griggs, Attorney General. Of considerable historical interest was the sjDlendid edition of the Hargrave State Trials, in 6 volumes, which was published in London ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 37 in 1776. These volumes contain complete records of the proceedings on charges of high treason from the second year of the reign of Richard II to the sixteenth year of the reign of George III, against such famous people as ]Mary Queen of Scots, Ann Boleyn, Sir Walter Raleigh, and many others. There was also presented a collection of original documents and photographs in the celebrated Peralta-Reavis case, conducted in the United States Court of Private Land Claims. This case attracted widespread attention on account of the enormous tract of land involved, consisting of an alleged grant from the King of Spain of nearly 12,500,000 acres in Arizona and New Mexico, and the claim- ant's skillful creation of an apparently complete chain of documentary evidence of Spanish ancestry. Effectively arranged upon the walls were also a number of water- color paintings, photographs, engraved portraits, placques, etc., all illustrative of people and subjects identified with the department, among them appearing large free-hand drawings entitled "Law," "Power of the Law," and "Justice," the originals of which are in the Congressional Library. One hundred and thirty-eight etched portraits of the Chief Justices of the United States, Associate Justices of the Supreme Court, the Attorneys General of the United States, and the signers of the Declaration of Independence were displayed in "wing frames." A display was made of several hundred law books, consisting of a set of Federal Statutes, Annotated; the Court of Claims Reports, in 4.3 volumes; Encyclopedia, United States Supreme Court Reports; May's LTnited States Supreme Court Practice; Legal Classic Series; United States Reports ; Rose's Notes, LTnited States Reports; United States Compiled Statutes, and many others. These books were loaned to the department for exposition purposes through the kind- ness of Messrs. John Byrne & Co., of Washington, D. C; Callaghan & Co., of Chicago; and the Edward Thompson Co., of Northport, N. y. Among volumes owned by the department on display were the United States Statutes at Large, the Revised Statutes of the United States, the Federal Reports, Opinions of the Attorney Gen- eral, 1908, and a collection of treaties. The display of photographs and objects showing the methods of confinement, treatment, and labor of United States prisoners in the penitentiaries at Leavenworth, Kans., Atlanta, Ga., and McNeil Island, Wash., were unusually interesting. There were shown many specimens of the work done by convicts, including curios, stone vases, garments worn by the prisoners, etc. Pictures from the McNeil Island Penitentiary showing pheasants and ducks raised by the in- mates and sold to obtain funds for the purchase of magazines, pho- nograph records, etc., for use in this prison were on exhibition. Specimens of the finger-print method of identification as used in the Federal prisons were interesting and instructive. As showing the industrial training given girls in reformatories, a collection of raffia baskets, made by the colored inmates of the Reform School for Girls of the District of Columbia, was presented. The variety of shapes and sizes of these baskets, their beautiful col- oring, and clever workmanship added materially to the attractive- ness of the exliibit of the Department of Justice and constituted a feature not heretofore included. 38 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. At the request of Dr. Thomas F. Kane, president of the University of Washington, at Seattle, tlie two stone vases made by prisoners at the United States penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kans., and exhib- ited at the exposition were loaned by the Attorney General, at the close of the exposition to the University of Washington, as were also the three large show cases used for exhibition purposes. These articles are subject to recall by the departnient at any time. A contract was made with expert packers in Seattle for dismantling and packing the exhibit. Work was begun on the morning after the close of the exposition, and was completed within four days, when the exhibit was ready for loading and reshipment to Washington. The employees at Seattle in connection with the exhibit were Miss Carrie B. Hopkins, custodian, and Mr. Holland F. Burr, assistant custodian, both of whom discharged their duties with discretion and ability. POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. The exhibit of the Post OfEce Department at the Alaska- Yukon- Pacific Exposition occupied 7,000 square feet on the main floor of the Government building. The display consisted of a complete collection of postage stamps, postal cards, and stamped envelopes of the United States, and of all stamp-issuing countries of the world ; the equipment used in handling the mails and a comprehensive exhibit of the mail transportation facilities from the dog sledge and pony express to the newest type of all-steel mail car; the history, records, and statistics of the Post Office Department, including an interesting collection from the Dead Letter Office ; mutoscope machines, illustrating the various operations in handling the mails and a model post olfice for receiving and dis- tiibuting mails on the exposition grounds. The department was represented bj^ Messrs. Kichard P. Covert, chief clerk. Post Ofl5ce Department; A. H. Baldwin, chief, Division of Correspondence, office of the First Assistant Postmaster General, and Stanley I. Slack, curator. Post Office Department Museum. NAVY DEPARTMENT. The exhibit of the Navy Department at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was selected and installed with a view of presenting to the public in a most comprehensive manner within the allotted space, the United States Navy as an entirety and as an organization in detail. Its ships of the several classes, articles of ships' equipment, instru- ments and charts used in navigation, and the method of chart produc- tion; the guns comprising a ship's armament, together with speci- mens of ammunition for the several guns ; a working model of a floating dry-dock for placing ships in position for repairs to their hulls ; machin- ery for propelling our ships ; interesting data pertaining to the physical requirements of and the physical welfare of the Navy's personnel; views of the L^nited States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Md., where naval ofiicers receive the education fitting them for their future duties ; photographs of navy yards and naval stations ; specimens of uniforms, arms, and accouterments of the United States Marine Corps; and various other exhibits of historical interest and miscellaneous char- acter, were all exhibited and arranged with this object in view. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 39 The Bureau of Yards and Docks displayed the working model of the steel floating dry-dock Dewey, and the working of the dock was fully explained by daily lectures. There were also shown photographs of navy yards and stations, dry-docks, slips, shops, quarters, etc., at Boston, Mass., Newport, R. I., New York, League Island, Pa., Nor- folk, Va., Washington, D. C, New Orleans, La., Mare Island, Cal., and Puget Sound, Wash. The Bureau of Equipment and Naval Hydrographic Office exhibited a selected portfolio, including a set of Hydrographic Office charts of Lower California, entirely' original work ; original drawing and litho- graph of Hydrographic Office chart No. 867, south coast of Oahu Island, showing Honolulu and Pearl Harbor; the drawing, original plate, alto, and two copies of the Hydrographic Office chart No. 1310, Lower California, Cerros Island to Abreojos Point, entirely United States Navy work, and illustrating three processes of chart making, drawing, engraving and printing; original plate, alto and basso, with copy of Hydrographic Office chart No. 363, showing process of elec- trotyping of chart plates; copy of Hydrographic Office chart No. 1503, submarine cable chart of the world ; copy of chart of wireless telegraph stations of the world ; copies of Hydrographic Office sailing directions ; serial publications for 190S-9; pilot charts for 1908-9. Among the flags displayed were President's No. 1, Secretary of the Navy, Admiral of the Navy, rear admiral (blue), rear admiral (red), national ensign, Union Jack, narrow pennant, senior officer's mark. There were exhibited four models, full size, of 6,000-pound Navy type anchors with model chain, a full-sized model of a 17,600-pound stockless anchor, and a full-sized model of a 13,000-pound standard anchor. Sets of panels mounted with samples of rope, cables, and cordage manufactured at the Boston Navy Yard, and sets of panels mounted with knots, splices, hitches, and bends in wire and hemp, used by seamen in the Navy; a Tanner sounding machine, and a Thompson sounding machine were exhibited ; also a complete Army signal outfit for Navy use, and an electric night-signaling set, complete with key- board, cable, ladder, and four signal lanterns. The Bureau of Ordnance exhibited the following: One 5-inch breech-loading rifle and mount, complete with all accessories; one 3-inch breech-loading rifle and mount, complete with all accessories ; 1 6-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, complete with all accessories; 1 3-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, complete with all accessories; 1 1-pounder semiautomatic gun and mount, complete with all accessories; 1 Colt automatic gun, .30 caliber, with tripod mount, complete with all accessories; 1 Whitehead torpedo, 3.55 millimeters by 45 centimeters, Mark II; 1 Whitehead torpedo launching tube, 3.55 millimeters by 45 centimeters, complete with mount; 20 magazine rifles, .30 caliber, bayonets and cartridge belts; 3 magazine rifles, .30 caliber, with mechanism exposed to show working thereof ; 1 armor-piercing and 1 common shell ; 1 frame con- taining Navy standard cartridge cases; 1 frame containing sections of 3-inch brass cartridge cases cut in sections to show various stages of manufacture; specimens of fixed ammunition for United States Navy guns from 1 pounder to 6 inches in caliber; samples of smoke- less powder; samples of guncotton; iron plates showing penetration of bullet fired from Lee straight-pull rifle; wooden blocks showing 40 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. penetration of bullet fired from Lee straight-puU rifle; models, longi- tudinal sections, full size, with model ammunition charges in position, of United States naval ordnance which has been used in the United States Navy from the earliest period to the present day. The Bureau of Construction and Repair exhibited models of battle- ships Connecticut, Virginia, Maine, Illinois, Oregon, Kearsarge, Mississippi, Iowa, Texas; armored cruisers West Virginia, WasTiing- ton, BrooMyn, New Yorlc; unarmored protected cruisers, Colurribia, St. Louis, Olympia; and single-turret harbor-defense manitor Arkan- sas; models of vessels-, longitudinal sections, showing the evolution in naval construction in the United States, from the first ship of the Navy, the Bon Homme Richard, to vessels of the present date. From the Bureau of Steam Engineering was exhibited an operat- ing model of a quadruple expansion marine engine of the type used in a third-class torpedo boat, the engine being built by midshipmen under instruction in the classes of marine engineering and naval con- struction at the Naval Academy, Annapolis, Md., and a drawing of an engine used in the side-wheel U. S. S. Powhatan in 1849, and dis- played in the same frame and to the same scale was a drawing of a triple-expansion engine for a torpedo boat of the period of 1891, the comparison between these two drawings showing the progress which had been made in steam marine engineering between the dates stated. Pubhoations were exhibited by the Bureau of Medicine and Sur- gery. The exhibit of the United States Marine Corps consisted of a dis- play of uniforms, arms, and accouterments of the corps, with uni- forms displayed on wax figures. Among the naval relics displayed were: A model of the French line of battleship ViUe de Paris of the period of 1781; model of the French line of battleship Dante of the period of 1657; model of the old U. S. S. Kearsarge; model of the old U. S. S. Maine, sunk in the harbor of Habana, Cuba, February 16, 1898; Union Jack in daily use aboard the old U. S. S. Maine at the time of her destruction; figurehead of the U. S. S. Olympia, flagship of Admiral Dewey at the battle of Manila Bay; figurehead of the Spanish warship Don Juan de Ulloa, flagship of the Spanish fleet at the battle of Manila Bay; improvised sextant made of wreckage from the old U. S. S. Saginaw, by Engineer Herschel Maine, United States Navy, and used for navigating an open boat a distance of 1,500 mOes at sea in search of assistance. The battle between the U. S. S. Constitution and the British ships Levant and Oyane, the battle between the U. S. S. Bonhomme Richard and the British ship Serapis, and the battle of Lake Erie, were shown by illuminated transparencies. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. The exhibit of the Department of the Interior proper occupied the northwest quarter of the main Government building, and covered approximately 11,060 square feet of floor space. Not all the bureaus of the department lend themselves readily to exhibition, for their work is not of the sort that can be shown by concrete objects. For instance, the Pension Office, though it dis- burses nearly $162,000,000 a year, can not show to the eye of a casual I ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 41 visitor the machinery which is necessary for the investigations which precede the pajonent of sucli stupendous sums. Similarly the Patent Office, with its direct and vital connection with the industrial forces of the country, would make but a poor showing if it undertook to display the actual work which it does, namely, the examination and allowance or rejection of applications for patents. And the task of the Bureau of Education in the collection and diffusion of educa- tional information is by no means spectacular in itself. Neverthe- less, all the bureaus of the department had their share in the exhibit, and their principal functions were indicated, even when it was not possible to show them satisfactorilj'' and fuUj'. Of them all, the Geological Survey is the best exliibitor, when its own proper work alone is considered. The chemical laboratories, map making and printing, rock grinding, mine rescue work, and the incidents of geologic field work and topographic engineering make excellent and attractive exhibits, all of which are utilized fully. A hthographic printing press was installed upon wlaich was printed a map of the environs of Seattle, in three colors. The map was, of course, prepared by the topographers and engravers of the Geological Survey, and being distributed gratuitously in considerable numbers, formed one of the most popular features of the exhibit. A chemical laboratory was in actual operation, sho'wing an important phase of the work of the survey which requires the aid of chemistry in the determination of minerals, the examination of water, the analysis of oils and fuels, etc. All these uses were developed in the opera- tions of the laboratory, which was excellently equipped and was under a very competent chemist. As showing other customary methods employed in the determina- tion of minerals, a machine for preparing ,thin rock sections and a fine microscope were installed. The grinding machme was a never- faihng attraction. The skill of the attendant in producing films of dense rocks which were so thin as to be translucent, and that, too, \vithout destroying the structure of the rock, was frequently a sub- ject of comment. And the beautiful play of color produced in the same rock by the use of polarized light in the microscope was always the source of wonder. The necessary limitation in the number of people who can use the microscope, and the need of an attendant to be always on hand reduce the availability of this feature, but to the extent to which it can be shown it is unexcelled as a highly instructive and entertaining exhibit. A large wall map, showing the distribution of minerals of economic value in the United States, was excellently drawn and proved an exhibit of great usefulness. A striking feature of the exhibit of the survey was the demonstration of mine rescue apparatus in the mines building, it being impracticable to provide the facilities for the demonstration in the main Government building. A large air- tight room with glass windows was built, representing the interior of a mine. This was on occasion filled with fumes of sulphur and other noxious gases in which no breathing creature could hve with- out extraordinary protection; yet into it went men who could remain for an hour or more, performing heavy work, and suffering httle or no discomfort — they were armored with the Draeger oxygen apparatus, a type of the devices which the technologic branch of the survey is endeavoring to bring into general use to lessen the 42 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. appalling loss of life in American mining. The demonstration was an impressive one that was peculiarly suited to a section of the country in which mines are numerous. The fact that it had re- markably fulfilled its function was forcibly shown when imme- diately after a terrible disaster in one of the mines in the vicinity, at Roslyn, Wash., a telegram came urging that our men ^vith their apparatus be sent at once to aid in exploring the wrecked mine, and if possible to rescue the survivors, if there were any. Two men, Mr. W. S. Robbins and Mr. W. M. Barnette, were at once dispatched, and Mr. Barnette spent 36 consecutive hours in the mine; but only one mule was found alive. Though the work of the Patent Office in itself oilers little oppor- tunity for display, its results and influence are incalculable, and in indicating these exhibits without end of unequaled attractiveness may be made. The industrial development of the last century may be said with truth to have been impossible without the aid of the patent system, for what incentive would there be to stimulate invention if the inventor could not enjoy the fruits of his labor? Broadly speaking, therefore, the patent laws, which insure to the inventor a monopoly for a limited time in the manufacture and sale of his invention, are in the ultimate analysis the basis of the pros- perity of this country. The Patent Office may justly claim among its results any patented device wliich required costly experiment and elaborate research in its development and perfection, for without the proffered legal monopoly the time and money necessary to pro- duce the perfected machine would, in all human probability, never have been expended. With this theory as a basis, the Patent Office collected and presented an exhibit of great attractiveness, consistmg of a few of the more important of the later inventions which are susceptible to exhibition under the conditions that were met in the Government building. The material for the exhibit was all obtained by loan from the respective manufacturers, for in no other way could it be obtained in the most approved and satisfactory shape. The classes of inven- tion included were telegraphy, steam engines, agricultural machinery, automatic musical instruments, lighting, and photography. In each line- it was intended to present representative inventions showing marked advance over the previous state of the art. All were in full operation. In telegraphy the invention selected was the "telepost," by means of which messages are transmitted by wire at extraordinary rapidity by means of perforated strips at the sending end and sensitive paper at the receiving end. The operation involves a number of delicate and highly efficient instruments, which are attractive in appearance and excellent material from the standpoint of an exhibitor. Turbine engines of the Curtis, Parsons, and De Laval types were presented to show the latest word in the improvement of this class of machinery. Naturally this exhibit was of most interest to engineers, but in such an important seaport as Seattle these form a very numerous class. The officers from the squadron of Japanese warships that visited the exposition showed marked interest in the comparison of the three types of engines and in the examination of their details. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 43 Agricultural machinery was represented by a collection of models, loaned by the International Harvester Co., which represented all the important steps in the development of this important industry. The models were in operation, and the accuracy and beauty of their construction aided in attracting attention to the more important historical and economic side of the exhibit. As a fitting representative of the large and growing class of auto- matic musical instruments, the combined violin and piano produced by the jMUIs Novelty Co., of Chicago, was chosen, and without ques- tion it proved to be our best drawing card. Its beauty of tone and dehcacy of shading were a revelation to those expecting mechanical effects from mechanical instruments; and the ingenuity of its con- struction was invariably a matter of comment by the comparatively few whom it was possible to allow to examine its inner workings. The several methods of producing color effects were, of course, the features emphasized in the exhibits in the class of photography. Plates made by the McDonough-Joly process, the Ives chromoscopes, and Lumiere's autochromes were displayed. The Ives "parallax stereograms," in which the image stands out in bold relief in a start- ling manner without the use of lenses or any of the accustomed para- phernalia of the stereoscope, were also shown, and as usual attracted much attention. The exhibit of lighting included nine of the most important of the modern methods of illumination, with descriptive labels showing the significance of each. The American Indian is a subject of perennial interest, and any- thing that relates to him in his primitive life is always sure to attract attention. But there is little of romance about the Indian who lives the white man's way. A painted savage on a painted pony wiU cause a thriU in any Amer- ican breast; but who could imagine a more prosaic and commonplace sight than a brown-skinned plowman in a broad-brimmed hat and blue overalls ? But the plowman, earning his liveUhood by the sweat of his brow and contributing his share to the strength and prosperity of the Nation, typifies the condition which the Government seelts to reach. Painted skins, long hair, and simple blanket robes are pic- turesque, but they are parts of the old life which is to be left behind, and they find no favor in the eyes of the Indian Office. The means of leading the Indian along the road fTom savagery to civihzation and his work along the lines that the white man has laid down are the saUent features of the present-day Indian life which an exhibit of the department myst show. Tomahawks and war bonnets, therefore, were not to be found in the Indian exhibit, but instead there were specimens of tailoring, wagon making, and carpentry. Instead of fringed and beaded suits of buckskin, the Indian women are now proud to show as their handiwork yards of thread lace and elaborate pieces of embroidery. The exhibit of the Bureau of Indian Affairs at this exposition con- sisted entirely of school work. A conspicuous exception was the showing of the work of the bureau in combating tuberculosis among the Indians. It is well known that the radical change in their man- ner of living has been followed by increased prevalence of tubercu- losis among the Indians. While they lived in tepees and changed their camps often, sanitation was of little importance, and there was 44 ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. no question as to an abundant supply of pure air. But in making the change to permanent and well-built houses it is not unusual for Indians to show a disregard to the ordinary precautions of sanitation that is startUng to a white man, and for famihes to remain in winter in small houses for long periods ^v^th no thought of ventilation. Such ignorance is easily understood under the circumstances, and the increase in diseases resulting from such conditions is to be expected. The steps which the Indian Office is taking to remove the causes of the increase, and the means of combating the diseases which have already arisen, made an interesting feature of the exhibit. During the entire period of the exposition an attendant. Miss Belle Z. Mounts, was on duty, who in herself constituted an excellent exhibit of the results of Indian school instruction. She was of good appearance and address, intelhgent and tactful, and contributed much to the success of the exhibit. It is impossible to make for the Pension Bureau an exhibit com- mensurate with its importance. There is nothing in the nature of a spectacle in the allowance and payment of a pension to a disabled soldier. The man files an application; his record is examined; the necessary legal and medical investigations are made; and if the applicant is found to fall within the law he is placed upon the pension rolls and receives a regular stipend during the remainder of his life. If not, his application is rejected. That, in brief, is the whole story, and though the work is heavy in volume and varied in character, there is little in it that can be sho\\Ti as an exhibit. Views of the Pension Office Building, statistics, blank forms, and a number of interesting papers of historical significance comprised the exhibit. The General Land Office is like the Pension Office in that its opportunities for Ansual display are limited. The administration of the public lands is a work of importance second to none, but there is in it little to show objectively. A large map, finely executed, show- ing the proportion of public lands in each State which had been appropriated under the several laws relating to the subject, was the central feature of the exhibit, and a number of historical papers conspicuously displayed comprised the rest of it. Among the papers the one most popular was the original mortgage given by the Northern Pacific Railroad Co. in which it pledged as security for an issue of bonds for not over $125,000,000 the 60,000,000 acres of land donated by the United States, and all other property of the company. Twenty thousand dollars in revenue stamps were affixed to the document. On account of its local significance this paper attracted a great deal of attention, but there were others of equal interest to the general visitor. During the entire exposition there was a constant succession of inquiries upon points relating to the settlement of public lands, and for a short time before the opening of the Coeur d'Alene, Flathead, and Spokane reservations the inquiries were so numerous as to amount almost to a serious embarrassment. Literature was available for distribution, however, and it was usually possible to meet all demands that were made. No floor space was occupied by the Reclamation Service, but 40 handsome colored transparencies were installed in the windows. These showed scenes upon the projects of the service and constituted a strikingly effective pictorial exhibit. It was in the lecture room, I ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 45 however, that the Reclamation Service had its strongest representa- tion. The daily lectures of. Mr. C. J. Blanchard, statistician of the service, were well attended and must have been of great benefit in encouraging the rapid settlement of the lands covered by the several projects. The Bureau of Education has no administrative function except in connection with the schools for Alaskan natives. It has certain supervision over the "land-grant colleges" in the States, but it has no direct connection with the educational system of the country or any State. Its principal duty is to "collect and diffuse educational information." It is, therefore, essentially a publishing agency, and consequently its own work is scarcely susceptible to successful exhi- bition, except so far as it relates to Alaska. A buUding being set apart for Alaskan exhibits, and that building being under the control of the Department of the Interior, it was decided to place in it all the exhibits of the Bureau of Education that relate to Alaska. As finally constituted, the exhibit in the main building was not an exposS of the ordinary routine work of the bureau, but it was made in itself a means of "diffusing educational information," a topic of vital importance, rural schools being chosen as the central feature of the exhibit. The following description was written early in the history of the exposition by Miss Annie Tolman Smith, of the Bureau of Education, a member of the committee appointed to prepare the exhibit: In the plans formed for this exliibit two pnrposea have been kept in view: First, the provision of a conference room for teachers and officers of education who may visit the exposition; second, the illustration of recent movements for the improvement and extension of rural education in this country. In the conference room, which is included within the section assigned to the Bureau of Education, all persons engaged in the work of education will find ready welcome. Here they may consult recent publications of the bureau pertaining to current move- ments, and similar works from other sources. Writing materials will be at their dis- posal; appointments may be made for professional conferences, and announcements of such conferences will be published in the daily bulletin of the exposition, by pre- vious arrangement with the official in charge of the section. To facilitate this inter- change of professional views, a conference table and office chairs have been provided. In addition to the selected literature already referred to, a complete set of the publi- cations of the Bureau of Education will be found in this room. The improvement of rural education starts, it may be said, with the schoolhouse. Hence, special emphasis is placed upon this feature in the exhibit of the bureau. The model of an improved type of single district school, contributed by the Hon. Francis G. Blair, State superintendent of public instruction, Illinois, indicates what may be done by a few additions to the primitive type of rural school, in the way of affording facilities for extending the course of study, providing for special exercises, and promot- ing habits of order and refinement through the mere influence of suitable surroundings. For the graphic representation of the system of consolidated schools, which has worked a revolution in rural education in several States, the office is indebted to Hon. F. A. Cotton, former superintendent of public instruction, Indiana, and to Hon. E. A. Jones, State commissioner of common schools, Ohio; a few photographs from other sources are also included. The movement for better schoolhouses thus illustrated is rapidly progressing in all sections of the Union, very largely through the efforts of women's clubs. The report of the committee of fifteen places geography as second only to arithmetic "among the branches that correlate man to nature." This study exercises both memory and imagination, and it may be used with great effect, even with very ele- mentary pupils in developing a sense of unity between the elements of knowledge that come to us first as merely isolated details; hence, the method of teaching this branch is a matter of vital importance. Through the cooperation of Prof. Farnham, of the Oswego Normal School, the Bureau of Education is able to present a very suggestive course in geography with its development by class exercises. 46 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Nature study appeals to instinctive interests in the mind of a child which are not reached at all by the first stages of more formal studies. Germany and England have taken the lead in due provision for training in this subject, which starts with observa- tion and leads naturally to a perception of relations and causes in the forms of processes of nature. Our own country has made numerous experiments in this kind of training, many of them transient and many more fragmentary. Here and there, however, the idea has been well worked out by methods that lend themselves to graphic presenta- tion. The course of instruction in nature study, included in the exhibit, was con- tributed to the bureau by Dr. L. L. W. Wilson, of the Philadelphia Normal School, who achieved reputation by similar presentations at the Universal Exposition in Paris, 1900, and at the Nature Study Exhibition held in London in 1902. The suggestions of this model course can readily be adapted by teachers of rural schools to the material which nature offers in their several localities. Nature study may be regarded as the first step in a rational effort to promote interest in agriculture as a branch of study for secondary schools. The efforts in this du'ection now going on in this country are illustrated in the exhibit by numerous graphic presentations, monographs, leaflets, and portable apparatus for use in couraes of instruction in domestic science. The equipment of rural schools for the study of nature, commercial geography, and kindred subjects is vastly increased by traveling museums, which bear to this class of studies the same relation as circulating libraries bear to literature and history. For the specimen museum collections in the exhibit the Bureau of Education is indebted to Prof. D. C. Ridgeley, of the State Normal University, Normal, 111., to Mr. W. P. Wilson, director of the Philadelphia Museums, and to Mr. George H. Sher- wood, cui-ator of the Museum of Natural History, New York. The basis of manual training and all those arts which depend for their commercial value upon manual skill and esthetic feeling is laid in drawing and modeling. The remarkable development that has been made in this country in respect to art instruc- tion is indicated by the collective public-school art exhibit which was formed pri- marily for the International Congress on Art Instruction, held in London last year, by Mr. Charles M. Carter, director of art instruction, Denver, Colo., and Mr. Henry Turner Bailey, of North Scituate, Mass. A special collection has also been made for the present exhibit by Mr. Bailey which is designed to illustrate the results that may be expected from pupils in rural schools under competent instruction. The forms of manual training which may properly be included in the schools for general education are illustrated by several collections in the exhibit comprising photographs of classes at work, drawings to scale, and examples of wood and metal work. A feature of this section is the typical course of manual training developed through a graded series of exercises. This series, which is equally adapted to city and country high schools, was selected and arranged by Dr. Calvin M. Woodward, the originator of manual-training high schools in this country. The significance of industrial art education in home and social life is also brought to view by a few exhibits showing the application of design and modeling in the decoration of textiles and comparatively inexpensive articles intended for home use or decoration. These elements, as the labels show, have all been contributed J)y well-known promoters of industrial art equally interested in its educational and commercial aspects. In addition to the features specifically mentioned, the exhibit of the bureau includes illustrations of recent efforts for extending the scope or strengthening the social influence of rural public schools which have not yet passed the experimental stage. Many of these efforts ^dll undoubtedly be transient, but they all arise from impulses that are working valuable and lasting changes in the spirit of public education. The most spectacular of the exhibits presented by the department consisted of two large panoramas representmg Yellowstone Falls and Crater Lake^ respectiveljj both of which are in national parks con- trolled by the Department of the Interior. The panoramas were executed by Gates & Morange, of New York City, and were distinctly creditable to the artists and to the depart- ment. They covered about a thousand feet of floor space and occupied a vertical distance of 36 feet, extending both above and below the exhibit floor. The colors were as true to nature as it was possible to make them, an artist having been sent to make sketches on the ground. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 47 A striking peculiarity of Crater Lake is the deep blue color of the water. It is 2,000 feet deep and its smooth surface forms a perfect mirror. These characteristics were reproduced in the painting with remarkable fidelitjr by means that were very ingenious but surpris- ingly simple. The surface of the water was represented by blue gauze, and the reflection was a second paintmg below the gauze that was exactly the same, in reverse, as the painting above. And the illusion was perfect. The flow of water over Yellowstone Falls was simulated by hght from a stereopticon with a revolving disk. So nearly like falling water was the effect that few doubted that water was actually used, and the attendants were constantly asked to explain how the water was taken off. The extensive use of photographic transparencies for window dis- play has come to be a regular feature of the Interior Department exiiibits, and they are used more freely by us than by any other department. On this occasion not less than a hundred were shown, none of which was less than 30 by 42 inches in size. Of these the subjects of 41 were taken from the Reclamation Service, 16 from the Geological Survey, 16 from the Bureau of Education, and 27 from the national parks, etc. The photographic work was done by Mr. W. H. Rau, of Philadelphia; Mr. J. K. IliUers, of Washington, D. C; and Mr. E. B. Thompson, of the Reclamation Service; and the coloring was by the hand of Miss Emma K. Jackson. All did their work well and the finished pictures were strikingly effective. DEPARTMENT OF AGBICTJLTUBE. The exiiibits of the Department of Agriculture occupied a floor space of 17,000 square feet and approximately 2,400 square feet of wall space. Seven bureaus and offices were represented. The Forest Service exhibits were located on the lower, or 145-foot, level adjoining the Treasury Department, in the southwest corner of the main Government building. The other bureaus and offices making exhibits were located on the 163-foot level irnmediately over the Forest Service. The Secretary of Agriculture designated Col. S. R. Burch, chief clerk, as representative of the department, and Prof. F. Lamson- Scribner, of the Bureau of Plant Industry, assistant representative. The following employees were detailed from the department as special agents to prepare, install, and take charge of the exiiibits of their respective bureaus and offices: The Weather Bureau, Mr. Frank Gillam; Bureau of Animal Industry, Mr. Joseph Abel; Bureau of Plant Industry, Prof. F. Lamson-Scribner and Mr. F. L. GoU; Forest Service, Mr. George B. Sudworth ; Bureau of Entomology, Mr. George I. Reeves; Office of Experiment Stations, Mr. J. I. Schulte; and Office of Pubhc Roads, Mr. M. O. Eldridge. Prof. Scribner had general supervision of the preparation and instaUation of aU exhibits, care and return of same to Washington, D. C, and in the absence of the representative was authorized to act in his place. Soon after the opening of the exposition Mr. Sudworth was succeeded by Mr. Don Carlos EUis, of the Forest Service, who served through the remaining period and gave daily lectures on forestry. In August Mr. Eldridge was succeeded for a brief period by Mr. A. P. Anderson, who was 48 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. followed by Mr. Benj. F. Heidel. These gentlemen gave daily illus- trated lectures on road construction during their respective periods of service. Mr. Schulte installed the exhibits of his office and remained on duty untU the 1st of July, when he was succeeded by Mr. William Noble, who continued to act as special agent until the close of the exposition. Mr. GoU, who rendered most excellent service in the work of installation, returned to Washington soon after the opening of the exposition. The entomologist, Mr. Reeves, returned to his station at Pullman, Wash., as soon as he completed the installation of his exhibits. The labor of unpacking and setting up the exhibits was begun about AprU 16, and before June 1, the opening day, the installation was completed and ready for the inspection of visitors. The Weather Bureau exhibit was located at the head of the west stairway from the front entrance. This exhibit is best described under four general groups, or sections, as follows: 1. A collection of meteorological instruments and apparatus of the latest improved designs, some in actual operation as employed at the more important telegraphic reporting stations of the Weather Bureau ; a kite and kite outfit as used in aerial investigations ; a chart and instrument shelter, or kiosk, and a seismograph, or earthquake recorder. 2. A collection of storm-warning flags and lanterns (with model tower) as used on the lakes and seacoasts for warning mariners of the approach of storms dangerous to shipping; also weather flags of the regular size, and the smaller flags displayed on the wagons of the- rural mail delivery. 3. Complete sets of framed charts and publications of the bureau presenting clearly and graphically climatic conditions of the United States; miscellaneous photographs of clouds, lightning, etc., photo- micrographs of snow, frost, and ice crystals. 4. A large glass weather map located in the center of the space on which was strikingly shown the daily weather conditions in all sec- tions of the country. The meteorological instruments and apparatus for measuring atmospheric pressure were displayed as follows: Nonrecording mer- curial barometers of the standard pattern, in cases of special design, together with two sample barometers having sections cut out of the cisterns to show details of construction; a mercurial barometer designed for use on shipboard; an aneroid barograph of the Richard pattern, such as is in actual use at more than 150 stations of the Weather Bureau. Under the head of instruments for indicating and recording the temperature of the air there were : (a) The telethermograph, or trans- mitting thermometer, which produces a continuous and automatic record of the temperature of the air at a distance, (b) The tele- thermoscope, or resistance thermometer, which indicates in office rooms the current air temperature in shelter on roof. These two instruments are especiaUy desirable where the outdoor instrument shelter must be located some distance from the observer's office, (c) A thermograph of the regular pattern furnished to Weather Bureau stations, which produces a continuous and automatic record of the temperature wherever placed, (d) A collection of sample thermometers of the several kinds employed in rneteorological work, ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 49 viz, the mercurial exposed, for obtaining the current air temperature, dew-point, and humidity ; the mercurial maximum, for recording the highest, and the alcohol minimum, for recording the lowest air tem- perature. The standard instrument used bj' the bureau for determining the percentage of moisture in the air was shown and consists of a geared apparatus by means of which wet and dry bulb thermometers mounted thereon may be rapidly whirled to insure accurate readings. An apparatus of this character in more compact form, known as the sling psycteometer, and a hair hygrometer were also shown. Of instruments for measuring rain and snow fall were exhibited the automatic weighing rain and snow gauge, which was connected up on short circuit and the actual operation of the mechanism shown by dropping water artificially into the reservoir; an improved tipping bucket rain gauge was similarly exhibited, which recorded on the register each hundredth of an inch of precipitation as shown by water artificially dropped into the receiver; and the standard 8-inch (nonrecording) rain and snow gauge, a well-known pattern now in use at more than 3,000 stations in the United States. For measuring and recording the direction and velocity of the wind, standard types of apparatus were installed and connected electrically with a meteorograph in the exliibit, on the record sheet of wliich were automatically produced ink tracings and marks that recorded the direction of the wind for each minute of the day to eight points of the compass and the movement of the wind in miles. Models of the two different forms of apparatus for recording sunshine and cloudiness were shown. The thermometric sunsliine recorder, a form of differential thermometer with clear and blackened bulbs, makes a record of sunshine electrically each minute, by means of suitable wire connections, when connected with the meterograph mentioned above; the photograpliic sunshine recorder, an instru- ment wliich gives the time and duration of each day's sunshine and cloudiness as traced bj' a minute beam of the actual sunshine on the sensitized (blueprint) paper inclosed within the instrument. A river-stage register for giving a continuous and automatic regis- tration of river stages also formed part of the exhibit. A full-sized standard Weather Bureau kite of improved design, with a complete set of instruments attached thereto, was displayed, the kite being poised as in flight and connected by steel wire with a standard-pattern hand reel, which was actually used in making aerial investigations. Probably the most interesting of all the instruments exhibited was the seismograph, wliich gives an accurate record of the vibra- tions of the ground caused by earthquakes or other disturbances. Earthquake records from an instrument of this type at Washington, D. C, were shown. The large glass weather map was an exceedingly popular feature of the bureau's exhibit and the object of attention from continual crowds of visitors. At 9.30 each morning the barometer reading, current temperature, direction of the wind, and state of the weather at 8 a. m., seventy-fifth meridian time, and amount of rainfallin the past 24 hours, at nearly one hundred stations, were charted in different colors. For the preparation of this map daily reports were 6S713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 i 50 AXiASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. received over the regular telegraphic circuits, and translated and tabulated at the downtown local office of the Weather Bureau, and furnished to the bureau's representative at the exposition for the purpose above indicated. A small souvenir weather map, illustrating a typical winter storm and its characteristics, of the date of January 29, 1909, with a leaflet explanatory of the weather map, was provided for gratuitous distribution, with cards fuUy describing the storm and weather ilags and signals adopted bj' the Weather Bureau. The kiosk, or chart and instrument shelter, was given a prominent place in the exhibit. This structure is used for the exposure of meteorological instruments, charts, and bulletins in the parks or public places of a number of our largest cities, and the one exhibited at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition remained in Seattle, and is now located on Fortson Place at the corner of Second Avenue and Yesler Way. A careful consideration of the number of visitors on the space on weU-attended days and lightly attended days and the preferences displayed for different parts of the exhibit indicated that the most popular features were the daUy demonstrations of the large glass weather map, the seismograph, the operations. of the station meteor- ograph or triple register, and they served verj^ materially in interest- ing a great number of people in the work of the Weather Bureau who heretofore had no conception of the magnitude or scope of its opera- tions. The Bureau of Plant Industry, which deals with plant life in all its phases, is more closely and directly connected with the chief industries of the farmer than any other branch of the Government service. Twenty-eight hundred square feet of floor space, centrally located in the area allotted to the department, was occupied by the exhibits of this bureau. Twenty-two double pavilion cases, 5 table cases, 2 pyramid cases, 2 long counters, and 8 screens carrying 64 pictures were used in the installation. The following offices or lines of investigation were represented by the exhibits : Pomology, cereals, pure seeds, drug and poisonous plants, vegetable pathology, sugar beets, fiber plants, soil bacteriology and water purffication, seed and plant introduction, plant breeding, farm management, and dry-land farming. Lack of space permitted only very limited displays in most of these Unes, while other and no less interesting and important branches of work carried on by the bureau were necessarily omitted. The organization of the bureau and the lines of work which it embraces, the locations of the stations throughout the country where experiments and investigations are being carried on either independ- ently or in cooperation with the State stations, were suitably displayed uponframed charts. Work in one ormorelinesis now being conducted in every State and Territory in the Union by the scientific staff of the bureau. The pomological exhibit filled 10 double pavilion cases and at- tracted much attention from visitors. Models of standard varieties of commercial apples, together with many promising new kinds, num- bering in all 650 specimens filled the shelves of 6 glass fronts; 1 case was devoted to peach varieties, includmg the Persian, the Chinese chng, the peento, the honey, and the Spanish groups, 258 models in all; 1 case contained a variety of fruits, such as oranges, lemons. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 51 pomelos, lequats, limes, mangoes, citrons, gooseberries, dewberries, papaws, persimmons, etc. Many of the varieties were represented bj' several models to illustrate the modifications of the fruit resulting from different conditions of soU, climate, etc. All were carefuUy labeled and small maps in each case indicated by suitable colorings the general regions within which each species or variety is or can be grown. These fruit models were made with the object of preserving an authentic collection of fruit varieties for use in illustrating publi- cations, assisting in the correcting of nomenclature, and other phases of the work. Five cases contained material illustrating the effects of orchard conditions and fruit storage. The importance of promptly storing after picldng was strikingly demonstrated by this exhibit. The cause of the decay of oranges while in transit from California to points of shipment in the Eastern States has been made the subject of careful study by the pomologists of the bureau. The losses from this source have been estimated to amount to from $500,000 to $1,500,000 annually, due almost wholly to improper methods of handling the fruit in the groves and packing houses, causing it to be bruised and thereby made susceptible to rot. The exhibits illustrat- ing this subject fUled one double pavilion case. Giving to the great importance of the grain industry to the Western and Pacific Coast States the exhibits of the cerealist of the bureau was given special prominence. The material was displayed in about 200 shallow trays with glass fronts and over 80 inverted specimen jars, altogether filling 4 double pavilion cases, 2 pyramid cases, and 2 small table cases. This collection of cereals was most carefully se- lected and prepared and very attractively displayed. It included all varieties of wheat, oats, barley, rye, grain sorghums, miUets, and rice which have been introduced and distributed by the department during recent years, as well as those varieties adapted to special pur- poses which have been developed by careful breeding or selection. An exhibit of 18 varieties of rice, in the head, unhuUed and hulled samples, drew attention to the investigations being carried on in Louisiana for determining the yielding power and other qualities of foreign varieties gro^vn under conditions existing here. The label- ing of the grain exhibit was very complete, affording information as to the origin of the varieties, their special points of value, and the regions for which they were best adapted. The study of diseases of cereals is conducted in the office of grain investigations. Specimens illustrating the effects of the various forms of rust, smut, scab, blight, and other diseases which attack our cereal crops filled 1 double pavihon case. The office of Pure-Seed Investigations exhibited the appUances used in the seed-testing laboratory, including all the apparatus for making germination and purity tests. Around the space occupied by this exhibit was a frieze supporting a series of large pictures illustrating scenes in the laboratories in the department in Washiagton and other subjects connected with the work. Upon a long table 20 samples of clover, alfalfa, and grass seeds were sho^vn illustrating different grades commonly found in the markets. The office of Drug and Poisonous Plant Investigations made an exhibit which nearly filled two double pavihon cases. One case con- tained an interesting series of commercial samples of tea grown near Charleston, S. C. The successful production of tea in this country 52 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. has been fully demonstrated, over 10,000 pounds, which found a ready market, having been produced in a single season. In the other case were 31 samples of native crude drugs, nearly all from wild plants or weeds such as burdock root, wild cherry bark, and Indian turnip root. The names, distribution, and uses of the plants were given on the labels. Camphor trees are being planted extensively in Florida, and it has been shown that the product obtained from American-grown rrees is identical with camphor imported from the Orient. The exhibit contained samples of camphor leaves and prunings, the dis- tillate from these and camphor oil as produced in the laboratory of the bureau. In addition to the diseases of cereals already referred to, plant pathology was further illustrated by colored drawings, bromide enlargements, and specimens. The colored drawings illustrated such diseases as black rot and mildew of grapes, bitter rot and other dis- eases of apples, brown rot of cherries, potato rot, pear blight, etc. The bromide pictures illustrated spraying machines, spraying orchards, and the product from sprayed and unsprayed trees, showing by con- trast the value of spraying in the prevention of disease. In cooperation ^vith the Forest Service the bureau is carrying on investigations of timber diseases. One large double pavilion case contained a varied collection of some 50 samples, illustrating many kinds of injury and decay of trees and lumber brought about by the attacks of fungi. The action or effects of the fungi in causing dis- coloration or decay were shown by the specimens; also the fruiting stage of many of the species. The sugar-beet industry in one or more of its phases has been given much attention by the department through the Bureau of Plant Industry. Improvement in cultural methods, the production of alkali and drought resistant strains, production of single-germ beet seeds, selection of beets for early maturity and increased tonnage and quality, adaptation of various uses of sugar-beet products are the principal lines upon which the bureau has been working to pro- mote the industry. The exhibit filled one large double pavilion case. Here were shown the various stages in the development of the sugar beet from the seed to the mature plant and the various products and by-products in manufacturing sugar. There were 48 samples of sugar from different factories throughout the country, about 40 samples of soils from sugar-beet lands; and 50 jellies and preserves prepared with beet sugar. A number of small jars contained American and foreign beet seeds and single-germ seeds. The fiber display filled two double pavilion cases and two small table cases. It included both hard and soft fibers and brushes. The hard fibers, which are all obtained from freshly cut leaves of the agaves and similar plants, have tluck fibrous leaves or leaf stalks. The specimens shown included abaca, or manila hemp, from the Pliilippines ; sisal from the henequen plant of Yucatan and from the sisal plant cultivated in Hawaii; phromium, or New Zealand hemp, from the phromium plant of New Zealand ; Mauritius fiber, from the aloes vert, cultivated in Mauritius ; manila maguey, from the leaves of the maguey plant cultivated in the Philippines; and ixtle, from lechuguilla and palm samandoca plants found in Mexico. The ex- liibit of ramie included the rough stalks and all stages in the manu- facture from the crude fiber to the finished products of knit and ALASKA-YUKON-PACinC EXPOSITION. 53 woven goods. The brush fibers included ixtle and broom root from Mexico, palmyra from Ceylon, bass from South America, palmetto from Florida, and palm from southern California. A great variety of brushes made from these fibers formed a part of the exhibit. One large double pavilion case contained the exhibit of the labora- tory of soil bacteriology and water purification investigations. Here were shown specimens preserved in liquid of the various forms of root nodules produced by beneficial bacteria and, for comparison, specimens of root knots caused by harmful nematode worms ; photo- graphic views illustrating the effect of soil inoculation with nitrogen- fixing bacteria upon the growth of leguminous plants and upon the crop production; material illustrating the present method of dis- tributing inoculating material and recent bulletins relating to the subject; culture specimens of soil bacteria in tubes and petri dishes; photographs and transparencies of nitrifying soil organisms as seen under high-power microscopes; the commoner alg£e, diatoms, and other organisms which pollute farm water supplies, causing bad tastes and odors; charts showing the danger of impure water supplies; and photographs and charts illustrating the importance of proper water sources. Apparatus used in the study of these minute organisms, bacteria, etc., was also shown. The office of corn investigations was represented by an e.xhibit displayed in a large double pavilion case. This exhibit included photographs and samples illustrating improved methods of handling corn, results of inbreeding and cross fertilization and of selection and breeding for increasing the yield, greater uniformity of growth or other special purposes. There were also a series of specimens illus- trating the types of corn peculiar to the several corn-growing sections of the United States. Working plans of three model farms illustrative of three types of farming adapted to Pacific coast conditions were contributed by the office of farm management. The ideas brought out in these plans were the division of the farms into fields for cropping, kinds of crops to plant and their proper rotation, location of farm roads, fences, and buildings. Twenty large framed photographs illustrating crop production in the arid regions of the Southwest ivithout irrigation or under dry- farming methods directed attention to a very practical line of work the bureau is conducting for the advancement of agriculture and increasing the area of crop production. Among the smaller exhibits from the Bureau of Plant Industry, but one of much interest, was a collection of a number of varieties of dates from the oHice of plant^life history. These dates were the product of trees introduced into this country by the department and now growing successfully at Tempe, Ariz., and Mecca, Cal. Some of the varieties now yielding fruit are of superior excellence. The exhibits from the Bureau of Animal Industry occupied over 2,600 square feet of floor space, and consisted of material designed to show the scope and character of the work of that bureau in assisting the farmer and stock raiser and in guarding the public health through model dairy equipments and meat-inspection work. Carcasses and parts of animals that had been condemned on post-mortem inspection in the city of Seattle slaughterhouses were exhibited in a refrigerator, fresh specimens being brought in from time to time. These exhibits 54 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. emphasized the great necessity of well-conducted and rigid inspection wherever slaughtering cattle for food is carried on. In addition to this exhibit of fresh diseased meat, there were dis- played several dozen specimens of beautifully preserved tissues affected with tuberculosis and about 50 specimens of animal organs affected with other diseases. There were suitably displayed a great many large photographs taken in some of the larger packing estab- lishments in Chicago, showing methods of slaughtering animals and handling meat and the processes of inspection as applied to meat- producing animals and meat and other food products; also life-sized models of carcasses of beef, showing the "U. S. Insptd and P'S'D.," indicating that they had come under Government inspection and had been found to be free from disease. Dairymen visiting the exposition were much interested in the model of a dairy barn. This barn was built on a scale of IJ inches to the foot, the timbers and covering all complete, together with properly constructed ventilators, cement floors, metal stanchions, etc. There was also displayed a full-sized model milk house capable of caring for the mUk of 20 cows, equipped with milk cooler, sterilizer, bottle filler, Babcock tester, concrete wash sinkj steam turbine bottle cleaner, boiler, brushes, cans, etc. These emphasized the importance of employing methods for securing absolute cleanliness in the care of dairy cows and in the handling of milk. Life-sized models of sheep illustrating the effects of the disease known as scabies, or mange, were shown, together with greatly enlarged models of the scab mite. Specimens of this mite and the lice that infest cattle and sheep were shown under the microscope to those interested. There was displayed a model of a plant for dipping sheep diseased with the scab, and a similar model of a dippiag plant for cattle was also shown. The inspection of southern cattle for Texas fever was illustrated by a calf's skin covered with the fever tick, and by photographs showing the spraying of cattle in sections quarantined or provisionally quarantined on account of Texas or southern cattle fever. The supervision of the transportation of live stock and inspection of vessels was illustrated by a model of a section of a steamer, showing the loadiag of cattle for export and the fittings of such vessels. All animals imported into the United States are carefully inspected and quarantined to prevent the introduction of contagious diseases into this country. Copies of the permits for such importations and other blanks connected with the inspection work were shown, together with the tags which are placed on animals for interstate shipment. A very complete exhibit of horseshoes for all kinds and conditions of hoofs, diseases of the hoof, abnormal conditions resulting from improper shoeing and how to correct these conditions by proper shoeing were all shown and also a set of farrier's tools. Anatomical specimens of the front and hind legs of the horse were exhibited to show various pathological conditions of the joints, tendons, and bones, such as spavin, splint, ringbone, and other exostoses. A model of a blackleg vaccinating and dehorning chute was shown together with the outfit necessary for injecting the vaccine. A large series of col- ored transparencies showing diseased animal organs, experiments in animal breeding, and thoroughbred horses, cattle, and sheep made an attractive and instructive feature of the exhibit. . Sixty transparent AIASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 55 photographs showed the tissues and organs affected with diflferent diseases, magnifications of shde preparations of pathogenic micro- organisms, and enlarged views of animal parasites. The Forest Service was assigned space on the lower level in the main Government buUding immediately beneath the area occupied by the other bureaus of the Department of Agriculture and adjoin- ing that of the Treasury Department. The floor area was about 60 by 90 feet, the principal exliibits, transparencies, and bromides occu- pying the wall space on the longer sides. There were S3 transparen- cies varying ia size from about 11 by 13 inches to 44 by 7S inches. The most striking and attractive of these were four large colored transparencies. These were pictures of a virgin stand of Douglas fir, in Washington, a monster big tree, sequoia WasJiingtonia, estimated height nearly 400 feet, diameter 25 feet 9 inches; a remnant of virgin white pine forest, Michigan; and a typical western yellow pine forest in the Southwest. The other transparencies, which were uncolored, illustrated the different methods of lumbering; forest conditions in various sections of the country; the work done on the national forests; and the effects of forest fires. Many of the details of the lumbering industrjT, both inside and outside of the national forests, were shown. The colored bromide enlargements showed many activities of forest officers on the national forest, the building of trails, bridges, wagon roads, and fences, and the stringing of telephone wires, forest nursery work, forest rangers at work setting out the trees on deforested slopes, forest rangers' camps, forest rangers and supervisors on tours of patrol or inspection, the work of hunters on the national forests, and the depredations committed on live stock by coyotes, bears, and other predatory animals which these hunters seek to kill. There were 98 of these colored bromides, varying in size from 19 by 30 inches to 41 by 63 inches. The exhibits brought into prominence the work of the branch of products which has to do with the utilization of wood and the devel- opment and promulgation of methods of utiUzing wood waste in the manufacture of by-products. This branch has been conducting exhaustive paper pulp investigations for the purpose of finding com- mercially practicable substitutes for red spruce in paper making. The result of these investigations was exhibited on three of six col- umns which occupied the floor space. One series of pictures showed the different steps in the manufacture of paper from wood, and another series of views of the work being done in the paper pulp inves- tigations in the Forest Service laboratory. A chart gave the kind and location of the paper mills in the United States. Another impor- tant step in wood conservation which received considerable em.phasis is the growing practice of treating with creosote or other antiseptic timbers which are used in contact with the soil, such as telegraph and telephone poles, fence posts, mine props, and railroad ties. An exhibit in this connection attracting much attention was a display of treated and untreated mine timbers which had been in use for vary- ing lengths of time. Statistical charts were used to show the quan- tity, quahty, and value of different forest products made and used in the United States in the year 1907, the material used and quantity of veneer produced, the quantity and value of slack cooperage stock made, the quantity of wood used for pulp, the tanbark and tanning extracts consumed, the poles purchased by telegraph, telephone, and 56 AiASKA-YUKOiSr-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. electric companies, and the crossties purchased by steam and elec- tric railroads in 1907, and a comparison of the relative lumber pro- duction in 10 States in 1880 and in 1907. The manner of growth of Douglas fir and redwood was graphically presented by 22 cross sections of young Douglas fir and 13 cross sec- tions of a young redwood. One section of the exhibit, a face of one of the columns measuring 55 by 120 inches, was devoted to forest study in schools. This con- tained suggested courses of study for classes in nature study and physical and commercial geography, pictures of classes at work and some results obtained, and samples of work wliich schools bad con- tributed. Most conspicuous of the maps exhibited were three large maps of the natural resources. One of these, a map of the United States, measuring 12 by 17 feet, showed the location of the national forests, the forest regions, the United States reclamation projects, the prin- cipal water divides, and an outline of the proposed system of inland waterways. The main purpose of tlie exhibit of the Bureau of Entomology was to illustrate the purely economic phases of insect life and serve as a means of imparting information about the more injurious species, how they look, how they affect various crops, and how the damage they cause may be limited or prevented. The exhibit occupied 330 square feet of floor space adjoining that of the Office of Experiment Stations and the Bureau of Plant Industry. Two large cases were filled with boxes of mounted insects, including the more common species injurious to garden crops, grasses, and grains, the vineyard and orchard pests, forest insects, those infesting domestic animals, household insects, and those which spread disease. A portion of the exhibit which was of special interest to visitors was that devoted to models of injurious insects and their work. These models represented, in greatly enlarged size, certain particularly destructive species, together with portions of the plants they attack, showing the character of the injury committed. As many of the important insects are extremely minute, these large models were of great assistance in attracting the attention of visitors and in conveying at a glance a good idea of the character of the insects reproduced. Besides the insects directly injurious to crops, another group has of late years been recognized as fully as dangerous to the welfare of man. These are the insects which act as carriers of disease to man and ani- mals. The great importance of moscjuitoes in relation to malaria and yellow fever and of flies to typhoid has been fully demonstrated. A special exhibit of these insects was made, drawing popular atten- tion to this important phase of the entomological work of the depart- ment. This exhibit included models of the mosquito which spreads yellow fever, and of the species which transmits human malaria, together with a series of models illustrating the life history of the malaria-producing parasite. The exhibits of the Office of Experiment Stations illustrated in a general way the more important lines of work carried on by the department through its agency. A model of an irrigated farm was the central feature of the exhibit, around which were grouped the cases and chart frames containing material illustrating the work of the Alaskan and Hawaiian experiment stations and of the office in AliASKA-yUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 57 agricultural education, human nutrition, and farmer's institutes. The floor space occupied nearly 1,100 square feet. The irrigated farm model showed the difi'erent methods or systems of irrigation as applied to fruit orchards, alfalfa, and sugar beets. The portion of the model showing orchard irrigation illustrated both the fvuTow and the basin methods. Under the furrow system both open and box furrows, and under the basin system the zigzag as well as the straight basin method of orchard irrigation, were shown. Modi- fication of the furrow system admitting the application of water on all sides of the trees were also indicated. In alfalfa culture the model illustrated the use of the border, rectangular, and contour checks in connection with flooding. The construction, installation, and use of various types of water gates were shown in this connection. The application of water to sugar-beet fields, as illustrated, included the open and the boxed furrow systems and the method of subirrigation in which the water is allowed to sink into the soil from ditches built across the field at certain intervals. The model also indicated the proper location of such structures as head gates, water-measuring devices, dams, etc., and demonstrated their operation. Water regis- ters, current meters, and modelsof weirs and of implements used in irri- gation on irrigated farms formed a part of the irrigation exhibit, and were displayed in a small double pavilion case near the model above described. The material from the Hawaiian Experiment Station filled one large double pavilion case and one-half of another. It consisted mainly of samples of tropical and subtropical crops and their products with which the station is working. Among the more important of these were rice, cotton, rubber, citrus fruits, bananas, coffee, cacao, and mangoes. Grass and leguminous plants used largely in feeding and in soil improvement were shown, together with samples of Chinese and Japanese matting rushes recently introduced into the islands. The collection of limus or edible seaweeds, so highly prized for food by the native Hawaiians, included 40 or more named species; and the rice samples represented about 70 varieties that are now being tested at the station in Honolulu. Two large double pavilion cases contained the material from the Alaskan stations, consisting of many species of valuable native grasses, a number of photographs and sheaf samples of those grains which the stations are testing and which have been found successful or promising. The grasses included species of Agropyron, Festuca, Poa, Calamagrostis Bromus, etc. The samples of Alaskan "blue top" and those of Agropyron and Bromus were from four to five feet in height. The exhibit of cereals comprised several varieties each of wheat, oats, barley, and rye. The history, location, and lines of work of the stations were well illustrated by the collection of enlarged photographs. Investigations in human nutrition carried on by the office were represented bj^ an exhibit installed in one large pavilion case, and included a model of a respiration calorimeter, an apparatus for deter- mining the use the body makes of the food which it consumes, and difi'erent illustrations showing the composition of our more common food materials. The farmers' institute branch of the office was illustrated by charts showing by States the number of institutes, the proportion of the agri- cultural population in attendance, etc. The exhibit as a whole 58 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. directed attention to the information gathered by the office, and vis- itors interested in irrigation, nutrition, agricultural education or in the organization and work of the office were supplied with bulletin and other literature covering these subjects. The exhibit of the office of Public Koads was located along the main aisle on the east side of the space allotted to the department and cov- ered 1,486 square feet. It was designed especially to appeal to the farmer and the road official, but proved none the less interesting to the general public. The exhibit consisted of a number of models buUt on a scale of one and one-half inches to the foot, and illustrating the construction of 15 standard tj^pes of roads in use in various parts of the United States. One of the more important features of the exhibit was that which showed the use of asphaltic oil and tar as dust pallatives and preventives and for the preservation of macadam roads subject to fast automobile traffic. A miaiature crushing plant and steam roller in actual operation as well as a complete outfit of earth handling machinery was also shown. A model of Eock Creek Park, Washington, D. C, illustrated the rela- tion of roads and bridges to streams and rugged topography. The crushing plant with quarry face in the background showed a crusher, elevator, and screens and bins for three sizes of stone. The crusher was operated by a small motor inclosed in miniature engine house. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AND LABOR. At the request of the United States Government board of managers, appointed by the President in accordance with the act of Congress approved May 27, 190S, the Secretary of Commerce and Labor on August 4, 1908, designated Mr. Frank H. Bowen, then chief clerk of the department, as the representative of the department, to cooperate with the board in the preparation and maintenance of the exhibits. An allotment of $26,000 was made by the Government board to the Dei^artment of Commerce and Labor, and this amount was tenta- tively apportioned to the three exhibits especially authorized by the act, as follows: Bureau of Fisheries, $20,000; Lighthouse Estab- lishment, $3,000; Coast and Geodetic Survey, $2,000; reserved for emergencies or adjustment, $1,000. By rigid economy the exhibits were kept within these amounts, with the exception of the lighthouse exhibit, which more detailed calculations showed would amount to about $4,000. The representative was present at the exposition during the three weeks preceding and two weeks succeeding the opening date, in gen- eral direction of the installation of the exhibits, the making of arrange- ments and the handling of accounts, then returning to Washington and leaving Mr. Leighton G. Harron of the fisheries exhibit in charge of the three exhibits as chief special agent for the Department of Commerce and Labor, assisted by Mrs. James J. Glennan as book- keeper and clerk. On September 1, 1909, Mr. Theodore L. Weed, chief clerk of the department, was designated as representative, and visited the expo- sition, but on his return to Washington relinquished the position and Mr. Bowen was redesignated as representative. The exhibit of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was allotted space along the south or front wall of the main Government building on the I ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 59 lower level immediately to the right (east) of the main entrance, while the lighthouse exhibit occupied a similar position along the southeast wall of the main Government building, to the east of the Coast and Geodetic Survey exhibit, from which it was separated by the aisle leading to the exhibit of the Bureau of the American Republics. The fisheries exhibit occupied a separate building at the rear (north) of the main Government building, to which it was connected by a broad inclosed passage from the upper level of the main building. At the conclusion of the exposition the several exhibits were returned to the places from whence they were gathered, without loss or any serious damage. The greater bulk of the exhibits of this department were shipped from Washington, D. C, and from Tomp- kinsville, N. Y., and were returned to these points in excellent con- dition considering the long journey. The representative desires to express his hearty appreciation of the unfailing courtesy, prompt action, and very generous assistance of the members of the Government board, as well as the employees of the board, especial recognition being due to Mr. C. E. Thatcher for his very able and quick handling of the movements of the fisheries car No. 6, and the many movements of freight and express. After a year and a half of association there remains the impression of a valued personal friendship with the board and its employees, rather than official relations. A brief statement in regard to each of the exhibits of this depart- ment follows: Under the authority already mentioned, an aquarium building was provided for the fisheries exhibit, and Mr. Irving H. Dunlap, chief clerk of the Bureau of Fisheries, a veteran in this line of work, was selected as chief agent to prepare and take charge of the exhibit. The act providing for "paying especial attention to the fish and fisher- ies of the Pacific Ocean," it became necessary to make investigations and arrange for supplies of live fish from the Pacific coast, tliis being entirely new matter, as there is no large public aquarium on the Pacific coast and the fisheries exhibit at the Portland exposition, in 1905, having been entirely of fresh-water fishes. It therefore became necessary for Mr. Dunlap to make a preliminary visit to the coast, which he made in company with the members of the Government board until his investigations took him to the South from Seattle. To the excellent work done by Mr. Dunlap during this trip is due in large measure the successful overcoming of the peculiar obstacles in the way of an exhibit of salt-water fish on the Pacific coast. The remainder of the exposition staff, all of whom had had experi- ence at previous expositions, were Mr. Leighton G. Harron, special agent and superintendent of aquarium; Mr. George A. Schneider, superintendent of construction and installation; Mr. William P. SauerhofE, fish-culturist, Mr. James J. Glennan, in charge of machia- ery; and Mr. William E. Morgan, in charge of the fixed exhibit. Other employees were detailed from time to time to assist in the prep- aration, installation, and care of the exhibit and aquarium, and several machinists were employed in the installation of the machinery and piping, and in the operation of the machinery during the exposition. Hearty cooperation and active assistance was received from Presi- dent Chilberg, the various committees of the exposition company and its officers, as well as Supt. Weymouth and officials of the 60 ALASKA-YUKON-PACiriC EXPOSITION. Northern Pacific Railway. The aid of these gentlemen and others simplified the task of installing and maintaining the aquarium, the moving of cars and collecting fishes, and helped in many ways the success of the exhibit. The connection of the Bureau with the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition was in every way satisfactory and pleasant. Preparations were actively begun October S, 1908, and shipment of material began February 25, 1909. On the opening day everything was in place and the aquarium in operation. The Fisheries building was located on the north side of the main Government building, with which it was connected by a passageway. The structure was 111 feet long by 76 feet wide, and contained 8,436 square feet of floor space, of which 3,396 square feet were occupied by the aquaria and entrances, thus leaving 5,040 square feet for the fixed exhibit, which area was reduced by the aisles and a pool in the center. The aquaria consisted of 30 tanks set around the sides of the build- ing and facing on the main exhibition space. They were constructed after the most approved plans and were of the standard sizes adopted by the Bureau for the display of the different varieties and sizes of fishes. Two were 12 feet long by 7 feet wide and 6 feet deep; 20 were 7 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 3+ feet deep; 4 were 5 feet long, 6 feet ^vide, and 3i feet deep, and 4 were 2 feet 6 inches long, 2 feet 5 inches wide, and U feet deep. Fifteen of them were arranged for salt water, and 15 could be used for refrigerated fresh water at a natural temperature, as was needed for different species. In addition there was a pool, 15 feet in diameter, intended for seals and large specimens, and four balanced aquaria. The aqua- rium was provided with all modern appliances for refrigerating, aerating, and filtering the water, and beneath the building in a light, well-arranged, and well-furnished machinery room, occupying 1,640 square feet, were the circulating pumps, air pumps, refrigerating apparatus, and electric motors for operating the machinery. The closed circulation system was used for the salt water and for the refrig- erated fresh water, and beneath the main floor were installed six storage reservoirs with a capacity of 7,500 gallons each. Here the filters were also placed. The reservoirs were cooperage tanks set and connected in lines of three each and fitted with covers to protect the water from dirt sifting through the fioor above. This form of tank when well built is much more desirable and less liable to leak than others and should always be insisted on. Over the passageway between the two buildings were a commodi- ous ofl[ice and store closets. The building and appliances were designed by the Supervising Architect of the Treasury and were constructed under his direction, except the machinery and the piping for the water and air circulating systems, which were installed by the bureau. Much of the machinery and glass for the aquarium was already on hand, and what was pur- chased in addition was paid for from the appropriation for buildings. The bureau prepared the plans for the aquarium tanks and submitted to the Supervising Architect its requirements in the way of machinery, power, light, and the quantity, storage, and circulation of water. The building was well designed and constructed, and eminently satisfac- tory, with ample space for working, and having good storeroom, closets, lockers, and other desirable adjuncts. The plan of having I ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 61 aquaria immediately surround the main exhibition space instead of being installed in a grotto has now been tested at three expositions and foimd desirable from the points of view of adding to the general decorative effect of the room, saving of valuable space, and affording an equally good, if not better, view of the fishes exhibited. Possibly the only criticism that could be made is that the side windows were placed so high that the light was thrown over the screen surrounding the aquaria rather than through them. This defect can easily be remedied in future. It may be added that proper light for an aqua- rium combined with an exhibit is a difficult problem, which should be carefully considered for expositions in connection with the season of the year during which the display is to be made, the geographical loca- tion and the position of the building as regards points of the compass. It is recommended that the general plan of the Seattle building be adhered to in future. It may be mentioned that in order to avoid annoying vibration in a building with as little rigidity as an ordinary exposition structure, supply pipes from pumps should be laid along the ground or under it, and not attached to the floor of the exhibit space. Fresh water and electricity for power and lights were furnished free of charge by the exposition company, and the service was excellent. Fresh water was supplied from Lake Washington through the pump- ing plant of tlie exposition for the refrigerating apparatus and the hydraulic motors, and from Cedar River through the mains of the city water works for the aquaria and hatching troughs and tables. Cedar River, judging from the fish life it naturally contains and from other reasons, is an unusually good source of supply. All species did well in the water except salmonidse, which for some reason did not thrive. Eggs of salmonidse hatched with a very satisfactory per- centage, but the fry therefrom did not survive as they should. Possi- bly the trouble was owing to the fact that the new wooden piping, hurriedly installed before the opening and during the exposition, was coated on the inside with a preservative preparation of creosote, the deleterious effects of which would have disappeared in time. The period of the exposition was too limited to permit of exhaustive experi- ments to determine the cause of the mortality among the fish held in confinement. Salt water of the proper quality and density was obtained without difficulty with the assistance of officials of the Northern Pacific Rail- way from the pumping plant of the elevator of that corporation in West Seattle. The railroad company courteously furnished suitable cars at no cost and performed the switching or transfer service at very reasonable rates. The cars were delivered at a siding in the grounds about 1,500 feet from the fisheries building, whence the water was pumped through hose by fire engines assigned to the exposition, directly into the reservoirs in the building. The display of live fishes was made the principal feature of the exhibit, and it was designed to show as far as conditions would permit (1) the fishes propagated and distributed by the bureau, (2) other important fishes and water animals of the coast and interior which it was possible to obtain and transport, and (3) ornamental and curious specimens. The number varied from time to time and the species were con- stantly changed by the acquisition of fresh stock. A car load of fresh 62 ALASKA-TUKOIT-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. water fishes was taken out from the East and Middle West and others were obtained as needed from local waters. The som^ce of supply for marine species was chiefly Puget Sound and southern California, one car load having been brought from Monterey and San Francisco Bay, and two from Los Angeles and Catalina. This transportation of fishes was accomplished by car No. 6 of the Bureau of Fisheries, which was specially sent from the Eastern States, with full crew and complete equipment, by the Commissioner of Fisheries, at an expense to the bureau, the expense of returning the car to the East being also borne by the bvireau. By this arrangement the exposition appropria- tion bore only the actual expense of the trips made exclusively for the collection and transportation of exhibit material, and in addition brought the load of fishes from eastern points without any expense to the exposition fund. The varieties of fishes from Puget Sound were limited and as they are to a great extent bottom fish, do not show well in aquaria. An exception were viviparous perch, of which an attractive display was made. The collection of economic and interesting Crustacea from both Puget Sound and southern waters was exceptionally good. Two aquarium tanks were stocked with beautiful Hawaiian fishes which were placed at the disposal of the bureau through the courtesy of the Plawaiian commission. With their striking colors and curious shapes these fish were an unfailing source of interest to visitors. The water temperature was raised to the necessary degree for these tropi- cal specimens by passing it through an ordinary bathroom gas heater for each tank. This acted well, but the copper coil did not withstand the action of salt water and several renewals of the heater were necessary. . A large harbor seal and, during the last few weeks, a pair of young seals were kept in the center pool. During the exposition 1,795 individuals, representing 43 species of fresh-water fishes, and 1,874 specimens of marine fishes and animals of 111 species were shown, besides 114 specimens comprising the Hawaiian collection and representing 27 species; a total of 3,783 individuals of 181 species. At the close of the exposition the marine fishes were liberated in Puget Sound, except a few specimens which were given to the Uni- versity of Washington for scientific purposes. The ornamental fishes were given to the different schools of the city of Seattle. The trout and salmonidsB and other food fishes were supplied to applicants in the State of Washington for stocking private and public waters. The three seals were turned over to the board of park commissioners of Seattle. The operations of the Bureau of Fisheries are conducted under three main divisions — the propagation and distribution of food fishes, the scientific investigation of the seas, rivers, and lakes of the United States with reference to biological problems relating to fish life and the fisheries, and the study of the economic fisheries and the collection of statistics thereof. The space available prevented a complete or comprehensive illus- tration of the functions of the bureau, and it was only possible to display a limited number of objects which would show some of the more salient or interesting phases of the work. On account of these conditions there was no attempt to systematically group the material ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 63 by classes as indicated above, but to show it so that each piece should stand for itself. Under the head of fish culture were arranged models and full-sized examples of apparatus and appliances used in collecting eggs and in hatching and distributing fresh-water and marine fishes . Throughout the exposition period there were demonstrations of practical fish propagation in which over half a million eggs were hatched. Troughs were provided for hatching eggs of the salmon of the Pacific coast, the trouts, grayling, and other species having heavy eggs ; tables equipped with various types of jars were employed in shad, pike perch, and whitefish culture; and automatic tidal boxes were installed for the incubation of the floating eggs of the cod and other marine species. The working model of the Call fishway, as improved by Mr. Hector von Bayer, engineer and architect of the bureau, showed the con- struction of the best ladder for enabling fish to surmount obstacles in streams. Models were shoA^Ti of a type of railway cars used by the bureau in transporting live fishes, and of the seagoing steamers Albatross and Fish Hawk, the former of which is used for deep-sea investigations and the latter for biological work and a floating shad hatchery as well. The equipment used in biological iavestigations and researches was shown by types of collecting apparatus, iucluding tangles, dredges, and townets of various sizes and forms, together with seines, nets, and other appliances for shore collecting, tanks for the preservation and transportation of specimens, and a chest recently adopted for field use, containing these various appliances in miniature form for use from small boats. Adjoining the model of the Albatross was a Tanner deep-sea sounding machine with its equipment of instruments for hydrographic work. The oyster is by far the most important single product of our fish- eries, and three exhibition cases were devoted to an illustration of its anatomy, growth, local and accidental variations, enemies, and other facts in its life history. There was also an exhibit prepared by the Rhode Island Commission of Inland Fisheries, as a result of inquiries conducted by that commission in collaboration with the United States Bureau of Fisheries, showing the growth of the soft clam and scallop, and bringing out important facts in their life history. The sponge fishery, which is confined in the United States to the State of Florida, has within the past few years been the subject of scientific inquiry and experiment. The natiu-al beds are being depleted; and some of the residts of the various experiments of the bureau in artificial sponge culture were exliibited, together with a fine collection of Florida sponges and models showing the method of procuring and preparing them for market. In neighboring cases were collections of crustacea and molusca, including one case of shells from the Philippine Islands, and exhibits of shells of turtles, terrapins, and tortoises, all of which are of eco- nomic importance and represent considerable industries. A collec- tion of native seaweeds side by side witli examples of food products prepared by the Japanese from similar varieties was designed to show how our own plants could be advantageously and profitably utilized. The investigations of the bureau, extending over many years, relative to the condition and preservation of the fur seals of Alaska, were illustrated by a model of a section of a seal rookery on the Pribilof 64 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Islands on which were mounted specimens of seals representing a typ- ical family or "harem." Representative of the secondary products of the fisheries, which are numerous and valuable, was a comprehensive collection of fish oils, extensively used for mechanical and medicinal purposes, and a series of fish fertilizers made from fishskins and waste. One case was devoted to the exhibition of specimens of leather made from the skins of various fishes, seals, walrus, and alligators. An example of the uses to which the shells of certain mollusks may be put is the employment of fresh-water mussels in the manufacture of pearl buttons and ornaments. This business has reached large proportions in the Mississippi Basin, and a full series of shells thus utihzed was displayed, together with buttons in various stages of manufacture. The mollusks yielding shells suitable for buttons also produce beautiful and valuable pearls and baroque pearls, specimens of which were exhibited. Another case, similarly arranged, was devoted to marine shells which afford a finer and more lustrous mother-of-pearl from which the better grades of pearl buttons and ornaments are produced. Nets, seines, and traps were suspended from the ceiling, and on the walls and otherwise appropriately arranged were other appliances for the capture of fish, including a fine collection of angling instru- ments. A large case contained models of fishing vessels, especially those in greatest use on the Pacific coast. On the walls were statistical charts of the value of the fisheries, two charts being devoted, respectively, to showing the immense value of the Pacific fisheries, and the other to showing the cost of ' planting in Pacific waters some of the food fishes of the Atlantic waters and the great returns accruing to the people of the coast from this work. Other charts illustrated the methods and results of the work of the bureau, and an effective series of colored photo- graphs and mutoscope pictures of practical fish-cultural operations and fishing scenes illustrated phases of the work that could not otherwise be exhibited. The Lighthouse Board designated Maj. Charles L. Potter, Corps of Engineers, United States Army, engineer of the third lighthouse district, in charge of the lighthouse depot and lamp shop at Tompkins- ville, N. Y., to prepare and ship the exhibit of the Lighthouse Estab- lishment. Shipment was made March 22, 1909. A foreman carpen- ter and a lampist were sent to Seattle to erect and adjust the exhibit, ■^vith the help of mechanics hired at Seattle. Mr. Eduard Henry, from the lighthouse depot at Tompkinsville, who had charge of a similar exhibit at the Jamestown Exposition, was placed in charge of the exhibit just prior to the opening date, assisted by picked lighthouse keepers from the Pacific coast, each of the keepers being detailed for a period of one month, the details being so arranged that one keeper was on duty at a time. A double purpose is served by the detail of keepers in the manner indicated — it furnishes a recognition of good service that is highly prized by the men and thus improves the morale of the service, and monthly details are necessary, as it is impracticable to keep any one keeper from his station for a longer time. At the conclusion of the exposition two ex- perienced packers were sent from the Tompkinsville depot to superin- tend the packing of the exhibit for its long return journey. The packing of the valuable lenses is a delicate matter, and their loss ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFTC EXPOSITION. 65 would be serious, as the leases exhibited form tlie reserve supply which sooner or later is put into active use in various lighthouses. The value of the lenses exhibited runs into the tens of thousands of dollars, and they could not be duplicated for several months, even if appropriations were available, as they are all specially made abpoad and must be imported, it unfortunately being a fact that there is no establishment in the United States equipped to do this class of work. The principal element of this exhibit consisted of a number of lenses and lanterns typical of the several classes employed in the lighting of the coasts, lakes, and rivers of the United States, ranging from the large second-order lens down to the small lantern used on navigable inland waters. Some of the lenses are of a type used to give a steady, fixed light, while two lenses of this exhibit are mounted upon revolving mechanism to show the manner of producing flashing lights of extreme brilliance and of obtaining a distinctive grouping of flashes. The following lenses were exhibited: One second-order lens, fixed white light. Two third-order lenses, fixed white light. One third-order lighting lens, revolving and giving two flashes, followed by a dark interval. One fourth-order lens, fixed white light, oil lamp. One fourth-order lens, revolving, four equal flashes each revolution, vapor lamp. One lens lantern. Lime Rock type. One eight-day lens lantern. One three-day lens lantern. One one-day lens lantern. One eight-day post lantern. One one-day post lantern, ruby. One locomotive headlight. One set of three light- vessel lens lanterns, mounted on portion of light- vessel mast. A collection of lamps illustrated the development of the modern oil lamp for lighthouse use by employing several concentric wicks to give an intense solid flame. The mechanism of these lamps illus- trated the progress in apparatus for automatically supplying the proper quantity of oil to insure a steady flame at exactly the right height. A set of utensils used by light keepers in the care of the apparatus, standard types of keepers' lamps, together with a series of chimneys for all sizes of lights, illustrated minor details of the equip- ment of the service. One fourth-order lens was kept lighted during exhibition hours, an oil light of the common style being employed, while a revolving fourth-order lens was also kept in operation and lighted by an improved vapor lamp recently perfected by the Lighthouse Estab- lishment, this lamp burning ordinary mineral oil after it has been reduced to a gaseous state. In combination with a refractory mantle of the incandescent type this produces an intense white light of much higher candlepower than the best oil light heretofore used at a greatly reduced consumption of oil and with the development of much less heat. This type of lamp is now made in several sizes for the different classes of lighthouses, and is being installed in place of the ordinary oil lamps as rapidly as possible. The perfection of this lamp has made it practicable to vastly increase the efficiency of 6S713°— S. Doe. 671, 61—3 5 66 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. every light on our coasts and at the same time save money by decreas- ing the amount of oil consumed. A third-order fixed lens was kept lighted by an oil lamp for purposes of instruction, but it was impracticable to use anything but the smallest size of vapor lamps^ as the rays of light from a larger apparatus are blinding in intensity even when the building was flooded with sunlight. The central figure of the exhibit was a model of the Fowrey Rock Lighthouse, and this was equipped with electric light to simulate actual conditions. The third-order lighting lens was kept revolving to show the operation of the mechanism provided for that purpose, but this apparatus was not lighted for the reason above given. The exhibit included several pieces of signaling apparatus for use in a fog to warn navigators. A large fog bell, with two types of auto- matic apparatus for striking the same; a steam whistle and two forms of siren, with automatic apparatus for producing a series of blasts indicative of the particular station where installed, were exhibited. A number of models showed the construction of typical lighthouses and also illustrated the methods employed in constructing founda- tions for lighthouses at points where the engineering difficulties were great. These included models of the following lighthouses: Fowey Rocks, Spectacle Reef, Minots Ledge, Brandywine Shoal, and South Pass. A model of a light vessel was also exhibited, these being employed to mark dangerous shoals where lighthouses can not be constructed, or are stationed a considerable distance off shore to serve as guides in approaching important rivers or bays, thus consti- tuting the first light seen by vessels approaching the coast. The wall space was occupied by photographs of the latest type of lighthouse tenders and light vessels employed on the Pacific coast, and relief models of the hulls of vessels of these classes, as well as of the lighthouse tender Heather, which was built in Seattle. There was also exhibited a large colored photolithograph of a new type of light vessel, now under construction, which carries a large lens on the top of a massive mast, instead of the cluster of lens lanterns custom- arily employed. The exhibits were supplied with neat descriptive cards, and during the exposition one of the attendants from time to time gave oral explanations of the various pieces of apparatus and their functions. The exhibit of the Coast and Geodetic Survey was collected and prepared by Mr. D. B. Wainwright, an assistant in the survey, and was shipped on April 5, 1909, in the same car with the last of the fisheries exhibit. Mr. William E. Parker, an assistant in the survey, was detailed as chief special agent, in charge of the exhibit at Seattle during the exposition. Owing to the exigencies of the service, Mr. Parker was unavoidably delayed in reporting at the exposition, but immediately began the installation of his exhibit in a vigorous manner and had it completely installed before the opening day, although some rearrangement of the wall exhibit was made necessary by a later arrival of some charts of special local interest which could not be procured in time for the opening day. This exhibit may be divided into two classes: Charts, which were arranged on the wall space, and instruments and appliances for obtaining the data from which the charts are prepared, these being arranged in two railed areas on the floor. Special attention was given ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 67 to clioosing charts illustrative of localities on the Pacific and Alaskan coasts. Of special historic value and as affording a comparison of ancient and modern cartography, a copy of Juan de la Cosas' Map of the World, one of the earliest maps of the world ever published, and Vancouver's Map of Northwest America, were included in a series of modern charts of the survey. These included specimens charts of San Francisco Bay, Alaska, the Philippine Islands, as well as a chart of Seattle Harbor, together with the engraved copper plate from which it was printed. To illustrate characteristic changes which occur in the hydrography and topography at the mouth of an important river, a series of three charts of the Columbia Kiver were shown. To illustrate the difficulty of locating submerged pinnacle rocks and similar dangers to navigation, a photographic print of the original hydrographio sheet which includes the "Brooklyn Rock" (so called because the U. S. S. BrooMyn discovered its presence in otherwise deep water by running upon it), was shown, ^vith this typical ledge of small area, situated in deep water, indicated thereon as a result of later examination with the harbor sweep. Two efficient pieces of apparatus for locating such obstruction were shown, one being a large colored sketch of the "wire drag," which is operated by launches ; and the other being a reduced model of the "harbor sweep," used upon the larger vessels of the survey for this purpose. To illustrate the representation of topographic features on charts, a reUef model of Rock Creek Park, Washington, D. C, was shown in close proximity to a topographical chart of the same area. The exhibit of instruments included the principal instruments and apphances used by the survey in the various branches of its work, as follows : For hydrographic work: Sextants, protractors, sounding tubes and deep-sea sounding apparatus, and automatic tide gauge. For topographical work: A plane table, complete. For magnetic work: Magnetometer and Lloyd-Creek dip circle with ship gimbal stand. For field work: Field astronomical transit completely equipped for longitude observations; a zenith and a meridian instrument; a short length of Invar base tape, with stretcher, spring balance, and marking stakes; theodolites of 4, 6, 7, 12, and 20 inch circles; heliotropes and night signal lamps ; a vertical circle and a vertical collimeter. Models: Surveying steamer Blake and a model of the Bay of North America. The exhibits were provided with printed descriptive cards, and Mr. Parker gave such explanations as were practicable. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND NATIONAL MUSEUM. Provision for the preparation of exhibits by the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum, primarily historical in character and intended to impart to the visitors a knowledge of the history of the United States, especially of the region west of the Rocky Moun- tains, as well as of Alaska, Hawaii, and the Philippine Islands, was made in the act of Congress approved May 27, 1908, authorizing general participation by the departments and bureaus of the Govern- ment. Of the appropriation for the Government exhibit, the sum of $24,000 was allotted for the exhibits of the Smithsonian Institution 68 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. and National Museum, and there were also set apart about 10,000 square feet of space in the main Government building. In the preparation of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum exhibits the principal idea, as intimated, v,'as to present an outhne of our national achievements and progress, and of the facts connected with the development of the western part of the United States, Alaska, and the Philippine Islands. This plan was carried out by the assembling of 190 portraits of eminent persons connected with the discovery and history of America, Alaska, the Hawaiian and Philippine Islands (colored photographs, engravings, etchings), and by pictures and paintings representing historic scenes and landmarks; by models of historic vessels, such as the viking ship, the Santa Maria, the Half Moon, and the May- flower, and by models illustrating the development of the steam vessel, including John Fitch's steamboat, which plied on the Dela- ware in 1786, the Clermont, first used by Fulton in 1807 on the Hudson, the PTioenix and the Savannah, the latter the first steamboat to cross the Atlantic Ocean; by models illustrative of the primitive methods of land transportation in America, and early railway loco- motives, such as the John Bull and the Stourbridge Lion. The medallic history of the United States was portrayed by a series of bronze copies of 23 medals struck in honor of the Presidents of the United States, and other medals commemorating special acts; and American cartography by maps and facsimiles of a number of treaties. The influence of various religious sects in the settlement of the Pacific coast and Alaska was shown by means of paintings of Spanish missions, by models of mission buildings, relics, and other interesting objects; also by an excellent model of St. Michael's Cathedral in Sitka, photographs of churches and clergy, and a collection of religious books connected with Russian missionary efforts in Alaska; by a collection of portraits of persons conspicuous in the establishment and growth of the Church of the Latter-day Saints, models of the temple and tabernacle in Salt Lake City, and a chart showing their migrations from Vermont to Utah and other points, besides a number of relics bearing on the same. An exhibit which attracted much attention consisted of models and paintings of ancient Pueblos. The prehistoric ruin of Casa Granda was graphically illustrated by a painting presenting a bird's- eye view and models of three of the rectangular structures, kno^vn as compounds, showing the buildings used for the performance of sacred rites and as habitations of medicine men and chiefs. The cliS dwelling arcliitecture was well portrayed in the model of the mummy cave which is located in northeastern Arizona. Modern Pueblo and California Indian family life were depicted by a group of Zuni and Hupa Indians engaged in their customary occu- pations. The culture, customs, and industries of the people of southeastern Alaska were shown by lay figures of an Esquimo man and woman, a model of a log house, objects carved in wood, such as chests, totem poles, harpoons, snowshoes, and many other classes of objects, a number of historical paintings lent by Mr. T. J. Richardson and photographs by Lieut. G. T. Emmons, United States Navy, por- trayed its early history. The hfe and habits of the Phihppine islanders received special attention, and were illustrated by Kfe-sized family groups of the ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 69 Negritos of Zambales and the Igorots of Bontoc, besides a large number of objects, illustrating the arts, customs, and industries of the Tagals, Moros, Bagobos, and the general history of the Philippine Islands by a series of photographs of the natives, family hfe and occupations, buildings and churches. The histor}'' of Hawaii was well illustrated by a model of a village of the early inhabitants, who formerly lived in grass thatched houses grouped into villages and presided over by a chief and a priest, also by a very large, well labeled and identified ethnological collection brought together by Mr. N. B. Emerson, as a result of years of work. Photographs showing buildings, ancient and modern, illustrated church, settlement, and school work by the Hawaiian Evangelical Association. A hfe-sized family group, oil paintings, photographs, and a number of objects portrayed the habits and customs of the Samoans and the inhabitants of Guam and the Marianne Islands. The evolution and history of photography was well illustrated, beginning with the earliest permanent photographs and including examples of nearly all of the most important discoveries and inven- tions up to the present time. Many of the specimens were made by the inventors of the processes and others in the Museum laboratory. The collections of color photographs are especially fijae, beginning with the tinting, then an elaborate coloring of the photograph by hand, and the patented processes for transferring the film to a colored base, which fimally led to the almost perfect photographs in color, as made by Ives, Wood, Lippmann, Miley, and the autochromes made in our own laboratory by Mr. T. W. Smillie. The history of medicine prepared by Dr. J. M. Flint consisted mainly of photographs and biographical sketches of noted doctors, beginning with the physician who accompanied Capt. John Smith to America and ending with the twentieth century, up to and including experiments conducted by Maj. Keed for the prevention of yellow fever in Cuba in 1891. The exhibits were prepared by the representative, Itfr. W. de C. Ravenel, with the assistance of Mr. W. H. Holmes, of the Bureau of American Ethnology; Dr. Walter Hough, acting head curator of anthropology; Dr. I. M. Casanowicz; Mr. T. T. Belote; Mr. T. W. Smilhe; Mr. G. C. Maynard; and Dr. J. M. Fhnt, United States Navy. The groups were designed by Mr. Holmes and modeled by Mr. U. S. J. Dunbar. The models of Casa Grande were made by Mr. H. W. Hendley, under the direction of Dr. J. Walter Fewkes, and the model of the Hawaiian village by Mr. I. B. Millner. The ethnographic exhibits were set up by Mr. T. W. Sweeny. The i\Iuseum is indebted to Mr. George Wharton James for the assembling of the exhibits from the California Missions; to Rev. A. P. Kashevarofl for designing and collecting the exhibit of the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska; to a committee of the Church of Latter Day Saints, of which Mr. O. F. Whitney was chairman, for an exhibit illustrating the history of that church; to the Board of Hawaiian Evangelical Association for a series of photographs showing mission work in Hawaii; and to Mr. H. W. Henshaw, Lieut. G. T. Emmons, United States Navy, Mr. T. J. Richardson, Dr. C. H. Townsend, and Mr. W. E. Safford for the loan of photographs and paintings. Special acknowledgment is made of the cordial assistance rendered by the Department of State, the War Department, the Signal Corps, 70 ALASKA-YUKON-PAOIFIC EXPOSITION. the Bureau of Fisheries, and the American Museum of Natural History. The exhibit as a whole attracted much attention, being of especial interest to students of history. BIOGBAPH EXHIBIT. Presumably prompted by the success of similar features at past expositions, the framers of the act of Congress making appropriation for the Government exhibit at the Alaska- Yukon-Pacific Exposition included in the bill a provision for a biograph exhibit. In pursuance of this provision the Government board of managers designated Mr. James C. Boykin as manager, and allotted $5,000 to cover the expenses of the exhibit. It was decided in the beginning that the exhibit should consist of a series of lectui'es in a haU specially designed for the purpose, the lectures to be upon subjects relating to the Government service and to be freely illustrated by moving pictures and lantern slides. The cooperation of the departmental representatives was sought at once, and a plan was devised by which lecturers would be furnished from men detailed to exposition duty by the several departments, while the cost of making new pictures and the maintenance of the exhibit, including salaries of operators, ushers, etc., should be paid from the allotment for the biograph exhibit. The plan operated successfully in every respect. A camera operator was sent to such places as were necessary to make motion-picture films and lantern slides of subjects furnished by the Departments of War, Navy, Treasury, Agriculture, etc. Other films were secured from various sources, and not less than 15,000 feet of standard film and 1,500 lantern slides were used regularly during the season. The number of lectures available was greater than could be accommodated in one day, and considerable variety was possible in the program. Ten lectures were presented every day, each occupying about a half hour, with an interval of about 15 minutes between them. Ordi- narily about 60 slides and 5 or 6 motion scenes were used in a lecture. Nearly all the lecturers were men who had had long experience at the work, and those who lacked such experience were provided • with manuscript, so that there was no question of their being able to tell an interesting story. The subjects, of course, all related to functions or agencies of the Government, and it was the aim to make them both entertaining and instructive. There was abundant evidence that this aim was accomplished, for the attendance was always eminently satisfactory. A few of the lectures failed to arouse enthusiasm, but the average of excellence was high and expressions of appreciation were constantly heard. The room provided was in the Hawaiian building, and its arrange- ment was all that could be desired except in one respect, and that a very important one — its acoustic properties were defective, inasmuch as the ceiling consisted of building paper and cloth only. It was difiicult for some of the lecturers to make themselves heard in the rear of the room. But for this, the hall would have been for the purpose perfect. A plaster "screen" 20 by 28 feet, ample platform, sloping floor, abundant exits, good ventilation, commodious quarters for the operator, efl^ective communication between the lecturer and the operator, fireproof booth for apparatus, with automatic shutters, i ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 71 and an unobstructed view from all the 500 chairs in the room, were features of the construction. It was by far the best hall that has been constructed for a similar purpose at any exposition in this country. The following lecturers appeared during the season: Andrew P. Anderson Clarence L. Andrews W.H. Babbitt , Clarence J. Blanchard LoydChllds W. J. Cooper r. W.T. Crone, United States Navy E.G. Culver W. H. Dunlap, United States Navy M. O. Eldridge Don Carlos Ellis , Dr. M. W. Glover, Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service. Alfred Hart _^ B. F. Heidel Augustus F. Knudsen Dr. S. C. Lancaster J. A . McCormick Fred W. Prince Subject. Good Roads. A Trip Through Alaska. Hawaii's Charms. (The Call of the West. iThe Land that God Forgot. Picturesque Hawaii. The Cross Roads of the Pacific. In the Navy. (Yellowstone National Park. The Nation's Treasure House. The Life of a Soldier. In the Navy. Good Roads. Saving the Forests. (Fighting the Plague. (Tuberculosis. Our Neighbors of Latin America. Good Roads. The Volcano of Kilauea. Improving the Highways. Mount Ranier. (Yosemite National Park. iThe Grand Canyon of the Arizona. J The following from the official daily program of September 27, 1909, shows the arrangement of the lectures and the scope covered on a typical day: Government Biograph Exhibit. [In the Hawaii building.] Popular talks about the activities of tiie United States Government, with motion X^icturee and lantern slides. 10.15 a. m. — "Picturesque Hawaii," by Mr. Loyd Childe, special ageut, Hawaiian exhibit. A city in a bower of palms; wonderful combinations of mountain and ocean; views of native life; surf riding and boating at Waikiki; a royal funeral; a tropical carnival with twentieth century improvements; characteristic scenes in Honolulu; the fortification of Pearl Harbor; the sugar industry. The lecture on the volcano of Kilauea described below (for 5 p. m.) will alternate with this — one being given in the morning and the other in the afternoon of each day. 11 a. m. — "The Life of a Soldier," by Mr. E. C. Culver. Coast Artillery drills; firing a 12-inch disappearing gun; a 6-inch rapid-fire gun; 12-inch mortars; Field Artillery; Battery B. Third Artillery, Capt. Horn, in intricate maneuvers; Capt. Hennessy and the pupils of his schools in horsemanship performing difficult feats; Cavalry; Troop F, Fourteenth Cavalry, Capt. Preston, bareback and trick riding; Infantry, Butts Manual; wall scaling; tent drill; Signal Corps, tests of Orville Wrights' aeroplane. 11.45 a. m. — "In the Navy, " by Mr. W. H. Belknap; Artillery drill; flying wedge of torpedo boats; battle ship fleet off Cape Hatteras; mechanical semaphore; boat drill; a difficult landing of launches; the sailor's diversions. 12.30 p. m. (Mondays and Thursdays). — "Our Neighbors of the South," by Mr. Alfred Hart, of the International Bureau of American Republics, history and functions of the Pan American Bureau; commercial relations with the Latin-American countries; street scenes in Central and South American cities; public buildings and theaters; beautiful boulevards; towering mountains and dense forests; perpetual snows near the equator; banana and sugar plantations; millions in coffee. 12.30 p. m. (Tuesdays, Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays). — "Yosemite National Park, "by Mr. Fred W. Prince; by rail to El Portal; a picturesque stage ride; towering cliffs of gray; rivers tumbling over precipices; a combination of stupendous grandeur and delicate beauty; fantastic peaks and feathery waterfalls; comfortable modern hotels and camps; to Glacier Point via Vernal and Nevada Falls; an overhanging rock a half mile above the valley; trees centuries old that touch the clouds. 72 ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 1.15 p. m. — "A Trip Through Alaska," by Mr. C. L. Andrews; gorgea and waterfalls, glaciers and mountains; the life of an Alaskan miner; the native Alaskan as he lives in the Valley of the Yukon and along the coastal fjords; the winter trail; the Alexander Archi- pelago; railroading in winter's snowa and amid summer flowers; the glamour of gold. 2 p. m. — "The Nation's Treasure House," by Mr. E. C. Culver. The United States Treasury building; the cash room; gold vaults; a million-dollar handful; money making in all its processes — engraving, printing, counting, numbering, cutting, trim- ming, packing, storing, printing postage stamps; the Immigration S^vice; Americans in prospect; the portal of the Nation. 2.45 p. m. — "Saving the Forests, " by Mr. D. C. Ellis, of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. One of the greatest sources of the Nation's wealth; gradual disappearance of the primeval woods; what the Forest Service is doing for con- servation; intelligent methods versus waste; devastation by fire, and its prevention; influence of forests upon climate, the soils and the flow of streams, and consequently upon successful irrigation and agriculture. 3.30 p. m. — "Road Improvement," by Mr. B. F. Heidel, of the office of Public Roads, United States Department of Agriculture. The disadvantage of bad roads and the benefit and importance of good ones; good roads in the United States and in foreign countries; methods of building; waya and means of paying for and taking care of them; macadam, telford, gravel, sand clay, tar-macadam, etc.; a French quarry; a test of automobile dust. 4.15 p. m. — "Yellowstone National Park," by Mr. E. C. Culver. A tour of the park; the train arriving at Gardiner; coaches leaving the depot; arriving at Mam- moth Hotel; cavalry troop on patrol; New Crater Geyser; Mammoth Paint Pots; Old Faithful; Upper Falls of the Yellowstone; Lower Falls; wild animals — buffalo, antelope, deer, mountain sheep, etc. 5 p. m. — "The Volcano of Kilauea, " by Mr. A. J. Knudsen, Hawaiian Commissioner. Preparations for the journey; comfortable modes of travel; remarkable scenery on the route; arrival at the crater; across a valley of fire; scorched souvenirs; rivers of molten lava; night scenes within the crater. This lecture will alternate with "Pic- turesque Hawaii, " described above (for 10.15 a. m.) each being given in the morning of one day and in the afternoon of the next. v. Statement of expenditures made from the appropriation '^ Government Exhibit, Alasha- YuJcon-Paeific Exposition, Seattle, Wash.," to and including March 31, 1910. Allotment. ^^^^^- Matatr Freight. Subsist- ence. Department of S tate Treasury Department War Department Department of Justice Post OfTice Department Navy Department Interior Department Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce and Labor Smithsonian Institution and National Mu Beum Biograph exhibit Common fund Total 84,000.00 24,000.00 16,500.00 4,000.00 10,000,00 14,000,00 24,093.33 24, 105. 00 26,000.00 23,895.00 4,906.67 24,500.00 8194. 82 4,295.97 5,976.25 2,036.11 1,479.47 2,497.18 7, 657, 75 9, 638. 69 4, 203. S3 10,549.28 1,948.63 816.72 453.51 39.07 85.50 1,050,34 119.92 970. 20 225.87 1,603.77 433.85 132.39 8284. 26 3,004.09 3,529.84 349. 97 1,059.12 2,949.42 2,975.79 2,171.39 4,081.21 2,851.32 U9.47 355.53 200,000.00 50,477.98 81,712.00 4, 633. 00 3,447.00 125. 00 1,513.00 441.00 3,446.62 3, 739. 00 6, 128. 50 1,935.50 110.50 3,400.00 Department of State Treasury Department War Department Department of Justice Post Office Department Navy Department Interior Department Department of .\griculture Department of Commerce and Labor Smithsonian Institution and National Museum Biograph exhibit .* Common fund Total 16,09L62 Trans- portation. Miscel- laneous. S686. 35 1,547.03 1,121.85 139.00 432.52 S34.10 1,709.99 1,804.15 1,893.14 1,570.04 206.00 1,447.45 8,W). 00 4,321.32 886.00 693.00 1,114.30 4,281.50 5,224.25 4,329.75 3,467.00 5,738.67 2, 120. 83 12,783.35 8143. 65 471. 18 763.73 238.83 58.97 329.69 254.91 181.77 408.93 83,343.80 18,726.10 15, 763. 74 3,667.41 6,707.72 11,152.81 22,239.51 22,090.62 24.086.38 146.93 1 23,225.59 179.97 4,817.79 3,899.79 I 21,863.53 45,265.97 7,078.35 178,285.00 8656. 20 5,273.90 736. 26 332.59 3, 292. 28 2,847.19 1,85.3.82 2,014.38 1,313.62 669. 41 88.88 2, 636, 47 21,715.00 EXHIBIT OF ALASKA. EXHIBIT OF HAWAII. Under the supervision of the Secretary of the Interior. 73 THE ALASKAN EXHIBIT. Immediately upon the receipt of the notification of the Secretary of the Treasury that the appropriation for the Alaskan exhibit was available, energetic steps were taken to prosecute the work of the collection of material. Certain prehminary work had aheady been done, for after the approval of the biU on May 27, 1908, it was taken for granted that the requirements of the law would be met by the exposition authorities, and that it was but a question of a few weeks before the Secretary of the Treasury would so notify the persons concerned. That notification reached the Department of the Interior on July 20, 1909. In the interval the general plan of the exhibit and of the methods of procedure in its organization were outlined. The question of appointments to the principal positions was also canvassed, and no time was lost in proceeding vrith the work as soon as it was possible to do so. Such expedition was demanded by the fact that oidy 10 months remained before the opening of the exposition, and that time included the winter months during which the greater part of Alaska is whoUy inaccessible from the States. Mr. John C. McBride, of Juneau, was appointed commissioner, and Mr. James L. Farmer was appointed chief special agent on July 20, 1908. Mr. Farmer was designated special disbursing agent, and left Washington for Juneau on July 23, as soon as formaUties relating to his appointment, bond, etc., could be completed. In the beginning an "advisory board" of 26 members was appointed by Gov. W. B. Hoggatt. These gentlemen represented every important industry in Alaska, and were all thoroughly interested in the development of the district. They were freely con^lted in regard to the exhibit and their assistance and moral support were of great value. They were: Candle, Charles E. Herron; Casadepega, Thomas K. Shepard; Circle City, F. H. Grace; Douglas, P. H. Fox; Council, E. R. Dunn; Esther, Clarence Berry; Fairbanks, E. M, Carr and Volney Richmond; Haines, R. A. Leonard; Juneau, B. M. Behrends, E. C. Russell, and Capt. Johnston; Ketchikan, J. R. Heckman and J. W. Stedman; Nome, Cabell Whitehead, Jafet Linderberg, and Dudley Dean; Rampart, J. W. Duncan; Seward, H. H. Hildreth; Sitka, W. P. Mills; St. Michael, A. P. Zipf ; TeUer, W. T. Lopp; Valdez, S. Blum and George C. Hazelet; Wrangell, P. C. McCormack. It was not expected that the members of this honorary board would actively engage in the collection of exhibits. That was the work of the special agents, of whom seven were appointed at first, each being assigned to a particular section of the district. They were: J. J. Underwood, of Nome, Seward Peninsula; L. S. Robe, of Fairbanks, Tanana River; R. A. Semple, of Juneau, Cooks Inlet and Copper River; Percy Pond of Juneau, Southeastern Alaska; H. R. Shepard, of Fairbanks, Yukon River; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, of Valdez, 75 7G ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Copper River and Southeastern; G. Kostrometinoff, of Sitka, Aleutian Islands. Subsequently the following were added to the list : Frank S. Burk- hart, special agent; W. H. Hildreth, of Seward, for the vicinity of Seward; Clarence L. Andrews, special agent for agriculture and horticulture; August Buschmann and Arthur E. Howard, fisheries experts; John D. Fields, mining expert. It was necessary for these agents to do a great deal of niissionary work before they could be successful in securing material. It was always necessary to arouse interest in the exposition as a whole and in the Alaskan exliibit to the point at which nien would be wiUing to contribute valued property. The agents, though persons of good standing, were, with two exceptions, without experience in exposition work, for. the previous participation of Alaska in such affairs had been on a comparatively small scale and few persons had been employed in the collection of exhibits. Nevertheless, their efforts, as shown by the results, were well directed and successful. Many exliibits which they did not directly secure were to be credited to their "missionary work" and to the publicity which they aided in giving -to the e.xliibit. They worked largely through the chambers of commerce and similar organi- zations in the several towns, but in addition to this they frequently called public meetings in which they urged the cooperation of citizens, and these public efforts were supplemented by frequent personal conferences with prospective exliibitors. The plan of organizing local bodies for the collection and preparation of material was utilized more extensively in connection with exhibits of women than in any other branch of the work. "Women's auxiliaries" or clubs were organized in all the principal towns, and their work in the main was diligent and effective. The list of the "auxiliaries" follows: Katalla Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. A. C. Williams, president; Miss Britton, secretary. Cordova-Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. George 0. Hazelet, president; Miss Carry Olson, secretary. Valdez Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. James Fish, president; Mrs. L. Sweet, secretary. Seward Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Henry P. Wybrant, president; Miss Anna Karsaak, secretary. Ketchikan Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Julia Thompson, president; Mrs, F. J. Hunt, secretary. Metlakatia Woman's Auxiliary (native): Mrs. Bertram G. Mitchell, president; Mrs. Ella E. Langelier, secretary. Wrangell Woman's Auxiliary; Mrs. L. J. Cole, president; Mrs. J. H. Wheeler, secretary. Sitka Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. C. C. Georgeson, president; Mrs. C. Gamborg- Andresen, secretary. Juneau Woman's Auxiliary: Mi'S. J. C. McBride, president; Mrs. Frank Cook, secretary. Douglas Island Woman's Auxiliary (embracing towns of Douglas and Treadwell): Mrs. Tompkins, of Treadwell, president; Miss Thora Smith, of Douglas, secretary. Skagway Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. L. S. Keller, president; Mrs. P. W. Snyder, secretary. Haines and Fort Seward Woman's Auxiliary (embracing the towns of Fort Seward and Haines): Mrs. A. T. McLean, president; Mrs. George Vogle, secretary. Petersburg Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. Cora Ray, president; Mi's. Mudge, secretary. Fairbanks Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. R. E. Maddock, president; Mrs. E. R. Heilig, secretary. Nome Woman's Auxiliary: Mrs. P. J. Coston, president; Mrs. J. J. Underwood, secretary. ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 77 As a stimulant to the efforts of the "auxiliaries" it was arranged to allow that auxiliary which presented the best exhibit to name an attendant to serve one month in the exhibit at a salary of S150. This offer created a healthy rivalry between the clubs, and the showing of material made by man}' of them was excellent. A similar offer was made to the teachers of the Government schools for natives in order to increase their interest in the preparation of exhibit material, and a like result was obtained. In addition to the regularly appointed special agents the aid of Government officers stationed in Alaska was freely given. The schools for natives of Alaska are controlled by the Bureau of Education, and Dr. Harlan Updegraff is the general agent in charge of them. It was decided at an early date that a special feature should be made of this work, and a sum of money was allotted for the pur- pose. Dr. Updegraff designated Mr. A. N. Thompson, superintendent of schools for the southeastern district, to take charge of the matter, and the preparation of his exhibit was actively and effectively pushed. On the request of this department the Secretary of Commerce and Labor authorized Mr. John N. Cobb, agent of the Bureau of Fisheries, to cooperate with the commissioner. His aid and suggestions were of great value. The board of road commissioners, of which Maj. Richardson, United States Army, is president, also gave such assistance as was within their power, furnishing maps, models, descriptive articles, and the like. Dr. H. M. W. Edmonds, in charge of the magnetic base station of the Umted States Coast and Geodetic Survey at Sitka, showed his interest by furnishing maps, charts, and photographs for the exhibit. The agricultural experiment station, under Prof. C. C. Georgeson, furnished valuable specimens in the classes of horticulture and agri- culture, and contributed in other ways to the completeness of the display. The Director of the Geological Survey took especial interest in the Alaskan exhibit, and on September 19, 1908, he wrote a letter, of which the following was a part: ALASKA MINERAL-RESOURCES EXHIBIT. Since there is to be a special Government exhibit in the Alaskan building, it is requested that space and funds be reserved for the Division of Alaskan Mineral Resources in that building, and that this matter be taken up with the commiBsioners for the Alaskan exhibit. An exhibit can then be installed illustrating the topography, geography, and geology of Alaska, mining operations, and other mineral resources of Alaska. Mr. A. H. Brooks, geologist in charge of the Division of Alaskan Mineral Resources, is now in the North, so that estimate can not at present be submitted. Communication has, however, been opened with him on the subject, and it is con- fidently expected that a noteworthy exhibit along this line can be prepared by him in cooperation with the commissioners of the Alaskan exhibit. In accordance with this request an allotment of funds was made for this section of the exhibit, and the preparation of the material was prosecuted with vigor. The building provided for the exhibit was of pleasing appearance, uniform in architecture with the main Government building and the Hawaiian building, its neighbors, and it contained 36,000 square feet. It was abundantly provided with entrances and was well lighted throughout. Commodious offices were included in the plans, one of 78 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSIXIOK. them being so placed as to afford a full view of the whole interior of the building. Storage space for empty boxes and the like was avail- able beneath the floor and could easily be reached through trap- doore. In short, it was a building in every way well adapted to the purpose for which it was designed. The building was divided into seven principal divisions: I. Mines and minerals. II. Fish and fisheries. III. Furs, animals, and birds. IV. Agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. V. Transportation. VI. Ethnology. VII. Education, women's work, and art. The most conspicuous feature of the building was the gold exhibit in the center of the floor to which the principal aisles converged. It was installed in an elaborate booth, beautifully ornamented and brilliantly lighted, in the center of which was a plate glass case 6 feet square and 6 feet high. In this case was a stand of black velvet, with a basin-like center and beveled sides in the center of the "basin." Rising above the surroundings were brackets holding the five largest nuggets ever found in the Territory of Alaska, the largest of them, the property of the Pioneer Mining Co., being valued at not less than $4,000. Filling the "basin" around the brackets were 70 gold bricks, weighing about 125 pounds, and containing about $20,000 each, nearly all of which were loaned by the Scandinavian- American Bank of Seattle. In triangular trays set in the top of the stand at its cor- ners were innumerable nuggets of varying sizes with a total value of about $100,000, most of them owned by Mrs. Clarence Berry, of Los Angeles, Cal., and on the beveled edges of the stand were closely set vials of "dust," most of them containing 1 ounce, but with larger ones interspersed at regular intervals. At one time the total value of the gold displayed was $1,250,000, and the sight was one of extraor- dinary beauty and interest. To say that it was the most striking feature of the entire exposition would be but to speak the truth. Alaska was the motive and central idea of the exposition; gold amounting to nearly $150,000,000 has been Alaska's pi'incipal gift to mankind, and the "gold booth" bore striking testimonj' to the magnificence of her wealth. The precautions for the safety of this treasure seemed to be as complete as could be desired. A heavy iron cage surrounded and covered the case above the floor at a distance of 3 feet from it. The top of the case itself was a heavy steel plate which, when the case was lowered into the vault below, fitted snugly into the floor and made a perfect protection from dangers from above. The vault was built of concrete and steel, 8 inches thick, and a hydrauHc arrangement was provided, by means of which the entire case with its contents could be quickly lowered into the vault by the simple turn of a lever, and it was so lowered every night. To raise it required the knowledge of a com- bination time lock. The vault was additionally protected against burglary by an electric sheathing, which would give the alarm instantly if it were attacked by a metal instrument or tampered with in any way. This device was tested at half-hour intervals throughout the night, Armed guards were constantly stationed in the rooms about the vault and on the floor above, so that it seemed that nothing ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 79 was omitted to insure the safety of the valuable exhibit; certainly there was no attempt to molest it. Though the most spectacular, the gold exhibit was far from being the most important of the mineral exhibits. An excellent collection of minerals was displayed by the Division of Alaskan Mineral Resources of the Geological Survey, and though the specimens were compara- tively small and the collection presented a modest appearance, in scientific interest it was superior to any other collection in that sec- tion, inasmuch as it was comprehensive and representative of the geology of the entire district so far as it is possible to make such a showing at this time. In connection with the mineral specimens were a number of maps illustrating the geology of Alaska, especially with reference to its economic side. Altogether the showing made by the Geological Survey was distinctly creditable and satisfying. Gold was shown not only in its pure state in nuggets, bricks, and "dust," but also in ores and "pay dirt" in great quantity, and from all parts of the District in which it has been found. In this respect the exliibit was particularly complete, and it was evident that gold in its various conditions was uppermost in the minds of the special agents and collectors. Second only in interest to gold, and perhaps exceeding it in value, are the coal deposits of Alaska. The exhibits presented of high grade coals from the Bering River and Matanuska fields and of lignites and lower grades of bituminous coals from widely scattered portions of the district, well illustrated its practically unlimited resources in this respect. An instructive feature of the exhibit was a number of speci- mens taken from different localities which together presented the com- plete geological history of coal. But little attention has been paid to silver in Alaska up to this time, and the total production has amounted to only SI, 120, 562 up to and including 1908, yet some fine specimens were shown in the exhibit. The production of copper has exceeded the production of silver in the ratio of four to one, for copper mining has steadily increased in importance. Still more extensive preparations are making to reach and work the rich veins that are known to exist, involving the expendi- ture of millions of dollars. The exhibit of copper and copper ores was impressive. A nugget of pure copper, weighing 1,000 pounds, was shown, but even this is small in comparison with others that have been discovered, particularly one found on Nugget Creek, a branch of the Tuskalina River, 100 miles from Valdez, which is 9 feet long and weighs about 3 tons. Efforts were made to secure this for the exliibit, but without success, principally because of its inaccessibility and the difiiculties of transportation. A handsome booth constructed of Alaskan marble was a conspicu- ous feature of the mineral section. The material was of excellent qual- ity, comparing favorably with that produced in any other portion of the United States. Three marble quarries are in operation in south- eastern Alaska, but up to this time the output has been comparatively small in quantity. An instructive display of petroleum from the Katalla fields was made by the Alaska Petroleum & Coal Co., which like nearly all the mineral exhibits, showed possibilities for the future rather than pres- ent production, for so far the output has not been on a commercial scale. 80 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Besides these, the exhibit contained important displays of tin in the form of cassiterite, from Seward Peninsula, antimony in stibnite, tungsten in scheelite and wolframite, lead, asbestos, sulphur, mica, bismuth, and iron. A highly decorated booth was devoted to mineral waters, a miniature stamp mill was in constant operation, and pano- ramic scenes were presented of the mining property of the Alaskan Industrial Co. on Prince of Wales Island, and of a hydraulic mining plant. Alaska was famous for its marine products long before it was known that there was gold in that part of the world. In fact, one of the motives for the purchase is said to have been the understanding that cod was plentiful in the waters of Alaska. In value the production of gold has outstripped the production of fish, but Alaska nevertheless leads all the States of the Union in the value of its fish products, and that even though some of her resources have scarcely been touched. The total catch in 1908 amounted to 217,831,415 pounds, valued at $11,847,443. Salmon is, of course, the first item in the category of Alaska's valuable fish. Fifty canneries are in operation and they packed more than $10,000,000 worth of fish in 1908. Cod is next on the list, and nearly 3,000,000 of theni were sold the same year. Halibut are largely caught in southeastern Alaska, and herring are utilized to a limited extent. Whales are still in suflicient numbers to make it profitable to hunt them and a well-equipped station has been established on Admiralty Island for the business. Besides these, eulachon, or candle fish, red snappers, red cod, trout, whitefish, smelt, crabs, clams, etc., are caught and marketed in considerable numbers. The feature of the fisheries section of the exhibit building which usually attracted attention first was the imposing display of salmon in cans, arranged in great columns and pyramids. Behind them was a kitchen from which canned salmon was served free to all comers. An experienced chef was in charge, and his skill in preparing the fish was a revelation in itself. On no two days did he serve the same dish, yet all were of salmon, dainty and delicious. ■ An object of never failing interest was the "iron chink," a machine extensively used in the salmon canneries. It decapitates, disem- bowels, cleans, trims, and cuts the fish ready for the can, with pre- cision equal to that of the living Chinaman whom it superseded. The machine is a marvel of ingenuity and efficiency, and but for the accidental death of the inventor shortly before the opening of the exposition, it would have been shown in actual operation. Whaling and fishing gear in great variety was shown, and one of the plants of the Alaska Packers Association was shown in miniature in full operation. Glass cases contained jars of oils, fertilizers, and other by-products, or minor products, of the industry. An immense halibut was shown in an iron tank during a portion of the exposition, but after he had shown an incorrigible tendency to rise above the level of mere alcohol and to smash the plate glass top of his case, he was removed and consigned to earth. A collection of the principal Alaskan fish, 28 of them, stuffed and mounted by a peculiar process which preserved their natural color and a lifelike appearance, was one of the most interesting of the less conspicuous exhibits. Since its discovery Alaska has probably given to the world as much of value in furs as in gold. The traffic in skins is naturally declining ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 81 now, but it is by no means unimportant. lu 1908 there were shipped from Alaska skins as follows: Bears, 910; foxes, 13,614; minks, 9,127; lynx, 4,832; martens, 4,047; wolverines, 213; ermines, 2,542; fur seals, 15,430; muskrats, 31,712; beavers, 1,280; other animals and unclassified, about 1,500. An interesting branch of the fur industry is that of "fox farming," which is practiced on some of the small western islands. The blue fox is the sort utilized, and the business has proved successful and profitable, for the foxes are prolific and the pelts sell readily at good prices. The exhibit of furs was furnished principally by dealers and manufacturers, and contained many very fine specimens upon which high values were placed. The exhibit of birds was prepared principally by Dr. W. T. Shaw, assistant professor of zoology and curator of the museum of the Washington State College of Agriculture. Alaska is one of the breed- ing places of many of the varieties of birds which visit the more southern climes at other seasons, and many other of the birds whose forms are familiar to us go there in migrations. Consequently, though the list of Alaskan birds is a long one, there are compara- tively few which are found in Alaska and not elsewhere in the United States. Of these the most interesting and the most beautiful is the ptarmigan, the bird peculiar to the Arctic, whose graceful form and whose changes of plumage from snow white in winter to russet brown in summer make him always an object of admiration. On some of the islands near the coasts are rookeries inhabited by thousands of birds, including cormorants, gulls, pufiins, guillemots, murres, murrelets, auklets, and petrels. These rookeries are rarely visited by white men, but natives often go to them during the nest- ing season seeking eggs, which they prize highly as food. The exhibit of animals was not made as a unit, but the specimens were scattered over the building so as to produce the best decorative effect. Mounted specimens of moose, caribou, wolves, bears, moun- tain sheep, foxes, and other animals were exhibited in considerable numbers. During the entire exposition a supply of fresh garden vegetables was furnished by growers in Alaska and in imposing display were peas, radishes, lettuce, potatoes, cabbages, turnips, parsnips, rhu- barb, etc., continually maintained. Wheat, barley, oats, and rye were shown in sheaves and in glass jars, and hay of various sorts was in abundance. The claim would scarcely be justified that Alaska is destined to be one of the granaries of the world, though that prophesy was publicly made by one of its governors. Nevertheless the extensive showing of agricultural products was a revelation to the average visitor. Prof. C. C. Georgeson, the special agent in charge of agricultural investiga- tion in Alaska, states that approximately one-sixth of the area of the district can be utilized for agricultural and grazing purposes. The hardy vegetables can be grown in all the valleys even beyond the Arctic Circle, and by reason of the long hours of daylight and the consequent rapid growth of the vegetables, their crispness and flavor is not excelled. Barley and oats are grown successfully in the Yukon Valley and along the Tanana, and wheat does reasonably well in both localities. Berries grow luxuriantly and to perfection. 68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61—3 6 82 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. The forests of Alaska are extensive and valuable, and an excellent display of timber was made, principally of spruce, cedar, hemlock, and birch. A section of a spruce tree 6 feet in diameter was shown, and another of cedar, 4 feet in diameter. To exhibit manufactured lumber a substantial booth was constructed of native woods, well shingled, and finished with moldings and similar decorations, all of Alaskan manufacture. It is inevitable that in the development of new territory having a long coast line and large navigable rivers the first means of transpor- tation will be water, and that settlement will begin as a fringe along the water courses. The development of the interior is a slower process, and must be dependent upon the construction of highways and the building of railroads. Scarcely more than a beginning has been made in this work in Alaska. A few short railroads from the coast inland are in operation, and something over 1,100 miles of wagon roads and trails have been consti'ucted by the Alaska Eoad Commission, but the aggregate of all that has been done is insignificant as compared with what the district must have before its real develop- ment can begin. The principal steamship lines were represented by exhibits, as were some of the railroads. The Copper River Railway presented a pano- ramic view of the country through which it passes, and showed also some of its products. The Alaska Road Commission showed reports, maps, etc., to illus- trate the work which it has accomplished since its creation in 1905. The operations of this commission extend from Ketchikan to Kotze- bue Sound, north of Bering Strait, and it has expended an aggregate of $1,000,000 appropriated by Congress, and has had at its disposal about $100,000 annually derived from certain license receipts in Alaska. With this they have built, to the close of 1908, 452 miles of wagon road, 397 miles of winter sled road, and 255 miles of trails for dog teams and pack animals. The natives of Alaska are not all of the same race, but are divided into three well-marked groups. Those of the interior are Indians, and seem to be of the same stock. The coast natives who live north of the Copper River are Eskimo and Aleuts, while those inhabiting the shores of southeastern Alaska are Thlingits, with some Hydahs and Tsimshians. The three groups differ in their physical charac- teristics as well as in their language, modes of living, implements, and dress. The section of ethnology included numerous specimens from all the racial groups, and presented in the aggregate what was probably the best collection of the kind ever presented at one time and place. Of the several collections that made by Lieut. George T. Emmons, United States Navy, retired, was the best in orderly arrangement and completeness. It consisted of 2,000 specimens, all from southeastern Alaska. Besides this, a number of other collections were exhibited, namely, that of J. E. Stanley, of Seattle, in which the majority of the specimens were from the Eskimos; that of Miss Grace Nicholson, of Los Angeles, Cal., in which basketry held the prominent place; and those of Hackman and Konig, of Sherlock, Wash.; Rhodes & Co., of Seattle, and Miss Anna G. Lane, of Seward Peninsula. The making of such collections is no longer possible, for the coming of the white man has deprived the native of liis picturesqueness, and ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 83 has caused the native implements and garments made so laboriously, to be supplanted by factory-made tools and clothing from the States. The collections previously made gain tremendously in value and interest from that fact. To the tourist of the present time most of the articles shown were as unknown as to those who had never seen Alaska, so completely have the old things disappeared. The exhibits in the education section were collected principally by or through the instrumentahty of women's clubs or auxiliaries, which were described on a previous page. Eleven incorporated towns in the District maintain graded schools, which are supported by local funds. Schools for white children out- side the incorporated towns are supported from the "Alaska fund," derived from liquor and trade licenses, one-fourth of which is devoted to the establishment and maintenance of pubhc schools. There are 21 of these. Schools for natives are under the direction of the Secre- tary of the Interior, who administers them through the Commissioner of Education. There are at present 78 of them. Eighteen of the Government schools, 9 of the graded town schools, and a number of the smaller schools outside of the towns were repre- sented by exhibits. The character of the work shown was, in view of the conditions prevailing, highly creditable. It is not to be expected that the educational conditions of long estabhshed communities will be found in a pioneer region, and it should be cause for congratu- lation that the schools of Alaska have done so well under adverse circumstances. Similarly, it can not be said that Alaska, which was practically unpeopled fifteen years ago, and whose total popula- tion now is less than that of a city ward, can justly lay claim to status as an art center. But the pictures exhibited did show a yearning for the esthetic side of life that is surprising. The water colors by Theo. Richardson were creditable, and some of the work of amateur painters showed much of latent talent. t> The women's work shown in this section was substantially s imil ar to the work of their sisters that was exhibited in the several State buildings on the grounds. It embraced embroidery, laces, basketry, rug weaving, and a thousand kinds of fancy work dear to the feminine heart, the uses and even the names of which are as a sealed book to the average man. An exhibit of great value which could not be classified in any of the preceding sections was the large map that hung by the side of the main entrance. It was the work of the drafting division of the General Land Office, of which Mr. Ithamar P. Berthrong is chief. Every possible source of information was drawn upon to make it thoroughly accurate and complete, and in mechanical execution it was well nigh faultless. It is not exaggeration to say that the map was the best map that has ever been produced of Alaska. It received a grand prize at the hands of the jury of awards, which indicates the value placed upon it by those who are competent to judge of such work. Another map of similar size from the same source hung in the corresponding position on the other side of the entrance. This map showed the relative sizes of Alaska and continental United States by superimposing the one upon the other, the scale being the same. This clearly showed the immense area of Alaska, for Portland Canal, which forms the southeastern boundary of Alaska, rested in the vicinity of 84 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. Savannah, Ga. ; Cape Wrangell, the western extremity of the Aleutian Islands, lay near the CaUfornia coast, and Cape Barrow, Alaska's farthest point north, was in Minnesota. As an effective means of dispelluig the prevalent idea of Alaska as a land of snow and ice, it was determined at an early date to present a parge panorama showing a typical Alaskan landscape, and introducing representations of the principal industries of the District. Gates and •Morange, scenic artists of New York City, were employed for the work, and Mr. Morange was sent to Alaska to make the needed sketches and to secure other data as might be necessary. A semi- circular space with a diameter of 90 feet in the southwest comer of the budding was set aside for the purpose, the space extending without obstruction from 15 feet below the floor level to 25 feet above it. The construction was after the manner of stage scenery. A back drop 140 feet long contained the background; the middle distance was made up of painted flies, low sections, and wings, and the foregroimd consisted of natural objects, the whole being so arranged that transi- tion from one to the other was not apparent to the observer when the lights were burning. These were not visible, being placed above a canopy over the viewing platform. The completed panorama was a representation not of any particular locality, but a composite of views to be found in a number of places, the plan being to portray southeastern Alaska rather than any individual scene. In the background were snow-capped mountains; a fiord, hke Lynn Canal, was across the center of the picture and upon it ocean steamers moved; beyond the fiord was a representation of the great Treadwell mine and its famous "Glory Hole," and nearby was a thriving town; well apart lay a native village with its charac- teristic row of narrow, gabled houses, and elsewhere in the picture was a hydrauhc giant and its accompanying equipment for sluicing, miners panning gold, a railroad train passing through a tunnel, a dog team, a farmer plowing a field, a horseman, and other objects and scenes familiar to Alaskans. The area of the whole was great enough to prevent the appearance of incongruity from bringing so many diverse scenes into a single picture. The best proof that the artists were successful in making a reahstic scene that was not overdone is the fact that the persons who were most emphatic in its praise were Alaskans, who at once recognized the significance of the several features. The fighting effects added greatly to the attractiveness of the work. When the spectator was admitted to the platform broad daylight prevailed. Gradually evening came and twilight softened the scene. Then the moon rose behind the distant mountains and her silvery light brought out new beauties of the landscape. After a time the moon was lost in the clouds, the rays of the approaching sun lit up the scene with the reds of early morning, and by degrees full day was on again. The entire work was a gratifying success from an artistic standpoint, and so attractive was it that it was with great difficulty that all who wished to see it could be accommodated. And none who saw it could fail to realize that the jeers at "Seward's ice box" were without foundation. AliASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 85 HAWAUAN EXHIBIT. The same preliminary steps which have been described in connec- tion with the Alaskan exhibit were taken for the exhibit of Hawaii in the interval between the passage of the act of Congress providing for an appropriation and the full compliance with its provisions by the exposition company. The general plan of the exhibit had been drawn and approved by the Secretary of the Interior, and the personnel of the commission had been pra-ctically determined before the appropriation was actually available. When the notification to that effect was received from the Secretary of the Treasury it was only necessary to make the formal appointments and proceed with actual work. The organization for the Hawaiian exhibit differed materially from that for the Alaskan. Alaska covers an immense area and is but sparsely inhabited. The centers of population are widely separated, communication between them is slow and uncertain, and they are not in any sense interdependent. In consequence, there is little community of interest between the residents of the several towns. Under such circumstances it was deemed advisable to appoint a single commissioner to administer the entire exhibit. Hawaii, on the con- trary, is of small area, and is comparatively well settled. From the extreme western coast of Niihau to the easternmost point of the island of Hawaii is a distance of less than the length of the State of Virginia, while Alaska extends over nearly as many miles from east to west as the whole continental United States. Hawaiians have long been accustomed to concerted action, and communication between them is prompt and regular. It seemed appropriate, there- fore, to constitute a board of commissioners instead of a single officer to handle the affairs of the Hawaiian exhibit. The board consisted of James F. Morgan, chairman; Winfred H. Babbitt; Alfred W. Carter; John N. S. Wilhams; and Augustus F. Knudsen. Because of ill-health, Mr. Morgan gave up the chairmanship on March 3, 1909, and the duties of the position were assumed by Mr. Knudsen. Otherwise the board remained unchanged to the end of the exposition. The members were representative men in every respect, and were chosen by the governor, Hon. W. F. Frear, who wrote concerning them : Mr. Morgan, the chairman, is president of the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce, and a very live man; Mr. Babbitt is Territorial superintendent of public instruction; Mr. Carter, a lawyer and ex-judge, is now manager of the largest cattle and sheep ranch in the Territory, on the Island of Hawaii, which he is conducting on most scientific lines, and is an especially good man ; Mr. Williams is an engineer, formerly manager of the iron worlis in Honolulu, now manager of a railroad on the island of Maui; Mr. Knudsen is a civil engineer by profession but has ranch, sugar, rice, honey, and other interests on the island of Kauai. The commissioners met and organized without undue delay, and Mr. H. P. Wood, secretary of the chamber of commerce, was chosen secretary. Later, on the recommendation of the board, Mr. Loyd Childs was appointed special agent and special disbursing agent. Other pubUc spirited men were called upon for assistance, and committees were designated to take charge of the proposed branches of the exhibit, as follows: Topography and education — Commissioner Babbitt ; geology and zoology — Mr. Montague Cooke ; agriculture and 86 ALASKA-yUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. forestry — Dr. E. V. Wilcox and Mr. Ralph Hosmer; history and eth- nology — Prof. W. D. Alexander; social economy — Commissioner Knudsen; transportation — Commissioner Williams, Mr. J. A. Ken- nedy, and Mr. George P. Dennison; manufacture, trade, and com- merce — the Honolulu Chamber of Commerce. Other committees were appointed to look after special subjects, namely: Art and photography — Mr. A. Gartley, chairman, Mr. D. H. Hitchcock, Mr. R. K. Bonine, Mr. Roscoe Perkins; sisal — Mr. Wm. Weinrich, chairman, Mr. W. C. Weedon; pineapples — Mr. W. B. Thomas, chairman, Mr. C. G. Wliite, Mr. J. D. Dole; tobacco — Mr. Jared G. Smith; rubber — Mr. Fred Waterhouse, Mr. Wm. Wil- liamson; coffee, Mr. George Rodiek, Mr. Abe Louisson; rice, Mr. F. G. Krauss; fresh fruit and vegetables — Mr. G. P. Wilder; honey — Bee Men's Association; fish — Mrs. B. F. Dillingham; stock raising — Stock Breeders' Association; island woods — Mr. L. A. Thurston. The building assigned to the exhibit was a handsome one on the main court of the exposition, facing the Alaska building and adjoining the main Government building. It afforded 19,000 square feet of floor space, and contained commodious offices, reception rooms for men and women, toilet rooms, and storage, space. A portion of the south side was given to the biograph hall under the control of the Government board of managers, but so far from being a detriment that exhibit proved an additional means of attracting visitors to the exhibits of Hawaii. It was realized from the beginning that the amount appropriated by the Federal Congress, namely, $25,000, would be wholly inadequate to prepare such an exhibit as was desired. Indeed, the language of the act clearly showed that the framers contemplated that this amount would be merely an aid to the people of Hawaii, and that the main body of exliibit funds should be derived from other sources. Active steps, therefore, were taken to secure an appropriation from the legislature of Hawaii, and to interest private exhibitors, the latter of which was anticipated in the provision of the Federal statute that no charge should be made for space for such exhibits. In both directions the efforts were successful. The Territorial legislature appropriated the full $25,000 asked, contributions were made by the pineapple, sugar, coffee, and banana interests, and exhibits from a number of manufacturers and commercial concerns were arranged. The Pineapple Growers' Association were the first to signify their purpose of making an effective display and to contribute a liberal fund therefor. The showing they made was such as to overshadow any other single exhibit in the building. Nearly all of one side of the space was occupied by handsome "koa" tables, at wliich visitors were served 'ndth delicious pineapple such as only Hawaii can produce. A nominal charge of 10 cents for each plate was made, in order to make it possible to serve all who wished to be served and to keep out the undesirables who always flock about places at which anything is distributed gratuitously. Without this charge the expense of distri- bution would have been prohibitive; with it, as many as could possibly be served in comfort were enabled to test the quality of the fruit, and the receipts were sufficient to pay practically all the costs of material and attendance. The attractiveness of the exhibit was enhanced by the daintiness of the service, which was performed by ALASKA- YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 87 Hawaiian girls of good families who were under the careful chape- ronage of Mrs. Will J. Cooper. The girls were in themselves an excellent exhibit for Hawaii, for their beauty, amiability, and lady- like demeanor made a deep impression and gave to visitors a favorable idea of the cultivation of the better class of the natives. Near the tables and marking the Umits of the space of this exhibit was what seemed to be a gigantic pineapple 15 feet high; it was made up of fresh fruit arranged in proper form, with palms at the top to simulate the branching leaves of the genuine article. The sugar interests were represented by an extensive exhibit of canes and of sugar and sirups in the various processes of manufacture. All this was set forth in the "sugar palace," which was nothing more or less than a reproduction m brown sugar of the palace occupied by the kings of Hawaii before the American annexation. Tliis proved to be a particularly attractive exhibit, not only because of its novelty but because of its toothsome qualities. It is needless to say that it was badly defaced before the exposition was done. Coffee was exhibited in the same manner as pineapples — by serving it to all comers at a nominal price. This was also a success, although it naturally did not prove to be as striking a feature as the pineapple, for good coffee is decidedly less of a novelty to the American public than good pineapple. Hawaii is particularly rich in hard woods, and an excellent display of forestry was made. Wing frames containing specimens of foUage, sections of woods, and photographs of trees were supplemented bj;- specimens of wood polished and unpolished. Several manufacturers of furniture also made exhibits, principally of tables, chairs, and other household equipment made of "koa," the Hawaiian mahogany, and of "monkey pot," a species of the myrtle family, these being apparently the woods most favored for the purpose by Hawaiians. Among the first matters discussed and settled by the board of commissioners was the construction of a large relief map representing the islands, in which models of the islands themselves should be made of plaster of Paris, properly lettered and colored, and set in a tank of real water. As finally constructed this map was the central feature of the building, occupying a space 50 feet long directly in front of the main entrance. The bottom of the tank was colored so as to give the water a realistic ocean tint, and the effect was quite striking. It was designed and executed by Mr. Willis T. Pope, and its accuracy and completeness as a map was the subject of much favorable comment. In addition to the relief map a large wall map of the islands, made by draftsmen in the United States Geological Survey under the direction of Mr. A. F. Hassan, was displayed. A similar map showing Hawaii as the "Crossroads of the Pacific" accompanied it. Perhaps the most striking of the Hawaiian exhibits, namely, fish, were not shown in the building assigned to the Territory, but in the main Government building, in the tanks of the National Fish Com- mission. The brilliant coloring and fantastic shapes of the tropical fish made this an exhibit of peculiar interest to the people of the Northwest, accustomed as they are to the modest colors of the salmon, halibut, and cod. Extraordinaiy pains were taken in trans- porting the fish, and great care had to be exercised in maintaining 88 ALASKA-YDKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. them during the exposition. The collection was made by Mr. Fred- erick A. Potter, superintendent of the aquarium in Honolulu, and he personally accompanied them to Seattle, laboring with unremitting watchfulness to maintain the same temperature in the water as that to which the fish had been accustomed, and otherwise to prevent changes that would destroy their lives. About a hundred speci- mens were safely transported, and the majority of them were alive and in good condition at the close of the exposition — a result due to the care and skill of Capt. Harron and his assistants in charge of the fisheries exhibit. Commissioner Babbitt was eminently successful in his specialty, the school exhibit. The material was installed in a series of alcoves on the eastern side of the building and comprised, in addition to the familiar written exercises and manual training work of the conti- nental schools, a great variety of industrial work peculiar to the islands, namely, weaving, bead work, lei maldng, etc. Mr. Charles E. King installed and cared for the exhibit, assisted by Misses Frances Lawrence, Lorna laukea, and Maude Woods, all teachers of the islands. A growing industry in Hawaii is the cultivation and manufacture of sisal. The quality of this product is unexcelled, and it is con- fidently expected that Hawaii will in time supplant Central America as the main source of supply of that important fiber. The exhibit consisted of a booth constructed of the stalks of the plant, and thatched with the fiber; inside were shown cordage and other manu- factured articles in considerable quantity. The cultivation of rice is also an industry which bids fair to increase in importance in Hawaii. An interesting exhibit was made of it at Seattle, consisting of an actually growing field behind which was a panoramic painting showing the characteristic background of a typical rice plantation. Sheaves of the matured plant and specimens of the grains in glass jars completed the exhibit. Bananas hung in great clusters on a stand near the center of the building, and the supply was maintained throughout nearly the whole season. A pyramid of coconuts about 15 feet high was near, and that, too, was maintained, though of course with less frequent changes than the bananas and the pineapples. Other characteristic tropical fruits, like mangoes, guavas, "alli- gator pears," or avocados, were exhibited in abundance, and "poi," the favorite Hawaiian dish, was shown in its various stages from the taro root to the prepared food, with the boards and other implements and vessels used in the process. Honey is another product which was considered of sufficient impor- tance to be featured by a special exhibit. A small house was con- structed of beeswax, and specimens of excellent honej', both strained and in the comb, were effectively displayed. In the class of ethnologj' the exhibits consisted of a large collection of calabashes, poi dishes, and the like, belonging to Mr. Frank McCandless; a collection of specimens of old Hawaiian implements, utensils, ornaments, and clothing, and 48 fine photographs of Ha- waiian types by Mrs. CaroUne H. Gurrey. In art the exhibit was surprisingly strong, and the south wall of the building was covered with oil paintings and water colors done with no mean ability. The work of Mr. Hitchcock, of which there ALASKA-YUKON-PACIFIC EXPOSITION. 89 were several examples, was especially good. The decoration of the building was effectively accomphshed by the free use of pahns and tropical plants, by festooning the walls with "leis" and bunting of the Hawaiian royal color, orange, and by numerous enlarged photographs of island scenes. These, with the preponderance of material char- acteristic of the Tropics, produced a decorative effect that was novel and satisfying. Coupled vfiih this novelty of appearance the impres- sion of pleasing strangeness was heightened by the plaintive melodies of a group of native singers and instrumentahsts under the leader- ship of Mr. Ernest Kaai, one of the best known musicians in Hono- lulu. They sang almost constantly, and soon became one of the most popular attractions on the grounds. Visitors never seemed to tire of their music, and one song especially, "Aloha Oe," the Hawaiian dirge, was demanded over and over every day. The amiabihty of the singers in courteously acceding to such frequent requests was a source of gratification to those in charge of the buUding. The commissioners laid great stress upon the importance of lec- tures, illustrated by motion pictures, and they utilized the Biograph HaU as fuUy as it was possible to do so. The chairman himself dehvered lectures almost daily, and he was assisted in the work by Mr. Childs and Mi'. Will J. Cooper. The motion pictures they used were of unusual interest and of remarkable excellence. They were made by Mr. R. K. Bonine. The most noteworthy were the series covering a trip to the crater of Kilauea, the famous volcano on the island of Hawaii. The scenery en route and the modes of convey- ance were well shown, but the views of the molten lava in the crater itself were undoubtedly among the most remarkable that have ever been made. The night scenes were particularly fine, and the glowing lava fields were shown with marvelous distinctness. The difficulties encountered in making the pictures were extraordinary. The camera was taken into such close proximity to the lava that it was necessary to protect both instrument and operator from heat by specially devised asbestos screens. Besides the volcanic pictures there were shown surf riding, the favorite sport of the Hawaiians, in which the participant swims far out into the ocean and is brought in by the waves, standing erect upon a simple board about 6 feet long; boating, with the use of the pecuhar Hawaiian outrigger propeUed by paddles; coasting upon large palm leaves down shppery grass-covered precipices; swimming and bath- ing scenes at Waikiki; floral parades; a royal funeral (that of Prince David); and other characteristic Hawaiian scenes. The information booth under the charge of Mr. WiU J. Cooper was made an effective means of disseminating data relating to the islands. Great quantities of attractive hterature were provided and it was distributed assiduously and intelhgently. -'\r-' I i EXHIBIT OF PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. Under supervision of the Secretary of War. 91 PHUiippnra; exhibit. The exhibit showed not onty what the Filipinos were, and what Philippine agriculture and commerce were, under Spanish rule, but also what they were in 1909 under American influence. It indicated the progress made in the Philippines in the ten years of American occu-- pation, despite calamities, and it suggested the future prosperity of the Philippine people is to be hmited only by the great productive capacity of the islands. The first section of the exhibit showed the primitive peoples. Here were seen actual reproductions of Negrito and Igorot huts ■with accom- panying life-size figures represented in the work of making fire, carry- ing baskets of food, cleaning rice, and weaving. The second section of the exhibit led from these most primitive tribes through the Moro and other lesser tribes to the Tagalog and Visayan groups, the most highly civihzed of the Malayan Christian Filipinos. The many cases were filled mth metal work, pottery, and basketry, and with beautiful cloths woven from hemp, pineapple fiber, and silk; the pillars carrying weapons of many kinds, fishing and hunting outfits, busts of natives, and relief maps showing the localities occupied in the islands by each tribe. Colored transparencies conveying a vivid description of the Fili- pinos and their activities surrounded the entire haU in a bamboo treUis above the cases and some distance from the walls of the build- ing. The pictures not only brought the people definitely before the eye, but gave to a certain extent the atmosphere of the islands, showing the beauty of Philippine forests and rivers, the picturesque- ness of the rice terraces that cover the mountain slopes, the diffi- culties of the mountain trails, and the sweep of typhoons over pahns and sea. There were also many other decorative effects which tended to give unity and meaning to the exhibition. Fish nets and hemp fiber connected the pillars to shut off a middle aisle, an open space except for seats constructed of Phihppine woods and bamboo and of the stocks formerly in use in the market places of Manila. At the center of the hall a rotunda was made of large Phihppine palm trunks, around which were stacked surrendered Fihpino guns. Swung conspicu- ously in the center of this rotunda was one of the pecuhar outrigger boats used in the far East, and seated therein was a model of a Moro youth, paddle in hand. The third and fourth sections of the exhibit illustrated the Pliihp- pines under American influence, the former covering agricultural and commercial life, the latter, educational and pohtical. A good example of Filipino workmanship was shown in a punch bowl made from a Taclobo shell mounted on a silver base with sup- porting mermaids and fish, and a silver and gilt cofiEee and tea service 93 94 ALASKA-YUKON-PACIPIC EXPOSITION. comprising coffee, tea, sugar and milk urns and sugar and tea spoons. All these articles were manufactured by native workmen in tlie atelier of a jeweler and silversmith in the city of Manila. Another good example of the progress made by the Fihpinos in the arts and crafts was shown in the elaborately carved pieces of bed and dining room furniture, all of which were made of hard wood found in the islands and carved by native workmen. Philippine forests contain 665 kinds of trees and cover 48,112,920 acres. This fact was emphasized by a wainscoting of Philippine woods surrounding the entire exhibition hall, representing the largest and most authoritative collection in the world. The exhibit of mineral resources of the islands contained a number of splendid specimens of gold nuggets, gold bearing quartz, iron and copper ore, etc. Samples of Philippine coal, which promises to be sufficient in the future for the needs of the islands, were also shown. One case contained samples of work of the FiUpino cliildren in the public schools; giving evidence of the splendid progress which has been made under American rule. The extensive pearl-sheU fisheries of the Philippine Islands were represented in a collection of pearl objects, consisting in part of a chess table inlaid vdih mother-of-pearl and a complete set of chessmen also of mother-of-pearl ; a box with ten trays, aU inlaid with mother- of-pearl, each tray containing 50 poker chips aU of mother-of-pearl and in different colors — white, blue, red, and orange; a number of mother-of-pearl brooches, belt buckles, hatpins, watch fobs, bracelets, match stands, hairpins, salt dishes, and spoons, etc. There were exhibited cigars, safety matches, jeUies, biscuits, colored cement floor and roofing tiles, and straw hats, as a part of the commercial exhibits from the islands. Another interesting exhibit graphically depictiag the principal imports and exports of the islands was shown in one of the cases. In the center of this exhibit was a rehef map of the islands with the ports of entry shown thereon. From one side of the map arrows pointing away from the islands showed the exports while on the other side arrows pointing toward the islands indicated the imports. Attached to each arrow was a representation in miniature of the article imported or exported, as, for example, a straw hat, a package of cigars and cigarettes, a bale of hemp, a bottle of wine, a steer, etc. Cards were also attached to the respective arrows showing the value of the article represented. Many of the exhibits were displayed in handsome plate-glass show cases. The total number of visitors to the Philippine building during the fife of the exposition was 578,694, or a daily average of 4,862 persons. GOYERNMENT EXHIBITS. 95 i I i I i II 41 4 I I i 1 »l Ij *j r r f I / / SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AND UNITED STATES NATIONAL M USEU M— N EG R I TO ijHOUP. I I i:rTDEX. A. Agriculture, Department of, exhibits: Page. Description of 47 Represented by 47 Space assigned for 47 Aid, Government, specially limited 13 Alaska: Allotment of space in buildings 12 Exhibits from, appropriations for, and expenses of 11 Coast Steamship Co., exhibit 20 Garnet Mining & Manufacturing Co. of Minneapolis, exhibit 20 Gold nuggets, etc., exhibition of 20 Ivory carvers, native, exhibition of 20 Mineral resources exhibit 77 Pacific Steamship Co., exhibit 20 Alaskan exhibits: Description of 75 Officials in chaige of 75 Appropriation: Not available until exposition has obtained $1,000,000 12 And plans for buildings 12 For Government exhibit 11 Of $200,000 for Government exhibit- Allotment to each department 16 Rules for disbursement 15 Army and Navy officers received no compensation except traveling expenses and a per diem in lieu of subsistence 17 Articles: May be imported 10 Sold, duty on 10 Awards and diplomas; list furnished of those entitled to 24 B. Biograph exhibit: Description of 70 (J. C. Boykin in charge) where made 17 Board ; entire membership meeting held in Seattle, May 17, 1909 21 Board of managers, report of 9 Buildings: Allotment of space in 12 Appropriation .and plans for 12 Closed when President of the United States' party visited 23 Description of main 14 Description of, for Alaska exhibit 14 Description of, for Hawaii exhibit 14 DescriptioD of, for life-saving exhibit 14 Description of, for Philippine exhibit 14 Disposal of, at close 12 Erected, description of 14 For Government exhibit, contract let for $218,832.69; separate contract for life-saving station building, $6,720 19 Hours of opening 21 Space allotted to each department of the Government 15 Bureau of American Republics, special appropriation $3,000 for exhibit of 19 By-laws adopted by the board 15 68713°— S. Doc. 671, 61-3 7 97 98 INDEX. C. Page. Closing exercises; description of 24 Coining press 12 Commerce and Labor, Department of: Exhibits, description of - 58 Exhibits represented by 58 Committee on condemnation: For appraising property abandoned by departments at close .' 23, 24 Report showing receipts amounting to $69.50 24 D. Department: Representatives to cooperate with Government board of managers, names. . 14 Exhibits — Character 10 Reports in detail 27 Departments: Power and water for each 17, 18 Space allotted for exhibits of each 15 Dies for commemorative medal 12 Diplomas and awards; list furnished of those entitled to 24 Disbm'sement of the $200,000 appropriated for Government exhibit, rules gov- erning 15 Disbursing officer, provision 11 Drinking fountain and toilet rooms 23 E. Electric power, etc 12 Employees: Number of, and salaries to be fixed by the board 15 Pay of 11 Transportation of, exclusion rates 20 Engi'avings and medals, official, stamped on coining press, given away on ex- hibitors' day 23 Exei-cises incident to opening, June 1, 1909, where held, officials present, etc.. 22 Exhibitors' day, on, copies of official engravings and medals stamped on coin- ing press given away 23 Exhibits by departments 27 Exhibits fully completed previous to opening of exposition 21, 22 Expenditures, statement of, made from appropriation forGovernment exhibit, to and including March 31, 1910 (table) 72 Exposition: 24 Closing exercises of, description 24 Names of some distinguished visitors who visited 22 F. Fish aquarium 11 Freight rates, for transportation of exhibits 19, 20 G. Geddes, William E., Government board of managers, member of, and secretary.. 14 Government board of managers; Allowances 11 Duties and composition of 10 Government building, dome illuminated with electric flag at expense of S24,000 23 Government exhibit (provision for, act May 27, 1908): Aid to exposition specially limited 13 Alaska and Hawaii, exhibits from, appropriation for, and expenses of 11 Appropriation 11 Appropriations not available till exposition has obtained $1,000,000. ..... 12 Articles maybe imported 10 Buildings 12 Allotment of space in Alaska, Hawaii, and Philippine Islands 12 Appropriation and plans for 12 Disposal of, at close 12 ■ INDEX. 99 Government exhibit — Continued. Page. Coining press at , 12 Department exhibit, character 10 Details, permitted 11 Dies for commemorative medal 12 Disbursing officer H Duty on articles sold 10 Electric power, etc 12 Fish aquarium 11 Government b5ard of managers — Allowances ll Duties and composition of 10 Liability in excess of appropriation, disclaimed 13 Liability of United States limited to Government exhibit 12 Life-saving exhibit 11 Limit of expenses 11 Materials for souvenirs 12 Pay of employees 11 Philippine Islands exhibits, appropriation and expenses of 11 Sales, approved by Secretary of Treasiu-y 12 Sales permitted 10 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum exhibit 10 United States not liable for acts of exposition corporation 13 Government exhibit: Allotment to each department from $200,000 appropriated 16 Care and operation of, appointees for 21 Taken charge of, by secretary and disbursing officer (resolution) 20, 21 Building, rules and regulations as to hours of opening, smoking prohibited, etc 21 H. Hawaii : Allotment of space in buildings 12 Exhibits from, appropriations for, and expenses of 11 Hawaiian exhibits: Description of 85 Officials in charge of 85 I. Interior Department exhibits: Description of 40 Space assigned for 40 Intoxicants, absence of, from the grounds 23 J. Justice, Department of, exhibits: Description of 35 Space assigned for : 35 L. Liability in excess of appropriation disclaimed 13 Liability of United States limited to Government exhibit 12 Life-saving exhibit 11 Life-saving station: Daily drills 22, 23 Buildings, separate contract for, $6,720 19 Medal, dies for commemorative 12 N. Navy Department exhibits, description of 39 0. Opening of exposition, exercises incident to 22 Opening of exposition by President Taft touching button from White House. . 22 100 INDEX. P. Faee. Passes, photograph, issued for employees 21 Philippine Islands; Allotment of space in buildings 12 Exhibits — Appropriation and expenses of 11 Description of 93 Plans for buildings for Government exhibit " 19 Post office, a model, space assigned for , 19 Post Office Department exhibits: Description of ■ 38 Represented by 38 Space assigned for 38 President of the United States; buildings closed when his party inspected 23 President Taft opened exposition from "WTiite House by touching button 22 R. Ravenel, W. de C, Government board of managers, member of 14 S. Sales: Approved by Secretary of Treasury 12 Permitted 10 Schools of Seattle and adjacent towns, personally conducted tours to 23 Smithsonian Institution and National Museum exhibits; Appropriation for 10 Description of .■ 67 Souvenirs, materials for 12 State Department exhibits; Description of ; 27, 28, 29 Officers designated to prepare and install 27 Space assigned for 27 Subscriptions, outside, required by act of Congress, complied with — aggregating over 51,450,412 13 T. Transformer room 20 Transmittal by President Taft, letter of 3 Transmittal by board of managers, letter of 5 Transportation of employees, excursion rates 20 Transportation of exhibits 19, 20, 23 Freight rates 19, 20 Treasury Department exhibits: Description of 30 Offices represented .' 29 Space assigned for 29 U. United States not liable for acts of exposition corporation 13 V. Visit of the board to exposition grounds 19 W. War Department exhibits, description of 33 Water and power for Government exhibit — for each department 17, 18 White Pass & Yukon Railway Co. of Alaska, exhibit 20 Wilson, Jesse E. , Government board of managers, selected as chairman 14 o / LRB ( \ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process Neutralizing agent; Magnesium Oxide Treatment Dale: Oct. 2003 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberrv Township. PA 16066 ,-^ii:^;iV';:ifi!.p; it'- ,i:.;ni;:,',;;-.i-'il' ?*;?'''' ^ARYOFCONGHESS iS :!™» n\vv 011372 864 4