7fVrX^. ^^CiyZtPit: THE BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF NEW JERSEY OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. PHILADELPHIA: GALAXY PUBLISHING COMPANY. ■6 c^. -7 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S77, by CHARLES ROBSON, In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. Preface. v3i|roN. RICHARD S. FIELD, in the introduction to his valuable work, " The Pro- ^m vincial Courts of New Jersey; with Sketches of the Bench and Bar" (published tff'^J by the New Jersey Historical Society, 1849), writes : " We know more, I suspect, e) of the early settlers of Massachusetts and Virginia than we do of those who first planted the colony of New Jersey. I am sure we know more of the lawyers and judges of England prior to the American Revolution than we do of those of our own State. We are much more familiar with the personages who graced the Court of Queen Anne, than with those who flourished here at the same time under the rule of her kinsman, Lord Cornbury." And he continues : " I have been astonished, too, to find how few of the names of distinguished Jerseymen are to be met with in the American biographical dictionaries. While they abound with ample notices of second and third-rate men of other sections of the country, those who have been truly eminent among us seldom find a place in them. The truth is, our biographical dictionaries have, for the most part, been written by New England men, and, as it would seem, for New England. We ought to have a biographical dictionary of our own, and it may be worthy of consideration, whether a work of this description should not be undertaken under the auspices of our Historical Society." All this, so true in 1849, has gained added import in the quarter of a century and more that has since then elapsed. Eminent men then living are now dead, and the records of their honorable and useful lives, then bright, are now dim or forgotten. And with such forgetfulness a just appreciation of the events in which they were leaders, the history which they helped to form, is impossible. We see only one side ; we have the facts, but not the motives. The private lives of statesmen constitute a potent factor in the moulding of States. Much of the history of the past is sealed to us because we have no contemporaneous biographical history to give us the needed comprehension of its inner workings. The lacking quantity that Mr. Field so earnestly deprecates, this work is in a measure designed to present. That it is as complete and satisfactory as it should be, the publisher does not claim. He simply offers it as an earnest effort to bring a valuable contribution to the history of a State, full, both in its past and present, of material for the historian. 3 May, 1877. THE BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPiiDIA NEW JERSEY. j^AYTON, HON. WILLIAM LEWIS, LL.D., Lawyer and Statesman, late of Trenton, was born in Somerset county, New Jersey, February 17th, 1S07. He sprang from a long line of distin- guished New Jerseymen. His great-grandfather, Tonathan Dayton, settled at Elizabethtown at least as early as 1725, and about the same time his mother's grandfather built, at Baskingridge, Somerset county, the first frame building in that section. On both sides his an- cestors were conspicuous for talents and patriotic services, civil and military. In the war of independence, Elias Day- ton, granduncle of William, was a brigadier-general, while Edward Lewis, his maternal grandfather, was a connnissary, and served as such during the whole war. Jonathan Day- ton, son of Elias, occupies a prominent place in history as a member of the convention which framed the Federal Constitution ; as Speaker of the House of Representatives in the Fourth Congress, and as a member of the United States Senate. Either during or soon after the war, Robert Dayton, grandfather of William, moved to a farm near Baskingridge, and resided there until his death. He reared a large family, of whom his son Joel, a man of intelligence and probity, succeeded to the farm. By him, in turn, sev- eral sons were left, all of whom enjoyed a liberal education. William, the eldest, in his twelfth ye.ar, became a pupil in the academy of the celebr.ated Dr. Brownlee, then of Bask- ingridge, but afterwards of New York. After due prepara- tion, he entered N.issau Hall, whence he graduated in 1S25. Then he entered the office of Hon. Peter D. Vroom, at Somerville, to study law. His preceptor was then the leader of the Jackson party in the State, and in 1829 was by it made Governor. Although the pupil subsequently occupied no less conspicuous a position among the Whi there grew up between them a warm friendsliip, only inter- rupted by death. Licensed in 1830, Mr. Dayton began practice at Freehold, where his high abilities as a lawyer, his dignity, courtesy and moral worth, soon established him in a fine legal and social position. From the first he was outspoken in his Whig sentiments, and when in 1S36 the Whigs determined to earnestly contest Monmouth county, a stronghold of Jacksonism, he was urged to lead the ticket as candidate for the Legislative Council. He consented, and the whole legislative ticket, with him at its head, was elected, and, after years of defeat, the Whigs, by a brilliant victory, regained control of the State. The Legislature met in October, the month of the election, and Mr. Dayton at once took rank among the leaders in a body containing many able and distinguished men. This was the com- mencement of a career which identified him with the history of the State, and made his name a household word within its borders. Placed at the head of the Judiciary Committee, he prepared the law by which the county courts, then greatly degenerated and very inefficient, were raised to a status in which they have since commanded the full confidence of the community. The reform was radical. The courts had been conducted by a large number of the most active and influential politicians in every county in the State. Under the new law they were each to be presided over by a single judge of the Supreme Court. In the face of this great personal influence and interest he succeeded in securing the prompt passage of the measure. That the provisions of the new law might be carried out it became necessary to increase the number of Supreme Court judges from three to five, and the election, under the Constitution, then resting with the Legislature, that body elected him to one of the new judicial seats. Thereupon he removed from Freehold 5 BIOGRAPH ICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. to Trenton, wliich ever after wa. his hon,e. Although thus early in l>fe he had been made the recipient of h,gh and unusual honors, he began to consider, after a short serv.ce on the bench, whether he was justified, nr v.ew of famtly considerations, in continuing labors so inadequately re- warded as those of a judge in those days, and 6nally he resigned, having sat on the bench three years, and resumed practice at the bar. He at once became a leader and se- cured a large and very lucrative clientage. In the summer of 1842, on the death of Senator Southard, he was appointed by Governor P.nnington to fill the vacancy in the repre- sentation of the State in the United States Senate. He took his seat on July 6th, and when the Legislature met in the following October he was, by the unanimous Whig vote elected for Mr. Southard's unexpired term. In 1S45 he was again, by the unanimous vote of his party, elected for the full term of six years. Entering the Senate at thirty- five prolxibly its youngest member, he manifested marked disc'retion. He seldom spoke, and only on an important question, when he always said something of worth and wei-ht At all limes, however, he worked hard for the passlige of measures he deemed good and for the defeat of those he thought bad. In the passage of the tanff of 1842 he bore an active part, and his support was of immense value, inasmuch as a previous tariff bill had been vetoed, and this one only passed the Senate by a majority of one He also, in secret session, approved the treaty negotiated by Lord Ashburton and Mr. Webster for the settlement of the northeastern boundary question. These actions indi- cate two cardinal features of his public policy: "peace abroad, and the promotion of industry at home." On the opening of the next session the estimation in which he w,as held v^as testified by his appointment on the Judiciary Committee, whereon he served until the close of his term, excepting one session. He also served on several other important committees. During his career in the Senate many important matters cnme up for discussion, and Jud Dayton occupied a very conspicuous position in all. His first speech, made February 15th, 1S43, was a most eloquent and forcible defence of the character and credit of the national government, then suffering much in Europe from the failure of several of the States to pay the interest on their public debts. He demonstrated convincingly that the faith and credit of the national government had been pre- served without a spot, and far more carefully than those of the European governments. The speech was highly com- mended as unanswerable and opportune by the press and the entire country. An advocate of cheap postage, he voted in 1S44 for the bill to reduce the then current rates. During this same session he made a firm stand for the indepe°idence of Senators as against "instructions" from the Legislatures of their respective States. He opposed the resolution giving notice to Great Britain of the termi- nation of the joint possession of Oregon, and after Mr. Clay's defeat under the cry of " 54° 4°' o'" ^§1^''" ^'■• Polk's administration negotiated a treaty settling the diffi- culty on the very terms recommended by Judge Dayton and his associates-the retention of the mouth of the Co- lumbia river, and a compromise respecting the sterile and comparatively worthless region in the extreme northern part of the Territory. An attack being made during the same session on the tariff act of .842 with a view to ,ts repeal, he made a veiy elaborate argument in favor of the protective system, and his effort exerted great weight ,n the satisfactory conclusion reached. He opposed in 1845 the annexation of Texas, believing it was pressed with sectional motives and to enable one portion of the Union to domi- nate a-ainst the equities of the Constitution, over another. He 'a.ain fought for protection in 1S46, but Secretary WalkeVs revenue measure, superseding the tariff of 1842, became law by tbe casting vote of Mr. D.Uas. While disapproving the course of the administration in provoking the Mexican war, he voted for all necessary supplies for its prosecution, though he denounced the proposition to issue letters of marque and reprisal as a resort to a system of legalized piracy, the relic of a barbarous age. Subsequently he" strongly supported the ratification of the treaty with Mexico and defended his course with great power m open Con-ress, declaring its terms preferable to a prolongation of the war Upon the much-vexed question of slaveiy in newly-acquired territory he took the ground laid downin the Wilmot proviso, contending that Congress had the right, and that it was its duty, to prevent the extension of the institution, which existed only by municipal law and could not be carried by the Constitution where it did not pre- viously exist; while he declared the government had no H.ht to interfere with it in tlie States. During the exc.e- m°entin the Forty-first Congress respecting the admission of California, and the claims tlien put forward by the South he distinguished himself by several speeches, all directed against the extension of slavery in any way maintaining the ri<.ht of California to admission independently of any conces^'sions to the slave-holding power, and earnestly op- 1 posing the Fugitive Slave Law. During '!>— -~ he opposed the reception of a petition praying Congies to tak! steps for a dissolution of the Union, on the ground that while there was a constitutional right to petition " for redress of -grievances," the document in question preferred no such prfyer, but .asked for the abolition of the govern- ment itself-prayed Senators to be treasonable. His term expired with the next session, a short and uneventful one, nd Judge Dayton returned home to practise his profes^. Unknown to himself, he was nominated for the Vice ?e ency by the Republican National Convention at rhi,:delphia,'in June, ,856, by five ^'-''-'^ -^^^^^"^ ;" nine out of five hundred and sixty votes. In Februa.y, ,857, he was appointed Attorney-General of New Jersey „ the following year he declined re-election .0 the Urn d States Senate. During the State campaigns of 1858 and , Tsl\: rendered, by request, material aid to the Opposition BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. party, formed by the fusion of the supporters of Fremont and Fillmore, sinking all personal considerations to promote the success of the great principles upon which both sections were agreed. At this time he earnestly advocated the homestead bill as a phase of protection and encouragement to American labor. In the National Republican Conven- tion of lS6o he was brought forward as a candidate for the nomination for President, and he occupied a very prominent position as such. When Abraham Lincoln began his ad- ministration, in March, 1861, he offered him the position of United States Minister to France. In connection with this offer the following account is given in " Elmer's Rem- iniscences of New Jci-sey " of an interview with the Presi- dent : " It was well known in Washington that President Lincoln entertained a high opinion of the character, abili- ties and public services of Mr. Dayton, and that if he had been permitted to exercise his own judgment, he would have given him a prominent position in his cabinet. A day or two after the abrupt entrance of the President-elect into Washington, in the month of Februaiy, l86i,the Republican delegation in Congress from New Jersey had, by appoint- ment, a formal interview with him at his rooms in Willard's Hotel, to urge upon him a suitable recognition of Mr. Day- ton in the formation of his cabinet. Senator Ten Eyck was made the spokesman of the delegation, and he opened the subject with a somewhat elaborate statement of the worth, talents and party claims of the distinguished Jerseyman. Mr. Lincoln's reply was prompt and characteristically can- did. ' It is not necessary,' he said, ' to speak to me in praise of Mr. Dayton ; I have known him since we served in the different houses of Congress, at the same time, and there is no public man for whose character I have a higher admira- tion. When the telegraphic wires brought to Springfield the news of my election, my first thought was that I would have him associated with me in council, and would make him Secretary of State. But New York is a great State, and Mr. Seward has many friends, and I was compelled by the pressure upon me to give up the thought. I then de- sired to arrange for him some other cabinet position, com- mensurate with his abilities; but Pennsylvania, another gi-eat State, you know, was bound to have a place for Mr. Cameron, and I again reluctantly yielded. I then said to myself, Mr. Dayton deserves the best place abroad, and I will send him to the Court of St. James. But New Eng- land pressed her claims for notice, and united upon Mr. Adams, and I was driven from that purpose. I then thought of the French mission, and wondered if that would not suit hirn. I have put my foot down now, and will not be moved. I shall offer that place to Mr. Dayton, and hope it will prove satisfactoiy to him and his friends.' The interview here ended, and although it was generally under- stood that the President was surrounded by influences hostile to Mr. Dayton, and jealous of his recognition and advancement, yet he adhered to his resolution, and offered to him the mission to France, which, after some hesitation. he accepted." The nomination was at once confirmed by the Senate, and in due course Mr. Dayton sailed for France and entered upon his duties. These proved to be excep- tionally trying, but they found him at all times equal to their mastery, his eminent abilities being no less marked in his diplomacy abroad than in his statesmanship at home. Many difficult and dangerous crises in our relations with France were safely passed while the interests of our govern- ment in that country were intrusted to his care, owing largely to his wisdom and personal influence. Among them was the threatened war with England on account of the seizure of Mason and Slidell, wherein that country re- ceived the countenance and sympathy of France. Also among them were the many difficult questions arising out of the French invasion of Mexico; the presence in the ports of France of the rebel cruisers, the " Georgia," " Florida " and "Alabama," as well as of the " Rappahannock," which was at last left unarmed in the port of Calais ; the building of four clipper ships at Bordeaux and Nantes, and two iron-clad rams at Nantes for the Confederate service, which through the exertions and influence of our Minister were by the French government prohibited from delivery to the Con- federates. The value of the last-mentioned service cannot be over-estimated, for had these vessels been successfully launched upon a career similar to that of the "Alabama," there can be no doubt but that American commerce would have been entirely swept from the ocean. From the testi- mony of French statesmen of the day it is evident that the maintenance of amicable relations between the two govern- ments during Mr. Dayton's term as Minister was largely owing not only to his ability and statesmanship but to his high character and candor of his advice, which always in- spired the trust and confidence of the court to which he was accredited. While discharging this high trust death over- took him quite suddenly. He died at Paris, December 1st, 1864. Funeral services were held in the American Chapel, and in addition to the religious exercises addresses were delivered by Mr. Bigelow, then the American Consul, and subsequently Minister to France, and by Professor Labou- laye, of the French Institute, in which the highest tributes were paid to his worth and public services. ROOM, HON. PETER D., LL.D., Lawyer, Governor and Chancellor of New Jersey for six years, late of Trenton, was born in the township of Hillsborough, Somerset county, New Jersey, December 12th, 1791. He was of Dutch extrac- tion. His faiher. Colonel Peter D. Vroom, an _,.d highly respected citizen of Somerville, was born in 1745; lived in New York during early life, and married Elsie Bogert, also of Dutch origin. At the commencement of the Revolutionary war Colonel Vroom \vas among the BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. first to raise a military company ; he served throughout the slruj^gle, fighting his way up to the rank of Lieutenant- Colonel. He held various county ottices, such as clerk of the pleas, sheriff', and justice of the peace, and served for a long term in the Assembly and in the Council. An hon- ored elder in the Dutch Reformed Church, he lived to see his son Governor of the State, and died full of years and honor in 1S31. His son, Peter D., received his preparatory education at Somerville Academy, and became a student in Columbia College, New York, in 1806, graduating two years subsequently. Having a taste for law, he read with George McDonald, of Somerville ; was licensed as attorney in May, 1813, and as counsellor in 1816; twelve years later he was called to be a sergeant. He began practice at Schooley's Mountain, in Morris county, but after eighteen months removed to Hackelstown, where, however, he re- mained but two years, transferring his office to Flemington. In these places he enjoyed a fair practice and laid the foundation of his subsequent reputation. During his resi- dence at Flemington he married Miss Dumont, a daughter of Colonel Dumont, of Somerset county, whose sister was the wife of Frederick Frelinghuysen. In 1820 he made another removal, returning to his native county and open- ing his office in Somerville, where he lived for more than twenty years. Politically a Federalist, he did not partici- pate actively in political movements until 1824, when he became an ardent supporter of General Jackson, being especially attracted to that statesman by his famous letter to President Monroe deprecating partisanship in the selection of a national cabinet. During the years 1826, 1827 and 1829 he served as a member of the Assembly from Somerset county, and in the last-named year he was elected Governor. At that time the Governor was also Chancellor and Ordi- nary. He was re-elected in the two succeeding years, but in 1832 was defeated by Mr. Southard. In 1S33, 1834 and 1835 he was again elected, but in 1836 declined renomina- tion on account of impaired health. His decisions in the Court of Chancery during these years tended to establish securely the character imparted to the court by his prede- cessor, Chancellor Williamson, and stand, for the most part, unquestioned to the present day. After retiring from the gubernatorial chair he resumed practice at Somerville, but in 1837 he was absent for several months in Mississippi, having been appointed by President Van Biiren one of three commissioners to adjust land reserve claims under the Choc- taw Indian treaty. In 1838 he became a candidate for Congress, and was elected, but owing to irregularities in some of the returns failed to receive the Governor's com- mission. The m.atter was long and bitterly contested, and eventually a decision was rendered in his favor. Congress going behind the broad seal of the State and ascertaining that Mr. Vroom had received a clear majority. This contest is known as the " broad seal war." At the expiration of his Congressional term he made Trenton his home, and his f.rst wife having died, he about this time married a daughter of General Wall. When, in 1844, a convention assembled to revise the State constitution, he sat as a delegate from his native county; served as Chairman of the Committee on the Legislative Department, and labored conspicuously throughout the work of revision. In 1848 he was asso- ciated with Henry W. Green, Stacy G. Potts and William L. Dayton in bringing the statutes into conformity with the new constitution, and in consolidating the numerous supple- ments. Chief-Justice Green's term expiring, Mr. Vroom was nominated by Governor Fort as his successor, and the Senate promptly confirmed the nomination, but he declined. In 1853 he accepted the mission to the Court of Prussia, and resided in Berlin until 1857, when he was recalled, at his own request, and returned to the practice of his profession. A difficult question with which he was called upon to deal while in Prussia was the claim of Prussian subjects, who after naturalization as American citizens had returned to their native country, to protection against the military law of Prussia. Our government refused protection, on the ground that if such citizens returned voluntarily to the juris- diction of the country whose laws they had broken prior to naturalization as Americans they must suffer the conse- quences of their unlawful acts. To convince those who had fallen under punishment and looked to him for relief of the justice of this principle was no easy matter, but Mr. Vroom managed this difficult task with great judgment and success. In i860 he was placed upon the electoral ticket by the Breckinridge and Lane party, but was defeated. While earnestly opposed to the measures of the northern abolitionists, he was just as strongly opposed to the secession doctrines of the Southern extremists. In the Peace Con- ference, which met at Washington on February 4th, 1 86 1, he was one of the nine representatives from New Jersey, and was a member of the committee, composed of one representative from each State, to which were referred the various propositions for the restoration of harmony and preservation of the Union. This committee, after many long and protracted sessions, at which Mr. Vroom was a punctual, faithful and active attendant, reported on Feb- ruary 15th, but only failure resulted. The causes of this failure were thus stated by him in an address to the voters of New Jersey, published in 1862 : " Radical politicians everywhere opposed the adjustment. The Union men in the border States were earnest in their entreaties. They foresaw and foretold with almost prophetic distinctness what would be the results of a failure. The Crittenden resolu- tions ; the propositions of the Peace Convention, either, if agreed to by Congress, might have saved the country. But secessionists in the South opposed them. The radicals of the North and East opposed them. The great Republican party, everywhere, with some honorable exceptions, were unwilling to abandon their platform. They insisted it should be carried out to the letter, no matter what might be the consequences. Some assured the people that theic was no danger; that everything would be quieted in thirty BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. day?, or a few week'; ; others did not hesitate to say that blood-letting would be of service to the nation." Herein appear the grounds upon which he opposed the measures of the Lincoln administration. He was a presidential elector in 1S62 upon the Pierce ticket. During the excitement over the compulsory draft in July, 1S63, he made a speech to a large assembly in Somerset county, which was the means of calming passion and promoting obedience to the law, urging with great eloquence and force that the people were not the judges of the constitutionality of a law. He was a supporter of General McClellan for President in 1864, and his able and earnest efforts contributed greatly to the success of that ticket in New Jersey. In 1868 he was an elector on the Seymour and Blair ticket. Upon the death of his eldest son he took up his office of State reporter of the decisions of the Supreme Court. For several years he was one of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund. In religious faith he sympathized with the Dutch Reformed Church, of which for many years he was a ruling elder. He was a Vice-President of the American Colonization and Bible Societies. His degree of LL.D. he received from the College of New Jersey in 1850. Possessing a vigorous constitution and iron frame, he continued to firosecute his profession with undiminished powers till within a very short period of his death, which occurred November iSth, 1874. [ILLIAM.SON, HON. ISAAC IL, LL.D., Gov- ernor and Chancellor of the State of New Jersey from 1817 to 1S29, was born at Elizabethtown in the year 1 767. He studied law with his brother, Matthias Williamson, then, and for many years, one of the leading lawyers of the State. In 1 791 he was licensed as an attorney ; in 1796 as a counsellor, and in 1804 was called to be a serjeant-at-law. Although in early life he ranked as a Federalist, he did not sympathize with that party in their violent opposition to the war of 1812, and in 1815 he was put upon the ticket for member of the Assembly from Essex county by the Democrats, with- out his knowledge, and elected a member of the Legislature. On the resignation of Governor Dickerson, after his being chosen Senator in 1817, Mr. Williamson was elected Gov- ernor, and was afterwards re-elected every year for twelve years. He was elected a member of the Council (now Senate) from Essex county for the years 183 1 and 1832, and in 1832 would undoubtedly have been elected Chief- Justice of the State, made vacant by the death of Chief- Justice Ewing, if he had permitted the use of his name. In 1844 he was chosen a member of the convention wliiih framed the new constituiion of the St.ite, and was unani- mously elected the President of that body, no other person being nominated. He presided over its deliberations for some time, but his health failed and he was obliged to leave. and finally to resign the Presidency before the proceedings were closed. Bel'ore the close of the year he died at the age of seventy-seven years. Prior to Governor William- son's entering upon the duties of Chancellor and Judge of the Prerogative Court of the State, those courts were com- paratively unimportant. Occasionally an important case was prosecuted in them, but the practice was in many re- sjjects very loose, and was understood by very few members of the bar. Chancellor Williamson made himself thoroughly acquainted with the practice of the English courts of equity, after which the Court of Chancery in New Jersey had been originally modelled, and in 1822 prepared and adopted a set of rules greatly improving the business of the court. Moulded by his skill and learning, and dignified by his ad- ministration of its peculiar sphere of justice, the cour-t was deservedly held in high repute, and became, and has since continued to be, a most important branch of the judiciary system of the State. Judge Elmer, from whose reminis- cences this sketch is culled, says of him : " Mr. William- son was one of the most thorough-bred lawyers that ever adorned the bar of New Jersey. His learning was almost entirely the learning essential to a great lawyer, which, of course, was by no means confined to the mere technical de- tails of the profession. He was a diligent reader of history; but during his busy professional life he did not allow his mind to be diverted by what is termed light literature; and he altogether abstained from any active participation in mere party politics. He was an able and very successful advocate, and when made Chancellor became a great equity judge. ? '^^ "'^ ILLIAMSON, HON. BENJAMIN, LL.D., Chan- cellor of the State from 1S52 to 1859, son of Governor and Chancellor Isaac H. Williamson, was born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and graduated from Nassau Hall in 1827. Hestudied law and was admitted to the bar in 1830 and made a counsellor in 1833. He commenced and continued the practice of his profession in his n.ative town, and soon rose to eminence. He served with great success as Prose- cutor of the Pleas for Essex County for several years, that being at the time the most important office of the kind in the State. In 1852 he was appointed to the highest judicial position in the courts of New Jersey, succeeding Chancellor Oliver S. Halsted, whose term then expired. He filled this position, which his father had done so much to make important and which he had for so many years graced with his learning, with distinguished ability until the expi- ration of his term, and then resumed the practice of the law. There were few cases of importance or interest, arising in Mr. Williamson's section of the State, in which he was not employed, previous to his appointment as chancellor, and on his return to the bar he at once secured a large and ir(ipo(t?nt practice, e.xtending over the whole State. Without BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. disparagement lo others, he may be said for years to have occupied the position of leader of the liar. While Mr. WiJUamson has avoided public oftice outside the line of professional service, he has, on more than one occasion, been prominently urged by friends as United States Senator, and they only failed of his election by a few votes in 1863 or 1864. In i860 he was a Delegate at large from the State to the Democratic Convention at Charleston, and in 1861 was appointed one of the delegates to represent New Jersey in the Peace Congress which met in Washington, composed of delegates from every State, and which was called in the hope and for the purpose of averting, if pos- sible, the impending conflict between the two sections of the country. Mr. Williamson has been all his life identified with the interests of the church, of education, and the de- velopment of the resources of the Slate. He has for years served as an officer of the church of St. John's Episcopal Parish and of the Union County Bible Society, as Trustee of the State Normal School, as Director and Counsel for the Central Railroad Company of New Jersey, of the State Bank of Elizabeth, and as Director and Trustee of the New Jersey Southern Railroad Company, as Commissioner of the Sinking Fund of Elizabeth, and in other positions of trust, both public and private. He still lives at Elizabeth, on the place formerly the residence of his father. fOOPER, RICHARD MATLACK, Bank President, Legislator and Judge, late of Camden, born in Glouce-.ter county. New Jersey, February agih, 1768, was a descendant of William Cooper, one (s^'cJ of the first English occupants of a treat part of the lands on the Delaware river opposite Phila- delphia. This ancestor, born in 1632, and a resident of Coleshiil in Hertfoi'dshire, became a convinced member of the Society of Friends, and, with his family, incurring a share of the persecutions to which that sect were cruelly subjected, sought, with others, relief and rest in the "new world," where, in 1678, they landed and located at Burling- ton, a settlement of West New Jersey, then a few years in existence. In a short time he purchased and removed to a large survey of land at Pyne Point (now Cooper's Point and ■Camden), opposite the Indian village of Shakamaxon, where, two years later, the famous treaty was made'. It was at William Cooper's house at this place, and at Thomas Fair- man's at Shakamaxon, that the first Friends' Meetings in the locality of the future Quaker City were alternately held, un- til the arrival of William Penn in 1682, when "the ancient meeting of Shakamaxon " was removed to the newly-founded city of Philadelphia. The meeting at Pyne Point remained for some time longer, and a quaint old letter of the time, in mentioning this fact, says, " We had then zeal and fervency of spirit, although we had some dread of the Indians as a savage people, nevertheless ye Lord turned them to be ser- viceable to us, and to be very loving and kinde." He was an active member of the Assembly of West Jersey in the first nreeting after its organization in l68l,and in subsequent sessions ; and also one of the West Jersey Council of Pro- prietors at the first meeting of tliat body in 16S7, and there- after. An accepted minister of the society, he was found amongst those who, on behalf of the Yearly Meeting of Friends, testified against George Keith, in the celebrated controversy which for a time threatened schism in the then infant church. In the history of the family during succeed- ing generations, several served their State in official capaci- lies, amongst whom may be mentioned Joseph Cooper, chosen to represent Gloucester county in the Assembly for nineteen successive years; and many were prominent in the less public, but no less important stations of ministers and elders in their religious society. 'The position of the sub- ject of this sketch, as a large landed proprietor and a high ]5ersoual character, soon brought him into the political field as a successful candidate in several elections for the Legis- lative Council of New Jersey. In 1813 he became Presi- dent of the State Bank at Camden, then recently chartered, and held that position by continuous annual elections, until a re-election was declined in 1842, the institution mean- while proving itself one of the most prosperous in the State. In 1829 he was chosen as Representative to the National Congress, and again in 1831. p'or several years he served as Presiding Judge of the Gloucester County Courts, and at various times filled other minor local positions of trust and honor, securing in every station the confidence .and respect of all classes by his judgment, integrity, and amiable deport- ment. He died March loth, 1844. OOPER, RICHARD MATLACK, M. D., son of Richard M. Cooper, was born at Camden, New Jersey, August 30th, 1816. In 1832, after a su- perior preliminary training, he entered the literary department of the University of Pennsylvania, graduated with honor in July, 1836, matriculated in the medical department of the same institution in October, 1836, and graduated in 1839, having studied under the supervision of the celebrated physician and medical author, Professor George B. Wood. Inheriting ability of a high order, studious by temperament, and gifted with remarkable powers of observation, he laid during these years of collegiate life and private study a sure foun- dation for success. Beginning professional practice in his native city under these favorable auspices, by indefatig.able labor and study a position was soon won amongst the fore- most of his professional brethren. An immense practice in the city and neighborhood and a reputation over and be- yond the State resulted, yet at no time did onerous engage- ments prevent a diligent study to keep pace with medical progress. Declining health gradually circumscribed his UT^^ir ^'^h^ ^,^-^j^L^]^ -juUcw^^^o4^^ BIOGRAnilCAL EXCYCI.OP.KniA. b(3=^ usefulness, but neither this nor the possession of ample means could induce retirement from the practice of a pro- fession loved for itself and for the good it enabled him to do, especially amongst the poverty-stricken and destitute classes, to whom his charitable services were freely ex- tended. Thus devoted to his calling he naturally took a deep interest in its welfare, and both as president and fellow was an active member of the medical societies of his State, county and city, being a founder of the Camden District Medical Society, in 1845, and of the Camden City Dispensary, in 1S65. He also favored the establishment of the Camden Hospital, a project since carried into elifect throvigh the instrumentality of his brother, William D. Cooper, Esq. Honorable in every act, generous and kind by nature, of genial manners, a consistent Christian, a skilful physici.an, an earnest and public-spirited citizen, he died May 25th, 1874, loved, respected, and sincerely regretted. ^ fOOPER, WILLIAM DANIEL, Lawyer, son of Richard M. Cooper, was born at Camden, New Jersey, August 30th, 1816, graduated at the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania in 1836, studied law under the supervision of the Hon. William M. Meredith, of Philadelphia, and was admitted to the bar of that city and Camden in 1S41. In practice, though rarely appearing in the courts, he was recog- nized as one of the most sagacious counsellors in the profession, and a model of straightforward, strict integrity. As a citizen he was public-spirited, and by the judicious management of the large estates of his family lying within the limits of the city, contributed very materially to its growth and improvement, always carefully studying to ad- vance the interests of the community. Benevolent and philanthropic in disposition, the need of a hospital in West New Jersey drew his attention towards establishing such an institution, but death occurring before the realization of this project, his family, in accordance with the wish and plan of their relative, generously donated a large tract of land eligibly situated in the city of Camden, and the sum of $200,000 for the erection of suitable buildings thereon and as an endowment fund for their support. This noble charity, incorporated under the title of the Camden Hospital, will be ready to dedicate to public service during the early part of the present year (1877). Mr. Cooper died Febru- ary 18th, 1875. EARNY, LAWRENCE, bite Commodore of the United States Navy, was born, November 30lh, 1789, in the then village of Perth Amboy, New Jersey, his father's family and .ancestry having been among the early settlers of that section. From his very boyhood he manifested a fondness for a maritime life, and in his eighteenth year was the re- cipient of a niidshipm.an's warrant at the hands of President Jeffencn and was immediately ordered to join the gunboat flotilla then under the command of Connnodore Rodgers, in which he served during the enforcement of the embargo laid upon American shipping in 1S07. He was next ordered to the frigate " Constitution," and subsequently to the " President," both of which vessels were attached to the Home Squadron. He remained on the latter vessel until 1810, when he was transferred to the schooner " Enterprise," whose cruising ground extended from Cape Hatteras to the southern point of Florida, and while attached to this vessel received his commission as Lieutenant in the year 1813. In the meantime war hail been declared against Great Britain, and to the infant navy of the republic was com- mitted the honor of the fl.ig as well as the protection of the seaboard cities and towns. How well he bore his part in the conflict, the brave and gallant acts he jierformed, are told not only by contemporaneous writers, but are also re- corded by the impartial historian. At the close of the war he continued on the " Enterprise " as her Commander, and for some time thereafter was engaged on a s|ecial service. In this new field of operations he was equally successful, not only in benefiting his own countrymen, but also in pro- tecting the merchantmen of friendly nations, who had hitherto been at the mercy of the freebooters and pirates who had, from time immemorial, haunted the islands and keys from Key West down to the .Spanish main. Through his active exertions, the band of the noted pir.ite, Gibbs, was completely broken up, a number of them being cap- tured, although the chief escaped with some of his outlawed companions. Three large vessels were recaptured from the corsairs, of which two, the American ship " Lucius," and the British brig " Larch," were delivered to their respective owners; but the American brig "Aristides" had been pre- viously stranded. Besides these, he captured five schooners, one sloop, and several luggers of the piratical fleet. In fact, he effectually cleared the seas of these marauders, and not only received the thanks of those at home, but his in- valuable services were recognized by the civilized world. He remained in the "Enterprise" until that vessel was wrecked, and, after some shore service, was advanced to the rank of Master Commandant in 1825. Towards the close of the following year he was assigned to the command of the corvette "Warren," and sailed February 22d, 1827, to the Mediterranean. It was not long before he w.is again ac- tively engaged in rooting out the pirates who had been operating for a long time in the Grecian archipelago, to the detriment of all nations whose interests led them there. His exertions not only destroyed their stronghold, but com- pelled the recipients of a portion of the plunder to disgorge their ill-gotten booty. On the conip'etion of his cruise he returned home, and in 1832 received his commission as Captain, that being in those days the highest rank in the service. For some years he was occupied on shore duty, until 1839, when he was assigned to the frigate " United BIOGRAPHICAL E.XCVCLOr.EDIA. Stales." In the following year he was orilertd to the frigate " Potomac," and sailed for the Brazil station. While in harbor at Rio de Janeiro he received the appointment of Commander of the East India Squadron, and in February, 1S41, raised his flag on the frigate "Constellation," and soon after sailed for his new sphere of action. He found himself on the Chinese coast in 1842, and was prominently engaged in endeavoring to prevent the contraband traffic in opium. Being instructed by the Navy Department to pro tect American interests in that distant section of the globe, he adopted the necessary measures to obtain pecuniary satis- faction for those merchants who had been considerable losers when the Dutch factoiy had been plundered by Chi- nese. Hitherto all measures had failed in obtaining the de- sired redress; but he succeeded in making the officials understand that the damages should be promptly arranged, and the amount of indemnity, over a quarter million dollars, was subsequently paid. About this lime Great Britain was engaged in concluding a treaty with the Chinese govern- ment, which Captain Kearny feared might prove to the disadvantage of the United States, unless steps were t.aUen to obviate it. He accordingly addressed a letter to both the Imperial Commissioners and also to the Governor of the Canton province, who advised him that to the United .States would be accorded the same privileges ,is those which should be granted to Great Britain. Having secured this favorable reply, he communicated these proceedings to the Navy Department; and the Washington government thereupon availed itself of the opening he had thus effected by sending Caleb Gushing as the Commissioner or Special Envoy to the Chinese empire, the latter being clothed with all the neces- sary power to conclude the treaty with that country, which was ratified in 1845, and went into operation during the following year. The next important service which Captain Kearny effected was to protest against the proposed ces- sion of the Sandwich Islands to the British government. This was in the summer of 1843, while he was on his homeward-bound voyage. He notified both the king and the British commissioner that such action as the former pro- posed would be inimical to the rights of those Americans wlio h.id settled in the islands. The matter was not ad- ju-^ted when he left Hawaii, but his timely interference had great weight in prolonging the negotiations, which ultimately c.imeto naught. Turning the prow of his ship once more lowTid the e.ist, and doubling Cape Horn, he speedily ninde his way toward home, arriving at Norfolk April 30th, 1S44, thus closing a sea-service of nearly thirty-seven years. During the remainder of his life he was variously occupied at different stations, including the command of the navy- yard at Brooklyn, New York. He was also President of one of the Nrval Courts of Inquiry, and a member of the I.ighl-hnuse Board, as well as of the New Jersey Board of Pilot Commissioners. He was commissioned Commodore, on the retired list, in 1S66, and died at Perth Amboy, No- vember 29lh, iS5S. EARNY, STEPHEN WATTS, late Major- General United States Army, was born, August 30th, 1794, in the city of Newark, New Jersey, where also he was educated. At the outbreak of the war with Great Britain in 1S12, he entered the army as a Lieutenant, and was assigned to a company in the 13th Regiment of Infantry. This command, with several other regiments, was ordered to the frontier during the same year, and crossed over to Canada, where he participated in the action at Queenstown Heights, where he acquitted himself with honor to himself and to the service. He was actively engaged during the entire period of the war, and after peace was declared he was retained in the army, having been promoted meanwhile to the rank of Captain and attached to the 3d Infantry. For the period of eighteen years he was attached to this branch of the ser- vice, both as Captain and afterwards Major. In 1833 he attained the grade of Lieutenant-Colonel and was trans- ferred to the United States Dragoons ; three years later he became Colonel, and in 1846 was commissioned Brigadier- Generril, and was appointed to command the "Army of the West," as w.as then termed the foice employed on the Indian frontier. W'hen hostilities commenced with the republic of Mexico, he was ordered by the War Depart- ment to march westward with his command. St.aitingfrom Bent's Fort, on the Arkansas river, he pressed onward toward New Mexico, which he conquered, and where he established a provisional government in S.rnta Fe, the then capital. He then took up the line of march across the plains, the Rocky mountains, and the almost imknown re- gions beyond, until he reached California, and again defeated the Mexican army at the battle of San Pascual, on Decem- ber 6th, 1S46, in which engagement he was wounded twice. Il.iving reached the sea-coast, his command was reinforced by a detachment of sailors and marines ; .and with these and his dragoons he fought the enemy in the battle of San G.abriel, January Sth, 1S47, and also the next day in the en- gagement on the plains of Mesa, defeating them in both conflicts. He was highly complimented by the War De- partment for his services in the campaign, and was rewarded with the brevet-rank of Major-General, his commission as such being dated December 6th, 1846, the day when he met the Mexicans in the field at San P.ascual. About this time Commodore R. F. Stockton had superseded Commo- dore Sloatin command of the United States squadron in the Pacific ocean, and the former officer, with his sailors and marines, aided by several hundred Californian settlers, had effectually conquered the Mexicans in and around Monterey. A conflict of authority unfortunately prevailed between Commodore Stockton and General Kearny, which was finally settled by a court-martial. Commodore Stockton re- turned to the United .States overland, leaving General Kearny as Provisional Governor of the then Territory of California, which position he ably filled from March to June, 1S47. He shortly afterwards rejoined the army in Mexico, .^i-<^--^i^~~7^ BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.KDIA. »3 v/here he remained until military operations terminated ; and on his return to the United Stales was ordered to the West. He was tlie author of a work entitled " Manceuver- in;^ of Dragoons" (1S37), and '* Laws for the Government of New Mexico" (1846). He died in St. Louis, Octol)er 31st, 1848, of a disease wliich he had contracted the pre- vious year in Mexico. K^/>EAR\V, PHILIP, P^*^ States Volunteers,' (V-f \ the city of New Yo ^ C^^Tv ancestry was Irish, late Major-General United s, was born, June 2d, 1S15, in I'^ork. On the paternal side his ancestry was Irish, while his mother was partly Huguenot in descent. He was also a nephew of General Stephen W. Kearny, whose bio- graphical sketch may be found immediately preceding. He was educated in the best academies of his native city, closing with the four years' course in Columbia College. After graduation he studied law, but being charmed with military pursuits, and desirous of a more active life than could possibly be attained if he continued at the bar, he sought and obtained a commission as Lieutenant in a c,ivali7 regiment which had been ordered to the West. This was about 1837, and among the officers was Jefferson Davis, captain of a company. He remained with the com- mand about sixteen months, during which time he studied the whole theory and practice of his profession, and availed himself of every opportunity to perfect himself m all those branches which would constitute him a perfect tactician. In 1839 he was selected as one of three ofHcers who were sent by the United .States government to Europe to study cavalry tactics; and as permission had been obtained from the gov- ernment of France for these officers to enter their celebrated militai-y school at .Saumur, he availed himself of this great privilege, and became one of the most patient and indefatig- able of students. After thoroughly mastering his profession he left the school and accompanied the French forces to Africa, being attached to the 1st Regiment "Chasseurs d'Afrique," and participated in two battles, where he dis- played great bravery and gallantry, and won for himself the highest praises from his superior officers. He left France for home in 1S41, and on his arrival in the United States was ordered to the staff of General Winfield Scott, in which position he remained until the outbreak of the Mexican war. In the meantime, however, he had received his commission as Captain of United States Dragoons ; and being permitted to raise his own company, he journeyed to the western country, where he recruited a superior body of men and horses, himself adding from his ample means an additional bounty to that offered by the government. He was thus enabled to pick his men, and the result was as he desired ; his troop being the acknowledged superior of .any similar body in that branch of the service. This fact w.ns so ap- parent that General Scott selected them as his body-guard when he reached the Mexican territory, and no opportunity for action was afforded them or their leader during the march to the capital until they appeared in sight of the goal toward which they had been pressing for so many months. It was at Cherubusco, however, that their leader w.as en- abled to bring them into action, as the commanding general temporarily relinquished his military escort. The Mexicans, being on the retreat, were pursued by the American cavalry along the narrow causeway which spanned the marsh, the causeway being protected by a battery in front of one of the city gates. Kearny seized the opportunity and presscil forward to prevent the enemy gaining possession of this shelter, and rallying for its and their defence. Though re- called by an officer despatched for that, purpose, he hastily made known the situation and was allowed to continue the coui-se he had taken, and reached the Cherubusco g.ate of the capital, killing all who resisted. On rejoining the American army he was wounded liy a shower of grape, losing his left arm. He was highly complimented by his superiors in command for this dangerous and gallant ex- ploit, and was promoted to the rank of Major. After the close of that war he returned with the army to the United .Stales, and was ordered to the Pacific coast, where he was em- ployed in operations against the Indian tribes. He resigned his commission about 1852, and being a man of fortune, he travelled throughout Europe and the East, and finally estali- lished himself in Paris, occasionally visiting the United States, where he remained each lime only for a brief period. He served with the French army In 1S59, being an aide-de- camp on the staff' of General Meurlce, commanding the cavalry of tlie guard, and was present at the battle of Sol- ferino. For the bravery and gallantry he displayed in that campaign, he received from the Emperor Napoleon HI. the Cross of the Legion of Honor. When the great Southern rebellion broke out, he abandoned his Parisian life, and, hastening home, offered his services to the Union govern- ment. After his arrival, early in 1S61, he applied to General Scott, who referred him to the governor of his native State. But he failed to receive any commission from the New York State authorities, and desiring impatiently an oppor- tunity to enter the volunteer sei"vice, he was finally commis- sioned by the Governor of New Jersey, Brigadier-General of Volunteers. This was after the disaster at the first Bull Run, and he immediately entered upon his duties with ex- traordinary ardor. He made the First Brigade of New Jersey the flower of the troops of that St.ite. His organiza- tion was thoroughly disciplined, for he was remarkably strict on that point, and from the outset of his campaign until he fell on the field of battle, he was ever the foremost in main- taining his command in a degree of the highest excellence and standing. He was attached to the Army of the Poto- mac, under General McCIellan, and viewed with disgust the halting and hesitating course of that officer. He saw opportunity after opportunity of reaching Richmond slip by, and he could scarcely conceal his opinion of the vacillation and incompetency of his superior general. The change of «4 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^IDIA. base which McClellan advised and subsequently adopted was severely criticised by him in confidential letters ad- dressed to his friends, and he emphatically condemned the course pursued as a great mistake. In March, 1S62, he was tendered the command of a division ; but as he was un- willing to leave the brigade of Jerseymen, he declined the same. When he arrived at this decision, and returned to camp, his appearance there was the occasion of an ovation spontaneously tendered him by his command. But he was obliged during the Peninsular campaign, in an emergency, to assume command of a division of Heintzleman's corps, and he relinquished his favorite troops, not without a sigh. He participated in the battle of Williamsburg, May 5th, 1862, and arrived in time to support Hooker and his New Jersey troops at a most critical period, thus avoiding what would have proved an irremediable disaster. The bravery he displayed on this occasion won for him the admiration of all beholders. He marched far ahead of his column and hurried them on at the double-quick, driving the enemy before him. .So also, at the battle of Fair O.aks, May 31st, he arrived on the scene immediately after the flight of Casey's division, and turned the tide of battle. Again supporting Hooker, he drove back the rebels, who believed themselves victorious until now, and both he .and his brother oflicers desired permission to follow the enemy into Rich- mond, which might then easily have been captured, but were refused by the hesitating course pursued by the general- iii-chief. He foresaw the disasters which afterwards befel the Army of the Potomac ; the " change of base," as it was termed, he really called a retreat, and during the whole week which was thus occupied in transferring the immense army to the James river, he was conspicuously engaged in every skirmish which transpired. Particularly was this the case in the battle of White Oak Swamp, June 30th ; wherever danger was the greatest he was to be found, rally- ing his men and inspiring confidence when all seemed disaster and despair. So, likewise, at Malvern Hill, July 1st, he displayed the same undaunted courage and braveiy which had made his name renowned as a B.iyard, " without fear and reproach." When McClellan again failed to order an advance on Richmond, and commanded the army to retreat to Harrison's Landing, his indignation knew no bounds, and he publicly protested, in the presence of many officers, against so fatal a course being adopted, saying that " such an order can only be prompted by cowardice or treason." He had now received promotion to the rank of Major-General of Volunteers, though he had been for three months in command of a division. His predictions that Pope would be crushed by the rebels were fulfilled by the events that took place at and after the second Bull Run, August 30th. On September ist was fought the b.attle of Chantilly, where General Pope, in order to save his army, looked for aid from Generals Kearny, Reno and Stevens, who promptly came to the rescue, Tlie two Latter attacked the enemy, but were compelled to retire by an overwhelming force. At this juncture Keaniy placed him- self at the head of General Birney's brigade, broke the rebel centre, causing them to retreat in great disorder, thus saving Pope's army and the city of Washington. At sunset on that day, while reconnoitring the enemy's position, he suddenly came upon their lines, and his surrender being demanded, he refused. As he turned to fly, he was shot dead, his body falling into the hands of the rebels. The tidings of this fatal event flew far and fast throughout the country on the wings of the lightning, and everywhere a wail went up for the brave man thus sacrificed : he was mourned alike by President and peas.ant. OUTHARD, HON. SAMUEL L., LL.D., Lawyer and .Statesman, late of Jersey City, was born, June 7th, 1787, at Baskingridge, New Jersey, and was the son of Hon. Henry Southard, formerly of Long Island, but who had removed to New Jer- sey while a youth, where by his industry he pur- chased a farm, became a justice of the peace, then a member of the legislature, and for sixteen years represented his dis- trict in the lower house of Congress. .Samuel was educated in a classical school in his native town, where he had as cl.assmates the late Theodore Frellnghuysen and Joseph R. IngersoU, of Philadelphia, who were also with him at Princeton College, where he graduated in 1804, being then barely seventeen years of age. After leaving college he began teaching school at Mendham, in Morris county, and subsequently went to W.ashington, where his father was then occupied with his congressional duties, and who introduced him to Colonel John T.aliaferro, a member from Virginia. The latter forthwith tendered him a position in his family as tutor to his sons and nephews, which he accepted ; and in the autumn of 1805 he became a resident of Hagley, King George's county, Virginia, that being the name of Colonel Taliaferro's plantation. This country-seat was within a short distance of Fredericksburg ; and here he passed five years in instructing his pupils. His leisure hours were de- voted to the study of law, under the preceptorship of Judges Green and Brooks, of Fredericksburg; and after due ex- amination was admitted, in 1809, to practise at the bar. He remained in Virginia until 181 1, when he returned to New Jersey, and settled at Flemington ; and being licensed by the Supreme Court of the State, opened his office, and soon obtained a fair and remunerative practice, eventually attaining a high rank at the bar. His first public position was as Prosecuting Attorney of Hunterdon county ; and in 1S14 he wxs appointed State Law Reporter. In 1S15 he was elected a member of the General Assembly, having pre- viously attracted great attention in that body, by an argu- ment in opposition to a petition for the repeal of a law granting to Aaron Ogden and Daniel Dod the exclusive right of using steamboats plying between New Jersey and New York, in the waters of New Jersey. After taking his BIOGRAPHICAL KN'CVCI.OP.KDIA. seat in the LegisI.iUire he remained but a very Ijiief iicriod, as he was cliosen a Jndye of the Supreme Couit, to lill a vacancy occasioned l)y the election of Mahlon DicUcrsnn — one of the judges — to the gubernatorial chair of the State. He removed his residence to Trenton, and passed five years on the l)ench, being also selected as reporter of the decisions of his court. In 1820 he was engaged, in connection with Charles Ewing, to attend to the preparation of the "Revised Statutes of the State," and to superintend their publication. In the autumn of the same year he was elected by the Legislature (as was then the custom) a member of the Electoral College of New Jersey, and cast his vote for that sterling patriot James Monroe, who was also his warm personal friend. In 1 821 he was elected United States Senator, and thereupon resigned his position as Judge. He took his seat in that body in February, 1821, having been also selected to fill the vacancy occasioned by the resigna- tion of James J. Wilson, whose term would have expired March 3d, 1821. It was a period of intense political ex- citement, growing out of the question of the admission of Missouri into the Union, which was opposed by reason of two clauses in her constitution, one being that the Legis- lature should prohibit the immigration of free negroes, and the other forbidding the abolition of slavery. The House of Representatives had voted against admitting the State, when Henry Cl.iy moved that a joint committee of the House and Senate should be appointed to consider the subject in its various bearings. This course was adopted, and, strange to say, the father, Hon. Henry Southard, of the House — at that time approaching very nearly the close of his Congressional career — met his son, Samuel, of the Senate, then at the very commencement of his high position, to confer together as to the best means to pursue. Samuel L. Southard had prepared resolutions — the identical ones which were afterwanls introduced and passed. These he showed to his political friends, among them Mr. Clay ; they were approved, and it was understood that they should be presented in the Senate by their author. Mr. Clay subse- quently obtained possession of the resolutions by saying that it would be better if something of that nature should first emanate from the lower House. But the verbiage of the resolutions was unaltered; and they were carried in both Houses, thus ending the struggle. From that time Mr. Clay had all the merit of settling the question, while the real originator and author of the measure was quietly ignored. He remained a member of the Senate until 1823, when he succeeded Hon. Smith Thompson as Secretaiy of the Navy. He remained in this position throughout the remainder of President Monroe's term, and upon the acces- sion of President John Quincy Adams the latter continued him in the same high office, being unwilling to make a change. During these years he also filled for short periods the additional positions of Acting Secretary of the Treasury and Acting .Secretary of the War Departments. Early in 1829 a movement was made in the New Jersey Legislature to re-iU'cl him to his old position of United States Senator; when ihosf opposed to his nomination advanced the singu- lar objection that he was not a resident of ihe State, such as her constitution implied; and a resolution was actually passed declaring him ineligible, when Senator Dickerson was chosen. A month later Theodore Frclinghuyscn, then Attorney-General of the State, was also chosen as United States Senator, and Southard was elected to the vacancy in the attorney-generalship thus created. He returned to Trenton with his family, which city again became his resi- dence, and there resumed the practice of his profession. In the autumn of 1832 his partisans controlled the Legislature, and elected him Governor of the Stale. He held this po- sition but three months, when he was chosen United States Senator. During his occupancy of the gubernatorial office but one term of the Court of Chancery was held. His only message to the Legislature was addressed to them in Janu- ary, 1833, relative to the Nullification acts of South Caro- lina, and transmitting to those bodies copies of the same, which he had received from the governor of that State. He also took occasion to concur in the views entertained by President Jackson in his celebrated proclamation issued on the occasion, and wdiich for the time united all parties at the North in one solid column to the support of the man who declared that the " Union must and shall be preserved." From the day he took his seat in the Senate until the close of his life he took a very active part in all the proceedings of that body, although his party were in the minority and in opposition to the government up to 1841. In the autumn of 1838 he was re-elected United Slates Senator for the full term of six years; and in 1S41 was elected President /;y tcm. of that body. After the death of President Harrison, in April, 1S41, Vice-President Tyler succeeded to the Chief Magistracy, when Southard filled the position of pre- siding officer continuously during life ; and he was recog- nized by all parlies as most faithful, impartial and able in that high office. When first elected to the General Assembly of his native State, he was elected as a Democr.at, in which organization he continued down to the close of his career of a cabinet officer under President Adams. Meanwhile the political creeds or parties had nialerially changed, and so likewise did their names; and great confusion existed in 1824-25, when both Jackson and Adams were classed as members of the Democratic party, although they were strongly opposed to each other. After the latter had been elected President by the House of Representatives the Jack- son party manifested great hostililj to him and to his ad- ministration ; and when General Jackson succeeded him, in 1829, the party in opposition to the Democracy of those days w.as termed "Anti-Jackson." With the latter Senator Southard affilialed ; and when, at the close of the second term of General Jackson's administration, Mr. Van Burcn w.as pl.iced in nomination by the Democracy, and the Whig party w.as formed, he (Southard) gave in his adhesion to the ; new organization, which was in effect the same as had l6 BIOGRAnilCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. opposed the measures of the Jackson dynasty. In 1S40 the Whigs succeeded in electing General Harrison to the Presidency by a sweeping majority, and thenceforward for thirteen years were a power in the countr)', until dissolved by the advent of the Free-soil or Republican organization. In 1838 Mr. Southard was ajipointed President of the Morris Canal and Banking Company, and thenceforward took up his residence in Jersey City. In religious belief he was a Presbyterian ; although not a communicant member, yet he was strongly attached to its principles. He was an earnest advocate for temperance principles, even to the degree of total abstinence. As a counsellor and attorney- at law he was regarded as skilful and preparing his cases thoroughly; and as a statesman, the high positions he at- tained is a sufficient proof of his abilities in that direction. While a resident at Hagley, in Virginia, he was married, in June, 1S12, to Rebecca Harrow, daughter of an Episco- pal clergyman (then deceased) ; and thirty years after, June 26lh, 1842, he died at the house of his wife's brother, in Fredericksburg, Virginia. fTOCKTON, HON. RICHARD, Lawyer and United States Senator, late of Princeton, New Jersey, was born in that place in the year 1764. Coming from one of the ancient and distin- guished families of the State, he may be said to have inherited, with a noble name, the qualities which won him fame; his father, named also Richard Stockton, having been an eminent lawyer, one of the justices of the Supreme Court before the Revolution, and a signer of the Declaration of Independence. On the mater- nal side also his lineage was notable, his mother being a Boudinot, and a woman of superior and highly cultivated mind and literary taste. His classical education he com- pleted at Princeton, from which he graduated before his seventeenth year. Determining to follow his father's pro- fession, he entered the office of his uncle, Elisha Boudinot, .at Newark, and after the usual course of study was ad- mitted to the bar as attorney in 1784, when only about twenty years old. In due time he was licensed as coun- sellor, and was called as sergeant-at-law in 1792. At first his progress at the bar was somewhat slow, but in a few years he had made his quality so manifest that he stood among the first. His practice grew to very large propor- tions, and no name for many years was so familiar in im- portant causes a.s his. From the year 1818 until his death he was generally recognized as the leader of the bar, and this distinction was deserved. During his time he was almost the only New Jersey lawyer who argued causes before the Supreme Court at Washington, and these were cases not originating in the State. A well-iead lawyer and a diligent student, he was also an eloquent and forcible speaker. He had great power in denunciation, being alike a master of invective and retort, and crushing in sarcasm. His addresses to juries were magnificent specimens of leg.-.l oratory, and have rarely been equalled. Of his efiorls scarcely any remain in enduring form beyond an able argu- ment in favor of the New Jersey claims to the waters of the Hudson, appended to the report of a commission, pub- lished by order of the Legislature in 1828. In politics he was a decided Federalist of the Hamilton school. As such he sat in the United States Senate, being elected thereto by the Legislature in joint session, to fill a vacancy. He held his seat until 1799. His party losing power, he figured very little in politics for some years thereafter. But when war was declared against Great Britain, and it obtained a temporary majority in the State, providing for the election of Congressmen by districts, he was chosen, in Januar)-, 1813, a member of the Thirteenth Congress. Therein he took a leading part, proving himself a worthy contemporary of such men as Webster, Calhoun and Clay. In the affairs of his Aluia Mater, Princeton College, he always mani- fested an earnest interest, and from 1791 was one of its Trustees. From Rutgers and Union Colleges he received the honorary degree of LL. D. When a vacancy occurred on the bench of the United States District Court, in 1826, through the death of Judge Pennington, general expectation turned to Mr. Stockton as his most fitting successor. It was known to the President, John Quincy Adams, and Mr. Southard, a member of the Cabinet, that he would accept the nomination, and his fitness was conspicuous. But the administration deemed it inconsistent with their prospects to appoint so pronounced a Federalist, and Mr. Stockton would not permit his friends to bring the least pressure to bear in his favor. The nomination therefore went else- where. A man of most imposing personal appearance, and singularly polished address, he came to be known among the junior members of the bar as "the old duke." And, indeed, he was a nobleman in the truest sense. His whole bearing, while free from self-consciousness, was that of a man of the highest distinction. Yet he was very affable and easy of access, but none could approach him without yield- ing a tribute of respect. He died in 1828. TOCKTON, ROBERT FIELD, late Commodore United States Navy, and Senator of the United States, was born, 1796, in Princeton, and was a son of the late Hon. Richard Stockton, whose biographical sketch precedes. He was partly educated at the College of New Jersey, in his native town, and while a student the war with Great Britain commenced. He at once left college to enter the navy as a midshipman, and made his first cruise in the frigate " President," commanded by Commodore Rodgers. He participated in several engagements while serving on board that vessel, and bore himself with such bravery and EIOGRAr;;iCAL encvclop.edia. '7 gallantly as to receive honorable mention in the despatches forwanled by his conimanfler. For these tokens of appro- bation he was rewarded by receiving, in December, 1814, his commission as a lieutenant. After peace had been de- clared with England, the United States became involved in war with the Algerine government, and the frigate "Guerriere" was despatched to the Mediterranean, to which ship he had been previously ordered. Shortly after reaching that station he was transferred to the " Spitfire," as First-Lieutenant of that vessel.- He soon furnished another example of coolness and bravery by attacking an Algerine man-of-war, aided by a single boat's crew from his own ship, boarding the enemy and capturing their vessel. Early in 1816 he was transferred to the ship-of-the- line "Washington," at that time the flagship of Commo- dore Cliauncey, commanding the Mediterranean .S(|uadron, where he remained for some time, being eventually ordered to command the sloop of war " Erie," in which latter vessel he returned home in 1821. After a short stay in the United States he was sent to the coast of Africa, and was permitted to aid the American Colonization Society in their endeavors to secure a site for their proposed colony. His associate was Dr. Ayres, the society's agent, and after con- siderable delay he succeeded in making a treaty with the natives by which a large tract of land was ceded, and which constituted at one period the original territory of the Republic of Liberia. After this important step had been accomplished he cruised on the coast, overhauling and cap- turing many slavers, including a Portuguese privateer called the " Marianna Flora," mounting twenty-two guns. This last vessel had commenced the conflict which resulted in her capture; he placed a prize crew on board and sent her to the United States. On her arrival much litigation ensued in the Admiralty courts, it being contended by the counsel for the Portuguese government that Lieutenant Stockton had exceeded his authority in capturing the privateer. A decision, however, was finally reached, by which he was fully exonerated for the course pursued, but the vessel was delivered over to the Portuguese government. On his re- turn home he was next assigned to duty in the West India islands, and assisted in rooting out and breaking the numerous gangs of freebooters and pirates who had long infested those waters. After this important service had been rendered he returned to the United States, and for several years was absent on leave; and during this period identified himself with the movement taking place in his native State relative to the establishment of canals and rail- roads, chiefly between New York and Philadelphia, and including wdiat is now termed the " United Companies of New Jersey." In 1838 he was ordered to the ship-of-the- liue " Ohio," as Flag-Lieutenant to Commodore Hull, with whom he sailed to the Mediterranean, serving in that capacity for about a year, when he was commissioned Captain, and recalled. He had for many years been en- gaged in solving the problem as to the best mode of apply- 3 ing steam power to vessels of war, and .also to the move effective armament of naval vessels. U]) to 1S41 the Uiiiliil States navy did not possess a single steam man-of-war, the "Fulton" having exploded some years previously; while the " Mississippi " and " Missouri " steam frigates were still on the stocks. These latter were powerful side-wheelers of 2,500 tons, and were pierced for ten guns of heavy calibre; but, in his opinion, they possessed one fatal mis- take, in havmg the motive power exjiosed to the chance shot of an enemy. He accordingly submitted to the Navy Department some plans which he had prepared, substitut- ing the screw for the paddle, and locating the boiler and engines below the load or water-line. After much per- suasion, notwithstanding that naval constructors had con- demned his theories, he received permission from the authorities to build an experimental steam sloop of war. The keel was laid, 1S42, in his presence, in the large ship- house at the navy yard, Philadelphia, and he placed a golden eagle at the intersection of the stern post. Tlie vessel, which was of only 700 tons burthen, old measure- ment, was launched in 1843 and was named the "Prince- ton." Her engine and boilers were placed below the water-line, in accordance with his plans, the former being of 175 horse-power and consuming sixteen tons of coal in twenty-four hours. The armament consisted of twelve guns, forty-two-pounders, and two large wrought-iron can- non carrying shot of 225 pounds. These latter were named the "Oregon " and the " Peacemaker." The trial trip of the vessel occurred towards the close of 1S43, when she made the run fiom the capes of the Delaware to the east- ward, sighting Madeira in eight days and a few hour>. Returning home she ascended the Potomac river and reached Washington, where she remained for some time. It was during her stay that the terrible accident occun'ed, February 28th, 1S44, when the great gun called the "Peacemaker" exploded, killing five persons, including the Secretaries of War and of the Navy, besides wounding many others, including the Commodore himself. A couit of inquiry subsequently convened, which fully acquitted him of all blame or want of precaution either in the manu- facture of the gun or in its management. In the summer of 1844 the ve^-sel returned to Philadel]ihia, and her oflicers and crew, at the request of the municipal authorities, landed and assisted in preserving the peace during liie formidable church riots occurring in that year. In October, 1845, he sailed for the Pacific with several vessels to re- inforce the squadron in those waters, then under the com- mand of Commodore Sloat, whom he relieved while in the harbor of Monterey. At that time the war with the Mexi- can republic was in progress, and, aware of the importance of acquiring the western coast of that power, he assumed the responsibility of capturing the same. He landed wiih a force of 600 sailors and marines, and was subsequently joined by several hundred Californian settlers and advi n- turers, thus forming an earnest and formidable body, who BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. seized upon the territory, over which he established a ' politics. In 1S5S he was offered by President Buchanan provisional government. Meanwhile Brigadier-General Kearny had marched overland and had defeated the Mexicans at San Pascual and at San Gabriel, and him- self had also established a provisional government. The old feud between the army and navy relative to questions of rank and of supreme command arose, which was finally -settled at a court martial convened for the express purpose. Commodore Stockton returned to the United States via the plains in 1847, and in 1S49 resigned his commission. In 1 85 1 he was elected by the Legislature of his native State a Senator of the United States, which position he held for two ye.ars only, resigning in 1853. During this time he succeeded in introducing a bill for the suppression of flog- ging in the navy as a punishment; and he also advocated the non-intervention of the United States in the quarrel between Austria and Hungary, in opposition to the solicita- tions of Kossuth, who at that time was urging not only the people of the United States, but also the two houses of Con- gress, in support of this measure. In 1856 some of his admirers pressed his claim upon the counlry as an available candidate for the Presidency, and during the same year his " Life, Speeches and Letters " were published in New York city. Towards the close of his life he lived in retirement at Princeton, having suffered a reverse of fortune ; and died in that town, October 7th, 1S66. the position of Minister-Resident at Rome, which he ceptcd and filled until 1S61, when he was recalled at his own request. In 1865 he was elected by the LegislaUne to the United States Senate for the term ending in 1S71. A cimtest, however, arose, and after he had occupied the .seat for rather more than a year his election was declared liy the .Senate to have been informal. He was accordingly un- seated, and thereupon returned home to prosecute his pro- fession. In 186S he was again elected to the United States Senate as the successor of Hon. Frederick T. I-'jcling- huysen, and took his seat on March 4th, 18C9. On the ex- piration of this term, in March, 1S75, he resumed close attention to his profession. 'tOCKTON, HON. JOHN P., Lawyer and Legis- lator, of Trenton, was born in Princeton, New Jersey, August 2d, 1S26. He comes of the family so long distinguished in the history of the State for their brilliant qualities and devoted ser- vices to the country. After a superior prepara- tory course he became a student at Princeton College, from which he was graduated in 1843. Adopting the law, he passed through the usual preparation, and was licensed as an attorney in 1846. Three years later he was called to the bar as a counsellor. He very speedily attained a high position in his profession, and in connection theiewith re- ceived some high trusts, being appointed a member of the Commission for the Revision of the Laws of New Jereey, and subsequently Reporter to the Court of Chancery. In this latter capacity he published three volumes of " Equity Reports " which bear his name. He has been engaged in a number of the leading causes of his time, and was a prominent counsel for the Pennsylvania Railroad Company in the long and intricate !itig.ition rendered necessary by assaults upon the privileges acquired by it from the corpora- tions known as the United Railroads of New Jersey. This litigation absorbed an extraordinary attention, and forms the greatest railroad war in the annals of the .State. Politically a Democrat, inheriting his principles from a long line of HITTINGHAM, EDWARD THOMAS, M. D., of Millburn, New Jersey, was born April 22d, 1821. He is of English parentage. He was educated at the College of St. James, an Episco- pal institution in Hagerstown, Maryland, from which he graduated in Jidy, 1849, ='"'' pursued his medical studies in the medical department of the Uni- versity of Maryland at Baltimore, graduating in March, 1852. He first settled in Baltimore, Marjdand, whence in 1854 he removed to Millburn, Essex county, New Jersey, where he has since resided, excepting the interval of his military service, extending from the outbreak of the civil war to 1S64. He is a member of the Essex County Medi- cal Society, and of the Essex Medical Union, and was for- merly a member of the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Mary- land. His contributions to medical literature consist prin- cipally of his reports as a Surgeon in the army, though these, considering his general culture and professional skill, not to mention the variety and multiplicity of surgical expe- riences in the field, can scarcely be regarded as unimportant. He was Assistant Surgeon in the United States army during the critical years of the civil war, sewing with various com- mands and in the several campaigns of the Army of the Potomac. He was married in 1S59 to Martha G. Condit, daughter of J. D. Condit, of Millburn, New Jersey. OUDINOT, HON. ELISHA, Lawyer and Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and brother of Elias Boudinot, of whom a sketch appears above, was born in 1742. After a good prepara- '^53 tor)' education he studied for the bar, and was ^ in due course admitted as attorney, and sub- sequently as counsellor. He was called to be a sergeant- at-law in 1 792. An able lawyer and of exalted character, he attained a high position in his profession. His practice ancestors, he has taken an active and conspicuous part in 1 was commen ced in Newark, where he chiefly resided dur. EIOGRAPIIICAL EN'CYCI.or.KDIA. 19 ing his lifetime. When, in 179S, an act was passed liy the Legislature authorizing the appuintnient of an additional Justice of the Supreme Court, which then consisted of the Chief-Justice and two associates, Mr. Boudinot was elected to the new seat, which he occupied during one term of seven years. In 1804 this law was repealed and the court reduced to its former status, which was maintained until 1838. Mr. Boudinot was widely respected and esteemed, not only as a lawyer and a judge, but as a private citizen. He died in 1819. IIOM.SON, JOHN R., late United States Senator from New Jersey, was born, September 25th, 1800, in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he was also educated. After leaving school he entered the counting-house of one of the most prominent merchants in that city, whence he pro- ceeded to China, where he was for several years a resident, largely engaged in the tea trade. While abroad he received from President Monroe the appointment of United States Consul for the port and district of Canton. He returned to the United States in 1825, having amassed an ample compe- tence, and shortly after married a sister of the late Commo- dore Stockton, and settled in Princeton, New Jersey. He was among the first to manifest an interest in the construc- tion of the Delaware and Raritan Canal, and was the first Secretary of that company, and one of the Board of Direc- tors until his death. He was also an early advocate for the building of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, and subse- quently for the various lines of railway which were after- wards known by the name of the " United Companies of New Jersey ; " and was also a prominent stockholder and director of the latter. In political belief he was a Democr.at of the Andrew Jackson type, and took an active part in the several presidential campaigns occurring after 1S2S in that State. In 1842 he was among those who advocated the framing of a new constitution, and he thoroughly canvassed the State in favor of that object. The convention assem- bled in 1844, during which year he was the Democratic candidate for Governor, but failed of an election. After this period he retired from political life for a while, until 1853, when his brother-in-law. Commodore Stockton, resigned his seat in the United States Senate, and he was chosen for the unexpired term. In 1857 he was again elected to that body for the term of six years, ending March 3d, 1863. But he was not destined to occupy that exalted position for that period. A lingering illness confined him at home for a considerable time, and he died September 13th, 1862. At a meeting of the stockholders of the Delaware & Raritan Canal Company, held at Princeton, May nth, 1S63, Hon. Robert F. Stockton, in his annual report, paid a high tribute to the character and services of Mr. Thomson. He said : " Mr. Thomson was secretary of the Delaware & Raritan Canal Company from its first organization, and a member of the Board of Directors until his decease. Possessed of business talents of the highest order, he devoted himself to the duties of his position with zeal. Industrious, faithful and accurate, for more than thirty years he served the com- pany with a fidelity never questioned, and with an intelli- gent aptitude for the duties devolved upon him which could not be excelled. In serving the company he served the people of New Jersey, whose State pride is gratified, and whose interests are largely promoted by the success of this gieat work. He took part, at an important epoch in the history of the State, in urging the adoj^lion of the present Constitution of New Jersey, as a substitute for the imperfect organization of the Slate government, which jireceded ii, and he closed his career while representing New Jersey in the Senate of the United States, to which distinguished po- sition he was twice elected by the Legislature. Valuable as Mr. Thomson's services were to these companies, distin- guished as was his political career, yet by us, who were his companions and friends, he will be regretted for those social qualities of which he was so eminently possessed ; his memory will be recalled by the recollection of the delight- ful hours we have passed in companionship with him. We will mourn on our own account the society of the friend we have lost, the charm of his conversation, his cheerful smile and pleasant anecdote. His vacant seat leaves a social vacuum that can never be filled. His absence is a loss which we cannot cease to feel with peculiar force on the re- currence of our annual meetings. Identified with the his- tory of the Delaware & Raritan Canal Company from its origin, his name will likewise be remembered in the history of New Jersey, while his memory will be cherished by a large circle of personal friends." Drowning, hon. Abraham, Lawyer, of " Camden, was born, July 26lh, 1S08, on his father's farm, in the vicinity of the city, where he has since resided. The family to which he be- longs is one of the oldest in the State of New Jersey, and has always occupied a high social Its American founder, George Browning, grand- father of Abraham, came immediately from Holland, al- though of ancient English lineage. He arrived in this country about the year 1735, being then quite young, and settled near Pea Shore, in Camden county. Here he pur- chased large tracts of land, and devoted himself to agricul- tural pursuits. He also became extensively interested in the fisheries on the Delaware river. These fishery interests were bequeathed to his heirs and have been handed down from generation to generation, being still retained in the Browning family. George Browning's son, Abraham, fol- lowing in his father's footsteps, became a farmer also, and continued to reside in the old homestead and to cultivate the lands his sire had acquired. He married Eeulah EIOGRAFIIICAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. Genge, who, like himself, was a native of New Jersey, Imt whjse pireiits were English, arriving in America from London about the year 1760. From this marriage sprang the subject of this sketch and a numerous progeny, in whose veins the mingled Dutch and English blood has flowed to good purpose, the city, the State, and the country alike, de- riving benefit froin their active, honorable and public-spirited lives. Abraham obtained his earliest education — apart from tlie training of home influences — at the country schools in the neighborhood of his home. The standard of the common schools of those days was far from high, but the ordinary routine was in his case supplemented hy private study. Pos- sessed of a large capacity for acquiring knowledge, and gifted with a studious temperament, he made most effective use of all his opportunities, and laid a solid foundation, broad and deep, for the superstructure of after years. After an elementary course thus satisfactorily pursued, he was placed at the academy at Woodbury, in Gloucester county, then in charge of the Rev. Joseph Jones, and his brother, Samuel Jones. From this he was transferred to the re- nowned school of John Gummere, in Burlington. This in- stitution was, at that time, one of the most valued educational establishments in the State, and to it nearly all the first families of West Jersey sent their sons. The enlarged ad- vantages here offered Abraham Browning were industriously improved, and he secured a very thorough English and a limited classical education. But mathematics was his forte. It having been determined that he should enter the legal profession, on leaving school he became a student in the law office of Hon. Samuel L. Southard, at Trenton, in 1S30. With that gentleman he remained about a year, vigorously prosecuting his preliminary studies, and making it very mani- fest that, in choosing the course for his career, a very wise decision had been reached. From the first he developed a special and marked aptitude for the calling, and progressed rapidly in the attainment of legal knowledge. At the ex- piration of a year passed in preliminary study, he entered the law school of Yale College, where he remained between two and three years, gaining for himself a high and emi- nently desei"ved reputation for scholarship. Returning home he enjoyed the exceptional advantages of a connection with the office of the well-known Philadelphia lawyer, Charles Chauncey. There he continued, however, but a short time, being admitted to the bar in September, 1834, and immediately thereafter beginning the practice of his profession in Camden. In this city he has ever since resided, laboring in his chosen career. He early became noted for the care and ability with which the business intrusted to his care was managed, and as a natural consequence he made steady and rapid progress through the ranks. With clear perception, a well-trained and well-stored mind, to which constant study was ever bringing valuable contributions, in- domitable industry, and never-tiring investigation of detail, he obtained so thorough a mastery over his cases as to be entirely invincible when he advised contest, and to secure respectful attention for any opinion he might utter. Gradu- ally his successes inought him into the very front of the pro- fession, where to-day he holds a commanding position, en- joying a very large, important and lucrative practice. But while he has reached so proud an eminence, he is not un- mindful of the means whereby it was gained. Nowhere in the ranks can a harder student be found ; not one among the aspirants to similar fame devotes more faithful and painstaking labor to his clients' interests. Indeed, the amount of work he does in special cases is simply tremen- dous. Of course, a lawyer with such qualities and attain- ments, and of so many and great successes, could not fail of recognition outside of his own State. His aid has been sought in many important issues beyond its borders, and his reputation has become national. While there are very few lawyers in New Jersey who can be classed as his peers, the number is not greatly enlarged even when the range of vision covers the nation. As a constitutional lawyer he is a recognized authority, and his opinion on points of consti- tutional issue carries great weight everywhere. In railroad cases, also, he is regarded as especially strong, and he has been engaged in many important cases involving difficult and delicate points of railroad law. His famous contest with Hon. Theodore Cuyler, a foeman worthy of his steel, in the Pennsylvania Railroad case in 1871, will long be re- membered by members of the profession for the profound legal learning, easy mastery over the mazy difficulties of a peculiarly intricate litigation, readiness of resource, patient endurance and overwhelming strength he manifested. On some of the most celebrated issues of his time his opinion has been called for, and has always been received with re- spect by the highest, and has exercised great influence in the final decision. To him, in part. New Jersey owes its present constitution, inasmuch as he was an active and prominent member of the convention called in 1844 for the revision of the then existing instrument. He was also the first Attorney-General under the constitution so revised, be- ing appointed to that position by Governor Stratton in the same year. This office he held during the regular term of five years. His successes as a lawyer do not bound his career. He has stepped beyond merely professional boun- daries in his studies and researches, and in whatever direction his tastes have led him, the same thoroughness and success have marked his efforts. A notable illustration of this is found in his oration delivered at the Centennial Exposition on the State-day of New Jersey. He had been appointed the historian of the State for the occasion, and his effort will long be treasured and quoted as an exhaustive and complete synopsis of the State's history, elegant in its diction and elo- quent in its appreciation of the achievements of his native home. Mr. Browning was married. May 23d, 1842, to Elizabeth, daughter of Hon. James Matlack, of Woodbury, New Jersey, whose American ancestor, William Matlack, was among the Quakers who settled at Burlington, New Jersey, about the year 1670. .^^ BIOGRAPIIICAI. F.NXVCLOr.KDIA. JDEN, AARON, I.I..D., Lawyer, Slatesnian and Governor of New Jersey, was born, 1756, in Klizabethtown, and was the son of Robert O^den, and Ihe great-grandson of Jonathan Ogden, one of the original associates of the Elizalietlitown purchase, and who died in 1732, aged eighty-six years. Aaron received an excellent education, and grad- uated from Princeton College before he reached the age of seventeen. Aftei leaving college, in 1773, he became a tutor in Barber's grammar school, where among other pupils were to be found William Livingston and Alex- ander Hamilton. When resistance to British tyranny assumed the character of a revolution, the school was deserted and the pupils with their tutor volunteered in the patriot army. Ogden entered a corps of infantry at Eliza- belhtown, some time towards the close of 1775. General William .Alexander — more familiirly known as Lord Ster- ling, and, withal, an ardent patriot — had planned an expedi- tion having in view the capture of a large British store-ship near Sandy Hook, and this too while a British ship-of-the- line was anchored in New York harbor. The volunteer company in which Ogden was an officer formed part of this expedition, which embarked in boats and carried the store- ship by boarding. The prize was a valuable one, and the exploit was recognized by Congress, then in session at Phila- delphia, who passed a vote of thanks to the commander and the men engaged in the hazardous undertaking. Lieutenant Aaron Ogden participated with his regiment, of which his brother had command, at the battle of the Brandywine, in September, 1777. He was also present at the battle of Monmouth, where he was directed by General Washington to reconnoitre an important position ; and upon his report being received, Washington ordered an advance, and the battle was with the Americans. He had already been pro moted to a Captaincy ; and became subsequently aide to General Maxwell, and also Brigade M.ajor. He greatly distinguished himself at the battle of Springfield, where he held a large force of the enemy in check. During the fol- lowino- winter, while reconnoitring at night what proved to be a large force of British soldiers who were destined to surprise and capture the American troops quartered at Klizabethtown, he received a bayonet wound in his chest ; but he managed to reach the garrison, two miles distant, and give the alarm; but he was a long time recovering from the wound, which was a very dangerous one. He subse- quently participated in General Sullivan's campaigns against the Indians in 1779, where he again served as an aide to General Maxwell ; and when the latter resigned he com- manded a company of light infantry under General La- fayette; and was also with the latter in Virginia, and covered the retreat when Lord Cornwallis made his attempt to capture " the boy," as he termed the youthful marquis. He was an active participant in the siege of Yorktovvn, and received the personal commendation of General Washing- ton. At the expiration of the war, in 1 783, he commenced the study of law with liis brother Robert, and was licensed as an attorney in September, 1784. Me at once commenced the practice of his profession at Elizabethtown, where he made his mark and enjoyed a lucrative patronage; in fact, he was an accomplished lawyer, and took high rank at the bar. He was subsequently created a counsellor, and in 1794 a sergeant-at-law. In 1797 occurred the short war with the French repuljlic, and a provisional army ivas raised; he received the appointment of Colonel of the I5lh Regiment, holding the same a few months, and until the additional troops were disbanded ; and from this he derived his appellation of Colonel, by which he was afterwards known. He was a prominent member of the Federal jiarly, and in 1801 was elected by the Legislature United States Senator for two years, that being the unexpired term of Senator Schureman, who had resigned. Prior .ipci .March 26lh, 1846, to Maiy 11. 'llHan Vork Stale. *3 slature, take rank He was married, , a native of New f)!^"^^^''^^-^^^-'' -"^^'^ MA.WVELL, Lawyer, lale ol Belvidere, was born at Mansfield, now in the county of Warren, but then a portion of old Sussex, New Jersey, SeiHember 6lh, 1794. He was the son of Samuel Sherrerd and Ann Max- well, his wife, and grandson of John Sherrerd, who emigrated to this country fiom the city of London in the early part of the last century. He settled .at the old homestead, about one and a half miles from Washington, on the line of the Morris & Essex Railroad, where he built a mill and carried on milling, store-keeping and farming, during his life. He was succeeded in his business by his son, who reared a large family, eight daughters and two sons, all but one of whom were, at his death, married and settled within thirty miles of his home. John was the eldest son, and his education was carefully looked after by his mother, who was a woman of strong mind and consider- able culture. He prepared for college at Baskingridge, under the care of Dr. Finley, and giadu.ated at the College of New Jersey in 1S12, and soon after commenced the stuily of law in the office of his uncle, Hon. George Maxwell, who, dying during his studentship, ajipoinled him the guardian of his children. On the death of his uncle, he entered the office of Hon. Charles Ewing, afterwards the Chief-Justice of the State, at Trenton, where he was a fellow- student with Hon. Garret D. Wall. He was admitted to the bar as an attorney in November, 1816, and as a coun- sellor in Februarj', 1 831. Immediately on his admission as .an attorney, he commenced the practice of law at Fleming- ton, New Jersey, in connection with another uncle, William Maxwell, Esq., and in 1818 he returned to his old home at Mansfield, and practised principally in the old county of Sussex. In 1825 the new county of Warren was erected out of a portion of Sussex, and he, having been appointed the first Surrogate of the new county, removed to Belvidere, the county-seat, in 1826. After this time he constantly re- sided there, and w.as ever fully identified with the prosperity of the place. During not less than forty years he was the leader of the bar in the northern part of the State, and con- tinued in active practice until the time of his death. In his earlier days he was an earnest advocate, exceedingly sharp and somewhat testy in his manner of conducting causes, and especially in cross-examination of unwilling witnesses, but during the latter portion of his life he shunned as much as possible adverse litigation and the excitement of the court-room ; and as he possessed a remarkable fa- cility of reproducing in writing the exact words of a witness, he was much employed in the business of Master in Chancery, where this faculty came in play. Being descended from BIOGRArHICAL E^XYCLOP.EDIA. decidedly Presbyterian stock, he eariy in life connected himself with that branch of the church, and while still a law student at Trenton, was sent to Philadelphia as one of a committee from the Fu-st Presbyterian Church to examine into the working of the Sunday-school system then just es- tablished there. The result of that visit was the organiza- tion of a school in connection with the church at Trenton, which is supposed to have been the first one organized in the State of New Jersey. From that time until his death he was an earnest worker in the cause, and at his grave the children of the Sunday-school in Belvidere, of which he was then and had been for a long time the superintendent, paid a touching tribute to his memory by covering his coffin, when lowered to its la-st resting-place, with bouquets of white flowers. As he had early consecrated himself to a nobler service than that belonging to this worid, he cared more for the honor of his Master's kingdom than for earthly honors or distinctions, and consequently never took an active part in party politics nor sought for office. He was, however, at all times decided in his political faith, and was not afraid, at suitable times, to make known his views. An original Jeffersonian Democrat, he became a supporter of John Quincy Adams, was an old-line Whig, and after- wards a Republican. He was ordained an elder in the old Oxford Church, which is one of the first of the organiza- tions of the Presbyterian order in the county, and in 1834 removed his church connection to a new church then first organized under the pastorate of Rev. I. N. Candee, D.D., in which he remained as the ruling spirit until his death. At the organization of this church a plan of systematic be- nevolence was adopted under the joint management of Dr. Candee and Mr. Sherrerd, which was probably the first scheme of the kind ever worked, although now so popular in the churches. He was an earnest and active Christian, ever ready for any good word or work, though entirely un- obtrusive in manner and action. He was married in 181S to Sarah Brown, of Philadelphia, and though he survived her for more than a quarter of a century, he never formed another matrimonial connection. In his manner and all his social intercourse he was at all times remarkable for his geniality, sprightliness and good-humor. This was espe- cially shown in his treatment of children, of whom he was exceedingly fond, and who loved him in return with endur- ing affection. He was never happier than when surrounded by them and ministering to their happiness. He died on the 26th of May, 187 1, after a short ilhiess brought on by exposure in his garden, in which he insisted upon working more than his failing strength would allow. His funeral was largely attended by old and young, who well knew they had lost one of their best friends. Two of his children survive him, and are both residents of Belvidere. Samuel is now the Law- Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Warren County. Sarah D. is married to Dr. P. F. Brake- ley, long engaged in the practice of medicine at that place. Another son, John Brown, was also a physician, and died in the practice of his profession at Scranton, Pennsylvania, in 1852. He was cut off suddenly and was taken away from a phere of great usefulness and distinction. He left two daughters, both of them now well married. c) ^ HERRERD, HON. SAMUEL, Lawyer and Judge, 0^%^ of Belvidere, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsyl- vania, April 25th, 1S19. His father was John M. Sherrerd, whose biographical sketch appears above, while his mother, Sarah Brown, came from an old Philadelphia family of Friends, after whom Brown street in that city is named. He prepared for a col- legiate course at Belvidere and at the Rensselaer Institute, of Troy, New York. He entered the Junior class at Prince- ton College in 1836, and graduated with the class of 1838. Among his classmates were Dr. Hornblovver, the late Oliver S. Halstead, and General Branch, afterward of the Confed- erate army. Determining to adopt his father's profession, he began his legal studies with him at Belvidere in 1840. After remaining with his father some time, he passed to the law office of Judge H. D. Maxwell, of Easton, and was ad- mitted to the bar in that city in 1842. For a while he prac- tised law at Easton, and then removed South, where he en- gaged in the iron business. Associated with him in this en- terprise were Judge Maxwell and I. I. Albright. Their establishment was known as the Bath & Old Etna Iron Works, near the Natural Bridge, Virginia. The tariff' of 1847, resulting so disastrously to the iron industry of the United States, compelled them to stop their works in 1850. Mr. Sherrerd then returned North, and settled at Scranton. The extensive iron and coal interests of that place were just about being developed, and he superintended the construc- tion of its first coal-breaker, and also its first shipment of coal. He occupied first the position of Paymaster and after that of Mining Engineer for the Delaware & Lackawanna Railroad Company, then known as the Leggett's Gap Rail- road Company. In 1S57 he returned to the practice of law in Scranton, and for a while acted as the Secretary of the Dickson Manufacturing Company. His career in Scranton was eminently that of a man of enterprise and progressive ideas, and his intelligent labors for the development of tlie great natural resources of the surrounding region won for him the high respect and esteem of the community. During 1867 he returned to his early home, Belvidere, and for a time was connected with the Belvidere Manufacturing Company. After the closing up of that enterprise he was appointed Law-Judge of Warren County, in place of Hon. J. M. Robeson, resigned. This position he still holds. He is regarded as a man of unquestionable in- tegrity, and is highly respected by the bar and his fellow- citizens. He was married in 1847 to Miss Hamilton, a daughter of the late Gener.1l Samuel R. Il.iniilinn, of Trenton. BTOGRArillCAI, E^•CYCLOP.-EDIA. I ALL, HON. GARRET DORSET, Lawyer, Sol- dier and Statesman, was bora, 1783, in Middle- town township, Monnioiitli county. New Jersey, and was the fourth ch.1,1 of James and (Dorset) Wall. On hi> paternal side, he was of English lineage, his father being the fourth in de- scent from Walter Wall, who emigrated from Great Britain about the middle of the seventeenth century to Massachu- setts, where he resided for a short time, removing thence to Long Island, and eventually settling in Monmouth county, New Jei-sey, in 1657. His father, James Wall, had been an officer in the war for independence, and was a participant in the celebrated battle of Monmouth, where he personally captured an English officer, who tendered him his sword. Garret was barely nine years old when his father died, leav- ing a widow and six children, with but slender means of support. At this juncture, his father's brother. Dr. John G. Wall, of Woodbridge, received Garret into his own family, and he resided with his uncle until the latter's death, in 179S. He received a fair education, including instruction in the Greek and Latin languages, until he attained his fif- teenth year — the period of his uncle's death — when he re- moved to Trenton, and at that early age became a student- at-law in the office of General Jonathan Rhea, who, at that period, was clerk of the Supreme Court of the State. His pecuniary means were very limited, but his preceptor gave him employment in the office, which yielded him his prmci- pal means of support. He was a careful student, acquaint- ing himself not only with the principles of the common law, but paying particular attention to those bearing upon real estate, the laws of inheritance and titles. In addition to these he familiarized himself with the practice of the court in whose office he was an employe ; so that, in after years, his opinions on all matters relating to that practice carried great weight by reason of his thorough knowledge of the subject in question. On arriving at the age of twenty-one years, he was duly examined and licensed as an attorney, and at once commenced the practice of his profession at Trenton, and by his urbane manners, as well as his exten- sive reading, gr.idually attained a remunerative line of prac- tice. At first, however, owing either to extreme diffidence, or a seeming want of confidence in himself, he experienced great difficulty in conducting his pleadings; and even afier overcoming, in a measure, this hesitating mode of speaking, he never entirely eradicated it. In 1857 he was advanced to the grade of counsellor-at-Iaw, which largely increased his emoluments. He continued diligently engaged in his profession until 1812, when he w.as elected Clerk of the Supreme Court for the term of five years. This position was doubly important, as it served not only to largely increase his income, but also as a means of introducing him to a widely extended practice. He failed, however, to be re-electeil, and returned to the practice of his profession. During his term of service as clerk of the court the war of 1S12 with share of military and patriotic feeling, and also inheriting the same from his father, volunteered his services in a com- pany of uniformed militia, of which he had been for some years a lieutenant. As Captain of the Phrenix Infantry Corps, he was detailed, in connection with other troops, to aid in the protection of the city of New York. He even contemplated resigning his office of Clerk of the Supreme Court to accept a position on Colonel Ogden's staff, had that officer accepted the position of Major-General. In 1820 he was again advanced to the rank of sergeant-at-law, which title enabled him to still further enlarge his growing prac- tice. In 1822 he was elected, on a "Union" ticket, a member of the lower branch of the State Legislature, to represent Hunterdon county in that body, where he distin- guished himself by his thorough knowledge of law, both common and statute, which enabled him to t.ake a leading part in that body. He opposed, with great earnestness, the indiscriminate exercise, which the Legislature then pos- sessed, of granting divorces; and succeeded for a time in arresting this species of personal legislation. Up to this time he had been a zealous, earnest member of the Federalist party; but, at length, from conviction he became a pro- nounced Democrat, or " Republican," as they were some- times termed in those days, and was among the earliest supporters, in 1824, of General Jackson for the Presidency. In 1827 he succeeded in securing the nomination, on the Democratic ticket, for member of Assembly for Hunterdon countv, the office he had held five years previously, notwith- standing the fact that the leaders of that party were strongly opposed to him : but he appealed to the masses, who placed him in nomination, and these elected him at the polls. He at once took the front rank among the Democracy, and two years later he was elected by the Legislature Governor of the State, which high position he, however, declined. In the same year, without any solicitation on his part, he was nominated, by President Jackson, United States District Attorney for New Jersey, which official station he held for several years, discharging its duties with energy .and ability. In 1S34 he was elected, by the State Legislature, a member of the United States Senate, where he served during the last two years of Jackson's second term, and the entire four years of Van Buren's administration ; and to whose policy and tenets he gave an unhesitating support. He was no- ticeable in his condtmnation of the measures put forth in favor of rechartering the United States Bank, and one of the most effective speeches he ever delivered while a Senator was in opposition to the advocates for a continuance of that fiscal institution. After his term expired he returned to Burlington, which town had been his home since 1S28, and recommenced his professional duties, which he pursued until stricken by disease. From this attack he partially re- covered, and engaged in some important cases. He ear- nestly advocated the measures which culminated in the as- lemblinrrof a Constitutional Convention, in 1844, and mani- Great Britain transpired ; and he, being imbued with a large I festecl a great interest in the adoption of tlie new Constitu- 4 26 BIOGRAPHICAL E^•CVCLO^.'EDIA. tioii which had been framed hy iheni. Although not a member of the body which prepared it, yet he was alile to aid the members by his counsel and advice while they were progressing in their work. In 1S4S he was made a member of the Court of Errors and Apjicals, and in that high tribunal his great learning and research enabled him to reach an im- partial conclusion on the various legal questions submitted to that body of learned jurists. He occupied this position until a second attack of his disease ended fatally. He was, as already remarked, a counsellor of the highest ability and learning; while, as a pleader, he enteied into the case as if he were the client, not the attorney; and some of his argu- ments before the jury or court were of the highest eloquence. As a partisan he was remarkably free from party bitterness ; and never allowed his friendships to be sundered, though his political belief might condemn the measures advocated by his most intimate and valued associ.ite. He was an earnest advocate for the cause of education, and took a lively interest in the establishment of Burlington College, and was an active member of the Board of Trustees of that institution. He was eminently distinguished for his hospi- tality and for his willingness to advise all those who sought his counsel, although reaping no pecuniaiy benefit from it. In Jact, he was deemed, by those who knew him best, as entirely too liberal in this respect. He was proud of his native State, and of the leading p.art she took in the revolu- tionary war; moreover, as said above, he inherited a taste for military duties, as w.as evinced by his connection with a volunteer company which dated back to the days of '76. In personal appearance he looked the soldier, and when, in after years, he acquired the title of General, from having held the position of Quirterinxster-General of the State, his very step seemed to indicite that he was born to command. He was twice married ; his first wife, to whom he was united shortly after being admitted to the bar, was a daughter of his preceptor, Gener.al Jon.atlian Rhea. His second mar- riage took place in the autumn of 1828. He died in No- vember, 1850. [r^OWELI,, HON. RICHARD, Lawyer, Soldier and Governor of New Jersey, was born, October 25th, 1754 (with his twin brother Lewis), in Newark, (c^f Newcastle county, Delaware, and was one of ■ °^ eleven children whose father was Ebenezer Howell, the latter being the son of the founder of the American branch of the family, who left Wales in 1729 ar(d settled in Delaware. Richard and his brother Lewis were educated in Newcastle, and remained there until about 1774, when they removed to New Jersey, whither their father had preceded them some five years previously, settling in Cumberland county, a few miles to the west of Bridgeton. Both brothers at that d.ate were strongly imbued with patriotic ardor, and were of the party who, in November, 1774, disguised as Indians, broke into a storehouse at Greenwich, removed the brig " Grey- hound's " cargo of tea, and burned it. Fur this the parly were sued by the owners, but the case never came to trial ; for the Whig sheriff had taken care to summon a Whig grand jury, who ignored the bill, although the royalist judge charged them to find a true one. Richard Howell had commenced the study of law, but was obliged to su'^peiul his readings and enlist in the cause of independence. Early in 1775 he was appointed a subaltern officer in a company of light infantry, and in December of that year was commissioned a Ca])tain in the 2d Regiment of the line, commanded by Colonel Maxwell. The regiment was ordered to Canada, and participated in the attack on Quebec, where they were repulsed. However, Captain Howell was promoted to a Maiorship, for the valor he displayed on that and several other occasions; and when the New Jersey regiments were reorganized Colonel JLax- well became a Brigadier-General, with Howell as Brigade- Major. They participated in the battle of Brandywine, and where Lewis Howell, Richard's twin brother, served as surgeon ; the latter was captured, but fortunately escaped. The day prior to the baltle of Monmouth Surgeon Howell died from an attack of fever, without being able to bid fare- well to his brother Richard, who was with his command awaiting the expected battle. He shortly after resigned from the army by special request of General Washington, who immediately ordered him to transact certain duties of a private nature, which he could not perform while holding a military commission from Congress. It is generally sup- posed that the nature of this business was to discover by the best means he could the proceedings of the British com- manders. In 1779, having received his license as an attorney, he commenced the practice of law in Cumberland county, where he resided for several years. Early in 17S8 he removed to Trenton, and shortly afterwards was elected Clerk of the Supreme Court. He served in this office until •793. when, William Paterson being appointed a Justice of the United States Supreme Court, Howell was chosen by the Legislature Governor of the State, to fill the vacancy then existing; and as he gave entire satisfaction in that high station he was annually reelected, almost always unanimously, until iSoi, when the Republican or Jefferson party gained the ascendency, and he was succeeded by Joseph Bloomfield. During his incumbency as Governor, in 1794, the famous Whiskey Insurrection broke out in western Pennsylvania, and Governor Howell was named by President Washington as commander of the right wing of the army detailed to operate against the insurrectionists. After marching to the extreme western boundary of Penn- sylvania the insurgents w-ere overawed, and did not hazard a battle, and the troops were dismissed by an order of Gen- eral Washington, dated at Pittsburgh, November 17th, 1794, and shortly afterwards marched back to New Jersey. After his vacation of the gubernatorial chair he returned to the practice of the law, continuing to reside in or near Trenton. .-'-'^ ^T^t/ \ ''fJeniruh J njmiJoi '7^-. rsIOGRArillCAL EN'CVCLOP.r.DIA. 27 He was married in November, 1779, to a daughter of Joseph Burr, of Burlington county, by whom he liad nine children, some of whom died in infancy. Richard, born 1794, was in 1S12 a lieutenant of infantry, anil was aide to Bri"adier-General Pike when he was killed at the blowing up of Fort George in Canada. Another son, William, was a lieutenant in the marine corj^s; and Franklin was a lieu- tenant in the navy, and was killed on board the frigate " President." Governor Howell died at his residence, near Trenton, May 5th, 1S03. lL(K)MFIELD, HON. JOSEPH, Lawyer, Soldier and Governor of New Jersey, was born, 1755, at Woodbridge, Middlesex county, and was the son of Dr. Moses Bloomfield, who was probably de- scended from Thomas Bloomfield, who lived at Newbury, Massachusetts, in 1638, and afterwards removed to New Jersey. He was educated at a classical school taught by Rev. Enoch Green, at Deerfield, Cumber- land county; after leaving which he commenced the study of the law with Cordandt Skinner, attorney-general of the province, who during the Revolution was a Tory, and left the country with his family after independence had been achieved. In 1775 Bloomfield was licensed as an attorney, and commenced the practice of his profession in Bridgeton. In February, 1 776, he received a commission as Captain in the 3d New Jersey Regiment, which was ordered to Canada. On their way thither Captain Bloomfield was ordered to aiTest his old preceptor. Skinner, at Perth Amboy, but who, however, had taken refuge on board a British man-of-war. The regiment, on its arrival at Albany, received news of the retreat of the Continental troops from Quebec, and was subsequently marched up the Mohawk valley to restrain the Indians. Thence, in the following November, they repaired to Ticonderoga, where Captain Bloomfield was named Judge Advocate of the Army of the North. There being much sickness and exposure, he fell ill, and on Christmas day left for home. He was subse- quently promoted Major of the 3d Regiment. In 1778 he resigned from the army, and in the autumn of the same year was chosen Clerk of the Assembly, and was for several years Register of the Admiralty Court. In 1783 he was elected Attorney-General of the State, was re-elected in 1788, and resigned in 1792. Shortly after his resignation from the army he had removed to Burlington, which be- came his future residence, except when absent on public service. In 1793 he was chosen as one of the Trustees of Princeton College, which he resigned in 1801. He w.as General of Militia in 1794, and took the field as commander of a brigade to aid in the suppression of ll-e Whiskey Insur- rection in western Pennsylvania, marching with the troops to the district where these troubles arose, and was instru- mental in quelling the insurgents without recourse to arms. In 1792 he had been one of the Electoral College of New Jersey, voting for Washington and Adams for the respective offices of President and Vice-President of the United Stales; but owing to his ojiposition of llie latter was not appointed an elector in 1796. This ojiposition to Adams accordingly made him friendly to Jefferson, the avowed leader of the Republicans, since termed Uemocr.its, and he was chosen to succeed Richard Howell as Governor of the Slate. This was in the autumn of 1801, when he received thirty votes, while his opponent, Richard Stockton, commanded but twenty. In the election, held in 1802, each candidate re- ceived twenty-.six votes, and the balloting thereafter with different candidates resulted in a tie. Notwith.standing all efforts of compromise nothing resulted, and New Jersey had no governor for a year, the duties of the office being performed agreeably to the constitution by the Democratic vice-president of the Council, John Lambert. In 1S03 he received thirty-three votes, while his old opponent could only poll seventeen ; and in 1S04 he counted thirty-seven votes, and Mr. Stockton sixteen, in all. He was subse- quently reelected, until 1812, without opposition. In June, 1S12, warwas declared against Great Britain, and he was shordy thereafter appointed a Brigadier-General by Presi- dent Madison, in the arrny destined for the invasion of Canada. Early in 1813 his brigade marched to Sackett's Harbor, and a portion of them, under General Pike, crossed into that province, attacked Fort George, were repulsed, and the general killed. General Bloomfield was soon withdrawn and ordered to the command of a militaiy dis- trict, with his head-quarters at Philadelphia, where he remained until the close of the war. He then returned to Burlington, where he re-commenced the practice of his profession, and in 1816 was elected, by the Democrats, a member of Congress, and reelected in 181S, closing his career in that body March 3d, 1821. He was Chairman of the Committee on Revolutionary Pensions, and suc- ceeded in introducing and having enacted the bills granting pensions to the veteran soldiers of the Revolution and their widows. During the period of his serving as Governor he was ex-pfficio President of the Board of Trustees of Prince- ton College; and in 1S19 he was again elected a Trustee of that institution, which position he held until the close of his life. He was for many years an acti\e member and President of the " New Jersey Society for the Abolition of Slavery," an organization that must not be confounded with those other societies which afterwards degenerated into societies of a fanatical character. The societies first formed for the abolition of slaveiy confined themselves to protect- ing slaves from abuse, and to aiding them to obtain their liberty by legal proceedings. Writs of habeas corpus were procured, and many negroes claimed as slaves were de- clared by the Supreme Court to be free. Joseph Bloomfield was throughout his whole career a firm Republican, or, as was afterwards styled, a firm Democrat in his political belief; while in Congress he was regarded as a sound 28 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. legislator ; a brave soldier in the field, and in private life an estimable citizen. He was married, about 1779, to Mary, a daughter of Dr. William Mcllvaine, of Burlington ; she died in 1818. A few years afterwards he married a lady who survived him. He died at Burlington, October 3d, 1825. The inscription on his tomb states the simple facts that he was " A soldier of the Revolution ; late Governor of New Jersey." [ENNINGTON, WILLIAM SANDFORD, Soldier, Lawyer, Jurist and Governor of New Jersey, was born in Newark, and was the great-grandson of Ephraim Pennington, one of the original settlers of Newark, who removeil in 1667 from the colony of Connecticut. Very little is known concerning the youth of Governor Pennington, excepting that he was apprenticed to his maternal uncle, from whom he was named ; and that as the uncle espoused the cause of the royalists, while the nephew was an ardent revolutionist, the indentures were cancelled and he entered the Continental army. He was at first a non-commissioned officer of artillery; and being discovered by General Knox entirely unsupported, during a skirmish, actively loading and firing one of the cannon, and exhibiting so much courage, he was commissioned on the field a Lieutenant of Artillery, to take rank from September 12th, 1778. From his private journal, he appears to have been present at the execution of Major Andre, October 2d, 17S0; and was ordered to join a de- tachment of troops, January 25th, 1781, to assist in quelling a mutiny among the Pennsylvania and New Jersey troops at Morristown, New Jersey. It is believed that he was present during the siege of Yorktown, and that he was wounded in some engagement with the enemy; he had been promoted to a brevet Captaincy when he left the army. After the war he was engaged in business as a hatter, and subsequently embarked in mercantile pursuits in Newark. In 1797 he was elected a member of the General Assembly, which position he held for three years. In 1801 he was chosen a member of the Council, and re-elected in 1S02. He was at this period, and subsequently for twenty years, a leading member of the Republican or Democratic parly. He had entered, about the year iSoo, upon the study of the law with Mr. Boudinot, and in May, 1802, was licensed as an attorney. Before he could be appointed a counsellor-at- 1 law he was elected, in February, 1804, an Associate Justice ' of the Supreme Court ; and in 1806 was appointed Reporter of the same. He retained this position until 1813, when he was elected Governor of the Stale, being the successor , in that office of Colonel Ogden, and was re-elected in 1S14. ' In 1815 he was nominated by President Madison as Judge of the United States District Court for New Jersey, vice Robert Morris (deceased), and was confirmed by the .Senate. ■ He held this position until his death, his residence being Newark. He was, as already stated, a true Democrat; yet he regarded John Quincy Adams as the true Republican (democratic) successor of Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He enjoyed the respect of all men, and during his entire career was never known to have an enemy. He was re- garded by all as a good citizen, a faithful friend and a just, unswerving judge. He died September 17th, 1826. '^^^TfVlCKERSON, MAHLON, Lawyer, Jurist and Gov- •-'1 I '^'""°'' °^ ^ew Jersey, was born in 1771, and was ^i()\\ I a descendant of Philemon Dickerson, who with fTrj^ his brothers emigrated from England in 163S and io ~\^ settled originally in Massachusetts. Four of his grandsons and children of his son Thomas re- moved to Morris county. New Jersey, in 1745, and from these the Dickersons, and Dickinsons, as some term them- selves, of New Jersey, are descended. Mahlon was the grandson of one of these four brothers, and the son of Jon- athan Dickerson. He graduated from Princeton in 1789; and after leaving college studied law, and was licensed as an attorney in 1793. In the following year he served as a member of Captain Kinney's cavalry company, in the expedition sent to western Pennsylvania to aid in the suppression of the celebrated Whiskey Insurrection. He subsequently, with his brothei-s, removed to Philadelphia, which for many years thereafter became their residence. In that city he entered the law office of James Milnor, who afterwards was a member of Congress, and who ultimately studied divinity and became a distinguished clerg)'man of the Episcopal Church. Mahlon Dickerson was admitted to the bar in Philadelphia in 1797. Shortly afterwards he was elected a member of the Common Council ; and being an earnest Republican was named by President Jefferson, in 1S02, as a Commissioner in Bankruptcy. In 1805 he was appointed Adjutant-General of the Commonwealth of Penn- sylvania by Governor McKcan, and resigned the same three years after to accept the position of Recorder of the City of Philadelphia, which was, as then constituted, a judicial office, to be held during good behavior, and exercising criminal jurisdiction in the city proper. In 1810 his father died, leaving a valuable estate, and Mahlon Dickerson re- moved to Morris county. New Jersey, where he continued to reside, except when employed in public business, until the close of his life. He was elected in 1812, and re- elected in 1S13, a member of the General Assembly of New Jersey, from Morris county. While thus a representative he was elected by the two houses of the Legislature a Jus- tice of the Supreme Court, and also chosen Reporter of the same, but did not accept the latter appointment. In 1815 he was elected Governor of the State, without opposition, and re-elected in 1S16. While occupying the gubernatorial chair, in February, 1817, he was elected United States Senator, and served in that capacity for sixteen years. In I3I0GRAPIIICAT, EXCVCLOP.KDIA. 29 May, 1834, he was named by President Jackson as Minister to Russia, and expected to accept the position, hut yielded to the persuasions of Martin Van Buren, who was then an aspirant for the Presidency, and he declined the office and devoted all his energies towards securing the succession in the Presidential office to his friend. Van Buren. In June, lSj4, he became Secretary of the Navy, and resigned there- from in 1838. In September, 1840, he was appointed to succeed Judge Rossell in the District Court, which he held for about six months, when he resigned, and his brother, lion. Philemon Dickerson, was appointed. He subse- quently was President of the American Institute, of New York city. During his term as Senator of the United States lie was a leading member of that body, affiliating at first with tlie Republicans or Democrats, and afterwards became a member of the Jackson and Van Buren Democracy. He was largely interested in the mining and manufacture of iron in Morris county, and so favored a high protective tarilT, in opposition to the views of many of his political brethren. He was kind, amiable and highly esteemed as a man of sound judgment and a safe legislator. He was pos- sessed of a large fortune, but had no issue, never having married. He died at his residence in Suckasunny, Morris county, October 5th, 1S53, aged eighty-two years. jkcREEN, REV. JACOB, D. D,, of Hanover, Morris k county, was born at Maiden, in the State of Mas- sachusetts, in 1712. He graduated at Harvard, and joined the Rev. George Whitfield in his enterprise to Georgia. On reaching Elizabeth- "" town. New Jersey, on their way thither, Mr. Whitfield suggested a change of plan, and Mr. Green, on the advice of Mr. Dickinson and Mr. Burr, remained at that place and studied divinity with the latter. Pie was soon called to settle in the Presbyterian congregation of Hanover. He married a daughter of Rev. John Pierson, for a long time the pastor of the Presbyterian Church of W'oodbridge, New Jersey, and who was a son of Rev. Abraham Pierson, the first president or rector of Vale Col- lege, and a grandson of the Rev. Abraham Pier.son, one of the first settlers, from Connecticut, of Newark, and the first pastor of the church in that city. Jacob Green, although a clergyman, took a deep interest in the impending conflict between England and the colonies, and was an earnest Whig. On the fourth Tuesday of May, 1776, he was elected from the county of Morris a member of the Pro- vincial Congress of New Jersey, which organized at Bur- lington the loih of June, 1776, by choosing Samuel Tucker, Esq., President, and William P.itterson, Esq., Secretary. Oil the 2lst of June the Provincial Congress resolved that a government be formed for regulating the internal police of the colony, pursuant to the recommendation of the Con- tinental Congress of the 15th of May. A committee was appointed on the 24th of June to prepare a constitution, of which Jacob Green was the chairman. It consisted, be- sides the chairman, of John Cooper, Jonathan D. Sargeant, Lewis Ogden, Thcophilus Elmer, Elijah Hughes, John Covenhoven, John Cleves Symmes, Silas Condict and Samuel Dick. The constitution was reported on the 26th, and discussed from day to day until the 2d of July, when it was adopted two days before the Declaration of Independ- ence. The convention, on the 22d of June, authorized their delegates " to concur in a declaration of independence and in the formation of a confederacy for union and com- mon defence, making treaties with foreign nations, for commerce and assistance, and taking such action as might appear necessary for these great enositions of honor and trust; as Trustee of the College of New Jersey; Director in the American Board of Commis- sioners for Foreign Missions; Director in the American Tract Society, and Chairman of the Committee of Publica- 5 tions ; Director in the Theological Seminary at Princeton, etc. The duties of these different posidons he performed with the most conscientious carefulness. A man who con- quered circumstances, he made himself, under Providence, what he was, a power in the community. Contending in youth with the hardships of a farmer's life, and then grap- pling with the intellectual difficulties of the student, his powers and capacities developed themselves to a degree far exceeding that of a man nursed in the lap of luxury. Hav- ing lived in daily contact with nature, he learned to esti- mate things according to their true value, and he esteemed men not in proportion to the mere accident of birth or surroundings but according to their integrity and worth. He possessed in a great degree the characteristics of the race fiom which he sprung, prudence, excellent judgment and a wide knowledge of the affairs of evcry-day life. Be- nevolence beamed from every feature of his face, and so wise was he in counsel that many who were not his own people sought his advice upon subjects not spiritual or ecclesias- tical. His patriotism during the dark and trying hours of the rebellion was only second to his religion. He was a man of great simplicity and earnestness of manner, which in preaching carried the hearer beyond the speaker to the message he was delivering, a fact which accounts for his successful ministrations through so long a term of years. He finished his earthy career May loth, 1865. His funeral, which took place a few days after, was largely attended, not only by his brethren in the ministry from other parts of the State, but also by persons of all classes in the com- munity. The bells of the city were tolled ; the flags were displayed at half-mast, and everything betokened that his fellow-citizens mourned deeply the great loss they had sustained. AGIE, WILLIAM J., Lawyer, of Elizabeth, New Jersey, was born in that city, December 9th, 1832. Mis father, David Magie, D. D., was for nearly forty-five years pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth, and was also a native of the same town. His mother, nee Ann Francis Wil- son, was also to the manor born. He entered Princeton College in 1852, and graduated in 1855. Then he studied law in Elizabeth with the late Francis B. Chelwood, and was licensed an attorney in 1856, and as counsellor in 1859. For six years he was associated in practice with his able preceptor, Mr. Chetwood, under the firm-name of Chetwood & Magie. Dissolving this connection he prac- tised alone for a short time, and then formed a partnership with Mr. Cross, the style of the firm being, as now, Magie & Cross. From 1866 to 1871 he was Prosecutor of Pleas for Union county. One of the original incorpoiatoi-s of the First National Bank of Elizabeth, he is at present a Director of that institution ; also a Director in the Dime .Savings Bank. He is fouiisel for the Elizabeth Water Company, 34 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. and was counsel for (he New Jersey Railroad until its lease to the Pennsylvania Railroad, and was continued by them until his election to the New Jersey Senate in 1S75 from Union county. During the session of 1875-76 he was ap- pointed Chairman of the Judiciary Committee, on which he served with marked aljility. In politics he is a Republican, having acted with that party since 1861, but, as a rule, he lias eschewed an active part in politics, preferring to devote his time and talents to his profession. He only accepted his senatorial position at the earnest solicitation of his friends. In educational matters he has always manifested an earnest interest, and was a memlier of the Board of Education of Elizabeth from 1856 to 1861. With others he was instru- mental in organizing the Elizabeth & Newark Horse Rail- road, and h.as been a director in that company since its or- ganization, acting also as counsel for it. He is a Director and one of the originators of the Elizabeth Public Library, which, though in embryo, bids fair to be a valuable means of culture to the town. In fact he is and has always been active in all public improvements, and is among the most valuable citizens of Elizabeth. In his profession he takes position in the front rank, being at once an able and well- read lawyer and a high minded gentleman. He was mar- ried on October 1st, 1857, to Frances Baldwin, of Elizabeth. "ORNEI.I.SON, JOHN MESIER, M. D., Physi- cian, late of Bergen, was born in that town, April 29th, 1802. His parents were Rev. John Cornelison, pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church of Bergen, and Catharine (Mesier) Cornelison, of New York. After acquiring a good preliminary education at the schools of the community in which he lived, he entered Union College, at Schenectady, New York, from which institution he graduated in the year 1822. Shortly after leaving college he entered the office of Dr. Valentine Mott as a medical student. He received his di- ploma in the year 1825, and at once commenced the prac- tice of medicine in Bergen. After a time he removed to Jersey City, and there continued earnestly engaged until 1862, when he retired from active practice and removed again to his native town of Bergen. Devoted as he was to his profession, and successful as he was in the practice of it, he yet found time and strength for political and offici.al labors. In the year 1832 he was elected by the Democratic party tn serve as a member of the Assembly in the State Legislature, and was reelected in 1833. In the year 1851 he was appointed by the Governor one of the Lay Judges of the Court of Errors and Appeals, to fill the unexpired term of Hon. Garret Wall, and was reappointed for two succeeding terms, holding the position for sixteen years. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of Bergen, and in 1873 was appointed by the I.egi-ilalure a member of the Board of Works in Jersey City, and was elected President of the Board. When the war of the rebellion broke out, he be- came an earnest and active supporter of the national govern- ment, and thenceforward remained identified with the Re- publican party. At the time of his death he was Presiilent of the Board of Regents of the Hudson County Ho'-pilal. He was married in 1826 to Metta Van Winkle. He died. May 24tli, 1875, universally esteemed and universally la- mented. EXXINGTON, WILLIAM, Lawyer, Governor and Chancellor of New Jersey, was bom, 1790, in the city of Newark, and was the son of tlov- emor William S. Pennington, whose biographical sketch will be found elsewhere in this volume. William received an excellent classical educatii>n in the schools of Newark, and subsequently entered the Ci al- lege of New Jersey, at Princeton, from which institution l.e graduated in 1813, with honor to himself and to his A/iiin Alaler. He at once commenced the study of law in the office of Hon. Theodore Frelinghuysen, and was licensul as an attorney in 1817 ; three years afterward he was made a counsellor, and in 1834 was appointed serjeant-nt Inw. He was for several years Clerk of the United States Dis- trict and Circuit Courts, and in 182S was elected a mendicr of the General Assembly as a Representative from Essex county. He was, as were also all of his family, friendly lo the election of John Quincy Adams for the Presidency, ai'd of course opposed to the principles and policy of Andnw lackson and his successors. This party were at one time designated as National Republicans, but in 1834 assumed the name and style of the Whig party , and of this latter or- ganization William Pennington was regarded as the leader in New Jersey. In the fall of 1837 he was elected by the Legislature to the office of Governor and Cliancellor of the State, and was re-elected continuously until 1843, when the Democr.aiic party had gained the ascendency in the Legis- lature. During his term as Governor occurred the cele- brated " broad seal" difficulty, which created such an in- tense feeling tlinni'.;hc>nt the country, and particularly in New Jersey; and il is not too much to say, at this distant day, that the action of the majority of Congress, in displacing the Whig members, who bore their commissions as having been fairly returned to that body, and substituting therefor others who had not such commissions, merely because their views were in accordance with the majority when Con- gress organized, contributed in a great measure to the over- whelming defeat which met the Democratic p-rty in the campaign of 1840. Governor Pennington likewise gave great satisfaction both as Chancellor and Judge of the Pre- rogative Court, and but one of his decrees was overruled in the Court of Appeal, and that was after he ceased to preside. After his last term as Governor had expired, he returned to the practice of the law, which, prior to his holding ihnt office, had been large and lucrative. During the Fillmore ^^a^H^. ^iMH^i^' njL BIOGRAnilCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 3S administration he was offered tlic position of Governor of the Territory of Minnesota, but declined the a|Jix)intment. When the Whig party had become disintegrated, and a new organization was being fornred, he became in a measure identified with it. In 1856 Fremont had been nominated by the Free-soil or Republican party, for the Presidency, with William L. Dayton, of New Jersey, as the candidate for Vice-President; and he supported these nominations be- cause of his firm friendship for Mr. Dayton. In 1858 he was nominated for Congress, but declined the same; but as it was believed he was the only candidate in the then oppo- .sition party who could carry the district, he was elected. When the House met in December, 1S59, an intense excite- ment was at once apparent, and everything betokened the coming contest. For two months the organization of the House was suspended, no .Speaker being elected; but at last, he received a majority of all the votes cast, and was in- ducted into that office, which he filled most ably and im- partially; indeed, it is not too much to say, that he never had any superior and rarely one equal in such an arduous and difficult position. He was a man gifted with a large share of common sense ; and he was thus able to grasp as it were the most difficult questions and render a decision on true and equitable grounds. He was an excellent counsellor, an eloquent pleader, and a most judicious and reliable judge. In religious belief he was a member of the Presby- terian church, and for many years had been the President of the Board of Trustees of the First Church of Newark, prior to 1849, at which time he withdrew to become one of the High Street congregation, then about being formed. He was married, about 1820, to an estimable lady, a de- scendant of Dr. William Burnet, .Surgeon-General of the army, who survived him. He died in February, 1862, his death being ascrilied to a large dose of morphine, adminis- tered through the mistake of an apothecary. 'ALL, .-VLFRED, Manufacturer, of Perth Amboy, is a New Englander by birth, having been born. May 22d, 1S03, in Meriden, Connecticut. On his Tuber's side he is of English and on his mother's side of French extraction. Both his father, Avery Hall, and his mother, Sarah Foster, were natives of Connecticut, his father being a farmer at Meriden. The early education of Alfred Hall was obtained in the public schools of Meriden. Later he removed with his parents to Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and he con- tinued his studies in the schools at that place. During school sessions he worked hard and effectively at his books, and out of school he worked just as hard and effectively on his father's farm. At the age of seventeen he did what one is tempted to believe every New England boy does at one time or another — he began to teach school. For the space of a year he taught the school at the centre of Tyringham, Massachusetts. At the end of th.at time he literally started out into the world. Ilis father owned a large tract of land in what was then Medina county, but is now Lorain county, Ohio, about fifty miles southwest of Cleveland, and Alfred and his brother Seldon, who is now a resident of Ohio, started to reach this tract of land and clear a portion of the timber off it, to render the place fit for farming pur- poses. The brothers performed this journey of seven hun- dred miles on foot, going by way of Albany and Rochester (the latter place being then a mere collection of log huts), and thence through Buffalo and Cleveland, reaching their destination a month after leaving home. Their first work, after arrival, was to erect a log hut and commence a "clearing;" and in the construction of their cabin not a nail was used, for the conclusive reason that there were no nails in that region. Three months after the brothers had erected their log cabin, the rem.ainder of the family arrived from Massachusetts, making the journey in wagons drawn by oxen, and the clearing in the forest became the family homestead. Alfred Hall, having a natural aptness for me- chanical work, was frequently called upon to help his neighbor pioneers in preparing their log homes. He re- mained at the forest homestead for about a year, assisting with the farm-work, and then he went to Silver Springs, Cumberland county, Pennsylvania, and there resumed his occupation of teacher. He remained there, so employed, for about two years, when he returned to his father's home. He built himself a cabin in the vicinity, and settled down as a hard-working citizen of the community. lie remained for several years, during which time he acted as Postmaster, Trustee of the Township, and Justice of the Peace. His occupation as postm.aster could not have been very arduous, as in those days two months were required to send a letter to the East and receive a reply, the mails for the most part being carried by men who travelled on foot. At length he removed to Cleveland, and there engaged in the manufac- ture of building-brick, which business he continued to prose- cute, successfully and to a considerable extent, for a period of fifteen years. He took an active part in the public af- fairs of Cleveland during this residence. He was a promi- nent worker in the formation of the charter of the town, and subsequently .served as an Alderman, and .also as a member of Council. When the town was regularly laid out, he was Chairman of the Committee on Streets, etc. Although a Democrat in politics, his public spirit, sterling integrity, and practical ability were so widely and heartily recognized, that he received the support of his fellow-citizens, irrespec- tive of party considerations. In the year 1S42, while still in business in Cleveland, he invented and patented a brick- moulding machine, which achieved a fine success and was adopted generally by the trade throughout the country, and is now in use by the firm of which he is the head. Leav- ing Cleveland, he removed to Coxsackie, New York, where he remained three years. In 1845 he went to England, and during most of that yeaj was occupied in securing patent- 36 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. I'ights ill that country for his brick machine. He returned to the United States in the latter part of the year, and lo- cated at Perth Amboy, where he commenced the erection of buildmgs for the manufacture of fire-brick. The build- ings were constructed of wood, and business could be con- ducted in them only during the summer months. Ten years later, in 1856, a portion of these buildings was destroyed by fire, and then he at once erected in their place an extensive brick building, comprising all desirable improvements, and in this structure the work is carried on all the year round. The ground-floor is heated by four immense furnaces, by which the bricks are dried; and the upper story is used for the manufacture of Rockingham and yellow ware. The works include, also, extensive kilns for burning the bricks and the ware, the ware being burnt in round kilns, accord- ing to the old English style, and the bricks in the square American kilns. These are perfect in their way, embody- ing many improvements which are the inventions of the proprietor: among them may be mentioned a patent hinge- grate of his invention, which renders the burning much more speedy and less expensive than heretofore. Beside the works at Perth Amboy, the firm of A. Hall & Sons have a similar fire-brick works, of about the same capacity, at Buf- falo, New York, and ten miles below Buffalo, at Tonawanda, extensive works for the manufacture of' red brick, which produce about 2,250,000 annually, a million of which are of the style of Philadelphia face bricks. When running in full force, the several works employ about 250 men and boys, and produce about 5,000,000 fire-brick and 2,250,000 red-brick annually. The works in Buffalo are in charge of Edward J. Hall, a son of Alfred Hall. Another son, Eber H. Hall, is associated with his father.it Perth Amboy. A fine specimen of the colored building-brick, produced by A. Hall & Sons, was presented by the large chimney erected by them adjoining the New Jersey building on the Centen- nial grounds, and it deservedly attracted much attention and admiration. The manufacture of brick has been very much benefited by various improvements introduced by Mr. Hall, many of them being his own inventions. From 1863 to 1869 he was Mayor of Perth Amboy, and three times he was elected without the opposition of any other candidate. He is, and has been since its organization, a stockholder. Director, and the President of the Middlesex Land Com- pany. He was for many years a member of the Board of Freeholders of Middlesex County, and is President of the Fire-Brick Manufacturers' Association of the United States. During the war of the rebellion he was an active Union man, aiding the government effectively with money and in- fluence. During his residence in Lorain county, Ohio, he married Sarah Buckingham, a native of Connecticut, and in their pioneer home the two sons now associated with him iit business were born. Their family consisted of three sons and three daughters, of whom only two sons and one daughter are now living. She died in 1S53, highly esteemed by all who knew her. Subsequently he married Pamelia F. Robinson, a widow with three young children — one son and two daughters — whom he reared as his own. She is a na- tive of New England, and a daughter of Colonel William Pearl, of New Hampshire. Mr. Hall is possessed of liter- ary tastes, and his writings are always graphic and to the point. An article written by him, on the " Manufacture of Fire-Brick," and published in the Scientific American in January, 1 870, and republished in several English papers, is characteristic. As a public speaker he seldom occupies more than twenty minutes, and is always listened to with earnest attention, as he never speaks unless he has some- thing to_ say. He is a supporter of the Episcopal church, which he attends with his family, but he is no sectarian, and is not a member of any church. He has liberally aided all religious societies in his vicinity in the erection of their churches, and thinks any religion a good one if it makes those who profess it do what is right. DGAR, THOMAS, Merchant and Farmer, of Rahway, from whom the Edgars of Woodbridge descended, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, October 19th, 1681. He was one of six brothers, from whom and from his father he differed in religion and in politics, being a Presbyterian and opposed to James III. He came to this country about 1720. Many of the Scotch ancestors of New Jersey fam- ilies came at this period. He was one of the passengers on the " Caledonia " in the last voyage she made. She landed at Perth Amboy, and never went to sea again. Janet Knox, whom he afterward married, was also a pas- senger on the " Caledonia." He purchased land on Rahway river, and built a house thereon, which is still occupied by some of his descendants. In addition to farming his land he prosecuted business as a merchant, earning in all rela- tions of life a wide reputation for integrity, strict uprightness and devoted piety. He died in May, 1759, leaving three sons and three daughters, from whum have sprung numer- ous descendants, although the name does not appear in all the families. They have ever been conspicuous for their virtues, industry and domestic habits. Very few of them have been in professional or public life, although the family has from time to time been worthily represented in the army, in law, in medicine, in the pulpit and in politics. As, for example, Clarkson Edgar was a brigadier-general in the w'ar for independence, while another, David Edgar, was a captain of cavalry in the same patriotic contest. Later on, Alexander Edgar selected the medical profession, and served his country by taking part in the quelling of the in- surrection in the Mohawk valley. Three other Edgars, William, Samuel and Thompson, were each several times members of the Legislature, wherein they served with great credit to themselves and acceptability to their constituents; and Samuel also held the ofiice of Sheriff of Middlesex BIOGRAPIIICAI, ENCYCLOr.r.DIA. 37 county. Of those now living, David Edgar is a physician in high standing on Stalen Island, while Jonathan Edgar enjoys a fine practice and excellent reputation as a lawyer in New York city, and Frank W. Edgar is a rising member of the bar of Northampton county, Pennsylvania. Among the representatives of the family in the pulpit are Rev. Dr. Edgar, of Easton, Pennsylvania, Rev. E. B. Edgar, of Plainfield, formerly of Westfield, and Rev. H. M. Booth, of Englewood. There have been otiiers of this profession, but their names and location cannot be ascertained. Rev. C. H. Edgar, D. D., was seven years head master in the grammar school of New Yoik University ; was pastpr of the Presbyterian Church in Bridgehampton, Long Island, and has been more than twenty years pastor of the American Reformed Church in Easton, Pennsylvania. He has con- tributed to the press a tractate on the " Curse of Canaan," some articles in reviews and several sermons. Rev. E. B. Edgar, during his pastorate .at Westfield, preached the last sermon delivered in the Old Presbyterian Church of th.at town. This church was originally located in 1730, a rude log-house being first used ; this gave way to a frame build- ing, which in its turn was replaced in 1802-3 by the edifice wherein, on January 26lh, 1862, Mr. Edgar preached the last sermon. This discourse, in its historical narrative and related thoughts, proved so interesting that, by general re- quest, its author consented to yield the manuscript for pub- lication, and it now remains among the most cherished archives of the new church. Commerce has attracted the attention of members of the family, and among the names of the successful and honorable merchants of the com- mercial metropolis of the new world — New York — appear those of several Edgars. EDGAR, WILLIAM, third son of Thomas Edgar, was born April 201h, 1724, and died April 17th, 1776. He lived and died in the house built by his father, to which he made some additions. His career was that of a merchant and a farmer. Seven children were born to him. Of these were General Clarkson Edgar and Dr. Alexander Edgar, above alluded to. William, the youngest, known as Major Edgar, succeeded to the old homestead ; also added some improvements to the structure. After the major's death the house was occupied by his son, William, until his decease, in July, 1866. Then it came into the occupancy of Miss Catharine B. Edgar, daughter of Major Eilgnr, who, now in her eighty-third year, still continues to reside beneath its shelter. The same house has been owned and occupied by this family more than a hundred and fifty years. EDG-A-R, WILLI.AM, son of William and grandson of Thomas, known as Major Edgar, was born March 25th, 176S, and died May 22d, 1845, aged seventy-seven years. He married Phebe Baker, great-granddaughter of Admiral Sir John Baker, to whose character and services a memorial column was erected in Westminster Abbey. Phebe Baker was the daughter of Captain Matthias Baker, of who»e deeds of daring and narrow escapes in the service of ilic country the family have traditions; for example, he alone, unsupported by any soldiers, captured a British wagon wiili stores, which was guarded by a trooj) of cavalry. A musket is shown and highly prized as an evidence and trophy of the courageous deetl. Major Edgar was a merchant, and .a farmer in a very extensive way. Considerable altenlion was given by him to brick manufacture, and a large busi- ness in that line resulted. In connection with farming he conducted heavy operations in cattle and sheep. Looking beyond his merely personal requirements, he took an earnest interest in the development of his neighborhood, and, per- ceiving the necessity for better banking facilities, became one of the originators of the Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank, and its first president. He gained great repute as a man- ager and as a clear-headed business man of unquestionable integrity. Many estates were intrusted to his care for set- tlement, and in business disputes among his neighbors he came to be regarded as a general referee. For a number of years he was a member of the Legislature, and he proved himself a devoted and intelligent custodian of the public interests. His title of Major he derived from his rank in the State cavalry. Respected and beloved by the whole community, his death was regarded as a public loss. His family consisted of twelve children, six sons and six daugh- ters, four of whom survive. Matthias B., who died in 1S65, aged seventy-five years, held several positions of honor and trust in the Custom House, and was at one time Treasurer of the Illinois Central Railroad. He was a long time one of the leading merchants in New York. Alexander, who died in 1866, .aged seventy-four years, was also a merchant, and for many years Public Storekeeper in New York ; he held other positions of importance under the city and national government. Clarkson, who died in 1856, aged fifty years, was for a long period a merchant in Louis- iana, and a New Jersey farmer. Jennette, who became the wife of Cornelius Baker, late of Elizabeth, and for many years a prominent merchant of New York, died in 1S67, atred sixty-seven years. The four survivors are : Miss Cath- arine B. Edgar, living at the Edgar homestead; John B. Edgar, a farmer who has given much attention to the im- provement of stock and to the best methods of agriculture; Rev. Dr. Edgar, of Easton, Pennsylvania, aliove men- tioned; and Margaret, the wife of William W. Cornell, of Poughkeepsie, New York. EDGAR, WILLIAM, son of Major Edgar, died July, 1866, aged sixty-nine. After some years spent in New York, .as a merchant, he and his brother Alexander went, in 1820, to Ohio, into the very forest, to engage in farming. He afterward engaged in business in New Orleans. Securing a comfort.ibIe competence he retired, and after the death of his father purchased the homestead, and was largely occupied in agriculture. Always deeply interested 38 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. in the welfare of his country, and well informed upon all political questions, he nevertheless declined all offers of office, preferring a private life. He was highly esteemed as a good citizen, an affectionate friend, a kind neighbor and a benevolent man. He lived a bachelor. He left the old homestead to be occupied l)y his sister Catharine. EDGAR, CAPTAIN GEORGE P., is a son of Alex- ander and grandson of Major Edgar. He served with gallantry in the war for the Union and received the highest commendation from his superior officers ; he was brevetled Major by Governor Fenton, of New York, as he first en- tered the service with the famous 7th Regiment, of New York city. EDGAR, SAMUEL, above mentioned, was descended from Thomas through his second son, Alexander. He was highly esteemed as an honorable man, and served as Sheriff of Middlesex county and in the Legislature. Among his children are Jonathan Edgar, Esq., of New York, and Martha, the wife of Dr. Ellis B. Freeman, of Woodbridge. EDGAR, THOMPSON, was also a descendant from Thomas through Alexander, his second son. He was an honest and benevolent man, and very popular with his party, of which he was the recognized head in his town. He served several times in the Legislature. He died a few years ago, ia a ripe old age, beloved by all who knew him. There are branches of the Edgar family of Woodbridge and Railway in New York, Missouri, Ohio, Illinois and other parts. There have been hundreds of descendants of Thomas Edgar — scores of them now living. Like their ancestor, most of them have been Presbyterians. Some of the females married Quakers, and thus many of the most estimable of the Society of Friends in Rahway, Plainlield, Philadelphia and elsewhere are descendants of Thomas Edgar, of Scotland. LEXANDER, WILLIAM COWPER, LL. D., Lawyer, of Princeton, was born in Prince Ed- ward county, Virginia, May 20th, 1806. He was the second son of Rev. Archibald Alexander, D. D., the first Professor in the Princeton Theo- logical Seminary, and of Janetta (Waddel) Alex- ander, daughter of Rev. James Waddel, Wirts' " Blind Preacher." Having passed through preliminary instruction, he became a student at Princeton College, from which he graduated with the class of 1824. He then took up the study of law, under the guidance of Hon. James S. Green, in Princeton, New Jersey, and was admitted in due course to the bar, in 1827. As a lawyer he took high rank. He mingled actively in politics, his convictions attaching him to the Democratic party, ofwliicli he became a conspicuous leader. In 1853 he was elected to the State Senate, of which he continued, by successive elections, a member until 1S68. For four years he presided over that body as its president, and his rule was distinguished for its ability, impartiality, discretion, firmness and dignity. In 1S57 he received the Democratic nomination for Governor, but he was defeated with his party. Two years subsequently, in 1859, he was chosen President of the Equitable Life As- surance Society of the United .States, and held the position up to the time ol his death, August 24th, 1874. He was a member from New Jersey of the famous Peace Congress, held in Washington in 1S61, and did his best to secure the objects with which that assemblage was called together. In recognition of his scholarship and public services La- fayette College, Pennsylvania, conferred the degree of Doctor of Laws upon him in i860. He was never married. TRATTON, HON. JOHN L. N., President of the Farmers' National Bank, of Mount Holly, New Jersey, was born in that township, November 27lh, 1S17. His father was John L. Stratton, M. D., a distinguished practitioner of Burlington county, who carried out his profession for more than forty-five years. His mother, whose maiden name was Ann Newbold, descending from an old and influential family, was a native of the same county. His early educa- cation was mainly obtained at select schools in Mount Holly. He was prepared for college at Mendham, Morris county. New Jersey, and in the spring of 1834 entered Princeton, from which he graduated in September, 1836. Upon his return to his native town he spiritedly entered upon the study of law, under the guidance of B. R. Browne, Esq., and in 1839 received his license as attorney, and in 1842 as counsellor. He commenced at once the practice of his profession, which he has ever since steadily maintained in the county and State courts. His reputation is that of an able and honorable advocate, and his clientage is vei7 large. In 1858 he was elected to Congress from the Second District, on the Republican ticket. Primarily he was a Whig, and upon the dissolution of that party he iden- tified himself with the Republican organization, of which he has ever since been a prominent member. In i860 his constituency returned him a second time to the national House of Representatives. His record in these two ses- sions of Congress shows him to have been an industrious worker, strong in argument, ready in parliamentary law, influential in committee meetings, and at all times faithful to the people whom he so ably represented. Upon the con- clusion of his Congressional service he resumed his practice of the law. In 1875 he was chosen President of the Far- mers' National Bank, of Mount Holly, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of John Black, Esq., who had served in BIOGRAriHCAL EXCVCLOr.KDIA. 39 that responsible position for the remarkable period of fifty- seven years. The institution was organized in 1S14, and since Mr. Slralton has been called to ils management he has sufficiently shown his ability as a careful financier. For some years past he has served also as President of the Gas Works. lie is still actively interested in politics, and gives hi-i good counsel to the organization with which he has been for many yeare so honorably identified. In 1842 he m.irried Caroline Nevvbold, of Burlington county, New Jersey. TRATTON, LTEUTENANT-COLONEI. JAME.S NEWBOLD, A. M., Judge-Advocate on ihe Staff of General Gershoni MotI, was born, August 26th, 1845, in Mount Holly, Burlington GS\ county, New Jersey. His falher is the Hon. John L. N. Siratton, a prominent lawyer of that pl.ice, and President of the Farmers' National Bank, whose biographical sketch goes before. His mother, Caroline Newbold, was a member of an old and highly respected family of Burlington counly. He spent a considerable period of his youth at a select school of Mount Holly, where he acquired an excellent rudimentary education ; thence passed into the I.awrenceville High School, where, from 1S60 to 1863, he studied the courses essentially pre- paratory to a collegiate career, and in the fall of the latter ye.nr entered Princeton College. Two years after, so rapid anil substantial was his progress, he graduated with the c'nss of 1S65, and in 1868 receiveil the degree of A. M. He commence I at once, upon leaving Princeton, the study of law in his father's office at Mount Holly, and in 1S68 was licensetl as an attorney, and in 1S71 as counsellor. Since his admission to the bar he has been actively engaged in prjlessional labors at Mount Holly, and has participated in many of the most important cases which have been bnnight up for adjudication. In politics he is identified with the Republican party, of which, in his locality, he is a leading member. He has served on important committees, and has frequently stumped the State in the inierest of Re- publican candidates. In speaking he is fluent, with a ready memory to reproduce facts in local, Stale, or national his- tory, and a quick ability to construct from them a powerful argument. He was chosen a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, in 1876, which nominated for the Presidency the Hon. Rutherford B. H.ayes. He fills, and has filled a number of important trusts. At this time he is Solicitor for the First National Bank, of Vincentown, New Jersey. He h IS for a number of terms served as the legal adviser to the officers of Mount Holly, and has been a director of the Farmers' National Bank, of the same place, and of which his father is president, since 1872. On August 12th, 1873, he was commissioned Major of the 7th New Jersey National Guard, and w.as, on the 28lh of June, 1876, raised to the position of Lieutenant Colonel and Judge-Advocate. His interest in the advancement of the military interests is de- cided, and has infused greater activity in the organizations with which he is identified. He is a gentleman not only of ability, but of jirogressive tendency, and enjoys the e.->teem of all his fellow-citizens. ARRISH, JOSEPH, M. D., who is so widely known in connection with the treatment of in- ebriety as a disease, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, November nth, 1818, being the son of the late Dr. Joseph Parrish, of that city. After receiving a liberal education he studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated with distinction in 1S44. He married Lydia Gaskill, ihc daughter of a leading citizen of Burlington, New Jersey, and began practice in that city. Here he achieved rapid success, and in the fourth year of his professional life was nppointed Physician to Burlington College and St. Mary's Hall. About this time he started the Ae~cv yersey Medical Reporter, being its sole editor and proprietor. So ably did he conduct it that the journal attracted the attention of the profession throughout the country, and the New Jersey Medical Society marked their sense of its value by recog- nizing it as their organ, and making an annu.al appropria- tion for its support. Thus firmly estalilivhed, the Keporlcr still enjoys favor, being published from Philadelphia, and managed by Dr. S. W. Butler, formerly Dr. Parrish's office assistant, and later co-editor. After a residence of some years in Burlington Dr. Parrish was waited upon by a com- mittee of the faculty of the Philadelphia College of Medi- cine, and invited to accept the chair of Obstetrics and Dis- eases of Women and Children. At first he declined the offer, but subsequently, at Ihe solicitation of his friends in Philadelphia, he accepted it, and removed thither in 1854. Under the heavy claims of his professorship and a large private practice his health gave way; he resigned his chair, and with his family spent the winter in Alabama, near Montgomery. Failing to realize the anticipated benefit from the change of climate, he sailed for Europe in the following May. A pulmonary complaint had then been de- veloped, and his recovery was deemed doubtful by distin- guished physicians. While abroad he conceived a desire (o visit Switzerland during the winter, and accordingly, ac- companied by his wife and three friends, he made the passage" of the St. Bernard Pass in December. The severe weather and concomitant hardships of the trip exercised the most favorable influence upon the invalid traveller, and his health steadily improved therefrom. He passed some time in Rome, and paid frequent visits to the various hospitals and asylums, in the management of one of which he ob- served a painful carelessness and inhumanity. Expostu- lating with the authorities of the Insane Department of Ihe San Spirilo Hospital for the harshness and severity of iheir 4° BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. discipline, he was referred to the Prefect of the charities of the city. This led to a further reference — this time to the Pope himself. But official circumlocution rendering a per- sonal interview with the pontiff too difficult, Dr. Parrish drew up an urgent appeal to His Holiness, which he handed in person to Cardinal Antonelli, whose sympathies he enlisted so completely that the appeal reached its des- tination under most favorable auspices, and elicited from the Pope a reply to the effect that he " was graciously in- debted to the young American for his kindly and judicious interest." Soon after a medical commission was appointed to examine the hospitals, and to visit similar institutions in France and Germany. As a consequence, the glaring abuses of power upon the helpless inmates of the asylum, appealed against by Dr. Parrish, were entirely corrected. After nearly a year's foreign travel he returned to Phila- delphia, and, his health renewed, proposed to resume prac- tice, for which his advantages, including a Fellowship in the College of Physicians, were unusually good. But the, peculiar ability of his writings and lectures, with the success of his practice, marked him out to a large circle of friends as eminently fitted to take charge of an institution for the training of idiots, lately organized under a charter from the State by Bishop Potter and a few philanthropic Philadel- phians, and commenced in an experimental way in a rented property at Germantown. L'nknown to him, they presented his name to the Board of Directors ; the position was ten- dered to him ; he visited the institution, found it in a state of confusion and disorder, became interested, and, accepting the charge, at once gave form and life to the beneficent enterprise. Under his able administration its value was speedily recognized both by the people and the Legislature of the State. From the former came large private contri- butions, and from the latter liberal appropriations. The Legislatures of New Jersey and Delaware, and the City Councils of Philadelphia, under his influence, voted grants in consideration of the reception and treatment of a given number of children from their respective localities. Having established the institution firmly — it had by this time been removed to Media — Dr. Parrish, in 1S63, resigned its charge, notwithstanding the urgent remonstrances of the Board of Directors, conceiving his services to be demanded by his country. Leaving the school, with which his name will ever be identified, he entered the Sanitary Commission, where he was welcomed by being made the recipient of im- portant trusts. Beginning as an inspector of the camps and hospitals about Washington, he was subsequently delegated to travel through the principal towns of Pennsylvania and some other States, holding public meetings and org.anizing aid societies, with a view to secure mnch-needed additional supplies. He also edited the Sanitary Commission Bul- letin, and so successful was he in the organization of so- cieties for the manufacture of garments and the collection of supplies that he was requested by the board to visit the governors and Legislatures of the loyal States and endeavor to unify and concentrate the work of this valuable auxiliary to the government. This commission he executed with very gratifying results. Subsequently, under a full commission from the President of the United States, he made an ex- tended tour, embracing the numerous camps and hospitals within the Union lines in the West and South, looking after the sick and wounded and distributing with great discretion the supplies of the people through the authorities of tlie government. For some months he superintended the supply stations at White House and City Point, distributing whole cargoes of clothing, ice and hospital stores. In much of this benevolent labor he found a valuable coadjutor in Mrs. Parrish, who, in addition to her many services in connection with the commission, prepared a little volume entitled the " Soldiers' Friend," containing directions how to find the rests and lodges of the commission; also a choice collection of hymns, of which 50,000 copies were distributed gratuit- ously in the army and navy. After the surrender of Lee's army Dr. Parrish went to Richmond, and rendered efficient assistance to the Sanitary Commission in providing for the disbanded soldiers of both armies and the multitudes of destitute negroes. Strongly interested in the condition of the newly emancipated slaves, he, accompanied by his wife, made a tour of inspection of schools throughout the Southern States, in connection with the Freedman's Com- mission. As illustrating the general appreciation of h's noble and disinterested labors during and immediately suc- ceeding the war, it may be mentioned that through all these troublous times he travelled without a weapon of any kind. On one occasion, being arrested by a picket in Virginia, the officer before whom he was taken not only instantly released him, but furnished an escort for his safe conduct to his des- tination. Returning home to Pennsylvania he turned his entire attention to a subject which for many years had oc- cupied his mind — the nature and cure of inebriety. Obser- vation and study had convinced him th.at intemperance was actually a disease, subject to constitutional causes and amen- able to treatment as other diseases are. With this convic- tion he organized the Pennsylvania Sanitarium for the Cure of Inebriates, locating it at Media, and becoming the Presi- dent of its Board. In iS/O he called in New York a con- vention of physicians interested in similar institutions, and the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates was then formed. He was tendered its presidency, but, pre- ferring the secretaryship. Dr. Wiilard Parker, of New York, was, on his motion, elected president. Two years later the presidency was again tendered him, and he accepted, hold- ing it to this day. In 1872, the association being requested by a parliamentaiy committee in England to send a delega- tion to testify before a Select Committee of the English House of Commons, Dr. Parrish and Dr. Dodge, of Bing- hampton. New York, were appointed, and appeared before the committee, in London, during three weeks, which were occupied in their ex.amination, narrating their experience in the treatment of inebriety and presenting an outline of BIOGRArillCAI. ENXVCI.Or.KDIA. 4' American legislation on the subject. A full stenographic ■ report of their testimony was taken and published by the [ British government, while the cbnimitfee were so impressed I that they made a unanimous report adopting the recom- mendations of the delegates. Dr. Donald Dalrymple, I chairman of this committee, had previously visited the ; various American inebriate asylums, and speaking, in his report to the House of Commons, of the Media Sanitarium, he says: " I visited the estal)lishmcnt at Media twice, though I only once saw the superintendent, Dr. Parrish, who, from length of experience, accur.ile knowledge, moderation of views and sobriety of judgment, I place at the head of all those with whom I have had communication." Soon after his return from England he was unexpectedly appointed to negotiate a treaty with the warlike Indians in the territory lying north of Texas, but he visited Washington and de- clined the commission, though repeatedly urged by the Secretary of the Interior to accept. Six months after his return he accepted the invitation of the trustees of the Maryland Inebriate Asylum, located at B.iltimore, to devote a portion of his time to that institution. He found it in a most discouraging condition, but his energy and magnetism soon produced a change for the belter, and aroused a lively interest in the benevolent enterprise throughout the State and country. During all these years of active work on behalf of particular institutions he has not been unmindful of the promulgation of his theory in a wider sphere. By able contributions to the pulilic press and to the medical literature of the country, he has attracted large attention to the scientitic treatment of idiocy and inebriety, and has se- cured for himself the position of an authority on these subjects. Among these publications must be specially noticed his " Report to the Legislature on the Criminal and Dependent Population of Pennsylvania," " Philosophy of Intemperance," " Intemperance as a Disease," being a re- port before the Pennsylvania Medical Society, of which he was first vice-president ;" Classification and Treatment of Inebriates," "Opium Intoxication " and "The Pathology of Inebriety," being a lecture delivered before the Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland. ?Ie has also ap- peared as a lecturer upon these and oilier sulyecls. About the last of October, 1875, he returned to Burlington, in- tending to devote himself to medical literature, and es- pecially to a further elaboration of ihe subject of his specialty; but his return, though after twenty years' ab- sence, was greeted by his many friends with much more enthusiasm than was anticipated, and he found himself r.apidly falling into an extensive practice, which he could not very well avoid. With the vigor of ynnlh, and the enterprise which he has always manifested in his jirofc"- sion, he is still pursuing a practice that occupies much of his time. He is, however, not so much occupied that he cannot devote a few spare hours to the preparation for the press of a work on the " Pathology and Treatment of Alco- holic and Opium Intoxication." The fii-st to elaborate the theory that inebriety and the 0)>ium habit are diseases sub- ject to regular medical treatment in such a way as to secure its acceptance by the medical profession, he has earned the gr.atitude of all humanitarians and done ravich to advance the welfare of mankin.l. Much of his success may be at- tributed to his great personal magnetism, which altr.:iis support from society and confidence from his patients. Naturally he has been approached by temperance organiza- tions and appealed to by them for co-operation and support. But pursuing his theory simply in its medical aspect he has invariably declined such affiliations, preferring, to use his own expression, "not to dilute his energies" by too much subdivision. The subject, as he views it, is large enough to engage all the powers of any man, and in his devotion to its study on that line he is best serving his generation and posterity. At a recent meeting of the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates, of which he was the founder and which he served as president for three years, he w.as made Secretary for foreign correspondence, and requested liy resolution to communicate with all civilized nations having official correspondence with the United States, and with all heathen nations in which there are Christian missions, through our foreign consuls and ministei-s, and through the several missions, and propound to them such questions as he may prepare, for the purpose of eliciting and collating reliable facts as to the kind and char.icter of intoxicants used by the several nations and kingdoms of the globe, and of the laws governing their manufacture and sale, as well as the effect on the morals and habits of the people. He is now engaged in this comprehensive service, and when he shall have completed it he will have secured most impor- tant facts, which will of course be made the properly of the public. EELEY, HON. ELIAS P., Lawyer and Governor and Chancellor of New Jersey, was born, 1791, in Cumberland county. New Jersey, and was de- scended from one of the Puritan settlers, who removed from Connecticut towaids the close of the seventeenth century and located in that sec- tion. While a child, his father removed to Bridgeton and held several county oflices beside serving both in the As- sembly and Legislative Council of the Stale. Elias had but a limited education, but entered upon the study cf law in the office of Daniel Elmer, and was licensed as an attorney in 1815. lie shortly after commenced the inactice of his profession, adding to the latter the duties of a conveyancer. He was elected a member of the Legislative Ccniucil in 1829, and thereafter re-elected for three successive years; and in 1832 w.as chosen viceqiresident of ihe same. When Governor Southard was elected Uniled States .Senator a vacancy was then created in ihe executive chair, and at a joint meeting of" the Legislature, held in March, 1S33, Ell.~s P. Secley was elected to fill the same. During his teim BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. of service as Chancellor, the celebrated Quaker case was aryued before him, which consumed over a month in the hearing. The result was to affirm the original decree, seven of the judges, including the Governor, being favorable to the decree, while four dissented from the same. After the exijiration of his term as Governor, he was again elected a member of the Legislature, in which he served for several years. He was politically opposed to the Democratic doc- trines as laid down by Jackson, and toward the close of his life was an active and zealous member of the Whig party. He died in 1846. ' HEDDAN, REV. SAMUEL SHARON, D. D., lale of Rahway, was born in Northumberland county, in Pennsylvania, September 13th, 1810. His grandparents came from Scotland, and settled on a farm w ilhin a few miles of the Susquehanna river, where the homestead of his family remains until the present time. He pursued his studies preparatory 10 college at the academy in Milton, Pennsylvania; entered Jeff^;rson College in the year 1S30, and graduated two years afterward. Theology he studied at Princeton, and was li- censed to preach by the Presbytery of Noi'thumherland in the fall of 1834. Shortly after his license Dr. Sheddan was called to take charge of the church at Muncy for one-half of his time, and to give the other half as a supply to the church in Williamsport, in Pennsylvania. At the end of two and a half years he was called to relinquish his field in Williamsport, and give this half of his time as co-paslor with Dr. Bryson in the church at Wairior Run. Dr. Biyson had been pastor of the church at Warrior Run for about fifty years, and under his pastorate both the grandfather and the father of Dr. .Sheddan had become ruling elders. He rem:rined four years and a half as co-pastor with Dr. Bryson, and at the end of that period I)ec.ame sole pastor of the church, then one of the largest churches in the vicinity. He remained at Warrior Run eleven years from the day he became sole pastor of the church. At the end of that time he was unanimously called to the First Presbyterian Church in Rahw.iy, New Jersey. On December 17th, 1835, he was united in marriage with Mai-y Boyd, daughter of the Rev. Alexander Boyd, of Newtown, Pennsylvania. In the year 1864 he received the degree of Doctor of Divinity from Ciilumbia C'lllege, New York. The life of Dr. Sheddan was a most laborious and useful one. During his ministry at Wariior Run, he united the office of teacher with that of pastor, and by unremitting toil carried on successfully both his school and his church. Among other fruits of his labors he jirepared for college from twelve to fifteen ministers of the Gospel, many of whom still survive; and through them, though dead, he still speaks. He remained the beloved jiastor of the Fn-st Presbyterian Church in Rahway, New Jersey, for twenty-two years and a half, and Sunday, at noon, on October l8th, 1874, upon the fortieth anniversary of his ministerial life, he laid down his earthly work to re-- ceive his crown. LMENDORF, JOHN C, Lawyer, and Treasurer of Rutgers College, was born in Somerset cmnily. New Jersey, in March, I0I4. His parents, Wil- liam C. and Maria (Duniont) Ehnendorf, were both natives of the same .State. He obtained his elementary education at Somerville ; entered Rut- gers College in 1833, and was graduated in 1836. Choos- ing the legal profession, he became a student in the office of Judge S. Nevins, of New Brunswick, and after the pre- scribed course of study was licensed as an attorney in i8"9, and as counsellor in 1842. For fifteen years he served wiih marked ability and fidelity as Prosecutor of the Pler.s fia* Middlesex County, filling the office under the administra- tions of Governors Slratton, Newell and Olden. Ap|ioinltd Treasurer of Rutgers College in 1S53, he has dischnrgtd the duties of that position for over twenty-three years wilh distinguished ability, and to the increased prosperity of the institution. He was married on October 6th, 1S57, to Maria Louisa Frelinghuysen, of New Jersey. yivJI'URrHY, COLONEL WILLIAM ROBIN.SON, ' Supervisor of the New Jersey Stale Prison, at Trenton, was liorn at Princeton, New Jersey, No- vember 27th, 1809. His father, Willinm R. Murphy, a farmer by occupation, was a native of Lawrence township, Mercer county, in ihe same State, and his mother, whose maiden name was Mary Burk, was born in Princeton. John Burk, his maternni grand- father, was a sergeant in the Maryland Line Regiment of Infantiy, under General George Washington, and received at Monmouth a wound, which eventually proved fatal. Colonel Murphy's education was obtained in the Princeton common schools. When fifteen years of age he was ap]ircn- ticed in the cabinet-making trade, to which he devoted him- self assiduously, and when attaining his m.ajority, his em- ployer dying, the entire business which the latter had built up in Princeton fell into his hands. He carried this on with good results for eight years, and was compelled then to relinquish it by reason of failing health, retiring for a time from active life. In 1844 he was appointed Postmaster at Princeton, and filled this position acceptably to his fellow- townsmen for many years. In 1852 he was appointed Cleik of Mercer county, and remained in office until the expira- tion of his term, which comprised a period of five years, win- ning golden opinions from all classes in the community by the energy, promjitilude and fidelity he displayed in the dis- charge of his duties, and by the urbanity of his deporlment. DIOCRAPIIICAL ENCVCI.Or.KDIA. He had ahvnys manifested a deep interest in military matters, was a member of a military organization, and at the lime of the breaking out of the late civil war, he was in command of a fine body of men, in discipline and mora/e unsurpassed by any other of like numbers in the State. With this body, acting heartily with him, he was among the first to respond to President Lincoln's call for troops. Governor Olden placed him, successively, in various posi- tions, all comprising important military trusts, and in Febru- aiy, 1S62, he received his commi>sion as Colonel of the lolh New Jersey Infantry. In 1863, after resisting for a time pressing importunities to return, he came from the field to supervise the interests of the canal company. In March of the same year he resigned his command, and was ap- pointed Inspector and Collector of the Delaware & Raritan Canal, a joint company with the old Camden & Amboy Railroail. For a few months he served as Superintendent of the Air Line from New York to Washington, the business of which had assumed huge proportions in consequence of its being used as the main road for the transportation of troops and army supplies from the northeast to the seat of war. He retained his connection with the canal company up to 1868. In April of the following year he was chosen to the Supervisorship of the State Prison at Trenton, and it is an excellent commentary on the ability and care with which he has discharged all his onerous duties, that he has continued ever since to fill that position in the midst of great political changes. He is an active Democrat, but al- lows no partisan zeal to influence him in the fulfilment of the responsibilities laid upon him. lie has reformed many abuses in prison discipline, and has originated and rendered practical many beneficial methods of discipline, and has been often rewarded by the commendation of the people. He is a gentleman of engaging manners, versatile in busi- ness accomplishments, and firm in action when convinced it is for private and public good. His residence is at Bordentown, and his wife, whose maiden name was Mary Landphier, and her native place. New London, Connecti- cut, is a lady of many accomplishments, and ably supports him in all his undertakings. :ARRIS0N, CHARLES H., Manufacturer of Patent Leather, was born in Parsippany, Morris county. New Jersey, March 12th, 1825. His f.rther, Henry Harrison, originally a manufact- urer, was a native of Orange, New Jersey, as was his father before him. Captain Thomas Harrison, a soldier of the Revolution, who died about 1837, at the ripe age of eighty. His mother was Pamela De Hart, of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, a descendant of the De Harts of revolutionary fame ; so that revolutionai-y blood pours into his veins along both lines of descent. He attended the district schools of Morris county until he was twelve | years of age, at which ])crioil his parents removed to Orange, where he resumed his attendance at school, thouijh only for the winter months, working through the rest of the year on tfie farm with his father, who h.ad retired from manufactur- ing, and engaged in agriculture. He continued thus to divide his time between the farm and the school till he w.is fifteen years old, when he left school, and for a short time gave his whole attention to the farm, after which he wi nt to Newark, and entered the establishment of Colonel I). I!. Crockett, for the purpose of learning the art of mnnufictur- ing patent leather. lii this establishment he remained untd 1848, when, having mastered the business, he left for PiUs- Inirgh, Pennsylvania, to take charge, of a patent leather manufactory at that place. This position he held till 1S50, discharging its duties faithfully and alily. He had now acquired experience as well as skill in his business, and withal a small capital, the fruit of hard labor and self-deny- ing ecoiiomy. With this stock, of w hich by far the most valuable part was carried not in his purse, but in his head, he returned to Newark, and laid the foundations — in a small way, indeed, but on the present site — of the extensive and flourishing business which now spreads his name in all quarters of this continent. A little over a year after he set up in business on his own account he associated with him his brother, John D. Harrison, under the firm-name of C. H. & J. D. Harrison. Their united capital was not large, but both were hard workers, with clear perceptions of what should be done, and sti-ong wills and cunning hands to do it. They were determined to succeed, and^ as usually fol- lows in such cases, they carried their determination into effect. They have succeeded eminently, standing to-day among the acknowledged leaders of their business in the United States. Their present manufactories, erected on the site occupied at the outset, cover about two acres of ground, and, when running at full force, they employ some one hun- dred and twenty men, producing twenty thousand hides, annually. Their trade, which is steadily increasing, extends now over all parts of the United States, Canada, and the East and West Indies. Not content with their success, they treat it as a stepping-stone to greater achievements in the future. The spurs they won long ago they used only to prick the sides of their ambition, and, in the midst of ripening prosperity, they still maintain the same spirit. With them success is not a sedative, but a stimulant. The senior member of the firm is in politics a Republican, and in 1S75 represented the Sixth Assembly District of Essex county in the Legislature, where he displayed the diligence, judgment, and liberality that have characterized him as a business man. He is now one of the School Commissiorr- er-s of the city of Newark. On the special call of the gov- ernment during the Gettysburg fight he volunteered his services, and was assigned to duty as Quartermaster of the Provisional Battalion of New Jersey Volunteers, stationed at Harrisburg. He was married in April, 1S49, to Marie Brewster, of New Jcr-sey. BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. ARICK THEODORE ROMEVN, M. D., of afier Operations and Grave Injuries," was reported by the Jersey City, was born, June 241 li, 1S25, in Dutchess I Ne county, New Yi His fallicr, John Vreeden- , als ■ York Medical Journal in October of that year. He connected with the Jersey City Pathological Society, nd with the Neurological Society of New York city. In 1S69 he was appointed by Governor Randolph to the office of Surgeon-General of the State of New Jersey, and slill ' occupies that position. He is Attending Surgeon to St. bergh Varick, was a native of New York city. His moiher, Anna Maria (Romeyn) Yarick, belonged to the Romeyn family of Hackensack, New Jersey. Members of this family have, for the last three generations, ministered to the congregation of the Reformed Dutch m ' Francis' Hosjjital and also to Jersey City Charity Hospital, that to\vn and the pulpit is at present filled by one of them. In 1S67 he reported to the Medical Record :>. case of" Com- His uncle. Colonel Richard Varick, leaving his profession, plete Lateral Luxation of the Radius and Ulna, outward to that of the' law, enrolled hmiself during the revolutionary the Radial Side." The records of medical science contain war anion" his country's defenders, and was attached to , but thirteen similar cases, those having occurred in France. General Benedict Arnold's staff at the time of that great | He also published an article on " Urticarea Produced by traitor's defection. Subsequently Colonel Yarick became ! Hydrocianic Acid." This was as early as 1S47, and in the private secretary to Washington, and continued in that same year he wrote another paper on the " Use of Nitrate office till the close of the war. He was Recorder of New ' of Silver in Acute Laryngitis." In 1S59 he contributed to Y'ork city from 1783 to 1788; being also, from 178710 1788, | the medical press an account of the removal of a fibre-cellular a member of the Assembly. From 178S to 1789 he^ served J tumor from the tongue with the ecraseur. In 1S69 he re- as Attorney-General for the State of New York. In the ' corded a case of " Subperiostal Resection of the Clavicle." latter year he was elected Mayor of the cily of New York, His contributions to the medical literature of his day are holdin" but he never lived to complete it. He died June 7th, 1826. cr>il, LLEN, ROBERT, Jr., Lawyer, of Red Bank, was (^'i\'^ born in the city of New York, March 2d, 1824. l£ir\ J His father, Charles G. Allen, is a native of Mid- "^frA dletown. New Jersey; for many years he was 5 -Ni engaged as a looking-glass and picture-frame manufacturer in New York city, a business he subsequently abandoned to take up farming in New Jersey. His mother's maiden name was Catherine Traflord, who was born at Rumson village, Shrewsbury township, Mon- mouth county, New Jersey. Young Robert received excel- lent educational advantages. After a thorough preparatory training he entered Princeton College in 1842, and took a four years' course, graduating in 1846. His inclitiation leading him towards the law as a profession, he immedi- ately began study with the late Judge Peter Vredenbergh, at Fj-eehold, New Jersey. After passing through the pre- scribed preliminaries he was licensed as an attorney in 1851, and in three years was qualified as counsellor. On beginning the active prosecution of his profession he took up his residence at Red Bank, where he has since con- tinued to practise. He is a close and industrious student, and has attained a wide reputation as a learned lawyer. His practice is chiefly in the State and county courts. He is the author of sever.al important acts passed by the Legis- lature of New Jersey, among them the noted Railroad law of 1874, commonly called the Ten-day law, whereby the New Jersey Southern Railroad, from Sandy Hook through Long Branch and Vineland to the Delaware, was put in re- operation, to the relief of the towns and business centres in the neighborhood of the route of the road and its branches. For a period of five years, from 1867 to 1872, he was State's Attorney for Monmouth county, by commission from the governor, and performed the duties of that office with ready ^ Aiie^jii ^_ r^ilad^ U^ BIOCRArillCAL KXCVCI.Or.F.DIA. 49 zeal, ability, ami constant fnlelily to the pnlilic interests. He takes a deep interest in the afi'airs of the town, and his value as a citizen and popularity as a man are attested by the fact that for three years past he has been chosen its mayor. Among otlicr responsible trusts he holds he is Vice-President of the First National Bank, of Red Bank, and one of the Trustees of the State Normal School, upon whose Board he is now serving his second term. In poli- tics he is a staunch Republican, and has yielded his party good service. Several valuable campaign papers have issued from his pen, .is did also the first editorial article in any paper earnestly advocating the nomination of Governor Hayes for President. He was married, February 14th, 1855, to Rebecca S. Crawford, of Middletown, New Jersey. 'ERRV, WILLIAM II., Manufacturer, of Wood- bridge, is a native of New England, having l)een born in Litchfield, Maine, September iSth, 1S05. He comes of revolutionary stock, his grand- father, Nathaniel Berry, having served through- out the revolutionary war with bravery and dis- tinction. Shortly after December, 1777, Nathaniel Berry became attached to General Washington's Life Guard, a body of men selected for their courage, hardihood and trustworthiness. He died, August 20lh, 1S50, at Pittston, Maine, in the ninety-fourth year of his age, and his ob- sequies were celebrated in a manner befitting a m.an so devoted in his patriotism ; he was buried with civic and military honors, and was followed to his grave by large numbers of citizens, who continued to cherish the remem- brance of his virtues and services. He was a man of natu- rally strong chaiacter, and retained the use of Iiis faculties to the last. At the time of his death he was the last sur- viving member of Washington's Life Guard. Nathaniel Berry's son, John Berry, was a farmer, who married Eliza- beth Robinson, also a native of Maine. When well ad- vanced in life they removed from Litchfield to Gardiner, Maine, and there their son, William 11. Berry, received his education, attending the public schools at Gardiner. He continued his attendance at school until he was nineteen years of age, when he entered upon the active business of life on his own account. On leaving school he entered upon a maritime career, and followed the sea for a period of six years. He commenced his sea-going experiences as a common sailor before the mast, and finished them as first officer. On retiring from the sea he established himself in Jersey City, New Jersey, where he remained for a term of two years, associated with his brother in the business of baling and shipping hay. In the year 1832 be removed from Jersey City to Woodl)ridge, where he continue New Jersey, was born at Pittsgrove, Salem county, [S New Jersey, April 24th, 1812. His father, Wil- liam ^Loper, was also a native of that section of the State, and was engaged in agriculttiral pur- suits. His worth .md integrity being appreciated by the community in w-hich he resided, he was for several years chosen as Justice of the Peace, and for twenty-five years he served as an Associate Judge of the Common Pleas C )urt of Salem County. He died in 1871 at the ripe age of eighty-eight, respected and esteemed by all who had in- tercourse with him either in public or private life. The mother of Dr. Loper was Mera .Abbott, a native of (llouces- ter county. She was descended from a family well known in this section of the State. Her grandfather, Rev. Benja- min Abbott, who came from England, was a Methodist divine who for many years travelled an extended circuit in West Jersey, and became widely known and beloved as a Christian teacher. Her father, Jeptha Abboll, following in the footsteps of his father, became a Methodist divine, and labored in that church for many yeai-s. The preliminary education of Dr. Loper was obtained in his native county, and after mastering the elementary rudiments he attended the old-established school of Samuel Miller, at Bridgelon; here he acquired proficiency in Latin and Greek, and fin- ished his course of studies. .Selecting the time-honored profession of medicine for his future vocation, he immedi- ately commenced studying to that end in the office of Dr. William C. Mulford, of Daretown, Pittsgrove township, ai:d in the fall of 1S34 matriculated at Jefferson Medical College, iVom which he was graduated in the spring of 1S36. For a ''ew months he practised at Pittsgrove, but in the f.ill of 1835 he located at Millviile, where he has since resided. Thus, for a period of foity years, has Dr. Loper devoted himself to the arduous labors of an extensive and extended practice. For a long period the only jihysician of note in the vicinity, he was called upon from far and near to ad- minister to the needs of the sick. Being wrapjicd \ip in his professional life, he has avoided and declined participa- tion in political and public office, although having been fre- quently solicited to accept of positions of honor and trust. He was married, March 15th, 1837, to Rebecca K. Rich- mond, a native of Pittsgrove. This estimable lady died November 20th, 1S69. The issue of this marriage was three sons, all of «hom are now deceased. ' f)iOPER,WILLL\M F., A. B., and M. D., son of Dr. .-, James Loper, was born, July iSlh, 1839, at Mill- ) ville. After a thorough preparatory course se- cured at the West Jersey -Academy, in Bridgeton, he entered, in 1857, the freshman class of Prince- ton College, and received therefrom in 1861 the degree of A. B. at the conclusion of a four years' course. Inheriting, as it were, a love for the profession of his father he pursued the regular courses of study at Jefferson Medical College, gr.iduating therefrom in the spring of 1863, and immediately returned to his native town and entered upon his professional career. He died January 15th, 1864, his death being caused by the error of a druggist in furnishing a prescription which he took. Thus, in the flower of life, was cut down one who gave much promise of a bright career; one who would have been an honor to the profession at large, and a joy to the community in which he resided. His professional brethren felt that in his premature death their r.inks had lost one who would have rapidly acquired a leading position in the profession, had his life been spr.iecl. C, BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOr.KDIA. 51 I'EAR, IIENRV, Printer and Stationer, was born, January 26lh, 1S17, at ISoston. His fatlitr, a native of tlie same place, was by occupalion a printer, and transacted a large business. His mother, whose maiden name was Elizabeth Fisk, was born in Massachusetts. Mr. Spear's early education w.as obtained at New Hampton Academy, New Hampshire, which he left when eleven years of age, moving to New York city. Here he entered the printing-house of Spear & Nesbit, and served a full apprenticeship. Upon at- taining his majority he commenced business on his own account, and rapidly built up a large printing trade, with which he combined the manufacture and sale of stationery and book-binding. He has heen thus engaged ever since, and is now located at the corner of Wall and Water streets. New York. For seventeen years he has resided at Rahway, New Jeisey, and has taken great interest in uii^'in. ting and cariying out many local improvements for the emljellish- nient of the town where he resides and the comfort of its citizens. He is a Director of the Rahway Savings Institu- tion, and is prominently identified with a number of other social and business organizations. In 1S40 he married Sophia H. Whitman, of Boston. l BERNETHY, SAMUEL, M. D., late of Rahway, was born in Tinicum township, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, February 22d, 1806. His mother died when he was three years of age, and his father before he b.ad reached his thirteenth year. Being thus early left an orphan, he was sent to pursue his studies with the Rev. Mr. Boyd, at Newtown, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. From there he went to Union College, New York, where he graduated in the year 1S27. He commenced the study of medicine with the eminent physician and surgeon. Dr. Delos White, of Cherry Valley, Otsego county. H.iving laid a foundation of medical knowl- edge, he entered the Medical University of Pennsylvania, graduating in 1830. Directly after he was appointed Sur- geon to the hospital in Philadelphia, and honorary member of the Medical Society of Philadelphia. In March, 1S31, he removed to Rahway, where, at the age of twenty-five, he commenced practice. This place remained the scene of his labors until his death, which took pl.ice F"ebruary ijih, 1874. He had an extensive practice, and was widely known as an eminent physician and surgeon. His genius was too great to allow his reputation to be merely local. Neighboring cities and States acknowledged him the peer of their most distinguished pr.actilioners, and brouglit to him their tribute. Notwithstanding his great merits he was peculiarly unostentatious, and was never known to speak of what he had done, but seemed always to be looking forward to what he could do in the future. Forty-three years as a practitioner would naturally endear one to his patients; but P^ the rare ability, genial sjiirlt and ehaiacteristic unseUislincss of Dr. Abeniethy endeared him to the people of Rahway in a manner rarely known. He was a bachelor, and could therefore be truly wedded to his profession, not for his own emolument, however, but fur the good thai thruindi his agency he could do his fellow-creature. He was reticent and reserved in dispositiim ; his silence was proverbial ; yet the young as well as the ohi felt their gatherings incomplete without him. He was truly Railway's own, and his death caused such a demonstration as was never before seen there. Meetings of the city authorities and of the citizens were called and resolutions passed. His body lay in state in the First Presbyterian Church, fromwhich he was buried, sumc hours before the funeral, which was largely attended by citizens, officials and the medical profession. Business was suspended, and fags di>])l.iycd at half-mast showed unmis- takably that the place of his labors mourned a great man and a good, gone. UITORD, HON. DAVID, Judge of the C. mmon Picas, was born in Linden township. New Jersey, JJUL ^^"^ ^~'^' '^-5. 'lis father, Lewis Midford, hav- (7!i^,^^ ing been born in the same township on August 5th, 1790. The latter was by trade a carpenter, but in 1S32 he took up farming, and has since followed it with success and without interruption. His wife was Charlotte Williams, wdio was born in Union township in 1795. Mr. Mulford's education was conducted in his native township, and the loss incurred by him from the lack of great facilities in those days was made up by his own indefatigable efforts in private study. He followed, vviih his father, agricultural pursuits until 1858, when he entered business as a coal and lumber merchant. He had been, from the date of his majority, an active and intelligent par- tisan of the Democracy, and became a leader to the people of his township, who, in 1S59 and in i860, elected him as their representative in the lower house of the State Assemblv. In 1862 he was appointed Judge of the Common Pleas for a term of five years, and in 1868 the distinction of a reappoint- ment for a similar period was conferred on him. lUiiing his first term Daniel Harris was president judge of ll:e court, and William Gibley and Theodore Kirson, associates. During his second term, David A. Depue was president ■judge, and William Gibley and Hugh H. Bowne, asso- ciates. His service on the bench was marked by a clear knowledge of the letter and a keen appreciation of the spirit of the law, and his rulings and charges were admira- ble in their summary of facts and their application of laws bearing upon them. For ten years Mr. Mulford has been a Director in the State Bank, for a long period a Director of the National Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and a Manager of the Dimes Saving Institntion. For several terms he filled with general approval a seal in the Board of Chosen Freeholders, and for three years acted .as one of lis 52 BIOGRArniCAL KNCYCLOP.EDIA. Directors. In his various capacities, as a business man, as a civic official, he has, by his firm integriiy and substantial ability, secured the esteem of all brought in contact with him, and is justly regarded as one of the foremost citizens of his township. He was married, in 1847, to Cliarily O., daughter of Townley Mulford, of Linden. ^y-^7, NJ)RUS, CHARLES H., M. D., Physician, of Metuchen, was born in Winham, Greene county, New York, October I3lh, 1823. He sprang from New England stock, his parents, Sylvester and Elizabeth P. (Clark) Andrus, being both natives of Connecticut. His early educational training he obtained at Roxbury district school, from which he pro- ceeded, in 1840, to Delaware academy, Delphi, Delaware county. New York. At this latter institution he remained a student for three years, becoming during the last a tutor as well as a student, assisting in the instruction of chemistry and Latin. Having selected the medical profession for his life-work, he began the study of its principles under Dr. E. Steel. This he followed up with a two years' course at the College of Physicians and .Surgeons, of New York, and then took a single year's course at Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield, Massachusetts. His degree was conferred by the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York, in 1845. Thus carefully prepared for the duties of a medical practitioner, he began practice in his native place, but soon after, in 1S46, chose Poughkeepsie, New York, as his field of labor. Here he became associated with Dr. A. B. Har- vey, and the connection continued for two years, after which he pursued practice alone until 1857, when he removed to Balston Spa, Saratoga county. In this new sphere he re- mained until the spring of 1S62, when, desirous of contribut- ing his services to the cause of his countiy, he entered the army as Assistant Surgeon of the I28lh Regiment of New York Volunteers. In 1S64 his skill and devotion met with recognition in a commission as Surgeon of the I76lh New York Infantry, with which he served until its disbandment in April, 1866, the regiment being retained on duty in tieorgia after the close of the war. During three months in the year 1864 he was detailed for duty at Sheridan's Field Hospital in the valley of the Shenandoah as Medical In- spector and Operating Surgeon, After leaving the army he resumed practice at Poughkeepsie, where he remained until 1872. In that year he settled in Metuchen, the present scene of his labors. He enjoys a considerable and valuable practice, and is highly esteemed both as a medical man and as a large-hearted and public-spirited citizen. During his residence in Poughkeepsie he served for several years as a member of the Bt)nrd of Education, and for two terms as Coroner for Dutchess county. In this latter capacity he has also officiated in Middlesex county, New Jersey, for one year. While living at Balston Spa, he was twice elected President of the Saratoga County Medical Association. He was married, October 7th, 1S45, to Louisa C. Cowles, daughter of Dr. Jonathan B. Cowles, of Durham, Greene county. New York. 'i~TT\\ ICKINSON, GENERAL PHILEMON, Soldier and Statesman, was born in 1740, and was de- scended from Philemon Dickerson, who with his -1 crui brothers emigrated from England, and landed in t) S^ Massachusetts in 163S. He was admitted a free- man of the town of Salem in 1641, and removed to Long Island in 1672. He had two sons, Thomas and Peter. Thomas had four sons, all of whom moved to Morris county. New Jersey, about 1745, and from these the Dicker- sons and Dickinsons, as their names were sometimes written, are descended. During the war of the Revolution, General Dickinson took an early and active part in the struggle for his country, and hazarded his ample fortune as well as his life to establish independence. In the memorable battle of Monmouth, at the head of the New Jersey militia, he ex- hibited the gallantry and spirit of a soldier of liberty. After the establishment of the national government he became a ■ member of Congress. In the v.arious stations, both civil and military, with which he was honored, he discharged his du- ties with great zeal and ability. During the last twelve or fifteen yeare of his life, he retired from active life, passing the remainder of his days at his country-seat, near Trenton, where he died, Fcbruaiy 4th, 1809. OODBRIDGE, REV. SAMUEL M., D. D., Cler- gyman and Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Government in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, New Brunswick, was born, April 5th, 1819, in Greenfield, Massachu- setts, and is the son of the late Rev. Dr. Sylvester and. Elizabeth (Brewster) Woodbridge. His father had been at one period pastor of the orthodox Congregational Church of .South Hampton, Massachusetts, whence he re- moved to New Orleans, where he became pastor of the .Second Presbyterian Church for some years previous to his death, which occurred in the autumn of 1S62. His mother was a native of Sharon, Connecticut. He received his pre- liminary education in an academy in his native town, which he attended for five years, and thence proceeded to the city of New York, where he became a jiupil in the select academy of William Sherwood. In 1834 he matriculated at the New York University, from which institution he graduated in 1S38. He next entered the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, .at New Brunswick, for the study of divinity, and received his diploma on the completion of the course in 1841. Shortly after leaving this institution he received a call to become the pastor of the South Reformed i;iOGRAP.;iCAL ENCVCLOr.KDIA. 53 Dulcli Churcli of Broolilyn, which he accepted, and labored there for the period of nine years. Having, at the end of this time, received a call to the pulpit of tlie Sccoml Ke- forincd Dutch Church of CoxsaeUie, New \'ork, lie removed to that place and became its pastor for two years, 1S50 to 1852. In the latter year he assumed charge of the Second Reformed Dutch Church of New Brunswick, where he re- mained until his appointment, in 1856, as Professor of Mental Philosophy in Rutgers College in that city. He filled this chair with acceptability for the period of three years, when he was chosen as Professor of Ecclesiaslieal History and Government in the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church, New IhunswicU, which position he still retains. He was married, February, 1S45, to Caro- line Bergen, of Brooklyn, New York, who died in i860. After a widowerhood of seven years, he was united in mar- ri.ige to Anna W., daughter of Charles P. D.iyton, for many years an extensive dry-goods merchant of New Brunswii I tii '1 AGE, RICHARD H., M. D., Physician, of Colum- bus, Burlington county, was born near Medford, in the samecounly of New Jersey, September 22d, 1S2S. He is a member of the medical profession by inheritance, as it were, his father, Thomas Page, having been a well-known practitioner in and around Tuckerton,in the same county, while his grand- father, William P.age, was .also a physici.an. On the mater- nal side, also, his descent is from a New Jersey family, his mother being Elizabeth, daughter of Thom.as Butcher, of Burlington county. He obtained his early education in the public and select schools of Tuckerton, and from 1S43 '° 1S46 he was a pupil in the Pennington Academy. The study of medicine he began with Dr. Budd, of Mount Holly, and continued under the direction of that gentleman during the summer months. In the winters he attended the regular course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, and pursued his readings under the care of Dr. S. G. Morton, of Philadelphia, who was then President of the Academy of Natural Sciences. After a full course at the University of Pennsylvania, he was graduated from that institution w'ilh the degree of M. D. in March, 1850. In July of the same year he located in Columbus and began the practice of his profession. From that time he has been actively engaged in the same sphere of usefulness, his pr.iclice expanding year by year, and assuming alw.ays a more influential and lucrative character. He occupies a high jjosition in the re- .spect and regard of his professional brethren. In the county medical society he has held the offices of Secretary and President, has frequently been a delegate therefrom to the State Medical Society, and was a Delegate to the Con- vention of the North .'\nierican Medical Association held in Philadelphia. A public-spirited citizen, he takes an earnest interest in all movements calculated to advance the welfare of the communily in which he resides. He lent liis ener- gies to the promotion of lljc Columbus, Kincora & Spring- held Railroad, and has been its Treasurer since the organiz- ation of the company. In politics, however, he takes no active part, desiring no other distinction than .accrues in the strict line of his profession. He was married in 1856 to Elizabeth V. Wills, daughter of Judge Moses Wills, of Columbus. HOMP.SON, HON. JOSHUA S., A. M., Lawyer, of Swedesboro', was born in .Somerset counly, Maine, October nth, 1815. 'His parents, James and Susan (Patterson) Thompson, were both na- tives of that Slate, where his father followed agi i- cultural pursuits, but his grandfather, John Thomp- son, belonged to Londonderry, New Hampshire, coming from a long line of ancestors in that section. After a thor- ough preparatory course in the public schools and academies in his native State, the subject of this sketch entered Waler- ville College, in the town of Waterville, Maine, .an institu- tion of high standing in New England, now known as Colby University. From this college he w.as graduated in 1S39, after a four years' course zealously pursued, with the degree of A. B. In 1S44 he received the degree of A. M., in regular course. Electing to join the leg.al profession, he licgan the study of law in the office of Hon. Wymnn B. S. Moore, at Waterville. Here he enjoyed exceptional ad. vantages in legal training, his preceptor being among the eminent lawyers of the State. Subsequently Mr. Moore be- came, in 1S48, Attorney-General of the .State, and, later on, was appointed by the Governor to fill a vacancy in the United States Senate, caused by the death of Hon. John Fairfield. Some years afterwards he W'as nominated and confirmed as United States Consul-General for the British North American Provinces. Under the guidance of this distinguished lawyer Mr. Thompson completed his legal studies, and was admitted to the bar in his native counly, ill the Stale of Maine, in June, 1S41. Thercujion he entered into a law partnership with .Stephen Stark, Esq., a promi- nent Lawyer of Waterville. This connection lasted, how- ever, for about a year only, the delicate condition of his health, caused by excessive mental labor, constant sedenlnry h.ibits and the great severity of the winters in that latitude, compelling him to seek a more genial climate for a resi- dence. After due consideration he concluded to settle in .Swedesboro', Gloucester counly, New Jersey, whither he removed in August, 1842. He could not, however, at once resume the practice of his profession, the rules of the .Su- preme Court of New Jersey requiring a longer course of study and residence in the .State as a condition precedent to admission to its bar. In the meantime, therefore, having had the advantages of a thorough classical education, and appreciating the dignity and value of an eilucalor, he, at the earnest solicitation of the leading men of the town, cng.agtd 54 BIOGRArmCAL EN'CYCLOP.^DIA. in teaching in the academy at that place, and continued so occupied for two years, or until his admission to the bar, in September, 1S44. This experience naturally aroused a lasting interest in educational matters in the community, and the manifestation of this interest has led to the reposing in him of various educational trusts by the community. Thus, about 1848 he was appointed by the Board of Chosen P'reeholders of the county as Examiner of Public School Teachers, and this position, which he was so admirably fitted to fill, he occupied with great acceptability for about eiyht years. He was also for several years connected with the Board of Education of the county. He headed the first teachers' institute ever held in the county of Gloucester, at the ancient town of Swedesboro'. During this period an agitation was commenced having for its object the passage by the Legislature of a new school law, and the movement was entirely successful. A board of commissioners was ap- pointed to report a new school law, wiih other revisions. Among other changes introduced by the new measure was the extension of the school-going age. Under the provisions of the old statute the Iniiit was from five to sixteen years. Mr. Thompson entertained the opinion that instruction should be continued to children until they were eighteen years old, and that the school-going age should be extended to that time, believing that during the additional two years the scholars would be so much more alive to the advantages of education, and so much more capable of comprehending their studies, their minds being more expanded and matured, as to make far greater piogress than during their earlier life. He would prefer and recommend, in the case of males es- pecially, an extension to the age of twenty-one, rather than to make eighteen the limit. He pressed his convictions on this subject so strijngly upon the commissioners appointed by the Legislature to revise the school laws that his appointed by Governor R. M. Price; again, on March 1st, 1S64, by Governor Joel Parker; again, on March 1st, 1869, by Governor Randolph ; acain, on March 2d, 1874, by Governor Joel Parker. Upon the expiration of his present term he will thus have filled this important position for twenty-five years, the service being continuous, save for one interval, occurring between 1859 and 1864. This is in all probability the longest service ever rendered by any one iu the State as Prosecutor of the Pleas, and that the office should have been so continuously held under successive adminis- trations is sufficient testimony to the zeal, ability and fidelity with which Mr. Thompson discharged his functions. The governor makes the nomination to the Senate, and they have the power to confirm or reject, as they may please. So popular and favorably known had he become thai, at his last nomination, they confirmed by acclamation, without even referring his name to a committee, as was usual. On July 6th, 1848, at the time of his admission as counsellor, he was made Master in Chanceiy, and on November 17th, 1874, he was appointed a Commissioner of the Supreme Court. He has ever identified himself with the interests of Swedesboro' and his adopted State, and in all move- ments tending to their advancement, material and moral, he has taken an active part — in many being the prime mover and leader. In 1854, at the instance of the agents of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, he drew up a charter for a railroad from Woodbury to Swedesboro', called the Woodbury & Swedesboro' Railroad Company, and pro- cured its passage through the Legislature, but the road under this charter was never constructed by them, its ne- cessity being removed. In 1866 he succeeded in obtaining from the Legislature a charter for a railroad from Swedes- boro' to Woodbury, called the Swedesboro' Railroad, a distance of eleven miles, thus opening railroad communi- recommendation w^as adopted and the limit extended to ! cation — the first-mentioned place previously being quite eighteen years. He was married, on December 24th, 1844, , isolated from the rest of the world. This project had been to Frances Straiten Garrison, daughter of Dr. Charles Gar- broached by him several years previously, as appears above; rison, late of Swedesboro'. They have five children, but this time he was bound to succeed. He encountered The eldest daughter, Hannah, was married, October 20lh, : not only opposition and discouragement from all quarters, 1S69, to George B. Boggs, civil engineer, and Resident but in some cases ridicule from those who would neither Superintendent of the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, I help build it, nor let others do it. He, however, was well and live, at Trenton. During this time he had been making ! satisfied of its necessity, and of the great advantage to the an excellent position in his profession, which from the ilate country through which it would run, and undauntedly of his admission, in 1844, he had earnestly prosecuted. So pushed the matter step by step, and year by year, until high a rank had he secured by 1847, ^^'^ ^"^ favorably was 1 complete success in its accomplishment crowned his public- he regarded by the community generally, that his name was spirited eflTorts. Upon the organization of the commission- prominently mentioned by the press for a position on the ers and of the Board of Directors he was verj' fittingly Supreme bench of the State; but, regarding himself as too chosen President of both, and has filled that position ever young in the profession for so exalted a station, he declined i since. The road was opened for travel in September, 1869. judicial honors and refused to take any steps to accomplish ] The friends of Mr. Thompson, and those who recognize the the fulfilment of the wishes of his friends. In September, benefits conferred by the railroad on the country through 1S48, he was licensed as counsellor-at-law, and on February , which it runs, cheerfully acknowledge that, owing its ex- 22d of the following year he was ajipointed Prosecutor of I istence to his nntiring eflTorts and unbounded energy, it the Pleas for Gloucester County by Governor Daniel Haines, j constitutes the cliff d^ (ciivre of his life. At the opening of Five years later, on the expiration of his term, he was re- the great Centennial fair in Philadelphia he was solicited BIOCRArillCAI. EXCVCI.Or.EDIA. 55 by the school authorilics of New Jersey to write 3 sketch of the history of tlie old academy in Swedesboro', which was established in 1771, one of the oldest educational insti- tutions in this part of the State. It was a work that required extensive research; and portions of it, together with other school histories of the State, are at this writing (October, 1876) shown in the Main Building of that extraordinary national exhibition. He is engaged in preparing a " His- tory of the Swedes in New Jersey," and of the church es- tablished by them in 170J, and of " Swedesboro' : its C'lunx-hes and its Schools." The old Swedes' Church has been changed to an Episcopal Church, and is called Trinity Clnirch. Mr. Thompson has been successively elected a vestryman in the same for some thirty years past, having held that position for a longer period than any member of the Board. To the rising generation especially his life and character present a notable example of energy of purpose and perseverance in doing good to his fellow-man, against any and all obstacles. ^OFF, CAPTAIX JOSEPH D., Master M.iriner, of Keyport, was born near that place, in Middle- town township, Monmouth county. New Jersey. His father, William Hoff, a farmer by occupation, belonged to one of the oldest families in the county. His mother, Martha Dye, was born in New Jersey, but came of Danish descent. Captain Hoft", when a boy, attended the common schools of his native township, and acquired the elements of a sound practical education. Upon leaving school he was .apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter, having developed a taste in that direction. After following this occupation for a period of about five years he became interested in ship-building in the town of Keyport, in association with a Mr. Rosevelt, the firm being styled Rosevelt & Hoff. From 1835 to 1S38 he was engaged in mercantile pursuits at the same place. In 1839 he received an appointment as an Associate Judge of Common Pleas for Monmouth county, and sat upon the bench in that capacity for a term of five years, discharging his functions with ability, fidelity and general acceptability. During the same period he served as Justice of the Peace. With a great desire to see distant countries, in 1853 he built a large schooner, the "T. A. Ward," and after coasting for two years, to North Carolina, Charleston and the West Indies, he went to Cadiz, Li.sbon, Rio de Janeiro, New Orleans, and home. He then commenced the Mediter- ranean trade, and continued in it for nearly six years, making eleven voyages, or twenty-two passages, without ever an insurance job; visiting Gibraltar, Malaga, Aden, Denia, and Barcelona, in Spain; Marseilles, in France; Naples, in Italy; Palermo and Messina, in Sicily ; Venice, Trieste and Pola, in Austria. At Pola he saw and con- versed with Maximilian, who then was Ailmiral of the ."Xuslrian fleet; he w.is a nobleman by nature as well as birth. .'\t the commencement of the war he sold the schooner to the United States government, and then Imili a barque in connection with the great firm of A. A. I.ow Brothers, in 1862, and sailed to China; he visited the ports of Shanghai, Hong Kong, Ningpo, Chefoo, Tientsin, Can- Ion and Whanipoa, in China; also Hakodadi, in Japan. In October, 1864, he sold his barcjue, and in November started for home by the overland route, and touched at Singapore, Penang, Point de Galle, in Ceylon, at Aden, Suez, Cairo and Alexandria, in Africa, and at Malta and Marseilles, where he left the steamer, December 23d, 1S64. He then went to Paris, London and Liver|)ool, and embarked for home in the " City of Baltimore," and arrived, Januai-y 23d, 1865, in New York. In 1866 he started on a mining ex- pedition to Colorado, and visited all the principal mines from Cheyenne to Trinidad, and all about the range of the Rocky mountains, but made his home most of the time at Black Hawk and Central City, .although he w.as a great deal at Georgetown, James Creek, Boulder City and Left Hand. He crossed the plains some eight times, four of the journeys being performed in stages. Since then he has made voyages to Venice, Trieste, Bordeaux, New Oilcans, Rio and Santos. But after all his travels he says there is no place equal to Monmouth county. New Jersey. He has alw.iys been favored by fortune. In all his experience as a sea captain he has never suffered the perils of ship- wreck, nor has he ever lost a man from any of his ships. He w-as married, September 20th, 1S37, to Maria Acker- son, a native of New Jersey. A man of very estimable character, he is highly respected and esteemed in a wide circle. "OEBINS, HON. CIHLION, Lawyer and ex-Jurist, was born, Deccnd>er 31st, 1842, in AUentown, Monmouth county. New Jersey, and is a son of Augustus and Lucy (Savidge) Robbins, both of whom are natives of New Jersey. His father was a mason by trade, and llie family has fnr many years been identified with Monmouth county; while his mother is of English lineage, being a descendant of the Leigh family of Great Britain. Chilion was educated in the public schools of his district, and subsequently learned the trade of a mason, which he followed until he was twenty-two years of age. Having determined to follow a professional life, he entered the law office of Judge E. W. Scudder, of Trenton, under whose preceptorship he pur- sued his studies, and was licensed an attorney in 1S66, and a counseIIor.?t-law in 1869, At first he located in Allen- town, where he opened an office and practised his profes- sion with good success until 1S72, when he was appointed Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Mon- mouth County, to fill the unexpired term of Judge George BiOGRAriiiCAL EX(;vci.nn;niA. 57 of the Supreme Couvt, and upon the expiration of his term in 1855 was reappointed l)y Governor Price; and a third time, in 1S62, by Governor Olden. He resided in I'.iter- son until 185S, when he removed to Elizalieth and reoccu- pied the old homestead of his father. His political faith was that of the Democratic party as taught by Jackson, having originally been indoctrinated in the views of the Federalists, and as a Jackson Democrat he deemed it his duty to adhere to the cause of the Union during the period of the great rebellion. One of the decisions of the court, pronounced by him, was to the effect that, as a judge of the State court, he had no authority to interfere for the release of a person charged with an offence against the laws of the United States. His religious faith was that maintained by the Protestant Episcopal Church, of which he was an active and zealous member. He was one of the Trustees of Burlington College. He died in 1865. |URTS, HON. ALEXANDER. Lawyer, was born, 1799, in the village of Flanders, Morris county. New Jersey, and is the youngest of a family of eight sons, whose father was John Wurts, an ex- tensive iron manufacturer of that county. He died when Alexander was quite young, and the latter then went to Philadelphia, where he resided with his older brothers, and where he prepared for college. He en- tered Princeton College in 1S12 and finished his senior year in 1S15, in the seventeenth year of his age. He then i-e- turned to Philadelphia and began the study of the law ; and likewise devoted some time to travelling. In the winter of 1819-20 he remove 1 to Flemington, New Jersey, where he completed his legal studies and was licensed as an attorney in 1820. He immediately commenced the practice of law in the village of Flemingion. In 1824 he was elected a member of the Assembly, in which body he served one year. After three years he again became a candidate, and was elected successively in 1S2S-29-30 and '31 to the same body ; and during the three last years was Speaker of the House. In 1S33 he was nominated and elected a' member of the Legislative Council, in which he served one year. In 1838 he was the candidate of the Democratic party for Con- gress on the geneial ticket, but was defeated, as was the entire ticket. In 1844 the I-egi si ature of New Jersey called a convention to revise the State Constitution. To this con- vention he was elected from Hunterdon county. When the body assembled he was chosen vice-president, Isaac H. Williamson being elected president ; but as the latter was in exceedingly impaired health, the principal burden of the duties of a presiding officer devolved upon the vice-presi- dent. And upon the resignation of Mr. Willinmson, before the convention adjourned, Mr. Wurls was elected president. The convention framed the present State Constitution, abol- ished the Legislative Council, and adopted, in its stead, the State Senate. Their proceedings were ratified by a large majority of the popular vote when submitted to the people. In the autumn of 1844 he was elected the first State Senator from Hunterdon county, and served in that body for a two years' term. In 1848 charges of serious import were pre ferred against the Camden & Amboy Railroad and the Delaware & Raritan Canal Companies, and Ihe Legislature appointed three commissioners to thoroughly investigate these matters. This commission consisted of Alexander Wurts, of Hunterdon, Aaron Robertson, of Morris, and James S. Hulnie, of Burlington counties. The duly was a laborious one, occupying nearly a year in going over the en- tire work, which consisted of a minute investigation of the books and papers of these companies, covering all their transactions with the State and with the people; and the result was, that the ct)mmission, by an elaborate and ex- tended report, fully exonerated the companies from all the charges brought against them, thus entirely allaying all public excitement on these subjects. In 1853 Governor Fort nominated Alexander Wurts as Chief-Justice of the Supreme Court of the State, and his nomination was at once confirmed by the State Senate; but he respectfully declined the .appointment. In 1865 his friends again induced him to become the candidate of the Democratic party, to which he was attached, for the State Senate, which he accepted on the assurance that the party could thereby be harmonized. He was accordingly elected and served the usual term of three years. He has been for over twenty years one of the Managers of the State Lunatic .\sylum, and President of the Board since 1859. Although he has now. in a great meas- ure, retired from public and professional life, he is often consulted on important legal questions. His unflinching integrity, thorough legal acquirements, and undoubted honesty, give weight to his opinions. There is not proba- bly another man in the State who has been in public life so long as he; and he yet retains the confidence of all parties in a great degree. He was urged, on two or three occa- sions, by his many Democratic friends to become a candidate for Governor; and perhaps, if he h.ad made the usual efl'orts put forth by many aspirants for office, would have secui'ed the nomination. But he refused to embark in the canvass. 'j^^r>kA\'TO'N, .'ALFRED B., M. D., late of Matawan, was born at Basking Ridge, Somerset county. New Jersey, December 25th, 1812. He came of the family so distinguished in the history of the State, which gave to its service and that of the '^ nation the late Hon. William L. Dayton, his brother. Another brother is James B. Dayton, of Camden. He enjoyed educational advantages of a superior character, completing his preparatory training at Princeton College. Having chosen the medical profession, he was accorded the most esteemed aids in his study, and eventually graduated ^$ 58 BKJGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOI^CUIA. from the College of Physicians anil Surgeons, New York, in ihe spring of 1S35. He first settled for practice at Chester, Morris county, New Jersey, but after a few months removed to Matawan, then " Middletown Point," opening his office there in July, 1835. In this location he continued in active practice for thirty-five years, achieving large success and en- joying the high esteem of a very wide circle of patients and friends. He became a member of the District Medical So- ciety in April, 1841, and an idea is afforded of the position he had even then attained in the fact that on admission his examination was waived by a unanimous vote. In the same year he was elected Vice-President of the society, and in the following year its President. A member of the State Medical Society from an early day in his professional career, he was, in 1854, elected to the position of President. In this body, a short while before his death, he appeared as delegate from the district society. Upon the roll of the National Medical Association his name was registered as a permanent mem- ber. He possessed oratorical and rhetorical powers of a high order, being a graceful speaker and polished writer. To the medical press he contributed many papers, all of which commanded the respectful attention of the profession. Among them maybe specially mentioned the following: •* Review of the Principles and Practice of Thonipso- nianism;" " MoUities Ossium ; " " Inversion of the Uterus, with Method of Reduction, and Case Illustrated; " " Cere- bro Spinal Meningitis; " and " Dry Gangrene." A refined and cultivated gentleman, his deportment in all the relniions of life was dignified and pleasing. To his medical brethren he was kind, courteous, and honorable, observing the ethical rules regulating professional intercourse with scrupulous care. When, therefore, his death occurred, on July 19th, 1870, from cholera morbus, he was deeply regretted by the profession and sincerely mourned by the community at large, the poor, at whose service he had ever been, especially de- ploring the loss of an accomplished physician and kind friend. |AYTON, RENSSELAER \V., A. M., Lawyer, of Matawan, was born at that place, then known as Middletown Point, January 9th, 1843. ^^'^ ^^' ther. Dr. Alfred B. Dayton, of wh m a biograph- ical sketch appears elsewhere in this volume, was an eminent physician, whose long and useful ca- reer was closed by death in 1870. His mother, Elizabeth R. Vanderveer, was a native of Somerville, New Jersey. After a thorough preliminaiy training, the subject of this sketch entered Princeton College in i860, whence he grad- uated in 1863. Drawn towards the legal profession, he began reading with Hon. Henry S. Little, of Matawan, who at Ihe present time is Clerk of the Court of Chancery of New Jersey. After fulfilling the prescribed conditions he was admitted to the bar as an attorney on November 8lh, 1866, and began practice in association with his preceptor. Tills connection was maintained until 1S71, when he com- menced by himself, and so practised until December, 1S74, when he look into partnership Marcus B. Taylor. The firm is known as Dayton & Taylor, and it enjoys a consider- able practice in the counties of Monmouth and Middlesex. He is thoroughly in love with his profession, to which he devotes all his time and powers. RROWSMITH, JOSEPH E., M.D., of Keyport, was born in Middletown, Monmouth county. New Jersey, January 23d, 1 823. He is descended from a family that has distinguished itself in the service of the State. His father, Hon. Thomas Arrowsmith, was for many years one of the judges of the Court of Errors, and at an earlier period worthily held the office of Slate Treasurer. His moiher, Emma Van Brakle, a native of New Jersey, was the daughter of Matthias Van Brakle, a substantial and much-respected farmer, who was sent by his neighbors to represent them in the Legislature, where he displayed sterling qualities and won the gratitude of his constituents. The subject of this sketch obtained his literary education in the academy at Flatbush, Long Island, then presided over by Professor Campbell, the accomplished scholar and eminent teacher who now serves as president of Rutgers College, New Brunswick. Evincing a taste for medicine, he began his studies for that profession in the fall of 1838 with Dr. Ed- ward Taylor, .an old and successful practitioner in his native town. Subsequently he became a student of Dr. Valentine Mott, of New York, at the same time attending lectures at the university of that city, from which he graduated with honor in 1842. After serving for a few months on the staff of Eellevue Hospital, in New York, he, in 1843, located at Keyport, where he has since continued to practise, and has won a foremost position among his professional brethren to- gether with the substantial rewards that attend able and faithful labors. He is an old member of the county medi- cal society, and was at one time its president. In 1S64 he was chosen to represent his section in the convention of the American Medical Association. ORNISH, JOSEPH B., Merchant and ex Senator, of Washington, w.as born, April 3d, 1836, in Bethlehem, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, his father, Joseph Cornish, Sr., being a merchant and a highly esteemed citizen of HunteiVlon. In his boyhood he received such education as could be obtained at the common schools of the neighborhood in which he lived. He studied hard, and at sixteen years of age had obtained a good English education. When he had reached that age he entered his father's store and devoted ^iu^Jki.^e. IhS^^^ i^ '0i twenty-seventh year. In the year 1865 he removed to Washington, New Jersey, where he associated iiimself as partner with his two brothers-in-law, Henry W. and Joseph Johnston, in the dry-goods, grocery, clothing and general country trade, under the firm-name of Juhnston, Cornish & Co. They were eminently successful, but in 1869 his part- ners withdrew to organize an extensive hardware business, and he assumed the entire interest of the old establishment. He still continues the business, which has attained large proportions, and is eminently flouiishing. He has always taken a lively and practical interest in political affairs, and is identified with the Democratic party. In the year 1870 he received the Democratic nomination for State Senator, but owing to parly dissensions he was not elected. In 1873 he was again nominated for that position by the Democracy, and was elected Senator by the largest vote ever given to any candidate in Warren county. During his three years' term of office he served with eminent satisfaction to his constitu- ents. It was during this term that the great battle over the general railroad law of the St.ate was brought to a conclu- sion by the pass.nge of the law, and the people of the State are largely indebted to the exertions of Senator Cornish in bringing about the adoption of the measure which practi- cally puts an end to the system of corruption and jobbery formerly so great a source of public danger. He is a shrewd political manager, and at the same time maintains a spotless character, his integrity being without suspicion of taint, and he has never been even seemingly entangled in any disrepu- table political transactions. He is ambitious, able and honest, and the high esteem in which be is held by his fellow-citizens gives promise that he will in time to come attain still higher political position than he has yet occupied. He was married a number of years ago, to a daughter of Philip Johnston, Esq., a prominent citizen of Warren county. New Jersey. f AN RENSSELAER, LEDYARD, M. D., of Bur- lington, was born in Burlington, New Jersey, No- vember 20th, 1843. 'ie comes of the well-known Van Rensselaer family of New York, which has for many generations furnished to New York city and Statesomeof theirbrightest and most useful cit- izens. His father. Rev. C. Van Rensselaer, T).D,, was the son of Stephen Van Rensselaer, a prominent resident of Albany, New York. His mother, Catharine Ledyard Cogswell, was the daughter of Mason F. Cogswell, M. D., of Jiartford, Connecticut, a distinguished |)hysician and surgeon of his time, and the first to perform the- delicate and important operation of ligation of the primitive carotid artery in the extirpation of a tumor. Ledyard Van Rensselaer received his classical education at the College of New Jersey, Prince- ton, from which he graduated in the class of 1866. Making choice of the medical profession, he became a student in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, Phil- adelphia, and graduated in the class of 1S69. After taking his degree he went abroad for the purpose of availing him- self of the opportunities afforded by the medical institutions of the old world, and spent twelve months with great profit in the hospitals in Vienna and Berlin. .Thus prepared for successful prosecution of his profession, he returned to his native city and commenced practice there in 1871. His la- reer has been speedily progressive, and he now enioys a large and valuable practice. The estimation in which he is held by his fellow-citizens is indicated by the fact that he was chosen Health Oflicer of the city during the years 1872 and 1873, while his position in the profession is attested by his election to the office of President of the Burlington County Medical Society, which he held from January 1st, 1875, to January 1st, 1876. He is Examining Physici.in for the Guardian Mutual Life Insurance Company, in Burlington. "UTTER, HAMPTON, Farmer and Clay Merchant, was born, December 25lh, iSii, in Woodliridge township, Middlesex county. New Jersey, and is , ^ the fifth child of the late William C. and Sarah S~,''^ (Harriott) Cutter, of that section. The Cutter family are of Scotch and English extraction ; one, Richard Cutter, with his mother, brother and sisters, ar- riving in Massachusetts about 1640, and settled in and about Cambridge. A grandson of Richard Cutter, himself bearing the same name, and known as Major Richard Cutter, was the first of the name to leave New England and settle in a distant locality. He married Mary, daughter of John Pike, August 20th, 1706. This John Pike was one of the first and most active settlers of Woodbridge. Major Cutter died in 1756, leaving a numerous progeny; and from his fourth child and eldest son. Deacon William Cutter, who died in 1 780, Hampton Cutter is the third in descent, being his great-grandson. He received his education in the schools erf his native district, and assisted his father in his farming operations until 1836, when he married, and then continued in agricultural pursuits on his own account. In 1845 ^^ commenced to dig kaolin, having discovered a large deposit of this valuable material on his farm. It is used with clay in the manufacture of fire-brick. Several ye.ars afterwards he reached a strata of fine blue clay, which also largely enters into the composition of fire-brick; and for many years past he has been engaged very extensively in supplying this valuable article to manufacturers rot only 6o BIOGRArniCAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. of his immediate neighborhood, but also shipping the same to more distant points, large amounts finding their way to Portland, Boston, Albany, Cleveland, etc. Of late years he has associated his sons, Josiah C. and William Henry, with him, under the firm-name of Hampton Cutter & Sons. Aside from his business Hampton Cutter has been for many years called upon lo serve the public in various local offices. For the past fifteen years he has been Justice of the Peace, and very recently has refused another term of the said office. Since iS6S he has been a director in the National Bank of Rahway. In religious faith he is a Presbyterian, and has been for twenty-two years one of the Trustees of the old Presbyterian Church of Woodbridge; and in poli- tics he affiliates with the Democratic party. He was mar- ried, January 26lh, 1836, to Mary R., daughter of Jnsiah Crane, of Crawford, New Jersey, and has a family of four children, two sons and two daughters. ^ONEYMAN, JOHN, M. D., late of New German- town, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, was born, February 22d, 1798, a few miles from that vil- lage. He was a son of James Honeymnn, well known as a popular landlord and singing-master fifty years ago, and grandson of John Honeyman, whose exploits in the French and Indian war, under Gen- eral Wolfe, and during the Revolution, as " the Spy of Washington," are detailed with great interest by Hon. John Van Dyke in the local magazine. Our Home, for October, 1873. The subject of this sketch taught the academy in New Germantown when only eighteen years of age, and afterward entered the sophomore class. Middle- bury College, Vermont, in 1817. He studied medicine with Dr. William Johnson, of White House, attended lec- tures at the University of Pennsylvania, and commenced practice in his native village in 1824, fifty years before his death, which occurred January 2d, 1874. He was esteemed far and wide, had a large practice, and by industry and economy accumulated a competence. His character was so extremely dignified and exemplary that it is said of him he never prevaricated, never told an untruth, never uttered a harsh word, never made an enemy. His death created a void in the medical profession «hich cannot soon be filled. ^ONEYMAN, A. VAN DOREN, Lawyer, Littera- teur and Journalist, of Somerville, was born in New Germantown, Hunterdon county, November I2th, 1S49, and is consequently in his twenty- seventh year. His father, Dr. John Honeyman, mention of whom is made just above, was an esteemed physician of a half century's practice at New Ger- mantown. His great-grandfather, John Honeyman, emi- grated from Ireland, fought under General Wolfe, and was a chosen sjiy of General \Vashington in the Revolution. On his mother's side he is a descendant of the Van Doren stock, whose ancestry can be traced back in Holland to the fourteenth century. He received but a common school edu- cation, then studied law in the office of the late Hon. H. D. Maxwell, of Easton, his brother-in-law, and commenced its practice at Somerville, as a partner of A. A. Clark, Esq., in 1871. In 1873 ^^ projected and carried through the year the publication Our Home, a magazine of much local merit, which, however, was not financially sustained by the public. Resuming the pi-actice of the law he formed a partnership with Mr. H. B. Herr, which still exists. In 1874, from hard work and exhaustion, he was obliged to leave busi- ness, and spent the summer in Europe, travelling in every country from Ireland to Italy. January 1st, 1876, he (uir- chased the Somerset Gazelle, and at once enlarged and im- proved it, with a view to making it the leading literary and family journal in the county. He has written much for the press generally, including the New York ludcpendenl and Christian at Work. He has also written and had printed a " Memorial " of his father's labors as a physician, and likewise a small book of poems. In the temperance cause he has been ever active, assailing the rumseller in the courts wherever practicable ; and he aided to found and has been thrice elected President of the Young Men's Christian Association of Somerville. I'ENSON, D.WID, M. D., of Hoboken, was born in Englcwood, Bergen county. New Jersey, July 19th, 1832. He is descended from families long resident in that locality and enjoying always the high regard of their neighbors, both his father and his mother, John J. and Hester (Banta) Benson, being natives of the same place. While he w.as yet very young his parents removed to Philadelphia, where his education was obtained. As a buy he attended a pri- vate collegiate school conducted Ijy Dr. A. L. Kennedy, the present President of the Polytechnic Institute. Having de- termined to become a jihysiciau he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, matriculating in 1849. Here he prosecuted his studies very assiduously and thoroughly, taking a four years' course, and graduating with distinction in the spring of 1853. After graduation he engaged in practice in New Y'ork city for a short time, and then passed several years in travel and observation. On turning his attention once more to his profession, in 1S61, he located in Hoboken, and began to earnestly prosecute his practice. Patients soon manifested their appreciation of his skill, care and sympathy, and their circle has widened and widened with every successive year. He is an elec- trician in practice. In all matters relating lo his profession he takes an active interest. He is a member of the District i(l(AJ3oa^ BIOGRAnilCAL EN-CVCI.Or.EDIA. 6i Medical Society of Hudson county, and was its President in 1872. He also belongs to the Pathological tjociety of Jei-sey City and to the New Jersey Academy of Medicine. For yeai-s he has been the Attending Physician of til. Mary's Hospital, of Hoboken, which is the oldest hospital in the State, and is maintained under the auspices of the " Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis." During 1871 and part of 1S72 lie was City Physician of Hoboken, and it was while he was incumbent of the office that the long-to-be-remenibered small-pox epidemic prevailed. Throughout the continu- ance of this dreadful scourge he w.is unceasing in his efforts to circumscribe ils destrucliveness, and his indefatigable labors, crowned as they were with a large measure of suc- cess, earned for him the gratitude of the whole community. He w.as married in 1S54 to Mary Lyons, of Dublin. EVIKS, HON. JAMES S., Lawyer and Jurist, was born, 1786, in Somerset county, New Jersey. He received a fine classical education, and afler passing through the curriculum at Nassau Hall, Princeton, graduated therefrom in 1S16. He at once commenced the study of the law in the office of Frederick Frelinghuysen, and received his license as an attorney in 1819, becoming a counsellor in 1823, and named serjeant-at-law in 1837. After his admission to the bar he opened an office in New Brunswick, where he practised his profession and where he continued to reside until 1852. He was elected in 1838, by the joint meeting of the Council and Assembly, a Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jer- sey, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of fudge Ryerson; and on the expiration of his term, in 1S45, was reappointed by the Governor for another term of seven years, which expired in 1852. He then removed his resi- dence to Jersey City and resumed the practice of his pro- fession, but not to any appreciable extent. He was a man of generous impulses, of great conversational ability, inter- spersed with wit and humor; and he was the life of the social circle with whom his lot was cast. He had been trained by pious parents in the evangelical faith, and was ever a believer in the doctrines which had lieen taught him. He possessed a warm friend in his legal preceptor, Fred- erick Frelinghuysen, and frequently visited him, and for a long period corresponded with him. Judge Nevins died in Jei-sey City, in 1859. fWING, HON. CHARLES, LL. D., Lawyer and Jurist, was born, 1780, in Bridgeton, Cumberland county. New Jersey, and was the only son of James and Martha (Boyd) Ewing. He was of Scotch-Irish descent, and was the great-grandson ^ of Finley Ewing, of Londonderry, Ireland, who fought at the b.attle of the Boyne, and for his gallantry was -publicly complimented by King William HI., who also presented him with a .sword. One of his sons, Thomas Ewing, emigrated to America in 171S and sealed in Cum- berland county. New Jeisey, where he died, leaving a numerous progeny, some of whom have been gieallv dis- tinguished ; among them may be named the late Thomas Ewing, of Ohio, United States Senator, and at one time Secretary of the Treasury. Judge Ewing's maternal grand- father was from the north of Ireland, and emigrated about 1772 to New Jersey, settling in Bridgeton. After a short time he managed to establish himself in a good busi- ness, and sent for his family. When these arrived, the following year, they found that he had died but a short time previous. The widow, however, took charge of her late husband's business, and employed as her clerk and assistant James Ewing, who subsequently married her eldest daughter, and the latter died soon after the birth of her son. Charles received a liberal education, and entered Princeton College, from which he graduated in 1798, taking the first honor. He afterwards entered the office of Samuel Leake, with whom he studied law, and in due time received his licenses as an attorney and counsellor-at-law. He was re- garded as a most efficient and able advocate, and gained the control of a large and lucrative practice. In 1824 he was elected by the two houses of the Legislature as Chief- Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed Judge Kirkpatrick, whose term at that time expired. He dtd not aspire to the position ; indeed, he was opposed to any change being made, as the selection of his predecessor had given general satisfaction to the profession, although some complained of his unwillingness to pay much attention to the statutes regulating the proceedings in justices' courts. The change, however, was regarded as an excellent one, as Judge Ewing w-as a most patient, painstaking and laborious judge, learned both in principles and cases, and prompt in their application. He always took upon himself all the responsibilities of the judge, and ever instructed the jury in matters of law, and guided them, where it was allowable for him to do so, in their estimate of facts and evidence. At the expiration of his seven years' term, so satisfactory had been his course, that he was re-elected by a joint meeting of a Legislature opposed to him in politics; but he only lived a few months of the first year of his second term. In religious faith he was a Presbyterian and a zealous member of that church. When from any cause there w.is no one to preach, the wor- ship was carried on by the elders, and a sermon read. On these occasions Judge Ewing was always selected as reader, and the discourse he chose was always one of Dr. Wilher- spoon's. He was excellently well informed on the general literature of the day; and possessed a fine miscellaneous library, in addition to the well-filled shelves of rare and valuable works of legal lore. He was a truly elegant gen- tleman of the old school ; an instructive and agreeable con- versationalist, and renowned for his hospitality. He died, .August 5th, 1832, being one of the first victims of the Asiatic cholera in New Jersey. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. •ILL, CHARLES S., Cashier of the National Bank of New Jersey and Clerk of Middlesex county, was born, January 20lh, 1S40, in the city of New Brunswick, and is the son of the late John B. and Henrietta V. (Chapman) Hill. His father was for many years a banker in New Brunswick ; and his mother was the daughter of Thomas Chapman, proprie- tor and principal of the Holmesburg Academy, near Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania. Charles was educated in the best schools of his native place, and when sixteen years old en- tered the employ of Rolfe & Metier, lumber merchants, of New Brunswick, and continued there some four years. He then removed to Brooklyn, New York, where he became salesman and bookkeeper for the New York Steam .Saw- Mill Company, and after a short time effected an engage- ment with the Park Bank, in the city of New York, which terminated in 1865. In the latter year he was called to New Brunswick and offered the position of Cashier of the N.itional Bink of New Jersey, which he accepted and still retains. Since his return to his native city he has served two years in the City Council as the representative from the Sixth Ward ; and in 1872 was elected the County Clerk of Middlesex county for the term of five years. He is also Tre.isurer of the Union, Raritan, and Manufacturers' & Me- chanics' Loan Associations. He was married, October iglh, 1865, to Ellen C. Auten, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. JOTTS, HON. STACY GARDINER, Lawyer and Jurist, was born, November, 1799, in the city of llani^burg, Pennsylvania, and was of English extraction. He was the great-great-grandson of Thomas Potts, a member of the Society of Friends, who, with his f.imily and in company with Mahlon Stacy and his kindred, left England, 1678, in the ship " Shield," and landed at Burlington, being the first vessel of her class to sail so far up the Delaware. The two fami- lies of Stacy and Potts intermarried, and thus the names were interchanged in both. Stacy Potts, the grandfather of Judge Potts, was a tanner by trade, and carried on that busi- ness in Trenton. His son removed to Harrisburg, and in 1791 married a Miss Gardiner, a Presbyterian. .Shortly after the birth of young Stacy, his father purchased a large ti.ict of land in Northumberland county, Pennsylvania, on which he resided until 1808, when the father and son left for Trenton, pui-suing the journey on foot, and consuming only four days in the trip, it being a distance of one hundred and twenty miles. Young Stacy became an inmate of his grandfather's family, who was at that time the mayor of Trenton. He attended school at the Friends' Academy, where he remained four years. During this time he became so captivated with the opportunities of seeing books and papers in a printing office, that he was permitted to enter it as an apprentice. Having also access to a book store, and becoming a member of a deliating club, he cultivated his taste for composition, and soon began to contribute both ar- ticles of poetry and prose to the newspapers of the town. He was employed in 1821, when he attained his majority, as editor of a weekly paper, entitled the Emporium, and at the same time was a contributor to a Philadelphia monthly m.igazine, for which he wrote many articles. In 1823 he entered upon the study of the law with Counsellor Stockton, still continuing to devote all his time every day to his edi- torial duties, which obliged him to do the greater part of his study at night. After reading under his preceptor a short time, he left him to become one of the pupils of the late Garret D. Wall, with whom he remained until he was li- censed as an attorney in 1827; he became a counsellor in 1830. In 1828 he was elected a member of Assembly on the Jackson Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1829. In 1831 he was appointed by the joint meeting of Assembly and Council, Clerk of the Court of Chancery, and was re- elected liy them at the expiration of his term in 1836, thus holding that office for ten years. During his incumbency he made the income of the office a very lucrative one ; and this was effected by his drafting the necessary decrees, pro- cesses, etc., for the solicitors, who gladly paid h'm their fees for the services so rendered. He was also chosen in 1834 by the Legislature an Alderman, which gave him a seat as Justice of the Court of Quarter Sessions. At the close of his clerkship, his health requiring relaxation, he accom- panied his brother, the late Rev. William S. Potts, D. D., of St. Louis, on a visit to Europe. He examined, while in England, the practice in some of the principal courts, and was an interested observer of the legal proceedings of the same ; he also visited some of the most remarkable places in Great Britain and also upon the Continent. He returned to the United States in 1841, with his health completely recu- perated. In 1845 he was associated, by act of the Legisla- ture, with ex-Governor Vroom, Chancellor Green and Minis- ter D,iyton,on a commission to revise the laws of New Jersey, and besides performing his share of the revision, it devolved on him to systematize and arrange the result for publication. Upon the inception of the State Lunatic Asylum, in 1847, he was placed on the first Board of Managers, and was ac- tively engaged in his duties until he was called to the bench. In 1852 he w.as nomin.ated by Governor Fort and confirmed by the Senate, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court, and took for his circuit the counties of Camden, Gloucester, Ocean and Burlington, the court then consisting of five judges. He served throughout his entire term of seven years, and then retired to private life. He was accounted an excellent jurist, and was deservedly popular with the bar and the public. He was an active member of the Presby- terian Church, and was at different times connected with v.irious boards and institutions of that denomination. While a member of the General Assembly, in 1851, he was made chairman of a special committee to arrange the complicated finances of the church, and his report, published in full. UiniJRAPIIICAI, EN"cvci.or.Kin.\. 63 elicited great admiration for its skill and perfectness. He devoted some of his later years to the composition of a work entitled " The Christ of Revelation," designed to trace the scriptural doctrine of the Redeemer from the prophecies to the life and teachings of the New Testament. He had filled the position of Sunday-school teacher and, for a time. Superintendent of the same, for a period of thirty-six years. He became a communicant member of the church in 1822, and was ordained a Ruling Elder in 1836. He received, in 1844, from the College of New Jersey, the honorary de- gree of Master of Arts. From 1S59 his health began to de- cline gradually, which culminated in his death at Trenton, April 9th, 1S65. I VCKOFF, MARTIN, Lawyer and Soldier, of As- bury, Warren county, was born, October l8th, 1S34, near White House, New Jersey. The family is of Hollander lineage, and was among the earliest settlers of New Jersey; while some of those living during the period of the American Revolution were engaged in the war for independence. Martin attended the public schools until 1850, when he en- tered the grammar-school connected with Rutgers College; and in 1852 entered the sophomore class of that college. In 1854 he was chosen one of the junior orators, and grad- uated with the class of 1855, taking the second honor. Among his classmates were Hon. J. H. Stone, of Rahway, and Milton A. Fowler, now of the New York bar. After leaving college he went to the Southern Stales, and was engaged in teaching in Virginia between one and two years. In the spring of 1857 he returned to New Jersey and com- menced the study of law with Hon. Alexander Wurts, at Flemington, where he remained until admitted to the bar, in 1S60. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession, and had acquired a fair line of patronage when the war of the rebellion broke out. He at once relinquished his law business, and with Captains Bonnel and Allen pro- ceeded to raise a company of volunteers, in which he him- self enlisted as a private ; and when the company was fully organized and attached to the 3d Regiment, he was elected First Sergeant, and soon afterwards commissioned Lieu- tenant. At the (irst battle of Bull Run he had been placed in charge of a supply-train, with which he succeeded in safely reaching .-Mexandria after the disastrous termination of that battle. When the term of service of his regiment had expired he returned home and removed his residence to Asbury, and there, in the spring of 1862, he commenced again to practise his profession. In the autumn of the same year an additional call for troops was made, and upon the organization of the 31st Regiment of Infantry, he was ap- ])ointed its Adjutant, and was subsequently attached to the stnff of General Paul, with the rank of Captain. He par- ticipated in the severe battles fought under Burnside, in- cluding Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, etc., and also rendered valuable service while with a foraging expedition into Virginia, wherein a large amount of provision and other material was captured. When his second term of service expired Captain Wyckoff again returned to the practice of his profession at Asbury, where he has since remained, and where his client.ige has become one of the most lucrative in Warren county. He is a careful, painstaking lawyer, of strict probity, and in the management of cases evinces great shrewdness. He is very seldom or never deceived on the merits of a case, and rarely takes one into court in which he does not succeed. He was of counsel for the Lehigh Val- ley Railroad Company during the construction of the Easton cS: Allentown Division. At present he is the legal adviser of the Bloomsburg National Bank and also of the First National Bank at Clinton, besides being the attorney of several manufacturing companies and other corporations. His political views are those of the Democr.itic party, but he prefers to act independently, never hesitating to oppose the measures or the men of his own party when he believes the public good demands it. He stands high in the estimation of his fellow-townsmen, both as a lawyer and a citizen. In all matters pertaining to real estate he is probably without a superior at the New Jersey bar. He w.as married in 1862 to a daughter of Hugh Capner, of Flemington; she died in January, 1876. OUGH, DE WITT CLINTON, M. D., of Rahw.ay, was born at Point Pleasant, Bucks county, Penn- sylvania, December 21st, 1826. His father. Gen- eral Joseph Hough, was a native of Pennsylvania, and followed agricultural pursuits ; his mother, Jane Crowell, came from the same Stale. He obtained his literary education at Newtown Academy, which he attended from 1839 to 1841, having previously received its elements in the schools of his native place. Attracted toward the medical profession, he began preparation therefor as a student under the guidance of Dr. Charles Fronefield, of Montgomery county, Pennsylvania. Having laid a sound foundation of medical knowledge, he entered Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, and after a full course graduated therefrom in the s])ring of 1847. He began practice at Tyler's Port, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, where he remained one year. Then he removed to Red Hill, Bucks county, where he was engaged for three years. F'rom this place he moved to Frenchtown, New Jersey, where he labored for six years. Seeking a wider field of practice he settled in Rahway in 1857, and met with en- couraging success until, on the outbreak of the war of the rebellion, in 1861, desirous of contributing his services to the cause of the Union, he entered the army as Surgeon of the 7th New Jersey Infantry. For three years he accom- panied this regiment, and served with it through all its engagements. On leaving the army he resumed the prac- 64 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.^DIA. tice of his profession in Rahway, attending during the winter of that year, 1S64, a course of lectures at Bellevue Medical College, New York, and availing himself of the advantages of the hospital clinics. Since the conclusion of this ad- ditional coui-se of study he has devoted himself to his prac- tice in Rahway, which has grown to large and influential proportions. He has been a member of the Union County Medical Society since its organization, in 1869, and acted as its Vice-President in 1873. Politically he affiliates with the Republican party, and has been honored by it with various important trusts. In 1867 and 1868 he was elected by it to the mayoralty of Rahway, and in 1868 and 1869 to the Legislature. He was a member of the W,ater Commis- sion of Rahway from 1871 to 1874, and President of the Board during the construction of the works. On January 2Sth, 1S50, he was married to Elmira C. Runkle, of New Jersey. 'CHENK. WILLIAM HENRY, M. D., Physician, of Flemington, is a native of the place which is now his home, having been born in Flemington, September 21st, 1826. His early education was obtained at the public schools of Flemington and vicinity, and later he attended the grammar school connected with Rutgers College. When he had reached the age when he should select and prepare for a profession, he commenced the study of medicine under the instruction of his father, Dr. John F. Schenk. After com- pleting his course of preparatory reading he entered the University of New York. Here he continued his studies with energy anil great success, and when he graduated, in the spring of 1S48, he was well qualified for the practice of the arduous profession he had chosen. He returned to Flemington after his graduation, and there entered upon practice in company with his father. He remained there until 1S50, when he removed to Ringoes, New Jersey, where he was engaged In professional practice for about a year. .At the end of that time he went to New York, and there engaged in the drug business. He remained in this business until the year 1853, when, upon the bre.aking out of the -.Australian gold excitement, he went to tiy his for- tunes upon the island continent. In Australia he engaged in mining as well as the piactice of his profession, although the latter claimed the principal portion of his attention and efforts. While there he became a member of the Medical Board of Victoria. In the year 1867, after having remained aliroad for fourteen years, he returned home by way of England. In 1868 he resumed the practice of his profes- sion in his native town of Flemington, and there he has continued to reside ever since. He ha.s achieved a high position in his calling; his skill as a practitioner is uni- versally recognized, and he is in possession of an extensive and valuable patronage. Politically he is a Democrat, but his highest and most active interest is in his profession, and politics receives but a minor share of his attention. He was married in .Australia, in the year 1862, to Margaret McLean, of Scotland. (a LLEN, GEORGE A., Lawyer, of Flemington, New Jersey, was born in Westport, Fairfield county, Connecticut, and is a son of the late "William Allen, formerly a merchant of that place. The family is of English origin, and ^ were among the early settlers of Connecticut. They were noted for their fidelity and patriotism during the war for independence. Both his paternal and maternal grandfathers served as officers in the revolutionary army, and one participated in the battle of Long Island, where he was taken prisoner by the British and suffered untold pri- vations and hardships at their hands. George A. Allen was being prepared for college at Greens Farms .Academy wheii his father died suddenly, and as his pecuniaiy affairs were not in a condition to allow his son to pursue a collegiate course, the latter commenced teaching school at Milford, Connecticut, where he continued in this vocation about two years; and thence removed to New Jersey, where he again commenced teaching in a school near Flemington, and was likewise so occupied another two years. At the expiration of this latter period he entered the law office of James N. Reading, then of Flemington (now of Morris, Illinois), and commenced his legal studies. He remained there four years, and in 1844 was licensed as an attorney. He soon became known as an ardent, energetic practitioner, who could be entirely depended upon, both as advisory counsel or in the management of cases, and as such rapidly ac- quired practice. On the outbreak of the great rebellion he enlisted as a private in the 3d Regiment New Jersey Vol- unteers on the first call for troops. He was, however, soon promoted to a Captaincy; and the regiment to which he was attached was one of the first in the field, reaching Wash- ington City by the way of Annapolis. On the expiration of the term for which he had enlisted he returned with his regiment to New Jersey. As his extensive legal and pri- vate business demanded his attention, he was thus prevented from returning to the field ; but throughout the entire period of the war he w.is active and earnest in his support of the Union cause and in the raising of men and means to cany on the contest. His legal practice still continues a large one, and there is rarely any important case in the county in which he is not engaged. As a chancery lawyer he enjoys a reputation second to none in the Slate. He prepares his cases v\ith the utmost care, and seldom takes one into court with a single point unguarded, while he will speedily delect any weaknesses, how-ever slight, in his opponent's side. In arguing a case he never displays much oratorical effort, but arranges the fi.cts and circumstances in the most forcible and logical manner, and never allows the judge or jurj' to lose sight of his main points. He thus invariably puts his BIOGRArillCAL EXCYCI.Or.KDIA. (>S client's case in the best poS!>iIile light that it is capable of nosuniiiig. His uiuloubled piubity and his unswerving de- votion to the interests of his clients have placed him at the head of the profession in his section of the State, and have won for him an extensive and lucrative practice, which has yielded him a competency. He assisted materially in the organization of the Hunterdon County Bank, and was at one period President of (he same, and also was one of the organizei-s of the bank at Lanibertville, both of which in- stitutions are at present national banks. In 1S56 he, with othei-s, founded the Ihmleidon Re[rietors. His political creed was formerly that held by the Whig party, but he became a Republican, and was one of those who brought that organization as a party into existence. In 1872, or thereabouts, when the liberal Republican party was formed, which nominated Horace Greeley for the Presidency, he supported that movement, and at that time retired from th6 editorial management of the Kipublicnn, but continued one of the proprietors of that journal. He is a member of the State Editorial Association, and during the Greeley campaign he was one of the Slate Executive Committee. He was married in 1850 to Mary, daughter of Charles Bonnell, of Flemington. His eldest son, William D. Allen, was admitted to practise at the bar in 1S75; and his second son, Charles W,, is now (1876) a student in the medical department of Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. G°-^; HETWOOD, FRA^•CIS B., late Attorney and Counsellor-at-Law, of Elizabeth, was born, Feb- ruary 1st, iS;'o6, at Eiizabethtown, New Jersey, and was the son of the late Hon. William and (T^'J Mary (Barber) Clielwood. His grandfather, John Chetwood, was an Associate-Justice of the Su- preme Court of New Jersey, and was of Quaker descent. His resignation from the bench, as stated by one of his con- temporaries, was occasioned by "continued and increasing bad health ; " but the tradition in his family is that it was " his unwillingness to sentence a man to death." He died in 1S06, at Elizabeth, at the age of seventy-two years. Francis I>. Chetwood obtained his education in the schools of his native place, and at the proper age commenced the study of the law in his father's office, the latter having been a prominent practitioner in his time. Francis was duly licensed as an attorney in November, 1828, and as a coun- sellor three years later. He commenced the practice of ihe law with his father, with whom he continued until the latter retired. He then followed his professional pursuits alone until about 1S60, when he formed a partnership with William J. Magie, who had studied with him, the firm's name and style being Chetwood & Magie. After some years this firm dissolved, and he then associated with his son, Robert E. Chetwood, under the style of F. B. Chetwood & Son, and 9 the firm continued until the death of the senior member. During his lifetime lie held a large number of offices of trust and honor in the gift of his fellow-townsmen. He was Prostvutor of the Pleas for the county of Essex ; this was prior to the formation of Union county. At an early period of his manhood he was a member of the City Council for several terms; also a member of the State Legislature for two years, and was elected Mayor of the borough, and aKo Mayor of the cify of Elizabeth; in the l.itter office his ad- minislraiion was characterized by rare executive ability and remarkable industry. He was the projector of the Elizabeth Water and the Elizabeth Gas Companies, and it was owing, in a great measure, to his indomitable perseverance that these works were built, notwithstanding the indifference of some and the opposition of others. He was also one of the originators of the Elizabeth Orphan Asylum and of the Evergreen Cemetery, and was one of the two who pur- chased the grounds for the cemeteiy and became jiersonally resjionsiljle lor their cost. He also assisted in planning the grounds, giving the names to its avenues and paths, beside framing the rules and regulations for the government of the company. He took a warm interest in the growth and prosperity of his native place, which was especially noted for the elegance of the buildings he erected at various times and afterwards disposed of. Some of the finest suburban residences of Eliz.ibeth were planned and erected by him. For many years he held the position of attorney for the old .State bank; he lost heavily by the failure of several instiiu- tions, and these losses, added to continued domestic afllic- tion, had their effect upon his sensitive nature. He had been long a communicant of St. John's Episcopal Church, in which he served for many years as a vestryman, and at the time of his death was a warden. As a citizen and neighbor he was universally beloved ; he was as simple and unostentatious in his manners as he was pure and honorable in his dealings. He always acted in accordance with his convictions, whether they were popular or the reverse ; and he left behind him a record that few can equal. He was married, April 3d, 1832,10 Eiizabelh P. Phelps; he died, January l8ih, 1875, leaving a widow, two s<.ns and one daughter, two sons having died some years previous. ^ HETWOOD, ROBERT E., Lawyer, of Eiizabelh, is a native of the place in which he now resides, being born there, December 20th, 1837. On his mother's side he is of New England desceni, liis mother, Eliza P. Phelps, having been born in Connecticut; but his father, Francis B. Chetwood, was a native of Elizabeth. Robert received the rudiments of his education at the common schools of Elizabeth. He " had a turn for study," and his progress was rapid and thorough. When he had arrived at the proper age he entered Princeton College, and there pursued a three yearn' "its 66 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOI'.EDIA. cnuise of study. He graduated in the year 1858, and immediately commenced the study of llic law. That he should become a lawyer was almost a matter of course. His father was a prominent member of the profession, \vho had also been mayor of the Lily, and of the borough before its incorporation as a city. Moreover, the son had a strong natural inclination toward the law, and a thomugh fitness for that profession. He entered the office of his father as a student, and prosecuted his studies with vigor and rapid success. He was licensed as an attorney in June, 1861. Tn June, 1S64, he received his license as counsellor-at-law. His progress in his profession was rapid, and he speedily attained a high place at the bar and in the confidence of his professional brethren and of the public. In the year 1874 he w.as elected to the office of City .Attorney of Elizabeth, a position which he still holds. Politically he is of the Re- ■ publican faith, and has been an active and eflfective worker in the ranks of that party since his majority. Repeatedly lie h.is been delegate to Republican conventions, and has served ihe party in numerous other cn]iacities. He was niinied, M.irch 5th, 1S67, to Kate A. iKGowan, daughter of Captain John McGuwan, of the United States Revenue Service. I RIGHT, GEORGE M., State Treasurer, was born, July iSth, 1817, in Nevv,hoi-eham, New- port county, Rhode Inland, and is a son of Wil- liam L. and Lucy (Minor) Wright, both of Rhode ^ ,'* Island, and both of English desi e it. His father was for many years a sea captaii , but the latter portion of his life was devoted to agricuUurrd pursuits, h^ having removed to Otsego county, New York, where he died. George received his preliminary education at the district school of Rhode Islaml, and then became a jiupil in a select school at Hartwick, in the same county. When twenty years old he left the academy, and went to New York at iwenly-one to better his condition ; and being pos- sessed of an active, energetic spirit, he soon advanced him- self in the world. He engaged in various enterprises, which all proved successful, as to whatever he undertook he gave all his attention, and allowed nothing to escape his notice which might in the end conduce to his benefit. In 1851 he was the agent for George "W. AspinwalTs line of steamers, which position he retained until the death of that gentleman, which occurred in 1853. About that time the Pennsylvania Sleam Towing & Transportation Company was formed, in which he became a large stockholder, and has continued as such ever since. From his long connec- tion with the steamboat interests of New Jersey he is more familiarly known as Captain Wright. In 1851 he removed to New Jersev, and resided in New Brunswick for about three years, when he selected Boidentown as his future home, and of which he still continues a citizen. He was elected Mayor of Bordentown in 1S5S, and held that position two years. In 1S64 he was chosen Senator fr^im Burlington county, and served in that capaciiy for three years in the Legislature, 1S64 to 1867; wh.le a member of that body he was placed on several nnportant commiilees. For twelve years he filled the post of Inspector and Col- lector, at Burdcutown, for the I)cl..warc & R;.rilan Can.d. During his occupancy of that important position millions of dollars passed through his hands, all of which was satis- factorily accounted for. He is at present a director in the Bordentown Banking Company, as also of the -Steam Tow- ing Company. He was ajipointcd State Treasurer in Feb- ruary, 1875. Throughout his whole life he has been noted for his industrious habits, his sterling honesty and unim- peachable character; while he is regarded by his fellow- townsmen as an energetic, public-spirited citizen. He was married in 1848 to Jane M. Bradley, of Richmond cnuniy. New York. The old homestead of his father, in New Y'ork State, is still in his possession. OWELL, REV. ISAAC P., late Pastor of St. Man's Church, Elizabeth, New Jersey, was born, July l6lh, 181 1, in the city of PliilaiKl- phin, Pennsylvania, and was the son of Dr. Abraham and Mary Elizabeth (Rosetti) Ilcweil. His father was an eminent physician and a staunch Protestant ; while his mother was of French ex- tr.ictiun and a zealous member of the Roman Catholic Church. In accordancv with the views of his father, he commenced the study of medicine in 1829, hut before he had comiileled his prescribed course of readings his (alhcr died — in 1832. At the earnest solicitation of his mother, he entered Mount St. Mary's College, in Maryland, to study divinity and prepare himself to exercise the sacred functions of a priest of the church. He was ordained by the late Archbi-.hop Hughes, March 17th, 1S44, and immediately was detailed for duty in Elizabeth. Although that city is the oldest settlement in New Jersey, but few members of the Roman Catholic Church ever resided there until of late years. Less than half a century ago — in 1829 — there were but three of that faiih sojourning there; when their reli- gious failh was discovered they were obliged to leave, as no employment would be given them. In the course of time, especially when the New Jersey Railroad, and at a later day when the Cenlral Railway were in process of construc- tion, a large influx of laliorers professing that faith were added to the ])opulation of the town ; but there were no ser- vices held as yet, and very little probability that any would be needed, as the Roman Catholic population was, so to speak, a floating populaticm. The late Rev. P. Moran, of Newark, then the only priest there, attended to the sick calls of the railroad laborers; and in 1S42 Rev. VIdcfonso Mediano, then stationed on Staten Island, visited the few scattered members of the fold in and near Eiiz.,bc;h, aiul DIOGRAnilCAL KXCVCI.Or.KDIA. 67 occnsionally celebrated for lliem llie rites of relij;ion ; !)iit the prejudice against the cluircli was such that the only jilace he coultl procure for tlie jiurpose was a low tavern on the outskirts of the town, anil his visitations were attended by the most unfavorable circinnstances, not only to his own personal interest, but aKo lo the most vital interests of re- ligion. And this was the slate of affairs when Father Howell appeared. After considerable difficulty he pro- cured a small room, in a house near the town, in which to celelirate mass. On Palm Sunday, 1844, a congregation of about twenly-five assembled to greet their pastor and assist at the sacred rites of religion. Notwithstanding that he met with opposition, yet there was somewhat of an in- crease in the congregation during that year, and a collection was commenced in the fall lo purchase a lot whereon to erect a church. In April, 1S45, ''^^ basement wall of St. Mary's of the Assumption was laid, and on the first Sunday in Advent of the same year a substantial brick church, fifty feet square, was sufticienlly completed to accomr.:odate the congregation, which had then increased lo about 100. In the course of a few years the church became too small for the rapid growth of the parish, and in 1847 the German members of the congregation left and erected an edifice for themselves. In 185 1 a substantial brick school-house, two stories high, was erected alongside of St. Mary's Church. In 1S58 the enlargement and remodelling of the chorch and erection of a pastoral residence were commenced ; and in the spring of 1S62 the work was completed. A beautiful church, 133 feet long and 66 feet wide, wilh a spacious pastoral residence, are the best evidences of the zeal and charity of the congregation. To this congreg.ation did Father Howell minister until the close of his life. At the outbreak of the great rebellion, in 1S61, he promptly es- poused the cause of the Union, and induced many of his flock to aid in the defence of their country. He was a man of marked learning and ability, and the founder of the Ro- man Catholic Church in Elizabeth. He died, August 31st, 1866, and his funeral was attended by all denominations, who had learned to respect and honor him. QUIER, WILLIAM CRANE, Merch.int, of Rah- way, New Jersey, was born in that place on Jan- uaiy 8th, 1S12. He is descended from illustrious ancestors. His grandfather, John Squier, mar- ried Hannah Clark, cousin of Abram Clark, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independ- ence; his uncle, Abram Clark Squier, was captured from a privateer by a British cruiser and consigned to the famous New York sugar-house prison, where he died from slow starvation ; his father, Jonathan Squier, married Hannah Crane, a niece of General William Crane, of Eliz.abelh, New Jersey, who distinguished himself as an officer of the revolutionary army. Inheriting from his ancestry an ardent love of country, he h.as thimigli liTe proved himself a public- spirited and useful cilizen, always rendering substantial support to all movements calculated to advance the nialerial and social welfare of the nation, in whose creation his pro- genitors bore so conspicuous and hnnorable a jiarl. lie was educated at the New York University, and the superii.r advantages he there enjoyed were improved to the full. Shortly after commencing the active business of life he re- moved to ihe South, and from 1834 to 1S46 was engaged in New Orleans as a merchant. Subsequently he returned North, and since 1S52 has conducted business as a mer- chant in the city of New York, residing at his native place, Rahway. In the jirogress of this ra]>idly advancing locality he has always manifested an active interest. He has been President of the Rahway .Savings Instil ution since its or- ganization, in 1853. In the subsequent year he was chosen President and Managing Director of the Passaic Zinc Com- pany, a corporation of the .State of New Jersey, engaged in the manufacture of oxide of zinc, spelter and sheet zinc at Jersey City, with mines in Sussex county. New Jersey, for- merly owned by Lord Stirling — that is, before the revolu- tionary war. He has continued lo serve the company in thai capacity until the present time, and its substantial ] ros- perity is attributable in large degree to the wise and ]inKlent character of his management of its affairs. He was manied on November 8th, 1841, to Catherine Craig, daughlei- of Dr. David S. Craig, a highly respected physician of Rahway (now deceased). HITE, HON. JOHN MOORE, Lawyer and Jurist, late of Woodbuiy, was born, fjio, at Bridgeton, Cuniberl.nnd county. New Jersey, and was the youni'i-st son of an English merchant who had originally settled in Philadelpb a and who had married the daughter of Alexander Moore, who had settled in Bridgeton about 1730, and had been engaged there in business for many years and had acquired a com- petence. She was of Irish descent, and a remarkably hand- some woman ; and the same may be said of her husband's appearance. .She died while her youngest son was but nn infant, leaving also two other sons. The widower returned to England ; but when the revolutionary war broke out lie look the patriot's side, relumed lo America, obtained a commission in the army, was an aide to General Sullivan, and was killed in the battle of Germantown, Pennsylvania. Alexander Moore, their grandfather, became the guardian of the three boys, and educated them. He died in 17S6, and bequeathed to them a large portion of his landed prop- erty, including a large tract on the east side of the Cohansey river, upon which the city of Bridgeton is built. Judge White studied law with Joseph Bloomfield, .and receivi d his license as an attorney in 1791, as a counsellor in 1799, and as a serjeant-at-law in l8l2. He settled in Bridgeton, where he entered upon the practice of his profession, and 6S EIOGRAP.IICAL EN'CYCLOr.EDIA. where he continued to reside until iSoS, when he removed to Woodbury, and lived there until the close of his life. He was very successful as an advocate, anil was well versed in the coniniun law as applied to matters where le.d csla e was concerned; and, as he had made himself fully ac- quainted with the surveys located under the proprietors, he was generally charged with cases where boundaiy lines were involved. He was also, during his professional life at the bar, the Prosecutor of the Pleas of the State for several years in the counties of Cumberland and Salem. During the early part of his resi.lence in Woodbury he was elected a member of Assembly, to represent Gloucester county in that body, and was several times re-elected. He was ap- pointed Attorney-General of the State in 1S33, and served in that position during his five years' term, and would have retained the position had it been ] ossible for him to have done so. But when the joint meeting of the Legislature was held, in 183S, another person was elected as his suc- cessor, while he was nominated and elected a Judge of the Supreme Court of the Slate. He served his term of seven years on the Ix-nch, and at its close retired to private life. He had married, about the time of his admission to the bar. Miss Zuntzinger, and his family consisted only of one child, a daughter, who sex and Sussex, and ex officio became President Judge of the several courts of each of these couniies. The act was soon afler repealed, and subsequently Juilge Ford, who had been thus legislated out of office, was chosen an Associate Juslice of the Supreme Court, and was twice re-elecleil, thus huUling that position for twenty-one years, and would doubtless have been a fourth time chosen, had not his in- creasing years and infirm health warned him of the necessity of relinquishing the position. Afler he had relired from the bench, he was complimented by a series of resolutions, passed by the bar, in which they assured him of the higli esteem in which they held him, "of his untiring patience in investigation, his purity, and his. nidependence, which led him at all times to adopt, as a maxim,' Be just, and fear not.' " He was everywhere regarded as the most efficient and elo- quent of the lawyers of New Jersey. After his retirement from the bench he relinquished all professional duties, and passed his remaining years at his seat near Morristown, where he died, August 27th, 1849. His son, Henry A. Fold, is a member of the same bar at which his father w.as distinguished. ERRY', GARRETT, Lawyer, was born, January 3d, 1832, at Hamburg, Sussex county. New Jer- sey, and is a son of Jesse and Elizabeth (Wisner) Berry, boih of whom are natives of that county. His rudimentary education was obtained at the common schools of his district, which was sui)ple- menled by an academic course of study at the Newton Cul- legiate Institute ; and in 1859 he finally graduated at the New Jersey State Normal School. In the following yiar he was appointed Superintendent of the State Farming School, at Beverly, in which position he remained one ycr.r, and thence removed to Rahway, and assumed charge ol lie public school in that city for a brief period. Subse(|ucnily, in conjunction with W. M. Phelps, he was appointed by ihe Stale superintendent, Leclurer and Conductor of Instilulcs throughout the State, which occupied his attention for the years 1861 and 1S62. His leisure hours, meanwhile, had been devoted lo the study of the law, having commenced his readings in view of th.at jirofessiiin while he was a resident of Rahw.ay in i860; and in 1S63 he was licensed as an at- 70 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.CDIA. tiirney, and three years later as a counsel!or-at-!aw. In lS66 he was elected City Attorney for Rahway, and at jiresent (1876) is of counsel for the Union National Bank of Rahway. He has associated with him Mr. Liipton for the practice of the law, under the firm-name of Berry & Lupton, who are favorably and extensively known as able and successful practitioners. In political matters he is a Republican, and has been connected with that parly since its organization. He was married, March 24th, 1S59, to Lizzie Ludlam, of Dennisville, New Jersey. '^'rpiOOLITTI.E, REV. THEODORE S., D. D., Col- ', ■ J I legiate Church Professor of Rhetoric, Logic and ((il I Rlental Philosophy, in Rutgers College, was born 5r^^ at Ovid, Seneca county. New York, Novemlier b V3 30th, 1836. Mis parents were Solomon and Caroline (Satterly) Doolittle, the former being a native of Connecticut, and the latter of New York State. He obtained his early education in the Ovid academy, and having laid a good foundation in that establishment, entered Rutgers College as a student in the fall of 1855, and was graduated in 1859, having pursued a four years' course. Feeling himself called to the ministry, he then became a student in the New Brunswick Theological Seminary, where he prosecuted his theological studies until 1862. In July of that year he accepted a call to the pastorale of a church at Flatland, Kings county. New York, and continued his ministrations for two years. At the expiration of that period he was offered the Chair of Rhetoric, Logic and Mental Philosophy in Rutgers College, which he accepted and still fills. In 1872 he took a tour through Europe, visiting England, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Belgium and other con- tinental countries, gathering by the way much information in connection with the subjects taught from his chair, and a knowledge of methods in professional instruction which has added greatly to the acceptability of his teaching. On this trip he collected, also, many very fine specimens of ancient architecture. He is a powerful and elegant writer, and his contributions to the Christian at Work, of which he is a contributing editor, on the relations of science to religion, lend much interest and attractiveness to the columns of that journal. lie was married, September 17th, 1S62, to Mary A., daughter of Rev. Benjamin Bassler, of Faimer Village, Seneca county, New York. S) HITEHEAD, HON. IRA C, Lawyer and Jurist, late of Morristown, was born, 1798, near Morris- ^1 Jill town, New Jersey. He received a thorough academical education preparatoiy to his matricu- c ij^ la' ion at Princeton College, fiom which institu- tion he graduated in 1S16, having as classmates the late Bishop Charles J. Mcllvaine, of Ohio, Rev. Dr. John Maclean, and Judge Nevins, of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After leaving college he commenced the study of law in the office of tlie late Joseph C. Hornblower, of Newark, afterwards Chief Justice of New Jersey, and re- ceived his license as an attorney in May, 1821 ; and became a counsellor-at-law three years later. He commenced the practice of his profession at Schooley's Mountain, where he only remained for a short time; and thence removed to Morristown, which became his future residence. He suc- ceeded in building up an extensive and lucrative practice, and was considered to be an able and successful advocate. In November, 1841, he was chosen by the joint convention of the Council and Assembly a Judge of the Supreme Court, and filled the term of seven years for which he was elected. At the expiration of his term in 1848, the politics of the State had changed, and as he was in the ranks of the ojipo- sition another succeeded him. He immediately resumed the practice of his profession, and again became very suc- cessful. He was subsequently appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas in and for Morris County, and occupied the bench for several terms. He was a man of the most unblemished character, and was possessed of such a high degree of integrity that he was continually namctl by various I'jersons as their executor, especially where the estates hap- pened to be extensive. The business thus intrusted to him occupied his time and attention for many years. As a judge he was greatly respected, and his opinions, as reported, show him to have been a deep thinker, an able logician, and a most impaitial jurist. He was a \Vhig in political doc- trine, and being such failed to he re-elected judge in 1848. He was a true Christian, and most charitable in his gifts for objects of a religious and benevolent character. He mar- ried about 1822, and was the father of a daughter, who died, as also did his wife, before his own decease. In 1S62 he was stricken with paralysis, but recovered. He died at Morristown, August 27th, 1867. UTTOLPH, HORACE A., M. D., LL. D., Phy- sician and Superintendent of the State Asylum for the Insane, at Monistown, New Jersey, was born, April 6lh, 1815, in the township of North East, Dutchess county. New York, and is the son '"' of Warren and Maiy (McAllister) Buttolph. His father was also a native of New York, and followed agricul- tural pursuits; he was of German descent, the founder of the American branch of the family having emigrated from Germany at an early day and settled in Boston, Massachu- setts. His mother was of Irish lineage. When Dr. But- tolph was quite young, his father removed to Pennsylvania and located within four miles of the site of the present thriv- ing city of Scr.anton, which was then known as Slocum's Mill ; and the doctor often visited the same, making his way on horseback through an almost uninhabited wilder- *^=^-ft/ ^e. jn&td'^ LlOGRArmCAI, K.NCVCLOl'.miA. 7' ness. After a few years liis father returncil to Dulchcss couiUy, New York, wliere the son alteiideil school until he w.is fourteen years of age ; he afterwards became an in- mate of the family ot his maternal uncle, Dr. Charles McAllis- ter, of South Lee, Berkshire county, Massachusetts. While residing with his uncle he became a pupil of the Stock- brulge Academy, where he completed his education. Hav- ing resolved to devote his life to the medical profession, he commenced its study with his uncle, meanwhile teaching school and thus defraying his expenses incident to the same ; in fact, the doctor sustained himself from the start, and is, in all respects, emphatically a self-made man. He attended three regular courses of lectures delivered at the Berkshire Meilical College, Massachusetts, and graduated from that institution in 1835. Returning to Dutchess county. New York, he at once began the practice of his profession ; but only remained there for a brief period, removing thence to Sharon, Litchfield county, Connecticut, where he resided for five years. He then went to New York city, and at- tended a course of medical lectures in the university of that city, at which time the late Dr. Valentine Mott was the leading surgeon. For some time previous to this period he had been deeply interested in mental science, and in the proper treatment of insane patients, and had already paid much attention to these subjects. As the asylum at Utica was about opening, in the winter of 1842-43, he made an effort to become one of the medical staff. He also visited the leading asylums in the New England States, and after his return was appointed assistant to Dr. Brigham, who had been called to take charge of the Utica Asylum, and he filled this situation about five years. Li 1847 he was ap- ])(iinted Superintendent of the New Jersey .State Lunatic Asylum, at Trenton ; but before he accepted this responsi- lile position, he visited many of the prominent asylums for insane patients in Great Britain, France and Germany, num- bering in all some thirty institutions ; so that he was enabled to enter upon his duties at Trenton with a full understanding of the Iiest methods to pursue. He held this position unin- terruptedly for nearly twenty-nine years, being thoroughly identified with every step of its progress, and relinquished it in April, 1876, to take charge of the State Asylum for the Insane, at Morristown, to which he had been elected in June, 1875. I' f"ay fie here stated that, while acting as a member of a commission appointed by the Legislature of lS63-6g to select a site and prepare plans for a new institu- tion in the State, Dr. Buttolph, in conjunction with .Samuel Sloan, architect, of Philadelphia, arranged the design for a building which, with slight modification of detail, was sub- sequently adopted by the commissioners for erecting this. Li the interim between his acceptance of this new charge and his actual assumption of its duties, he assisted the com- missioners charged with the erection of the same, with his *' great experience, practical skill, and rare good judgment," and he planned many of the features which render this in- stitution one of the most perfect asylum buildings ever erected. TIu' in^liliitiun w.is opened for the admission of patients on the 171)1 ol August, since which, to ihis date (November 1st), a period of two and a half months, the l.ir"e number of 346 have been received. It was commenced in the year 1872, and during that and the following years the sum of over $2,250,000 was expended in its construction. It has an imposing appearance, especially when viewed from the front, which stretches out in a continuous line 1270 feet in extent, each subdivision receding, until the rear of the tW'O wings are about 600 feet distant from the front line of the central projecting edifice. All the buildings are fire-proof as far as stone, brick and iron can m.ake them, and the stairways are of iron and slate. They are generally five stories high, including the basement, the upper story being finished with a mansard roof, ornamented with domes and turrets. The asylum is heated with steam throughout, supplied by eight boilers, which are placed in a building some distance in the rear of the central structure, and which also contains the bake-house, laundry, machine and work shops. To give an idea of the great extent of the edifice, it may be stated that nearly eight acres of floor, over thir- teen miles of base-board, 2000 doors, 2500 windows ha\e been placed in the several stories ; and the area of the jilas- tered walls is somewhat over thirty-three acres. There are between 4000 and 5000 radiators, and about 3000 registers connected with the heating apparatus ; while some eirht miles of iron pipe have been laid to convey gas, water and steam. The gas used is made on the premises in a separ.-.le building erected for the purpose; while other structures, such as barns, stables, carriage-houses, ice-houses, slaughter- houses, etc., have been put up during the present yer.r (1876). Dr. Buttolph is most enthusiastically devoted to his profession, particularly in his specialty, which, indeed, has been almost a life-long study with him. In 1S72 he was honored by Princeton College with the degree of Doctor of Laws. He was married, in 1S38, to Catharine, daughter of George King, cf Sharon, Connecticut. She died in 1851. In 1854 he was united in marriage to Mrs. Maria R. Gardner, daurhtcr cf John Syng Dorsey, M. D., Professor of Anatomy in the University cf Pennsylvania. C'"»iVi ARD, ARTHUR, -V. M., M. D., of Newark, was born r.t ELllevillc, New Jersey, December 23d, l£c3. His father, Samuel L.'Ward, M. D., of Belleville, was for many years extensively en- g.aged in the practice of medicine in that locality and the surrounding country. On the maternal side also he was of Jersey extraction, his mother being Caro- line Bruen, of Newark. Ills preliminary education was obtained partly in Newark, whence he proceeded to the Bacon Academy, at Colchester, Connecticut. Having com- pleted his preparation for a university course at this academy he entered Y'ale Colle-e i;i 1S40. At this famous seat of 72 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. learning he spent four years in diligent student, grad- uating in 1844, and having conferred on him in due course tlie degree of A. M. Selecting the medical profession, he immediately commenced his studies under the tutorship of his father and the eminent physician, Dr. Thomas Cock, of New York, who was one of the founders of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of that city. At this institution he attended lectures, and from it he graduated in the fall of 1S47. He at once entered upon the active duties of his ]ii'ofession in Newark, where he practised for one year, when he took up his residence at Belleville. At this place and in Newark he was successfully engaged until 1865. In that year he returned to Newark to reside, and has con- tinued to practise there with steadily increasing success to the present time. He has now been in active practice for nearly thirty years, and during this period he has devoted himself exclusively to the promotion of the interests of his noble profession, always commanding the respect and es- teem of the profession at large, as well as the entire confi- dence of all who have come under his care. In the medical associations with which he is and has been connected he has always taken an active interest. He is a member of the Essex District Medical .Society ; also, the Essex Medical Union. Of the Connecticut Medical Society he is a cor- responding member, and for the year 1876 was a delegate to the New Jersey State Medical Society from the district society. He was married in 1854 to Anna C, daughter of Robert Lee, of Rahway. e^^ RAKE, HON. GEORGE K., Lawyer and Jurist, V^ J 1 1 lats of Morristown, was born, 1788. in Morris (q1| I county. New Jersey, and was a son of Colonel ^^^ Jacob Dr.ake, and his mother was a sister of (o\^ Jonathan Dickerson, and aunt of Governor Mahlon Dickerson. He received his preparatory education at the hands of Rev. Dr. Armstrong, of Mendham, and sulKequently entered Princeton College, from which in- slitulion hegr.uluated in 180S, having as classmates the late Bishop Meade, of Virginia, and Judge W.ayne, of the United States Supreme Court. After leaving college he made choice of the profession of the law as his future avocation, and chose as his preceptor therein Sylvester Russell, of Morristown. After the usual course of study he was li- censed as an attorney in 1812, becamea counsellor in 1815, and was appointed serjeant-at-law in 1834. Shortly after his admission to the bar he commenced the practice of his ])rofession at Morristown, where he continued until he was appointed Judge. In 1823 he was elected a member of As- sembly, and was re-elected three several times; during his -last two terms in that Ijody, he was chosen Speaker of ihr Ilouse. In December, 1826, at a joint meeting of the Council and A.sscmbly, he was chosen Justice of the Su- preme Court, to succeed Judge Russell. Shortly after his appointment he removed to Burlington, where he remained but a short time, however, and ultimately chose Trenton as his residence, and where he remained until the expiration of his term of office. The opinion which he gave in the case of Hendrickson vs, Decow oi:)erated against his reap- pointment, although generally admiited to be correct. This opinion was adverse to the Hicksites' cause, and they helped to elect, in 1833, a large majority of Democrats to the Legislature, mainly to defeat the re-election of Judge Drake. Uiwn the termination of his ofiice he returned to Morristown, where he resumed the practice of his profession. Religiously he was a Pi'esbyterian, and an active and zealous member of that communion. He died suddenly, while on a visit to his brother-in law. Dr. Woodruff, at Drakesville, in 1837. > of w. UNT, EZRA M., M, D., of Metuchen, was born in that place on January 4lh, 1S30. His father. Rev. H. W. Hunt, was for many years the be- loved pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Metuchen, and was a Jerseyman, Iiaving been born in Hunterdon comity. The f-iuiily, how- ever, came originally from Westchester county. New York. Having received a superior elementary training, Ezra at- tended Irving Institute, atTanytown, New York, where he continued from 1840 to 1845, and prepared for college. He entered Princeton College in the latter year, and gradu- ated therefrom in 1849. The life of a physician being that to which his tastes led, he then began the study of medicine under the superintendence of Dr. Abram Coles, an eminent practitioner of Newark, New Jersey, at the same time at- tending lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York, from which, after a three years' course, he re- ceived his degree of M. D., in March, 1852. After gradu- ating he located himself in Metuchen, but did not labor long in that place at that time, being, in 1853, appointed Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, in tlie Vermont Med- ical College, at Woodstock. In the following year he was chosen Professor of Chemistry in the same institution. During 1855 he concluded to resume his profession, and re- turned to Metuchen. There he was successfully engaged until 1862, when he was impelled by patriotic motives lo join the Uninn army. He entered the service for nine months, as Assistant Surgeon of the 2gth New Jersey In- fantiy. After serving with the regiment for two months he was detached to take charge of the Calvert Street Hospital, Baltimore, where he did duly until the expir.ition of his term. Returning to Metuchen, he once more resumed the labors of private practice, in which he has since been con- tinuously occupied, and with steadily increasing success. In his profession he enjoys a high reputation, both ns a phy- sician and an author. He is a member of the Middlesex County Medical .Society, and has been many times a dele- gate to the State Medica! Society, of which he is a Fellow, BIOGRAnnCAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 73 having acted as its President in 1S65. lie was one of llie delegates who represented the Stale Medical Society of New Jersey in the Convention of the American Medical Associa- tion held in Philadelphia, from June 6th to June loth, 1S76, and was also a delegate from the State to the International Medical Congress, held in Philadelphia in September, 1S76. Among the medical works that have emanated from his pen may be mentioned the " Physicians' Counsel," and " Pa- tients' and Pliysicians' Aid." But he is known in author- ship outside of the professional pale. Among the more prominent of his literary works may be named " Grace Cul- ture," published by the Presbyterian Board of Publication, and "A Commentary on the Old and New Testaments," published by Scribner & Co., of New York. Various other works of minor importance have been given to the public by him. During 1863 and 1864 he was a member of the Board of Enrolment from the Third Congressional District. He has been twice married. His first wife, Emma L. Ayres, of Rahway, he espoused in 1853; she died in 1867. The second marriage took place in 1870, and was contracted with Emma Reeve, of AUowaystown, New Jersey. jROWN, HON. GEORGE H., Lawyer and Jurist, late of Somerville, was born in 1810, and was the son of Rev. Isaac V. Brown, D. D., for a long time firincipal of a classical academy at Law- ^^■^w' renceville, and where he received a thorough training previous to entering college. He gradu- ated with the class of 1828 from Nassau Hall, and after- wards became an assistant in his father's school, where he remained about two years. Having determined to embr.ace the legal profession, he entered for a while the law ofhce of Thomas A. Hartwell, of Somerville; but subsequently he became a student in the law department of Yale College. He was licensed as an attorney in 1S35, and became a counsellor in 1838. He immediately opened an olifice in Somerville, which town he likewise made his residence, and continued there throughout his life. His success was a good one from the first, and he soon had the control of an extensive and lucrative business, being a thoroughly able lawyer. He was a member of the convention which .assem- bled in 1844 to frame the new State Constitution, in which body he took an active part. When this new Constitution was adopted, he was nominated by the Whigs as Senator from Somerset county, and was elected, although the county was considered a sound Democratic district. He was elected, in 1850, a member of Congress, but failed to be re- elected in 1852, the district giving a majority to his oppo- nent. In 1861, when Judge Whelpley was appointed Chief- justice, he was nominated by Governor Olden, to fdl the vacancy created by such promotion, and duly confirmed by the Senate. The selection was an excellent one, and his coui-se as a Judge was eminently satisfactory ; but he was not destined to continue in the high position which he was so well qualified to fill. lie was desirous of resigning, but was urged to remain while there apjieared any hope of re- covery. But a disease, which baffled the skill of the most skilful physicians, soon after his resignation was accepted, terminated his life in 1S65. ' -" LACKWELL, LEWIS S., INI. D., of Perth Amboy; was born at Pennington, New J&rsey, January 23d', 1S33. His parents, Henry and Rebecca (Titus) Blackwell, were both natives of the State, and gave their sen a good education. He fil^t at- tended the academy in Pennington, and afterward the New Jersey Conference Seminary at the same place, the latter being an old-est.iblished and popular institution of learning. Being drawn by taste toward the medical profes- sion, he began to read medicine shortly after leaving the seminary, having for his preceptor his brother. Dr. E. T. Blackwell. In 1S54 he attended a course of lectures at Vermont Medical College, at Woodstock, Vermont. During the three subsequent years he attended the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated therefrom in the spring of 1857. After graduation he located at Wertsville, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, where, however, he remained only a short time. In 1858 he returned to Pennington, where he practised suc- cessfully until 1872, having in the mean time attended a course of lectures in Bellevue Hospital Medical College. During that year he transferred his labors to Bound Brook, New Jersey, and continued in that field for t%vo years, when he located in Perth Amboy, where he is now residing in the enjoyment of a large and growing practice. In 1867 he was elected a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of Mercer County, which office he held for two yeare. His wife, Charlotte Ogden Waters, to whom he was married April 2Sth, 1859, is a native of Millville, New Jersey. CHOMP, JOHN, Lawyer, of Somerville, was born, Tunc 2d, 1843, in Readington, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, and is a son of Jacob G. Schomp, a farmer and builder of that county. He was pre- pared for college at first under private instruction, and at Claverack Institute, New York. He en- tered the sophomore class of Rutgers College, New Bruns- wick, in 1S59, and had as classmates Judge Reed, A. J. Garretson, and others, since prominent in the legal profis- sion. After leaving college he commenced preparing him- self for admission to the bar, with the eminent law-firm of Brown, Hall & Vanderpool, of New York city, where he remained for some time; but as his health began to fail, he abandoned his studies for a year. He subsequently became a student in the office of B. Van Syckel, now one of the 74 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.iiDIA. Justices of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, where he re- mained until his admission to the bar, in 1 866. In the early part of the following year he opened an office and commenced practice in Sumerville, where he still resides. His ability and integrity have won for him not only the con- fidence and esteem of his fellow-townsmen, but also a large and lucrative business. He is a Democrat in political faith, and ardently attached to the principles of that party, al- though he has never sought any official position at the hands of that organization. He has in the past rendered excellent service for the party in eloquently defending its principles and candidates. He is regarded in his profession as a safe counsellor, and judicious in the management of his clients' interests. He was married, in 1S69, to Wilhelmina Schonip, of Hunterdon county. New Jersey. ^TOCKTON, CHARLES S., DD. S., of Newark, was born in Springfield township, Burlington county, New Jersey, on December lyih, 1836. His parents were Staci.y and Eliza (Roselle) Stockton, both natives of the same State. On his paternal side he is descended from the old Stockton family, so long and thoroughly identified with the State of New Jersey. His education was principally ob- tained at the New Jersey Conference Seminary of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Pennington, from which institution he graduated with the fii-st honors of his class on July 2Sth, 1855, being chosen to deliver the valedictory oration on that occasion. Having been attracted to the dental profession, he commenced, in the fall of 1855, the study of dentistry in the office of Dr. George C. Brown, of Mount Holly, New Jersey, with whom he remained for aliout one year, when he entered the office of Dr. C. A. Kingsbury, a long-established dentist, also of Mount Holly at that time, but more widely known of late years as one of the founders of the celebrated Dental College of Penn- sylvania. Having fitted himself for the practice of dentistry, Dr. Stockton, in XLirch, 1S57, purchased the property and practice of Dr. Kingsbury, and soon met with flattering success, and was engaged in an extensive and lucrative practice here up to the summer of 1872, when he removed to Newark, purchasing the property there on Cedar street which for many years was occupied by the Messrs. Colburn, the leading dentists of Newark in their day. Here Dr. Stockton again acquired a lucrative and constantly-increas- ing patronage, which he continues to enjoy, and is in all prob.ibility the leading dental practitioner in Newark. Fully appreciating, however, the great importance of being thoroughly learned in the real science and practice of his profession, he availed himself of the benefit of a full course of lectures at the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery, where he was graduated with the highest honors, February 29th, 1S68. An enthusiast in his profession, Dr. Stockton has taken great pride in elevating the standard of its mem- bers, etc. He was actively instrumental in aiding the organization of the New Jersey State Dental Association, in 1870, and has always taken a lively interest in its deliber- ations. Upon its formation he was chosen Vice-President and elected to deliver the public address at the fii-sl annual meeting, which was held at Newark, in July, 1871. His discourse on this occasion embodied a concise history of dentistry from the early ages to the present period, accom- panied by a number of excellent practical suggestions touch- ing the elements of professional success. The address received many encomiums from its hearers, and its puljlica- lion was ordered by the society. At the annual meeting of the society, held at Long Branch in the summer of 1872, he contributed an interestmg paper entitled " On What we Live." He has been called upon to act in various official capacities in the State society, viz.. Chairman of the Execu- tive Committee of the society and also of the State Board of Examiners. In July, 1875, he was honored with the Presidency of the society, which office he now holds. In February, 1874, he was elected President of the Alumni Association of the Pennsylvania College of Denial Surgery for the ensuing year. Notwithstanding his devotion to his profession, he has also found time to aid and promote in various \\'ays the welfare of the communities in which he has resided. During his sojcniin at Mount Holly he repre- sented his church in the Episcopal Diocesan Convention of New Jersey. While not caring for political honors, he has at the same time recognized the duty each citizen owes in this direction, and has, a number of times, been a dele- gate in the county. State and district conventions of his party. He was married in 1857 to Martha Smith, of Perth Amboy. RAIG, DAVID STEWART, M. D., Physician, of Rahway, was a native of that place, having been born there, September 22d, 1776. His parents were David Craig and Catherine Terrill, and his grandparents on the father's side were Timothy Craig and Jane Stewart. Through his grandmother he was of Scotch descent, her father, David Stewart, having come to this country from Edinburgh, Scotland, and settled in Woodbridge. David Stewart Craig, in his boyhood, attended a select school in his native place, and his natural aptness and his early habits of hard work rendered his acquisition of knowledge rapid and ef- fectual. It was early decided that he was to enter the medical profession. Indeed that was the hereditary pro- fession of his family. His father, David Craig, was a physician, and his great-grandfather, D.ivid Stewart, w.ns the first physician who practised in Woodbridge, where he settled after his arrival from Edinburgh. After his term of attendance at the select school had expired the young David entered at once upon the study of medicine. He was placed BIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. 75 in the office of Dr. Samuel Bard, of New York, and con- tinued under the instruction of that practitioner until the completion of his course of study. He received his diploma in the year 1797, when he had just attained his majority. He returned to Rahway and at once commenced the prac- tice of his profession there. He speedily rose in favor, and while still a young man found himself possessed of a large and increasing patronage. His energy in the performance of his chosen work was great ; he was an indefatigable student, and kept well up with the progress of medical science, and his skill and success were remarkable. He advanced rapidly to acknowledged eminence, and during fifty years of unremitting practice in R.ihway he maintained a leading position in his profession. As a man and a citi- zen, no less than as a physician, did he win and retain the esttem of those about him. He was public-spirited in a high degree, and all movements for the welfare of the com- munity received his hearty and active co-operation. He was especially active in the removal of the mill-dams, a work which, at the time, awakened the interest and com- manded much of the attention of the community in which he lived. He died, November 9th, 1866, widely and sin- cerely mourned, and his memory is still cherished with high esteem. )ILLY, HON. SAMUEL, M. D., Physician, States- man and Jurist, of Lambertville, was born, Octo- ber zSth, 181 5, in Geneva, Ontario county. New York, and is a son of William Lilly. He is of English descent, his grandfather, Samuel Lilly, being the emigrant ancestor of the American branch of the family. He was a barrister by profession in England; and, being a fine classical and belles-lettres scholar, on his arrival in America he adopted the profes- sion of a teacher, and established himself at first in New York city, and afterwards went to Albany. At the instance of warm personal friends, he look orders in and became a clergyman of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In the course of time he became Rector of St. John's Church, Elizabethtown, New Jersey; and while there he officiated at the marriage ceremony of Lord Bolingbroke, then a resi- dent of that ancient borough. His son, William Lilly, the father of Dr. Samuel Lilly, was placed at an early age in the extensive house of E. K. Kane & Co., who were en- gaged in the East India trade, and where he acquired all the information necessary to form the attainments of a suc- cessful merchant. He afterwards removed to Geneva, thence to Penn Y.in, subsequently to New York city, and finally settled at Lambertville, New Jersey. In 1829 his son Samuel, who at that time was about fourteen years of age, commenced the study of the classics with his uncle. Dr. John Lilly, a prominent physician, who had been a resident practitioner of medicine in Lambertville since 1809; he also received instruction from Rev. P. O. Studi- ford, D. D., an eminent Presbyterian clergyman. Having decided to embrace the medical profession, he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and graduated therefrom with the degree of M. D. in 1 837. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession at Lambertville, and soon acquired the control of an exten- sive and lucrative business and reputation. He is a leadinrecious to his heart. He did not in- deed join the church of Christ on earth, because of his great distrust of his own heart, until a shorPtime before his death ; but he everywhere openly confessed Christ among men all his days, and was a man of childlike faith in God and prayer, and a great lover of the Bible and of good men. He said to the author of this sketch, when almost eighty years of age, when speaking of this beautiful world and of our grandly appointed life in it: "We ought to go through life shouting." He died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, February 1st, 1869. He married, September 23d, iSiS, Lucy Dix, of Littleton, M.issachusetts, who survived him until November, 1S75. Z^ TRONG, HON. BENJAMIN RUGGLES •^^ WOODBRIDGE, Counsellor-at-Law and Jurlge, of New Brunswick, was born at Clinton, Oneida county. New York, February 21st, t827. He is the son of Professor Theodore Strong, whose l)io- graphical .sketch immediately precedes this. After a preliminary training, he entered Rutgers College in 1S43, and graduated after a full course in 1847. Develop- ing an inclination for the law, he began reading for that profession under the direction of Hon. John Van I)yke, of New Brunswick, but he was not licensed to practise as an attorney until 1852, having in the nieanlime been attracted to California in I S49 by the gold discoveries. He remained on the Pacific coast for two years, and was one of the first finders of gold in Oregon. On his admission to the bar in New Jersey, he speedily gained himself a good position in S2 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCI.Ol-.EDIA. the profession, and during his career thereat he was made the depositary of various important trusts. P'or several terms, extending in all over ten years, he was Corporation Counsel for New Brunswick. He was counsel for the Na- tional Bank of New Jersey, and for several large manufac- turing companies, and other corporate institutions. At a comparatively early period in his professional life he was appointed a Notary Public and a Master in Chancery. On April 1st, 1874, he was appointed Judge of the Common Pleas, Quarter Sessions, and Orphans' Court-i, for Middle- sex County, for a term of five years. In politics he is an earnest Republican, but he is not a politician in the ordinary acceptation of the word, though all movements having for their object the promotion of the public welfare receive his hearty and active support. He was married in 1872 to Harriet A., daughter of Hon. Jonathan Hartwell, of Little- ton, Massachusetts. ^EMP.SHALL, REV. EVERARD, B. D., Minister, of Elizabeth, was born in Rochester, New York, August 9th, 1830. His father, Thomas Kemp- shall, was a merchant of Staines, England, and came to this country in 1812, settling in Rochester when it was only a forest. He was a man uni- versally loved and respected for his inlegiity of character, and represented his district in Congress from 1839 to 1841. His wife was Emily Peck, of New Haven, Connecticut. Everard, their son, received his education at Williams Col- lege, Massachusetts, where he graduated in 1851. He then entered upon a theological course at Princeton Seminary, graduating in 1S55. After completing his theological course he entered upon the ministry at Buffalo, where he preached two years. He started the Delaware Street Pres- byterian Church there, now known as the Calvary Church. After leaving Buffalo he preached as " a supply " for two years at Batavia, New York. In the year 1861 he was called to Elizabeth, New Jersey, to take charge of the First Presbyterian Church of that place, which pulpit he has since continued to fill to the eminent satisfaction of the congrega- tion. In 1869 he was a member of the Board of Foreign and Domestic Missions. In 1859 he married Charlotte A. Eaton, only daughter of Orsanuis Eaton, of Troy, New York. The church in which he now ministers is one of the oldest Presbyterian churches in the country, having been organized more than two hundred years ago. It is sup- posed to have been founded very shortly after the settlement of the town in 1664-65. The men who founded both the town and the church were, with veiy few exceptions, from New England. The first minister was Rev. Jeremiah Peck, a native of London, England, and one of the early settlers of New Haven, Connecticut. For the first half century of its existence the church was an independent one, and became Presbyterian not earlier than 1717. It was represented for the first time in the Synod of Philadelphia in 1721. From 1761 to the time of his tragic death in 1781 the Rev. Jnnies Caldwell, of revolutionary fame, was pastor of this church. He was shot and killed by the British in Elizabeth. The graveyard attached to the church contains the remains of many illustrious dead. ANEWAY, GEORGE J., A. M., M. D., Physician, of New Brunswick, is a native of Philadelphia. His parents were Rev. Jacob Janeway, a Presby- terian minister, of Philadelphia, and Martha (Leiper) Janeway, of Pennsylvania. He received his preliminary education at the select schools in Philadelphia, and in the year 1826 entered the Universiiy of Pennsylvania as a medical student. He also prosecuted his studies in the office of Dr. Nathaniel Chapman, who w.as at that time Professor of the Practice of Medicine in the university. Having comjileled his university course, he went in 1831 to Paris, where he remained a year, com- pleting his medical studies in the best schools of that city. Returning to this country he commenced professional prac- tice in New York city. He remained there until 1847, when he removed to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he has since resided. He has devoted himself untiringly and with eminent success to the practice of his profession, and has attained in it a high and acknowledged position. He is no less esteemed as a citizen than as a professional man, and during 1871 and 1872 he served as Mayor of the city. ANEWAY, JACOB J., Manufacturer, of New Brunswick, was born in Middlesex county. New Jersey, March 15th, 1840. He is the son of Dr. George J. Janeway, an old and prominent physi- cian of New Brunswick, and of Martha M. (Smith) Janeway. He received his preliminary education at select schools in New Brunswick, and entered Rutgers College in the year 1855. He remained in that institution during a period of four years, and afier leaving it he entered the service of the .Shefiield Brothers, druggists, of New York, as Superintendent of their oil warehouse, in Jersey City. About a year later the warehouse was de- stroyed by fire, and he returned to New Brunswick. In July, 1862, he entered the Union army for the suppression of the rebellion. He organized a comp.my of infantry in New Brunswick, of which he was made Captain. He, with his company, was attached to the I4lh Regiment of New Jersey Infantiy. The regiment was on detached service in Maryland for some time, and subsequently joined the Army of the Potomac, at Harper's Ferry. When General Grant took command of the Army of the Potomac the I4lh was transferred to the 6th Army Corps, under command of Gen- eral Sedgwick, and served through the war. Tn the fall of 1864 Captain Janeway was commissioned M.ajor, after ^^^ .T^^r^ic-^-^^ EIOGRAPIIICAL i:\CVCLOr.KDIA. tlie death of tlie gallant Major Viedenbergh, and one week later he received his commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, and he was brevetted Colonel for bravery at the battle of Petersburg, just previous to the surrender of General Lee. Al llie close of the war he returned to New Brunswick, and tlicre entered the service of his uncle, H. L. Janevvay, as Superintendent of the paper-mills there. He continued to act in this capacity until 1872, when he formed the partner- ship now existing, of Janeway & Carpenter, for the nianu- ficture in all its branches of paper-hangings, which business he has successfully prosecuted ever since. Through an invention of Colonel Janeway's, patented December 15th, 1874, the company are enabled to produce the .specialty in paper-hangings known as the " Frencli drawn stripe." Bv this invention the labor previously done by hand is now accomplished by machinery, and this kind of work, which had previously been almost excluded from market on account of the expense attending hand-work, is produced at a profit. He was married, in November, 1871, to Eliza Harrington, daughter of Henry L. Harrington, of Phila- delphia. jOBERTS, REV. WILLL\M CHARLES, D. D., was born, Septemljer 23d, 1832, at Galltmai (May's Grove), near Aherystwith, in Cardigan- -go^p shire. South Wales. His father, Charles Roberts, (S'Q-' was a well-to-do farmer, of the class usually known there as " country esquires." He was a man of more than ordinary education and general intelli- gence, having spent some years in college, at Welshpool, with the view of becoming a clergyman of the Estalilished Church of England. For reasons satisfactory to himself he refused to receive holy orders, married and settled down as a farmer. He held a number of important offices in the shire, and bore the cognomen of Counsellor, on account of his extensive knowledge of law. According to what seems to be a well-founded tradition, the mother of the subject of this sketch belonged to the Welsh branch of the well-known Jonathan Edwards family of this country. She had the name of possessing in an eminent degree the strong quali ties of mind and heart common to all the branches of her family. After spending some years in a little school near his father's house, William Charles was sent to Evan's Academy, in town, well known in that section of the prin- cipality for the ability of its teachers and the thoroughness of its training. It was an institution modelled after the celebrated Eton and Rugby schools, in England. Owing to the failure in business of relatives, for whom Mr. Roberts had become an indorser, he was so embarrassed that he was compelled to leave his beautiful home. Rather than to accept his altered condition among his old friends, he resolved to come to this country for eight or ten years, landing in New York on the 28th of June, 1849. In less than a week after his arrival on these shores himself, wife and two children were carried away by the cholera that was then raging in the city, leaving behind in a strange coui.try six orphan children, of whom William was the eldest. In- stead of returning home to Wales at the urgent solicitation of relatives and friends, the surviving members of the family deci.led to spend some time in the United States, two or three of the oldest seeking some tcni|)orary employment to supplement the little income left them by their parents. In the providence of God William was led to Eiizabethtown, New Jersey, in September, 1849, "here lie entered the- leather establishment of Mulford IJrotliers. After seeinc his way clear to make his home in this country, he entered the school of Rev. David H. Pierson, with the view of carrying out his original intention before leaving Wales of becoming a lawyer or minister of the gosjiel. In the fall of 1852 he entered the sophomore class in Princeton Col- lege, and graduated with honors in 1855. At the close of the final examination he accepted the appointment of tutor in Delaware College, where he discharged the duties of an absent professor. He then commenced the study of law, under Judge Patton, in Pennsylvania, acting at the same time as a private tutor to his children. Convinced that it was his duty to become a minister of the gospel, he entered the Theological .Seminary at Princeton, and remained there through the whole course, graduating in 1858. Before leaving the seminary he had accepted a unanimous call to succeed the Rev. Slephen R. Wynkoop, as the pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Wilmington, Delaware. He was ordained and installed by the Presbytery of New Castle in June, 1858. Whilst at Wilmington Mr. Roberts was mar- ried to Mary Louise, the only daughter of E. B. Fuller, Esq., of Trenton, New Jersey, for many years a well-known banker in Natchez, Mississippi. He was appointed by the Synod of Philadelphia one of the Trustees of Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania. In the autumn of 1861 he accepted a unanimous call to fill the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of Columbus, Ohio, rendered vacant by the declining health and old age of the Rev. James Hoge, D. D. There he acted as Chaplain of the State Senate ; a member of a committee in the room of Dr. Hoge to found a college, which eventuated in Wooster University, and the Moderator of the Synod of Ohio, in October, 1S64. On account of the ill health of Mrs. Roberts, he was advised by the best physicians of the place to leave Columbus, and seek a settlement on the sea-board, somewhere between New York and Washington. He accepted a call to become a co-pastor with the Rev. Dr. Magie, of the Second Presby- terian Church of Elizabeth, New Jersey. He was installed there by the Presbyteiy of Passaic, in December, 1864. In consequence of the rapid growth of the city and the great demand for pews in the Second Church, repeated proposi- tions were made to enlarge the old edifice, but they did not meet the views of the majority of the congregation. As the people could not agree on a plan for enlarging the exist- ing church, it was deemed advisable to colonize and occuj'y 84 BIOGRArillCAL ENCVCLOr.KDIA. the invilin^' field then opening for a Presbyterian church north of the New Jersey Central Railroad. Ninety-three members of the Second Church, and seven Ironi other churches out of town, were organized, January 31st, 1S06, into what is called the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Elizabeth. They gave a unanimous call to the Rev. Wil- liim C. Roberts, then pastor of the moiher congregation. By advice of prominent meml>ers of Presbytery, he accepted the call, and was installed March 7th, 1S66. The pros- perity of the church under his pastorate has been veiy marked. Its roll of members has swelled from one hun- dred to four hundred and sevenly-five, exclusive of those taken away by death and removals. They have erected, on the corner of Westminster avenue and Prince street, perhaps the finest church edifice in the State of New Jersey, costing, independent of the large tower, about 3175,000, all paid for. They have conlributed also to out- side and benevolent objects over $100,000. Mr. Roberts was elected a Trustee of Princeton College in June, 1866; appointed by the first General Assembly of the united church one of the original members of its Board of Home Missions in May, 1S69; he was made Chairman of the deputation sent to the Free Church of Scotland for the year 1874; a member of the Assembly's committee to consider the propriety of holding a general Presbyterian council; he was honored with the title of D. D. by Union College, Schenectady, New York, in June, 1S72; he was elected by acclamation the Moderator of the Synod of New Jersey in October, 1875, and appointed a member of the first Pan Presbyterian Council to meet in Edinburgh, July 3d, 1877. County Medical Society, and President of the Masonic H.all Association. He was married in 1S63 to Anna E., dau>;hter of David L. Barton, of New York. AN ANTWERP, JAMES, Dentist, of New Bruns- wick, was born, June igih, 1S35, in the city of New York, and is a son of William and Jane (McCollough) Van Antwerp of that city, where the former was engaged in the hardware business. His mother was a daughter of Colonel William McCuUough, of Asbury, New Jersey. James at first attended a select school in his native city, and subsequently was a pupil for three years in an academy at Port Colden, New Jersey. He was afterwards placed in a school at Hacketts- town, and completed his studies at the celebrated academy of Mr. Vanderveer, in Easton, Pennsylvania. Pie com- menced the study of dentisti7 under Drs. Miller & Cook, of Brooklyn, New York, where he became fully acquainted with the qualifications necessary to be attained in that voca- tion. He selected New Brunswick as his future field, and for four years was associated with Dr. A. D. Newell, since which time he has practised his profession alone. He was married, November Ist, 1S65, to Phebe R. Stout, daughter of Lewis Stout, of New Brunswick, who died March 6th, 1871. He was again married, April 29th, 1874, to Catharine, daughter of William W. Cannon, and grand- daughter of James Spencer Cannon, deceased, formerly a professor in the Theological Seminary at New Brunsw ick. ^^ [ARKER, P. C, M. D., Physician, of Morris- town, was born, 1835, in Oneid.\ county, New- York, and is a son of G. W. B.irker, a merchant, whose wife was a Miss Coe; both parents being also natives of New York Slate. He received a thorough academical education, and in :855 commenced the study of medicine in the ofiioe of Dr. S. G. Woleott, of Utica, New York, wdio holds high rank as an eminent surgeon. He likewise attended the regular coui-se of lectures delivered at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York city, fr.mi which institution he graduated in March, i860, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He subsequently became an Assistant Physician at Bellevue Hospital, where he passed a vear. In 1861 he commenced the practice of medicine at "Cold Spring, Put- nam county, New York, being associated with Dr. T. D. Lente. This copartnership continued until 1868, when it was dissolved. He then removed to Morrislown, New Jersey, where he settled, and has since been engaged in the control of an extensive medical praclicc. .and is regarded .as one of the leading physicians of that place. He has filled both the office of Vice-President and President of the cKINL.AY, \VILLIAM, Builder and Real-Estate Op.-rator, of Elizabeth, was born, December l8th, 1S14, in Dalmelington, Ayrshire, Scotland, and is a son of Alexander and Mary (McAdam) Mc- Klnlay. His education was received at home, and he subsequently learned the trade of a car- penter. He emigrated to America in the autumn of 1838, and settled in \'enango county, Pennsylvania, where he devoted himself to agricultural )-)ursuits and building, and was also engaged in a mercantile business. During the years 1863, iS64and 1S65 he was Postmaster at Stewart's Run, Venango county. In 1866 he removed to Elizabeth, New Jersey, where he became interested in real-estate ope- rations, and still continues to reside. He was elected a member of the Assembly in 1872 from Union county. Dur- ing that session he introduced a bill which after a bitter contest became a law. This bill created a comptroller to advance the interests of the city, curtailing expenses and extravagant outlay. He also served during this session as Chairman of the Committee on Stationery. He was re- elected in 1S73 and in 1874. During these sessions he was in both years Chairman of the Committee on Municipal BIOGRAPHICAL Ex\CVCLOr.EniA. ss Corporations, and in the latter year was a member of the joint Committee on the Treasurer's Account and State Prisons. He was a delegate to the Slate Gubernatorial Convention i]> 1S74; and also a delegate in 1S76 to a con vention held in Trenton to choose delegates to the Advi- sory Convention, which met in Philadelphia during that year. He is a Director in the National State Bank of Elizabeth; also of the Elizabeth Fire and Marine Insurance Company, and of the Mechanics' Savings Bank. He takes an .active interest in all public improvements, but, at the same time, believes that in cautious action resides a great safeguard to the public welfare, and that no more improve- ments should be entered into than the times and credit of the city warrant. He was married, March 4th, 1841, to Maiy Louisa Abbott, of New York. lecture, entitled " Gettysburg," is one of the finest produc- tions of its kind, and h.as been delivered to many large and ajipreciative audiences. He is President of th(; Baptist Sun- day School Union of New Jersey, and is an earnest and efficient laborer in that cause. He was married in 1861 to Tamma G. Sackett, of Stanford, Dutchess county New York. O) Oa .<^? ASSAR, REV. THOMAS EDWIN, Clergyman and Pastor of the Flemington Baptist Church, was born, December 3d, 1834, at Poughkeepsie, New York, and is the son of William and Mary (Hoge- man) Vassar, of that city. There came to the United Slates from England in 1796, two bro- thers, James and Thomas Vassar ; the former was the father of Matthew Vassar, the founder of Vassar College; while the latter w.-is the father of William Vassar, and grand- father of Rev. T. E. Vassar. The latter, while preparing to enter college in his native place, was prevented from so doing on account of family misfortunes, which threw heavy cares on him as the eldest son. Having early in life de- termined to devote himself to the Gospel ministry, he com- menced his theological studies with his former pastor, the Rev. Rufus B.ibcock, D. D., ex-president of Waterville College. When twenty-two years of age, he w.as ordained I been seized by the sheriff for debt. By his personal influ° r,T.^»^ILS0N, REV. EDWARD, . r.istor of the St. James Methodist Episcopal Church, New Bruns- wick. New Jersey, was born, July 25th, 1S20, in the town of Liverpool, England. One of his grandfathei-s practised law in the city of New York in 1788. He was educated by a private tutor, and also had the advantages of study and .school under one of the best Oxford masters. Afterwards he read law and studied military engineering under Generals Pasley and Sandham. In 1840 he came to the United States, where he remained until 1847; during that period he was licensed to preach by the Methodist Episcopal Church in Indiana in 1846. On his return to England he was for some years a District Superintendent of the British and Foreign Bible .Society, in the Cornwall and Devon district. For thirteen years subsequently he was the Secretary of the Country Towns Mission Society, London, established by David Nasmith, the founder of City and Town Missions. He also edited the monthly magazine of the society during that period, and increased the society's income from $30,000 to <;55,ooo per annum. He returned to the United States in l86g, and settled in Metuchen, New Jersey, whence he was called to the pastorate of St. James Methodist Episcopal Church, New Brunswick, and found the congregation la- borinff under financial disaster, their church edifice having a minister of the Baptist church, at Poughkeepsie, and sup- plied the congregation there for one year, declining a call to become its permanent pastor. He commenced pastoral duties, however, at Amen'ia, Dutchess county, having re- ceived and accepted a call from the society there, and re- moved thither in 1857, and was settled there for eight years. During this period the congregation granted him one year's leave of absence, and this one year he devoted to service m the field, as Chaplain of the 150th Regiment New York J Volunteers. His regiment was mustered into the service in 1S62, w.as attached to the Army of the Potomac till the au- tumn of 1863, and participated in the severe campaigns of th,it command, including the battle of Gettysburg. In 1863 ence and exertions he extricated the building from the clutches of the law and placed the property on a sound basis. He was married to an American lady in 1844, dur- ing his first visit to this country. ^JLLEN, FORREST A., M. D., of Bound Brook, was born in Poughkeepsie, New York, March 23d, 1S52, his father being Joseph Gillen, a prom- inent merchant of that place. He w.is educated in the common schools, graduating at the Pough- keepsie High School in 1S70, after p.assing with he returned to his ch.irge at Amenia, where he continued distinction through its various courses of study. Selecting until 1865, when he received and accepted a call to the from the professions then presented him that of medicine as pastorate of the First Baptist Church of Lynn, Mass.achu- ; his only choice, he entered with avidity upon its study in setts. In 1872 he removed to Flemington, New Jersey, ' the office and under the direction of Dr. Kissam, Police having decided to become the pastor of the congregation Surgeon, of Brooklyn. In the year and a half spent by him in that town, where he .still remains. Here, as in his under this practitioner's care he m.ide rapid progress both former fields of labor, he has been eminently successful. His in the theury and practice of medicine, and was well quali- 86 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. fied in all requisite preparatory knowledge when enrolled as a matriculant in the New York University in 1872. In this institution he studied three years, graduating from it in February, 1875, with the rank of third in a class of one hundred and twenty-four. Soon after receiving his degree Dr. Gillen removed to Bound Brook, New Jersey, and com- menced at once his professional duties, a.ssociating for some time with Dr. Fields. Since the close of 1875 he has prac- tised alone, and is gathering around him a large clientele. Though a young man he has already acquired reputation as a careful and skilful practitioner, and no other physician in the same locality enjoys to a greater degree the confidence of those for whom he has been called to prescribe. A number of important operations testify to his ability as a surgeon. Dr. Gillen is an earnest student and a practitioner of progressive impulses, and certainly none other, of his age, has brighter professional prospects. C>i|t<*ILMARTII, FRANK, A. M., M. D., Physician, fc I all of East Orange, was born, March 2Slh, 1841, in Smithficld, Rhode Island, and is a son of The- ^„/g. ophilusW. and DeliaA. (Mowry) \Vilmarth,both ^eP natives of that State, where his father was a manu- facturer of cotton goods. When Frank was Kve years old, his parents removed to Oxford, Massachusetts, where he obtained his preliminary education. At about sixteen years of age he was engaged as a teacher of mathe- matics at Rutgers College Granmiar School, in New Bruns- wick, thus enabling him to prepare himself at the same time to enter college; and he continued a teacher for about three years. Having selected medicine as his future profession, he commenced his studies and had attended one course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, when he entered the United States service in 1S64, and for three years was engaged in the Surgeon-General's Department, at Washington. During his occupancy of that position he received the honorary degree of Master of Arts, which was conferred upon him by Rutgers College. While a resident of Washington he entered the office of Dr. Thomas Antisell, professor of physiology in the George- town Medical College, and a member of the examining board for surgeons and assistant surgeons of the United .St.ates volunteer service. In the spring of 1S68 he com- pleted his medical studies, and graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York. Shortly after re- ceiving the degree of Doctor of Medicine, he became House Physician to the Colored Home Hospital. In the autumn of 1S69 he located at East Orange, where he has since prac- tised his profession, meeting with good success, and is now in the control of an extensive medical business, taking much interest in all those matters which tend to promote the honor of the medical fraternity. He is a member of the Essex County Medical Society, and has been its reporter for the past five years. He has also been a delegate to the New Jersey Slate Medical Society for the same period of time. He is also a meml)er of the Essex Medical Union, and of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine. He Is one of the visiting Surgeons to St. Barnabas' Hospital, Newark, and also to the Orange Memorial Hospital. He is a mem- ber of the Medical Advisory Board of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company of Newark, succeeding the late Dr. WoodhuU in that board. He was married, April 30lh, 1874, to Esther P., daughter of Alden Sampson, of New York city. ULLEN, THOMAS FRANKFORD, M. D., of Camden, was born In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 3d, 1822, being the son of Thomas Cullen, a sea-captain, who for many years was en- ^^J g^gsd i" tlie India trade. His father was a na- tive of Trappe, Pennsylvania, and his mother, nee Margaret Frankford, was born near Philadelphia. When quite young, his parents removed to Mount Holly, Burling- ton county, New Jereey, and It was in that town he received his elementary education. In 1839 he returned lo Philadel- phia, where, in the office of Dr. El)er Chase, he commenced the study of medicine preparatory to a collegiate courae. In 1840 he matriculated in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1S44 graduated with honor. Upon leaving this venerable institution he settled in Newark, Delaware, where he practised with gratifying success until 1847. In 1849 '^^ removed to Camden, New Jersey, where he has ever since resided, and where his pro- fessional duties, which have claimed his constant attention, have secured to him the reputation of being one of the ablest practitioners in the State. He is a leading member of the Camden County Medical Society, a Fellow of the New Jersey State Medical Society, having in iS"0 sen'ed as its President; and has labored with ability and success to pro- mote the interests of his profession in his county and State. His practice embraces both medicine and surgery, and in both branches he has achieved distinction. He holds a membership in the Delaware State Medical Society, and has the merit of having been one of the incorporators of the Camden Hospital. His contributions to the science of which he is an exponent have been important, and in num- ber considerable. He was married in 1858 to Elizabeth Stout, of New Jersey. (3 E.-\N, JOHN, Bank President, of Elizabethtown, was born at Ursino, near Elizabethtown, March 271h, 1814. His father was Peter Kean, of the same place, and his mother was one of the Morris family of New York, granddaughter of Louis Morris, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. His education was received at Princeton BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. S7 College, ami after liis grailunlion lie studied law with Gov- ernor Pennington, of New Jersey, but never entered upon professional practice. For a period he was on Governor Pennington's staff, with the rank of Colonel. He has al- ways continued to leside al Ursino, and is identified with all the leading interests of Elizabethtown and vicinity. A man of fine abilities, high culture and eminent social position, he occupies a prominent and leading position as a public- spirited and influential citizen, enjoying the fullest confi- dence and the highest esteem of the entire community. He was one of the founders, and was the first President of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and is now acting as New Jersey Director of that company. He is President of the National State Bank, of Elizabethtown, and is connected in various capacities with numerous other institutions. In- deed, he has been and continues to be identified with most of the moneyed institutions of Elizabeth. He was active in the foundation of many of these institutions, and in others his interest was inherited. His duties in connection with these various enterprises occupy his time and attention fully, and he t.akes no active interest in politics, and has never sought or held public office of any kind. He is one of the wealthiest men in New Jersey, and enjoys the rare distinc- tion of rendering his great wealth beneficial to the fullest extent to the community surrounding him. He is married to a daughter of Caleb O. Ilalstead, of New York. 'IMOXSON, JACOB, D. D. S., of Newark, was born on Staten Island, Richmond county. New York, M.ircli 8th, 1S44. His parents were Jacob and Caroline (Jacques) Simonson. His educa- tion, preliminary to his professional studies, was carefully conducted in the public schools and academy at his home, and finally at Kingston Academy, Pennsylvania. His studies in these institutions were com- prehensive, and admirably fitted him for his pursuit of pro- fes^i)nal science. In 1868 he entered the office of Dr. C. E. Francis, a celebrated practitioner in New York city, and under his preceplorship made rapid and thorough progress in his study of dentistry during the two years he remained with him. In iS7ohe was entered on the rolls of the Phila- delphia Dental College, and at the commencement of 1871 graduated with honors. The theses prepared by him on that occasion were highly commended for their thorough- ness in research and their application of methods in profes- sional duties. He supplemented this study by two courses of lectures on descriptive anatomy, at the Philadelphia .School of Anatomy, in Philadelphia, and by a course of melical surgery at Blockley Almshouse, under Dr. William PI. Pancoast and others. In the sunmier of this year he commenced the practice of his profession in New York city, and in the fall transferred his office to a more promising field in Newark, wdiere he has since labored with no ordi- nary degree of success. His researches and studies in a constantly expanding science, his care and attention when called to act or consult, his frecjuent contributions to tlie literature of medicine and dental surgery, have all combined to raise him to a leadership in his profession in the city of his residence. He was married in 187 1 to Jane Medora Haughwont, of Port Richmond, Staten Island. WEN, FRED WOOSTER, M.' D., of Morristown, was born, October 6th, 1840, on Martha's Vine- yard, Massachusetts. Hisfather, Captain William W. Owen, descended from one of the oldest set- tlers in New England, was born at Wiscassett, Maine, and for many years commanded vessels in the foreign trade. His mother, Adeline Wooster (descended from Major-General David Wooster, who was killed in the revolutionary battle of Danbury, Connecticut, and a daugh- ter of Abel Wooster, M. D., born in Stratford, Connecticut) was born in New York city, and after a life to whose w'orth and beauty all bore tribute, died at Port Jefferson, Long Island, June 2gth, 1867. Dr. Clwen attended the French School of the Christian Brothers, the German School of Saint Matthew, and Public School, No. I, in New Y'ork, Mr. Hines' school in Warren, Connecticut, and .Saint Mark's Hall, Orange, New Jersey. From 1855 to 1S59 he prose- cuted classical studies in the Gymnasia of Neuchatel, Swit- zerland, and Leipsig, Germany. From Octolier, 1859, to .May, i86i,he was assistant bookkeeper in foreign houses in New York. In June and July, 1861, he recruited sixty volunteers for the 2d New York Fire Zouaves, and went with that regiment to the war. November 12th, 1S61, he was commissioned Second Lieutenant, 3Slh New Y'ork Vol- unteers. The following extracts from his militaiy history are taken from the records of the United States Signal Corps, and from papers on file in the War Department at Washing- ton : " Was detached for signal duty by Brigadier-General John Sedgwick, December 24th, 1S61, and reported ior said duty to Major Albert J. Myer, signal officer of the army at Signal Camp of Instruction, Georgetown, District of Colum- bia, January 1st, 1S62 ; " " February 241 h, 1862, was or- dered to report for signal duty to Geneial Hooker, on the lower Potomac ; " " Lieutenant Owen acted as a Signal Officer during the entire Peninsular campaign, and was fre- quently mentioned by his commanding officer for efficiency, zeal and gallantry;" "October 23d, 1862, Lieutenant Owen was, by virtue of General Orders No. 42, issued from Head-quarters United States Signal Corps, Camp near Har- rison's Landing, Virginia, July 23d, 1862, awarded a set of ' battle flags,' inscribed ' Yorklown ' and ' West Point,' for having gallantly carried and used his signal flags in. those battles ; " " For services at the battle of Antielam and on the pursuit to Shepherdstown, Virginia, Second Lieutenant F. W. Owen occupied the front near Rutlelt's House, and BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.liDIA. bravely maintained it for some hours under an artillery fire." He was [iromoted to First Lieutenant, 38th New York Volunteers, December 1st, 1862. Captain B. F. Fisher, Acting Signal Officer, in a report dated December iSth, 1S62, and covering the battle of Fredericksburg, Vir- ginia, says : " It gives me pleasure to mention the courage displayed and the marked attention given to duty, under the fire of the enemy, by Lieutenant Owen." Upon the expi- ration of the term of service of the 38th New York Volun- teers, early in 1863, the regiment was mustered out, and Lieutenant Owen, having received authority to have the ad- ditional names of " Fort Powhattan," "Antietam," and ** Fredericksburg " inscribed upon his battle flags, severed, with honor, his connection with the Signal Corps. Imme- diately after this, upon the recommendation of his colonel, and of Generals Sedgwick and Howard, he was ap- pointed by President Lincoln, Captain and C. S. Vol- unteers, and continued to serve with the Army of the Potomac in the field from April 30th, 1863, to November 30th, 1S64, when disease, contracted in the service, com- pelled his resignation upon surgeon's certificate of disability, and he was honorably discharged from the service. The following, from his immediate commander, covers his career in his new field of service : " West Point, New York, Janu- ary 2d, 1S67. Brevet Major Fred Wooster Owen served for a long time under my command in the 2d Division, 2d Army Corps, Army of the Potomac. He was most con- scientious and assiduous in the performance of his various duties, particularly indefatigable in campaign movements, and most enterprising. I respected him as an officer and as a man. Alex. S. Webb, Lieutenant-Colonel and Brevet Major-General United States Army." At the close of the war Captain Owen received from the United States the brevet of Major, and from the State of New York the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel, both commissions being " for gallant and meritorious services during the war." In May, 1865, he received from General Howard an appointment in the Freedmen's Bureau. While in Washington, and outside of the government hours, he continued his medical studies commenced the previous year, and attended through the winters of 1865-66 and 1S66-67 the courees of lectures of , tlie medical faculty of Georgetown College. July ist, 1S66, he received the appointment as Chief Clerk of the Freed- men's Bureau, and, March 5th, 1867, the degree of M. D. from his Atiiui Maler. August 14th, 1867, he resigned his position in Washington, and was married to Louisa M. Graves, of Brooklyn, a graduate of the Packer Institute. Rufus R. Graves, his wife's father, was born in Sunderland, Massachusetts, November 6th, 1807. In 1S30 he removed with his father to Macon, Georgia, and there est.ab'ished a successful business. In 1S42 he removed to New York city, and established himself in a business from which he re- tired, after an eminently successful career, in 1S73. He was one of the earliest promoters and managers of the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, a Director of the New Jersey Zinc Company, and of several New York in- surance companies. He was interested in all patriotic and benevolent enterprises, and contributed liberally to their support. He died, August 17th, 1876, at his residence in Morristown, New Jersey. November 6th, 1S67, Dr. Owen and his wife sailed for Europe, and resided in Paris until November 30lh, 1869, during which time the doctor, at- tached to Dolbeau's service. Hospital Beaujon, prepared for and passed the five examinations of the Doctorate of the Faculty of Paris, receiving his second diploma just before leaving for America. In December, 1S69, he settled in Brooklyn, and was appointed, in January, 1870, Adjunct Surgeon Long Island College Hospital. In June, 1870, his wife being an invalid, he removed to Morristown, New Jersey, where he now resides and practises his profession. He is a member and an ex-officer of the Morris County Medical Society, was twice elected Health Physician of Morristown, and is the present County Physician. AN AM BURG, REV. ROBERT, Clergj-man, of Lebanon, was born, June gth, 1809, about six miles south of Poughkeepsie, in the southern part of Dutchess county. New York, and is of both Hollander and French descent. His early occu- pation was that of husbandry, and in all the va- rieties of agricultural pursuits he was among the first in labor and success ; even at ten years of age he could handle a scythe with the s.ame ease and agility as any older la- borer. The first twenty years of his life were passed in the usual routine of a farmer's life, receiving the education the common schools of the neighborhood afforded. When he had nearly attained his majority, he received a decided re- ligious impression, accompanied by a strong sense of Divine responsibility that he should devote hin.self exclusively to the service of the Lord. He at once began to prepare him- self under the tutelage of the Rev. Eliphalet Price, a very able and worthy Presbyterian minister, at Hughsonville, New York, and from thence he repaired to Whitesboro', in the same State. In 1834 he entered Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, fiom which institution he graduated in the class of 1837. He subsequently matriculated in the Theo- logical Seminary in the same city, and took his degree in 1840; in both institutions the highest honors were conceded to him. When he entered the public ministry, his pi-eaching was so popular and so significantly successful, that he was tendered a call in almost every vacant church where he ministered. He accepted a call to the Reformed Church of Lebanon, New Jersey; and in a comparatively brief period the congregation grew until the edifice was filled to its utmost capacity. The field of his labors embraced a rich, rural country, thickly settled, about ten to twelve miles square. The calls to duly were frequent, and the duties BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. themselves muUiform and various. His labors were nu- merous, often burdensome, and little time was left him for study or recreation. Years glided by with scarcely any cessation or rest, until August, 1S37, when he resigned his charge and went to Fordhani, New York, where he became pastor of an old church. The congregation there had been for years agitating the expediency of erecting a new edifice, but internal and external strength was apparently paralyzed, and their efforts resulted in nothing, notwithstanding for seventeen years they had been striving to attain their object. In this state of lethargy he came among them, and instilled new life into the fold; the old, dilapidated structure was filled to overflowing during the first year of his ministry, and in February, 183S, a meeting was called to take meas- ures for the erection of a new edifice. In the following month of August a beautiful brick building was dedicated, free of debt, with the exception of about S1200. This building was soon filled with an interesting worshipping assembly; and his salary was largely increased from the pew-rents. From Fordham he removed to Hughsonville, New York, after the former charge became independent. He was recalled to Lebanon in August, 1853, and almost immediately the old brick church was converted into a new, convenient and elegant frame structure, not surpassed by any church edifice in Hunterdon county; here also his labors were crowned with remarkable success. Great num- bers of the middle-aged, as also the young and old, were added to the church; and from the adjoining counties the population flocked to this church, insomuch that all could not obtain sittings, even on ordinaiy occasions, and it be- came the largest assemblage of any country congregation in the State. In 1S69 he accepted a call to High Bridge, a church of his own organizing, it having grown under his care from a very few worshippers, in an obscure school- house, to a fairly sustaining congregation with a church edifice. When he had become settled as their permanent pastor, the building was found to be too small to accommo- date the necessary congregation ; whereupon he immediately agitated the question of building a new edifice, and in the face of strenuous opposition he pushed the matter forward, and soon had the corner-stone laid, obtained the means, and speedily there was completed one of the finest speci- mens of Gothic architecture in the State, which now lifts its spire heavenward, as if indicating its future prosperity and the moral elevation of the surrounding inhabitants. From High Bridge he removed to Lower German Valley, and took charge of the Presbyterian Church at that place. This also was an infant congregation, and under his ministry rapidly advanced in strength and devotion. From Lower German Valley he removed to Annandale, New Jersey, to another congregation which he had organized previously. At this point a large debt hafl been nearly liquidated in about two years and the number of attendants nearly doubled. He is still their pastor, and much greater good will doubtless be their lot under prayerfully discreet care. He is now in the sixlyeighth year of his age, and is yet as vivacious in spirit, active in labor, and as persevering in his efforts as he was in his youth. He possesses a warm tem- perament, with great decision of character, accompanied with an energetic spirit that contends earnestly for victory in the battle of life. He makes it a point to pre.ich twice every Lord's day. He is benevolent, and is a generous giver; and his house is where the needy and afflicted are wont to fjathcr. (tir) IGGETT, REV. JOHN ALBERT, A. M., Clergy- ^'j'J i (,, man, of Rahway, was born, November 1st, 1834, ,^: I A at Brandywine Manor, Chester county, Pennsyl- /-, ,1 vania, and is a son of Caleb and Jane (Cowan) » J Liggett ; his father was a farmer by occupation. He was educated principally at Lafayette Col- lege, Easton, Pennsylvania, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1S57. He then entered the theological seminary at Danville, Kentucky, for the three years' course, and in i860 was settled over a church at Crittenden, Kentucky, w'here he labored for four years. In 1864 he received and accepted a call from Rahway, to be- come the pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church of that cily, and whose pulpit he has ably filled for the past twelve years. During that period the church membership has been largely increased under his ministry, and is at the present time in a flourishing condition. At one period he was Moderator of the New Jersey Presbytery. He was chosen to deliver the annual address before the Alumni of Lafayette College, June 25th, 1876. He was married, November 13th, 1861, to Mary B., the only daughter of George B. Armstrong, of Kentucky. G^ HETWOOD, JOHN JOSEPH, Lawyer, late of ('^ I I I Elizabeth (deceased), was born in that city, January 1 8th, 1800, and was the son of Dr. John Chetwood, a physician of great eminence, (ay^'i who was one of the first victims of the Asiatic cholera, in 1832; his grandfather, Hon. John Chetwood, was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. John Joseph received a liberal education preparatory to his entering Nassau Hall, and graduated from that ancient institution in 1818. Immediately after leaving college he entered the office of his uncle, William Chetwood, where he prosecuted his studies for the bar, and was licensed as an attorney in 1821, becoming a counsellor in 1825, and attaining the rank of a serjeantntlaw in 1S37. He was for fourteen years Surrogate of Essex County, and also the first Prosecutor of the Pleas for Union County. He was also a member of the Legislative Council before the adoption of the present constitution of the Slate. He was BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.tDIA. early identified with the great railroad enterprises of the Stale, active in the promotion of education and in the sup- port of religious institutions. His practice was large and remunerative. He was a :nan of generous and genial dis- position, a cheerful giver to charitable and benevolent objects. He was a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and one of the Trustees of Burlington College. He was married to a granddaughter of General Elias D.ayton, and was a resident of Elizabeth, his native place, where he died, November iSth, 1861. ' URRAY, REV. NICHOLA.S, D. D., Clergj'man, l.ile pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, of Elizabeth, was born, December Z5th, 1802, at Ballynaskea, in the county of Westnieath, Ire- land, and was the son of Nicholas and Judith (Manguiii) Murray. His father was a farmer of some property, and exerted considerable influence in the civil affairs of the neighborhood in which he lived ; he died in 1S06. Nicholas remained at home under the care of his mother until he was about nine years old, when he went to reside with an aunt, his mother's sister, some ten or more miles distant, where he went to school until he reached the age of twelve. He was then a]iprenticed as a merchant's clerk in a store in Grannarlh, near Edgeworthtown, where he remained three years. He was sadly and badly used by his employer, but he bore it bravely for those three years, and then fled to his mother's house. But she disapproved of this step, and urged him to return to the service of his master. He refused to do so, and chose to emigrate to America; telling his brother that he would relinquish all right to any property that he might inherit from his father's estate if he would give him the necessary means to convey him to the United States. His brother, moved by his en- treaties, gave him assistance, and he bade farewell to his native land. His parents were of the Roman Catholic faith, and he had been baptized and duly confirmed by the bishop; he had also conformed to the entire discipline of that church, never doubting the religion in which he had been reared. It was in July, 1818, when he arrived in New York, and his entire fortune was about twelve dollars. After finding lodgings he began to look for something to do, and visited store after store, acknowledging that he was perfectly willing to work, and resolved to do anything that was honest to help him to support himself. Among other places he called on the Messrs. Harper, who were then in the printing business in Pearl street. They listened to his story, and accepted him as an apprentice to their business ; moreover, he became an inmate of the family of one of the firm, where he associated with young men of his own age who had been religiously educated, and the influences which surrounded him were very favorable to his own moral impfovement. His education and associations in Ireland had not fitted him to fill any position that required culture; but he was ready for any task that he could per- form. He labored earnestly and steadily both at the press and at other employment in the printing department, so" faithfully that he won the respect of all with whom he came in contact. The firm of J. & J. Harper was then composed of two brothers, James and John. Their two younger brothers, Wesley and Fletcher, who subsequently became members of the firm of Harper & Brothers, were then work- ing at the business with Murray, and were also his com- panions by night, occupying the same room with him in their mother's house. He continued in this family until the autumn of :S20, when he became a boarder in Mr. Kirk's house, in Liberty street, although he still continued in the employ of the Harpers. He there formed an intimacy with some young men, theological students chiefly, one of whom, who was afterwards known as Rev. J. B. Steele, of the Re- formed Dutch Church, proposed to teach him the Latin language. To this young Murray assented, and he made such rapid progress that at the end of six months he was not only able to translate " Virgil," but also possessed some knowledge of the Greek grammar. In the meantime his religious training had not been neglected. He had first abandoned the church of his fathers, and was lapsing into infidelity, when he was brought under the influence of the Methodists. After being a probationary member for a period he became an attendant upon the ministrations of the Pres- byterian Church, and finally joined that communion. In the winter of 1820-21 he determined to prep.VVVERSON, HON. THOMAS C, late Associate- Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, was the third son of Martin Ryei-son and Rhoda Hull, and born. May 4th, 1788, at Myrtle Grove, Sussex county, New Jer.sey, five miles west of Newton, the county-seat. He was a great-great- grandson of Martin Ryerson, of French Huguenot descent, who emigrated from Holland about 1660, and settled at Flatbush, on Long Island; was a member from an eaily age of the Dutch Reformed Church, as its records still show, and, for those days, possessed of considerable prop erty. On the 14th of May, 1663, he married Annettie Rap- pelye, a daughter of Joris Jansen Rappelye, who settled on Long Island in 1625, in which year his first daughter. Sara, was born, the first white chiid born on Long Island. From this marriage have sprung large numbers of the name of Ryerson (besides numerous descendants of the female branches of the family), who are scattered over New York, New Jersey and several other States, and many in Canada, ^^^ S^ and in all of them the original Christian name of "Martin" has been kept np, that being the name of both the father and grandfather of Judge Ryerson. His grandfather re- sided in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, whence his father removed to Sussex about 1 770, dying there in 1S20, in his seventy-third year ; his father and grandfather were both distinguished as surveyors, being deputies of the Surveyor- General of both East and West Jersey, and his father was thus enabled to make very judicious land-locations for him- self, and at his death left a landed estate of between forty and fifty thousand dollars. Until the age of sixteen Judge Ryerson remained at home, working on his father's farm and receiving only the common education of the country. In iSoo his father removed to Hamburg, in the same county, where he died, and in 1S04 his son began prepar- ing for college at a private school in the family of Robert Ogden. He was an older brother of Colonel Aaron Ogden, a graduate of Princeton College, in 1765, and one of the founders of the Cliosnphic Society. He was born at Eliza- bethtown, practised law there for several years, was in the American army during the war of the Revolution, and, on account of the effect of the sea air upon his health, removed about 1785 to Sparta, Sussex county, five miles from Ham- burg, where he owned considerable real estate, and died in that county in 1826, aged eighty years. His fifth daughter, Amelia, married Judge Ryerson, in November, 1814; an older daughter, Maiy, was niarrievl some fifteen years earlier to Elias Haines, of Elizabethtown, the father of the Hon. Daniel Haines, late Governor, Chancellor, and Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. After some time spent in this private school he finished his preparatory studies at the Mendham (New Jersey) Academy, then taught by the late Hon. Samuel L. Southard, and in 1807 entered the junior class at Princeton, graduating there, in 1809, with the third honor in a class of forty-four. This school acquaintance with Mr. Southard ripened into an intimate and life-long friendship, and a very warm and enduring friendship grew up between him and the late Judge George K. Drake, who was graduated at Princeton in i8o8. After graduating he studied law svith the late Job S. Halsted, of Newton, and was admitted to the bar in Februaiy, 1S14; four years of study with a practising lawyer were then required, even of graduates, and during a part of this time he was out with the New Jersey militia, at Sandy Hook, to resist a ibrealened attack of the British. Immediately after being licensed he began practising law at Hamburg, marrj'ing in the following November, as above stated, and continued practising there till April, 1820, when he removed to New- ton, where he resided till his death, August nth, 1838, aged fifty years, three months and seven days. For two years (1S25-27) he was a member of the Legislative Coun- , cil of New Jersey, and in Januaiy, 1834, was elected by the joint meeting a Justice of the Supreme Court, in place of Judge Drake, whose term then expired. It is well known that Judge Drake had given great offence, but without good r.IOGRAPniCAI. EXCVCLOP.EDIA. 107 reason for il, to the Hicksite Quakei-s, by his opinion in the celebrated suit between them and the Orthodcx Quakers, for which they determined, if possible, to defeat Iiis re- election; to accomplish this they aided, in 1S33, in electing a large majority of Democrats to the Legislature, which the year before had a majority of the other party. Although a leading and influential Democrat and politically opposed to Judge Drake, Judge Ryerson, in common with many other Democrats, was strongly opposed to this unjustifiable pro- scription, a warm advocate of Judge Drake's re-election, and used all his influence with the four Democratic mem- bers from Sussex in its favor. He was not in Trenton during that session till after the joint meeting, and his name was brought forward in the Democratic caucus as an oppos- ing candidate, without his consent, and he knew nothing of it til! after his election. The leading opponents of Judge Drake, finding that the votes of the .Sussex members would re-elect him, resorted to the use of Judge Ryerson's name as the only means of preventing it, and thus, without his knowledge, he was made the instrument of defeating an excellent and irreproachable judge, his own warm personal friend. So strong an impression had he made upon the Sussex members in favor of Judge Drake that one of them voted for him in joint meeting, notwithstanding his own Democratic caucus nomination, and other Democrats also bolted the nomination, so that, notwithstanding the large Democratic majority in joint meeting, he w.as elected by only a very small majority. So strong, however, was the Hicksite feeling against Judge Drake that he received but one vote from the members south of the Assanpink. Theo- dore Frelinghuysen was then in the Senate, his term to ex- pire March 4th, 1835. He also had given great offence to the Hicksites by his able and eloquent speech in the same suit, and to reach him the same combination was continued till the election of October, 1834, and resulted in sending General Wall to the Senate in his place. The news of his election was a complete surprise to Judge Ryerson, and with it came letters from prominent Democrats urging him to accept, and assuring him that his declination would not benefit Judge Drake; that party lines had become drawn, and he could not now under any circumstances be re- elected. He held the matter under advisement till the receipt of a letter from Judge Drake himself, dated Febru- ary 3J, 1834, urging him to accept, "and that promptly.'' He said also, " I feel under obligations to you, and my other friends, for your zeal in my behalf; but it has proved ineffectual, and I have no confidence in the success of another effort." And again, " If the place is thrown open, nobody knows into whose hands it may go. I rejoice that it has been so disposed of that we may still confide in the independence and integrity of the bench." This letter de- cided liim to acce]it, and he was sworn into office, February 25th, 1834, holding it till his death, in August, 1838. Judge Ryerson's course at the bar and on the bench fully justified the opinion of Judge Drake, quoted above, as in all po- sitions he was a man of the firmest independence and strictest integrity. He was an able lawyer, well read, and was remarkable for a discriminating and sound judgment, an earnest and successful advocate, with great influence over courts and juries in Sussex and Warren, to which counties he confined his practice ; and as a Judge it is be- lieved that he enjoyed in a high degree the esteem and con- fidence of the bench and bar, as well as of the people .at large. For the last eight years of his life he was a very devoted member of the Presbyterian Church, his wife having joined it some eight years earlier, and dying three years before him. Her father was for many years an ex- emplary and very influential elder of the same denomina- tion, and a large number of his descendants have been and are professing Christians. Judge Ryerson was very easy and affable in his manners, delighting in social intercourse and conversation, with a great fund of anecdote; very simple and economical in his personal tastes and habits, spending, however, freely in educating his children, and noted for his liberality to the poor around him and to the benevolent operations of his day. So much did he give away that he left no more estate than he inherited, although in full practice for twenty years before his appointment as Judge. He often said to his children that he desired only to leave them a good education and correct principles, and that they must expect to make their way in life with only these to depend upon. Both as lawyer and Judge he was very painstaking and Laborious, conscientiously faithful in the discharge of duty to his clients and the public; having a strongly nervous temperament, the ment.al strain was loo great and resulted at length in a softening of the brain, from which he died after an illness of three months, leav- ing three sons and a daughter, and a widow, his first wife's younger sister, and since deceased, to mourn an irreparable loss. Two of his children remain, the youngest son. Colonel Henry Ogden Ryerson, having been killed in May, 1864, at the head of his regiment, on the second day's bloody fighting in. the battles of the Wilderness, in Virginia. The eldest. Judge Martin Ryerson, died, June nth, 1S75, and is the subject of the following memoir. •if- s^ VERSON, HON. MARTIN, LL. D., late of New- ton, Lawyer, Jurist and Statesm.an, was born, September 15th, 1815, at Hamburg, Sussex county. New Jersey, and w'as the eldest son of Hon. Thomas C. Ryerson, whose biographical sketch will be found preceding, and grandson of the elder Martin Ryerson, who, in the early history of Sus- sex, was for many years deputy surveyor, and prominent in the affairs of the county. He received a first-class academi- cal education, which enabled him to matriculate at Prince- ton College, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1833. He subsequently commenced reading law loS BIOGRAnilCAL E^■CVCLOP.^■DIA. in his falliei's ofiice, afterwards continuing his studies with Hon. Garret D. Wall, iii Trenton, and concluding his course in the office of ex-Governor Pennington, at Newark. He was licensed as an attorney in November, 1836, and at once coninienced the practice of his profession in the last- named city, where he continued a short period, and thence removed to Newton, where he resided during life, with the exception of a few years, when he sojourned in Trenton. He was made a counsellor-at-law in 1839, and acquired distinction in his profession. He was a prominent memlier of the convention, in 1S44, which framed the present con- stitution of the State. In 1849 he was elected a member of Assembly, when the late Chi f-Justice Whelpley was speaker, and served upon the Judiciary Omimittee; it was mainly through his influence and instrumentality that the charter was obtained for the Farmers' Bank, at Decker- town. Upon an increase of judges in the Supreme Court, he was appointed an Associate- Justice of the same by Gov- ernor Brice, and filled the position only three years, ill health compelling him to resign the bench, in 185S. In 1873 he was apjiointed as one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims commission, a position which he was compelled to resign in January, 1875, by reason of the complete failure of his health. He had likewise been selected by Governor Parker one of the Commissioners to revise the constitution, which he had assisted to frame in 1844; but was also con- strained to relinquish the position from the same cause. His political opinions were those of the Democratic party, down to the period when the attempt was made to force slavery in Kansas and Nebraska, and the Democrats sur- rendered unconditionally to the slave power. At that time he sundered his coimection with it, and entered, with all the enthusiasm of his nature, into the work of organizing and building up the anti-slavery sentiment which finally crystallized in the Republican party organization. At the commencement of the recent civil war he was among the foremost supporters of every measure looking to the main- tenance of the Union and the vindication of its authority. He was in constant correspondence for many years with many of the most influential men in the country, and, by his counsel and advice, contributed much towards shaping the policy of the government during the critical periods of the war. His mind was well stored with useful informa- tion, and his wonderful memory enabled him to draw upon it at will. He engaged actively in the political campaigns which occurred during and immediately after the war, and was mainly instrumental in the revolution in the old Fourth Congressional District, when the Republicans triumphed for the first time. He threw himself with wonderful zeal and energy into that tremendous conflict; and he also did yeo- man's service for his party in all the succeeding elections, especially in those of 1868, 1870 and 1872. He would, without hesitation, at a moment's notice, summon a confer- ence of leading politicians from all parts of the State, at Newark, or Paterson, or New York, and opposition to his policy was generally in vain. His elan was irresistible and his enthusiasm contagious. In religious belief he was a Presbyterian, and had been for many years a leading mem- ber of the congregation in Newton, and of which he had been a ruling elder for ten years; and was likewise fre- quently selected as a delegate to various church synods and other ecclesiastical bodies. He was also a strong advocate of the temperance cause, and was often called upon to at- tend conventions of that organization. He was a man of great energy of character, looking with earnest care at all the details of every enterprise in which he was about to en- gage; and was the energetic and active leader in every local improvement in his native town. As a lawyer he oc- cupied a front rank in his profession ; and as a Judge he was regarded by those qualified to give an intelligent opin- ion as one of the ablest and very best on the bench. He was a kind, considerate, cultivated Christian gentleman, a scholar, a patriot, a genial and invaluable citizen; and in all the elements of intellectual manhood an honor to his native county and State. In 1869 Princeton College, his Alma Mater, conferred on him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. He was twice married, his wives being sisters; he died, June nth, 1875, leaving a widow and three children, two daughters and a son. ANVIER, REV. LEVI, Clergyman, late a Mis- sionary of the Presbyterian Board of Missions, was born, April 25th, 1816, at Pitlsgrove, New Jersey, and was the son of Rev. Dr. Janvier, a Presbyterian clergyman of eminence. His early education was obtained from his father, and he subsequently entered Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsyl- vania, and also studied for a short period at Lawrenceville. In 1S35 he entered the junior class of Princeton College, and graduated with the second honor in the class of 1 837, being the salutatorian at the commencement. Having be- come a communicant member of the Presbyterian Church he decided to devote himself to the work of the gospel ministry, and for that puqiose entered the Theological Seminary at Princeton. While a student there he offered himself to the Board of Missions, as a missionary to Lodi- ana, in northern India. Having been duly ordained, he sailed for India, accompanied by his wife, in September, 1841, and reached his destination in the spring of 1842. During the voyage he had commenced the study of the Urda language, which is largely spoken in Lodiana ; and, as he possessed a remarkable facility for acquiring lan- guages, he was able to preach in that tongue soon after his arrival in that country. Some months later he commenced to translate tracts and books, which were published by the mission. He next acquired a thorough familiarity with the Panjabi language, and with the aid of Dr. Newton, of the same mission, undertook the preparation of a Panjabi BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. 109 dictionary, which was completed in 1854. It is a quarto volume of four hundred and thirty-eight pages, in three columns. He continued his labors as a preacher and trans- lator up to the time of his death. He had gone to Mala, in the province of Lodiana, to preacli and distribute tracts, and in the evening was met by the fanatic Akali Sikh, who, without the slightest provocation, felled him to the ground with a club. He lingered until the following morning, but ■was insensible. He died March 25lh, 1864. The mur- derer was arrested, tried, convicted and hanged. f REESE, J.\COB R., M.D., Banker and Real- Estate Operator, of Trenton, was bom near Hope, Warren county. New Jersey, March 4th, 1826. His father, Isaac Freese, was also a native of the same county, where for some years he was successfully engaged in farming, and afterwards in mercantile pursuits at Hope; his mother was Hannah Read, a daughter of Isaac Read, a wealthy farmer of his d.ay in W.-irren county. Our subject is of Holland and English extraction, being descended on the paternal side from a family who came originally from a northern province of Holland which bore their name (Freisland). Leaving Holland during the early settlement of the United States they took up a large tract of land in Warren county. New Jersey, and were among the pioneers in that section of the country. The primary education of Jacob R. was obtained in the schools of the neighborhood, followed by an academical course at the Clinton Academy, in Hunterdon county, under the charge of Rev. Albert Williams. From the age of eight years he had been kept a part of each year behind his father's counter, it being his father's wish and design that his son should receive a business, while receiv- ing a school, education, ^\'hen, therefore, he returned from the academy, at the age of about nineteen, he at once took his accustomed place in his father's country store, but the learning he had obtained made him to want more, and he soon commenced to beg of his father the privilege of study- ing some profession. His choice was that of law, but the father belonged to the "old fogies" of that early day who believed, honestly believed, that " no lawyer could ever enter heaven," and, earnestly desiring that his son should be a good as well as a useful man, would not consent that Jacob should enter a law office, but would consent that he should study medicine. Arrangements were accordingly made with Dr. Joseph Hedges, then in active practice at Hope, and for more than two years thereafter he diligently pursued his medical studies; afterwards attended two full courses of medical lectures at Phil.adelphia, and then re- ceived his diploma as M. D. Turning his steps westward, he located at Bloomington, Illinois, and immediately entered upon his professional practice. Devoted to his profession, and with an energy which is characteristic of the man, he labored in his chosen path with much success. He soon took rank among the leaders in the medical fraternity of Bloomington, and during his sojourn there, which extended to 1S57, enjoyed their utmost respect and confidence, as well as that of the community at large. Within two years from the date of his settling at Bloomington a project was started of establishing a medical college in that city. An organiza- tion was effected under the general laws of the State ; a large brick building (afterward known as " College Hall " ) was erected in which to locate a medical museum and de- liver the lectures ; and a faculty was formed, of which Dr. Freese was made the Professor of Surgerv', and also Presi- dent of the college ; but before the institution could get into operation it was concluded that its proximity to the older colleges of Chicago and St. Louis made its support doubt- ful, if not impossible, and the whole project was finally abandoned as impracticable. Aside from his numerous pro- fessional duties in Bloomington, Dr. Freese took a leading and active part in all things tending to the improvement and development of the town. He assisted in erecting in the heart of the city a fine block of buildings for business pur- poses, which at that time were among the finest in the place. In 1857, at the solicitation of his wife, he returned to his n.ative Stale and located in Trenton. This estimable lady was nie Lily S. Swayze, a native of New Jersey, to whom he was married December 25th, 1S47. S^"^ "'"* ^ '^"^X of more than ordinary ability ; possessed with a literary mind, she frequently contributed to the various magazines both in poetry and prose. During the absence of her husband in the army she conducted with marked ability the newspaper which he then owned and edited, the State Gazette. She died Novembei 7th, 1S71, mourned by a large circle, which had held her in high esteem for her many noble traits of character. On returning to New Jersey Dr. Freese fully expected to follow up in his new home the successes he had .already achieved in his profession during his sojourn in the West. Shortly after locating in Trenton, however, he was prevailed upon to purchase the State Gazette, one of the oldest newspapers in the Slate, having been established as far back as 1792, and at the same time another paper known as the iVeu' Jersey Republican. These papers he merged into one which he issued for a short time under the title of the State Gazette and Republican. The latter name, how- ever, was soon dropped, and the paper has since been known as the State Gazette. He now relinquished the practice of medicine and devoted himself entirely to the publication of this paper, which he continued to publish and own up to 1S66, when he went abroad. In 1S58 he was commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of Stale Militia. In 1859 he was appointed Bank Commissioner of New Jersey. Soon after the breaking out of the rebellion in the summer of 1861, at the request of the Governor of New Jersey, he ac- companied to Washington one of the regiments from this State, expecting in a few days to return home and resume his editorial duties. However, while in Washington, he BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. was prevailed upon to enter the service, and upon tendering himself to President Lincoln he was immediately appointed Assistant Adjutant-General of United States Volunteers, on August 24th, 1 86 1, and at once entered upon active duty. He was assigned .to the staflF of Brigadier-General Mont- gomery, who had only a few days previous been appointed Military Governor of the city of Alexandria. Having entered the service of his country without making any pro- vision for the performance of his duties at home pertaining to the management of his newspaper, the emergency was promptly and ably met by his wife, Lily S., of whom we have already spoken. She at once assumed the manage- ment of the Stale Gazelle, and her administration of affairs was attended by an increxse in the circulation of the paper; and while the husband was upholding the government in the field, she through the columns of the press nobly con- tributed her support to the cause of the Union. In addition to his duties as Assistant Adjutant-General to General Mont- gomery at Alexandria, Colonel Freese was appointed Pro- vost Judge of the city. Upon the Union troops taking possession the local government of all kind had vacated ; merchants had left their stores, and disorder generally reigned. Being possessed of great executive ability he soon created order out of chaos, and his administration as Provost Judge, which continued until Januarj', 1S62, was a marked success in every feature. One point therein is particularly noteworthy. As before stated, the merchants generally of Alexandria had closed their stores and fled the town; they were largely indebted to the men of the North for their goods. The creditors had no legal recourse, as all i courts of law had ceased to exist in that locality, thus pro- hibiting the usual procedure in cases of debt. Judge Freese issued a rule or order of the court, in which he stated that where claims were. thoroughly and truly established by these Northern merchants they should be allowed to take of the goods of absconded debtors, at an appraisement to be made by disinterested parties, a sufficient amount of the abandoned goods to liquidate their claims ; all proceedings to be only by order of the court and under the direct surveillance of its officers. Upon his establishing this precedent many mer- chants of the North repaired to Alexandria, and were thus enabled to recover thousands of dollars which otherwise would have been lost. His action on this point was a bold one, and though not in strict accordance with the letter of the law, his views on the subject were thoroughly indorsed by President Lincoln and the press of the North in general. Had this precedent established by him been sustained by the government, and carried out in all places when our armies took possession, millions of dollars could have been justly returned to the Northern merchants and the enemy also deprived of immense quantities of supplies. The Attorney-General, however, demurred, and the court was finally discontinued. In Januaiy, 1862, Colonel Freese joined the Army of the Potomac, and was attached to the staff of General Heintzelman as Provost Marshal of his division. In this capacity he seized up to the battle of Williamsburg, in which engagement he was disabled while serving as an aide to General Frank Patterson, and was compelled to return home. Upon his recovery he returned to the staff of General Montgomery and was stationed in Philadelphia, where he did duty until the spring of 1S63. He was then ordered to Cairo, Illinois, where he remained during the summer of 1863, acting as Assistant Adjutant- General and Judge Advocate, being principally engaged in courts-martial. In the fall of 1863 he was sent to Grand Rapids, Michigan, to assist in organizing troops that had been drafted in that State. Here he remained until January, 1S64, when he resigned his commission, and returning to Trenton resumed the management of the Slate Gazelle. In 1866, having been appointed by President Johnson one of the United States Commissioners to the Paris Exposition, he disposed of his paper and accompanied by his wife, Lily S.,and his son, Louie K., .started for a tour abroad. They journeyed through all parts of Europe ; visited Egjpl, Pales- tine, Syria, Asia Minor and Turkey, and after attending to his duties at the Exposition returned to Trenton in the winter of 1867. Two volumes of his travels were pub- lished after his return ; the one on Palestine, of which three editions were sold ; the other on Egypt. He now deter-, mined to engage in the banking business, together with that of real estate, and accordingly established the banking and real estate office of Freese & Co., in which vocation he is at present engaged, having associated with him his two sons, L. K. and H. C. Freese. This establishment was the first of its kind established in Trenton, and under the able man- agenient of its founder has proved an entire success. Colonel Freese since his locating in Trenton has always been fore- most in all matters of public improvement. Possessing great energy and push, he has striven in various and numerous ways to advance the interests of the city. He is connected with several monetary institutions, among which may be named the State .Savings Bank of Trenton, of which he was elected Vice President and Treasurer in 1S69, which posi- tion he still holds. In 1866 he \yas chosen a Director in the First National Bank, and still acts in that capacity. In 1S69 he was chosen President of the Standard Fire Insur- ance Company, of Trenton, and held the office for three years. He was elected President of the Board of Trade in 1870, and lately became Treasurer of the City Railway Company. In politics he was originally a Whig, and such was his admiration of Henry Clay that he named his first- born after that world-renowned statesman. When, in 1S56, that party virtually dissolved, he joined the Republican parly, and was one of only six men to hold the first Republican convention ever held in the United States. In 1872 he joined the standard of his old personal and political friend, Horace Greeley, and made many speeches in different parts of New Jersey to. secure his election to the Presidt m y. From 1S72 to 1876 he took no part in politics, and only voted for such men and measures as his judgment approved. BIOGRAnilCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. When, in 1876, Governor Hayes was nominated for the Presidency, he at once wrote an open letter heartily approv- ing the nomination and fully indorsing the platform adopted at Cincinnati. Though often solicited, never, except in one instance, and then against his most earnest protest, has he permitted his name to be used as a candidate for any political office, nor is he ever likely to permit such use, un- less the demand should be for the public good rather than from personal ambition. He was again married, June 9th, 1874, to Mrs. E. P. Nostrand, of New Jersey. jjURNETT, HON. DAVID, Printer and Journalist, late of Paterson, was born, in the year 1800, at Springfield, New Jersey, where also he was edu- cated. When eighteen years of age he went to New York city, where he learned the trade of a printer, and after becoming thoroughly versed in that art went to Paterson, New Jersey, where he was en- gaged as a journeyman, and worked at his trade for some three years. In September, 1823, in connection with Mr. Day, he started the Paterson Intelligencer. In April, 1845, he was appointed Surrogate of Passaic county. For ten years he was Clerk of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of that county, and was also connected with several banking in>titutions. He died at Paterson, August 2Sth, 1S73. fVjITTENHOUSE JOHN P., School-Teacher and ex-Sheriff of Hunterdon County, was born, 1820, near Sergeantsville, New Jersey, and is a son of Samuel Rittenhouse, and a great-grand-nephew of the celebrated astronomer David Rittenhouse; the family is of German descent, and among the early settlers of New Jersey. John attended school until he was twelve years of age, and was then apprenticed to learn the trade of a saddler and harness-maker, and worked at that business until he was sixteen years old, when he relinquished the same and engaged in teaching school. He pursued this latter vocation for ten years quite success- fully in New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio. In 1849 he went to California, and was one of the pioneer traders in what is now the city of Sacramento. In company with his partners, he purchased and had recorded in the proper office a title for the first city lot in Sacramento, after the site had been laid off in town-lots, and was situated at the corner of K and Fifth streets. He remained in California somewhat less than a year, but, although successful in his business, he was obliged through failing health to dispose of his interests in S.icramento and return to the States. On his arrival in New Jersey he settled on a farm near Flemington, where he has since continued, except when absent on ofificial duties elsewhere. In 1S55 he was nominated by the Democracy of the First District of Hunterdon county as their candidate for member of Assembly, and was elected by a large ma- jority, and was also re-elected the following year. During his legislative career he filled a position on several impor- tant committees, and served as Chairman on that of Public Printing. In 1857 he was appointed one of the Inspectors of Customs for the Port of New York, and filled that posi- tion throughout President Buchanan's administration, and during a portion of President Lincoln's first term, relin- quishing the office in September, 1862. In 1S68 he was appointed Deputy Sheriff, as the sheriff^ elected, Richard Bellis, was at that time engaged in business in New York. The entire duties of this responsible position therefore de- volved on him. At the expiration of Sheriff Bellis' term in 1S71 he was nominated for the office, and elected by a large majority, and served for the three years' term ; all parties conceded that his administration was most successful, and that he proved to have been one of the most faith- ful and efficient officers who ever held that position in Hunterdon county. He was kind and courteous in all his official relations, and never failed in retaining the regard, esteem and confidence of all, even including those persons towards whom his duties were of an unfortunate or perplex- ing character. His oldest son, H. O. Rittenhouse, is a gradu.ite of the Annapolis Naval School, and is at present a Lieutenant in the United States navy. IKE, BRIGADIER-GENERAL ZEBULON MONTGOMERY, of the United States Army, was born, January 5th, 1779, at Lamberton, New Jei-sey, and was the son of Zcbulon Pike, a brevet- colonel in the service of the United States during the war of the Revolution. He was a lineal descendant of John Pike, who lived at Newbury, Massa- chusetts, in 1635, and whose son, John, removed to Wood- bridge, New Jersey, in 1669, and settled there. Young Pike received an elegant education, including a knowledge of the higher mathematics, and was a thorough m.aster of the Latin, French and Spanish languiges. After the pur- chase of the Territory of Louisiana, which not only em- braced the present Slate of that name but all the lands on the west side of the Mississippi river, now included in the States of Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa and the western shore of Minnesota, President Jefferson in 1805 gave him authority to explore the sources of the Mississippi river. Soon after his return from this survey he was sent on a similar expedi- tion into the interior of Louisiana. He appears to have travelled far beyond the western limit of that Territory, for he was seized by a Spanish force on the banks of the Rio del Norte, who captured all his papers. He returned to the States in 1807. Subsequently he published an account BIOGRAPHICAL CNXVCLOP.EDIA. of .his expedition to the sources of the Mississippi, etc., which is comprised in an octavo volume, dated iSio. During the war with Great Britain he was appointed a Brigadier-General in the United States army, and com- manded the land forces in the attack upon Yorlc, Upper Canada. In the explosion of the British magazine he was struck by a large stone, and died in a few hours on board of the commodore's ship. When the British standard was brought to him he caused it to be placed under his head. His wife wasa Miss Brown, of Cincinnati; his only daughter married in iSig J. C. S. Harrison, of Ohio. General Pike died April 27th, 1813. ^>-|URR, COLONEL AARON, Lawyer and Vice- m \ President of the United States, was born, Feb- J"! i ruary 6ih, 1756, in the city of Newark, and was *"^ a son of President Burr and a grandson of Presi- dent Edwards, of Princeton College. His father died when he was but a year old, and his mother's decease followed in less than a twelvemonth after her hus- band's. He was thus left an orphan in his very infancy, and the moulding of his character thus left to stranger hands doubtless influenced his whole after life. He re- ceived, however, an excellent education, and graduated from Princeton College in 1773. He subsequently com- menced the study of law, but before being admitted to the bar the conflict with Great Britain commenced, and when nineteen years of age he joined the Continental army at Cambridge, and accompanied Arnold in his expedition against Quebec. In the year 1776 he was invited to join the military family of Gener.al Washington, and accepted the offer ; but the commander-in-chief soon lost confidence in him. He retired from military duties in 1779, having reached the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. He commenced the practice of law in 1782 at Albany, but after a short so- journ in that city removed to New York. He took a prom- inent part in political matters, and in 1791 he was elected by the Legislature of his adopted State a Senator of the Uuited States, and served in that body until the expiration of his term in 1797, and was a prominent member of the then Democratic party. In 1800 he and Jefi"erson each had seventy-three votes in the Electoral College for the Presi- dency. There being no choice, the election for President devolved on the House of Representatives, according to the Constitution. After thirty-five inefl'ectual trials, Thomas Jefferson was elected on the thirty-sixth ballot, when Colonel Burr was chosen Vice-President. During his term occurred the lamentable controversy with Alexander Hamilton, the challenge and the duel, when the latter fell mortally wounded by the hand of the Vice-President. After the expiration of his term he seems to have meditated the founding of a new empire in the Southwest, this scheme being solely for his own aggrandizement. He journeyed to the West, and having formed an intimacy with the wife of Herman Blen nerhasset, endeavored to seek his co-operation in his pro- ject through the influence of Mrs. Blennerhasset. The great scheme failed, and Blennerhasset, who was a man of great wealth, was totally ruined, he having made liberal advances of money to promote the matter. Colonel Burr was arrested for treason ; tried at P.ichmond, Virginia, but managed to be acquitted, as no overt act could be proved. For the rest of his life he resided chiefly in New York, living in obscurity and neglect. He had the reputation of being a thoroughly unprincipled, licentious and profligate man, and even his biographer, Davis, has stamped him with infamy. He died at Staten Island, New York, September 4th, 1836. OUTH.A.RD, HON. HENRY, Soldier and States- man, late of Baskingridge, was born, in the year 1747, on Long Island, and was a son of Abraham Southard. When he was about eight years old his father removed to the then colony of New Jersey, and settled at Baskingridge, where the family have since continued to reside. The son received but an ordinary English education, and when a young man was thrown upon his own resources, laboring as a common hired man at thirty cents a day. By his untiring industry he collected enough money wherewith to purchase a farm. His energy and talents distinguished him from the mass, and at an early date he was appointed a Justice of the Peace. Over nine hundred cases were heard by him, and decisions rendered in each of them, and so just were these decisions that there were but four cases appealed. During the war of the Revolution he entered the service and con- tributed a share towards the attainment of our independence. He was among the earliest members of the State Legisla- ture, subsequent to the adoption of the Federal Constitution in 1789, and usefully served in that l)ody for nine years, and then was elected a member of Congress. This post of honor he held by successive re-elections for twenty one years, when in 1 82 1, admonished by tie growing weight of years, he voluntarily retired, having already passed the ordi- nary limit of thr'ee-score years and ten, A short time pre- vious his distinguished son, Samuel L. Southard, had been elected a member of the United States .Senate; and they had the plensui"e of meeting in the Joint Committee of the two Houses, upon whom, as a final resort, devolved the settlement of the famous Missouri Compromise, a circum- stance probably without a parallel in our political history. Until within three years of his death he had never worn glasses or used a staff, and was accustomed to a daily walk of three miles. His memory was remarkably strong, for he could not only recollect every question which had come before Congress while a member, but could mention the different speakers, and their very arguments. He died within a few days of his distinguished son, June 2d, 1842, at the advanced age of ninety five years. /^ A^f^-T^ CXC^'-C^^^ 0-*<^ BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^iDIA. CHENCK, JOHN V., A. M., M. D., Physician, of Camden, New Jersey, was bom, November 17th, 1824, at a place long known as Six Mile Run, but now called Franklin Park, in Somerset county. New Jersey. Ilis parents were Ferdinand S. and Leah (Voorhees) Schenck, both natives of Kew Jersey. John Schenck obtained his preliminary educa- tion at the common schools in his neighborhood, and subse- quently entered upon the usual preparatory course of study before entering college. His preparation being complete, he entered Rutgers College, at New Brunswick, in 1841, and graduated with the class of 1844. After leaving col- lege he at once set about preparing himself to enter the medical profession. \Vilh this view he entered the office of his father, who had been for many years a leading prac- titioner at Six Mile Run. He studied under his father's direction until the year 1845, when he entered the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. His studies were prosecuted with the utmost diligence and industry, and his rapid progress in them was remarkable. In the spring of 1847 he graduated from the university, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession in company with his father in his native place. He continued this practice until December, 1848, when he removed to the city of Camden, where he has con- tinued ever since to reside. His success as a practitioner was very rapidly attained, and being based on thorough skill and enthusiastic and unwearied devotion to his profes- sion, it has proved a lasting and increasing success. He rapidly built up an extensive and very valuable practice in Camden, and is among the first — perhaps the foremost — of the profession in that city. His is not a self-seeking profes- sional devotion. He labors constantly to elevate his calling, and always takes a part of unwearied activity in the various medical societies of which he is and has been a member. He is a memljer of the Camden County Medical Associa- tion, and has served two terms as President of that organi- zation. He was elected President of the New Jersey State Medical .Society at its annual meeting in May, 1S76. He was married, July 6th, 1S57, to Martha McKeen, of Phila- delphia. 'ENDRICKSON, HON. WILLIAM H., Farmer and State Senator, of Middletown, was born, June 3d, 1813, in that town, and is a son of the late William H. and Eleanor (Dubois) Hendrickson. His paternal ancestors were among the pioneer settlers of Monmouth county, having located there as early as 1698, and he stdl owns and resides upon the old homestead, which has always been in the possession of the family. His education was obtained at the grammar- school of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, which he left on the death of his father, he then being a member of the sophomore class. He has always followed agricultural pur- suits, and with marked success. He commands the respect of the community for his sterling worth and integrity of character. In appreciation of these traits he h.is been hon- ored several times by the people of Monmouth county, who have elected him a member of the State Senate. He was first chosen in 1S58, and served until 1861. He was again elected in 1872, and served until 1875, when he was re- elected, so that his term will expire in 1S78. During his legislative career he has been a member of the Finance, Printing, and Education Committees, and during his first senatorial term was Chairman of the last-named committee. He has always given his constituents great satisfaction. His election in 1872 was without opposition ; .and in 1875 his opponent was a gentleman of great popularity in the county. He made no effort whatever to secure the nomination ; the office sought him, the people and his party demanding his services. He has been a member of the Board of Free- holders of Monmouth county for eight years, and has been President of the Middletown & Keyport Steamboat Com- pany for the past fifteen years; also a Director of the Far- mers' & Merchants' Bank, of Matawan. He was married, February 2Sth, 1839, to Elizabeth E. Woodward, of Cream Ridge, Monmouth county; she died December 13th, 1S65. His second wife is Rebecca C. F. Patterson, to whom he was united June 24th, 1868. ^ENDRICKSON, HON. CHARLES DUBOIS, Member of the New Jersey Assembly, was born at Middletown, Monmouth county, New Jersey, July 2d, 1844, and is the oldest living sim of William H. and Elizabeth E. (Woodward) Hen- drickson, of the same place. He is of the sixth generation to reside upon the property now in the possession of the family; his ancestors being among the fir.st settlers of Monmouth county, and conspicuous during the war of the Revolution for their loyalty and patriotism, ttiking high rank in the military service, and being distinguished for bravery and devotion to the cause of independence. He received a rudimentary education at the district school-house erected by his father upon his farm near the old homestead, and which he presented to the district. He subsequently passed two years in the Collegiate Institute, at Matawan, New Jersey, and completed his education by a three years' course at the Lawrenceville High School, in Mercer county, in the same State. After leaving school he returned home and remained upon the farm with his parents until his marriage. In the autumn of 1S65, with his wife, he made an exlendelaced upon both tickets, and in the election he received nearly the entire vote of the district. In the Legislature of 1S74 the Democratic party was in the ascendency. He was made Chairman of the Committee on Militia, a member of the joint Committee on the Sinking Fund, and of the House Committee on Stationery, besides serving on several impor- tant special committees. He was renominated in October, 1875, for the Assembly, by the Democratic party, without opposition. The Republicans making a nomination this year, after an active canvass he was re-elected by a majority of 844, carrying every township in the district. Upon the organization of the Legislature he was chosen the Demo- cratic caucus nominee for Speaker of the House of Assem- My, and received the entire Democratic vote for that posi- tion ; but, as the Republicans had the majority, he failed to be elected. He was, however, a prominent member of the Centennial Legislature, and the recognized leader of the Democratic party, being frequently called to the speaker's chair, which position he filled with great credit and satisfac- tion, exhibiting much executive ability. He served as a member of the Joint Committee on Treasurer's Accounts, and of the House Committees on Education and the Cen- tennial, and besides was a member of several special com- mittees. When but sixteen years of age he became con- nected with the State Miliiia, and served for a number of ye.irs in the ranks. In 1873 he was commissioned a Lieu- tenant in Company G, 3d Regiment, National Guards of the Slate of New Jersey, and ret.iined that position until April 26th, 1876, when he was promoted to the rank of Colonel, and appointed aide-de-camp upon the staff of his excellency. Governor Joseph D. Bedle, which appointment he continues to hold. In 1873 he was appointed, by Governor Parker, one of the commissioners to examine into the condition of the deaf, dumb, blind and feeble-minded inhabitants of the State, and was reappointed in 1874, by the same executive, one of the commissioners to select sites upon which to erect institutions for the care of these different classes of defec- tives, and upon the organization of the commission was chosen its Secretary. In 1868 he was elected a Director of the New York & Long Branch Railroad Company, and after serving for three years in that capacity, resigned. He gave to that enterprise almost his entire attention for many months, contributing greatly to its success. At present he is a Director and Secretary of the Middletown & Kcyport Turnpike Company, and is connected with other minor as- sociations, and is regarded as an energetic, enterprising citizen, aiding and encouraging the advancement and pro- motion of all public improvements tending to the develop- ment of the section in which he resides. He was married, October 12th, 1865, to Eliz.-iheth McChesney Rue, at Penn's Manor, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, by the Rev. David R. Frazer. He has but one child living, Mary Cor- lies Hendrickson, who is now (1S76) six years of age. A son of Senator William H. Hendrickson, whose biography appears immediately before this, there is presented the rather remarkable coincidence of father and s;m occupying seats in the same Legislature during the same session. ORHEES, JOHN N., Lawyer, of Flemington, was born, March 4th, 1835, near White House, Hun- terdon county, New Jersey, and is a son of the late Judge Peter E. Vorhees. He received his preparatory education at the grammar-school of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, and matricu- lated at the latter institution in 1850. Having finished the full curriculum of four years, he graduated with the class of 1854, which included, among others, Revs. James Le Fevre and Andrew P. Thompson, of the Reformed Dutch Church, and James S. Atkin, a prominent member of the New Jersey bar, now practising at Trenton. Immediately after leaving college he entered the law office of Hon. Alexander Wurts, at Flemington, where he prepared for the bar, to which lie was admitted in 1857. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession in his native town. White House, where he remained until 1871, when he removed to Flemington, and became associated with Hon. John T. Bird, under the firm-name of Bird & Vorhees. In the following year Chester Van Syckel was added to the firm, which became Bird, Vorhees & Van Syckel, and con- tinued until the senior partner retired in 1873. The firm of Vorhees & Van Syckel practised for about a year, when they dissolved, and the former associated with him his former student, George H. Large, and this connection still continues. They control a large and remunerative prac- tice, and among their clients may be named the Easton & Amboy Railroad Company, and the Delaware & Bound Brook & High Bridge Railroad Company. The senior partner has been connected with a number of criminal niOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. «"S cases, noticeable among which are the Rottenbuig rioters and Brenner murder cases, in l)olh of which he secured ac- quittal in the face of the most damaging testimony. He was appointed, by Governor Randolph, Prosecutor of the Pleas, but resigned after holding the appointment a year. His political creed is that of the Democracy, and he has done his [larty good service, as a speaker at mass meetings and other gatherings. He is, however, no politician; nor has he ever sought or held any office of a political character. 'HEBAUn, REV. LEO, Clergyman and Pastor of St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, Elizabeth, was born, 1S39, in the city of New York, and is a son of Edward and Emma (Boisaubin) The- baud. His father was a merchant in New Yoik city, of which he was a native. His mother was of Jersey birth. He was thoroughly educated at the Roman Catholic College, known by the name of Septon Hall, at South Orange, New Jersey, and being intended for the priesthood, repaired to Italy, where he pursued his theologi- cal studies at Genoa, and was ordained I^y Archbishop Charvaz, of Genoa, in 1S67. After his return to the United States, he officiated for five years as assistant in St. John's Roman Catholic Church, at Paterson, and was then trans- ferred to Elizabeth, where he took charge of St. Mary's Church, which is the oldest congregation in Elizabeth, having been founded in 1844 by Rev. Isaac P. Howell, whose biographical sketch will be found elsewhere in this volume. Since his connection with this parish, he has by his earnest labor succeeded in liquidating a debt of Si2,ooo, in which the church building was involved. He is a man of marked ability, an earnest and ready speaker, beloved by his congregation and much respected by his fellow-townsmen. |ARD, HON. FRANK M., of Newton, Senator from Sussex county, was born, November 26th, 1830, in Dutchess county. New York, and is a son of Edward and Annie (Pr.ay) Ward, both also natives of New York State. His father was both a farmer and a manufacturer in Dutchess county. Young Ward received his rudimentary education at the Armenia Seminary in his native county, and subse- quently attended an academical institution in Poughkeepsie. Leaving school at an early age, he learned the trade of a millwright, and in 1849 removed to Fond du Lac, Wiscon- sin, where he commenced operations in that line of business on his own account. He remained there for some time, and then returned to New York, and sojourned at Deposit, New York, until 1855, when he finally located in Sussex county, New Jersey, which he has since made his perma- nent home, except during 1859 and i860, when he was en- gaged in the milling business at Watkins, .Schuyler county, New York, and while there was one of the supervisors of the township of Jefferson, in that cuunly. .Since his resi- dence in Sussex county, he h.is been tlie recipient of several offices in the gift of the people, and has served his constitu- ents to their entire satisfaction. In the autumn of 1S65 he was elected by the Democratic party to represent the first district of Sussex in the lower house of the Slate Legisla- ture, and served as such during the years 1866-67. He was re-elected to the same, and filled that position in 1872- 73. In 1876 he was nominated by the same parly as can- didate for the State Senate, from Sussex .county, and also elected. He is a Director of the South Mountain & Boston Railroad Company, which is now in course of construction. AWRENCE, CAPTAIN JAMES, of the United States Navy, was born, October 1st, 1781, at Bur- lington, New Jersey, and was the son of James Lawrence, a prominent attorney-at-law of that city. From his earliest years he had a predilec- tion for a seafaring life, which his friends could not conquer. When sixteen years old he received a mid- shipman's warrant. In the war with Tripoli he accom- panied Decatur in the hazardous exploit of destroying the frigate " Philadelphia," which had been captured by that power. He remained several years on the Mediterranean station, and commanded successively the " Vixen," "Wasp," "Argus " and " Hornet." While cruising in the latter vessel off the capes of the Delaware, he fell in with the British sloop-of-war " Peacock," and captured her after an action of only fifteen minutes. This battle occurred Febru- ary 24th, 1813. On his return to port he was received with great distinction, and was promoted to the rank of Port Captain. In the spring of the same year he was ordered to the command of the frigate " Chesapeake," then fitting out at Boston. While lying in the roads, nearly ready for sea, the British frigate " .Shannon," then commanded by Captain Brooke, appeared off the harbor and made signals expressing a wish to meet him in combat. Although laboring under many disadvantages, with a new and undisciplined crew, he yet determined to accept the challenge. He put to sea on the morning of the first day of June, when the " Shannon" bore away. At four o'clock the " Chesapeake " hauled up and fired a gun, and the " Shannon " hove to. A short time after the action commenced Captain Lawrence was wounded in the leg, but he continued on deck giving the necessary orders as if nothing had happened. Then the anchor of the " Chesapeake " caught in one of the ports of the enemy's vessel, and iji consequence of this mishap the " Chesapeake" could not bring her guns to bear upon the foe. As Captain Lawrence was being carried below in consequence of receiving a second and a mortal wound in the intestines, he uttered the memorable words, " Don't EIOGRArillCAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. give up Ihe ship." But after the action had continued | case before a jury, he was always heard with fixed attention eleven minutes the enemy boarded and captured the " Chesapeake." The loss in killed and wounded on the latter was one hundred and forty-six, while the " Shannon " suffered a loss af eighty-six. The " Shannon," with her prize, made sail for ILalifax, which port was reached in a short time. Captain Lawrence lingered four days in ex- treme pain, and then died. The British, recognizing him as a true hero, though a fallen one, buried him with all the honors of war. His body, together with that of Lieutenant Ludlow, were subsequently removed by Captain G. Crown- inshield, at his own expense, first to Salem, Massachusetts, and thence removed to New York. Captain Lawrence married the daughter of M. Montaudevert, a merchant of New York. lie died June 6lh, 1813. His widow survived him, with two children. JOHNSON, THOMAS P., Lawyer, late of Prince- ton, was born, about 1761, in New Jersey, and was the second son of William and Ruth (Potts) Johnson. His father was a native of Leland, who emigrated to this country in the year 1750, and married Ruth, sister of Stacy Potts, of Trenton ; both parents were members of the Society of Friends. When he was quite young, the family removed to Charles- ton, South Carolina, where his father established a flourish- in" boarding-school, and gained much repute by his lectures on various branches of natural philosophy. His fondness for such studies seemed to have been inherited by his son, who, even in his later years, continued to turn his attention to them. His father died at the South, after a residence of some years, when his mother, with her family of five cliil- dren, returned to her native State, and with the aid of her brother opened a store in Trenton. In that place Thomas was placed as an apprentice to a carpenter and joiner. After following this business for some time, he was com- pelled to abandon it, owing to his having ruptured a blood- vessel. He then engaged in teaching youth in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and afterwards in Philadelphia. For this he had rare qualifications. While in Pliiladelphia a business house took him into partnership, and sent him to Richmond, Virginia, where the firm opened a large store. He became acquainted there with the late Chief-Justice Marshall, and often had the privilege of listening to the first lawyers of the Old Dominion. This probably led him to turn his thoughts to the bar. After a few years the loss of his store and goods by fire caused him to return to New Jersey. He took up his residence in Princeton, where he married, and entered his name as a student of law in the office of the Hon. Richard Stockton. In due time he was admitted to the bar and received his license as an attorney, three years after as a counsellor, and finally attained the rank as a serjeant-atlaw. His career at the bar was a most brilliant one ; whether arguing points of law, or spreading a or lively interest. He was lucid in arranging and express- ing his thoughts, and well knew how to seize hold of strong points in a case, and when he pleased to touch the chords of feeling, he seldom failed to produce an impression. His tyle of thought and expression was simple and natural. He was no indifferent spectator of the great political questions, the contests of which have ever divided the wise and good men of the nation. With the majority of the New Jersey bar he belonged to the Washingtonian school, and exerted all his energies in what he honestly believed to be the true interests of his country. He possessed an enlarged acquaint- ance with the principal departments of literature and science, but experimental philosophy and natural history had been his favorite studies. Moreover, he was a good anatomist and no mean chemist, and had a natural fondness for mechanical pursuits ; indeed, the products of his skill would not ha.ve disgraced the most experienced artists. He was distin- guished by a high sense of moral principle and great kind- ness of heart, and he cherished a warm attachment for his brethren of the New Jersey bar. He entertained a profound regard for the Christian religion, and being fully convinced of its truth, he was not backward in expressing his sense of its importance, and seldom could the scoff' of infidelity pass unrebuked in his presence. He married a daughter of Robert Stockton, of Princeton, New Jersey. He died March 12th, 1S38. cKNIGHT, CHARLES, M. D., Physician and Surgeon-General of the American army during the revolutionary war, was born, October loth, 1750, at Cranberry, New Jersey, and was the eldest son of the Rev. Charles McKnight. His family was originally from Scotland and settled in Ireland at the time of the " Ulster Plantation," at the beginning of the seventeenth centuiy. Dr. McKnight's father was for nearly forty years a much-esteemed and highly respected clergyman of the Presbyterian church, and one of the early trustees of Princeton College. In 1777, he, then being in advanced life, having rendered himself obnoxious to the Tory party, was imprisoned by the British, who treated him with great cruelty. He died shortly after his release. New Y'ear's day, 1778. In this connection it may be stated that a younger brother of the doctor, who was an ardent patriot and an officer of the New Jersey line, was also seized by the British and confined in one of the prison- ships in Wallabout bay. Long Island, now the site of the Brooklyn navy-yard, where he finally perished with the great army of martyrs to the cause of independence. Dr. McKnight received a first-class education, and graduated " candidatum primum" at Princeton College, in the class of 1 77 1. He studied medicine under the celebrated Dr. Shippen, of Philadelphia. At the commencement of the revolutionary war his abilities were so marked as to procure BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. 117 him the appointment, April iilh, 1777, of" Senior Surgeon of the Flying Hospital, Middle Department." In 1780, al- though only thirty years of age, he was made Surgeon- General ; and from October 1st, 1780, until January ist, 1782, he served as Chief Physician. The late Dr. John W. Francis, of New York, in an article prirWed in the American Medical am/ Philosophical Kegisler, thus speaks of him in that connection : " In the discharge of the important and arduous duties of his station, his talents and indefatigable zeal were equally conspicuous. He was pre-eminently faithful in the performance of all these duties, which the perilous situation of his country required and his humane disposition led him to undertake." After the termination of the war he removed to New York city, and was very soon afterwards appointed Professor of Surgery and Anatomy in Columbia College, New York. Dr. Francis speaks of him in this respect : " He delivered lectures on these two branches of medical science to a numerous and attentive class of students, while the profundity of his research and the acuteness of his genius gained for him the approbation of the most fastidious. In a life of constant activity, both as a practitioner and teacher, he continued until he arrived at his forty-firet year, when a pulmonary affection (the re- sult of an injury received during the war) put an end to his labors and usefulness." lie was distinguished, not only in this country, but also in Europe, for the successful per- formance of certain most difficult and dangerous surgical operations. President Duer, in his " Reminiscences," thus speaks of him : "Although he was eminent as a physician, he was particularly distinguished as a practical surgeon, and at the time of his death was without a rival in this branch of his profession. Gifted by nature with talents peculiarly calculated for the exercise of the important duties of a sur- geon, his education in an especiql mannei- enabled him to attain the highest reputation." He published a paper in the " Memoirs of the London Medical Society," vol. iv, which attracted considerable attention abroad. He was a member of the New York State Society of the Cincinnati. He married Mrs. Litchfield, only daughter of General John Morin Scott, of New York, one of the most zealous patriots of tlie Revolution, a prominent lawyer and politician of those times. Secretary of the State and a delegate to the Continental Congress of 17S2-83. The late John M. Scott McKnight, M. D., of New York city, was his only son. Dr. Charles McKnight died in 1790. 'NGLISII, JAMES R., Lawyer, of Elizabeth, was boi-n, September 27th, 1840, in Bernard town- ship, Somerset county. New Jersey, and is a son of Rev. James T. and Mary C. (Jobs) English. He is of Scotch-Irish and English ancestry, and some of his progenitors were the first settlers of Englishtown, Monmouth county, where the family resided for over one hundred and (ifly years. Ilis father removed from that place to Liberty Corner, in Bernard townshi]i, when a youth, and subsequently became pastor of a Pres- byterian congregation, to whi m he ministered for thirty-five years. James, the younger, received a thorough education and graduated at Princeton College. He subsequently en- tered the office of Theodore Liltle, at Morrisiown, as a student at law, where he continued until licensed as an .Tt- torney in June, 1S65. He then removed to Elizabelli, where he commenced the practice of his profession, whith has been a large, successful and lucrative one. At the present time he is counsel for many corporations, including large foreign corporations doing business in New Jersey. In political creed he is a Republican, and has taken an ar- dent and laborious part in various campaigns, and has also been frequently a delegate to county and State conventions. Although frequently solicited to become a candidate for some office in the gift of the people, he has invariably de- clined the honor of a nomination. He was married, No- vember 9th, 1S65, to a Miss Redford. OODHULL, HON. GEORGE SPOFFORD, As- sociate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jer- sey, was born in Monmouth county, near Free- hold, New Jersey. The family has been identified with that county for many years, holding a high social position and enjoying the esteem and re- spect of a very wide circle. Judge WoodhuU's grandfather. Rev. John WoodhuU, D. D., was an eminent divine, and for more than forty years pastor of the old Tennent Church, located about three miles from Freehold, while his father, John T. Woodhull, M. D., was for many years a skilful and leading practitioner of the county, and died in the year 1869 at the advanced age of eighty-three. His mother, nee Ann Wikoff, also belonged to the same county, having been born near Manalapan. He received his early educaticm at home, and after an exceptionally sound and thorough preliminary training, attended Princeton Academy, where he was pre- pared for Princeton College, which he entered in 1830. At the conclusion of a three years' course he gradu- ated with distinction with the class of 1S33. Having made choice of the legal profession he became a student under Richard S. Field, of Princeton, and in due course was ad- mitted as an attorney in 1S39. Three years later he was received as counsellor. He began practice at Freehold, where he prosecuted his profession until 1850, when he re- moved to May's Landing, Atlantic county, and there re- mained for twelve years. In the year of his removal to May's Landing he was appointed by Governor Haines, Prosecuting Attorney for Atlantic county. This office he held for fifteen years, distinguishing himself by able and faithful service, which led in a few years to his appoint- ment as Prosecuting Attorney for Cape May coiinly also — a position which, in connection with the first, he occupied for BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOPy^EDIA. ten years. During his residence in Atlantic county, in the year 1856, he was a candidate for the State Senate on the Republican ticket. The county had always been Demo- cratic, and there was little hope of changing the result in that election; but his services in the public behalf, his high abilities as a lawyer and man of affairs, and his popularity as a citizen, enabled him to wield an influence sufficient to turn the current of public opinion. In this year he largely reduced the Democratic majority, and continuing his active efforts year after year he succeeded before he left the county in winning it for the Republican party, and it has since remained true to that allegiance. In 1S66 he was appointed, by Governor Ward, Associate-Justice of the Su- preme Court of New Jersey, and had assigned to him the Second Judicial District, comprising the counties of Cam- den, Burlington and Gloucester. A well-read lawyer and a man of evenly-balanced mind, devoted to his profession and to his judicial duties, he attained such a reputation that on the expiration of his term, in 1S73, Governor Parker, though differing with him politically, concluded to offer him reappointment. The nomination was accepted, and at once confirmed by the Senate, and the community secured for another term the services of a capable and upright judge. He is highly respected by the profession both as lawyer and judge, while in private life he is esteemed as a polished gentleman and a public-spirited citizen. He was married, in April, 1S47, to Caroline ilanJeville Vroom, a niece of ex-Governor Vroom. ,eS- -^IS I ODD, REV. JAMES, D. D., an eminent Presby- terian Clergyman, Teacher and Author, late of Hightstown, was born in New York Stale, in the year 1800. He was a graduate of the Princeton Theological Seminary, and was ordained pastor of a church in Amsterdam, New York, where he preached for some time. He was subsequently appointed an agent for the Board of Education for the West, and was afterwards elected Professor of Church History in the In- diana Theological Seminary, where he remained for quite a number of years. After resigning from that institution he became Principal of an academy for boys in New Albany, Indiana. His next appointment was that of Assistant Sec- retary of the Board of Education, at Philadelphia. He was afterwards elected President of Hanover College, Indiana, which position he resigned in 1 866, that he might become Principal of the Van Rensselaer Institute, at Hightstown. The primary object of this institution was the education of the children of missionaries. He had entered upon his duties with great zeal, and was making vigorous efforts towards a complete endowment of the institute when inter- rupted by death. He was the author of an able work en- titled " Old and New Theology," setting forth the reasons which led to the division of the Presbyterian Church. A work entitled "Call to the Ministry" was from his pen; besides this, he wrote several other works of a minor char- acter. He was profoundly learned in the specially of church history, as well as in the liislui^ of the Reformation; not only as regarded his own bramh of the Reformed church, but in contemporaneous sects and religious bodies. He died at Hightstown, April yih, 1867. EMER, GENERAL EBENEZER, M. D., Physi- cian and Surgeon, Soldier and Statesman, late of Bridgeton, was born, in 1752, at Cedarville, . . Cumberland county. New Jersey, and was the ^a grandson of the Rev. Daniel Elmer, who re- moved from Connecticut to Fairfield in 1727. He studied medicine with his elder brother, and was about to establish himself in practice when hostilities commenced between America and Great Britain. In January, 1776, he was commissioned an Ensign in the company of Continen- tal troops commanded by the late Governor Bloomfield, serving in that capacity and also as a Lieutenant in the northern army until the spring of 1777, when, the artillery being reorganized, he was appointed a Surgeon's Mate. In June, 1778, he was appointed Surgeon of the 2d Jersey Regiment, and filled that position until the close of the war, and during the whole period of his career in the army was never absent from duty. After the war he married and settled in Bridgeton, and pursued the practice of his profession. In 1789 he was elected a member of Assembly, and was re-elected for several successive years ; and in both 1791 and 1795 was chosen Speaker of the House. In iSoo he was elected a member of Congress, and sat in that body for six years, being twice re-elected. His term of service there was coincident with the period of President Jefferson's administration, of which he was a supporter. He was Adjutant-General of the New Jersey Militia, and for many ye.ars Brigadier-General of the Cumberland Brigade. Dur- ing the war with England, in 1813, he commanded the troops stationed at Billingsport, in New Jersey. In the year 1807, and afterwards, in 1815, he was a member of the Legislative Council of the State, and was chosen Vice- President of that body. In 1808 he was appointed Col- lector of the Customs for the Port and District of Bridgeton, which office he resigned in 1S17. He was reappointed thereto in 1822, and continued in the same until 1832, when he again resigned ; and, having then reached the age of fourscore years, wholly declined public business. For a long period of years he had been connected with the Pres- byterian Church as an active and leading member. His great characteristic during a long and useful life was his stern integrity; whilehisbenevolence, generosity and kindly acts endeared him to all. He was at the time of his death BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOP-E DIA. 119 the President of the New Jersey Slate Branch of the Order of the Cincinnati, and the last surviving officer of the New Jersey line of the revolulionai-y army. He died at Bridyeton, October iSth, 1S43. G?-C LMER, HON. DANIEL, Lawyer and Jurist, was born, 1784, in Cumberland county, New Jersey. He was tlic fifth of that name in descent from Rev. Daniel Elmer, pastor of the Cohansey Pres- 'J" byterian Church, and who died in 1755, leaving several children, whose descendants are still resi- dents of south Jersey. The family is of English origin, and the name was originally Aylmer, one of the family being Baron of the Exchequer, in 1535 ; and one, John Aylmer, Avas tutor of Lady Jane Grey, and was consecrated, 1568, Bishop of London under the name of John Elmer. Daniel Ehiier iost his father when but eight years of age, and he wa.s placed in the family of his great-uncle. Dr. Ebenezer Elmer, where he resided several years. His education was only such as could be attained in the common schools of the day; but he lost no opportunity of acquiring informa- tion, and devoted his leisure hours to study. When about sixteen years old he commenced the study of the law with General Giles, of Bridgeton, who was at that time the county clerk, and young Elmer obtained employment in the oflice, by which he was enabled to liquidate his ordi- niry expenses. He remained with his preceptor for five years, and was licensed as an attorney in 1S05, ^s a coun- sellor in iSoS, and twenty years later attained the rank of serjeant-at-law. Immediately after his admission to the bir he opened an office in Bridgeton, where he resided during the balance of his life, except when abroad on pro- fessional business. He acquired a large and lucrative practice, especially in the collection of accounts; and, as he w.is very economical in his habits and made judicious in- vestments with his earnings, gradually acquired an inde- pendence. After Judge Dayton resigned, in 1841, he was appointed by the joint meeting of the Legislature a Judge of the Supreme Court, and sat upon the bench for four years. During his incumbency the celebrated Mercer case was tried, and he was the president Judge before whom the criminal was arraigned. The trial created great excite- ment, especially in Philadelphia, where both the victim, Hutchinson Heberton, and the avenger of his sister's honor, Sin.leton Mercer, resided. The oflfence took place on the ferry-boat plying between Philadelphia and Camden, while the vessel was in the waters of New Jersey. Camden at that lime was in Gloucester county, and Woodbury the shire town and where the trial took place; Mercer was defended by the celebrated Philadelphia lawyer, Peter A. Browne ; and, aside from the feeling in favor of the accused, pre- sented (he case so strongly to the jur)- that, although the iiiate's attorney proved conclusively a clear case of murder, technically, the jury acquitted the defend.ant. The latter, however, was ruined morally and physically; and some years after, as if to atone for the crime he had committed, volunteered, with others, as a nurse when Norfolk, Virginia, was smitten with the yellow fever, contracted the fever and died, it is said, a true jienitent. Judge Elmer was chosen a member of the convention which assembled to form the new State constitution, and entered upon his duties in that body with his accustomed ardor. He had ever been a laborious advocate and counsellor, and before he had taken his seat on the bench of the Supreme Court he manifested symptoms of overwork. In the winter succeeding the meet- ing of the convention he had a slight stroke of apoplexy, and which so affected his system as to render it advisable that he should resign his office as Judge. For many years he was President of the Cumberland Bank, of Bridgeton. Politically he was a member of the old Federalist party, and in later years a Whig of the Henry Clay school. In his religious faith he adhered to the doctrines of the Presby- terian Church, and was an earnest and devout member of that denomination. He was married, in 1808, to a daughter of Colonel Potter, and had a family of several children, all of whom, except a son and daughter, died in infancy. Judge Elmer died in 1S4S. LMER, HON. LUCIUS QUINTIUS CINCIN- NATUS, Lawyer and ex-Associate- Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, was born in Bridge- ton, New Jersey, where he now resides, February 3d, 1793. His father was General Ebenezer Elmer, M. D., who was also a native of Cumberland county, and who served as a surgeon in the revolutinmry army, and during the war of 1S12 commanded the militia at Billingsport. His mother was Hannah Seely, daughter of Rev. Ephraim Seely, of Bridgeton. He received his prepara- tory educational training at various schools in the neighbor- hood of his home, and then became a student at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. Determining to adopt the legal profes- sion, he studied law with his relative, Hon. Daniel Elmer, of Bridgeton, and in due course was licensed as attorney in 1815. Three years later he was called as counsellor. He began practice in Bridgeton and the surrounding circuits. A good business soon accrued to him, and he began to fill a considerable space in the public eye. Although not a politician, in the general acceptation of the term, he took a lively interest in public aff.iirs, affiliating with the Demo- cratic party, \thich represented the principles he believed to lie at the root of good government. Naturally, therefore, he wjis regarded as an eligible candidate for representative positions, and became a member of the lower branch of the Legislature during the sessions of 1820, 1S21, 1822 and 1S23, serving during the latter year as Speaker of the House. During 1824 he was Prosecutor of the Pleas for '# BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. Cumberland County, and at various times for Cape May County also. From 1824 to 1829 he held the appointment of United States District Attorney for New Jersey, and dis- charged the duties of that office with marked ability and fidelity. In 1843 he was elected to Congress from the First Congressional District, and served for one term. He was appointed Attorney-General of the State in 1S50, and held the position until 1852, when he was elevated to a seat on the Supreme bench by Governor Haines. Thereon he sat for fifteen years, his course throughout commanding the confidence and respect of the bar and the whole commu- nity. Since 1869 he has ceased all active business. He is known as an author, having put forward several works of much merit and interest. In 1869 he published a " History of Cumberland County," which contains a very interesting account of the earliest settlement of the county, together with a history of the currency of that and the adjoining counties. Three years later he gave to the public a work entitled "The Constitution and Government of the Province and State of New Jersey, with Biographical Sketches of its Governors from 1776 to 1S45." A large amount of valu- able information is gathered together in the pages of this work, which was published among the collections of the New Jersey Historical Society. In 1838 he compiled a " Digest of the Laws of New Jersey," which has now reached its fourth edition, although since its second, about which time its author was raised to the bench, it has been known as " Nixon's Digest." Judge Elmer received the degree of A. M. from the College of New Jersey, Princeton, in 1824, and that of LL. D. from the same institution of learning in 1S65. He was married, in 1819, to Catherine Hay, of Philadelphia, who still lives. ILDER, SAMSON VRYLING STODDARD, an eminent Philanthropist, late of Elizabeth, was born, in the year 17S0, at Bolton, Massachusetts, and was of Huguenot descent. He commenced his mercantile life in Boston, from which ciiy he went, in the course of his business life, to Paris, and in 1813 to London, where he soon formed the ac- quaintance of the Rev. Rowland Hill and other celebrities of that era. At a very early day he became connected with the Bible and tract societies, and in 1823, when the Ameri- can Tract Society was organized, he was prevailed upon, after much solicitation, to accept the Presidency. He re- tired from that office in 1842, having presided over it for nearly nineteen years. Removing to New York, in 1830, he liecame a prominent banker in connection with the cele- brated house of Hottingner, of Paris, and later with the (national) Bank of the United Stales. At the time when he resigned the presidency of the tract society he was con- nected with a number of oiher organizations, from all of which he also retired. He was the author of a number of religious tracts that obtained a large and world-wide notoriety. He passed the evening of his days in retirement at Elizabeth, and was ever occupied in doing good. He died in that city, April 2d, 1865. ORTER, LUCIUS P., late President of the Norfolk & New Brunswick Hosiery Company, was born. May 14th, 1S18, in Coldbrook, Litchfield county, Connecticut, and was the second child and eldest son of Ileniy Porter, a prosperous fanner of that town. When he was ten years old his father re- moved to Norfolk, in the same State, and he remained with his father for several years thereafter, and attended the dis- trict school. When nineteen years of age he entered a country store as clerk, where he continued some three years, and thence went to Plymouth, where hfe'was simi- larly employed, first in the store of Paulus Warner, and subsequently in the establishment of Henry Terry, eventu- ally becoming the latter's partner. While connected with this gentleman he first took an interest in the manufactur- ing business, the firm becoming the owners of the Plymouth Woollen Mills. At this time he was only twenty-eight years old. About two years after he removed to New York city, although he still retained his connection with the mills. In 1851 he, with two other gentlemen, having be- come possessed of valuable patents — his own being a rubber toy-rattle — organized the New York Rubber Company, which has since become one of the most prominent in the country, and with which he w.-is actively connected as Trustee at the time of his death ; and in that business he acquired the principal portion of his wealth. In 1857, wiih several other capitalists, he organized the Norfolk Hosiery Company, at Norfolk, Connecticut, with a capital of $75,000, of which he was chosen the Treasurer. Two years after the capital was increased to $125,000. This company was organized to carry on the manufacture of fully-fashioned hosiery by steam power, with machinery in- vented by E. E. and J. K. Kilbourn, the company having purchased their entire right and being the first to introduce this manufacture in this country. E. E. Kilbourn was ap- pointed a superintendent in the company, and elected a director. During the year 1S59 he accompanied Mr. Porter on a visit to Europe to introduce the machines, which threatened to revolutionize the methods then in use for knitting by machinery. In 1863 the demand for the com- pany's goods having so increased as to make it necessary to enlarge, a committee was appointed to select an eligible lo- cation in some other city, and finally the site now used by the Norfolk & New Brunswick Hosiery Company — which was the name under which the old company was reorgan- ized — was purchased by the corporation, whose capital was fixed at $300,000, and Lucius P. Porter elected President. The latter was so well pleased with New Brunswick that. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. soon after ihe mills went into operation, be removed to that city with his family, and resided there until his death. Under his skilful management the company prospered greatly, and in two years the capital stock was increased to Sjoo.ooo, and in 1S69 to $550,000. He continued as the principal executive ofTicer of the corporation, as his management gave entire satisfaction to all interested in its welfare. Upon the organization of the New Brunswick Board of Water Commissioners, in 1S73, he was elected President, in which position he continued until his death. He was also a director in the New Brunswick Savings In- stitution, and was connected with several other corporations in that city. lie was for several years an active and lead- ing member of the First Presbyterian Church, and also one of the Trustees of the same. During his-residence in his adopted city he effected much for its general prosperity, especially in locating there the largest, if not the most im- portant, of its manufactories, which will remain as a fitting monument to his memory. His death was a sudden one, his illness only lasting a few days; it occurred, April 2d, 1875. 'i ARON, REV. SAMUEL, Clergyman, Teadier and Author, late of Mount Holly, New Jersey, was born, in the year iSoo, at New Britain, Pennsyl- vania, and was of Welsh-Irish lineage. He was left an orphan at the early age of six years, and was placed under the care of an uncle, on whose farm he labored for several years, and during a portion of the winter months attended the district school. Inheriting a small patrimony from his father, he entered Doylestown Academy at the age of sixteen years, where he remained some four years. He thence removed to Burlington, New Jei'sey, and connected himself with the classical and mathe- matical school, both as a student and assistaiTt teacher. After leaving this town he married, and opened a day school at Bridge Point, and subsequently became Principal of a school at Doylestown. In 1829 he was ordained a minister, and became pastor of the Baptist Church at New- Britain. In 1S33 he returned to Burlington, where he took charge of the High School, and at the same time held the pastorate of the Baptist Society in that place, where he re- mained eight years. In 1841 he accepted a call to the church at Norristown, Pennsylvania, and removed there. After preaching for about three years he resigned his charge, and shortly afterwards founded the " Treemount Seminary," about three miles from that town, which, under his management, became justly celebrated throughout east- ein Pennsylvania and New Jersey, not only in the number of students, but also in the thoroughness of the instruction imparted to them. In the great financial crisis of 1857 he unfortunately became involved, owing to his having in- dorsed for a friend, and he relinquished the property of the seminary to the creditors. He subsequently removed to 16 Mount Holly, and accepted a oall to the Baptist Church there, a position which he retained during the balance of his life. In September of the last-named year, in connec- tion with his son, Charles, he became the Principal of the Mount Holly Institute, continuing in the discharge of his duties up to the time of the brief illness which teiniinated his useful life. He was twice tendered the presidency of the New York Central College, but declined the honor. He was the author of many improvements in text-books. He died at Mount Holly, April Illh, 1S65. OMERS, CAPTAIN RICHARD, M.aster Com- mandant in the United States Navy, was born, 1778, in the township of Egg Harbor, Atlantic county. New Jersey, and was the youngest son of Colonel Richard Somers, a prominent officer in the revolutionary army. He received his pre- liminary education in the city of Philadelphia, and com- pleted it in a celebrated academy at Burlington, New Jersey. When about sixteen years of age he went to sea in a coasting vessel from Egg Harbor, and during the two following years made sundry voyages. In 1796 he received from President Washington a midshipman's warrant, and made his first cruise in the frigate "United States," then recently built in Philadelphia, which was at that time under command of Captain Stephen Decatur. He formed a last- ing friendship with that brave officer, who, although his professional rival, respected and esteemed him highly. In iSoi Somers was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, and two years later, during the period of the difficulties with the Barbary powers, he was appointed to the command of the " Nautilus," a beautiful schooner of twelve guns, attached to the Mediterranean Squadron, which sailed from the United States in the summer of 1803, and afterwards be- came so celebrated under Commodore Preble's orders. When the United States squadron, under the last-named officer, %vas blockading Tripoli, in 1S04, Lieutenant Somers distinguished himself in its early stages, as well as on the enterprise which cost him his life. On one occasion he was engaged in a gun-boat, within pistol-shot of the enegiy, whose strength was five-fold greater than his own ; but the foe was obliged to withdraw, and he brought his own boat back in triumph. At another period, as his boat was advancing to her position, he was leaning against the nagstaflf, when he saw a shot coming directly towards him, and bowed his head to avoid it. The shot cut the flagstaff in two, and on measuring the remainder it was ascertained that he escaped death only by this timely removal. After several unsuccessful attempts to force the enemy to terms, it was resolved to fit up the ketch " Intrepid," in the double capacity of fire-ship and infernal, and to send her into the inner harbor of Tripoli, there to explode in the very centre of the Turkish vessels. As her deck was to be covered BIOGRAFHrCAL ENCVCLOP.^iDIA. with a large quantity of powder, shells and other missiles, it was hoped that the town would suffer from the explosion, as well as the shipping, and that the panic created by such an assault, in the dead hours of the night, might procure an instant peace, and more especially promote the liberation of the frigate " Philadelphia," whose officers and crew were believed, at that time, to have been reduced to extreme suffering by the barbarity of their captors. The imminent danger of the service forbade the commodore from order- ing any of his officers upon it ; and Somers, with whom the conception of the daring scheme is supposed to have origi- nated, volunteered to take the command. On the after- noon of September 4th, 1S04, he prepared to leave the " Nautilus," with a full determination to carry the ketch into Tripoli that night. Previously to quitting his own vessel he felt that it would be proper to point out the des- perate nature of the enterprise to the four men whom he had selected, that their services might be perfectly free and voluntary. He told them that he wished no man to accom- pany him who would not prefer being blown up rather than to be taken prisoners; that such was his own determina- tion, and that he wished all who went with him to be of the same way of thinking. The boats then gave three cheers in answer, and each man is said to have applied to him for the honor of applying the match. It may he proper to state, in this connection, that at this iden- tical period the enemy were supposed to have almost exhausted their supply of ammunition, and if the ketch had fallen into their hands they would have obtained just ex- actly what they required, and so prolonged the war; rather th.an allow them so valuable a prize was another reason why Somers resolved to sacrifice himself and his crew. Being assured of the temper of his companions he took leave of his officers, the boat's crew doing the same? shak- ing hands and expressing their feelings, as if they felt assured of their fate in advance. Each of the four men made his will, verbally, disposing of his effects among his shipmates, like those about to die. Several of Somers' friends from the other ships visited him on board of the "Intrepid" before he got away. Among these were Stewart and Decatur, with whom he had commenced his naval career in the frigate " United States." He was grave, but maintained his usual tranquil and quiet manner.. At nine o'clock in the evening Lieutenant Reed was the last to leave the ketch for his own vessel. When he went over the side of the "Intrepid" all communication between the gal- lant spirits she contained and the rest of the world ceased. At that time everything seemed prosperous. Her com- mander was cheerful, though calm ; and perfect order and method prevailed in the little craft. The leave-taking was affectionate and serious with the officers, though the sailors appeared to he in high spirits. Two boats accompanied the ketch to bring away the party just after setting fire to the train: the whole party numbering thirteen, ail of whom had volunteered. The ketch was seen to proceed cautiously into the bay, but was soon obscured by the haze on the water. It was not long before the enemy began to fire at the ketch, which by this lime was quite near the batteries, though the reports were neither rapid nor numerous. At this moment, near ten o'clock, Captain Stewart and Lieutenant Carrol were standing in the " Siren's " gangway, looking intently towards the place where the ketch was known to be, when the latter exclaimed, " Look, see the light." At that mo- ment a light was seen passing and waving, as if a lantern were carried by some person in quick motion along the ves- sel's deck, and then it sank from view. Half a minute may have elapsed when the whole firmament was lighted by a fiery glow ; a burning mast, with its sails, was seen in the air; the whole harbor was momentarily illuminated ; the awful explosion came, and a darkness like that of doom succeeded ; the whole was over in less than a minute. The flames, the quaking of towers, the reeling of ships, and even the bursting of shells, of which the majority fell into the water, though some lodged on the rocks, all became silent. The firing ceased, and from that moment Tripoli passed the night in as profound a stillness as that in which the victims of the explosion have lain from that fatal hour to the pres- ent time. In the American squadron the opinion was preva- lent that Somers and his determined crew had blown them- selves up to prevent capture ; but subsequent light has rendered it more probable that it was the result of an acci- dent, or perhaps occasioned by a hot shot from the enemy. Thus perished one of the bravest of the brave. Notwith- standing all hypotheses, and all the great efforts of human ingenuity in reasoning, there will remain a melancholy in- terest around the manner of his end, which, by the Almighty will, is forever veiled from human eyes in a sad and solemn mystery. He was mild, amiable and affectionate, both in disposition and deportment, although of singularly chival- rous ideas of honor and duty. As a proof of the estimation in which he was held, many ves.sels have been named after him, and among these the clipper brig-of-war " Somers," on which the celebrated mutiny took place when under the command of Alexander Slidell Mackenzie — an event with- out a parallel in the history of the United Stales navy. AN DEURSEN, WILLIAM, M. D., Physician, late of New Brunswick, was born in ih.at city. May i6th, 1791, where also he was educated, and graduated at Rutgers College, in the class of 1809, with the first honor, and on which occa- sion he pronounced the valedictory address. He studied medicine in New York city, and after receiving his diploma served as physician and surgeon in one of the hospitals of that city. Subsequently he removed to Mon- mouth county. New Jersey, where he commenced the prac- tice of medicine, and resided there for several years; but BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.IDIA. 123 eventually relumed to his native city, and there established a reputation for professional skill which he maintained until his retirement from the active duties of his calling. He was the eldest living Trustee of Rutgers College, hav- ing been elected to that office in 1S23. He died at New Brunswick, February 20th, 1873. fONTGOMERY, REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN B., of the United States Navy, was born at Allen- town, New Jersey, and was appointed from that State, June 4th, 1S12, receiving at that date a mid- shipman's warrant. Early in September of the same year he reported at Sackelt's Harbor for duty in the squadron on Lake Ontario, and served succes- sively on board the " Hamilton " and flag-ships " Madi- son" and "General Pike." He participated in the naval attack on Kingston, Upper Canada, November loth, 1812, and also in the capture of Little York (now Toronto), April 27th, 1813, and of Fort George and Newark on the 27th of the following month. In conjunction with seven other officers and one hundred sailors he volunteered for service on Lake Erie, August 4th, 1813, and joined the United States brig " Niagara," Captain Elliott, and took part in the general naval action of September loth, which resulted in the capture of the British fleet. For this service he re- ceived a sword and the thanks of Congress awarded to the officers of his grade. He was present during the blockade and subsequent attack on Mackinaw (Lake Huron), in August, 1814, and also, during the same month, at the de- struction of a block-house and gun-brig on the British side of the lake. During the last siege of Fort Erie the " Niagara" was employed in protecting communication be- tween the fort and the L'nited States hospitals at Buffalo, and the transportation of troops between the two shores of the lake during the months of September and October. He continued on board that vessel until the close of the war, and returned to New York late in February, 1815, in time to witness the general illumination in celebration of peace. Early in the following month of March, the United States being at war with Algiers, he was ordered to the sloop-of- war " Ontario," at Baltimore, then under the command of Captain Jesse Duncan Elliott, and sailed with the first squadron under Commodore Decatur, May 15th, 1S15, for the Mediterranean. He participated in the capture of an Algerine frigate and a man-of-war brig in June, and in the blockade of Algiers to the close of the war, in July, 1815. He continued to serve on board the " Ontario " and frigate "United States" in the Mediterranean until 1817, when he returned to the United States in the store-ship "Alert," and in August of the srme year was ordered to the sloop- >f-war " Hornet," then preparing for sea at New York. In Feb- ruary, 181S, he was Iransfei lerl to the s!oop-of-war " Cyane," and shortly afterwards promoted to the rank of Lieutenant. He cruised in the " Cyane," under C.iptain Trenchard, on the coast of Africa, returning to the United Stales in 1820, and almost immediately afterwards was ordered to the sloop- of-war " Erie," at New Y'ork. He served on tliat vessel, under Captain Deacon, until her return from a three-years' cruise in the Mediterranean, in Novenilier, 1S26. After a furlough of some eighteen months, he was placed in 1S28 on recruiting service, in which he was engaged during that and the following year. In 1830 he was ordered to the West Indies as Executive Officer of the sloop-of-war " Pea- cock," Captain McCall. He was subsequently transferred to the flag-ship " Erie," and at a later period commanded that ship on a cruise along the coast of Mexico. In July, 1 83 1, he was relieved from the command of the " Erie " by Captain Clark, and ordered to the flag-ship " Natchez," and returned in her to Norfolk, Virginia, towards the close of August, 1 83 1, when he was detached on leave. From January, 1833, until February, 1S35, he was engaged on recruiting service in Philadelphia and New York, when he received orders to join the frigate " Constitution," at Boston, as Executive Officer, Captain Elliott being in command. This vessel sailed March 2d, 1835, for New York, and thence on the 15th of the same month proceeded to Havre, France, to convey Mr. Livingston, the United States Min- ister, and family to the United States. He returned on the frigate in July and was detached on leave. In March, 1837, he was ordered to the command of the receiving-ship " Co- lumbus," seventy-four, at Boston ; and was detaclied there- from in May, 1839, and on the glh of December following promoted to the rank of Commander. In May, 1841, he was ordered to the recruiting rendezvous at Boston, where he continued until February, 1844, when he was detached on leave. In October of the same year he was ordered to the command of the sloop-of-war " Portsmouth," at Ports- mouth, New Hampshire, and sailed in her for Norfolk, Virginia, on the 9th of December. From the latter port he put to sea in January, 1845, bound to the Pacific Ocean, where he continued until near the close of the war with Mexico, returning with the ship to Boston, in May, 1S48, when he was detached on leave. During this cruise of the " Portsmouth," of three years and seven months duration, the officers and crew under command of Commander Mont- gomery took possession of and permanently est.ibli-.hed the authority of the United States at San Francisco, Sonoma, New Helvetia, and Santa Clara, Upper California. They also maintained a blockade of Mazatlan, Mexico, for some months; and in March and April, 1S47, took possession of and hoisted the first United St.ites flags at San Jose, Cape St. Lucas and La Paz, in Lower California, which ports were held until relinquished at the close of the war. In October, 1847, in company with the frigate " Congress," Captain Lavallette, he bonibarded and captured the fortified town and port of Guaym.as, on the Gulf of California. In April, 1849, he was ordered as Executive Officer to the Navy Yard, Washington, from which he was relieved. No- 124 BIOGRAriilCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. vember 1st, 1S51, and placed on leave. He was commis- sioned as Captain Jannary 6th, 1853. In Apiil, 1S57, 1)^ was oi-deied to the command of the new steam frigate " Roanoke," at Norfolk, \'irginia, and sailed thence to Aspinwall, returning in August of that year to New York with two hundred and fifty of the deluded followers of Gen- eral Walker, who had proposed to liberate Cuba. In the following month he was ordered lo Washington as a mem- ber of one of the Court of Inquiry on Retired Officers. In January, 1S5S, the court was dissolved, when he was placed on leave. In April, 1859, he was ordered to the command of the Pacific Squadron, and to hoist his flag on the steam- corvette " Lancaster," at Philadelphia. He was relieved from this command by Commodore Charles H. Bell, in January, 1S62, and arrived in New York on the nth of the same month and placed on waiting orders {retired list). In the following month of May he was ordered to command the N.»vy Yard, Boston, and was transferred to the Navy Yard, Washington, December 31st, 1863. He remained at the Capital until October 13th, 1S65, when he was placed on waiting orders. On July loth, 1866, he was ordered to the command of the naval station at Sackett's Harbor, from which he was relieved September 1st, 1869, and again placed on waiting orders. His last service was, it will be seen, in command of the station where he first made his entree upon his profession fifty-seven years previously. He was promoted to the ranks of Commodore and Rear- Admiral {retired list), and passed the remainder of his days at Carlisle, Pennsylvania, where he died March 25th, 1S73. [DUNG, EREN-CE D., M. D., Physician, of Borden- town, was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, May I2th, 1S27. His father, William ^V. Young, wis a native of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, who moved into Delaware; he was a ma\iufacturer in quite an extensive way. On the maternal side he is a Jerseyman, his mother having been Julia E. Ander- son, of Trenton. The early education of the subject of this sketch was received at the select school of John H. Wil- lets, in Philadelphia, whence he proceeded to the Newark Academy, Newark, Delaware. From that institution he was graduated in 1845, and immediately began the study of medicine with Dr. William R. Grant, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Penasylvania. He attended the regular course of lectures in that university, and in due course was graduated, on March 8th, 1848. After receiving his diploma he was appointed Resident Physician of W'ills Hospital for Diseases of the Eye, in Philadelphia, and the duties of this position he filled for about a year. Then he was stationed at the Pennsylvania Hospital, in the same city, for about a year. On June 25th, 1S49, ''^ removed to Bordentown, and opened an office for the piactice of his profession. In that place he has remained ever since, and has developed a large and valuable practice. In the estimation of his brother practitioners and of the general community he holds a high place both as a doctor and as a man. He is a member of the County Medical Society, and has been sent as a dele- gate to the State Society a number of limes. INKHAM, WILLIAM E., D. D. S., Dentist, of Newark, was born, May 21st, 1S44, in the town of Winslow, Kennebec county, Maine, and is a son of Elias and Fannie (Sampson) Pinkham, who are also both natives of that State. He received his rudimentary education in the schools of his native county, and subsequently became a pupil at a Friends' academy in Providence. AVhen sixteen years of age he commenced the study of dentistry at the Boston Dental College, where he attended one course of lectures ; and subsequently matriculated at the Philadelphia Dental College, where he completed his studies and graduated in the spring of 1S73 with the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery. He then removed to New Jersey, locating at Newark, where he has since been actively engaged in the practice of his profession. He is a member of the New Jersey State Dental Society. OWNLEY, ROBERT W., Mayor of Elizabeth, New Jersey, was born, July 13th, 1813, at Spring- field, in that State, and is the eldest son of Richard and Hannah Wade Townley, both of whom were also Jersey-born. His father w.as devoted to agricultural pursuits near Elizabeth, and his family for four generations have been identified with that neighborhood. Tlie old family homestead was destroyed by fire in 1875, having stood for about one hundred and twenty-five years. It was of the old English style of archi- tecture. The family itself is of English origin, being line.il descendants of Lord Charles Townley, of Great Britain. His preliminary education was obtained in a country school- house on the homestead, after which he attended a classical school for two years in Elizabeth, having in view a liberal education. But his tastes and preferences were found to be in the direction of business, and in 1828 he entered a general country store in Elizabeth as clerk, and a few years afterwards engaged in business on his own account. He so continued until 1840, when he removed to Fort Wayne, Indiana, then in its infancy, and became one of the pioneer settlers of that section of the State, which was then largely populated by Indians. He remained there actively engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1859, when he returned to Eliza- beth to reside, although he still retained his business interests in Fort Wayne until 1870. Shortly after his return to Kew EIOGRArillCAl. ENXVCLOr.EDIA. Jersey the great rebellion brolL, M. D., Physician, of Bridgetun, New Jersey, was born in that town, October 5th, 1814. He comes of a long line of physicians, his father and grandfather having both been successful and prominent followers of the profession of medicine. His father, \\'illiam Elmer, M. D., who died in 1S36, was also a native of Bridgeton, where he practised for a period of ten years. The mother of the subject of this sketch was also to the manor born, being Nancy Boyd Potter, daughter of Colonel Potter, of Bridgeton. He w,as prepared for college at the excellent school of Rev. Isaac Brown, at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and entered the sophomore class at Princeton College in 1830. From this in t'lulidn he was graduated in 1832, and honored with the English salutatory oration. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.^iDIA. 129 Having early imbibed a taste for the medical profession, and determined to adopt it, he then became a student under Dr. Joseph Parrish, of Philadelphia, and matriculating at the University of Pennsylvania, in 1833, he received his degree therefrom in the spring of 1836. The following eighteen months he spent at Blockley Almshouse, than which few better schools for study present themselves to young practitioners. Of this term he served for one year as Resident Physician, and at the end of that time he was elected as Resident Physician of the Cliildren's Hospital. In July, 1S37, he returned to his native place and began a practice there which has been continued down to the pres- ent time, and which has been uniformly successful. To-day Dr. Elmer is the leader of the profession in West Jersey, and is thoroughly known throughout that section of the State, honored by his brethren and the community at large. He has always been devoted to medicine, and his devotion and skill have won for him the confidence and esteem of many of the leading physicians outside of the State. He is a Fellow of the New Jersey State Medical Society, and served as its President in i860; several times he has been chosen President of the Cumberland Country District Medi- cal Society. He was married, December 19th, 1839, to Eliza R. Whiteley, of Wilmington, Delaware, and has four children living, three sons and a daughter; two of his sons are doctors — William Elmer, Jr., of whom a sketch follows, is practising at Trenton ; H. W. Elmer, who was graduated from Princeton in 1 866, and from the University of Penn- sylvania in 1869, is associated with his father in practice. r ,%^ ^, //f LMER, WILLI.VM, M. D., of Trenton, New Jer- ('_. I I"!* sey, was born at Bridgeton, New Jersey, Decem- "'^lll ber 14th, 1840. His parents were William and ct(Vi ^''^'^ ^- (Whiteley) Elmer. His father is now, &~7'^ and has lieen for many years, a distinguished and leading medical practitioner in the city of Bridgeton. After the usual preparatory course he entered Princeton College, in 1858, and was graduated therefrom in 1861, receiving in due course the degrees of A. B. and A. M. Coming from a long line of physicians, the family for three generations previous having followed that time- honored profession, William Elmer, Jr., matriculated in medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, in the fall of 1861, at the same time becoming a student in the office of Drs. Levick, Hunt and Penrose, practitioners in Phila- delphia, who also conducted a private medical class. Pur suing the regular courses at the University of Pennsylvania, he received his degree of M. D. from that institution in the spring of 1863. The eighteen months following was de- voted to extending his medical knowledge by a practical course at the Episcopal and Pennsylvania Hospitals. At the expiration of this time he returned to Bridgeton. and was associated in active professional duty with his father >7 until July, 1869, when he removed to Trenton, in which city he has since resided. Devoted to his profession, he soon took rank among the leaders of the medical fraternity, and enjoys the esteem and confidence of them all, together with that of the community wherein he resides. He is a member of the Mercer County District Medical Society, and at present Vice-President of that body. He is the pres- ent Corresponding Secretary of the New Jersey .St.ate Medi- cal Society. He was married, in 1869, to Alice Grey, of Columbia, Pennsylvania. ^ ANNON, GARRIT S., Lawyer, of Bordentown, was born in .Somerset county, New Jersey, being the son of Rev. James Spencer and Catharine (Brevoort) Cannon, both natives of the same State. His father, whose eminent qualifications and long and distinguished services as a minister received recognition in the degree of Doctor of Divinity, bestowed on him by Union College, was for years Professor of Theology in the Dutch Reformed Theological .Seminary at New Brunswick. He held for the same period the chair of Metaphysics in Rutgers College. In both of these de- partments of science and religion he was an acknowledged authority, and certainly in his time had no superior as a teacher. He died in 1852, having filled the professorship of theology in the seminary for thirty years. His wife was born in Bergen county. New Jersey, descending from a faniilv that had long been settled in the .State. The early education of Garrit S. Cannon was conducted at the Rut- gers College Grammar School, in New Brunswick. It was here that he made his preparations for an academic career. In 1S29 he entered Rutgers College, from which, after passing through all the studies of its comprehensive four years' course, he graduated in 1833. Immediately after leaving college he commenced the study of law in the office of B. R. Brown, of Mount Holly, and in November, 1836, was licensed as an attorney, and three years after as coun- sellor. Being thus qualified for a professional career, he lemoved to Bordentown and engaged in practice, which has uninterruptedly engaged his attention ever since. He was appointed to the Prosecuting Attorneyship of the county by Governor Daniel Haines, in 1850, and so acceptably discharged all the varied and weighty responsibilities of this office as to merit a reappointment, in 1S55, at the hands of Governor R. M. Price, and a second reappoint- ment at the hands of Governor Joel Parker, in 1S65. Dur- ing this period he more than satisfied all claims of the people against a public functionaiy, and secured a reputa-. tion second to that of no other member of his profession in the State, as an earnest and forcible lawyer and a fearless Prosecuting Attorney. President Pierce honored him, in 1853, with the appointment of United States District At- torney for the State, and President Buchanan reaffirmed the BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.tDIA. wisdom of his predecessor's choice by reappointing Mr. | agement of a cause and the examination of witnesses. In Cannon to the same office in 1857. As a pleader he is not surpassed by any other in his section of the State. His presentation of the fact and the law of a case ; his keen analysis of evidence ; his citations of authorities in support of his arguments, are rapid, clear, decisive. Few men are more fluent in speech, more thorough in preparation, more brilliant in legal strategy. Early in life he manifested a deep interest in politics, and identified himself with the old Teffersonian Democracy. In 1S45 he was elected to the lower house of the State Legislature, and served his con- stituency wiih ability and zeal. Though still true to the parly of his first and only choice, he no longer is an active leader, devoting all his time to his professional duties. He has given his support to all measures for local governmental improvement, and to enterprises calculated to increase the comforl of his fellow-citizens and to beautify the town in which he resides. lie is President of the Gas Company, of Bordentcwn, and President of the Water Works Com- pany, and has been a director, as well as the attorney, of the Bordentown Banking Company ever since its organiza- tion. He is an energetic, public-spirited citizen, and enjoys the esteem of all his fellow-townsmen. In November, 1839, he was married to Hannah Kinsey, daughter of Charles Kinsey, Esq., of BurUn^jlon, New Jersey. [INFIELD, HON. CHARLES HARDEN- EEKGH, Lawyer and ex-Senator, of Jersey City, was bom, November 8th, 1829, in the town of Deerpark, near Port Jervis, New York. He is the fifth son of Henry and Deborah (West- brook) Winfield. His father was a Pennsylvanian by birlh, and by occupation a farmer. His mother was from Sussex county. New Jersey. He obtained his pre- liminary education at the district school of Westfall town- ship. Pike county, Pennsylvania, across the Delaware from Port Jervis, and pursued his academical studies at Decker- town, New Jersey, under the care of the late William Rankin. He entered the sophomore class in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, in the fali of 1S49, and gradu- ated in 1852, standing fourth in his class. In 1S55 he received from his Alma I^Ialer the degree of Master of Arts. Having selected the law as his future profession, he entered the law office of the late Chancellor Zabriskie, of Jei-sey City, in October, 1852. After three yeare of study under his ^jle preceptor he was admitted to the bar, No- vember 8th. 1855. He immediately began the practice of the law in Jersey City, where he has since been constantly engaged in the duties of his profession. At the present time {October, 1S76) there remain in active practice but three lawyers who were in their profession in Hudson county when he came to the bar. He ranks high in the criminal branch of his profession, and is expert in the raan- 865 he was counsel in the case of Bonker & Wood vs. Randel, Helm & Co. The plaintiffs sued to recover the contract price of an engine, placed in a tug-boat. The defendants insisted that the engine was not constructed according to the contract, and desired to recover their damages. As the law then stood this could not be done ; the only remedy was to bring a cros—action. Hence the defence was ruled out; but Mr. Winfield, being convinced of the justice of his claim, carried the case to the Supreme Court, and there succeeded in establishing the principle of recoupment. In 1865 he was elected by the Democratic paity of Hudson county to the State Senate for a term of three years, taking his seat in January, 1 866. While a member of that body he was its acknowledged leader in debate, and took an active part in all questions pertaining to the welfare of his constituents and the State at large. His opposition to the bill to establish a Board of Police Commissioners for Jersey City was persistent, manly and eloquent, and marked the course which his party has since pursued in its opposition to local commissions for the rule of municipal bodies. Notwithstanding a trained party vote against him, he succeeded in engrafting upon the bill sev- eral amendments of importance to Jersey City. Through blunder or fraud these amendments were not incorporated in the bill signed liy the Governor and filed with the Sec- retary of State. This state of facts presented a serious question, and it afterwards came before the Supreme Court on application for mandamus to compel the old police authorities to surrender the police property in their posses- sion to the new Board of Commissioners. Senator Winfield and the present Associate-Justice, Bradley, of the United States Supreme Court, were retained to resist the applica- tion. The court granted the writ, and established or con- firmed the doctrine, that, without special legislation for that purpose, there was no authority to inquire into the question whether the bill signed by the proper officers, and filed in the office of the Secretary of State, ever passed the Legislature. It was a record behind which they could not go, though admitted to be a fraud and a cheat. Among other impor- tant bills which have added greatly to the population and taxable wealth of Hudson county, he sustained what was known as the " Harsimus Cove bill." This was to author- ize the United Railroad Companies to construct a spur from their main line, at Bergen Hill, to the Hudson river, at Harsimus, and improve the lands under water. The bill passed, the road elevated above the streets was constructed, the Slate received $500,000 for the lands under water, and the abattoir and caltle-yards — the largest on the Atlantic seaboard — were built. Previous to his election to the Senate, the Legislature had rejected the Thirteenth Amend- ment to the Constitution of the United States. During his first year, the Republicans being then in the majority, a resolution to approve the said amendment was brought for- ward. This was opposed by the Democrals on the ground BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCI.nr.^LDIA. >3' that tlie previous action of the Legislature could not be re- considered. Senator Winfield here proved himself above the mere partisan, and took a decided stand against the views of his own party. He voted for its adoption. During this same session (1866) he took a bold stand against the attempt of the House of Assembly to impeach Chancellor Green and Judge Van Dyke, on the petition of Mr. Charles F. Durant. In 1867 the Legislature approved the Four- teenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. This was opposed by Senator Winfield and his party. In the session of 1868, this amendment not yet having received the approval of the requisite number of Slates, the Demo- crats being then in the majority, a resolution was introduced to withdraw the approval of New Jersey. This resolution was supported by Senator Winfield in a speech which was pronounced a masterpiece of logic, law and eloquence. As a public speaker he ranks high in the popular favor. His Litest effort of decided merit was his Centennial Oration, delivered in Jersey City, July 4lh, 1876. In 1872 he pub- lished a " History of the Land Titles in Hudson County, from 160910 l87l,"aroyal octavo volume of 443 pages, with maps. This work is a thorough and exhaustive com- pilation, and an acknowledged authority upon the subject. In 1874 he published a " History of Hudson County, New- Jersey, from its Earliest Settlement to the Present Time," an octavo volume of 568- pages. Both of these works not only prove a versatility of talent in the author, but exhibit a depth of research and comprehensive grouping of facts which, while they impart valuable information, furnish attractive reading, the true forte of the popular historian. He was married, February 14th, 1856, to Harriet Mc- Dougall Allen, of Schenectady, New York. AINERIDGE, COMMODORE WILLL\M, of the United States Navy, was bom, May 7th, 1774, at Princeton, New Jersey, and was the son of Dr. Absalom Bainbridge, a highly respected physician, who removed to New York while William was but a child, leaving him under the care of his maternal grandfather, John Taylor, of Mon- mouth county, where he received his education. He entered the sea-service as an apprentice on board of a mer- chant vessel from Philadelphia. When eighteen years old, while mate of the ship " Hope," on her voyage to Holland, the crew, taking advantage of a violent gale of wind, rose against the officers, seized the captain, and had nearly suc- ceeded in throwing him overboard. Young Bainbridge, hearing the alarm, ran on deck with an old pistol, without a lock, and being assisted by an apprentice boy, who was j of Irish birth, rescued the captain, seized the ringleaders and quelled the mutiny. In July, 1798, he unexpectedly received the command of the United St.ites schooner " Re- taliation," of fourteen guns, that being the period of the^ commencement of hostilities with the French (Dircctovy) government. In September of that year, while cruising <(( Guadaloupe, the " Retaliation " was captured by a French squadron and carried into the port of Bassetene, where she was detained, and Bainbridge with his ofllcers and men were held as prisoners of war until the month of Decemljcr following, when she was given up. Upon his liberation he returned to the United States with his command, and on his arrival was promoted, first to the rank of Master, and then as Commander; and was thereupon appointed to the command of the brig-of war " Norfolk," in which vessel he cruised veiy actively for the protection of our commerce in the West Indies during a large portion of our war with France. In the year 1800 he was commissioned a Tust- Captain in the United States navy, and was appointed to the command of the frigate " George Washington," in which he was sent to Algiers with presents, which the gov- ernment of the United States had agreed to make to that power. While at Algiers the Dey demanded that he should convey his ambassador and retinue to Constantinople with his presents to the Grand Seignior. To this demand Cap- tain Bainbridge demurred, and protested against this ob- noxious request. But all remonstrances were in vain ; he w.as under the batteries of Algiers, and a declaration of war against the United States was threatened by the Dey ; if he did not comply with this outrageous demand, a valuable and unprotected trade in the Mediterranean was at the mercy of the Algerine cruisers if this threat was executed. After assenting to the demand of the Dey, the " George Washington " sailed with the motley embassy, and arrived in the harbor of Constantinople, November 12th, 1800. When the Turkish officers were informed that it was a United States ship, they replied that they knew of no such nation. Captain Bainbridge, by explaining that America was the new world, was enabled to give them some idea of the United States. He remained in Constantinople for two months, during which time he was treated with great dis- tinction by the Ottoman government, upon whom he made a most favorable impression. Early in January, iSoi, he sailed for Algiers, and after fulfilling his mission there re- turned to the United States. The course he had adopted was fully sustained by the administration, and he was com- plimented by the President for his forbearing demeanor towards a semi-civilized power. He was next appointed to the frigate " Essex," which was destined to the Mediter- ranean station ; and after the declaration of war by Algiers w.as transferred to the frig.ate " Philadelphia." He sailed for the Mediterranean in July, 1803, somewhat in advance of the rest of the squadron. On his arrival at Gibraltar he was informed that two Tripolitan cruisers were off Cape de Gatte, and he sailed at once in quest of them. On the night of August 26th, while under that cape, he fell in with the Moorish frig.ate " Meshboa," of twenty-two guns and I20 men, having an American brig in company. On examining the Moorish vessel he found that she had captured the brig 132 BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOr.P.DIA. " Celia," of Boston, and hati her master and crew on board as jirisoners. He immediately captured the friyate, and re- captured the brig and returned her to her proper master. The Moorish captain at first declined to show authority for his acts ; but when Bainbridge threatened to treat him as a pirate, he jwoduced an order from the Governor of Tangier for the capture of American vessels. Bainbridge carried his prize to Giljraltar, and went in search of another Moorish vessel, but failed to find her. In the meantime Commodore Treble arrived, and the latter, after approving all that his subordinate had accomplished, found no diffi- culty in placing American relations with Morocco on a pacific fooling. While cruising in the " Philadelphia " frigate before the harbor of Tripoli, having sighted an enemy's frigate, Bainbridge immediately ran for her, l)ut, unfortunately, going into shoal water, the " Philadelphia" grounded, about three miles from the town. He was im- mediately surrounded by gunboats, .and seeing no hope of escape, and after consultation with his officers, surrendered the vessel. This was on the ijlh of October, 1803, and the entire ship's company, numbering in all some 315 men, ware captured and taken before the Bashaw, who conversed with Bainbridge through an interpreter. After intimating to him that the fortunes of war had brought him into this unpleasant situation, the whole party were ordered to be imprisoned, and were placed in charge of Sidi Mohammed D'Ghies. During their incarceration, which lasted for nineteen months, the Danish Consul, N. C. Nissen, paid them every attention, for which he subsequently received the thanks of Congress and a handsome testimonial from Captain Bainbridge and his officers. Shortly before their release Colonel Lear negotiated a treaty with Tripoli, when they were delivered up and returned to the United States. After reaching home a court of inquiry was called to in- quire into the loss of his ship, and he was honorably ac- quitted. Shortly after the declaration, by Congress, of war with Great Britain, Captain Bainbridge took command of the frigate " Constitution." On December 29th, 1812, while running down the coast of Brazil, he fell in with the British frig.ate "Java." After an action of two hours the "Java's" fire was completely silenced, and her colors being down, Bainbridge supposed that she had struck. He there- fore shot ahead to repair his rigging, but while hove-to for that purpose discovered that her colors were still flying, al- though her mainmast had gone by the board. He accord- ingly bore down again upon her, and having come close athwart her bows was on the point of raking her with a broadside, when she hauled down her colors, being com- pletely an unmanageable wreck, entirely dismantled, with- out a spar of any sort standing. On boarding her it was found that her commander. Captain Lambert, was mortally wounded (he died the next day), and that the "Java" was so much injured that it would be impossible to take her to the United States. Captain Bainbridge, himself seriously wounded, was assisted by two of his officers to the cot on which Captain Lambert lay on his own quarter-deck, and a touching scene was witnessed when Bainbridge returned to him the sword he had surrendered. After the prisoners and baggage were removed the "Java" was blown up. She carried forty-nine guns of heavier calibre than the " Constitution," which carried fifty-four, and had a crew of 400 men, having, in addition to her own ship's company, upwards of 100 supernumerary officers and seamen for different ships on the East India station, among whom were a master and a commander in the navy, and also Lieutenant-General Hislop and his two aids, of the British army. General Hislop was a passenger, and had been appointed by the British government as the governor of the Bombay district, and was on his way thither when cap- tured. Between him and Captain Bainbridge a warm friendship was contracted, which continued through life without any interruption. The " Constitution " returned to the United States for repairs, her timbers being much de- cayed. Congress voted to Captain Bainbridge a gold medal, and medals of silver to each of the officers, and dis- tributed the sum of $50,000 to the crew as prize money. It should be stated that the " Java " lost sixty killed and over 100 men wounded ; while the " Constitution " had but nine killed and twenty-five wounded. Captain Bainbridge, having been detached from the " Constitution," was ordered to the command of the navy-yard at Boston, where he re- mained until peace was declared. Meanwhile he superin- tended the construction of the "Independence," of seventy- four guns, and after she was launched and equipped he was appointed to the command of a squadron of twenty sail, and had the honor of raising his broad pennant to the mast- head of the first line-of-battle-ship — the " Indepemlence" — that ever adorned the United States navy. This force was intended to act against the Algerines, but peace was con- cluded before it reached the Mediterranean. Captain Bain- bridge, however, settled disputes with the Barbary powers satisfactorily, and then returned home. On his arrival he was named to the command of the vessels afloat at Boston, where he remained until 1819, when he was assigned to the " Columbus," ship-of-the-liue, of eighty guns, once more to the Mediterranean station, from which he returned in 1821, this being his last cruise. From that time until his death he was variously employed on important shore duty, com- manding at different times the navy-yards at Boston and Philadelphia, and holding the position of President of the Board of Naval Commissioners. As an officer he had few superiors. Although ardent in temperament, he was cool in danger, and always possessed the confidence of those under his command. His system of discipline, though rigid, was always consistent and just ; and he was remark- able for paying the greatest attention to the training of his young officers. The whole of his long and arduous career was most useful to his country and honorable to himself. He died in Philadelphia, July 2Slh, 1833, and was buried with all the honors of war. BIOGRArmCAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. ^oi J^l ANEWAY, COLONEL HUGH H., Soldier, late of Ihe 1st Regiment New Jersey Cavalry, was born, 1842, at Jersey City. When but nineteen years old he joined the 1st Regiment of Cavalry, the i6th of the New Jersey line in the war of the rebellion, as Lieutenant of Company L. This regin.ent was raised by Colonel Halsted, who was super- seded six months after it was formed by Colonel Sir Percy Wyndham, a gallant soldier of the British and Italian ar- mies. It formed one of the ist Brigade of Cavaliy, and fought all through the war in the Army of the Potomac. During the winter of 1861-62 the regiment was employed in picket duty and scouting along the left of the line. In this duty Lieutenant Janeway, having at one time ridden in advance of his company, accomp-anied by a single orderly, was wounded by the enemy and left for dead. With great fortitude he rose and walked back to his command, and, though wounded in seven or eight places, was fit for duty again within a month. He was promoted to the rank of Captain, February 9th, 1S62. In April of the same year the regiment joined General McDowell's corps, and was actively engaged thereafter, being attached to the brigade of General George D. Bayard, and doing picket duly until May 25th, when, as it was advancing to the battle of Hano- ver Courthouse, it was ordered to the valley of Virginia to oppose Stonewall Jackson, and three days later encountered the enemy under General Ashby, near Slrasburg, and drove them off. The regiment, reaching Harrisonburg, sustained a defeat, and their colonel was captured by the enemy. Captain Janeway afterwards participated in the battle of Cedar Mountain, in August, 1862, and in the famous raid on Warrenton in October of that year, when sixteen hun- dred of the enemy were captured besides a large amount of stores. The winter of 1862-63 was passed near Brooks' Station, on the Acquia Railroad, and on the 27th of January, 1863, Captain Janeway was promoted to the rank of Major. On the 13th of the following April the spring campaign opened, when Major Janeway was engaged for some time in command of scouting parties, and afterwards participated in the struggle at Brandy Station, wherein Colonel Wyndham — who had rejoined his command — was wounded, the lieutenant-colonel and senior major killed ; so that upon Major Janeway devolved the command of the regiment. In June, 1S63, General Lee advanced into Pennsylvania, and the cavalry corps started for Gettysburg on the 27th of that month. The 1st New Jersey Cavalry reached that cele^ brated battlefield, July 2d, on the second day of the con test, and repulsed an attack made upon it. On the 3d, as the battle opened, the 1st Newjersey was advanced from the extreme rear to the very front, arriving just in time to see the rebel cavalry pouring u(-)on our flank. Leaping from their horses, forming line .is they touched the ground, and start- ing at once into a run in the very face of the enemy, they dashed at the nearest cover, where they prepared to check the progress of the entire force arrayed against them. They did not only that, but drove back the assailing columns. Sent forward as a forlorn hope, to give time for the rest of the division to come up with unblown horses, this htlie biiiid of one hundred and fifty men, by their undaunted bearing and steady fire, staggered the troops that by a single chaige could have ridden over them. Refusing to dismount in spite of the storm of bullets constantly whistling over our men, Major Janeway rode fr.uii end to end of his skirmishers, encouraging, warning and directing its every portion, show- ing here, as on many another field, a coolness and braveiy ih.nt made him a marked man among men. Advancing from point to point, heralding each charge by a cheer which shook tlie enemy worse than the bullets of their carbines, for more than a hundred yards the Ist Jersey pushed their little line, and at last, with ammunition exhausted, they still held their ground, facing the rebels with their revolvers. Then J.ane- way rode back to the reserve, and reported to Major Beau- mont the condition of his men, requesting ammunition and reinforcement. A regiment was ordered to their support, but failed to reach them. P'inally the 3d Pennsylvania ap- peared, when the ist Jersey were at liberty to retire, but the latter would not, and actually borrowed ammunition from the Pennsylvanians, kept their boldly won position, and cheering till they were hoarse, defied the efforts of the enemy. On the 4th day of July, after a brief repose on the battle-field, they were in the saddle again, chasing the re- treating columns of the foe, continuing to have daily skir- mishes until the 14th of July, when their horses' feet again trod the " sacred soil of Virginia." From that time forward, and for the three following months. Major Janeway was al- ternately engaged in scouting and on picket duty. On Oc- tober I2th the battle of White Sulphur Springs occurred, in which the Ist Jersey participated. Major Janeway had de- tached some of his command as skirmishers, and was left with only the second squadron as a reserve, when he re- ceived a message from Colonel Taylor, commanding the brigade, ordering him to fall back slowly, but the Major re. plied that " to fall back would expose our weakness and ensure our destruction by the overwhelming force of the enemy," and asked permission to hold his ground until dark, which being granted, he once more addressed him- self to the arduous task before him. It was indeed a diffi- cult work, and the hour one of great anxiety. He received word that the enemy were strengthening every minute, that many of his men had exhausted their ammunition, and that the next attack would surely force him back. Fortunately a reinforcement came up, when Janeway led Robbins' squadron into and through the woods, met the rebel charge, while those of his men who had expended their ammuni- tion were safely withdrawn. As the day waned the fighting grew fiercer, but the enemy could not dislodge the Jersey men. When night came they withdrew, when the rebels made an effort to occupy the wood ; but the reserve which Janeway had persisted in ret.-iining unbroken, in spite of every apparent crisis, now justified the wisdom of his action. BlOGRAnUCAL ENXYCLOP/KDIA. Galled for hours by a fire which it had been unable to re- 1 turn, it now opened upon the advancing enemy with such vindictive energy, as to force him back behind the cover, incapable of another movement to the front. For half an hour after the retreat the ground was left unoccupied by the enemy, and even then he advanced against the deserted po- sition with skirmishers deployed and a long line of battle formed. In an hour from that lime the whole of Eweli's corps was camped upon the field of battle, having been de- lamed by the 1st New Jersey until it was too late to close upon the flanks of the Union army. Major Janeway having made his report of the operations of his command, it was thus indorsed : " This report having been referred to me, I lake great pleasure in bringing to your notice the gallantry of both officers and men of this command. The conduct of Major Hugh H. Janeway upon three several occasions was commendable in the highest degree, and reflected gre.at credit upon himself and the regiment. John W. Kester, Lieutenant-Colonel commanding." Rejoining the brigade, the regiment proceeded to Fayetteville, where it encamped for the night, and subsequently, while on the march to Auburn, it had another brush with the enemy. While forming a part of the rear-guard of the army still in retreat l>efore the enemy. Major Janeway was directed to remain with his regiment, in order to hold a hill. Taking com- mand in person of the line of skirmishers, he strengthened it by seven companies of his own regiment, turning over the rest to Captain Gr.ry, and then proceeded to make the best disposition of the sixteen companies placed at his disposal. The rebels, however, made no assault, and the force was finally withdrawn. From that time forward until the close of November the regiment was employed only on picket duty. On the 27th of that month occurred a struggle in the AVilderness, in which Major Janeway participated, and he was favorably noticed in the official report. During the winter of 1863-64 the regiment was engaged in picket duty, scouting, and occasionally picking up a few guerillas. On the 4lh of May, 1S64, the regiment crossed the Rapidan, and was for several days engaged in a series of battles with the enemy in the Wilderness, in which the rebels were worsted ; and from the 9th of the same month until the 25th was with Sheridan in his raid towards Richmond. Major Janeway also did noble service in the manoeuvres which re- sulted in turning Lee's right, and had a narrow escape from being wounded, the ball merely reddening the skin of his forehead. He was promoted, July 6th, 1864, to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, and afterwards took up the line of march for the north bank of the James river to aid in the operations around Petersburg. On August 12th, during a skirmish, he was wounded, having lost a finger while using a pocket-handkerchief On September ist, 1864, the period of original enlistment of the Ist New Jersey expired, but the regiment was still left as an organization in the field, its honors being duly inherited by hundreds of re-enlisted men and supported by its numerous recruits. At the dose of that month, while on picket duty, the regiment charged Butler's South Carolina Brigade, and captured Captain But- ler, brother of General Butler, of the rebel army. During the operations of the first three days of October, in which the enemy were repulsed, Janeway was present in an en- gagement where the heaviest firing of the war occurred, and subsequently assaulted the enemy, inflicting upon him a terrible loss. At this time he was only twenty-two years of age, and the Colonelcy being vacant, he was appointed to it October i Ith, 1S64, at the written request of every officer of the regiment. Early in December, 1864, it was found that the enemy were receiving large supjjlies by the way of the Weldon Railroad, and the 3d Division of the 2d Corps, together with Gregg's Cavalry, were detailed to operate upon and destroy the railroad as far as Hicksford. Colonel Jane- way, in his report to Governor Parker, stated that his com- mand, though not actually engaged in the struggle at Stony Creek Station, yet did the enemy much damage by destroy ing large quantities of railroad iron and burning the rebel workshops. On the gth of Decenilier Colonel Janeway near Hicksford dismounted his command and funned a heavy skirmish line on the edge of the woods, near which a large body of the enemy were known to be, and then, with a cheer, dashed upon the rifle-pits in front, and speed- ily drove the enemy in disorder, occupying their position. In his report he remarks : " During the whole period of my service with the regiment I have never seen officers or men display greater gallantly or more soldierly endurance of hardships." The brave troopers held the pits for three hours, suffering terribly from cold and exposed to a heavy rain, which froze as it fell. Meanwhile the railroad in that neighborhood was being destroyed, and the object of the expedition being accomplished, the forces were withdrawn. For three months thereafter the regiment was in winter quar- ters near Petersburg, and on the 29th of March, 1865, it broke camp and started on the final campaign. Colonel Janeway held the Flatfoot road on that night with his regi- ment. The next d.iy nothing was done, but on the 31st, from information received from a captured infantry picket, it was found that the rebel Generals Pickett and Bushrod Johnson were in front. Colonel Janeway immediately strengthened and extended his picket lines, and ordered M.ajor Robbins to make a reconnoissance on the left, to ascer- tain if the rebels were moving around in that direction. Shortly after an engagement commenced, in which the enemy were repulsed and their general (Ransom) fell ; but as they were largely reinforced. Colonel Janeway deemed it prudent to retire. On April 1st and 2d the regiment re- mained in camp at Dinwiddle Courthouse, and on the 3d pushed on to Wilson's plantation, having crossed the South- side Railroad, where they encamped, and on the 4lh marched to Jetersville, which they reached on that after- noon and where they expected to find the enemy. Having bivouacked for the night, on the following day they pushed onafler Lee, who was then on the retreat from Richmond.and BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. »3S reiched Paines Cross Roads, where they came up with the advance guard of the rebel army, which General Davies captured. The latter officer then detailed Colonel Janeway to hold a certain road until the captured enemy, property, etc., were properly disposed of, which he did, and this hav- ing been effected, the regiment marched to Painesville, where it halted for one half-hour. In the meantime the enemy appeared in immense numbers, and made several chjrges, which were repulsed ; but finally they were obliged to give way before a superior force of the foe, when they fell back, and were finally relieved by the 2d Brigade. Re- tiring to a point near Amelia Springs, they rested until 2 p. M., when General Davies ordered Colonel Janeway to support two other regiments in a charge. These regiments were repulsed and driven back. Colonel Janeway imme- diately ordered a charge, and seized the colors of his regi- ment, and was in the act of carrying them forward, when a bullet entered his brain and he died instantly. This fatal event cast a gloom over the whole regiment. Major Rob- bins, in his report, says : " His superior we never knew ; a brave, skilful officer, a courteous gentleman, a true, earnest patriot — qualities which endeared him to every officer and man of the regiment." Thus fell Colonel Janeway, at the early age of twenty-three years, April 5th, 1S65. [ARKER, HON. JOEL, of Freehold, Lawyer, Sol dier and ex Governor of New Jersey, was born, November 24th, 1816, in Monmouth county, in the immediate neighborhood of the old battle (^ ground, and is a son of Ch.irles larker, one of iht' leading men of the State, who filled nuny responsible pub- lic positions of trust and emolument. Both his father ani.1 mother were also natives of Mjnmoulh county. His m.iter- nal grandfather, at the very comniencemeiit of the revolu- tionary contest, entered the army as a priv.ite, an 1 continued therein until the close of the war, either in the ranks, or as a company officer, distinguishing himself in many battles. His father served a term as sheriff of Monmouth county, and was subsequently elected to the Assembly for five suc- cessive years. During his fifth term he was chosen State treasurer by the Democrats on joint ballot of the two branches of the Legislature, and held this position for six- teen successive years, under different administrations of various parties, being thus retained solely on account of his gre.-it financial ability and the faithful discharge of his du- ties. When he was first elected treasurer, in 1821, he re- moved to Trenton, where his son Joel was educated, not only in the formal routine of the best schools of that city, but in the more essential branch, practical experience in his father's office. He there received his first lessons of politi cal economy and State wisdom, and from a master than whom the State has never known a better. At that time the State library was under the care and jurisdiction of the treasurer, and to this Joel not only had access, but also for a considerable period had it in charge. After his father retired from the treasury, he purchased a farm in his na'ive county, with the intention of removing thither to spend the balance of his days; but being elected to the presidency of the Mechanics' and Manufacturers' Bank, of Trenton, and urged to accept that important trust, he consented ; and ac- cordingly sent his son Joel to Monmouth, to manage the farm, which he did for two or three years, and much to the advantage of his physical development; He next entered Princeton College, and after the usual course of study graduated with honor in the class of 1S39. Selecting the profession of the law he entered the office of Hon. Henry W. Green, afterwards chief-justice and chancellor of the State, where he pursued his studies in that direction. He was admitted to the bar in 1842, and commenced the prac- tice of his profession at Freehold, in his native county, dur- ing the same year, where he has ever since continued to reside. In 1844 he first took an active part in political matters, and attracted much attention as a pulilic speaker in the interests of the then Democratic party. In 1847 he was elected to the Assembly from Monmouth county, as then constituted. In the House, being the only lawyer on the Democratic side, he became the decided leader in his party, especially on all questions h.iving a legal bearing. Among ihe first bills which he offered wrvj one to equalize taxation, by taxing personal as well as real property. The Whigs were in the majority, but they did not want to place them- selves on record against the bill, nor did they wish to favor it. It was a firebrand in their midst, that seriously threat- ened disruption. The former members of both parties fol- lowed the lead of Representative Parker. Finally the mat- ter was laid over, and the publication of the bill with its .author's speech was ordered in all the papers in the State — a distinguished compliment to the young member. The natural result was to give him a State reputation, which, together with the merits of the measure, redounded to his credit, and perhaps contributed to the election of Governor Fort in 1850, besides the final passage of the measure, which remains on the statute-book at this day. At the close of the session he opposed the usual appropriation for "Inci- dentals," and being defeated, he declined to take his ratio; consequently that amount still remains in the treasury. He declined being a candidate in 1851, as his practice was so rapidly increasing as to demand all his care and attention. Soon after this he was appointed Prosecutor of the Pleas for Monmouth county, and served the usual term of five years ; and this position brought him in contact with some of the highest and bri.Thtest practitioners of the Slate. In i860 he was chosen a United Slates Elector by 5,000 majority, and was one of ihe three northern electors who cast their votes for the Hon. Stephen A. Douglas for the Presidency. For seveni years prior to the late civil war he had been Briga- dier-General of the Monmouth and Ocean Brigade, and BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.l^DIA. . , • unimpeachable honesty. He was married in I S43 to taken an interest in military matters. In 1S6. Governor . ^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^ ^^^^^^ ^^ Gummere, of Bur- Olden, although a Republican, nomn,ated hm, to the Senate | . lar :M:i:GZ:r;nh:;vec;unties or Monmouth, Oce., Mercer Union and Middlesex, w.th a v.ew to promote vo - re:::;g and to organize the forces. He was unammous y confirmed by the Senate, and the result shows that the con fiXnce thul reposed m him, although a -mber o Democratic party, was not over-estmrated ; '- J '- promptly forwarded several regmnen.s to the held many of „em ben.g his old militia followers. In .86. h. county p.esentedh.masthe.r.ndidatef.Oove:^. ^^^ lington. New Jersey. ALL, WILLIAM, President of the Middlesex County Bank, of Perth Amboy, was born, March loth, 1816, in Somerset county. New Jersey, ind is the son of Isaac and Elizabeth (Strimple) Hall. His father followed agricultural pursuits upon a farm which had been purchased by his ancestors cresented him as their candidate for governor. ^."^ -"-- - f„n, „,j,ich had been purcnaseo uy n.> ^u..,.^.. counties and districts placed their favorites in the field, and ^.^^^^ ^^^^ ,^.„;^^^ p^„„^ ^,,f,<„e name is signed to the not enough votes could be counted for either one. Finally 1 . ^ , ^_^ „, _„„„„,„.. His mother was a native of '^"^ oriainal deed of conveyance. His mother was a native of """^ Wyoming, Pennsylvania, and a daughter of Christopher Strimple, a soldier of the Revolution, also of that place. Young Hall was educated m the district schools of Somei-set county, which he attended until he was sixteen years of age, when he began to learn the trade of carnage-trimming in Newark, remaining there until he was twenty-three years old. He then commenced the man-facturing of carriages at Milford, where he continued for several years, and then re- moved to Greenville, in Sussex county, where he engaged general merchandising. After a sojourn there for J^ all agreed on Joel Parker, who was unanimously nomin and elected over Hon. Marcus L. Ward by .4,600 majority, bein<. ihree times as great as any majority ever received by any candidate since the office became elective. He was nv augurated for his term of three years in January, .863, and will be remembered in all time to come as New Jersey s "War Governor." His administration of the office was distinguished for its financial policy and efficiency m pro- moting and aiding the general government in the suppres- sion o°f the rebellion and in keeping up, by personal exer- _^^ ^^^^^^ ^ tion, the system of volunteering for one year, after all other ^^^^ ^^ transferred his business to Perth Amboy, which oc States were drafting. When he took charge of the State ^^^^.^^ ^^.^ attention for about twenty-one years, and until government, the civil account had been for years largely ^^^ incorporation, in January, .S73, of the Middlesex in arrears, but by his checks on extravagance this was not ^^^^_^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^,,^.^^ institution he was elected Presi- only entirely obliterated, but at the end of his term there ^^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^_^^^ continued to hold that position. He was a large surplus in the treasury. In the despatching of ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ President and Treasurer of the Perth Am- was a large surplus in the treasury. In the despatching troops he was second to none in the country, and for his solicitude for the welfare of all who went into the field he received and merited much public commendation as well as private appreciation. When Pennsylvania was invaded by the rebels he threw into that State regiment after regimenf, and that, too, before the Pennsylvanians themselves realized th^ir danger. After the close of his term as Governor he remained at home engaged in his legal business, wholly re- fusing to become a candidate for any office. In .868 his Slate°delegation in the National Democratic Convention in New York cast the full vote of New Jersey on every ballot fur him as President. He was again solicited in .87. to become a candidate for Governor, and yielded to the wishes of his friends. In the fall of that year he was a second time elected, and served with approbation for the full term of his office. He manifested a deep interest in the success of the International Exhibition, at Philadelphia, in com memor.ition of the Centennial of American independence, and favored the subscription of S 100,000, which New Jer- sey made to that object. Personally he is of a commanding appearance, over six feet in height, has an open, ingenuous countenance, and a well balanced head. He mingles freely with his fellow-citizens of all classes without distinction, and never refuses to befriend the most humble. The middle has also been the President and Treasurer of the Perth An boy Gaslight Company since Us organization in 1 87 1. Of the Middlesex County Land Company he is the Yice-Presi- dent, and of the Perth Amboy Savings Institution, incorpo- rated in April, .869, the Treasurer. He has also been a member of the City Council at various times. He was mar- ried in 1S42 to Charlotte Clark, of Connecticut. ARD, JOHN W., A. ISL, M. D., Physician, and Superintendent of the State Lunatic Asylum, at Trenton, New Jersey, was born, Februaiy .2lh, 1840, m the city of Salem in that State, and is a son of Samuel and Esther (Griffiths) Ward. He received a first-class education at Fairfield, Herki- mer county. State of New York, where he pursued a il.or- ough and entire collegiate course, lasting from .854 to 1862. Returning to New Jersey, he engaged in teaching at Harrisonville, near Salem, which avocation he followed for several months, and during this period decided to adopt a professional life. Adopting that of medicine, he entered the office of Dr. John Kirby, an old and successful practi- tioner of Salem, and commenced his studies there in the never refuses to befriend ttie most humoie. ineniuiuic uo.ic. ui .^aic..., ....^ ^v,..,,..^..-^ - classes love him for his benevolence, and those more favored autumn of .S63, at the same time matriculating at the Uni- for h^.s fine intellect, great executive ability, and, above all, I versity of Pennsylvania, from which institution he graduated BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 137 m the spring of 1866, having attended an extra course be- yond the number usually required. After practising his profession for about a year he was appointed, May 14th, 1867, as Second Assistant Physician at the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, Trenton, which was then under the charge of Dr. H. A. Buttolph. He filled that position with great acceptation for a period of five years, when he was promoted to be First Assistant Physician of the same insti- tution. After acting in that capacity for a term of four years he was appointed, on April 1st, 1876, as Physician in Charge and Superintendent of the asylum, succeeding Dr. Butlolph, who had been transferred to the new Slate asylum, at Morristown. Though he has been but a few months in charge, his management has given every proof of his ability in all respects, and great success has so far attended his efforts. He has, during his nine years' con- nection with the institution, devoted his whole time to the thorough study of insanity in all its phases, and has at the same time kept pace with all the literature which has ap- peared bearing on that disease. His views on the treatnieni of insanity are thosj^f all of the humane and most ad- vanced authorities on the subject. The institution over vhich he.presides is a model of order and cleanliness in all its departments, and every effort is constantly being made to alleviate and improve the sufferings and mental condition of the inmates. The asylum contains nearly 500 patients. Dr. Ward was married, March 5th, 1873, to Horacana B., daughter of the late Caleb Sager, who for many years wa-. the able and thoroughly efficient steward of the asylum. IITHERSPOON, REV. JOHN, D. D., LL. D.. Clergyman, Patriot and President of the College of New Jersey, was born, Februaiy 5th, 1722, in the parish of Yester, near Edinburgh, Hadding- tonshire, Scotland, and was the son of the mm- ister of that parish. On the maternal side he was a lineal descendant of the celebrated reformer John Knox. When fourteen years of age he entered the University of Edinljurgh, as a student, where he remained until nearly twenty-one, when he was licensed to preach the gospel. In the vear 1745 he was ordained and settled as minister of the parish of Beith, in the western part of Scotland. He was present at the battle of Falkirk, as a S]iectator, January 17th, 1746, and was taken a prisoner, although he was sub- sequently released after being in confinement for two weeks, during which time his health received permanent injury. In 1753 he published, anonymously, " Ecclesiastical Char- acteristics," or the "Arcana of Church Policy." followed a few years later by "A Serious Apology for the Character- istics," in which he avowed himself the author of the work he defended. In 1756 he published the " Essay on Justifi- cation," and in the following year his "Serious Inquiiy into the Nature and Effects of the Stage," called forth by the appearance of Home,'s tragedy of "Douglas." In 1757 he was installed as pastor of the Low Church in Paisley, wliere he lived in high reputation and in great usefulness, although some opposition was raised by the presbytery of that town on account of their dislike to the "Characteristics." So ex- tensively was he, at this time, known that he was invited to take the charge of different congregations in Dublin, Dundee and Rotterdam. In 1 764 he went to London, where he published three volumes of " Essays on Important Subjects." In 1766 President Finley, of Princeton College, died, and the Rev. Dr. Witherspoon was chosen his suc- cessor. At first he declined the appointment, but afterwards accepted the same. He arrived, with his family, in Prince- ton in the month of August, 1768, and shortly after was duly inaugurated. This college had been already presided over by Dickinson, Burr, Edwards, Davies and P'inley, all of them men distinguished for their genius, learning and jiiety. Dr. Witherspoon, by his name, brought a great ac- cession of students to the college, thus considerably raising the reputation of the college. He was also instrumental in obtaining a large increase in its funds, which he raised by subscription. He also accepted the position of Professor of Divinity, in addition to his other duties, and was like- wise pastor of the church in Princeton during the whole period of his presidency. But the war of the American Revolution prostrated eveiything. While the academical shades were deserted, and his functions as President were sus- pended, he was introduced into a new field of labor. When he landed on the shores of the new world he became at once an American, as if to the manor born. The citizens of New Jersey, who were cognizant of his distinguished abilities, ap- pointed him a member of the Provincial Congress, of New Jersey, which framed the constitution of that State; and in that body he appeared as profound a civilian as he had before been known as a philosopher and divine. From the revolutionary committees and conventions of the State he was sent, early in 1776, as a representative to the Conti- nental Congress. On May 17th of that year, the day ap- pointed by the Congress to be observed as a fast, with reference to the peculiar circumstances of the country, he preached a sermon entitled " The Dominion of Providence over the Passions of Men," which entered fully into the great political questions of the day. He was for the space of seven years a member of that great patriotic, illustrious hody — the governing power of the colonies, the Continental Congress — during which period he drew up many of the important State p.apers of the period. In far-reaching in- sight into the future, it can safely be said that he had not his superior in that body. He was always collected, firm and wise, amidst the embarrassing circumstances in which Congress was placed. He was one of the glorious fifiysix whose signatures were appended to the declaration that all men are created free and eqml, and the only clergyman who signed that immortal document. His signatuie is also affixed to the Articles of Confederation, adopted by the 138 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. Stales at the close of the contest. But while he was thus engaged in political aflfairs, he did not lay aside his min- istry, lie gladly embraced eveiy opportunity for preaching, and his character as a minister of the gospel he ever con- sidered as the highest honor. As soon as the state of the country would permit the college was re-established, and its instruction was recommenced under the immediate care of the Vice-President, Dr. Smith ; but during the war the institution had suffered greatly, and the trustees earnestly solicited Dr. Witherspoon to cross the ocean and endeavor to enlist sympathy in its behalf. He accepted the trust confided in him, and returned to Great Britain. His mis- sion thither was not only an utter failure, but he found himself placed in circumstances of the most painful embar- rassment. On his return to America he entered into that retirement which was dear to him, and his attention was principally confined to the duties of his ofiice, as President, and as a minister of the gospel. During the latter part of his life he suffered not a little in consequence of having ventured upon some imprudent speculations in Vermont lands. He resided for several year, prior to his death, on his farm, near Princeton, and for the last two years of his life was entirely blind. But during this darkened period he was frequently led to the pulpit, whence he delivered his sermons with his accustomed ease, and always acquitted himself with his usual accuracy and animation. He, how- ever, became more and more feeble, and sank to rest under the pressure of his infirmities. He possessed a mass of in- formation, well selected and thoroughly digested. Scarcely any man of the age had a more vigorous mind or a more sound understanding. As President of the college he ren- dered literary inquiries more liberal, extensive and pro- found ; and was the means of introducing an important revolution in the system of education. He extended the study of mathematical science, and it is believed he was the first man who taught in America the substance of those doctrines of the philosophy of the mind which Dr. Reid afterwards developed with so much success. He was very distinguished as a preacher. Although he wrote his ser- mons, and afterwards committed them to memory, yet, as he was governed by the desire of doing good, and wished to bring his discourses to the level of every understanding, he was not confined, when addressing his hearers, within the boundaries of what he had written. Although a very serious writer, he possessed a fund of refined humor and ilelicale satire. In his ecclesiastical characteristics his wit was directed at certain corruptions in principle and practice lirevalent in the Church of Scotland, and it was keen and cutting. He formed a union of those who accorded with him, and became their le.ider. His reputation, learning and solid judgment were deservedly high. His influence upon the interests of literature was greatly beneficial, and his talents as a professor were of the most popular kind. He died at his farm, near Princeton, Septemlicr tjth, 1794, m the seventy thiid year of his age. This brief record # of his life seems called for, as in the Centennial year of the nation which he aided in establishing, a fitting memo- rial of the patriotic clergyman, cast in enduring brcmze, was erected and inaugurated October 20th, 1S76, in Fair- mount park, Philadelphia, by the Presbyterians of the United States, with grand civic and religious ceremonies befitting the occasion. The statue is of heroic size, and is a faithful embodiment of the features of the beloved President of Nassau Hall and signer of the Declaration of Independence. OGERS, RICHARD R., M. D., Physician, of Trenton, was born, September 15th, 1S23, in West Windsor township, Mercer county, New Jersey, and is a son of Ezekiel and Mary (Run- yan) Rogers. He was reared on his father's farm, until he attainerl his majority, meanwhile acquiring as much educatitm as he could obtain by attend- ing the distiict school during the winter months. Fur several years after attaining his majority he was engaged in a general country store ; and during this period was also School Superintendent of the township and a Justice (.f the Peace. In 1852 he was elected Surrogate of Mercer County for a term of five years, and in 1857 re-elected to the same ofiice. During his latter term as Surrogate he pursued the study of medicine, and after attending the usual number of courses of lectures graduated from the University of Penn- sylvania in the spring of 1K62. He then was appointed, by President Lincoln, the Examining .Surgeon for the Second Congressional District of New Jersey, and filled the duties of that ofiice until the close of the war. He also entered upon the practice of his profession in Trenton, immediately after receiving his diploma as doctor of medicine, and has since resided there, meeting with considerable success. In 1S72 he was elected by the Republican party to the Legis- lature, where he served one term. At present (1876) he is a member of the City Council of Trenton. He is a member of the Mercer County District Medical Society, and has also on various occasions been a delegate to the Stale Medical Society. He was married, in 1S44, to Mary A. Hutchinson, of Mercer county. HITNEY, REV. GEORGE HENRY, D. D., Clergyman, Teacher, Author and President of the Centenary Collegiate Institute of the Newark Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, at llatkettstmvn, was born, July 30th, 1830, in the city of Georgetown, District of Columbia, and is a son of William Whitney, a native of Connecticut. The family are of both French and English descent, and were among the early settlers ol Connecticut ; m.-.iiy of BIOCRArillCAL ENCYCL0P.1£DIA. "39 them having left their names and impress as among the benefactors of mankind; and notably so was Eli Whitney, the inventor of the celebrated cotton gin. While yet in his infancy his father removed to the city of Washington, where young Whitney obtained his rudimentary education. After leavinf school he became a book-keeper in a large estab- lishment ; and subsequently, when only seventeen years of age, was the city editor of the Daily National Whig. T%vo years later he removed to Irvington, New Jersey, where he taught a select school for two years. On attaining his ma- jority he became one of the teachers of the Wesleyan Insti- tute, at Newark, where he was thus occupied for three years. On terminating his connection with that institution he entered the Wesleyan University, at Middletown, Con- necticut, where he graduated with the class of 1858. Among his classmates were H. P. Shepard, Professor in the Albert University, of Canada ; Nathaniel Fellows, Prin- cipal of Wilbraham Academy, Massachusetts, and Daniel C. Knowles, Principal of Pennington Seminary, New Jersey. Soon after graduating he was chosen Principal of Macedon Seminaiy, at Macedon Centre, State of New York; and from 1859 to 1861 occupied the same position at Oneida Seminary, Madison county. New York. In 1S61 he joined the Newark Conference of the Methodist Episco- pal Church, and was stationed the first year at Somerville, removing thence to Elizabeth, where he sojourned two years, and was transferred to Newton, where he passed three years. Two years were devoted to Plainfield, and two years to the pastorate of Trinity Church, Jersey City. He next was appointed to Passaic, where he ministered for three years, and during his incumbency he was the means of having a fine stone church building erected, at a cost of $80,000. A short time previous to laying the corner-stone of the Centenai7 Collegiate Institute, which took place September 9th, 1869, he was elected its President. He superintended the construction of the buildings, and during its erection performed pastoral duty, preaching educational sermons and soliciting aid for the completion of the build- ings, etc. The institute was finished and dedicated, Sep- tember 9th, 1874, and he at once entered upon his duties as President of the educational department. The institution opened with large classes, and the attendance has been to the fullest capacity of the edifice ever since. It is designed to afford the amplest facilities for both sexes to receive a superior education ; and to prepare young men for the higher classes in college or in the theological seminary. The department for ladies is a regularly chartered college, empowered to confer degrees u]>on those who complete the prescribed course of study. The edifice, which cost about g200,ooo, is an elegant and substantial one; and, in taste and adaptation to its purpose, is one of the most admirable structures of the kind in the Union, and, in every respect, impresses the most scrutinizing visitor with the forethought displayed in its construction and the ability of its present management. No detail that adds to the care, comfort or safety of the students seems to have been omitted. Tlie lo- cation, overlooking the village of Hackettstown and its beautiful surroundings, is exceedingly attractive. In ad- dition to his other labors Dr. Whitney has written several works, among which may be mentioned "A Bible Geo- graphy," the result of years of patient investigation, and which has reached a very large sale. Another work is entitled "Commentary on International Sund.ay school Les- sons;" and he has also contributed l.irgcly to v.Tiinus magazines and periodicals. He is at the jiresent liiiic (1S76) engaged on a work to be known as "Old Testament Archaeology." It is intended to be one of fifteen volumes, and to be published by the Methodist Book Concern, the whole set being entitled "The Theological Library." Since he has been located at this institution. Dr. Whitney has been called to some of the oldest leading institutions of learning in the country; but he has chosen to remain at Hackettstown, to continue the work so auspiciously com- menced and successfully carried on. He was married, November 17th, 1858, to Carrie A. Shepard, of Northern New York, who died, December 19th, 1865. After a widowethood of two years he was again married, Decem- ber 24th, 1867, to Nettie, daughter of P. M. French, of Plainfield, New Jersey. HARD, TIMOTHY, late of Tuckerton, Manu- facturer and Merchant, was born, October 30lh, 1792, at West Creek, Monmouth (now. Ocean) county, and was the son of Timothy and Hannah Pharo. He was a grandson of James Pharo, who emigrated from England during the latter part of the seventeenth century, and located first in Springfield, Buriington county, but subsequently settled at West Creek. Young Timothy was engaged in agricultural pursuits, having inherited the property which he cultivated, but was required to pay certain legacies, entailed on the property, and this to so considerable an amount as to reduce his original patri- mony to a vei7 moderate sum. While he carried on the farm he also engaged in mercantile and other business, among which, and the most lucrative, was the manufacture of castor oil, his own farm supplying much of the raw material. In 1S24 his multifarious engagements induced him to abandon his farm and devote his time more exclu- sively to the former. For a period of over forty years he gave an unceasing, indefatigable energy and attention to the prosecution of various private enterprises and business operations, which resulted in the accumulation of a moder- ate fortune. He seemed to be possessed with such a dis- criminating judgment, united to a remarkable energy of will, as to have rendered him peculiariy successful in all his undertakings. His business was always extensive and varied. Assisted by his sons, he operated a grist-mill, saw- mill, general store, ship-building — sometimes having several I40 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOI'.EDIA. the in progress at the same time— and was also engaged wood, coal and lumber trade, thus furnishing employment to a large number of hands. He was a member of the Society of Friends, and belonged to Little Egg Harbor Monthly Meeting. He was a man of honor and strict in- tegrity, truthful and prompt in his dealings, conscientious in the performance of his duties, firm in his attachments, kind to his neighbors, generous to the needy, affable and social in his intercourse ; an affectionate husband, a loving and indulgent parent, a public benefactor, a plain unassum- ing man. He was married, February iSth, 1812, to Han- nah, daughter of James Willits, he being then but a little over nineteen years of age. He died at Tuckerton, August 14th, 1S54, leaving a widow and five children, three sons and two daughters. I ILSON, BLAKELY, late of Jersey City, Bank President, was bom, December 12th, 1815, in the city of New York, where also he received his education. When thirteen years of age he was placed in a b.anker's and broker's office in Wall street. New York, and rose from one station to another until he became thoroughly conversant with all the details of financial business. He remained in connection with the various operations carried on in that celebrated locality for a period of thirty-five years, when he was elected to the Presidency of the Second National Bank, of Jersey City, which position he ably filled for eleven years. During this period he was also a director in several important in- surance companies. In political feeling he was a Republi- can. During his residence in New York he was Second Lieutenant of a military organization. lie was married, in 1844, to Sophia Newkirk. He died, February 13th, 1876, on the river Nile, in Egypt. 'UCKER, HON. EBENEZER, Soldier, late of Tuckerton, was born, November 15th, 1757, in the State of New York, and was a son of Reuben Tucker. When he was about eight years old his father removed to the Province of East Jersey, where he purchased the whole of the island called Tucker's Beach, extending from Little Egg Harbor to Brigantine Inlet, ten miles in length, also a plantation near Tuckerton. In 1778 Ebenezer located himself in the settlement called " the middle of the shore," near Andrews' mill, then owned by the Shourds family. During the war of the Revolution he was in the Continental army, and served under General Washington, participating in the battle of Long Island and in other engagements; and also held several important trusts during that eventful period. At the close of the war he purchased the farm of John and Joseph Gaunt, on which the main portion of Tuckerton is now built. He soon laidout the tract into building-luts, and erected houses. He also entered largely into the mer- cantile and shipping business, importing his groceries direct from the West Indies, in exchange for lumber. In 1786 the people of the village and vicinUy met, and resolved that the village should be called Tuckerton. He was the first Postmaster of this new town ; and when the District of Little Egg Harbor was created, which includes Tucker- ton, he was chosen the first Collector of the Customs for the same. He subsequently was made Judge of the Couit of Burlington County, and occupied that position for several years. In 1824 he was elected a member of the Nineteenth Congress of the United States, and was re-elected in 1826, thus serving in the House of Representatives during the en- tire period of President John Quincy Adams' administration. He died at Tuckerton, September 5th, 1845, having nearly completed his eighty-eighth year. IIITELY, ROBERT J., M. D., Physician, of Paler- son, New Jersey, was born, January l6lh, 1825, in that city, and is a son of Henry and Elizabeth (Van Riper) Whitely. His father was a native of the north of Ireland, who emigrated to the United States and settled in Paterson, among the oldest inhabitants of that town, where he was for many years engaged in mercantile pursuits. His mother was a native of Paterson, descended from the early Dutch settlers, who came to eastern Jersey about the year 16S0. Y'oung Whitely received a fair education in the schools of his native town, which was completed at Rutgers College, New Brunswick. Having determined upon a professional life, he selected the science of medicine, and in 1843 entered the office of Dr. William Magee, of Paterson, whom he had chosen as his preceptor, and with whom he pursued his studies for four years. During this interval he matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, of New York city, where he attended upon three separate courses of lec- tures, and graduated from that institution in the spring of 1846. He at once commenced the practice of his profession in his native place, and was favorably received by his townsmen. In February, 1849, he was prevailed upon to accompany a parly to California, as their medical adviser. They sailed from New York in that month, and took the long and circuitous route, rounding Cape Horn, and finally reached their destination. During the winter of 1849-50 Dr. Whitely was successfully engaged in professional pur- suits in San Francisco, and the remainder of the time he passed in the practice of his profession in the mining dis- tricts of Eldorado and Placer counties. In the spring of 1853 he bade farewell to the Golden State, and turned his face eastward, returning to the Atlantic States by the Pan- ama route, and reached Paterson in May, 1S53. He at BIOGRArHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 141 once resumed his practice after over four years absence, and soon found liimself actively and successfully engaged in liis professional labors, which he continued until the summer of 186S, when he sailed for Europe. He was absent from home about four months, and during that time visited, among other objects, the various hospitals of Great Britain and Ireland. He also made the tour of Europe m 1870, and was absent from this country some seven months, re- suming his practice after his return. He is among the oldest medical practitioners of Paterson, enjoying the confi dence, esteem and respect of his professional brethren, as well as of the community at large. He has been connected with the Passaic County Medical Society since 1S47, during which time he has served twice as President of that body. He has been since its organization and is at present con- nected with the medical staff of the Ladies' Hospital, at Paterson ; and is also a Director in the .Second National Bank of I'.iterson, having been identified with that institu- tion since iS6g. f'AKCY, ALEXANDER, M. D., Physician, of Camden, was born in Cape May county, New Jersey, April 1 6th, 1838. His parents were Samuel S. Marcy, M. D., an old physician of Cape May county, and Thankful (Edmunds) Marcy; the former was a native of Connecticut, who settled in Cape May county in 1817, and practised medicine from that time up to the last year or two. Alex- ander Maicy entered Amherst College in 1855, and left a junior. He began to study medicine with his father in 1859, and at the same time matriculated at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he was graduated in 1861. He at once located for practice in Camden, New Jersey, and has continued to prosecute his profession in that city to the present time, with steady and increasing success. De- voted to his profession, he seeks to promote its interests, and has always lieen an active member of the Camden Medic.ll Society, of which he was chosen President for the year 1876. He was married in 1861 to Hannah Mecray, of Cape May, New Jersey. i EDDIE, HON. THOMAS B., of Newark, Manu- facturer, Merchant, and Member of Congress from the Sixth District of New Jersey, is a native of Scotland, as were also his parents, who pos- j sessed a moderate independence. He was edu- cated in his native country, and was an earnest reader, especially of the Iiter.ature of the day. The glowing accounts of the great western republic which from time to time met his eye, inspired him with a wish to view the land so happily described, and he determined to cross the Atlan- tic and ascertain if such unbounded prosperity existed in the new world. It was in 1S33 that he landed in America, and among other towns that he visited was the present city of Newark, then little more than a large village. The silu.i- tion pleased him so much that he soon determined it should be his future home. At that period it was a town of some manufacturing importance, and he at once selected an avo- cation which he believed was best calculc.led for advance- ment. Entering the factory of Smith & Wright, saddlers, he remained with them for about two years, and having by trict habits of economy laid up a sum of money, the Iruils of his earnings, commenced on his own account the manu- facture of leather trunks and travelling bags. From the small beginning of two-score years ago, he has steadily augmented his manufacturing facilities, until his establish- ment is the largest of its kind in the Union, if not in the world. During his long residence m the beautiful city of Newark, he has become prominently identified with her interests, and has contributed in no small degree to her im- portance as a great manufacturing centre — the third city in the Union in that particular. At the same time he has given some attention to the interests of education. To the institution at Hightstown, New Jersey, which now Iiears his name, he has contributed largely of his means for its suc- cess. Of late years he went abroad, and passed a year in travelling through the greater portion of Europe, paying particular attention not only to many points of interest in Great Britain and Ireland, but also in France, Germany, Austria and Italy; besides which he was an attentive ob- server of the laws of trade and commerce, and of the p.ir- ticular care taken by the government of Great Britain m fos- tering the interests of her merchants and manufacturers. On his return home he made an address to the Board of Trade —of which body he had long been a member and at one time President— which is replete with valuable information, being a general review of trade and the industrial pursuits, both mechanical and agricultural, of the different countries he visited. Towards the conclusion of his remarks he be- came the earnest advocate of a new department at Washing- ton, that of trade and commerce, as an adjunct to the one already added within a few years past, that of agriculture. In political creed he is an ardent member of the Republi- can party, and has been the recipient of the favors of that organization at sundry times. He was twice elected Mayor of' Newark, and twice chosen as a Representative in the lower or popular branch of the State Legislature, where, during the great southern rebellion, he took an active part in support of the general government both with his influ- ence and his purse. He was nominated by the Republicans in 1876 as their candidate for the Forty-fiah Congress from Ihe Sixth Congressional District of New Jersey, and was elected. Being a thoroughly practical man of the people, he will doubtless faithfully represent his constituents in the Federal legislature, and contribute by every means at his command to advance not only their own interests, but that of the countiy at large ; and it is to be hoped th.it he will BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.tDIA. be not only the originator of the new department of the gov- ernment alluded to above, but that he may be early called upon to organize the same. 'ERHUNE, GARRIT, M. D., Physician, of Passaic, was born in Bergen county. New Jersey, in Oc- tober, 1801. His jiarenls both came from the ir5y,-T_ same county, in which his father, Richard N. ^^■5 Terhune, followed aijricultural pursuits. His mother was Hannah Voorhees. From the com- mon schools of his native place Garrit Terhune received his primary educational training. He fitted for college at the classical school of Dr. Sythoff, and then entered Princeton College, from which he was graduated in 1823. Having determined to adopt ihe medical profession, he began study therefor immediately upon le.iving college, having for his preceptor first the same Dr. Sythoff from whom he obtained his university prep.irallon, and subsequently Professor John W. Francis, of Rutgers Medical College, then in operation in Jeriey Cily, although an adjunct of Rutgers College, of New Brunswick. He graduated in medicine in 1829, and at once began practice in Hackensack. After a short while he removed to Passaic, where he has since followed his profes- sion with much success. He was the first President of the Passaic County Medical Society. In the year 1828 he was married to Elizabeth A. Zabriskie, of St. Johnsville, New York. iOORHEES, PETER L., Lnwyer, of Camden, was born in Blawenburgh, Somerset county. New Jersey, July 12th, 1S25. He is descended of New Jersey ancestors, his parents being Peter Voorhees and Jane Schenck, daughter of Captain John Schenck. His educational advantages were only such as could be obtained at the common schools of the neighborhood, but of them he made the most diligent use, and acquired the elements of a sound education. Up to his twenty-first year he was occupied on the home farm, but farming not being to his taste, and the law possessing great attraction for him, he determined to follow the latter as his career. Accordingly he entered the office of Richard S. Field, of Princeton, as a student, and in connection with his studies there he, in the following year, 1847, attended the law school then attached to Princeton College, but long since discontinued, having been conducted for about three years only. From this institution he received in due course the degree of LL. B., and subsequently that of A. M. He was admitted to the bar in November, 1851, and located in Camden in October, 1852. In this city he has since resided and practised. One of the oldest practitioners in this sec- tion of the State, he is also among the leaders of its bar. This position he has attained by the force of sheer hard work. There m.iy be more brilliant men among his com- peers, but there is none who is a sounder or better re.id lawyer, nor is there one who more completely masters every case intrusted to him, who is more successful before the courts, and who enjoys so thoroughly the confidence of his clients and the respect of the profession. For one year he served as City Solicitor of Camden, and he is counsellor, for this section of the Slate, for the Pennsylvania Railroad Com- pany, although one of its opponents in the great railroad war in New Jersey. He was married in 1855 to Annie F., sister of the late Hon. W. L. Dayton, the distinguished statesman. RICE, THEOPHILUS T., M. D., Physician, of Tuckerton, was born. May 21st, 1828, at Town Bank, Cape May county. New Jersey, on the estate which had descended from his great-grand- father, William I'rice, and is a son of John and Kezia (S\\ain) Price, both of whom were also natives of the same State. The Price family during the revolutionary era were well known as loyal to the patriot cause, and during the war sc me of them were distinguishcfl for their services, among them William Price, mentioned above, who was a captain in the Continental army and served in the cause of the colonies during that conflict. W'hen young Price was about three years old his father sold his share of the paternal estate to his brother. Captain \yil- liam Price, and purchased a farm at Swaintown — a short dis- tance from Cold Spring, in the same county — from his father inlaw, Daniel Swain, and the family homestead slill remains at that locality. Daniel Swain was descended from one of the oldest and most respected families of Cape May county. Young Price received his rudimentary educa- tion in the common schools of the neighborhood, which hs attended until he was thirteen years old, when his father placed him in the academy at Cold Spring, which had then been recently founded, and which was carried on success- fully for several years by Rev. Moses W'illiamson, at that place. He there obtained a fair English education, and re- mained there about three years. The learning which he acquired at that academy was considerably augmented by diligent private study, after leaving school. He next as- sisted his father on the farm until he was twenty years old, when he commenced teaching school, and one year after- wards began the study of medicine. He subsequently ma- ' triculaled at the Pennsylvania Medical College, and at- tended the regular coui-ses of lectures delivered in that institution, from which he graduated in March, 1853- "^^^ following month he settled at Tuckerton, having been in- vited to do so by Dr. Mason, a physician then in practice there, and he has continued to reside there ever since, giv- ing close attention to his profession, and has won for him- self a well-merited reputation as a most successful physician and surgeon. He has been for a long period an active and influential member of the Medical Society of Burlington county. During the war he was an earnest supporter of the government, and after the battle of Gettysburg offered his services as volunteer surgeon ; they were accepted and he was assigned to duty at Chestnut Hill Military Hospital for one month, when, the wards being relieved of part of their wounded crowds, he returned to his practice. His political creed is that of the Repub ican party, and he became their nominee, in lS6S, as Representative of the Fourth Legisla- tive District of Burlingtim county, and was elected. Dur- ing his term of service he introduced and secured the p.as- sage of a bill to charter a railroad from Tuckerlon to Egg Harbor City ; also of an act to charter a company to con- struct a ship-canal from the river Delaware to Little Egg Harbor river. He was the author of the bill to protect harmless and insectivorous birds, passed at that session ; and he introduced a bill to charter an institution for the reform- ation of inebriates, which, however, failed to pass. In 1S70-71 he was actively associated with John Rutherford, A. K. Pharo, and other gentlemen, in the conslruction of the Tuckeiton Railroad, having been a Director and the Secre- tary of the company from its first organization ; and has also been the local Treasurer since its first year. He has aNobeen a Director in the Beach Haven Land Company, and an associate of the gentlemen who have displayed so much energy in establishing that new and growing watering- place. He has also been a Director of Medford, New Jer- sey, Bank for the past sixteen years. He has ever been a warm friend of education for the masses, and filled for eight years the posiiion of .Superintendent of the Public Schools in the town hip of Little Egg Harbor, where he resides. During that period there were eleven schools under his care, and into them he fiist introduced several important reforms. In religious belief he is a Baptist, and assisted in founding the Baptist Church at West Creek, of which he was cho^en the fir^t deacon. He was one of the founders of the Tuckerton Bilile Society, and has been its Treasurer for many years. He h.is also been a liberal friend to the mis- siDnary cause, and he supports and conducts almost entirely a home mission school. He is a member of the New Jer- sey Historical Society, and is at the present time (1876) President of the Tuckerton Public Library .Society, besides which he has also filled several important trusts. A man of literary tastes, he is the author of a number of contribu- tions, both in prose and verse, that have appeared from time to time in the papers. As a citizen he stands high in the estimation of the public, and having been so long identified with the welfare and prosperity of his section, he is regarded by all as a gentleman of the highest intelligence, who aims to do good in all things, and who endeavors, as much as lies in his power, to advance the general interests of the county and of the State. He was married in November, 1S54, to Eliza, youngest daughter of Timothy Pharo, one of the most successful business men of Tuckerton, New Jer- sey, whose biographical sketch will be found elsewhere in this volume. BIOGRAP;;iC.\L ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 143 s ^'■/^ UTLER, HON. AUGUSTUS \V., of Morristown, Lawyer, and Member of Congress, is a native of I (9^ the place of his residence, having been born there October 22d, 1S27. His father, Joseph Cutler, was also born in Morristown, in the neigh- borhood of which he followed agricultural pur- suits. On the maternal side he is a descendant of Silas Con- dit, a member of the Continental Congress, his mother, Elizabeth Cook, being a granddaughter of that distinguished m.an. Augustus was brought up on the home farm, and ob- tained his education in the schools of his native place. When the time arrived for the choice of a profession he se- lected that of the law, and began to studyin the ofiice of Governor Haines. In due course he was admitted as an attorney in 1S50, and three years later was received as counsellor. He soon won a good standing at the bar, and in 1856 was appointed Prosecutor of the I'leas for Morris county. This position he held until 1861. Ten years Later, in 1871, he was elected Senator from Morris county, and served for three years with great credit to himself and adv.intage to his constituents. During this term he served on the committees on Judiciary and Education. He was a member of the State Constitutional Convention in 1873, and labored faithfully and successfully for the introduction into the organic law of many much needed reforms. In 1875 '''^ was elected to Congress from the Fifth Congressional Dis- trict, comprising the counties of Bergen, Morris, and Pas- saic, and did such good service as to secure re-election in 1876. His affiliations h.ave always been with the Demo- cratic party, and he has always exerted a wide influence as an earnest exponent of its best principles. In the advance- ment of the cause of education he has from early life mani- fested a deep interest, identifying himself with every move- ment of educational value. Of the Board of Education of Morristown he has been President since its organization in 1870. He was mainly instrumental in causing the moneys received from riparian rights by the State to be entirely ap- propriated to the school fund, thus securing a free school system to the State. This question reached a settlement during his term in the St.ate Senate, his earnest efforts con- ducing in vei'y great degree to the satisfactory result. While there may be more brilliant men at the bar than he, there are few who have won a more solid position by well-di- rected, hard study, and persistent attention to the interests of his clients and constituents. He was married in 1S54 to Julia R. Walker, of Albany, New York. rpRIGGS, HON. JOHN W., Lawyer and Legislator, of Paterson, was born, July loth, 1849, near New- ton, Sussex county. New Jersey, and is a son of Daniel and Emetine (Johnson) Griggs, both of ei''^^r.6 whom are also natives of New Jersey, the former being engaged in agricultural pursuits. He ob- tained an excellent education in the Collegiate Institute, at 1+4 BIOGRAPHICAL E^'CVCLO^.^DIA. Newton, and in the autumn of 1865 matriculated at La- fayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania, where he completed liis studies, and graduated from that institution with the class of 1868, as Bachelor of Arts. After leaving college he entered the office of Hon. Robert Hamilton, to engage in the study of the law, remaining there until May, 1S71, when he removed to Patei-son, where he selected as his preceptor Hon. Socrates Tuttle, with whom he continued until the prescribed term of three years' reading was con- cluded, when he w^as duly licensed as an attorney, in No- vember, 1S71, being raised to the rank of counsellor-at-law in 1874. Immediately after his admission to the bar, in 1871, he commenced the practice of his profession in Pater- son, continuing the same on his own account until the winter of 1S73, when he became the law partner of his preceptor, Hon. Socrates Tuttle, and is still his associate. In the autumn of 1875 he was elected by the Republican party as the Representative to the lower house of the State Legislature from the First Assembly District of Passaic County, and was re-elected in 1S76. During his first term he sen-ed on several prominent committees in that body, and took an active part in the preparation of the new Elec- tion law, which went into operation during the winter of 1875-76. Although young in years, he has already achieved a fii-st-class reputation as a barrister and an efficient legis- lator. He was married October 7th, 1874. jIDGWAY, BENJAMIN, President of the Union Bank, of Mount Holly, was born, July 8th, 1797, in the township of Willingborough, Burlington county. New Jei^sey, and is the son of the late Benjamin E. and Prudence (Borton) Ridgway, both of whom were also natives of that State. His rudimentary education was obtained in the common schools of the day in the neighborhood of his home ; and he completed his studies in the then well-known academy of the late John Gummeie, at Burlington, where so many prominent citizens of both New Jersey and Pennsylvania were educ.ited. When twenty years old he left school, and for some years was engaged in assisting his father on his farm. As soon as he attained his majority he commenced taking an active interest in politics, and was elected Asses- sor, which position he held for eleven years, being con- stantly re-elected every year. He was then elected Free- holder, wherein he served his constituency between fifteen and twenty years. In 1842 he was elected a member of Assembly, on the Whig ticket, and so ably did he acquit himself that, in the year following, he was nominated by both parties, and received almost the entire vote of the district, lacking only about ninety ballots of the whole voting population of 5,700. He w.as ever outspoken on all questions, and voted for that which was for the public weal, irrespective of party. In fact, so great confidence has been placed in his honor and integrity that, during a greater part of his manhood, he has been intrusted with the settlement of many estates throughout the county. Aside from these, and other duties of an official character, his entire life, from the time of his leaving school, in 1S17, until the year 1S67 — a period of just half a century — has been devoted to agricultural pursuits. In the year last named he disposed of his interests in the farm and removed to Mount Holly. In 1874 he was chosen President of the Union Bank, of Mount Holly, which position he has filled with credit to himself and with great benefit to the institution. He has always taken an active part in all matters pertaining to the improvement of the town, and manifests much interest in everything that tends towards the development of the county and State. Since 1844 he has taken no active part in politics ; but his principles accord with those held by the Republican party, and he is held in high estimation by the members of both political organizations. He was married, in 1837, to Margaret B. Fenimore, of Camden county. New Jersey. ^1 IDGWAY, CAPTAIN JOSEPH R., Soldier, was born, December, 1S40, in Willingborough town- ship, Burlington county, New Jersey, and was the son of Benjamin and Margaret B. (Feni- more) Ridgway, both his parents being natives of the same State ; and his father's biographical sketch appears above. Joseph's early education was ob- tained at Beverly, and he completed his studies at the Gnmmere's Academy, in Burlington, the same institution where his father had attended, and presided over by •Samuel Gummere, who was a son of John Gummere, who founded the institution. He left school when nineteen years of age, and became uf much assistance to his father in the management of his farm. He remained there until the outbreak of the war and the call for the ninety-day men, when he responded, and raised a company in his own neighborhood, which was subsequently known as Company G, of the 3d Regiment New Jersey Infantry, and of which he was elected Captain. He fell at the battle of Fredericks- burg, while gallantly leading his command. His remains were recovered, taken home and buried at Rancocas. '- -\NNON, HENRY R., M. D., Physician and County Clerk of Union County, was burn, M.iy inty. New Jersey, 20th, 1821, in Somerset cc and is a son of Rev. James S. and Catharine (Bievoort) Cannon. His father was a native of one of the West India islands, and for many years filled the chair of Professor of Mental Philosophy, etc., in Rutgers College, New Brunswick ; his mother was a native of Bergen county, New Jersey, Dr. Cannon re- ceived his preliminary education m the grammar school of Rutgers College, and in 1836 matriculated in the college itself, graduating in the class of 1840. Having decided to enter upon the profession of medicine, he became a student in the office of Dr. William Yan Dcuisen, of New Bruns- wick, with whom he remained for nearly three years, mean- while attending the courses of lectures delivered in the medical department of the University of New York, and in March, 1843, graduated as Doctor of Medicine. In the autumn of that year he commenced the practice of his profession in Somerset county, and for nine years thereafter was actively engaged therein. In 1S52 he opened a drug store in Plainfield, which he successfully conducted until April, 1857, when he was appointed County Clerk of Union County, and has been continually re-elected at the expira- tion of his term, and is now in the twentieth year of the tenure of that office. This one fact speaks volumes as to his capability, integrity and popularity, the position being the most important office of a leading- county. He is also connected with some of the most important coijioralions of that section, and is a director of the National Fire and Marine Insurance Company, of Elizabeth ; also a director of the Elizabeth Horse Railroad ; and a director of the Union Manufacturing Company, of Elizabelhport. He was married, in 1844, to Emma M. Carkart, of New York city, who died in :862. He was subsequently united in marriage to Mrs. Maiy C. Van Vranken, of Hackensack, New Jersey. OODRUFF, JONATHAN, President of the Union National Bank, Rahway, was born, September 6lh, 1815, in Westtield, New Jersey, of which place his parents, William and Phoebe (Ludlow) Woodruff, were old residents. The Woodruffs and Ludlows settled in the neighborhood of Westfield and were identified with the town before the revolutionary war, in which his maternal grandfather, Jacob Ludlow, was a participant, and shared the dangers and pri- vations of the "Jersey Brigade." Mr. Woodruff was one of a family of ten children, eight of whom (six sons and two daughters) are now living, the oldest being over seventy-three years of age and the youngest over fifty. In 1S16 his father purchased a farm about one mile from Rahway, on the old " King George's road," from Rah« ay BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.^iDIA. to Elizabeth, and there Jonathan passed his boyhood. Rahway at that lime was extensively engaged in the manu- facture of carriages for the Southern market, and when seventeen years of age he began to learn the trade of car- riage-making, and was occupied for four years in mastering all the branches of the business. He tlien went to New York city, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits for several years, until 1842, when, in connection with his brother Amos, he opened a general mercantile store in Rahway, under the firm-name of J. & A. Woodruft. In the winter of 1S45 the firm established a house in .Memphis, Tennessee, for the sale of carriages, which they manufac- tured in their own establishment at Rahway, shipping all their products to the Memphis house for disposal. Mis brother, Amos Woodruff, took charge of the Memphis branch of the business, while he remained in Rahway. His thorough knowledge respecting the manufacture of caiTiages, gained in his four years' experience in the busi- ness, now proved of great value to him ; and the vehicles bearing their stamp soon acquired a wide reputation in the West and Southwest. They carried on this trade with great success until the breaking out of the war, when the firm of J. & A. Woodruff & Co. was dissolved by Jonathan retiring. The business in Memphis is still carried on by Amos Woodruff ajid William Woodruff (a nephew), under the firm-name of A. Woodruff & Co. In 1865 Mr. Wood- ruff became one of the first to organize the Union National Bank, of Rahway, and when it went into operation was chosen President of the institution, and has since continued to conduct Its affairs. Under his management the bank has successfully withstood all the monetary disasters and financial storms that have visited the country during ihe past eleven years, since its organization. He has been thoroughly identified with all improvements in the city of Rahway, and has always been ready to aid, both with his time and his means, any enterprise that would promote the public good. He was married, August 9th, 1S42, to Alvira, daughter of William and Sarah (Crowell) Martin, whose ancestors came from England and Scotland, and settled in Middlesex county, New Jersey. EWELL, WILLIAM L., M. D., Physician, of Millville, was born in Bridgeton, New Jersey, March 27th, 1834. His father, James M. Newell, was for many years a prominent citizen of that place, where he edited and conducted the Bn'Jge- ton Chronicle. The influence he exerted proved of immense advantage to the town and State. He was mainly instrumental in having various public measures adopted, among which may be cited, as of especial im- portance to the community, the Equalization of Taxes, the Abolishment of Imprisonment for Debt, and the Two Hun- dred Dollar Exemption Act. He died in 1S51. Dr. Ncwell's mother, Amanda Loper, was a daughter of Judge W. Loper, who for over twenty-five years was an Associate Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Salem County. His grandfather, James Newell, was forever thirty years engaged in successful ministerial labors in connection with the Methodist Church. He himself received his prelimi- nary training at the Mount Holly Academy, and subse- quently attended Princeton College for two years. Having made choice of the medical profession, he began study therefor, in 1S56, under the direction of Dr. E. B. Rich- mond, of Millville, New Jersey, and in 1857 matriculated at Jefierson College, Philadelphia. From this institution he was graduated in 1S59, and thereupon settled for practice in Millville. In this sphere of labor he remained until 1S62, when he entered the United Stales service, as Surgeon of the 24th New Jersey Infantry. With this regiment he con- tinued for nine months, when he became Brigade Surgeon (and Surgeon-in-Chief of KiinbalTs brigade). Subsequently he served as Surgeon-mChief of General French's division, Second Corps, Army of the Potomac. On returning to private practice he located at Salem, New Jersey, where he remained for one year. Then, by request, he settled once more in Millville. This was in the year 1S64, and he has since been successfully engaged in the same field. He has won an excellent reputation as a skilful and judicious sur- geon, and in all departments of the profession occupies a good position. He is a member of the Cumberland County District Medical Society, and was its President in 1S75. His lirethren sent him as a delegate to the American Medical .Association in 1876. He was married, in 1S69, to Sallie W. Maylin, daughter of E. W. Maylin, of Millville; she died, January isl 1S76. HITAKER, JON.\THAN S., M. D., Physician, of Millvdle, was born in Cedarville, Cumberland county. New Jersey, January 20th, 1S23. On both paternal and maternal sides he comes from Cumberland county families, his parents, Thomas and Deborah (Sheppard) Whitaker, being natives of that section. He was educated at Claflm's High School, at Bridgeton, New Jersey, and received a thorough funda- mental training. Attracted towards the profession of medi- cine, he began his studies in that science, in 1841, under the superintendence of Dr. Jacob W. Ludlam, at Deerfield, Cumberland county. New Jersey. Having prepared him- self for a college course, he matriculated at Jefferson Col- lege in 1S42, and, taking the full course, graduated in 1S45. Upon receiving his diploma he located at Centreton, Salem county, where he engaged in an extensive and la- borious practice for some nineteen years. In 1864 he removed to Millville, where he has since resided, and has secured a good practice. He is a skilful physician, and BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. 149 enjoys to the highest degree the respect and esteem of his professional brethren as well as of the community at large. In the medical associations he manifests an earnest interest ; he is a member of the Cumberland County Medical Society, and m the present year {1S76) was a delegate to the New Jersey State Medical Association. He was married in 1856 to Mary S. Johnson, of Salem county. 'RANE, JOB SYMMES, M. D., Physician in the city of Elizabeth, was born, April 23d, 1825, in the town where he now resides. His parents were Job and Mary B. (Woodruff) Crane, both natives of Elizabeth. The family of which he is a representative is an ancient and honorable one. His ancestor, Ralph Crane, accompanied Sir Francis Drake from England to America in 1577. Another ances- tor. Sir Robert Crane, belonged to the first company which came to Massachusetts Bay in 1630. His home was in Essex, England. The first resident representative of the family in this country was Stephen Crane, who was born in 1619, and probably came to America from England in 1640. He died there in 1710, and during his life held a number of high offices in church and state. Among other public duties he was chosen, in 1743, to goto England and lay a petition before the king. Job Symmes Crane is the great-great-great-grandson of this distinguished citizen. His early education was obtained at the justly celebrated classical school of Mr. James G. Nuttman, and vvTien he had reached the age of fifteen he entered Princeton College, from which institution he graduated in 1S43. After leaving college he taught school for a period of two years and a half at the seminary of S. E. and S. G. Woodbridge, at Perth Amboy. In the meantime he had decided to adopt the medical profession, and at the conclusion of his term of teaching he began with spirit and assiduity the necessary preliminary studies. In due time he entered as a student at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York, and in the year 1S49 he graduated from the college and re- ceived his diploma. He at once returned to Elizabeth, and there commenced the practice of his profession, having lieen invited to enter into a copartnership with his former preceptor. Dr. George R. Chetwood. He possessed emi- nent natural qualifications for attaining success in his pro- fession, and his acquired knowledge and practical skill were already great. Hence his progress toward success was rapid, and he speedily attained a large and lucrative prac- tice. He rose rapidly to a high and universally acknowl- edged rank, and now enjoys the honorable distinction of being one of the leaders of the profession in the community where he resides. For five years after entering upon prac- tice he was associated in partnership with Dr. Chetwood. Later he was associated, for a period of seven years, with Dr. James S. Green. He is a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, and was a member also of the Essex County Medical Society, until the fuimation of the Union County Medical Association. He was President of the last-named society during the second year of its or- ganization. He was married, March Sth, 1854, to Helen B. Watkins, a native of Albany, New York. ^ UHL, RICHARD S., Lawyer, of Flemington, was born near that place, August 24th, 1839, and is the son of Leonard P. Kuhl, a farmer of Hun- terdon county, New Jersey, who was a prominent man in the management of both township and county affairs, and held a number of offices of trust and responsibility. He graduated at Lawrenceville in the year i860, and in 1861 he entered the law office of B. Van Syckel, Esq., now one of the judges of the New Jersey Supreme Court. He remained here as a student for four years, and was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1865. He at once commenced the practice of law in Flem- ington, and was admitted counsellor in 1S68. His progress in his profession was rapid, and he soon took rank as one of the leading lawyers of the county. He is a fine and ef- fective speaker, and his management of a case is marked by much ability and skill. He was one of the counsel for the defence in the case of the Pattenburg rioters, a case which atlracted much attention a few years since. For a long time he was Secretary of the Hunterdon County Agricultural .Society. He has always been prominent in every move- ment of his town, social, moral, or financial. Politi- cally he acted with the Republican party up to the time when the Liberal Republican movement was inaugurated. Bein" a warm admirer of Mr. Greeley, he took an active part in his support during his campaign for the Presidency. After that time he gave but little attention to politics, until the Presidential campaign of 1876, when he took an active part with the Democratic parly in support of Mr. Tilden. RELINGHUYSEN, GENERAL FREDERICK, Lawyer, Soldier and Statesman, late of New Bruns- wick, was born, April I3lh, 1753, in Somer- set county. New Jersey, He was a son of the Rev. Theodorus Frelinghuysen, a devoted minis- ter of the Reformed Dutch Church, wlio came from Holland to America in 1 720, and preached the gospel* in the counties of Somerset, Middlesex and Huntingdon. He received an excellent education and subsequently studied law, being admitted about the time of his attaining the age of twenty-one years. When only twenty-two he was sent by the representatives of the colony of New Jersey as a Delegate to the Continent.al Congress, which position he re- signed in 1777, as appears by a curious letter which he ad- »SO BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. dressed to Colonel Camp, in which he pleads his youth and inexperience in affairs of State as one reason for his with- drawal, in order that an older and more expert individual might be substituted in his place. Returning home he seems to have been instrumental in raising a corps of ar- tillery, of which he was named Captain, and which volun- teered their ser\ices to the Continental Congress for a year. During the recesses of Congress, while then a member, and also subsequently, he was in active service, and participated in the battles of Trenton and Monmouth ; and throughout the war was continually engaged, being Colonel of the militia of his native county of Somerset. In 1793, after repeatedly receiving the testimonials of public confidence in various Slate and county offices, he was elected by the Legislature a Senator of the United States. He continued in that sta- tion until domestic bereavements and the claims of his family constrained him to resign in 1796. In the Western Expedition, as was then termed the military force sent into western Pennsylvania to quell the uprising of the people in the notorious " Whisky Insurrection," he was selected by the commander-in-chief to the command, as Major-General, of the New Jersey and Penirsylvania troops. As a civilian he stood in the front rank at the bar of New Jersey, and he died beloved and lamented by his children and friends, leaving to the former the rich legacy of a life unsullied and which had ever abounded in benevolence and usefulness. On the monument erected by his children over his remains, his virtues are recorded in touching language, of which the following is an extract : " At the bar he was eloquent, in the Senate he was wise, in the field he was brave. Candid, generous and just, he was ardent in his friendships, constant to his friends, the patron and protector of honorable merit ; he gave his hand to the young, his counsel to the middle- aged, his support to him who was feeble in years." He died on his fifty-first birthd.ay, April 13th, 1804, and left three sons, John, Frederick and Theodore ; a biographical sketch of the latter will be found hereafter. ^RELINGHUYSEN, HON. THEODORE, Law- yer, United Slates Senator, and candidate for the Vice-Presidency on the ticket with Hon. Henry Clay, was born in New Brunswick in 1787. He sprang from Dutch ancestry. His grandfather. Rev. John Frelinghuysen, came lo the United States from Holland in 1720, and ministered for more than a quarter of a century to the Dutch settlers in Somerset and Middlesex counties. His grandmother, the daughter of a rich merchant of Amsterdam, was a woman of superior in- tellect, strong will, and devoted piety. His father, Frede- rick Frelinghuysen, educated at Princeton, was a distin- guished lawyer and a member of the Provincial and Conti- nental Congress. He fought during the Revolu ion ; was a Captain of artillery in the battle with the Hessians at Tren- ton, and a Colonel of militia in several subsequent engage- ments with the enemy. In 1793 he was elected Senator of the United States, but resigned in 1796. During Washing- ton's administration he commanded, as Major-General, a portion of the army sent into western Pennsylvania to quell the " Whisky InsuiTection." He died in I S04. Theodore graduated at Princeton in that year, and choosing to be a lawyer, studied law with Richard Stockton, and was ad- mitted to the bar in 1808. He followed the profession until 1839, and achieved large success. His attention was al- ways fully occupied, and he was engaged in most of the leading causes of his day. In 1817 he was elected by the Legislature in joint convention, a majority of which differed from him in politics, Attorney-General of the State, and was re-elected, holding the office until elected to the Senate of the United Stales in 1829. Prior to this, in the year 1826, he had been elected one of the Judges of the Supreme Court of the State, but he had declined the position. As a coun- sellor, his rapid, correct and comprehensive mind, and ex- ceptionally good judgment, made him very safe, while the same qualities, combined with a most magnetic, persuasive manner as a speaker, won him success as an advocate. In the prosecution of his professional duties, he was always governed by the highest sense of honor and right, never per- mitting himself to become the advoca.te of wrong, nor to press for a conviction in a criminal cause, even when public prosecutor, unless the case was reasonably clear of doubt. As a Senator he exercised a powerful influence. His voice was always heard in the Senate chamber on the right side of all questions partaking of a religious or moral character, and he always exerted his best powers for the promotion of all measures which in his judgment were calculated to ad- vance the best interests of the nation. The high integrity of his character and the unquestionable purity of his mo- tives, in connection with his ability, invested him with much power in Washington ; indeed, it is generally conceded that no one man of his day exercised a larger personal influence in the national capital. Early in 1839 he was chosen Chan- cellor of the University of New York, and after considerable hesitation he accepted the position and removed to New York city. He was moved towards acceptance and the re- linquishment of his profession, which that step involved, by the great and growing repugnance he felt to the conflicts of a lawyer, especially in the trial of causes involving dis- puted facts. In 1844 he was chosen by the Whig party as their candidate for Vice-President, with Mr. Clay, then the great leader of the party, as the candidate for the Presi- dency. W^hen eventually slavery became the great issue of the day, and the Republican party came into existence, Mr. Frelinghuysen gave it his earnest support. He had never been a pronounced abolitionist, but he heartily disapproved of the system of slavery, and up to the time of his death al- ways did his utmost to prevent it dissolving the Union, and extended his most powerful efforts for the preservation of the nation. It was not permitted him to witness -the final tri- BIOGRAnilCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. '51 iimph of right, but his 'descendants can regard with pride the part he tooli in making that triumph possible. In the year 1S50 he was chosen President of Rutgers College, and removed to New Brunswick, where he passed his remaining days. His management of this institution was able and ju- dicious, and he was very much beloved by the students. He was a man of deep and earnest piety, and felt at various times in his career strongly drawn towards the ministry of the gospel. By the advice of his friends, however, he con- tinued in his profession, where his spotless integrity and un- ostentatious piety exercised a powerful influence for good. In religious movements he always manifested an earnest in- terest, and he labored in a conspicuous post in connection with two great instruments for the promotion of religion, being chosen in 1841 President of the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, and in 1846 President of the American Bible Society. He died in 1862, at the age of seventy-five years, after a life of singular distinction and usefulness. AV.S, THOMAS, Lawyer, of Newton, Sussex county. New Jersey, was born, October 15th, 1S29, in Laf.iyelte township, Sussex county. New Jersey, and is a son of Thomas and Mary (Bale) K.ays, both of whom were also natives of New Jersey. His father was a manufacturer by avoca- tion, and died in 1S30, leaving a small estate. The subject of this sketch received only a common school education, and when sixteen years of age commenced to learn the trade of pattern-maker, machinist and ni'llwright. He duly served his time until he attained his majority, and became thoroughly versed in all the various details of the business. While learning his trade he spent all his leisure time in study, and became thoroughly conversant with most of the higher branches of education, especially mathematics, and (luring the same time read law to some extent. In Febru- ary, 1S52, being then in his twenty-third year, he engatred in copartnership with Dr. Franklin Smith, at LaFayette, in the general foundry, machine and millwright business, in all its branches, and carried on a very heavy business until 1S60, when he sold out his interest to his partner. He com- menced regularly the study of law with Hon. Andrew J. Rogers, in 1858, and continued it under the preceptorship of Hon. Martin Ryerson and Mr. Rogers until the February term of the .Supreme Court of New Jersey, 1863, when he w.as licensed as an attorney-at-law, and immediately formed a copartnership with Mr. Rogers, the firm being Rogers & Kays. The copartnership continued until April 1st, 1S67, when it was dissolved, and he has since conducted the law business alone, having built up a very large and valuable practice. He was licensed as a counsellor-at-law at the February tenii of the Supreme Court in 1872, and is a master and examiner in chancery, and is also a special m.ister of that court. He has always been a strong sup- porter of the Democratic party and its principles, and at times active in politics. But he has devoted himself almost exclusively to his profession, and has never sought nor held any political office in the gift of the people. He is a mem- ber of the Board of Directors of the Sussex National Bank, of Newton, New Jersey, and was for several years the legal adviser of the Merchants' National Bank, of Newton. He was married, September 24th, 1S57, to Amanda E. Slater, of LaFayette, New Jersey. His health became much im- paired in 1869 from too close application to his profession, and he has continued to practise law since only by taking a great deal of outdoor exercise. He is naturally of a sturdy constitution and indomitable will, which have enabled him to rise by his own unaided exertions from comparative ob- scurity to a commanding position in his section of the State, and though in the later years his health has been enfeebled, his strong determination has to a great extent supplied the lack of physical strength. fe-pTJiAMESON, CHARLES MILLER, Journalist, was born in York, York county, Pennsylvania, in 1823. His grandfather. Dr. Horatio Jameson, emigrated to that locality from Scotland, before the revolution- ary war, and became a surgeon in the American army. The father of the subject of this sketch, Dr. Thomas Jameson, was also a physician of prominence and extensive practice in York county. Charles, after at- tending the York County Academy, then under the direc- tion of Rev. Stephen Boyer, entered Marshall College, then located at Mercersburg, in the year 1845, and graduated with the cl.ass of 1849. He remained two years in the Theological Seminary, connected with the German Re- formed Church, and affiliated with the college, when he was licensed to preach by the Synod of the above-mentioned church, then holding its sessions at Martinsburg, Virginia. .Soon after he received a call from a Reformed congregation in Taneytown, Maryland, to become its pastor, which he accepted, and settled in that State. Here he remained but a short time, having received and accepted a call to the Fiftieth Street Reformed Dutch Church, New York. In that charge he remained about twelve years. During the year 1S62 he resigned his pastoral charge and purch.ased a finely-situated farm in Hillsborough township, near Somer- ville, Somerset county. New Jersey. Upon this farm he took up his residence, and devoted himself to agriculture, at the same time contributing considerably to the press. Latterly he has been writing most of the leading editorials of the Somerset A/esseji<^ej\ organ of the Democratic party in Somerset county. In March, 1876, he purchased the Messeii!;er, and assumed entire editorial and financial con- trol of the journal, which promises to become even more prosperous than of yore under his able direction. He is a Democrat of the most pronounced type, and with his paper BIOGRArHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. has wielded signal service to the party cause. Well in- formed upon all current topics, a scholar of large attain- ments and a man of well-defined individuality, he not only handles a subject easily and forcibly, but also boldly, im- pressing his views with weight upon his readers. Socially he is a genial, kind-hearted man, and a verj' fluent and pleasant conversationalist. He was married in 1857 to Ann Eliza Meserole, of Greenpoint, Long Island. T-OWELL, THEODORE P., Leather Manufacturer, of Newark, was born, January 6th, 1819, at Suckasunny Plains, Morris county, New Jersey, and is a son of the late Jacob Drake Howell, an officer in the United States army, who died in 1826, and whose widow still survives at the ad- vanced age of eighty-six years. When young Howell was about nine years of age, he went to Newark, where his uncle, Samuel M. Howell, resided, who received him into his family, and by whom he was reared. He attended school in the academy of .Stephen R. Grover, and there ac- quired a fiir English education. Having concluded his studies, he became desirous of learning his uncle's trade, that of tanner and currier, and accordingly entered it as ap- prentice. He began at the very foot of the ladder, so that he might learn the business thoroughly. In that establish- ment he acquired a practical knowledge of the trade in all its details, and this thorough acquaintance with its every branch has been the secret of his great success through his long career as a manufacturer. When he attained his ma- jority his uncle .admitted him as a partner in the business, under the firm-name and style of S. iL & T. P. Howell, the concern being then located at the corner of Market and Washington streets ; and they commenced the manufacture of patent leather on a very small scale. This article is a German invention, and was first made about a century a^o. It was soon after introduced into France and England, and first made its appearance in America in 182S, the pioneer being Seth Boyden, of Newark. In 1848 the buildings of the firm having been destroyed by fire, the new establish- ment was located on the site of the present works, then out- side the city limits and surrounded by fields. At the present time there is a larger pnpulation beyond it than the whole city then contained. The capacity of the works was con- si lerably larger than the one first inaugurated, and from the amount of forty hides per week, the product has gained to the immense proportion of five thousand in the same space of time. In the new location the firm conducted the busi- ness with remarkable success, in connection with other part- ners admitted from time to time until August, 1855, when the present company was organized, and which consists, in addition to Theodore P. Howell, and his two sons, Henry C. and Samuel C. Howell, of Abraham R. Van Nest, of New York city, an old and successful merchant, who is president of the organization ; Peter Hayden, whose reputa- tion is known throughout the country; Austin Jenkins, one of the leading merchants of Baltimore, now retired from business ; and Pollock Wilson, of Cincinnati, all of whom have long been recognized as the leading saddler)' hardware men of the United States. Since the company organized, the business has been ever on the increase ; new buildings have been erected, and all the novel and improved ma- chinery which from time to time has been invented has been added as required, until, in this Centennial year of the na- tion, the establishment ranlcs as one of the largest and finest on the continent, and in the production of its leading spe- cialty, patent leather, is the largest in the world. Many of the prominent leather manufacturers of Newark have learned the business with this company. The works in Newark cover six acres of ground, and manufacture principally the patent and enamelled leather of twenty different varieties and classifications. There are also produced roans, linings, many varieties of harness leather, military buff leather of extraordinary endurance, being tanned with pure cod-liver oil, as are also the buck-skins ; and the manufacture of wool mats is a speci.-ilty, being sheep-skins with the wool left upon them. A branch manufactory has been established at Mid- dletown, Orange county. New York, which covers two acres, and is designed for the production of boot and shoe leathers, as also for Russia and pocket-book leathers. In addition to these hives of industry, a slaughtering- house has been in operation in New York city for some time, and re- quires seven city lots for its area. This branch is con- ducted solely for the purpose of having the skinning done promptly and the hides free from those cuts which arise from the c.-irelessness of workmen. The cattle are not pur- chased, but simply killed for the wholesale butchers, the hides being retained at their value. The total number of skins used by the comp.iny in the course of a year amounts in round numbers to a qunrterof a million, one-fifth of these being cattle hides, and the remainder of calf, sheep and deer skins. During all these years the present senior mem- ber of the company, Theodore P. Howell, has led a life of untiring industr)', devoting the early morning hours to the vast business details, and suffering nothing to interfere with his constant supervision of the manufactoiy. Nothing bearing directly or indirectly upon this, his life-long study, has been neglected or omitted. He has twice visited Eu- rope to investigate the markets and methods of England and Germany, and thus has familiarized himself with the hide and cattle markets of the world, as well as the modes of manufacture and the qualities of their products; so that he might not only imitate, but improve upon their manner of fabrication. This jiersistency of observation has resulted in the superior excellence of the goods furnished at his estab- lishment, and his brand of skins is recognized throughout the country as strictly of the first class. Although this great devotion to his private business has been .so systematically carried out, yet he has spared time to interest himself in BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. 153 other matters which have tended to the welfare and pro- gress of the city where he resides. He early recognized the necessity of an improved method of communication with New York city, and was among the earliest supporters and promoters for the establishment of the planii road, over which his wagons now daily travel with the goods from his warehouse direct to their destination, thus saving the many expenses attendant upon railway transfer. He has also as- sisted in the establishment of banks, insurance companies, and other commercial institutions, and was also among those who originated the New York & Newark Railroad, and labored ardently until it was a fixed fact in being a di- rect I'oute to the great city on the Hudson. He is at the present time a Director of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, the American Mutual Fire Insurance Company, the Mechanics' Bank, and the Howard Savings Bank. )LFE, HON. ISAIAH, Lumber Merchant, Builder, Contractor, and Mayor of New Bruns- wick, was born, 1S09, in the township of .South Amboy, Middlesex county, New Jersey, and is the son of Phineas and Sarah (Martin) Rolfe, both of whom were natives of New Jersey. His father, many years since, was captain of one of the packets which were used to convey passengers from Amboy to New York, before the era of railroads, and who were obliged to make the journey by stages from Bordentovvn, which at that time was the terminal point of the steamboats from Phila- delphia. Isaiah received his education in the common schools of the day, and when seventeen years of age went to New Brunswick, where he learned the trade of a carpen- ter. He labored at this craft until he attained his majority, and becoming dissatisfied with the few opportunities afforded in a country town, repaired to New York in 1S31, in order to secure a good position in what he believed to be a larger field of labor; and he remained there until the following summer, when, upon the Iireaking out of the cholera in 1832, he returned to New Brunswick, and remained three years. Shortly after this, in 1S36, he went to Newark, at that period rapidly growing in importance; and for two years thereafter he successfully plied his vocation. With the year 1837 came the celebrated period of financial distress, which overspread the entire country. Returning once more to New Brunswick, he bided his time, and when more pros- perous times dawned upon the country, he effected favor- able engagements, and resumed his avocation .as carpenter, contractor and builder. He continued in this calling until 1853 with encouraging success; and during the latter part of that year became interested in the lumber business, in which he has since continued. Although he has met with many reverses, yet he has, by his energy and indomitable perseverance, surmounted all the disasters that have befallen him. Between 1S37 and 1865 he suffered loss by fire on three separate occasions, and once had his business almost ruined by an inundation; in addition to all this, in 1S35 a tornado almost demolished a building which he had nearly completed. Although a sufferer by these losses, he was able to recuperate, and so surmount these difficulties and build up a successful business of twenty years' standing. His political proclivities have been in favor of Republican principles, and in 1870 he was chosen by that party as a candidate for Alderman, and served in that capacity for two terms, or four years, being elected in 1872. In April, 1874, he was elected Mayor of the city of New Brunswick, and in the spring of 1876. In the fall of the same year he was chosen to the Legislature. He was married Decem- ber, 1S32, to Charlotte Mead, of New Jersey. ILSON, DANIEL M.,late of Newark, an eminent citizen and philanthropist, was born, 1803, and in his early life was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Neu' York city, by which he acquired an ample fortune. On his retirement from business, he became a resident of Newark, New Jersey, and from that time identified himself with all of its impor- tant interests. He was one of the most acti\'e citizens in having the plank road constructed between Newark and Jersey City, and was the President of the company from its formation. He was also a Director of several financi.il in- stitutions, and President of the Republican Trust Company, of Newark, from its organization. He was for several years President of the American and Foreign Bible Society, and held other important offices connected with the Bajrtist de- nomination. He was also Fiesident of the Peddie Classical and Scientific Institute, at Hightstown, to which he was a large contributor. He died at Newark, January iSth, 1S73. ARMAN, DAVID, M. D., Physician, of Trenton, was born in Franklin townshi]>, Wairen county. New Jersey, January 29th, 1S36. He is of Eng- lish and German extraction. His parents were Thomas and Elizabeth (Frome) Warman, and his father was a farmer in Warren county. David obtained his early education in the schools of the district, and his classical education was completed at the academy at Belvidere, New Jersey. When about nineteen years of age he commenced teaching school, and continued so occupied for a term of four years. During this periud he taught at Ilaiker's Grove a while ; also at Little "S'ork, and latterly at Harmony, all these localities being within the limits of his native county. Concluding to adopt the pro- fession of medicine, he began his studies in 1859, under the direction of Dr. P. G. Creneling, of Broadway, Warren county. He matriculated at the College of Physicians and '54 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. Surgeons, New York, in lS6o. At this institution he took one course ; the succeeding one was taken at Kellevue Hospital Medical College, from which he wasgraduited in the spring of 1862. He was among the first graduates of that college. Upon receiving his diploma he settled for practice at Milford, New Jersey, but remained there only about six months. Then he removed to Morrisville, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where he was engaged until the spring of 1864. At that tiuie he entered the army as Con- tract Surgeon, and was stationed at Chesapeake Hospital, near Fortress Monroe. Here he was occupied busily from May, 1864, until November of that year, when he retired from the service, and settled down to private practice at Trenton. In this city he h.os since continued to reside, and has built up a good practice. To all movements designed to advance the best interests of the profession he has always conlriliuted earnest support. He is a member of Mercer County District Medical Society, and in 1871 and 1S72 served as its Piesident. At various times he has been chosen as delegate to the New Jersey State Medical Society. He has acted as Secretary of the Trenton Medical .Associa- tion since its organization, and much of its vitality is owing to his earnest labors on its behalf. In 1S62 he was mar- ried to Rebecca F. Love, daughter of Rev. Robert Love, of Warren county. New Jersey, and sister of Dr. J. J. H. Love, of Montclair, Essex county, New Jersey. ULLIVAN, GEORGE R., M. D., was born in Maryland in 1836, being the son of James T. Sullivan, and a grandson of William Sullivan, a native of Pennsylvania, who served with distinc- tion in the revolutionary army. He studied at Newton Univetsity, pursuing a comprehensive course, and upon graduating from th.it institution com- menced the study of medicine under the preceptorship of Professor Smith, of Baltimore, and in 1S59 received his de- gree of M. D., from the Maryland Medical College. The year succeeding his graduation he passed in study and medical service in the Baltimore Hospital, securing there a fund of information which became inv.aluable when he had fully entered upon his professional dulies as a practitioner. In 1S60 he removed to Flemington, New Jersey, where he successfully labored as a physician until July, 1862, when he was called to the field as Assistant Surgeon of the I5lh New Jersey Volunteers. He served with this command two years, p.vssing through all the vicissitudes of one of the most trying campaigns of the great civil war, and embracing nearly all of the perils that visited the army in the Potomac and Shenandoah valleys. In 1864 he was appointed Sur- geon of the 39th New Jersey Volunteers, and served with this command until peace was declared, and he was mus- tered out in June, 1S65. Few surgeons rendered more con- tinuous service in the army than Dr. Sullivan, and certainly none more valuable. The rank and file became deeply at- tached to him for his intelligent and laborious efforts to save life and mitigate pain, and for his kindness, which was invariable. From the battle-fields of Virginia he returned to his home in Flemington, and resumed his professional duties which the war had interrupted. His practice is ex- tensive, and his services as a consulting physician are fre- quently solicited from places remote froin his home. He has rare ability as a surgeon, and has performed many of the most important operations which have claimed the attention of the profession in the Slate. He is a gentleman of fine social characteristics and progressive ideas, and manifests an active interest in the material as well as moral welfare of the community iu which he makes his home. J3i% GLISH, DAVID C, M. T)., Physician, of New Biunswick, was born in that city, March 2d, 1842, and is a son of the late Dr. David C. and Henrietta (Green) English, both of whom were natives of New Jersey. The grandfather was also a physician, who devoted himself to the practice of medicine for many years at Englishtown. Young English received his education, first at the public school for two years, after that at one of the private schools until 1S59, when he entered Rutgers College Grammar School with the intention of preparing for the college, during the same time spending his spare hours in his father's store (his father be- ing a druggist and practising physician), acquiring a knowl- edge of medicines. In the summer of 1S62 Dr. C. T. MoVrogh, of the same place, made a proposition to young English to enter his office as pharmacist and take up the study of mediciue. The proposition was favorably re- ceived by him, the college course of study for which he was then prepared was with regret abandoned, and he entered Dr. Min'rogh's office the same week, where he was eng.ngcd for some time. Subsequently he attended a three years' course of study in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York city, and graduated from that institution in March, 1S68, with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. For a few months thereafter he was associated with his preceptor, and then connnenced to practise his profession on his own account, and has ever since been actively engaged in his native city. On two separate occasions, during Dr. Mor- rogh's absence in Europe, he assumed charge of his prac- tice. He has been an active member of the Middlesex County Medical Society, having been its President one year, its Reporter to the State Society three years, and is now its Treasurer, having also several times been one of its dele- gates to the St.ite Society. He w.as elected by the State Society a delegate to the American Medical Association in 1S70 and again in 1S73. He was also a deleg.ate to the same at its session in Philadelphia, 1876, from the county society. He was for three years Vice-President of the BIOGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOP.-EDIA. JS5 New Jersey Microscopical Society. He was elected an Alderman from the Third Ward of the city, and served two years in that body, 1866 and 1867. This is the only politi- cal office he has held, all his time that could be spared from his professional engagements having been mostly given to the various benevolent and religious organizations in the city, with many of which he has been identified. He is a member of the First Presbyterian Church, and one of its elders. He was for three years President of the Young Men's Christian Association of New Brunswick, and has several times repiesented it in the International Young Men's Christian Association Convention, at the meeting of which body in 1875, at Richmond, Virginia, he was elected one of its Vice-Presidents. He is a Director in the Union and also New Brunswick Building Loan Associations. He was married, September 14th, 1870, to Susie C, daughter of Harrison Blake, for many years a prominent lawyer of Cum- berland county, Maine, now resident at New Brunswick. ^-.J ACKSON JOHN P., late Vice-President and Su- J'l perintendent of the New Jersey Railroad and 4lj Transportation Company, was born, 1805, in ^ New Jersey. He was educated for the bar, and held a high position in the legal profession. He was on two several occasions elected to the State Legislature, and was twice elected Clerk of the County of Essex, a very lucrative office. After his election by the Directors of the New Jersey Railroad as the Superintend- ent of the Company, he abandoned all participation in the pursuits of political life, and devoted all his energies and thoughts to its service. He was connected with the com- pany from its very organization until the close of his life. He was distinguished for his benevolence and charity, as well as for integrity of character and honesty of purpose. He died at Newark, December loth, 1S61. fOB, ARCHIBALD F., President of the Central National Bank of Hightstown, New Jersey, was born in that town, March 15th, 1831, and is the son of the late Richard M. and Mary F. (Wilson) Job, both of whom were also natives of New Jersey. He is a great-grandson of Peter J0I1, an officer in the war of the Revolution, wlio was a participant in the battle of Princeton, and was taken prisoner by the British there, but managed to effect his escape on his horse, and reached his home near Cranberry ; and thence returned to the American forces. He was afterwards present at the battle of Monmouth, where he was an aide-de-camp on the staff of General Washington. He returned home after the close of the war and lived many years. Richard M. Job, father of Archibald, was for many years a prominent miller at Hightstown ; the latter part of his life was devoted to agricultural pursuits ; he died October 261)1, 1874. Archi- bald's mother was the daughter of Dr. Enoch Wilson, of Hightstown. His rudimentary education was obtained in the common schools of the district, but he afterwards be- came a pupil in the select school of O. R. Willis, in his native town. When nineteen years old he left school and commenced learning the milling business with his father, and three years after, when tweiilv-two years of age, his father associated wilh him under the lirm-name of R. .M. Job & Son, which they carried on successfully until 1865, when he disposed of his interest in the business and en- gaged in agricultural pursuits on the farm where he now re- sides. In June, 1S72, he was elected President of the Cen- tral National Bank of Hightstown, which position he has continued to hold until the present time. He was married, February I5lh, 1S54, to Ann Eliza Perrin, who died, Janu- ary 5th, 1856. He again married, August 17th, 1865, Martha M. Oakley, of Saratoga county. New York, daugh- ter of William J. Oakley, of Middletown, in that State. ROST, BARTLETT C, Lawyer, of Philipsburg, was born, March 17th, 1833, in the town of Leeds, Androscoggin county, Maine, and is a son of Oliver P. Frost. His family is of English de- scent, and was among the early settlers of New England. His preliminary education was ob- tained in the schools of his native town, and when he reached the age of eighteen years, himself became a teacher, which avocation he pursued for some time, and then com- pleted his studies at the Maine Wesleyan University. In 1854 he removed to New Jersey, and recommenced leach- ing, first at Clarksville, and afterwards at Springtown. Having resolved to devote himself to the profession of the law, he entered the law department of the University at Albany, New York, and also became a student in the office of Peckham & Tremain, and in 1S59 was admitted to prac- tise at the New York bar. His name having already been registered in New Jersey as a student-at-Iaw, he returned thither, continued his readings, and in i860 was licensed as an attorney in that State. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession at Philipsburg, Warren county, and has met with marked success in building up a large and lucrative business, which extends to all the courts in the State ; and for two years was corporation counsel. He is a hard student, and manages his cases with marked ability. In politics he is a Republican, but in 1872 was a liberal Republican and an earnest supporter of Horace Greeley. He was married in 1874 to Mary L. Stockton, of Easton, Pennsylvania, a lady of accomplishment and highly esteemed. BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOr.LDIA. THERTON, GEORGE P., Professor of History, Political Economy and Conslitulioiial Law in Rutgers College, New Brunswick, was born, June 201I1, 1837, in the town of Boxford, Essex county, M.\ssachusetts, of New England parentage. His father died when he was but twelve years of age, leaving his family in straitened circumstances, and young Aihcrtmi obtained work in a cott.m-mill, whereby he earned a living for himself, beside affjrding some support for his mother and young sisters. A few years afterwards he was employed on a farm, where he continueil for several years. Meanwhile, when about seventeen years of age, he formed a purpose to obtain a college education, and through the practice of much economy and self-denial obtained enough means to enable him to attend the village academy during the winter, while he laljored upon the farm the balance of the year. By incessant application he gained sufficient knowledge to enable himself to become an educator of youth, and secured a position in a district school in New I lampshire for the usual term of eight weeks. His teaching \v.-is so successful that when the session was concluded he was invited to remain for nine weeks longer, a private sub- scription being raised for the purpose. When this extra term had ended he had saved sufficient means to enable him to enter Phillips Academy, at Exeter, where he pursued the studies requisite in entering a college, devoting a portion of his time during the winter season in teaching district schools. After thus obtaining his preparatory education, he was ap- pointed a teacher in the celebrated Albany .Academy, where he tau"ht with great acceptance for eighteen months, and thus secured means enough to enter college. He matricu- lated in Yale College, New Haven, in i860, becoming a member of the sophomore class, and continued through that year and a part of the junior year. During that period the great rebellion had broken out which threatened to destroy the Union, and he felt it to be his duty to be one of the de- fenders of the flag and of the country. Having explained his purpose to President Woolsey, of Yale, the latter ap- proved of his p.itriotic course, and consented to his with- drawal from college for a season. He also wrote him an introductory letter to Governor Buckingham, of Connecticut, and the latter, after making, proper inquiry, gave him a Lieutenant's commission in the loth Regiment Connecticut Volunteers. His regiment was assigned to the celebrated Burnside expedition against the rebel positions in North Carolina, and did valiant service in the battles of Roanoke Island, Newbern, etc., in which engagements he participated and commanded the company in the absence of the capt.iin. Immediately after the battle of Newbern he was promoted to the rank of Captain, and served in that capacity for several months, his regiment being engaged only in camp and picket duty during that time. Finding that there was no prospect of active service, he resigned and returned to college. In December, 1862, his regiment was ordered to join the expe- dition against Charleston, and he again joined his old regi- ment ; the Governor of Connecticut, at the written request of the field and line officers, recommissioned him as First Lieutenant and then as Captain, in which capacity he again entered into the arduous duty of aimy life and the swamps surrounding the cradle of the rebellion. The malarial fever in time prostrated him, which was followed in turn by the typhoid, and so prostrated his otherwise vigorous constitu- tion that, in accordance with the advice of his physicians, he was again compelled 1:0 resign from the army, much against his wishes. Returning to the North, he recuperated sufficiently to enable him to resume his studies once more, and graduated at Yaie College. He was afterwards ap- pointed a professor in the Albany Academy, where he remained for three years, and then accepted a professorship in St. John's College, Annapolis, Maryland. He passed about eighteen months in that institution, when he accepted a call to the Slate University, at Champaign, Illinois, where he also filled the chair as professor. In 1S6S, through ihe influence of Professor David Murray, who had made his acquaintance at the Albany Academy, and knew his capacity as an instructor, he was invited to become a professor in Rutgers College, New Brunswick. After much persuasion on the part of his Eastern friends and opposition from his Western associates, he finally accepted the position in Rutgers as Professor of History, Political Economy and Constitutional Law. This was a new chair in the institu- tion, and it is almost needless to say that he has filled it to the entire satisfaction of the trustees, faculty and students of the college. He has not only perfomied the duties in- cident to that particular chair, but has been active in all that pertains to the welfare of the institution. He has been repeatedly invited to return to institutions with which he has formerly been connected, besides being oflfered the Presidency of the Howard and one or more other universi- ties, all of which he has declined, as the duties of his present position are congenial to his mind, besides being otherwise satisfactory to him. In the year 1875 charges of fraud were made in regard to the administration of affaire at the Red Cloud Indian Agency, in Dakota, and three commissioners were appointed by President Grant and three others by the Board of Indian Commissioners to investigate matters. Several distinguished men of both political parties were members of this commission, and among them was Pro- fessor Atherton. The commission paid a personal visit to the Red Cloud Agency, and several posts in the North- west which had transactions with it, and made a thorough investigation of all matters connected therewith. A full and exhaustive report, accompanied by the sworn testimony taken in the case, was made and published, filling a large volume. The commission found various abuses existing, which they detailed, and pointed out by name the pei'sons who were incompetent and guilty, and recommended their discharge from the government service. Some of the more serious were not found to be substantiated by the facts, and corresponding recommendations were made. The report was laid bcfoie the Folly-fourth Congress, at its first session, for examination, and Hon. C. J. Faulkner, of Virginia, a member of the opposition, and one of the commissioners, went before the Committee on Indian Affairs and chal- lenged them to go over the work again. The labors of the commission and the report cannot be assailed, as no other commission can go over the work again without arriving at the same conclusions. A large portion of the labor of this commission was performed by Professor Atherton, and the result arrived at as well as the report itself are a sufficient proof of his capabilities and his entire fairness. In all edu- cational matters outside of his college he has been an BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. the summer of »S7 S6l. Then he w.is detailed for special duly at a school of instruction for volunteers in Oliio. .So well did he acquit himself in this sphere that he was offered the Colonelcy of the 65th Ohio Regiment, and the per- mission necessary for its acceptance was given by the Secre- tary of War. About the same time he was iiromoted to be Captain in the regular army. On assuming command of the 65111 he joined General Buell's Army of the Ohio, and assisted in constructing the military road in eastern Kentucky; participated in the battle of Shiloh and siege of Corinth, and commanded a brigade of the force that drove Bragg beyond the boundaries of Kentucky. Subse- earnest and active laborer. He is a member of several quently, with his brigade, he was attached to General Rose- educational societies, national and State; has participated [ crans' Army of the Cumberland, and distinguished himself so remarkably at the b.attle of Stone River that his superior officer recommended his promotion to a Brigadier-General- ship; this recommendation was, however, not then complied with. At the close of the campaign he was granted leave of absence for twenty days, and devoted this period of rest to a visit to his home in New Jersey. To his friends he expressed an earnest desire to take service with the troops of his native State, of whose achievements on behalf of the national cause in the field and in the council chamber he displayed great pride. He would not consent, however, that any efforts should be put forth by his friends to have him promoted and transferred, preferring to sink his per- sonal wishes and to do his duty cheerfully in whatever position he might be employed. His short leave, and it was the only one he obtained during the war, expired, he re- joined his brigade, assuming command as ranking Colonel, and participated in all the operations of the Tennessee cam- paign. At Chickamauga he made himself a brilliant record under General Thomas, and received credit as largely instrumental with that officer in saving the army. At the critical moment of the conflict his command, sustained in magnificent morale by his coolness and soldierly bearing, stood immovable, and repelled, though with heavy loss, every assault of the enemy. The qu.alities displayed by the young commander in this battle are described by an eye- witness as of the very highest order, as positively heroic. While he did not .spare himself in the slightest degree, and had two horses shot under him, he escaped all personal in- jury, seeming to bear a charmed life. Upon this engage- ment followed a second and far stronger recommendation for his promotion, and this time the voice of his superior officers could not be disregarded, he received his commis- sion as Brigadier, to date from the battle of Chickamauga. He was eng.aged in the battles of Mission Ridge and Resaca, on May 7th and 14th respectively, and in each he had a horse shot under him and sustained slight wounds. Writing to a friend after the latter fight, while on the march, near Kingston, Georgia, May 22d, 1864, he says: "You are aware that the great Southwestern campaign under General Sherman is in progress. Thus far we have had several quite severe engagements, in which we have been in several prominent discussions, and has delivered several addresses of great interest and value. He has likewise bestowed much attention on common school matters, and is a warm supporter of the common school system of New Jersey, thereby sympathizing with the masses in all that con- cerns their welfare. Since his residence in New Brunswick he h.as been active in every good work that has enlisted the sympathies of the citizens, and is universally respected by all classes of his fellow-townsmen. In the autumn of 1876 he was nominated by the Republican party of the Third Congressional District as their candid.ate for Representative in the popular branch of the Federal Legislature, and was unanimously indorsed not only by the partisan press of the district but by other journals in distant parts of the country where he had resided. It is a matter of regret that so able a man should have been defeated in the election of No- vember, 1S76, and, aside from partisan views, that one so thoroughly competent for the position should have lost the battle. ;ARKER, CHARLES G., Brigadier-General, was born at Swedesboro, Gloucester county. New Jersey, in '1S35. At an eariy age he was left an orphan, his father and mother following each other to the grave at a short interval. Some of the friends of the family and a few influential gentlemen took the lad's case in hand and obtained for him an appointment to a vacancy in West Point Military Acad- emy. In this institution he remained for four years, beincr graduated with distinction in 1858. The class of that year was examined by a Board of Visitors, of which General Robert Anderson was a member. That distinguished officer was much attracted by the bearing and attainments of young Harker, and declared him to be a model of a soldier, and one who would distinguish himself should opportunity offer. He entered the United States army as a Brevet Second Lieutenant of the 2d Infantry, July 1st, 185S, and on August I5ih of the same year was promoted to a full Second Lieu- tenancy. At that lime the regiment was engaged on frontier duty ; he at once joined it, and served in the command until IS8 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. enlirely victorious. In the battle of Resaca, on the 14th instant, I was wounded, though not dangerously. I w struck on the leg by a shell, which exploded immediately after passing me, wounding General Manson and killin my own horse and that of one of my orderlies. It was quite a narrow escape for me. My leg, though slightly cut and painfully bruised, is doing well. I did not leave the field, though unable to exercise full command, for about thirty- six hours. You and my family will be glad to learn that I can walk and ride very well now. I am able to discharge all my duties, and hope to be able to conduct my brave little command, which has so nobly stood by me in so many severe engagements, through the great struggle, or perhaps series of struggles, which will doubtless ensue before the fall of Atlanta. The result of the great battle before us cannot be doubted, though all of us cannot hope to witness the great triumph which must crown the efforts of our mag- nificent army." These last words would seem almost to have come to his mind in premonition of his own fate, so soon after did he fall while in the full tide of effort to pro- mote the great triumph of which he then wrote. On June 27lh, 1864, General Sherman's army assaulted the position of the enemy on Kenesaw mountain ; General Harker com- manded a leading column in the assault, and, while other generals were mostly dismounted, bestrode his charger, the better to manage his force. Advancing under the full range of the rebel fire, he became an especial target for the sharp- shooters. All heedless of this danger, he rode gallantly hither and thither stimulating his men, until mortally ■wounded. He was carried to the rear, and soon expired, his last words being: "Have we taken the mountain?" Later on, his body was removed to New Jersey and buried in the neighborhood where he passed his early life. Of truly noble personal character, and possessed of a courage and gallantry springing from a rare sense of duty and love of countiy, he was also a soldier of the highest skill and ability. He was much beloved by his associates and the men of his command, over whom he exerted a powerful influence for good. |: ILLIAMSON, NICHOLAS, A. M., M. D., Physi- cian, of New Brunswick, was bom, March 9th, 1845, in the city of New York, and is a son of Nicholas and Mary R. (Burlock) Williamson. His father was a native of the State of New York, and for many years was president of the Novelty Rubber Company, of New Brunswick; his mother was born in the island of St. Croix, West Indies. He was pre- ]>ared at the select school of Professor Gustavus Fischer, in New Brunswick, for Rutgers College, which he entered in June, 1862. But in the autumn of that year he removed to New York, and became a clerk in the Novelty Rubber Company. At the em! of three years he was elected the Secretary of the company, which position he still holds. In 1S69 he commenced his medical studies in New Bruns- wick under the precep'torship of Dr. H. R. Baldwin, and attended one course of lectures at the New York University, and subsequently two complete courses at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in that city, receiving a degree from the university in 1S71, and his diploma from the Col- lege of Physicians and Surgeons in 1872. He commenced the practice of medicine with his preceptor. Dr. Baldwin, in May, 1871, with whom he was associated for five years. He is a member of the Middlesex County Medical Society, and was its President in 1876. During the same year he was the delegate from that body to the New Jersey Stale Medical Society. In M.iy, 1S75, he was appointed City Physician, and reappointed in 1876. He was married, Apjil gth, 1S74, to Sarah, daughter of Professor George H. Cook, State Geologist. ALKACII, EDWARD, Sr., Refiner of Precious Metals, of Newark, was born in Baden, Ger- many, March 19th, 1S04. His early studies embraced chemistry, for which he evinced a special fondness, and on growing to manhood he became a refiner of precious metals. This business he prosecuted with moderate success in his native city for a number of years, but the control exercised by European governments over the refinement of ores tram- melled the business and prevented its being largely extended. Moreover, Edward Balbach was strongly repub- lican in his views and principles, and for a long time enter- tained the thought of removing to America. In 1S48, when he was forty-four years of age, this idea became a fixed purpose, and he came to this countiy on a prospecting tour. He was not influenced by the wild stories of great gold discoveries in California, which were beginning to be heard ; he thought only of transplanting his business just as he had conducted it at home. With this purpose in view, he was more favorably impressed with Newark, New Jersey, than any other place he visited. Newark was then a city of 35,000 inhabitants, and the manufacture of jewelry was a leading interest. The " sweepings " of the jewelry estab- lishments he ascertained were purchased by speculators, who sent them to Europe to be smelted. The smelting of these sweepings would be a largely remunerative business ; he could purchase property cheaply in Newark ; the city itself was practically, for his business, a suburb of New York, and it was also convenient to the trade of Philadelphia and Baltimore ; and, moreover, the Newark manufacturers would gkadly welcome a skilled ^nd reliable man among them, who would rescue them from the spoiling of the specu- lators. He determined to locate himself in Newark, but hardly had he so decided when he received news that his brother and his brother's wife had both fallen victims to an epidemic, leaving eight orphan children. With character- istic generosity, he at once returned to Europe and adopted r ^ ^f^ ^^:>^ ^y^ BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. 159 these eight chililren as his own. Having clone this he came back to Newaik, and there, in 1S50, erected the first building of what are now the extensive smelling works that have become so famous. He commenced the smelting of jewelers' sweepings. His was the only establi^hment of the kind in the country; he speedily won the confidence of the trade, and his business grew with great rapidity. His reputation extended, and he received consignments from New York, Philadelphia and other cities. His machinery and buildings had to be increased. Then oilier demands were made upon his skill and resources; lead from a new mine in New York, and from an old mine reopened in Penn- sylvania was sent to him to be smelted. His reputation extended to foreign I.mds, and in 1S61 he received a con- signment of silver-bearing lead from Mexico. This estab- lished a connection which still continues. The treating of these silver-bearing leads involved the necessity for a more rapid process of desilverizing or separating the silver from the base metals. This new process was devised by Edward' Ualbach, Jr., a young man of twenty-one, who had long been employed in his father's establishment, and who was at once admitted to partnership. The new process was jiitenled in 1S64, and soon became universally known as " ISalbach's desilverizing process." It speedily came into general use, and yielded large revenues. The discovery of the great Nevada mine brought so great an increase of busi- ness to the Newark establishment that new wharves for the storage of coal and the shipment of products, and new build- ings and furnaces for the treatment of ores, were required , these wants were promptly met, and since that time the fires of the great estab'ishment have never been permitted to die out by day or night. Much of the silver ore which conies to Newark is what is known as "refractory," or "base metal," that is, carrying too large a quantity of lead to be amalgamated with quicksilver. This is melted into pig- metal, and from these pigs of base metal Messrs. Balbach & Son extract gold, silver, copper, antimony, nickel and other substances, until there is nothing left but slag and ashes. V.ast shipments have been made to the firm through the agency of the Bank of California, and great consignments have come from the mines of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Montana, Idaho, Arizona and Lower California. Fre- quently also shipments are received from Mexico and South America. Some of these latter ores are very rich, and one lot of five tons from Mexico yielded 29,cxx) ounces of silver, or more than $6000 to the ton. The Canadian " Silver Islet " mine, of Lake Superior, has sent a great deal of ore to the establishment. The firm also receive large amounts of crude silver bars for separation, as this is the only private concern in the country where this work is done. In short, Messrs. Balbach & Son do the same close work as the government mints and assay offices, and much that the latter have not the facilities for doing. Within the last two or three years a new business h.as been opened up here, being the preparation of that perfectly pure lead used in the manu- facture of white-lead. Heretofore this has all been imported from Europe. During the year ending October 1st, 1875, the total value of the products turned out by Messrs. Bal- bach & Son was 52,890,931.26. For the fiscal year ending June 30th, rS75, the total amount of domestic gold and silver deposited at the Philadelphia Mint was $2,123,711.39. The private smelting establishment has surpassed the parent mint of the government ; and notwithstanding all these grand operations, the firm continue to work as faithfully as ever at the sweepings of the jewelry establishments. It is need- less to speak of the absolute and unblemished integrity with which the business of the house is conducted. ^Vithout the perfect and unquestioning confidence which such integrity inspires their business would be an impossibility. As it is, the bars of silver and gold bearing their stamp pass as cur- rent upon Wall street as those of the mint. Edward Bal- bach, Sr., although he has passed the limit of three score years and ten, is still an active and energetic man, with ihe prospect before him of being permitted to give still more years of attention to the great business which his enterprise founded and his prudent care and skill developed. ^"^ J^ (W- AT.BACH, EDWARD, Jr., Chemist. Inventor and Refiner of Precious Metals, of Newark, was born in 1S42, He is of German birth and parentage, his father, Edward Balbach, .Sr., being a nali\e of Baden. He was an earnest scientific student in his youth, and by the time he had reached the age of twenty-one he was an accomplished chemist. He was employed in his father's smelting works in Newark, and about the time mentioned large quantities of silver- bearing lead were being sent to the works to have the pre- cious metal separated from the base. This process by the old methods was a slow, tedious and wasteful one, and he commenced a series of elaborate experiments to devise some process in which these objections should disappear. The result was a most valuable in\'enlion, known as " Balbach's desilverizing process," which has come into uni\'ersal use and has brought rich revenues and a world-wide reputation to the house of Balbach & .Son. Under the old process the whole volume of lead containing gold or silver had to be " cupelled," or oxidized into " litharge," a slow and laborious work, involving great loss of lead. By the new process the lead containing the precious metals is first melted with a sufficient quantity of zinc to take up the gold or silver present, those metals having a greater affinity for zinc than for le.ad. The melted mass is then poured into moulds of proper size and allowed to cool. These prepared masses are then placed in a furnace with an inclined hearth, and heated to a degree just sufficient to melt the lead with- out melting the other metals, the melted lead being drawn off into kettles. This lead contains no particle of gold or silver, although it still bears traces of zinc, and must be still i6o EIOGRAPIIICAL EN'CVCLOr.EDIA. fuiilicr treated liefoie it becomes pure lead. The mass re- niarning in tiie furnace consists of zinc, gold and silver, with a small portion of lead remaining. The mass is placed in l)lack-lead retorts, and freed from zinc by distillation. This leaves again a mass of lead, gold and silver, but the precious metals which were before distributed throughout a ton of lead are now distributed through only sixty pounds. To this mass of sixty pounds of base metal the old process of cupelling is now applied, and the pure gold and silvei obtained. Through this process the establishment of Messrs. Balbach & Son is enabled to smelt twenty-five tons of ore in one day, and to desilverize seventy-five tons of bullion. Eresented with a ser- vice of silver, the inscription testifying that the gift was bestowed " as a token of regard for intrepid and disinter- ested services." In the meantime Dr. Taylor had attained a very extended private practice and achieved recognition as a man already eminent in his profession. His arduous and unceasing labors told inevitably upon his health, and at length, in the year 183S, in consequence of impaired strength, he temporarily relinquished the practice of his profession, and removed from Philadelphia to Fontaintown, Pennsylvania. He remained there until 1841, when he re- moved to Caldwell, Essex county, New Jersey, and in 1844. he took up his residence in Camden. In the meantime he had resumed practice with the recovery of his strength, and in Camden his medical career was, from the first, one of great success and distinction, and he very soon possessed a very large share of the practice of the city and vicinity. He continued actively engaged in the work of his profes- sion until about a year before his death, when, owing to his rapidly failing strength, he was obliged to relinquish his practice entirely. His fatal illness commenced with a se- vere attack of pneumonia early in the winter of 1864. The effects of this attack were manifested in a rapidly developed dise.ise of the lungs, which resisted all efforts to check it, and resulted in his death, September Sth, 1869. Added to his eminent qualities as a professional man, Dr. Taylor possessed rare personal characteristics which won for him not only the I'espect and esteem, but the warm affection of all who came within his acquaintance. He was for many years a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Camden, and was known as a consistent Christian gentle- man. Beside the regular routine work of his practice, his general labors in the line of his profession were various BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. i6i and exacting. He was an active member of the Camden County Medical Society from the time of its organization ; acted as Vice-President of the body through many succes- sive terms, and prepared and delivered numerous addresses before the society. In 1S52 he was the President of the State Medical Society, and consequently a Fellow of the same till his death. Moreover he was the author of many exhaustive treatises oii medical subjects, published in various leading medical periodicals. In 1832, the year in which he so distinguished himself during the cholera visita- tion, Dr. Taylor married Evelina C. Burrough, of Glouces- ter county. New Jeiacy. 'o) §% INSEY, CHARLES, Lawyer, of Burlington, New Jersey, w-as a son of Chief-Justice Kinsey. He studied law with William Griffith, Esq., at said place, and after being admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court, opened his office there and con- tinued to practise his profession until he was ap- pointed Surrogate of the County of Burlington, when he removed to the county-town. Mount Holly. After his term of office expired he returned to Burlington, resuming prac- tice there until he died. He was a conscientious, well- read lawyer, and was noted for the purity of his life and character. IvSrCK, REV. JOHN F., D. D., of Somerville, was born in the Stale of New York, June 28th, 1813, and when he was about two years of age his father removed to Catskill. The Mesick family are of old German origin, the first of the name having settled in the town of Claverac in 1719. The father of John Mesick was Peter Mesick, a merchant. At a proper age John attended the classical academy at Catskill, his teacher being the Rev. Carlos .Smith, an eminent Greek and Latin scholar. In 183 1 he became a communi- cant of the Reformed Dutch Church at Catskill, then under charge of the Rev. Dr. WykolT; during the same year he entered Rutgers College, graduating with the class of 1834, and numbering among his classmates Dr. Chambers, of New York. Immediately after leaving college he entered the theological seminary, where he was graduated July 5th, 1S37. The same year he was ordained and in- stalled pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church of Rochester, New York, remaining there until December 17th, 1840, when he became pastor of the German Reformed Salem Church, of Ilarrisburg, Pennsylvania. In 1 85 5 he accepted a call to the Second Reformed Church of Somerville, New Jersey, of which he took ministerial charge February 15th of the same year, and where he still officiates. Under his efficient leadership this church has greatly prospered, hav- -m ing almost doubled its membership, built a chapel, and en- larged the church edifice at a cost of several thousand dol- lars. He was married, September 5tli, 1839, to Jane Perrine, daughter of Dr. William Perrine, of Philadelpliia. His eldest son, William, is a graduate of Rutgers and is practising law in Philadelphia; he was first admitted to the New Jersey bar, anTl afterward prepared himself with lb>n. F. C. Brewster for the Pennsylvania bar. JOPER, REDMAN, Merchant and Imp..rlcr, ,,, II was born, January 1st, 1818, at Mantua Creek, about four miles below Woodbury, New Je)sc-y. He is of the seventh generation, in line, from English ancestors, William and Margaret Cooper, of Coleshill, | ari^h of Amershnm, Hertford county, England, wdio came to America in 1679. They were members of the Society of F'riends. A certificate to visit and settle in the new world was granted them by their Meeting on December 5th, 1678. After arrival, for a short time, they resided in Burlington. In 1682 they removed to Pyne Point, now Cooper's Point, so called from Willian) Cooper, at one time the largest land-holder in New Jerac-y, owning two miles down the Delaware river, and two milt-s up Cooper's creek, on the south side. Redman is the son of David Cooper. He received a fair education in the schools at Haddonfield and Woodbury, and im]iroved to the utmost what advantages were offered. On September 24lh, 1834, he moved to Pliiladelphia, and obtained a posi- tion in the store of Isaac Barton & Co., on Second street, at that time one of the largest retail stores, of dress good;, in the city. Desirous of further knowledge, he gave all his spare lime to reading. After coming of age he remained with Barton & Co., in the capacity of clerk, until 1S47, when, with a limited capital of about S700, he started in business on his own account, purchasing a part of the inter- est held by his brother in the firm. In the year 185 1 the nature of the business was changed, the house confining it- self to shoe-stufls, upholsteros' and carriage. manufacturers' goods, and a few years later dropping other branches in order to make a specialty of shoe-stuffs. On January ivt, 1867, the senior retired from active business, the firm then changing to Armstrong, Wilkins & Co. They are now the largest importers and jobbers of leather and general shoe goods in the United States, their sales amounting to from one to one and a quarter million of dollai^s per annum. The subject of this sketch is the senior partner of the firm, as well as its general financial manager. The extended operations in which it is constantly engaged, in supplying the markets of this counliy by importations from al)road,are under his care, and the excellent reputation wdiich it sus- tains in European markets, as well as in this country, is largely owing to the weight of his personal character. Prior to the consolidation of the city of Philadelpljla, he 1 62 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^JDIA. resided in what was known as " Chcitnut Ward," and in ils afTairs was always active and influential, identifying himself with the " Henry Clay Whig" parly. Mis beslcffurls were ever exerted for tlie advancement of Philadelphia in growth and influence, every movement tending in that direction finding in him an earnest upholder ajid advocate. When the question of the city subscribing to the stock of the Pennsylvania Railroad arose, he was deeply interested, and well understood the importance of supporting the road. His political influence was employed in behalf only of those pledged to its support, and by the aid of such men as he, the road was brought into successful operation. Some twenty-five years ago he removed from " Chestnut Ward," and since that date has t.iken no part in politics except to vote for those whom he thought would best serve the in- terests of the community at large. November 1st, 1S49. he was married to the daughter of Joseph Cowperthwait, for- merly cashier in the United States Bank. [ROWN, ABRAHAM, Lawyer, of Mount Holly, New Jersey, was born at Recklesstown, Burling- ton county. His education was acquired at a classical school kept many yeai-s ago at Borden- town by Burgess Allison. After completing his education he commenced the study of law, and on receiving his license to practise he removed to Mount Holly, where he resided until his death. Soon after his removal there he was appointed Surrogate of the county, which office he held by reappointment for a continuous pe- riod of seventeen years. He was a profound lawyer, and a wi^e counsellor, a man of great integrity of character, and ex^Tcised a widespread influence in his native county. He was one of the original Directoi-s of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, and held the same when he died. °" 'OWENHOVEX, H(.)X. CH.\RLES T., Lawyer, and ex-Judge, of New Brunswick, was born in that city, December 1st, 1844. The family origi- nally came from Holland in the latter part of the sixteenth century, and were people of large pos- sessions. His father, Nicholas R. Cowenhoven, W.1S born on Long Island, while his mother, Annie Rapple- yca, was a native of New Jersey. The advantages of a good education were afllirded him. At first he attended the select schools of New Brunswick; subsequently he entered Rutgers College, matricidating in 1S58, and being graduated in 1862. He then began the study of law, having deter- mined upon adopting the legal profession. His studies were conducted in the oflice and under the supervision of A. V. Schenck, Esq., in New Brunswick. In due course he was licensed as an attorney in 1865, and as counsellor in '(a" June, 1869. During the last-named year the office of Law Judge for the County of Middlesex was created by act of the Legislature, and he was appointed to fill the position. For a period of five years thereafter he sat upon the bench, and discharged the various functions of his office with marked ability. Indeed, during that time not a single de- cision of the many given was ever appealed. Further tes- timony to his quality as a judge is superfluous. This record is the more remarkable inasmuch as he was in all jirobability ihe youngest judge who ever sat on the bench in the State. In this position he was the Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, Orphans' Court, and Court of Quarter Ses- sions. At the expiration of his term he returned to private practice, in which he has been very successful. In Decem- ber, 1870, he was married to Ella A., daughter of Henry Towie, of New Brunswick. OTT, REV. GEORGE SCUDDER, D. D., of Fleniinglon, was born, November 25lh, 1S29, in the city of New York, where the family had re- sided for several generations. His father was Lawrence .S. Molt, and his mother's maiden name was Vail. One of his ancestore had to flee from the city of New York on its occupation by the British; another was killed at, the Indian battle of Mini- sink. George prepared for college at a private school in his native city, entered the sophomore class of the Uni- versity of New York in 1847, and graduated in 1850, taking fourth honor. Among his classmates were Vaughn Abbott, Esq., of New York city. Prof. H. H. Baird, and the Rev. D. Zabriskie, of the Congregational Church. Entering Princeton Theological Seminary in the autumn of 1850, he graduated in 1853. During the same year he ac- cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church of Rahway, New Jersey, and remained five years. He was then called to the Presbyterian Church, at Newton, New Jersey, where he continued for nine years. In 1S69 Dr. Mott removed to Flemington, New Jersey, having con- sented to take charge of the Presbyterian Church of that place, and there he still resides. In 1S73 he was elected Professor of Sacred Rhetoric in Lincoln University, Penn- sylvania, but declined the proffered position. In 1S74 Princeton College conferred on him the degree of D. D. He has written several valuable books, among which — pub- lished by the American Tract Society — may be named the " Perfect Law," which has been translated into Spanish and Portuguese; also a tract, " Holding on to Christ " — of this over two hundred thousand copies have been printed. The Presbyterian Board of Publication has published of his works, "The Prodigal Son," and several tracts, viz.: " Gaming and Gambling," " There is no Passing," " Eat- ing and Drinking Unworthily," " Nurse Them at Home." A book entitled " Resurrection of the Dead " has been pub- EIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. >f>3 lished for him by RanJolph. These eft'orls evince much thought and depth of reasoning, and are of a high order of literary merit. In 1854 he was married to Isabella, daugh- ter of John Acken, Esq., of New Brunswick, New Jersey, lie is a fervent and zealous pastor, as well as one of the ablest workers in the field of didactic Christian liler.iture, as may readily be inferred from the practical characier of the titles of his productions above mentioned. |II.\.RO, HON. JOSEPH W., Merchant and State Stnalor, Inle of Tuckerton, was born, March I4ih, rSij, in that town, and was a son of the late Timothy Pharo, whose biographical sketch will be found elsewhere in this volume. He re- ceived an excellent education, partly at the cele- brated Friends' school at Westtown, Chester county, Penn- sylvania, and partly at the equally excellent academy of John Gummere, in Burlington, New Jersey. When he was nineteen years of age, his father placed him in his store, devolving the principal care and management of the busi- ness upon him. He remained there until 1840, when he went to New York city, and entered into the wholesale dry- goods jobbing business with George Barnes, the firm being known for several years as Barnes & Pharo. This business soon became a very large one, the sales extensive; and during the first ten years of this partnership, the junior mem- ber of the house travelled extensively through the Western States, chiefly on business connected with the firm. After the death of his father, he dissolved his connection with the firm in New York, and returning, in the spring of 1S57, to his native town, he erected there a commodious and tasteful residence, and adorned its surroundings with useful and or- namental gardens and shrubbery. He now entered into business with his brother, A. R. Pharo, constituting the firm of J. & A. R. Pharo, carrying on an extensive general trade in stores, mills, lumber, wood, coal, ship-building, agricul- ture, etc., etc. They were also largely interested in the coasting trade, and probably represented a larger interest in coasting vessels than any other family in the State. His talents for business were of the highest order. Few men possessed the comprehensive grasp of mind to survey so readily all the advantages and difficulties bearing upon any subject to which his powers were directed, and none per- haps arrived more quickly at a judicious and correct con- clusion. For this reason his judgment and advice were uni- versally sought by the community for several miles around his residence, and to all who came to him for this purpose, he was the safe, judicious and valuable counsellor, the im- partial, just and reliable arbiter. His success in business was but the natural consequence of his industry, his a|ipli- cation to, and his superior capacity for, it. He seemed to find his greatest pleasure in the executive management and direction of a large business; and the accumulation of wealth was with him but the result of commendable employ- ment, and not a sordid pursuit. In the fall of 1861 he was elected State Senator from Burlington county by a very popular vote. His legislative career, though of short dura- tion, was promising and satisfactory. He occupied a prom- inent position on several important committees, and was one of the special committee of the Senate to meet the govern- ors of Pennsylvania, New Jersey and Delaware, willi a joint committee from the Legislature of each of iIksc Slates, to consult relative to the coast defences. His illness prevented him from being present at the meeting of this committee, much to his regret. He was, in religious opinion and belief, a member of the Society of Friends; having a birtliright in that society, and thoroughly educated in their princijiles, he always properly conformed to their discipline and worship. He was strictly moral in deed and word, regular, exact and systematic in his habits, scrupu- lously neat and particular in his personal appearance, and guarded in his language and expression. He embodied in a high degree the character of a pure, high-minded gentle- man. His education was liberal, his principles sound, hisjudgnient vigorous, prompt and discriminating, his mind was well stored with valuable and diversified information, and combined with a calculating, comprehensive business tact were high integrity of purpose and honesty of principle. His popularity in his neighborhood was universal. To the poor, the needy and the destitute, his hand was ever open, and his heart ready to respond to the voice of distress. He was their charitable donor and their sympathizing benefac- toi-. To his relatives and intimate acquaintances he was the warm hearted, genial and cheerful companion and faith- ful friend ; and to all around he was the dignified gentle- man, the generous neighbor, and the honest man. He was manied in December, 1839, to Beulah H., a daughter of Benjamin Oliphant, of Mannahawkin. He died at his resi- dence in Tuckerton, April l6th 1S62. <^' ANNON, REV. JAMES SPENCER, D. D.,S. T. P., was born in the city of New York, and was placed, when a small boy, by his father, in the family of Colonel Elias Brevoort, at Hackensack, New Jersey, to be educated. Shortly after this his father was lost at sea in his own vessel, and by his death his son was left an orphan. Colonel Brevoorl, who was an officer of the Revolution, adopted the child as his own, and had him thoroughly educated at the classical academy of Dr. Peter Wilson, at Hackensack. At the age of sixteen he united himself to the Reformed Dutch Church, at the latter place, and shortly after commenced his theo- logical studies under Dr. Jacob Freligh. At the age of twentv-one he was ordained as a minister of said church, 164 BIOGIiAriTICAL ENCVCLOr.€DIA. and shortly after, having married one of the daughters of Colonel Brevoort, was called to the Dutch Reformed Church at Six Mile Run, in Somerset county, near New Brunswick, and continued there as the pastor of that large congregation, ministering to them with great fidelity ami acceptance for twenty-five years, until he was elected by the General Synod of that church to the Professorship of Pastoral Theology in their seminary at New Brunswick ; here he discharged for thirty years, and until his death, which occurred in 1852, not only his duties in this station, but also the duties of Professor of Metaphysics and Phil- osophy :n Rutgers College, in the same city, to which he had been elected by the Trustees of that institution. He died, lamented and belovecl by all who ever knew him. As a teacher he was eminent and successful ; as a preacher he w.as attractive and eloquent; as a Christian and a man he was a model in all respects. After his death his " Lectures on Pastoral Theology" were published by Scribuer & Co., of New York, in a large volume, which is regarded every- where as a standard work in this department of theology. ARD, HON. MARCUS L., ex-Governor of New Jersey, was born, November glh, 1812, in the city of Newark, where his paternal ancestors have resided since 1666. The Wards are of English stock, and Joyce Ward, widow of Stephen Ward, with four children, originally settled in Connecticut. Her son, John Ward, was among the thirty families who origin.illy settled the shore of the Passaic, and laid, in the present city of Newark, the foundations of a prosperous community. His son, of the same name, who accompanied his father to the new settlement, was shortly after married to Abigail Kitchell, the granddaughter of the Rev. Abraham Pierson, the pious and eloquent p.astor and teacher of the emigrants, in honor of whose birthplace the name of Newark was given to the settlement. From this stock Governor Ward is descended, and it is not too much to say that during seven generations this family have been distinguished by the highest qualities of integrity and per- sonal honor. In early life Governor Ward entered injo trade, and soon became connected with the financial insti- tutions and public enterprises of the city. Their success and wise management have been measurably due to the prudence and judgment which such men have uni- formly exhibited, and Newark is especially noted for the strength of its financial institutions. Slow in growth, until a recent period, it has ever maintained some of the charac- teristics of its Purit.in settlers, and this has been manifested in its banks, its insurance companies, its schools, and even in its conservative government. During his business life Governor Ward gained, and h.as ever since m.iintained, that reputation for honesty, integrity and prudence which lies at the base of his character. This confidence he has retained | through the passage of years, the virulence of party warfare, and through the strongest test, that of public position and administrative responsibility. Governor Ward's political associations were with the Whig parly, but he was among the earliest to recognize the necessity of a stronger organi- zation to curb the growing domination of the South. He supported Fremont and Dayton in the Presidential cam- paign of 1S56, but his attention was not seriously drawn to political subjects until the summer of 185S. In that year the exciting contest between slavery and freedom called him to Kansas, and while there he fully saw and appreci- ated the importance of the struggle going on in that terri- tory. He gave while there his prudent counsel and his liberal contributions to the Free State party, and on his return to New Jersey he engaged warmly in the work of rousing public attenticm to the pending issue. At a time when parly spirit was at its height, his representations were received with the confidence which his character always inspired. He was deeply interested in the political contest of the ensuing autumn, and none rejoiced more sincerely over the result in New Jersey which secured a United States Senator and an unbroken delegation in the House of Representatives against the Lecompton fraud. In i860 the growing political influence of Governor Ward began to be felt and acknowledged, and he was unanimously chosen a delegate to the National Republican Convention, the proceedings of which culminated in the nomination of Abraham Lincoln. In the contest which ensued he bore his full part, and when the result was reached he felt anq^ly repaid for all his exertions. He neither challenged nor sought to avoid the consequences of that success. . When the signal was given for that revolt which had long been preparing in the Southern States, it found him ready for any services or sacrifices which were necessary to defend the right. He was neither discouraged by defeats nor un- duly elated with transient successes, but his efforts were directed to one end, the preservation of the Union. At the outbreak of hostilities he led in the call for a public meeting to sustain the government. As the struggle increased in importance, and drew into the ranks of the patriot army regiment after regiment of New Jersey troops, Governor Ward saw the absolute necessity of sustaining the families of the volunteers during their absence. Alone and unaided he devised and carried out that .system of relief the advan- tages of which were felt in every county of the State. The pay of the volunteer was collected at the camp and passed over to the wifcand children at home; if killed or wounded, the pension w.is secured; and this continued until after the clo.se of the war, without a charge of any nature upon these sacred funds. Hundreds and thousands of families were preserved from want and suffering by this wise and con- siderate scheme, .and of all the means devised to sustain the .State none w.as more potent than this. But his active exertions did not terminate here. It was through his efforts and influence wiih ihc genera! government that a hospital ^/>^^<^ xz ElOGUAnilCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. .65 for sick and woiiiideJ soldiers was established in Newark, and in view o( his loyal action his name was bestowed upon it. " Ward's Hospital " became known as one of the best controlled institutions of the kind in the country. His sani- tary arrangements were fully appreciated. These constant and unwearied services brought Governor Ward into im- mediate contact with Mr. Lincoln and his cabinet, by whom he was ever regarded as entitled to the highest consider- ation. In 1862, so .strongly did his services impress the Republicans of the State, he was unanimously nominated for Governor ; but in the absence of so large a portion of the loyal voters, and in the deep depression of that memorable year, he was defeated. This did not change his unswerving loyalty or affect in any manner his constant and unwearied labors for the right. In 1864 he was a delegate at large to the National Republican Convention, at Baltimore, which renominated Mr. Lincoln, and in the ensuing election he was placed on the Republican ticket as a Senatorial elector. The close of the war and the defeat of the rebellion was to him asource of unmi.\ed gratification, and it brought to him a strong personal popularity, evinced upon every occasion. As regiment after regiment of the soldiers returned to their native State they manifested their appreciation of his loyal conduct and services, and even political opponents admitted his sincerity and patriotism. This was to him the happiest period of his life. In 1S65 he again received the Republi- can nomination for Governor, and after an unusually excit- ing contest he was elected by a large m.ajority. His admin- istration was one of the liest New Jersey has ever known. His executive ability was fully demonstrated, and his hon- esty and fidelity were unquestioned. Every department of the public service, so far as his influence could reach it, was economically and faithfully administered. The laws passed by the Legislature were carefully scanned, and pardons for criminal offences were granted only when mercy could be safely united with justice. To his administration New Jersey was deeply indebted for many important measures affecting the interests of the State. The present Public School act was passed upon his strong and urgent repre- sentations, and its advantages have been felt in the increased educational facilities of the Stale, and the more thorough character and development of its schools. The riparian rights of the State were called by him to the attention of the Legislature, and a commission secured through w-hich its large and valuable interests have been protected. His con- stant and persistent representations to the Legislature, in his various messages, of the mismanagement of the .State prison under all political parties, contributed largely to the passage of an act removing it, as far as possible, from par- tisan government, and the result has been large savings to the State. Various other public acts and measures, having an important bearing upon the growth and well-being of the State, were urged and sustained by him, and whenever adopted they were found to have increased its prosperity and development. The close of his administration found him stronger than ever in the confidence of the people of the Stale he had so worthily served. In 1S64 Governor Ward was placed upon the National Republican Commit- tee, and in 1866 he was chosen Chairman. In this capacity he made the preliminary arrangements for the convention, in 1S6S, which nominated General Grant. He took a de- cided part in the campaign which followed, and his services and eflorts were fully acknowledged. During the few suc- ceeding years Governor Ward lived in comparative retire- ment, but was frequently called to duties of a public char- acter. He was the first President of the Newark Industrial Exposition, and by his efforts contributed largely to its success. The " Soldiers' Home," at Newark, was origin- ally established through his exertions, and as one of its managers he has given it to the present hour his constant and unwearied service. It was the first, as it is now the only. State institution of the kind. It seemed natural and proper that the man who during the war had protected the interests and families of the loyal soldier, who had provided him with the care and attendance of a hospital when sick and wounded, should, when the war was over, still secure him, crippled and maimed, the comforts of a " soldiers' home." During the Presidential campaign of 1S72 Gover- nor Ward was nominated for Congress from the Sixth Dis- trict of New Jersey, and wa.s elected by over 5,000 majority. Upon taking his seat in the House of Representatives he was recognized as one of its most valuable members. He was placed on the Committee on Foreign Relations, and on the few occasions on which he addressed the house he commanded attention by the clearness of his reasoning and the thorough honesty of his convictions. In 1S74 Governor Ward was unanimously renominated for Congress by the Republicans of his di^trict, but the condition of the country was unfavorable for success. Financial disaster disturbed all the marts of trade, and the large manufacturing district he represented was most severely affected. Thousands of laborers were unemployed, and the hope that a political change would return prosperity governed their action. The tidal wave which swept over the strongest Republican Stales submerged his district also, although, as usual, he stood the highest on the Republican ticket. The confidence and attachment of the people were never shown more clearly than in the regret and disappointment which this defeat occasioned. After the expiration of his Congres- sional term he w.as tendered by the President the important post of Commissioner of Indian Affairs, but it was declined, while fully appreciating the compliment thereby conveyed. Here this brief record of his life might be closed, but the sketch would be imperfect if reference were not made to some of the peculiar trails which distinguish him. He is not a politician, in the common view, but he is an earnest Republican and a man of the most positive convictions. He is justly popular among all classes, because respect and at- tachment to him are based on his .sterling qualities and "enerous nature. His deeds of considerate charily have 1 66 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. been as numerous as they have been blessed. Many a struggling artist has received from hmi the generous order winch did not degrade, and many a home has been brightened by blessings secured through him. Few men have brought to (heir public duties the conscientiousness ■which characterizes Governor Ward. Every act is governed by that law of justice and of right which will bear the closest scrutiny. Popular in the highest and purest sense of that term, he will not sacrifice his judgment or his con- victions to the caprices of the multitude. He knows how to recognize the difference between generosity and a be trayal of financial trusts. His manners are engaging, but they are the result of the native kindness of heart which characterizes him. His charities have frequently been pur sued for years, unknown to the world, but he chooses his own ways of doing good. When our statesmen shall reach preferment because of the qualities which should command it. when high principle, personal integrity and unquestioned ability are made the basis of public life; when the true shall be preferred to the false, and the substantial to the preten tiuus, such men will constitute the real strength of the State. ALDWIN, MATTHIAS W., Locomotive Engine- builder and founder of the Baldwin Locomotive Works, of Philadelphia, was boni in Elizalieth- town, New Jersey, December loth, 1795. His father, William B.aldwin, was a carriage-maker by trade, and at his death left his family a com- fortable property, which by the mismanagement of the executors was nearly all lost. His widow was thus left to her own exertions for the maintenance of herself and family. To the necessity for economy and self-reliance thus imposed, young Baldwin probably owed the first de- velopment of his inventive genius. From early childhood he exhibited a remarkable fondness for mechanical con- trivances. His toys were taken apart and examined, while he would produce others far superior in mechanism and finish. When sixteen years old he was apprenticed to Woolworth Brothers, jewelry manufacturers, of Frankford, Pennsylvania, and while serving his time he commanded the respect and esteem of both his associates and employers. Having mastered all the details of the business, thus be- coming a finished workman, and having attained his majority, he found employment in the establishment of Fletcher & Gardiner, Philadelphia, who were extensive manufacturers of jewelry. He soon became the most useful man in the shop, his work being delicate in finish and his designs characterized by great originality and beauty. In 1819 he commenced business on his own account; but in consequence of financial difficulties, and the trade becoming depressed, he soon ab.andoned it. His attention was then di.-iwn to the invention of machinery; and one of his first eflbrts in this direction was a machine whereby the process of gold-plating was greatly simplified. He next turned his attention to the manufacture of book binders' tools, to su- persede those which had been, up to that time, of foreign production. He associated himself for this purjiose with Uavid Mason, a competent machinist, and the enterprise was a success. Indeed, so admirable were the quality and finish of the tools, especially as they were of an improved make, that the book trade was soon rendered independent of foreign manufacturers. He next invented the cylinder for printing of calicoes, which had always been previously tlone by hand-presses ; and he revolutionized the entire business. The manufacture of these printing rollers in- creased so greatly that additional accommodations were necessary. Here again he eflTected an improvement, first using horse-power as a substitute for the hand-machinery and foot-lathes, which in its turn gave way to steam- power. The engine purchased for this jiiurpose not meet- ing his wishes, he built one himself, from original drawings of his own. This little engine of six-horse power, and oc- cupying a space of six square feet, is still in use, driving the whole machineiy of the boiler shop in the locomotive works on Broad street, Philadelphia. It is over forty years old. His genius in this respect being soon recognized, he received many orders for the manufacture of stationary engines, and they became his most important article of manufacture. When the first locomotive engine in America, imported by the Camden cS: Amboy Railroad Company, in 1S30, arrived, he examined it carefully and resolved to construct one after his own ideas ; and after urgent requests from Franklin Peale, the proprietor of the Philadelphia Museum, built a miniature engine for exhibition. His only guide in this work consisted of a few imperfect sketches of the one he had examined, aided by descriptions of those in use on the Liverpool & Manchester Railw.ay. He success- fully accomplished the task, and on the 25th of April, 1S31, the miniature locomotive w.as running over a track in the museum rooms, a portion of this track being laid on the floors of the transepts, and the balance passing over trestle work in the naves of the building. Two small cars, hold- ing four persons, were attached to it, and the novelty at- tracted immense crowds. The experiment resulting well, he received an order to construct a road locomotive for the Germantown Railroad. He had great difficulty in procur- ing the necessaiy tools and help. The inventor and the mechanic worked himself on the greater jiart of the entire engine. It was accomplished, finally, and on its trial trip, November 23d, 1S32, proved a success. Some imperfec- tions existed, but these being remedied, it was accejjted by ihe company, and was in use for twenty years thereafter. The smoke-stack was originally constructed of the same diameter from its junction with the fire-box to the top, where it w.as bent at a right angle and carried back, with its opening to the rear of the train. This engine weighed five tons, and w.as sold for $3,50x3. Two years elapsed before he ventured upon building another, as he had seem- BIOGRArmCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. .C7 ingly insurmountable difficuUies to encounter; there were so many improvements to be made, and the lack of skilled labor, and above all of the necessary tools and machinery, was so great, that he almost abandoned the work. In 1S34 he constructed an engine for the South Carolina Railroad, and also one for the Pennsylvania State Line, running from Philadelphia to Columbia. The latter weighed I7,cxx> pounds, and drew at one time nineteen loaded cars. This was such an unprecedented performance that the State Legislature at once ordered several additional ones, and two more were completed and delivered during the same year; and he also constri;ct.-d one for the Philadelphia & Trenton Railroad. In 1835 he built fourteen; in 1836, forty. Then came the terrible financial panic of 1837, which ruined so many houses throughout the land ; he also became embarrassed, but calling his creditors together, he asked and obtained an extension, and subsequently paid every dollar, principal and interest. His success was now assured, and his works became the largest in the United States, perhaps in the world. Engines were shipped to everyquarler of the globe, even to England, where they had been invented — and the name of Baldwin grew as familiar as a household word. He was one of the founders of the Franklin Institute. He was an exemplary Christian, and of a charitable and benevolent disposition. He died, September 7lh, 1S66. -'^iRICK, SAMUEL REEVE, Architect and Civil Engineer, was born, November 1st, 1809, in \Vootown, Salem county. New Jersey. He is of Quaker parentage; the son of Joseph ( Jr.) and Elizabeth (Smith) Brick, and the fifth in the line of descent from John Brick, who as early as l6go sealed at Coliansey, where he purchased extensive tracts of land. For it appears when Joseph Miller resurveyed Samuel Demming's large tract of land on Gravelly run or the southern branch of ,Stoe creek (it being the boundary line between Salem and Cumberland counties at this time), Miller said he was assisted by John Brick and his two sons; and that the difficulty they had to contend with proved more chargeable than he expected it would be to the proprietor. John Brick soon afterwards purchased the whole tract. His son, John Brick, Jr., who was the first President Judge of Common Pleas of Cumberland county. New Jersey, mar- ried, in 1729, Ann Nicholson, of Elsmboro' (who was born November 15th, 1707). They commenced life together at Cohansey, and had eight children. Previous to his death he purchased a large quantity of land lying on the south side of AUoway's creek; part of a neck of laml, called " Beesley neck," he devised to his second son, Josejili. John Brick, Jr., died, January 23d, 1758, and his widow some twenty years thereafter. Joseph Brick married, first, Rebecca Abbott, of Elsmboro', about 1758, and they re- sided together for a short time on his properly on .Mluwav's creek, when they removed to a farm in Elsinbom', w huh had been left to his wife by her father, Samuel Ablioii. Their family consisted of two daughters, Anne and Han- nah, and one son, Samuel. His first wife died, November i6lh, 1780, and he afterwards married Martha Reeve, and removed to Cohansey creek, where he resided until his death. By Martha Reeve he had two sons, named Joseph and John Buck ; the eldest son of Joseph married Ann Smart, of Elsinboro'. Joseph married Elizabeth, daughter of David Smith, a resident of Manuington. He was a native of Egg Harbor, and removed from there to Salem county when he was at middle age. He was greatly re- spected for his uprightness and quiet deportment among the people of the neighborhood in which he dwelt. Joseph and his wife had five sons, among whom was Samuel Reeve. He received his primary education in Salem, and subsequently at the school in Mannington. In accordance with the custom of those days, he was at the age of fourteen years regularly indentured as an apprentice, which was done at Philadelphia, to one Robert Evans, a member of the Society of Friends, to learn the business of bricklaying, and, as customary then, he became an inmate of Friend Evans' household. He remained with his preceptor and master until he attained his majority, and became a thor- ough master of the trade and calling which he had acquired. He then carried on the business as master for ten years, after which he commenced to study in the city of Pliila- ilelphia the principles of architecture, and also of civil engineering. Having given his whole altention to these new and important subjects, and become thoroughly pro- ficient in their various details, he commenced the practice of his new profession, which he still continues. He has paid particular attention to the construction of gas-works, and has superintended the erection of many of these im- portant improvements in various and distant parts of the country, in British America as well as in the United States. His labors in this direction may be understood and appre- ciated when it is stated that their fruits dot the streets of larger and sm.aller localities of the several States of the Union, from Maine to Florida. He holds at present the ])Osition of President of the Richmond County Gas Light; Company, at Stapleton, New York. He also served for three years as a Trustee of the Philadelphia Gas Works. His political life commenced as a faithful adherent to the doctrines of the Whig party as expounded by the statesman, Henry Clay, and he was nominated by that party and elected as one of the Commissioners of the (old) District of the Northern Liberties, Philadelphia county. Since the dissolution of that parly he has given his adherence to Re- publican principles. He is a life-member of the Historical .Society of Pennsylvania. He was married, March 23d, 1831, to Esther, daughter of J.imes Gardiner, who w.as a prominent soldier of the war of the Revolution, and has had eight children, six of whom are now living. He is 1 68 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. also Consulting Engineer of several works in the United Slates. His son, Joseph, is in the fifth generation of that name. ■^OLLES, ENOCH, Real Estate Operator, late of Newark, was born in Connecticut, in the year 1779. In his early life he followed the sea for his livelihood. The vessel in which he sailed was detained in Charleston harbor during the embargo, early in this century. Thereupon he returned North, and engaged in the shoe business in New- ark. Subsequently he was for over forty years principally engaged in real estate operations on a gradually increasing scale. Through the rapid growth of the city, which he had been shrewd enough to foresee, he amassed by these opera- tions a large fortune. A very public-spirited man, he took a deep interest in municipal affairs, and was active in all movements calculated to advance the city's interests. He was for a long period on the Town Committee, and was a member of the first Common Council of the city, elected in 1S36. He also served in a similar capacity in the years 1S37 and 1840. By his enterprise and active efforts on behalf of the community, and his many estimable qualities, he won the esteem and regard of a large circle. He lived to a good old age, dying in his adopted city on June 29th, 1S65. |ARISON, REV. GEORGE HOLCOMBE, M. D., Clergyman and Physician, of Lambertville, was born, January 4th, 1831, in Delaware township, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and is a son of Benjamin Larison, a farmer of that vicinity. He passed his boyhood on his father's farm, at- tending the district school, where he received his rudi- mentary education, and subsequently became a teacher of the same. In 1853 he entered the University of Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, from which he subsequently received the honorary degree of Master of Arts. Having resolved to embrace the profession of medicine, he commenced his studies with Hon. Samuel Lilly, M. D., as preceptor, and attended the lectures delivered at the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which latter institu- tion he graduated in 1858 with the degree of Doctor of Medicine. He immediately entered upon the practice of his profession at Dolington, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and the following ye.ir he removed to Lambertville, New Jersey, where he has since resided, and has now the con- trol of an extensive and lucrative practice. He is a member of the Hunterdon County Medical Society, and was for seven years its Secretary. He is also a member of the State Medical Society, and was elected its Third Vice-President in 1S72; and presided over the one hundred and ninth an- nual meeting, held at Atlantic City, Jlay 25lh, ir^75, when he delivered the annual address. This was a remarkably able effort, wdiercin he reviewed the healing art and the ad- vancement of the profession in a manner that proves not only his acquaintance with the classics, but also with the sciences. Previous to his being elected President of this body he had held the positions of First, Second and Third Vice-President before he was chosen President of that body. While he was its Third Vice-President he wrote an essay entitled " Diseases Prevalent in the Valley of the Delaware," which was well received by the medical fraternity, and was published by the State Medical Society among its trans- actions. During the prevalence of the small-pox in Lam- bertville, in 1863-64, he attended ninety-nine cases, and only lost four. One of these he buried at midnight, and with his own hands. He subsequently prepared a paper on " Small-pox and its Treatment," for the medical society, in 1864, which was well received by the profession, and filed with the import int papers of the society. His practice is a general one, but he makes a specialty with obstetrics, and has so far attended over 1000 cases successfully; he has also achieved great success in surgical cases. He has, on two occasions, been a delegate to the Pennsylvania State Medical Society, and at one of its sessions delivered an ad- dress before that organization in the city of Carlisle. In 1862 he was elected Town Superintendent of Schools, and has filled that position both under the town and the city organization to the present time, being continuously re- elected, on the Democratic ticket, although parties have had a variety of changes during those years; the schools are in a prosperous condition, and now number over 14CX) pupils. He was for seven years a member of the City Council, and has held all the grades of ofiice in the New Jersey State Militia, from Second Lieutenant to Brigadier- General, excepting that of Lieutenant-Colonel. He is now Surgeon on the staff of Colonel Angel's well-known regi- ment — the 7th Regiment New Jersey National Guard. During his attendance at the University of Lewisburg he became a member of the Baptist Church, and he is now a regularly ordained clergyman of that denomination. He has a congregation at Solebury, Pennsylvania, over the Delaware river, to whom he has ministered every Sunday morning and evening for the past seven yeai-s. The church is mainly of his own ingathering; it had a membersliip of about twenty when he commenced his labors, and has now increased to over 120. He has been connected with the Reading Association of the B.aplist Churches. At the organization of this body, at Reading, Pennsylvania, he preached the opening sermon, and was chosen Moderator of the meeting. His leisure hours at times have been taken up in teaching both preparatory to college and in the medical profession. Rev. J. H. Chambers, A. M., now pastor of the Olivet Baptist Church, in Philadelphia, was prepared for college under his instruction, and entered tlie freshman class in the University at Lewisburg, Pennsylvani.i, EIOGRAnilCAL EN'CVCLOr.EDIA. 169 where he graduated a^ the valedictorian of the class of 1S72. As a medical preceptor he has given instruction to the fol lowing persons: William D. Wolverton, M. D., who grad- uated in 1 86 1, and after a satisfactory examination before the Army Board was admitted as an assistant surgeon into the regular army, where he still holds an honored position ; Professor C. W. Larison, M. D., of natural sciences in the University at Lewisburg; A. B. Larison, M. D., assistant surgeon of volunteers ; F. Fisher, M. D., of Somerset county, and E. E. James, M. D., of Montandon, Pennsyl- vania, a son of Professor C. S. James, of the University at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. Taking all things into consider- ation, he probably accomplishes as much real good to the community as any other man in Hunterdon county. As previously stated his medical practice is large and lucrative, and has placed him in a comparatively independent posi- tion ; and he is the owner of some of the most valuable real-estate in and around Lambertville, the results of his professional labor. He still has time to cultivate literature, and at the same time to be a very agreeable and well-in- formed conversationalist ; and he never parts with any one without fully understanding the motive for which he has sought an interview. He was married in 1859 to Sarah Q., daughter of Caleb F. Fisher, of Ringoes, New Jersey. |IRD, HON. JOHN T., of Flemington, Lawyer and ex-Member of Congress, was born in Beth- lehem township, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, August l6th, 1S29. His father was James Bird, a farmer of the same county. He attended the public schools of his neighborhood, and spent three years at a classical academy at H.ickettstown, New Jersey, then under the direction of John S. Labar. After leaving school he began preparing for the bar with the Hon. A. G. Richey, then residing at Asbury, New Jersey. Mr. Bird was admitted to the bar during the November term of 1855, and ft)r three years practised at Bloomsburg, ill his own State. In 1S63 he was appointed, by Governor P.uker, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Hunterdon county; he then removed to Clinton, New Jersey, remaining there until 1S65, when he changed his residence to Flemington. In the meantime his practice had grown to be one of the largest in the county. As Prosecutor of the Pleas he served for five years. In 1868 he was elected by the Democratic jiarty to the Forty-first Congress, and re-elected in 1872. While in Congress he took an active part in all the leading questions of th.atbody, was an earnest and eloquent speaker, and a ready, effective debater. His speeches were iirinted, and give evidence of a thorough understanding of the va- rious subjects under consideration ; in particular may be menlioned his speech on civil service, delivered in 1872, this effort being considered by the opposition the ablest that had been delivered upon the question in Congress. On ihe expiration of his second Congression.il term he resumed llie pr.actice of his profession in Flemington. Mr. Bird is an earnest, working Democrat, and renders his party gi-eat ser- vice on the stump. During the late rebellion he was known as a war Democrat, doing his utmost to assist the govern- ment in raising troops, besides taking an active part in every measure tending to destroy the rebellion. The bill for m creasing the pay of members of Congress, which was passed while he was a member, met with his determined opposi- tion, and after it became a law he turned his portion of the back-pay into the United States treasury. lie is eminently in favor of jutlicial reform, having written several works on the subject which have attracted much public attention. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church and an earnest worker in behalf of Saiibalh schools ; he was also for some time President of the Hunterdon County Bible Society. There is no member of the Democratic party in that part of the State held in higher regard by his paity, or more gen- erally respected by his political opponents ; he is also greatly esteemed by his brother practitioners. Mr. Bird is attorney for the Hunterdon County National Bank, and is engaged in most of the leading cases coming before the Hunterdon county courts. He w.is married in 1S54 to Annie, daugh- ter of Thomas Hilton, of Hunterdon county. inCOCK, HON. JAMES NELSON, .State Senator, of Wliite House, Hunterdon county, was born at Mechanicsville, New Jersey, February 8th, 1S36. He is of English extraction, and the founders of the family in this country settled in New Jersey in an early period of its history. His father was John G. Pidcock, and his mother, before her marriage, was a Ram- sey. When about five years of age he removed with his parents to Lebanon, New Jersey, and during the early years of his boyhood he attended the public schools in that place and vicinity. When he had reached the age of thirteen he left school and went to work with an engineering cor|-is on the Belvidere Delaware Railroad. He was engaged in the location and construction of this road until 1851. In that year he went South, and he had turned Ins experience with the engineer corps to so good account that he took charge of the construction of a division, twenty-frve miles long, of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad. The portion of the work under his control was in the State of Mississippi, and the resident chief-engineer was Mr. Foote. He remained in the South until the year 1S57, when ill health, tngctlier with the financial troubles of the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, caused him to resign his position and return home. Shortly afterwards he became a member of the firm of William E. Henry & Co., and contracted for the building of several miles of the Allentown & Auburn Railroad. After work- inc about eight months in fulfilment of this contract, the financial disaster of that memorable year involved the corpo- BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOr.EUIA. riition in such trouble that the work was stopped. He and his partners lost heavily, but paid of)' all their indebleilncss. During the remainder of that disastrous year, instead of re- m.tining idle and complaining of hard times, he planned new enterprises, and in company with J. E. Voorhees and J. F. Wykofl, engaged k:rgely in the purchase of clothing at forced sales in New York, and disposing of the purchases by wholesale and at auction through the country. These operations resulted in handsome profits. He next engaged in business as drover and stock dealer, and his business and profits steadily increased until 1861. Then came the war, and the financial depression that accompanied its early stages caused the failure of so many of his customers that he lost all that he had saved in more prosperous years, and he had literally to commence business anew, with no other capital than the energy and perseverance that are so strongly characteristic of him. He chose to continue in the .stock business and did so with fair success until 1865. Then, in company with J. N. Ramsey and Richard Bellis, he commenced business in New York and Jersey City, as live-stock commission merchant. He continued in this way until 1868, losing in the meantime $t8,ooo thrruTh the defalcation of a bookkeeper in the employ of the firm, and then became sole proprietor of the business, which, inider his judicious man.igement and through his great en- terprise, became one of the largest of its kind in New York and its vicinity, averaging 300,000 head of live-stock, slieep and lambs, a year, and comprising, beside the large cal trade, heavy consignments from the South and West. In 1S75 he entered into association with Mr. Philip S. Kase, under the firm-name of Kase & Pidcock. The present headquarters of the business are at the Central Stock Yards of Jersey City. Politically James N. Pidcock is a Democrat, but previous to the year 1873 he had taken no more active part in politics than that of a citizen desirous of scrvin;; the public by helping to put good men n office. In that year he was urged by his friends to allow the use of his name as Democratic candidate for State Senator. lie consented and received the caucus nomination ; but owing to the unusually light vote cast at the election, and the fact th.tt one of his caucus rivals use.l his influence for the Re- puljlican candidate, Mr. T. A. Potts, together with the Central Railroad directing its employes to support Potts, he was de- feated. In 1876 he was again a candidate, and this time was elected Senator by a majority of 1,675 °^^'^ °"^ of 'he most popular Republicans in the county. He is largely interested in real estate, owning over 1,800 acres of valuable land in his native township, within a radius of five miles of White House, besides holding a half interest in about 800 acres more. He has been largely instrumental in the improvement of the village of White House, selling property for building purposes on ten years' time, and then advancing to the purch.iser a large part of the money necessary to creel buildings thereon. Property now valued at over gloo,ocio has been disposed of on this plan, and not a pur- chaser h.as been distressed or any of the pro]ierly taken back. He was married in 1S62 to Fanny A. Faulks, of Elizabeth, New Jersey. HOTWELL. This family is one of the oldest in New Jersey. Abraham Shotwell, the first of the name of whom there is an account, is believed to have been of English origin. His name is the fourth ill the list of the inhabitants of Elizabeth- town and the jurisdiction thereof, who look the oath of allegiance to King Charles the Second, and his suc- cessors, etc., beginning the iglh of Februaiy, 1665. In the contentions between the people and Governor Carteret, he was bold and outspoken against the governor's usurpations. He became the victim of Carteret's wrath, his house and grounds were confiscated, and he himself driven into exile. A portion of this property includes the whole east side of Broad street, from the Stone Eridge to a point seven hun- dred and ninety-two teet north of Elizabeth avenue, the Courthouse and First Presbyterian Church being on the op- posite Side of the street. He retired to New York and appealed to the Lords Proprietors. In the meantime he returned to his home, sustained by his townsmen. His ap- peal was not sustained, and he was informed by orders from the Proprietary Government that he must depart the town, and should he return that he would be subjected to severe indignities. His property was sold at public auction, August 25th, 1675, for ;^I2, to Thomas Blumfield Carpen- ter, of Woodbridge, who resold it a fortnight later, for £14, to Governor Carteret. Shotwell obtained a grant of land from the New York government, and died in exile. Daniel, who settled on Staten Island, was probably his son. John, another son, married, in New York, October, 1679, Elizabeth ■ Burton. The property so arbitrarily wrested from Abraham Shotwell was restored to his son, John, on May I2th, 1683; he petitioned the Council for its restora- tion, as the following will show : "At a meeting of Council held the 10th d.ay of May, Anno Domini 1683, The petition of John Shotwell being here read, and upon reading thereof it being alleged that the lands for w'ch he desires a survey and patent is now or late in the possession of Elizabeth Carteret, w'w, the relict and executrix of the late Governor, Captain Philip Carteret, deceased. Its agreed that the ffurther consideration thereof be deferred till the next Seventh Day morning, being the 12th instant, at S of the clock in the fTorenoon, and that notice then be given to the Widdow Carteret that she may then appear, and if she has aught to allege against the substance of the petition she may then be heard." " Elizabeth Towne, May 12th, 1683. The matter of John Shottwell's petition came here into debate, and the Widdow Carterett being also here present, and in writing gave in two papers as her answer to the substance of the said petition. And it being asked the said Widdow Car- BIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. 171 terett if she desired any tyme to ofilor or oliject anything against the substance of the petition, she said she had no ffurther answer than what she gave in writing. And it ap- pearing that Abraham Shotwell was the possessor, occupant, clearer anil improver of the land mentioned in the petition, and that John Shottwell is the said Abraham Shottwell's Sonne and heire ; It is therefore agreed and ordered that the Deputy Governor issue out a warrant to the Surveyor General and his deputy, to survey the same lands and make return thereof, in order that the said Shottwell may have a pattent thereof, according to the concessions." The next official account of John Shotwell is found in the " Records of Friends," as follows : "At a monthly meeting, the iglh of ye nth month, 1709, held att Nathaniel Fitz Randolph's, (Woodbridge) New Jersey. Our friend John Shotwell hath requested this meeting to have a meeting settled at his house (Statten Island) once every quarter, to which this meeting consented, and it is to begin ye first First Day, in ye next First Month, and so to continue quarterly." Respecting a meeting held at the same place the 21st, Third month, 1713, the following entry appears : "The meeting that was ap- pointed att John Shotwell's, att Statten Island, is found in- convenient to be on ye day it was appointed, and the time of holding it is changed to ye second First Day, in ye Fourth, Seventh, Tenth and First months." John Shotwell died in 171S at Woodbridge, where he resided at the time. In his wdl he is called " John Shotwell, of the Towne of Wood- bridge, in ye County of Middlesex, and Province of New Jersey, yoeman." His will was proved at Amboy, October 5th, 1719, before John Barclay. John Kinsey, his trusty and well beloved, and his son-in-law John Laing, are the executors named. In it he directs all his lands to be sold, and all goods mdoors and outdoors, husbandry uten- sils and jomers' tools, cattle and horses, and his negro, Tom, are to be disposed of. After making bequests to his sons, John and Abraham, and daughter, Elizabeth Laing, and Sarah Smith, wife of Benjamin Smith, he orders the balance to be put out on interest for the use and benefit of his well-beloved wife. Joseph Shotwell, who married Mary Manning, in Woodbridge, in 17 16, was no doubt a son of Daniel Shotwell, of Staten Island. The following certificate appears on record, referring to John Shotwell, Sr.,son of John formerly of Staten Island ; " From our Monthly Meeting, held att Plnladelphia the 29th day of ye Eighth month, 170S, to the Montlily Meeting of Friends at Woodbridge, greeting: Whereas, John Shotwell, who came from your parts to serve an apprenticeship in this city, which being fulfilled and he intending to return to ye place of his former abode, hath regularly applied to this meeting for a certificate concerning his conversation (whilst among us) and clearness with re- spect to marriage. These are, therefore, according to ye wholesome and necessaiy discipline of truth, to certify on his behalf that, after due inquiry made, we find his conver- sation has been orderly and his diligence in keeping to meetings commendable as becomes our holy profession, and as to his clearness relating to marriage, we have no cause to think him under any engagements of that kinde. So, recommending him to your caie, with desires for his pros- perity in ye blessed truth, we dearly salute you and take leave. Your affectionate friends and brethren. Wm. Southby, Saml. Car|)enter, Griffith Owens, Richard Mill, Will. Hudson, Thom. Story. Nicl.nf.s Wahi, Tlioni. Griffith, Ralph Jackson, Hugh DcHlniiy, David Loyd, Christopher Blakeburne, Nathan Stanberry, Anthony Mor- ris." In the Eighth month, 1709, John Shotwell applied for a certificate on account of marriage,^ to carry to Flush- ing, Long Island, which was immediately granted, and in the following month the Flushing " Records " show that John Chatwell, or Shotwell, of Staten Island, and Mary Thorne, of Flushing, were niariicil. The same record shows that in Ninth month, 171 2, his brother Abraham married Elizabeth Cowperthwaite, daughter of John Cow- perthwaite, of West Jersey. Abraham after his marriage resided in the neighborhood of Metuchen. Ininiediately after his marriage John Shotwell settled on the northerly bank of Rahway river, long known as Shotwell's Landing, now better known as Rahway Port, and lying within the limits of the city of Rahway ; he also acquired a tract of land adjacent to his residence, where he died in 1762. His eldest son, Joseph, was born in 1710, married .at Flushing, Long Island, in 1741, located where the National Banking House of Rahway now stands, and was a prominent mer- chant a century and a quarter ago. The land lying between the North and Robinson's Branch of Rahway river, now known as Upper Rahway, was his farm. Soon after the close of the revolutionary war two of his sons opened and maintained a direct trade with Bristol, England, shijiping fla.vseed and other produce and receiving in return dry goods, by means of a small vessel that navigated a portion of Rahway river. Before the close of the century they suc- ceeded (in what was at the time regarded a great and doubtful undertaking) by means of the race way leading to Milton Lake, in obtaining sufficient power to run suc- cessfully what have since been known as the Milton Mills, and to a descendant of one of the above Rahway is largely indebted for many of the improvements more recently made. John the second, son of John Shotwell, of Shot- well's Landing, was born in 1712. Soon after attaining his majority he started for the West, and eventually reached and settled the premises now owned and occupied by John Tay- lor Johnson, President of Central Railroad of New Jersey, now in the bounds of Plainfield city, but at that time known as the vicinity of Scotch Plains. And here it may not be improper to remark that the mountain beyond and the Short Hills, that bound the beautiful plain on the east, were oc- cupied and settled before the plain, which, being covered with a stunted growth of scrub oaks, was regarded as of little value for agricultural purposes. At the time of which this is written the presei t growing and beautiful city of Plainfield had not an existence. There was a Plainfield, a neighbor- 172 BIOGRArillCAL ENXYCLOr.EDIA. hood or locality, but it was ublic by frequent contiibutious to the MulhciiuUiiol-Conesf-niuleiil, published in New York, and, although still a young man, received seveial of the prize medals awarded for the best solutions of problems published in the columns of that periodical. In 1S05 he removed from York to Reading, Pennsylvania, and took charge of the academy at that place. While here he was offered the editorship of the Mathe- matical Correspondent^ and also the mathematical school, in New York, of Mr. Baron, proprietor of the Correspondent, but both offers were declined. Shortly afterwards he him- self commenced the publication of a mathematical periodical, called the Analyst, which he continued to publish for two or three years, and which was characterized by brilliant ability and great culture. The publication of this periodi- cal made him extensively and favorably known throughout the country as an able and leading mathematician, and in the year 1810 he was called to the Professorship of Mathe- matics and Natural Philosophy in Queens (now Rutgers) College, at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Shortly after going to New Brunswick the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him, and in 1S12 he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society; in the following year of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and subsequently of several of the philosophical societies of Europe. Besides fulfilling his college dlities he edited the third American edition of Hutton's " Course of Mathe- matics." In the fall of 1S13, upon the death of Dr. Kemp, he was elected to supply his place as Professor of Mathe- matics and Natural Philosophy in Columbia College, New York, the choice being made without any application on tiis part. He accepted the position, and in New York be- came the centre of a brilliant collection of mathematical talent and culture. All gathered about him, and all did him honor as their rightful leader. His contributions to the literature of mathematical science while in New York, and subsequently, were voluminous, and all were marked by a force and clearness, a profound and exhaustive knowl- edge, and an elegance of style that won for them universal admiration and commanded the respectful attention of the scientists of the world. In 1825 he commenced editing the Mathematical Diary, a work superior to anything that had ever been previously published in this country. He continued this editorial work until 1826, when he relin- quished his position in Columbia College and returned to Rutgers, the change being made necessary by the delicate state of his w^ife's health. His departure from Columbia College was the occasion of great regret among his brother professors and the students of the institution, and many were the fitting and substantial tokens of their regard that they bestowed upon him at parting. He remained at Rutgers only two or three years, when, in response to pressing solici- tations, he accepted a professorship in the University of Pennsylvania. He was also Vice-Provost of that institution. He retained this professorship until 1834, discharging its duties with the ability that characterized all his work. His wife's health, however, compelled her to remain at their BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. "77 countiy home, near New Brunswick, New Jersey, ami in the year named, that he might be more wilh iier ami iheir family, he resigned his position and went to his New Bruns- wick home. At his departm'e the trustees and faculty ol the university passed resolutions of regret at his leaving them. The habit of teaching was strong upon him and he could not remain at home in idleness, so after two or three years he moved to the city of New York and taught in the grammar school connected with Columbia College. This he continued to do until within three years of his death ; then, yielding to the entreaties of his family and friends, he relin- quished the work of teaching forever, and returned to New Brunswick. Although several very flattering offers of posi- tioiis were made to him, he refused them all. It was not long before his clear mind began to grow clouded and his strong faculties to fail, and the painfulness of this fact was increased by his keen appreciation of it. On the loth of August, 1S43, ^^ breathed his last, surrounded by his family, and mourned sincerely by all to whom his name had become so familiarly known. The mourning was not simply that one of the brightest intellectual lights had dis- appeared, but that a man who won the love of all who c.inie in contact with him was no more. DRAIN, HON. GARNETT B., A.M. and A. B., Lawyer, of New Brunswick, was born in the city of New York, December 20th, 1815. Ilis father was the celebrated Professor Robert Adrain, of Rutgers College, a native of Belfast, Ireland, and his mother was Annie (Pollock) Adrain, a native also of Belfast. Professor Adrain came to this country about the year iSoo, establishing himself first at Princeton, New Jersey, and later at New Brunswick. There his son, Garnett, received his education. He attended first the Rutgers College Grammar School, and in the year 1829 entered Rutgers College. He graduated from that insti tulion with the class of 1833. After his graduation he entered the law oflice of his brother, Robert Adrain, who was then a leading lawyer in New Brunswick. Here he pursued the necessary course of study to fit him for the pro- fession he had chosen, and was licensed as an attorney in 1836. Three years later, in 1S39, he was licensed as a counsellor. He at once entered ujion the practice of his profession in New Brunswick, and has continued in active and eminently successful practice there to the present time. He speedily took high rank in his professioji, and holds a commanding position at the bar. In politics he is a Demo- crat of the old school. He was an ardent adherent of Stephen A. Douglas, and concurred with him in the position he took on the Lecompton Compromise issue. In 1856 he was nominated for Congress by the Democrats of the Third District, and was elected and served his term. In 1S5S there was a " bolt" from the regular Congressional conven 23 tion of Democrats at Somerville, and he was put in nomi- nation by the bolting convention, lie went through the canvass as a Douglas Democrat, and was elected a second time to Congress, gaining a handsome majority over Wdliam Patterson, of Perth Amboy, the regular Democratic nominee. His career in Congress was an active one, and was charac- terized by great ability and high toned earnestness. His s|)eeches were pointed, eloquent and effective, and his in- fluence, on some of the issues presented during his terms of service, was strongly felt. Among the more noteworthy of the speeches delivered by him during his terms in the House of Representatives were : one on the " Treasury- Note Bill," on the 22d of December, 1857; one on the " Neutrality Laws," January 7th, 1858 ; another against the "Admission of Kansas," March 20th, 185S ; one on the "Impeachment of Judge Watrous," December 13th, 1858; one on the "Election of Speaker," Decemlier 14th, 1859; one on the " Organization of the House," January 6th, i860, and one on the "Stale of the Union," January 15th, 1861. .Since his retirement from Congress at the end of his second term he has not taken any active part in politics. He was married, January 3d, 183S, to Mary Griggs, daughter of Joseph C. Griggs, Esq., who was for many years one of the leading merchaiUs of New Brunswick. AN LIEW, REV. JOHN, D. D., Clerg^-man and late Pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church, at Readington, was born, September 30th, 1798, in Neshanic, Somerset county. New Jersey, and was a son of Dennis and Maria (Suydam) Van Liew. His ancestors emigrated to America from Holland at an early day, and were among the first settlers on Long Island. He received a first-class academical edu- cation preparatory to entering Queens (now Rutgers) Col- lege, New Brunswick, from whidi institution he graduated with the class of 1816. Having resolved to devote himself to the gospel ministry, he matriculated at the Theological Seminary of the Reformed Dutch Church connected with the college, and was licensed to preach by the Classis of New Brunswick in June, 1 820. In the summer of the same year he commenced his ministerial labors at the Pres- byterian Church of Meadville, Pennsylvania, and was or- dained its pastor by the Presbytery of Erie, August 22d, 1821. This relation continued until June 2Ist, 1S24, when, on account of impaired health, it was dissolved, and the next day he was dismissed to the Presbytery of New Jersey. In the spring of the following year, his health having im- proved, he accepted a call to the Presbyterian Chincli of Mendham, New Jersey, where he remained until 1S25, when his relations with this congregation were dissolved by reason of his health again failing him. He then made the tour of the Southern States, spending several months in travel, extending as far south as Georgia, and returned 178 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. home with renewed health He shortly afterwards received and accepted a call to the pastorate of the Reformed Church of Readington, New Jersey. At that place he remained and labored faithfully and successfully for forty-three years. His relations with this congregation terminated in 1869, owing to a severe cold he had contracted the previous winter, which, with advanced age, so far enfeebled him as to render his further efficiency in the manifold labors of his large parish entirely beyond his powers of endurance; and, to the great regret of his congregation, he resigned his ]ias- torate, and was succeeded by Rev. J. G. Van Slylie. The church resolved to continue his salary during life, and it was the earnest wish of the congregation that he would continue to meet and wor-hip with them, and also preach as often as his health would permit ; but their hopes in this respect were not realized. While on a visit to his son-in- law, J. F. Randolph, at Bloomfield, who insisted on his remaining with him until his health wns in a measure re- stored, he gradually failed, and on October iSth, i86g, he calmly passed away. His life and ministerial services at Readington had very much endeared him to that congrega- tion, and his death was deeply felt by them. The funeral discourses were delivered by Rev. Dr. A. Messh .-ind Rev. Jtiseph P. Thompson, who eloquently and touchingly no- ticed the long period of his pastorale. He was married, June 20lh, 1827, to Anna M., (laughter of Dr. II. S. Woodruff, of Mendham, New Jersey. AN LIEW, CORNEI.IU.S S-., of Washington, Superintendent of the Morris Canal, was born, August l8th, 1828, in Readington, New Jersey, and is the eldest son of the late Rev. Dr. John Van Liew, whose biographical sketch will be found above. The family are of Hollander de- scent ; the original emigrant ancestor settled near Fort Hamilton, on Long Island. Tredvick Van Liew, greal- grandl^xther of Cornelius, settled at Three Mile Run, in Middlesex county, New Jersey, where his son, Dennis, resided when the war of the Revolution commenced. He was then a young man of nineteen, and after serving a short time as a sulistitute for a neighbor, who desired the oppor- tunity to harvest his crops, he assisted to organize and be- came a member of a volunteer cavalry organization, who equipped and furnished themselves; and in this capacity served till the close of the war. His military equipments are still in the possession of his grandson. Cornelius was educated at the grammar school of Rutgers College, New Brunswick, under the direction of Rev. W. J. Thompson, having previously been for two years under his tutelage before entering the school. He was fully prepared to enter the junior class; but, instead of taking a collegiate course, he determined to devote himself to business pursuits, and effected an engagement as clerk in a general retail store at Morristown, where he remained four years. Subsequently, in connection with his brother-in-law, J. F. Randolph, he embarked in a general country trade at Somerville, where they continued four years, and then purchased a mill for the manufacture of paper at Bloomfield, New Jersey. The firm occupied the mill and transacted a very good business for nine years. In the fall of l86r the mill was burned, and in the following spring he removed to the old home- stead — his grandfather's farm, at Neshanic — where he re- sided until 1869, when he located at Washington, and was elected, by the Hoard of Directors, Assistant Superintendent of the Morris Canal. He has the charge of the canal interests on its western division, from Lake Hopatcong to Philipsburg. He is highly esteemed by his fellow-towns- men as an amiable and valuable citizen, and as a business man of rare foresight and ability. His residence at Washington bears good evidence of a fine architectural taste. His political predilections are favorable to the principles held by the Republican parly. He was married, January 3d, 1S56, to Sarah, daughter of Hon. David Oakes, of Bloomfield; she died, June 1st, 1858. He was a second time married to Susan, daughter of James Moore, also of Bloomfield, April 3d, 1S62. WAYZE, JACOB L., Cashier of the Merchants' National Bank, of Newton, New Jersey, was born, March 3d, 1824, in the village of Hope, Warren county, and is a son of Israel and Mary Ann (Lowrance) Swayze, both of whom were also natives of New Jersey. On his father's side he is of Welsh descent, and his mother's faniHy were of Hollander ancestry. The Swayze family emigrated to America about 1660, and a portion settled on Long Island, while others located, at a later date, in both Warren and Morris counties. New Jersey. Young Swayze received his education in the common schools of his native county, con- tinuing to attend them until he was thirteen years old. Jle then assisted his father in farm work for about a year, and subsequently entered the country store of his uncles, at Hope, as a clerk. In June, 1S42, he purchased the in- terests of the partner of one of these uncles, continuing the business under the firm-name of C. & J. L. Swayze until January, T845, w-hen the other uncle disposed of his share of the concern to his nephew, and the latter became sole proprietor. He carried on the establishment until the spring of 1847, when he relinquished the business, and afterwards went to New York city, where he effected an engagement in a wholesale dry-goods house as clerk. He remained there for about four months, and, returning to New Jersey, at first located in .Stanhope, Sussex county, and once more started in business, cnrrving on a general country store until the spring of 1S54, when he sold out the con- BIOGRAPHICAL ENX'VCLOr.EmA. 179 cern. He then resolved to lead a professional life, and removed to Trenton in May, 1.S54, where he at once com- menced the study of law under Hon. Marlin Ryerson as his preceptor, with whom he remained about one year, when Mr. Ryerson removed to Newton. He then entered the office of Mercer Beasley, now Chief-Justice, and fin- ished his studies preparatory to admission to the bar under the instruction of the latter for about three years, and was admitted as an attorney at the June term of 1S58, and at once entered upon the practice of his profession at Trenton, where, however, he remamed but a short lime. In the autumn of the same year he went to Newton, where he agani followed mercantile pursuits, and so continued until the spring of 1865. He was active in organizing the Mer- chants' National Bank, of Newton, is its largest share- holder, and was elected Cashier, March 6th, 1S65, at the first meeting of its directors. Although of Whig parentage on his father's side, his political creed up to 1854 was that of the old Jackson school, and never differed with the prin ciples of the Democratic party, except on the question of slavery. He has always been a rajiical anti-slavery man, and a zealous advocate of free trade and direct ta.xation. He joined the Republican movement in 1856, being one of lis earliest members, and adhered to the organization until 1S72, when he espoused the cause of the Liberal Republi- cans and Democrats, and supported the claims of Horace Greeley for the Presidency, and has continued to act with the Democratic party since. He was a member of the Constitutional Commission that proposed amendments to the constitution, in 1873, and introduced a number of measures of reform, several of which were adopted in whole or in a modified form, and are now incorporated into the constitution of the State. He labored earnestly, industri- ously and zealously in favor of every reform measure that was introduced. He favored an elective judiciary, the abolition of the Court of Chancery, the abolition of capital p'lnishment, woman suffrage, the equal taxation of all kinds of property, and no exemptions even for churches and insti- tutions of learning, the election of State officers by the people, measures to prevent bribery at elections and several lither reforms; and he opposed a change of representation in the Senate and the creation of any new offices. He was married, September loth, i860, to Joanna Hill, daughter of the late Jonathan Hill, of Sussex county. 'ANDER.SON, HON. AUGU.STUS E., Lawyer, was born, February 15th, 1832, in Littleton, Mid- dlesex county, M.assachusetts, and is a son of Ira and Asenath (Hatch) Sanderson; his maternal grandmother was Mary Webster, a relative of the late Hon. Daniel Webster. The Sanderson family, of M.assachusetts, are descendants of Edward and Robert Sanderson, who settled in Watertown, Massachu- setts, about 1630. They have been noted for their ad- herence to the customs of the Puritans. The family genealogy is liberally interspersed with those who have been prominent in the chincii and local allairs of State, George W. Sanderson, a brother of Augustus E., and a member elect to the Legislature of Massachusetts, now holds the position of Clerk of the District Court of Northern Middlesex, Massachusetts, and owns and resides on a farm near Littleton, which has been in the occupancy of the Sanderson family over 120 years. The present generation is the sixth in descent from Edward Sanderson, one of the emigrant ancestors. Augustus E. Sanderson was educated at Appleton's Seminary, Mount Vernon, New Hampshire, now called the McCuUock Institute. In 1854 he removed to New Jersey, and taught school near Lebanon ; at the same time he commenced the study of the law with M. D. Trefren. He was licensed as an attorney in 185S, and made a counsellor-at-law in 1S63. Immediately after his admission to the bar he opened an office in Leljanon, in 1858, and at once commenced to practise his profession. Me was for a number of years Superintendent of Schools for the tov.-nship where he resides, and otherwise identified with the local politics of the town and county. In 1870 he received the Democratic nomination for member of As- sembly, and was elected by a large m.ajority. He was re- nominated and elected in 1S71. During both sessions he served on the Judiciary Committee; and as the Democrats were in a minority, his being assigned to that important committee was highly complimentary. Although a Demo- crat, he is not an aggressive politician, and during the civil war was an earnest advocate for the cause of the Union. During his career in the Legislature his course was very generally approved by .all parties. He advocated the gen- eral railroad bill, which subsequently became a law. He introduced the first free school bill, which was afterwards supplemented by the Runyon bill, and subsequently passed; it is at present the existing school law of New Jersey. Dur- ing his entire residence in the State he has commanded the respect of his fellow-townsmen, as well as the members of the profession at large. He was married, in 1S56, to Mary A. Groendyke, of Lebanon, New Jersey. LIET, TOSEPIT, of Washington, Lawyer and Law Judge of the Courts of Warren County, New Jersey, was born in Franklin township, of that county, and is the son of Daniel Vliet, and a grandson of Garrett Vliet, Major-General of New Jersey Militia, and whose division performed es- cort duty on the occasion of the visit of General Lafayette to Trenton, in 1825. The family was .among the earliest settlers of the Musconetcong valley, and several of his an- cestors participated in the war of the Revolution. lie was educated principally in his native county, and in 1S45 BIOGRArillCAL ENCVCI.ur.LDIA. entered the law office of Hon. A. G. Uichey, wliere he commenced liis preparation for the bar, to which he was ad- mitted as an altorney, January 3d, 1850, and in 1S52 was appointed a Master in Chancery. He was licen.-.ed a coun- sellor in 1855, which entitled him to practise in the Supreme courts. He was appointed, by Governor Price, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Warren County, w^hich position he held for the usual tinn of five years. After an interval of five years — during which time the position was filled by Colonel James M. Robeson— he was again appointed by Governor Randolph, in 1S65; again, in 1870, by Governor Parker; and a fourth time, in 1875, ^^y Governor Bedle. After re- ceiving his license as an attorney, in 1S50, lie practised his profession for one year at Asbury, and then removed to Washington, where he has since resided. He was elected the first Mayor of Washington, after its incorporation as a borough, and served in that position for three years. He is attorney for the First National Bank, at Washington ; and was of counsel for the Morris & Essex Railroad Company in Warren county, during its construction and until it was reerged into the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Rail- road. During the long period that he has filled the position of Prosecutor of the Pleas he has tried over twenty homicide cases ; noticeable among which was that of the Rev. Jacob Hardin, convicted and executed for the murder of his wife. In this case he was assisted by James M. Robeson and the late Hon. William L. Dayton, Attorney-General of the State. During his long service the great variety of criminal business of which he has had charge has been ably man- aged, and there is probably not a single instance where an indictment of his preparing has been quashed through a defect in the bill. As a lawyer he ranks equal to any in the country, and is highly respected by the bar and also by his fellow-townsmen. Politically he is a Democrat, al- though too deeply engrossed in and devoted to his profes- sion to be an -ofhce-holder or office-seeker, outside of his professional appointments. He has been twice married. His first wife was Miss Crevley, of Bloomsburg, New Jersey, who died in 1872. In 1S74 he was married to Martha Voorhees Losey, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. In February, 1877, he was appointed Law-Judge of Warren county. V/[| YIXGTON, WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, of '^\ \ N^ewark, General Agent for New Jersey of the ojil I Mutual Life Insurance Company, of New York, was born, December 26th, 1840, at Potsdam, St. Lawrence county, New York. His father was the Rev. John Byington, bom at Great Barring- ton, Massachusetts, and his mother, Catherine (Newton) Byington, was a native of Vermont. His father was a cler- gyman of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but withdrew from it because he believed its position on the slavery ques tion not sufiiciently pronounced, and he was one of the leading men in the organization of the Wesleyan Methodist Church. Mr. Byington's boyhood was spent on his father's farm, in luirthcrn New York, on which he acquired a fine physical constitution, as well as the earnest political con- victions of his father. But while yet a lad he was am- bitious for a better education than the district school of a small town could afford, and at the age of sixteen he went to Battle Creek, Michigan, where an elder brolher resided, and spent a year at the public school. At the age of seven- teen he taught his first school, and from that time for four years he supported himself entirely by teaching in the winter, while attending school in the summer. At the age of twenty-one he graduated with a high rank at the St.ate Normal School of Michigan, which was then, as now, cele- brated for the thorough drill which it gave its pupils. Im- mediately on his graduation he was called back to Battle Creek to take charge of one of the schools there, and a year after was called to the mastership of the Houghton Union School, of Detroit, one of the finest in that city, which po- sition he held for three years. At the end of this time he resigned, on the ground that teachers were not projierly paid for their services, and received the highest testimonials for his remarkable ability and success. At the age of twent3'-six he now went into the life insurance business, and spent about three years in travelling in th.at interest in the West. In 1870 he removed to New York cily, where he was an insurance broker for four years. Being a man who could not but give the whole of his fine abilities and intense energy to thoroughly understanding and prosecuting his business, he made a careful study of the science and history of life insurance, and gained considerable reputation as a very vigorous writer on this subject. It was in 1872 that he issued what was a great desideratum, his fii-st " Synopsis of Ten Years of Life Insurance Business," which he has since issued annually. It gave all the statistics of all our American companies for ten years, and had an immediate sale of about 40,000 copies. In the beginning of 1S74 Mr. Byington was invited by the Mutu.1l Life Insurance Com- pany, of New York, to the responsible post of General Agent for the Slate of New Jersey. He thereupon moved to Newark, in this Slate, and has devoted himself ever since to its duties. Being a man of veiy positive convictions, he has not hesitated to take a pronounced position in fighting against everything, especially in the insurance business, which he saw to be an injury to its truest interests, and his familiarity with the general subject and his command of a sharp and telling style have made his work in this line very successful. Physically, Mr. Byington is a man of large frame and well-proportioned figure. He is an active and public-spirited citizen, taking great interest in every good cause; in politics he is an earnest Republican; and is a communicant of Trinity Protestant Episcopal Church. He was married, December 25th, 1S65, Kb Kate M. Preston, of B.itlle Creek, Michigan. EIOGRAPIIICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. iSi 'ULVER, JOSEPH EDWIN, M. D., Practising Physician of Jersey City, was born, February 9th, 1S23, in Groton, New London county, Con neclicut. His parents were Joseph and Permelia Lamb Culver. For several generations his an cestors on both sides were natives of Connecticut. His early education was obtained at the public schools of his native place. The schools there, however, were of a very high ch.iracter, and afforded him large opportunities for advancement in his studies. He was of a specially studious disposition, and from the first made the utmost of the opportunities afforded him. Not only did he Indus triously perform the regular mark of school study, but he availed himself of every leisure hour at home to prosecute ad- ditional studies. It was well that he possessed this perse- vering energy, for when he was only two yeais old his father had died, and it was inevitable that the fatherless boy should as early as possible depend upon himself for support. He was only ten years of age when the responsibility of self support came upon him, and from that time forward he has earned his own livelihood. The ambition that characterized him continued to manifest itself in his devotion to books, and he read and studied what time could be spared from work and sleep. .Such progress did he make in this way that when he was only sixteen year of age he passed the necessary examination and taught a public school in his native town. Succeeding satisfactorily he continued in this employment for several years during the winter months, and thus he obtained the means to advance his own education. In the summers of 1839 and 1840 he was a student at the Ccmnecticut Literary Institution located at Suffield. Here in the latter year, by request of the principal, he wrote and delivered an oration on " Political Fame," on the occasion of the annual commencement. He obtained a fair knowl- edge of the Latin language and a smattering of the Greek, and attempted the study of the French without a teacher, and of course without a pronunciation. But scientific pursuits claimed his chief attention. For the pure and mixed mathem,atics he always cherished an especial fondness, and in these branches he never needed the assistance of a tutor ; albeit he never failed to solve the most difficult test problems submitted to him by his teachers and school- fellows. His reading extended to every department of human knowledge, but a strong preference for the natural sciences now led him for a few years to devote all his lei- sure time to conjoined study and experiment. And when at length he decided to enter the medical profession he w.is already quite familiar with what w.is then known of elec- tricity and galvanism, optics, acoustics, chemistry inorganic and organic, human and comparative physiology, human anatomy, materia medica, toxicology, hygiene, and the his- tory of medicine. In the year 1847 he matriculated at the Berkshire Medical College, at Pittsfield, Massachusetts, where he attended one course of lectures. The following spring he went to New York city, where he attended for one year the excellent private school of Dr. John H. Whittaker, and also for several months the private surgical school of Dr. William Detmold. In the fall and winter of 1S48 he attended the course of lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York city, and received his diiilonia therefrom in the spring of 1849. After his graduation hS went to live in the southern part of North Bergen, subse- quently Hudson City, and now included in the municipality of Jersey City. Here he at once entered upon the practice of his profession, in which he has ever since been actively engaged. He rapidly achieved success in the career he had chosen, and his practice soon extended into every city and township in Hudson county. In the summer of 1S49 he was chosen physician for the townships of Bergen and North Bergen, and also for Hudson county, which positions he continued to fill for several consecutive years. Having been examined and licensed by the Medical Society of Ni. w Jersey, he became a member of the Passaic District Medical Society, and in 1850 was a delegate from that body to the State Medical Society. By the State Medical Society he was empowered to organize the District Medical Society of Hudson County, which accordingly was chartered in 1851. He wrote the constitution and by-laws of the Hudson Dis- trict Medical Society. He compiled and published in 1S73 "A Documentary History of Recent Discussions in ti.e District Medical Society for the County of Hudson." He has held every ofTice in the gift of said society, and he is at the present time the appointed historian and custodian of its archives. In 1S71, 1S72 and 1873, he was one of the Standing Committee of the Medical Society of New Jersey. He is a charter member of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, Vice-President, and Chairman of Committee on Admissions. One of the founders of the Jersey City Patho- logical Society, he was also its first President. For many years he has been a member of the New York Pathological Society, and he has belonged to the Neurological Society of New York city since its reorganization. He is one of the attending physicians of St. Francis Hospital, having been on the staff since its organization. In years past he has written more or less of the reports of the Hudson District Medical Society, which have been published annually in the " Transactions of the Medical Society of New Jersey." Aside from this he has contributed from time to time to the literature of his profession. In 1868 he published, in the transactions of the State Medical Society, "A Case of Choleraic Dysentery — Death by Septicremia ; " in 1869 a paper on the hygrometer, being a plea for its general use in epidemiological observations. In 1876 he published, in The American yotirnal of the Medical Sciences, ".\ Case of Hydrophobia,'' in which the symptoms and post mortem appearances were carefully noted and an attempt made to lay the foundation of a i.ational treatment of this disease on ils pathological conditions. He is a thorough scholar and a close professional student, taking an ardent and active in- terest in all matters pertaining to his chosen calling. His EIOGRAPIIICAL EXCVCLOP.i:DIA. profession, however, has not absorbed all his attention and energies. He has taken a strong and practical interest in general educational matters. During four years of his residence in Hudson City, he filled the position of City Superintendent of Public Schools, and for one year he was one of the County Board of Examiners of Public School Teachers. Wlien he entered upon the duties of the former office, in lS6o, Hudson City had not a school building nor a school worthy of the name. He assisted the city to borrow twenty thousand dollars, with which three commodious schoolhouses were built and furnished. He classified the pupils according to their studies and proficiency, and graded the departments accordingly. He wrote the rules and regu- lations for the government of the schools, and the by-laws adopted by the Board of Education. The system of school management organized by him has never been changed essentially. Three years after it was put on trial the State superintendent pronounced the schools of Hudson City the best in Hudson county, and the schools of Hudson county the best in the.State. Moreover, he is active in the general duties of citizenship, and in the year i860 he was elected Treasurer of Hudson City, the duties of which position he performed for a period of eight years. Before the issue of war-bonds was authorized by State legislation, Hudson City had borrowed more than one hundred thousand dollars, for the payment of which the lenders held no other security than the signature of the Treasurer and the integrity of the city officers. For these eight years the bonds of Hudson City were very acceptable at the banks and among ca])ital- ists. He is one of the Trustees of the Hudson City Savings Bank, appointed by the act of incorporation. The by-laws adopted by the trustees, under which the bank management is controlled, the trustees permanently organized, and the duties of their chosen officers defined, were written by him. The Hudson County Hospital was chartered in i85o through the joint efforts of Drs. T. R. Varick and J. E. Culver. There were ten regents, who appointed a staff of four regular physicians. Subscriptions to the amount of twenty- five thousand dollars, more or less, were found to be ob- tainable, when the war of the rebellion put a stop to further progress. Soon after the war ceased, however, the project was revived. About this time, without the knowledge of the staff and the surviving regents, an amendment to the hospital charter, doubling the number of regents, was hurried through the Legislature. Upon the heels of this sharp practice the new quota of regents was filled, and they were then brought to sanction a second amendment legaliz- ing the appointment on the hospital staff of irregular prac- titioners. At this juncture the District Medical Society de- murred and appointed a committee to wait upon the regents and protest against this infringement of vested rights. Dr. Culver wrote and presented the protest on this occasion. It was published by order of the District Medical Society. Ignoring the staff elect, the regents now appointed a new one, far greater in numbers and not inconveniently squeam- ish about their associates. The hospital, prematurely put to work, ran a feeble race for two years, and fell dead. Recently it has been resuscitated, but with fewer patients than attendants it languishes, and is itself a fearfully expen- sive example and victim of chronic disease. The following original essays by Dr. Culver may be mentioned : Thesis for graduation, on certain physiological relations and uses of the oxides and oxysalts of iron ; papers read before the District Medical Society — I. "On Digestion; " 2. "On the Origin and Relations of Urea, Uric Acid and Uric O.xide in Vertebrates and Invertebrates;" 3. "On Pepsin;" 4. " Concerning the Effects of Zinc Oxide on those who Manu- facture and Use it; " 5. " On Putrefaction " (read on retir- ing from the presidency of the District Medical Society) : papers read before the Academy of Medicine — I. "Experi- mental and Rational Researches Concerning the Pigment of Jaundice;" 2. "A New Method of Testing for BUe- Pigment in Urine and Other Liquids," LARK, HON. ALVAII A., of Somen-ille, L.awyer and Congressman, was born, September 13th, 1840, at Lebanon, Hunterdon county, New Jer- sey. He is the son of Samuel Clark, who re- moved to New Germantown, in the same State, when Alvah was quite young. Mr. Clark kept the hotel at this place, and his son assisted him in the business in all the capacities necessitated by the exigencies of a country hotel. At the same time the lad attended school as much as his duties would permit, and having determined upon following a learned profession he made the best use of all his opportunities. The profes- sion he had fixed his mind upon was that of the law, and so steadily did the fire of ambition burn within him that at the age of nineteen he had succeeded in preparing for col- lege, studying part of the time with Rev. D. Blauvelt, of Lamington. Circumstances, however, not permitting him to take a collegiate course, he entered the law office of Hon. J. C. Rafferty in 1859, and there remained two years. At the expiration of that term he passed to the office of I. N. Dilts, Esq., in which he continued to study and acquire a knowledge of the practical details of the profession, until he was admitted as an attorney in 1863. Thereupon he at once opened an office at his old home, New Germantown, and began practice. After laboring in this sphere for three years, he removed to Somervilie, where he has since con- tinued. His practice has grown to be a large and profitable one in all branches of the profession. He is a well-read lawyer, and devotes great care to the preparation and man- agement of his cases. To these circumstances, in connec- tion with his great natural ability, his maikeil success, whether in chamber practice or before the courts, is to be attributed. Several corporations have secured his services as attorney, among which may be mentioned. the Bound liiOGRAriiicAi. i:xcvcLor.;;r)i.\. iS; r.iook & Dcl.uvave Railrona Company, the Hamilton I.aml Improvemunt Company, and the Dime Savings Lank of Somerville. Politically he belongs to the Democratic party, and as a political organizer is one of the strongest men in the organization. In 1S76 he was a candidate for the Democratic nomination in the Fourth Congressional District, and succeeded in making it in one of the sharpest contests ever known in the district. The campaign which followed was unusually bitter and was fought with great determination on both sides. In the result Mr. Clark was elected by a majority of over five thousand, a statement which sufficiently attests the estimation in which he is held. A polished, courteous gentleman, a good speaker, and more important still, a good debater, he will prove a valuable ac- quisition to the Democratic side of the House of Repre- sentatives, His law practice has consisted largely of con- tested cases; one of the most important of these was the Vandeveer will case. He was married in 1S64 to Anna Van Debeek, of Somerset county. New Jersey. A truly self-made man, he presents some of the finest characteristics of the best class of self-made men, being at once self- reliant .and energetic, modest and moderate. ^/'T'' NIGHT, EDWARD C, President of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, Merchant and Importer of Philadelphia, was born in Gloucester, now Camden, county. New Jersey, December 8th, 1S13. He comes of a family intimately associated with the early history of Pennsylvania and New Jersey. His ancestor, Giles Knight, of Gloucestershire, England, came over in the ship * Welcome," with William Penn, sailing from England on September 30th, 16S2. He settled in Byberry, and died in 1726; Mary, his wife, died in 1732. Their son, Thomas Knight, then lived in New Jer- sey, on a place belonging to Titian Leeds, the almanac m.aker. The parents of E. C. Knight, Jonathan and Re- becca Knight, were members of the Society of Friends, to whose tenets he himself still adheres. His father was a farmer and died in 1823. He worked on a farm until 1S30, when he obtained a situation in a country store at Kaighn's Point, New Jersey. In that occupation he continued until September, 1832, when he engaged as clerk in the grocery store of Atkinson & Cuthbert, South street wharf, Philadel- phia, on the Delaware. At this period, while quite young, an incident occurred which indicated the character of the future man. He was receiving but four dollars a week, when, engaged in his duties, lie observed a man being car- ried down the Delaware upon the ice. He labored to persuade several men, who were standing near, to attempt his rescue. Their reply was, " He wdl be no loss to the community. Let him go." Offering, out of his own little purse, a dollar apiece to two men, if they would rescue hira, they succeeded in saving him from his perilous posi lion and placing him upon dry ground. The moral was not lost on the preserver. He rcasone.l that if a man's liTe were worth two dollars, it would be well to have that amount always in his pocket fur emergencies. In M.iv, 1S36, he established himself in the grocery business on Second street, in the same city, giving his mother an in- terest in the concern. The firm was sufficiently jirosperous to enable them, in 1844, to appropriate a sum large enough to pay the balance due by the estate of his father, which proved after his death to be deficient about twenty per cent. About this time he became interested in the importing business, acquiring a share in the ownership of the schooner " Baltimore," which was .at once placed in the San Domingo trade, making regular trips between Cape Ilaytien and Philadelphia, freighted princip.ally with coffee. In September, 1S46, he removed to the southeast corner of Water and Chestnut streets, and for over thirty years has been eng.aged, at first alnne and then as the principal part- ner of the firm of E. C. Knight & Co., in the wholesale grocery, commission, importing and sugar refining business. In 1849, this house became, and thereafter continued to be, interested to a considerable extent in the California tr.ade; it sent out the firet steamer that ever plied on the waters above Sacramento City. The business at present is princi- pally that of sugar-refining, for which purpose the firm oc- cupies two large houses at Bainbridge street H'harf on the Delaware, and that of importing molasses and sugar from Cuba, together with teas from China. As affording some idea of the close attention Mr. Knight has always paid to business, it may be mentioned that during thirty-seven years no one but himself has ever signed a note for the firm, and for years he worked sixteen hours per day. During the last thirty years he has embarked in many enterprises, and discharged the du'ies of many positions outside of his or- dinary business. He was President of the Luzerne Coal .and Iron Company; was a Director in the Lackawanna & Bloomsburg Railroad Company ; Director of the Southwark Bank in 1840, and for several years thereafter — also the Bank of Commerce and the Corn Exchange Bank, and a member of the Board of Trade ; was appointed by the city as one of the Trustees of City Ice Boats, and served for twenty ye.ars; also a Director in the Girard Life Insurance .and Annuity Trust Comp.any ; and in 1859 he made several inventions in sleeping cars, put them into operation, and subsequently sold his interests in the patents to incorporated companies. He also served as President of the Coastwise Steamship Company, Ih.at built in Philadelphia the vessels " John Gibson " and " E. C. Knight." For years he served as a Director in the Pennsylvania, the North Pennsylvania, the Trenton & West Jersey Railroads. In the project for establishing a second line of railway between Philadelphia and New York he took a warm interest, and when eventu- ally brought to a successful issue in the construction of the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, which, in connection with the New Jereey Central and North Pennsylvania Rail- i84 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOr.EDIA. roads eave a seconlican, and wiih that jiarty he has ever since been identified. In the year 1869 he was appointed by President Grant one of the Inspectors of Customs for New York, but resigned the position after holding it for one year. In 1 872 he was appointed one of the Common Pleas Judges of Hunterdon county, which position he still holds, and which he fills in a thoroughly able and satisfac- conlracted with Cramp & Sons for four ships of over three tory manner. He is a master in chancery, and is tiu^tee thousand tons each. All of them are now in service — the "Pennsylvania," the "Ohio," the "Indiana," and the " Illinois," and have proved first-class vessels, while two more are being built. This enterprise has conferred marked advantages upon Philadelphia, and his efforts in bringing matters to their present satisfactory condition h.ave met with high appreciation at the hands of the mercantile community and of all who are concerned for the material prosperity of the city of Philadelphia. In politics also he has been prominent, acting latterly with the Republican party. In 1856 he was nominated by the American, Whig and Reform parties for Congress, in the First District of Pennsylvania. He was an elector from the same district on the Presiden- tial ticket when Abraham Lincoln was first elected Presi dent. He was a member of the convention assembled in 1873 for the purpose of revising the Constitution of the State of Pennsylvania, in which his long and varied business experience rendered his advice much sought and his influ- ence potent for good. His name is a synonym for integrity and honor. AN FLEET, HON. DAVID, Judge, of Fleming- ton, was born in Readington, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, August 13th, 1819, and is a son of William T. Van Fleet, of that place. He is of Dutch descent, his ancestors having come from Holland in the year 1600, and settled in that vi- cinity. He received in his youth such education as the common schools of the neighborhood aTlorded, and for a time he followed the occup.ation of school teacher, and then for a number of estates, as well as a Director of the Hunter- don County National Bank. He is a man of strong religious convictions, and is a consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He was married in 1845 to Susan A. Cole, daughter of David O. Cole, Esq., of Readington, New Jersey. OORHEES, J. VRED, Lawyer and Prosecutor of the Pleas, was born at Somerville, New Jersey, August 5th, 1819. His family was an old one of Dutch extraction, several of whose members won distinction by their services in the patriotic cause during the revolutionary war. Nicholas Voorhees, his father, was a gentleman of high standing and sturdy integrity, and a staunch supporter of the Dutch Reformed Church. He married Sarah Dumont, a descendant of a well-known French Huguenot family. The subject of this sketch prepared fir college at the Somerville Academy. Advancing vapidly, he was able to enter the junior class of Rutgers College, where he graduated in 1840, with high standing. Having determined upon the study of the law, he entered the office of the late Judge Biown, at Somerville, in 1841, where he remained, a diligent worker, until after his admission to the bar in 1844. He at once entered uimn a lucrative practice, and was licensed as counsellor in 1848. He was married in 1S58 to Annie R. Borden, of Mount Holly, New Jersey. He lived a life of quiet industry and usefulness until the outbreak of the rebellion, when he at once took a prominent part in the stirring events of l86r, and in the fall of 1S62 went to the front with a comniissi(;ii as BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP/EDIA. 1S5 First Lieutenant and Quartermaster of the 30th Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers. Here he participated in all the hard service of camp life, until failing health compelled him to resign. After some time spent in recruiting his energies, he reopened his office in SomervUle, where he has since remained. In 1S72 he was appointed by Governor Parker Prosecutor of the Pleas for Somerset County, which office he still holds. He is also attorney for the Somerset County Bank and for the Bound Brook & Delaware Rail- road. Mr. Voorhees is a man highly respected, both as a ciliicn and an official, and for his integrity of character. 'EWITT, HON. SILAS WRIGHT, Lawyer and Member of the State Legislature, was born in Warren county. New Jersey, in the year 1S46. He prepared for a collegiate course in Blairs- town, New Jersey, and then entered Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, in the year 1865. After a full four years' course he was graduated in the class of 1869. Among his classmates were Rev. Walter Q. Scott, of Phila- delphia, and Messrs. William Patton and R. E. James, of the Pennsylvania bar. Selecting the profession of law for his life career, he commenced his legal studies in the office of J. F. Dumont, Esq., at Phillipsburg, New Jersey, and was admitted to practise in that State in 1873. Two years previously, however, he had been admitted to the bar of Pennsylvania, after a course of study in the office of Messrs. Armstrong and Lynn, at Williamsport, in the same State. His political opinions led him into association with the Democratic party, on whose behalf he has always labored actively and with much effect. In the fall of 1876 he be- came a candidate for election from his district to the State House of Representatives, and after a spirited contest was elected by a considerable majority, although in the previous year the Democratic nominee had been defeated. This at- tests his popularity in the district, and indeed he is widely respected for his abilities and esteemed for his personal qualities. llOOD, RICHARD D., Merchant and Manufac- turer (cotton and iron), was born in Greenwich, Cumberland county. New Jersey, March 29th, 1799. His ancestors, who came from Glouces- tershire, England, were among the origmal settlers of Philadelphia; one of them, Richard Wood, arriving in this countiy, with some of the earliest Quaker emigrants, in the latter part of the seventeenth century, here located, while his grandson, also named Richard, moved to Cumberland county, New Jersey, of which he became one of the Judges and a Justice of the Peace in the reign of George II. He also represented his 24 county in the Legislature of the State, as did also some of his descendants, who were men of marked intelligence and influence. Passing through the limited course of instruction of the country schools of that period, he acquired a "fair degree of elementaiy education. For some years after leaving school he was employed as an assistant in his father's store, where the town library was kept, and this being placed under his care, gave him the opportunity of indulging in reading of a varied character. Of the advan- tage here afforded him he diligently availed himself, thus gratifying his taste and fostering the habit of continually adding to his store of information by constant and judicious reading, which, even in the press and manifold occupations of his after life, he always preserved. A little before attaining his legal m.ijority he left his native place to begin the battle of life at Salem, New Jersey. A successful career of two years in that place enabled him to establish himself in Philadelphia. To this city he removed in 1S23, and uniting with Mr. William L. Abbott and S. C. Wood, under the firm of Wood, Abbott & Wood, he started in life as a city merchant at what is now No. 309 Market street. With this house, under all its various changes of title, he remained connected to the day of his death. Commencing with but limited means, in competition with established houses of large capital and unlimited credit, who had been accustomed to extend long credits to their customers, with correspondingly large profits, the firm of Wood & Abbott inaugurated a system of selling for cash and at only five per cent, advance on cost, under which, by rapidity of sales and a frequent turning of the capital they possessed, the new house succeeded in equalizing profits with their more powerful competitors. From that time forward the labors .and influence of Mr. Wood were felt in almost every undertaking having for its object the advancement of the material prosperity of Philadelphia. He was the first to introduce the bleaching and dyeing of cotton goods on a large scale for this market, in competition with the established and powerful corporations of New England. Even while carrying on this extensive business he found lime to embark in other enterprises. The advance of the town of Millville. in New Jersey, is due to his far- sighted sagacity; about the year 1851 he became actively interested in that place, and establishing there a large cotton factory, bleaching and dye works, as also extensive iron works, he gradually built up the town to a manufactur- ing depot of importance. The first to appreciate the fact that southern New Jersey would bear the extension of rail- road improvement, hehuilt the Millville & Glassboro' Rail- road, and afierwards exerted a powerful influence in the building of the Cape May road, vvUh the various branches that contribute to the usefulness of that line and the conve- nience of its passengers and freight patrons. About 1S51 he also started the manufacture of cast-iron gas and water pipe, uniler the firm of R. D. Wood & Co., whose products have entered a large proportion of the cities of the Union, ,86 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP-EDIA. He was the owner of the original tract upon which is built [ not only to the community in which he lived, but to the the town of Vineland, New Jersey, and it is owing to the generous and liberal terms with which he treated the founder of that thriving jilace, that the project was carried out. About 1867 he erected lar^^e factories at May's Land- in", New Jersey, and also constructed a mammoth dam on the Maurice river at Millville. He was, also, at critical periods in their history, a powerful supporter, at one time, of the Schuylkill Navigation Company, promoting confi- dence in it by liberal subscriptions to its stock and loans when they were looked upon with suspicion and doubt; and, at another time, of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, when it was of the most critical importance that its then President (Samuel V. Merrick) should be seconded, as he was, in his efforts to carry forward to completion that great undertaking, by men in its directoi-ship of just such per- sonal influence, fertility of resource and force of character as Mr. Wood. In fact, he was one of the projectoi-s of this great railroad, as well as one of the reorganizers and largest owners of the Cambria Iron Works, at Johnstown, Pennsylvania. He was long a Director of the Philadelphia Bank; was one of the founders of the Union Benevolent Association of Philadelphia, and held directorships in numerous other railroads^ corporations, and public institu- tions. Mr. Wood's talent and goodness of heart alike were proved by his conspicuous ability in the power of moulding persons who at different times joined his enter- prises as assistants. He rarely separated from those men, but developed and applied their powers until they became useful members of his different firms, or sometimes left him, upon the completion of iheir business education, for the creation of individual fortunes. From the laboring man to the possessor of business talent, he perceived the qualification of eveiy applicant, and constituted himself the life-long friend of all who were suited to aid him ; so powerful was his influence and disposition to promote the advancement of enterprising and deserving young men, ■that possibly a hundred of Philadelphia's wealthy and honored citizens owe their first success in business to a partnership in one of the various enterprises inaugurated tyid prosecuted by Mr. Wood. His agreeable relations in society depended largely upon his even and pleasant tem- per, conversational powers, ready and well-stored memor)', and natural urbanity. Educated with the Society of Friends, of which he was a life-long though not active member, he ever displayed the sobriety and justice of apprehension common to that sect. Of his religious character, it may lii said that he felt far more than he showed, having a dislike to formality and bigotry quite equal to his love for true heartfelt Christianity. He died April 1st, 1869. Out of his fortune of several millions, he devised numerous bequests to charitable objects and public institutions, among which were $5000 to Haverford College, S500 to the Union Benevolent Association of Philadelphia, and $500 to the Shelter for Colored Orohans. He was a benefactor entire country; and benefits of his enterjirise and examples will be strong in their influence for good in generations yet to come. IXON, JAMES HARRIS, A. B. and A. M.,La'Y- yer, of Millville, was born in Cedarville, Cumber- land county. New Jersey, January 30lh, 1S36. His father was George W. Nixon, who followed the occupation of a farmer in the same county, of which also his mother, Martha Harris, was a n.i- tive. He obtained his preparatory educational training at Harmony Academy, Bridgeton, which is now known as West Jersey Academy. Having fitted himself for a univer- sity course, he entered Princeton College in January, 1855, and was gradu.ated in June, 1858, with the degree of A. B. In due course he received the degree of A. M. in 1S61. .'Vfter graduation he engaged in teaching school for three years, makmg an engagement at the Lawrenceville High School. Having a taste for the legal profession, he began to study law wiih the Hon. J. T. Nixon, then of Biidgeton, but now United States District Judge, and residing at Tren- ton. Having complied with all requirements he was ad- mitted as an attorney in November, 1863, and as counsellor three years subsequently. In the month after admission as attorney he located at Millville, and commenced the prac- tice of his profession, which he has continued to prosecute at the same place ever since, with a steadily increasing suc- cess. His affiliations have always been with the Republi- can party, and in the fall of 1S64 he was elected to the popular branch of the Legislature on the ticket of that or- ganization. He served in the House for four years, during the last two of which he acted as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. In 1868 he was elected to the Senate, where he served one term of three years. Since that time he has devoted himself to the prosecution of his profession, only permitting the use of his name in politics during the present year, when he was one of the Presidenti.il electors upon the Republican ticket. He has given especial attention to the criminal law, and occupied considerable space in the public eye during the celebrated Landis trial, on which occasion he was of counsel for the defendant. AGONER, HENRY G., M. D., Physician and Surgeon, of Somerville, was born in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, August l6th, 1829, his father being Willi.am Wagoner, a farmer and manufacturer in that county. In his youth he received a classical education, studying for the most part under priv.ite tutors. Having decided to enter the medical profession, he entered upon a preparatory ^a BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 1S7 course of reading with Dr. John Manners, of Clinton, New Jersey, and graduated from the University of Pennsyl- vania in the spring of 1853. After his graduation he went to Stanton, New Jersey, where he entered upon the practice of his profession. He remained there in active and success- fiil practice until 1S59, when he removed to SomerviUe, New Jersey, where he has since resided. His skill as a ]iractitioner and his estimable personal qualities rendered liim exceedingly popular, and his patronage extended largely and rapidly, embracing SomerviUe and a large per tionofthe surrounding territory. The stram produced by his large practice was too severe for his physical strength, and in 1869 he found it necessary to pbtani the assistance of a partner. He therefore associated with himself Dr. J. S. Knox, now of Chicago, and so far as possible withdrew from active practice, in the endeavor to recruit his wasted strength. The partnership endured until 1S73, when, by the retirement of Dr. Knox, he again assumed the entire labor of his large practice. He is a member of the State and County Medical Societies, and ranks among the fore most of his profession in his part of the State. Withal he is a courteous and accomplished gentleman, and is esteemed for his personal and socisri qualities no less than for his great professional learning and skill. He is a prominent member of the M.isonic fr.iternity, has been Master of Solo- mon's Lodge and High Priest of Keystone Chapter, which he was instrumental in organizing. He was married in 1854 to the daughter of Philip R. Dakin, M. D., of Wil- mington, Ohio. She died July, 1876. 3/|>ALSEY, HON. GEORGE A., ex-Member of Con- gress, of Newark, was born in Springfield, Union county, New Jersey, December 7th, 1S27. During a period extending back to 1694, his ancestors had resided in that neighborhood. They were farmers, and in his youth he himself w.ns accustomed to the labors of the farm. His parents, however, removed with him to Newark, and a new career opened before him. He went as an apprentice into the establishment of Messrs. Halsey & Tucker, manufacturers of patent leather, and mastered all the details of that business. Subsequently, an opportu- nity presented itself lo enter into the wholesale clothing busi- ness in connection with Southern firms, and the opportunity was promptly accepted. He speedily developed into a pru dent, enterprising and successful business man, and the qualities which have since gained him reputation and hon ors were brought into strong relief. His energy found new avenues of endeavor, and he became connected with vari banking and insurance institutions of Newark. When the war of the rebellion broke out m 1S61 the firm of which he was the head suffered crushing reverses, its property being all swept away by the secession of the Southern States. Notwithstanding this, the obligations of the firm were finally met. His prompt fulfilment of every personal duty and obligation made it natural that his fellow-citizens should turn to him for active co-operation in public affairs, where his high integrity would be so sU'ongly felt. In 1S60 he was sent to the St.ite Legislature from the district in which he resided. Notwithstanding the fact that he was largely interested in Southern trade, and had intimate busi- ness associations with Southern men, he was an active and earnest Republican from the time of the organization of the party in New Jersey. He was one of the minority in the Assembly of the State, but his integrity, judgment and high business qualities gave him a large influence in that body, and during the scenes that marked the opening of the re- bellion, he was one of Governor Olden's strongest aids. In 1861 he was re-elected to the Assembly. In 1S62, upon the organization of the Intern.il Revenue Purcau, he was appointed Assessor for the Fifih District of New Jersey, his sphere of duties comprising one of the largest manufac- turing districts in the Union. Through his influence many of the harsher provisions of the revenue law were amelio- rated. At the close of the war he w.is selected by the Revenue Commissioner to visit the .Southern States for the purpose of instructing m their duties the newly-appoinled revenue oflicers, but the requirements of his own district compelled him to decline the appointment. Through all the years of the war he cordially sust.iined the administra- tion of President Lincoln. In 1866 President Johnson sought to remove him from office, but the Senate refused to confirm his successor, and he retained the assessorship. This attempt to remove him, added to the high reputation he had gained, directed the attention of the Republicans of his district to him as their best choice for Congress. He was nominated unanimously, and elected by a large major- ity, although the district had been previously largely Dem- ocratic. In Congress he maintained the high character he had previously acquired, and was freely consuked upon questions affecting the manufacturing and financial interests of the country. His services to his district were const.-int and invaluable, and were rendered alike to Democrats and Republicans. He served on the Committee on the District of Columbia ; was appointed one of the Joint Select Com- mittee on Retrenchment, and served with Senators Ed- munds and Buckalew on the sub-committee of that body, "to examine the method of printing and issuing bonds, notes and other securities," the results of which secured important reforms in the Treasury Department. In 1868 he was unanimously renominated for Congress, but was de- feated, although his popularity was so great that his vole in his district largely exceeded that of General Grant. When Mr. Boutwell assumed the position of Secretaiy of the Treas ury under President Grant's administration, he tendered the important office of Register to Mr. Halsey, but the po- sition was declined by him, as, on retiring from Congress, he had actively resumed his business as manufacturer of iSS EIOCRAFHICAL ENXVCLOP-EDIA. patent leather. He was not permitted to remain perma- nenily in retirement, however, and in 1S70 he was again nominated for Congress, and was elected by a majority of over three thousand. This brilliant triumph brought him more prominently than ever before the country, and on taking his seat in the House he was assigned to the Chair- manship of one of the most important committees, the du- ties of which he performed with the fidelity and ability char- acteristic of him. It was due mainly to his watchfulness of the interests of his district and State, that the new court hiuse and post-office at Trenton, and the post-office at 1 Jersey City, were secured, and that the improvements in the Passaic and other rivers of the State were authorized. At the close of this Congress he received from the people of Hudson county, wholly irrespective of party, a valuable tes- timonial of their appreciation of the high official services he )iad rendered. In 1872 he was urged to again accept a nomination for Congress, but declined. He was not per- mitted to retire to private life, however. Upon the retire- ment of Governor Ward he was chosen President of the Newark Industrial Exposition, and was the real as well as the nominal head of that enterprise. In connection with Governor Randolph and others he has been prominent in preserving to the future Washington's head-quarters at Morristown, and is at present one of the Commissioners of the new Lunatic Asylum at Morris Plains. Previous to the last gubernatorial convention, he was prominently named as a fitting nominee for the position of Governor. His friends believed that he possessed in a pre-eminent degree the qualities necessary to success, and in that belief the delegates who assembled at Trenton on the 27th of August, 1S74, concurred most cordially, and nominated him by acclimation for the high position named. The nomination was made without the faintest solicitation on his part, and was in eveiy way most honorable to him, showing unmistakably the high esteem in which he is held as a citizen, and the admiration accorded to his public career. In this year, however, occuiTed the tidal wave which proved so disastrous to the Republican parly, and the Democrats succeeded in electing his opponent. Since that time he has been chiefly engaged in the management of his extensive business, but he has not lost his interest in public affairs. At the New Jersey State Republican Convention in M.iy, 1S76, he was appointed a Senatorial Delegate to the National Republican Convention held at Cincinnati. JREDEXBURGH, HON. PETER, LL.D., Lawyer, was born, 1S05, at Readington, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, .and was the son of Dr. Peter Vreden- burgh, of Somerville. He graduated at Rutgers College, in 1826; studied law; w.as licensed as an .atiorney in 1829; and began practice at Eaton- town, Monmouth county, and in a year removed to Freehold, where he continued until his death; In 1837 he was made Prosecutor of the Pleas for Monmouth county, and held that position for fifteen years. This office brought him in conflict with the best legal talent, and it was soon discov- ered that he possessed a high order of intellect, stored with a thorough knowledge of the great principles of jurispru- dence. From that time his professional success was as- sured. He at once took rank with the foremost practitioners of the county, and the Supreme Court reports of that period prove that from the year 1S40 to his appointment as Judge, he was concerned in all cases of magnitude in Monmouth and Ocean counties. In the discharge of his duties as Prosecutor of the Pleas, he displayed signal ability. He was peculiarly fitted for the position. If he had doubts of the guilt of a prisoner, he frankly said so, and consented to an acquittal. But he was a terror to evil-doers. His clear- ness of perception enabled him to detect falsehood in evi- dence and sophistry in reasoning; and he would weave around the guilty such a W'eb of circumstances that the most eloquent defender of the accused could not destroy, nor deliver the culprits from the penalty of their crimes. Prior to the adoption of the new Constitution of New Jersey, he served as a member of the Legislative Council, being the representative from Monmouth county. In 1855 he was appointed one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court by Governor Price, although of opposite politics ; and in 1S62 he was reappointed to the office by Governor Olden, thus holding the position for fourteen years, dis- charging the duties of the office ably and acceptably, and sustaining a reputation as second to no one on the bench. Many of his decisions are regarded as among the ablest reported, and all bear evidence of having been most care- fully prepared. To the discharge of the duties of this office he brought a mind in the maturity of its powers, improved by long study and experience. When a young man he took an active part in politics, and was an ardent member of the Whig party ; in later years, although a Judge, he sympathized with the Republicans. At the commencement of the civil war, the passions of the people of Monmouth county were aroused to a state of frenzy, and insults and outrages were inflicted on many citizens under the impres- sion that the parly sympathies of Judge Vredenburgh would sustain them ; while the aggrieved were on the point of taking the law into their own hands, and meet violence with violence. At this critical time the Judge, rising above the passions and prejudices of the hour, divesting himself of all persona! and partisan feelings, proved himself a wise and fearless magistrate. His famous charge to the grand jury, and their action, taught the violent that there still was law; and the aggrieved that the law could protect. For this he was denounced by some, harsh names were given, and still harsher threats were made; but time has fully vin- dicated his action. At the close of his second term of office he resumed the practice of the law, but his health soon began to fail. This was increased by the death of a favor- BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^'DIA. 189 ite "ioii. Major Peter Vredenburgh, Jr., who was killed in the battle of Winchester, Virginia, the sacrifice he laid upon the altar of his country, to maintain the right, and to preserve the Union: consequently, he was compelled to abandon his practice. For a time he found partial solace and comfort in reading; but soon his sight failed, and that source of pleasure to a cultivated mind was denied him. At length, in the Iiope of prolonging life, he was induced to seek a more genial clime, but all was unavailing. He held during his active life various minor public positions of trust and honor, and at the time of his death he was one of the Commissioners on Riparian Rights. He died in the city of St. Augustine, Florida, March 24th, 1S73. "HrEDENBURGH, MAJOR PETER, Lawyer and Soldier, son of Judge Vredenburgh, whose bio- graphical sketch appears above, was born at Free- hold, New Jersey. He received a liberal edu- cation, studied law, and was admitted to the bar, where he soon achieved a good position. In Au- gust, 1S62, being then in his twenty-seventh year, he deter- mined to offer his life in the cause of country, being impelled to this course by the early disasters of the war and the obvious necessity for patriotic action on the part of the best blood in the land. Descended, on both sides, from men found among the gallant defenders of Harlem and Leyden, he could not resist the call on behalf of liberty and the na- tion. At this time the 14th Regiment New Jersey Vol- unteers was being largely recruited in his own county, and on August 25th, 1862, he received a commission as Major in that regiment. It was with some hesitation, however, that he accepted so high a rank, being wholly ig- norant of military science. But his natural ability mani- fested itself in a singularly early mastery of his duties, and he at once established for himself a character unrivalled in the regiment as a capable and efficient officer. His com- mand passed the greater portion of the first year at Frederick City, Maryland, and for six months of this period Major Vredenburgh acted as Provost- Marshal of the city, exhibit- ing in that capacity marked executive ability. September 5th, 1863, he was appointed Inspector-General of the Third Division of the Third Corps by General French, and was so attached to the staff of General Elliot until October 4th, 1S63, and then on that of his successor. General Carr, until December 4th following. A week later General French appointed him Inspector-General of the Third Corps, then consisting of about twenty-seven thousand men. He proved himself exceptionally valuable as a staff officer. Consider- ing his lack of previous training, military or engineering, his topographical eye was exceptionally accurate, while his disregard of danger, his self-confidence and enterprising performance of duly, gave his services conspicuous impor- tance. When towards the spring of 1S64 the Third Division of the Third Corps, to which Major Vredenburgh belonged, was transferred to the Sixth Corps, he remained at (he head- quarters of his division on the staff of General Ricketts. In General Grant's advance across the Rapidan on May 4th, 1S64, he bore himself gallantly. A member of his regi- ment thus describes his conduct : " Our Major had done gloriously ; all day he had been in the saddle ; all day he rode backward and forward through the storm of leaden hail. Was there an order to carry to that part of the divi- sion that wavered under a galling fire of the enemy, who to carry it but young Vredenburgh ? W'ho could take it as well ? His eagle eye took in the field at a glance. How our boys would shout as they saw him dashing with the speed of an arrow from one end of the line to the other — for he rode swiftly; he was a splendid horseman." On the following day, and during the whole of that terrible cam- paign of the Wilderness, at Crump's Creek and Spottsylvania, he displayed most daring conrnge, high address and active energy. Again, at the battle of Cold Harbor, his conduct com- manded the highest praise from his superior officers, and won from his soldiers the significant title of " Commander of the Sixth Corps." Early in July the I4lh regiment, withdrawn from Petersburg, returned to Frederick City, and crossing the Monocacy river on the Sth of that month, fought neaily alone the hard-fought engagement known by that stream's name. The Major was at that time attached to the staff of General Ricketts, and many spectators of the fight assert that he displayed more bravery than any man in the field. On this day Lieutenant-Colonel Hall, commanding, and every captain in the regiment who successively took com- mand, were either killed or wounded. Thereupon the Major asked to be returned to his regiment, and under his command, on September i8th, 1S64, after much marching and counter-marching, it proceeded from its works at Berry- ville, in the direction of Winchester, and near Opequan again engaged the enemy. The charge was made at eight in the morning, through a galling fire of ball and shell. Major Vredenburgh led his men, having previously declared his intention to lead them to the enemy's intrenchments. While gallantly pushing forward he was struck by a frag- ment of shell and killed instantly. His last words were: "Forward, men! Forward, and guide on me!" Thus nobly died one who had nobly lived. LDEN, HON. CHARLES S., ex-Governor of New Jersey, was born, February, 1797, at the old homestead at Stony Brook, near Prince- ton, which has been in the possession of the family since 1696. After receiving a fair En- . glish education, he entered his father's store as a clerk, but subsequently removed to Philadelphia before attaining his majority, and entered the mercantile house of Matthew Newkirk, on Second street near Arch. After BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^^DIA. some years' service as a clerk, he was taken into the house as a partner, and was finally intrusted with the management of the branch house of Newkirk & Co., in New Orleans, where he remained from 1S25 to 1S34. Having acquired a large fortune, he returned to New Jersey, and purchased a farm near Princeton, where he settled down, and gave his attention to agricultural pursuits. He was subsequently elected to the State Senate in 1844, and re-elected in 1S47, serving altogether six years in that body. In 1856 he took an active part in the Presidential campaign in support of the election of Millard Fillmore, but subsequently allied himself to the Republican party, and in 1S59 became the nominee of that organization for Governor ; he was elected by a ma- jority of 1,651 votes over his Democratic opponent. General E. R. V. Wright. Although possessed of liberal conserva- tive principles, and being in favor of a conciliatory course towards the South, he gave an enthusiastic and unfaltering support to the national government on the outbreak of hos- tilities. His record during this trying period was of the purest, noblest and most patriotic character. His honesty was ntver doubled, and his administration of the affairs of his native State during a three years' term gave full satisfac- tion to all classes. Beside those of Governor and State Senator, he held many other positions of honor and trust during his career. At one time he was a member of the Court of Errors and Appeals, and the Court of Pardons, and he was also a Commissioner of the State Sinking Fnnd. An old-fashioned legislator, he was always careful, thought- ful and discreet while serving the State in any capacity. He died April ylh, 1876. 'ARNED, S.\MUEL P., M.D,, of Woodbridge, was born in New York city, June gth, 1S36, his parents being William and Mary (Phillips) Har- ned. He received his education at the New York public schools, and at the age of sixteen entered the dry goods trade. In 1856 he removed to Woodbridge, New Jersey, and there became associated with his father in the management of a general store. This connection continued for eighteen months, when the father withdrew, and Mr. S. E. Ensign entered the firm as junior partner. The firm of Harned & Ensign existed for six years, but during this time Dr. Harned was preparing him- self for the duties of his intended profession. Procuring the requisite text-books, he studied medicine in such leisure time as he could take from his business, and having attended the necessary courses of lectures at the University of New York, he received his degree in 1 868. During the two years previous to his graduation, he was an office student with Professor Benjamin Howard, who held the chair of Surgery in the University, and in the year subsequent to his graduation he attended a special course of lectures by Prof. Alfred L. Loomis upon " Physical Diagnosis." Upon the receipt of his degree he established himself at Wood- bridge, where he has built up an extensive and lucrative practice. He has for several years held the position of Township Physician ; has been one of the Coroners of Mid- dlesex county, and is a prominent member of the Middlesex County Medical Society. On the I2l,h of October, 1859, he was married to Rebecca S., daughter of James Blood- good; she dying in iS6g, he was again married, December loth, 1S74, to Fannie S. Bloodgood, a sister of his first wife. OUGHERTY, ALEXANDER N., A. M., M. D., Physician, of Newark, was born, January Ist, 1822, in the city of his present residence. His parents are Alexander N. Dougherty, a leather merchant and a native of New York, and .Sarah (Congar) Dougherty, of Newark. Dr. Dougherty's education was commenced in the private schools of Newark, and the instruction here received was supplemented by a regular four years' course at Oberlin College, Ohio, from which institution he graduated in the fall of 1S41, with the degree of A. B., followed in three years by that of A. M., which degree was also conferred upon him by Princeton College, in 1865-66. In the choice of a profession he was decided by a strong natural bias, and the inclination which the possession ol such bias brings, to determine upon that of physician and suj-geon, and with characteristic zeal and energy he entered upon the task of fitting himself for the career he had chosen. After thorough and effective preliminary study he entered the Albany Medical College, where he attended a course of lectures. After this he went through the regular course at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, of the alumni of which he is now Vice-President. Graduating here in the spring of 1845, *i^ entered at once upon the practice of his profession in Newark, the city of his birth. He remained in Newark, actively engaged in professional duties, until the breaking out of the war of the rebellion in i86r, when he entered the army of the United States, and commenced a new career of more than ordinary brilliancy. He went into the goveniment service as Surgeon of the 4th New Jersey Volunteers, receiving his commission from Gov- ernor Olden. Soon afterwards he passed examination at Washington, was made Brigade Surgeon of Volunteers, .and was assigned for duty under General Kearny, with whom he served until the spring of 1862. At that time he liecame Surgeon of General N. J. T. Davis' brigade, and with that organization served through the Peninsular campaign, and also at the b.-ittle of Antietam. In this engagement he acted as Medical Director of the Second Army Corps of the Army of the Potomac, under command of General Sumner. After the bat- tle of Antietam he was duly commissioned as Medical Direc- tor of the Second Corps, and did duty in that capacity until shortly before the battle of Fredericksburg, when he was promoted to the position of Medical Director of the Right BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOr.EDI A . 191 Grand Division of the Army of the Potom:ic, comprising the Second and Ninlli Corps. This was the highest and most re- sponsiljle position attained by any officer of the volunteer medi- cal staff. Upon the dissolution of the Grand Division, he was retransferred to the Second Corps, as its Medical Director, and served in this capacity until October, 1864, when his services were solicited and obtained by General Hancock, and he became Medical Director of the Veter.in Corps, and when that officer was placed in command of the Army of the Shenandoah, Dr. Dougherty accompanied him as his chief medical officer. He served here until he was trans- ferred to the Department of West Virginia, of which depart- ment he was Medical Director until he was mustered out of service in October, 1S65. In the campaign before Peters- burg he was made Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, and at the close of the war he received the brevet rank of Colonel. He did not go unscathed through the duties of his varied and responsible duties in the war ; he was wounded at the battle of Spottsylvania. After the close of the w'ar he served for a period of six months as surgeon on the Pacific mail steamers, and at the end of that time returned to Newark, where he resumed his private practice. His preference is for surgery, and his services in that department of the pro- fession are much in demand. He has been one of the attending Surgeons of St. Barnabas Hospital, in Newark, since the opening of the institution. He is connected with various medical societies, county and State, and has several times been a deleg.ite to the American Medical Association. He was married in 1S50 to Henrietta Arrowsmith, of Morns county, New Jersey. JUNT, HENPvY FRANCIS, M. D., of Camden, was born in Cranston, Providence county, Rhode Island, March 2Slh, 1838. He is the eldest son of Joshua Hunt, who for many years was a well-known cotton manufacturer. His ancestors were among the earliest settlers of that State; having come over from England and settled in Newport in 1654. His ancestors on his mother's side were among the leading men of the State during the revolutionai7 war, and have always been promi- nent in public affairs. He received his preliminary educa- tion in the public schools of Providence and at Smithville Seminary. In 1S54 he entered Providence Conference Seminary, where he commenced a collegiate course of study. Here he remained three years, when his father's business suffering from the financial crisis of that period, he abandoned the idea of college. Entering his father's busi- ness house, he assisted in conducting affairs with the inten- tion of preparing for a commercial life. During the two years he remained here he pursued his studies privately, endeavoring to supply wh.-itever was lacking in his educa- tion. Finding commercial life not suited to his tastes, he decided to enter upon the study of medicine. This he commenced in the office of a distinguished allopathic physi- cian, where he continued for two years, attending a partial course of lectures in Bellevue Hospital College, New York. At this time his attention was called to the system of homcc- opalhy, which he had seen practised with the most successful results, during an epidemic of diphtheria. Givincr the principles a thorough examination, he became convinced of the superiority of the new school over the old, and entered at once upon the study, in the office of Dr. Okie, of Provi- dence. He attended two full courses of lectures at the Homoeopathic Medical College of Pennsylvania, where he graduated with the class of 1S64. The decease of J. R. Andrews, M. D., of Camden, leaving a vacancy in the field there. Dr. Hunt immediately assumed charge of the exten- sive practice already established. Dr. Andrews was the pioneer or homoeopathy in Camden, where he had labored faithfully and successfully for over twenty years. Here Dr. Hunt found his duties very arduous. From the first day he assumed them, they demanded his closest attention, and most faithfully and earnestly has he discharged his duty. He has always appreciated the responsibility of his position, and has allowed himself but little time for recreation since the commencement of his piofessional life, and has kejit himself well posted in the literature of both systems of medical practice. He has been punctual in his attendance at the meetings of the several medical societies of which he is a member, and has aided in making these meetings interest- ing by the contribution of valuable papers. He was one of the founders of New Jersey State Homoeopathic Medical Society, of which he was afterward President, and aided in securing a liberal charter for the same, conferring all the privileges upon the homceopathic physician that are en- joyed by the allopathic. He also assisted in organizing the West Jersey Homoeopathic Medical Society, of which he was afterward President. These societies have aided materially in the spread of homeopathy in the State. He has been a delegate from these societies to the American Institute of Homoeopathy every year since he joined that body. In 1S66 he was married to Theresa Hugg, of Camden, daugh- ter of the late William Hugg, Esq. He has filled satisfac- torily to his numerous patients the position left vacant by the death of one whose ministry had secured him the most enviable reputation. His practice has increased until it has become one of the most lucrative in the city. He has suc- ceeded in winning the confidence and esteem of the entire community, by his Christian character and professional ability. (ri4([%1lDGWAY, HON. CALEB G., of Burlington, Mer- *, hTvtg there purchased a tract of land and c-.-d > to 1 c Ld ott in bm.ding lots of convenient --- --""S^; his own means intending settlers to erect dwellings By is wiseUberalitymanydeservingworlcmenhaveherebeenpo^ vided with comfortable homes. Upon ~'"g;;/"^."^ position— as also when no.u.i » , , ., „r i1,p needs L.-he evidenced a remarkable knowledge of the need :Llds of civic government. ^^ -^M::::^ in the Democratic State Convention a. -';^^ -/^„^^,.,, Senator, but his nomination was '-"^^ ^^'^S ^.^,,^,^., ,ote-a result that would certainly not ha^e been 1 ledge of the -e same scien .Hh him ^id succeeded to his e.ei.ive^pracce,m.^,cH '^^'>^-tri::;:^s:::::-J:::h^ country, he Asiatic cholera firs made t pp tness in the i-"^°^^';:;:::t;;;::^--'WMsu,LiBshde..- treatment of that terru sufferings, he i ,,„ to his patients, and ^y^^^^f^^^^ „„, other in soonattamedamore extensive p. nctice th 1 96 BIOGRArmCAL EXCVCLOP.ILDIA. frorous con- the State, anil wliich finally impaired liis slilution. In 1849 he made an overland journey to Cali- fornia, merely for the improvement of his health; hut al- though the eNpedition was in other respects successful, his health was rather impaired than benefited by the trip. On the incorporation of the New Jersey Railroad and Trans- portation Company, lie was elected its President, and held the office until death, a period of over thirty years. His political creed was that of the Jackson school of the Democ- racy, and vei7 early in life he was elected a member of the State Legislature, in which he served several years; and at a subsequent d.ate, while yet a resident of Morris county, was United States Marshal for the District of New Jersey, having been appointed to tliat office by President Jackson, and continued to hold that position during the subsequent administration of Martin Van Buren. He exerted great in- fluence in his party throughout the .State, although he was averse to holding oflice. He was for many years a promi- nent member of the Masonic order, and for some years held the office of Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of the State. He died in Newark, of paralysis, October 22d, 1863. 'OOPER, SHERMAN, M. D., of Westfield, was born in Croydon, Sullivan county. New Hamp- shire, .August 20th, 1S33, his parents being Lem- uel P. and Laura (Whijiple) Cooper, both natives of New Hampshire. He was educated at the public schools at Rome, and at the Kimball Union Academy at Meriden, graduating from the latter institution in 1S52. Electing the profession of medicine, he attended a course of lectures at Dartmouth College in 1855, and read in the office of Professor David S. Conant in New York. In 1856-7 he attended lectures at the New York Medical College, and in the latter year was appointed assistant sur- geon to the hospital on Blackwell's Island. In 1S5S he was made chief of staff at that hospital. In the subsequent year he entered upon the practice of his profession at Clare- mont. New Hampshire, and continued in successful prac- tice until the breaking out of the war. In 1861 he entered the United Stales service as surgeon of the 6th Regiment New Hampshire Volunteers, and served with credit for three years. In the spring of 1865 he returned to Clare- mont, and during the succeeding five years was actively engaged in the duties of his profession. In 1866-7 beheld the chair of Assistant Professor of Surgery in the University of Vermont. In the latter year he received his degree of M. D. from the University of New York. In October, 1871, he removed to Westfield, where he has since continued in successful practice. He was elected Coroner for Union county in the fall of 1875. "e has been for several years a promment member of the Union County Medical Society. On the 23d of June, 1S5S, he wa-, married to Celia Pierson of Westfield. CRIVENS, ZEBULON W., M. D., late of Long Branch, was bom in Petersburg, New York, Sep- tember 1st, 1S26. After a good preliminary training, he entered the Literary University, New- York, from which he was graduated with honor in 1S49. From his early childhood he was a hard student and a literary aspirant, possessing a retentive mind thai never grew weaiy in its pursuit after knowledge. It was very natural therefore that he should incline toward a le.irned profession. He chose that of medicine, and begar( reading under the direction of Dr. A. H. Hull, of Berlin, New York, and took a full course at the Albany Medical College, from which he was graduated in 1852. The prac- tice of his profession he opened in his native town, Peters- burg, where he pursued it for twelve months. For a similar period he labored at Eagle Mills, in the same State, whither he removed from Petersburg. In 1854 he succeeded Dr. Jacob Vanderveer, at Long Branch, in a laborious and in- creasing practice, extending over a section of country four miles wide and sixteen miles long. But his reputation was not thus limited, called, as he often was, miles away to hold consultations with neighl>oring physicians in critical cases. He was a man of large perceptions and excellent judgment ; devoted to his profession, sacrificiiig everything else to its pursuit, even his life; for although a large, stalwart man, possessing gi'eat bodily vigor and vitality, he had to suc- cumb before the heavy labors he imposed on himself A careful and successful general practitioner, he especially ex- celled in surgery, and was remarkably successful in his oper- ations. He died February Illh, 1876, from pneumonia, complicated with other diseases. By all who knew him he was not only respected but beloved. OBS, EUGENE, M.D., late of Springfield, was born at Liberty Corner, Somerset county. New Jersey, February 23d, 1S21, being the son of Nicholas C. and Margaret C. Jobs. After an or- dinary country school education, he commenced life as a teacher, and also as an assistant to his father in his store. Attracted toward the medical profes- sion, he began to study medicine with Dr. Smith English, at Manalapan, Monmouth county, and in due course nia- triculated at the University of Pennsylvania, medical de- partment, from which he was graduated April 4th, 1844. He was licensed to practise in New Jersey, at Elizabeth, by the Board of Censors of the Medical Society of New Jersey, for the Eastern District, September nth, 1S44. Practice he commenced at Springfield, Union county, in the spring of 1845, antl there he continued uninterruptedly until his death. On October 28th, 1846, he was married to Mary L., oldest daughter of Thomas C. Allen, of Connecti- cut Farms, Union county, who died September I2th, 1S63, BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.-EDIA. 197 leaving two sons and two daughters. He was a member of ihe Preshylerian Church, joining the communion in Springfield in 1S4S, and remaining a consistent member llnough after life. He died suddenly, of apoplexy, May 22cl, 1S75. Patient, industrious and ambitious, his incessant toll, his great exposure and many hardships overtaxing th 1,1 ain and body, brought on the fatal attack. He fully ap- pieciated the duties, responsibilities and privileges of his ])iofession, honoring it in all his actions, Alihough his [iraclice became very large, it was not especially renuinera live, but his poor p.itients ever received from him the same c;ireful attention extended to the rich. He recognized hi calling as one enabling him to do good, and never neglected an opportunity of helping the aflhcted and poor. He en joyed a high reputation as a skilful physician, and was very highly respected and esteemed in a large neighborhood for his sterling character and social qualities. ^ATZMER, WILLIAM IL, Railroad Promoter and Manager, w.as born, July 22d, 1S07, near Somerville, .Somerset county, N£w Jersey. On the patern.al side he is of German descent, his father having emigrated from Coburg in 1794, and settled first in Custleton, near Philadelphia, and later in Somerset county. New Jersey, where he had charge of the Campbell Mills. His limited means did not permit him to furnish his son other educational advantages Jhan those of a country village, but these were so well used that at the age of twelve years the latter was qualified to fill the situation of clerk in a country store. A year l.Uer he entered a more extensive establishment at Somer- ville. Here he remained for five years, displaying such business qualifications that the entire management of the liouse was confided to him, and the proprietor was desirous that he should acquire a partnership interest. To this, however, his want of capital was a bar, and believing that the knowledge of some trade would render him more secure of winning success in life, he left the store and entered a printing office in the same town. The opportunities for self-culture which such a position offers were not neglected by him, and he soon acquired not merely a practical ac- quaintance with the trade but a general knowledge of science and literature. Thus provided, a rational ambition prompted him to seek a wider field than that of a country village, and, supplied with high testimonials of character and ability, he applied successfully to the wealthy steam- boat firm of Stevens Brothers, of New 'V'ork city, for a situa- tion. At that date, 1S30, they controlled the principal trade of the North river, and they placed him as chief clerk on the " North America," then the finest boat afloat on the New York waters, where he distinguished himself by his executive skill and agreeable manners. The brothers I Stevens were at this period engaged in constructing the Camden & Amboy Railroad, a charter of which had been granted by the Legislature of New Jersey in 1S30. In 1833, having completed the eastern sections of the line, they transferred him to the steamboat route between New York city and South Amboy, which position he occupied about three years. After the completion of the road from Amboy to Camden a responsible position was assigned to him in the office in Philadelphia by the same firm. Its duties he fulfilled so satisfactorily that soon not merely the management of the Philadelphia office but of the whole in- terests of the company were intrusted to him. It is not e.asy at this day, when the railroad system is thoroughly organized and acknowledged successful, to appreciate how onerous and responsible those duties were. The Camden & Amboy Rail- road was the first great through line completed in this country. By many sound and cautious men it was deemed a hazardous and even chimerical experiment, likely enough to bankrupt its stockholders. The respective rights of the public and the road were yet undefined ; costly litigation was unavoidable, and the immense labor of organization had all to be performed without the light of precedent or example. The company justly recognized that one mind must control the whole, untrammelled by interference or conflicting opinion, and the brothers Stevens rightly judged that such a mind could be found in their late employe. Hence for years he may be said to have been the autocrat of the road, appointing and deposing any subordinate officer, carrying his plans and 'wishes through the Board of Direc- tors with little opposition, and, withal, using this extensive authority, with such discretion that neither employes nor stockholders ever preferred just grounds of complaint against his management. The company obtained control, early in its history, of the Philadelphia & Trenton Railroad, to secure the direct all-rail route between Philadelphia and New York, and ran a steambo.at, first to Bristol and then to Tacony, in connection with this line. They also became proprietors of the ferry between Philadelphia and Camden, and of several freight and ferry lines on the Delaware. From these beginnings the road extended the area of its branches in all directions, so that it finally received the transportation of nearly one-half the territory of New Jersey. The smaller connecting roads, which were from time to time constructed, were supplied with funds and credit by the Camden & Am- boy, and generally managed in accordance to the advice of its efficient superintendent. Nor was his influence bounded by the limits here defined. The Belvidere & Delaware Railroad, one of the important connecting branches of the Camden & Amboy, approaches the vast coal regions of Pennsylvania. The extension lequired to unite this with the coal fields was the Lehigh Valley Railroad and its branches, projected by Judge Packer, of Pennsylvania; and certain privileges and assistance essential to that important undertaking were, by Mr. Gatzmer's advice, granted the Lehigh Valley Company by the Camden & Amboy, services warmly acknowledged by Judge Packer. In 1S67 Edwin igS BIOGRAPIIICAL EXCYCLOIVEDIA. A. Slevens having resigned the Tresidency of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, tliat honor was conferred, by unanimous consent, on him, who for thirty-seven yeare had been the faithful and successful steward of the company's interests. In this year the New Jersey Railroad and Trans- portation Company was amalgamated with the Joint Com- panies of New Jersey, and the public works of the State, embraced in the Delaware & Raritan Canal Company, the Camden & Amboy Radroad Company, and the New Jersey Railroad Company were managed by a Jomt Board, through the respective presidents. He was appointed Chairman of the Passenger and Freight Committee, and Secretary of the Joint Board and Executive Committees, which positions he held until the lease of the works to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. To this lease he was op- posed, and stated the reasons for his opposition in a forcible argument, entitled, " Views upon the Proposition to Lease the Public Wi.rks of New Jersey to the Pennsylvania Rail- road Company ; read before the Joint Board of Directors, at their meeting .at Trenton, New Jersey, April 20th, 1871." The lease, however, was finally ratified and executed by the presidents of the companies, by directions of the Joint Board, his views of its inexpediency remaii:ing, nevertheless, unchanged. In May, 1S72, his official connection with the United Canal and Railroad Companies of New Jersey, and as President of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, ceased. His connection with the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company, of which he was a Director as early as 1853, continues, and he was elected unanimously its Consulting Manager. When twenty-two years of age he married Eliza A. Campbell, of New York city, and h.as had the pleasure of witnessing an exemplary family grow up around him. His personal character has not merely been conspicuous for fair dealing and sincerity, qualities essential to the posts he has filled, but also for uniform courteousness, and a freedom from the irritability which so frequently mars the manners of the best men when overworked and weighted with the cares of a complex business. The capacity of very rapid labor, and the power of occupying the mind with more than one topic of .ittention at a time, are traits he has manifested in a uni- versal degree, and explain the facility with which he could transact, without erroi-s, such varied affairs. e^CliARISON, REV. ANDREW B., late of Ringoes, qJ^ '^ was born, December 31st, 1841, at Sandy Ridge, Hunterdon county, New Jersey. He was the third son of Benjamin Larison, .and his boyhood W.1S passed upon his father's farm. He prepared for college at FIcmington High School, of which his brother, C W. Larison, was at that time principal, and in October, 1861, entered the medical college at Geneva, New York. He graduated thence 111 1864, and immediately entered the United .States army as an Assistant Surgeon, servinu untU the end of the war. When mustered out of the service he entered the freshman class in the university at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and continued his studies until, having reached the last term of his senior year, failing health compelled a total cessation from labor. A series of hem- orrhages from the lungs, superinduced by an attack of pleuropneumonia while in the army, threatened his life, but after a few months of rest his strength seemed restored and he was ordained a minister of the Baptist Church, in February, 1870. He was immediately called to the pas- torate of the church at Ringoes, New Jersey, an office that he held until his death. In January, 1870, m connection with his brother, Cornelius W. Larison, he founded the seminary at Ringoes, taking the position of Principal, and holding the chairs of Moral Science and Langu.iges. His death occurred September 25th, 1872, and although the term of his ministry comprehended less than three years, upwards of eighty new members were added to the church through his exertions. Few men, laboring for so brief a period, have left so distinct an impress upon the moral tone of the community in which they have lived. Mr. Larison was married, October 6lh, 1869, to Catherine B. Brown, a graduate of the University Female Institute, Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, who w.as to him an excellent helpmate, both in pastoral duties and in the duties of the seminary. E.A.VITT, JOHN, M. D., of Baptistown, was born in New Hampshire m the year 1819. After a S good New England education he moved to New Uf^ Jersey, where he became a school teacher in New V^i Hampton. At the same time, having determined to adopt the me^'ical profession, he beg.an to read medicine with Dr. R. M. McLonahan, of that place. Hav- ing prepared himself for a college course, he proceeded to New York, pursued a full course and graduated. Upon receiving his diploma, he opened an office m Asbury, Warren county. New Jersey, where he practised from 1 846 to 1S47. In the latter year he removed to Ohio, where he prosecuted his profession for a short time. But he tired of the West, and returned to New Jersey and located in Fines- ville, Warren county. There he remained until 1854, when he took up his residence m Baptistown, Hunterdon county, where he continued actively engaged until his death. An extensive practice rewarded his labors, his skill and care. He married Miss Smith, daughter of James Smith, who with two children, a daughter and a son, survive him. After moving to Hunterdon county he became a member of the District Medical Society for that county . in i860 he was chosen its President, and also one of its Board of Censors. He was vei-y conservative in practice. Unob- trusive m his manners, beloved by his patients, and warmly esteemed by the community in which he lived, he was also BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOP.KDIA. '99 highly respecled by his professional brethren. Religiously he was a Presbyterian. He died October 20th, 1S75. :f| HELPS, HON. WILLIAM WALTER, Lawyer and Member of the Forty-Second Congress, was born in August, 1S39. The Phelps family were early merchants of New York, and were noted for their culture as well as for their busniess con- quests. They reaped wealth through wise and fair dealing with their fellow-men. Phelps' father, John Jay Phelps, rose to affluence in days when Moses Taylor, Com- modore Garrison, William E. Dodge, and other men whose names are now historical in commerce, were his friends and competitors. The elder Phelps is remembered as a finan- cier of great shrewdness in his immediale dealings with events, but who, in common with all truly_ large-minded men, had a faculty for planning and executing projects that were not only intended to produce riches, but to surprise and charm by their originality and vastness. It was he who with consummate judgment decided that the coal regions of Pennsylvania, in which he had invested much money, should be connected with tide water at New York by the rail- way wliich is known as the Delaware, Lackawanna & Wuslern. Our greatest men are not merely planners; they are also executors ; and if we count the really successful men of our century we may say of them that in no project which they contemplated were they less willing to become responsible with their own money or reputations, than they were to invite the trust of others. So that it may be said that John Jay Plielps was an investor and not what we in our day are likely to call, with the falling inflection, a "speculator." Of the railway which he projected, he was President for many years. Carlyle says that self-esteem is one of the greatest qualities of men ; and when this capital- ist became m August, 1830, the father of a son, he was proud enough to borrow time from his wide enterprises to devote to the development of the boy's character. Nor •was he mistaken either in his plan or in the character of the child; for while William Walter Phelps inherited the quick intelligence of his father, he early in life developed a pas- sion for "mere culture" for its own sake — that brooding over what Emerson calls the " beautiful in doing," and what Matthew Arnold would call the literary instinct. At Yale College, William Walter Phelps became one of the most pop- ular of the undergraduates, mainly because he united the hab- its of the scholarly recluse, when duty called for them, with a sturdy interest in the social demands of the institution. It is perhaps his leading characteristic that his nervous-san- guine temperament leads him to take a practical interest in whatever surrounds him. So lasting is the memoiy of his active workings for his Alma Mater that when he was only passing his thirtieth year he was chosen a Fellow of Yale by a vote which led that of even William M. Evarts. He early showed readiness for debate; and he was both in and out of college one of the few really great speakers whom that stern and jealous institution has pioduceug some- times best exposed. When Phelps' satire was keenest and when his humor was bubbling over, his friends never ceased to respect him, and his enemies, vying with his friends in respect, never wished to hate liim. The honesty of the man's faith and the sincerity of his manner gave him a power which is never attained through any of the arts ot the demagogue. From the days of Horace Greeley in Congress, the discussion of the franking abuse had been carried on in a ponderous way. When the question arose during the term of Phelps' service, he immediately attacked it with the argument rei/iictio ad abstirdtim. By a stroke of policy which no one had theretofore conceived, he laughed the measure down. In Congress a measure is usually doomed if it is one that can be laughed at. Ridicule, notwithstand- ing Mr. Carlyle, is a power in oratory, and nothing suffers more severely than when it suffers from contempt. Phelps understood this, and with skill he used his talent for mock- cry with success. A man is known and respected in Con- gress for the committees to which he is consigned. There are a few committees that command the power of the House; and there are^ome tag-end committees that are of utter in- significance. Even in these latter a man like Blue-Jean- Wilhams may be useful. But Phelps — though he was a new and almost untried man, whose youthful face was in great contrast with those of men much older than he — was assigned to the Committee on Banking and Commerce, one of the foremost in the House. This was an honor which his district appreciated ; and he used his advantages well. His skill as a financial lawyer was displayed in the work of the committee room by the clearness of his reports. This was at a time when the impending panic was threat- ening to demand all sorts of wild and dangerous exploits in financial legislation ; and among those who stood forward as champions of a sensible and valuable currency none carried greater power or commanded higher respect than Phelps. He argued his questions with surprising skill ; sometimes cleaving his obstacle with the sword of Richard — sometimes cutting the floating veil with the dexterous scimetar of Saladin. Above all, he was clear. His speech in which he defined " value " was one of the clearest and ablest expositions in political economy that have ever been produced. The present writer, at the time of its utterance, suggested in a public journal that it be used as a text-book in colleges. It had great influence everywhere; and Phelps received not only praise from hurried, practical politicians who saw his effect, but commendation from scholarly re- cluses who w-ere studying the problem within college walls. So far as the speech was intended to go, that is, concerning the subject of "value" and its distinction from "price," it stands, for clearness of exposition and for originality of illus- tration, in advance of the chapters devoted to the subject liy either Caims or Mill. It may be said without exaggeration that, during the two years of Phelps' service in Congress, he did as much as any statesman, not excepting even Schurz or Sherman, to prepare the way for honest money. He be- longed to that small, powerful, well-organized band who by their energy and genius legislated so that hard times should not be prolonged lieyond their natural period. In 1S74 BIOGRAnilCAL E^XVCLO^.EDIA. the Democratic ti Jal wave swept everything before it ; and the Fifth District was not excepted from its eflects. No Canute could have l command at the battles of Kearneysville, August 25th ; Opequan, September 19th ; Mount Crawford, October 2d ; Toms River, October gth ; took part with his division in the general engagement of Cedar Creek, October 19th, and was present at the fight near Middletown, November 12th. He commanded at the battles of Liberty Hills, December 22d, and Gordonsville, December 23d. In April, 1865, his many gallant services were recognized by his appointment to the command of the Army of the Shenandoah, a position for which he had been rendered eligible the previous Sep- ten.ber by promotion to the rank of Brevet MajorGeneral. He was in command of this array until Jidy, when it was disbanded, and he was then ordered to the command of the military district of Southeastern Virginia, with head-quar- ters at Norfolk. In December, 1865, he was mustered out of the volunteer service, falling back to his rank in the reg- ular army, with the added brevet rank of Major-General. After his brilli.ant career in active service, General Torbert had small liking for military life in times of peace, and he therefore, November Ist, l866, resigned his commission. His record is one of the brightest upon the New Jersey page of the history of the war, and it is all the brighter because by birth and association he had every temptation to array himself upon the side of tre.-ison. His loyalty was, indeed, more than once assailed, but he permitted his actions to confute the words of his opponents, and regardless of evil tongues and envious hearts did his duty as became a true soldier and a gallant gentleman. When the New Jersey contingent was called out, as mustering officer he rapidly worked the raw material into manageable shape, and having placed the troops in the field, he commanded his regiment, brigade, division and army with constant courage, almost constant success and always constant honor. Oil the con- clusion of the war he retired to private life for a while. He is now (Januar)', 1S77) and for some time has been United States Coiuul-General to France. Vv/p^ARTRANFT, REV. CHESTER D., A. B., A. M., Clergyman, was born in Frederick township, Montgomery county, Pennsylvania, October isth, 1839, his father, Samuel Hartranft, being an ex- tensive flour merchant of Philadelphia, and a member of the family to which General J. F. Hartranft, Governor of Pennsylvania, belongs. His mother was Sarah, daughter of Adam Sletler. The Stetlers were among the earliest settlers of Frederick tow-nship, and the family is one of considerable antiquity, its founder in America, Christian Stetler, having immigrated to this coun- try in 1720. Educated in early youth at the Philadelphia public schools, he graduated with credit from the High School in 1856, and in 1857 entered the University of Penn- sylvania, and there for a year applied himself to the higher branches of study. His education was completed at a select school in Potlstow-n, Pennsylvania, whence he grad- uated in iS6i. Natur.ally of a serious temperament, he had determined upon the ministrj' as his profession, and in pur- suance of this determination he entered, immediately upon the completion of his secular studies, the Theological Semi- BIOGRAraiCAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. 205 nary of the Reformed Dutch Church, at New Brunswick, New Jersey. Here he remained for three years, passing through the regular course and receiving his degree and license to preach in 1S64. He was in the same year called to the pastoral charge of the South Bushwick Reformed Church, in the eastern district of Brooklyn, where, until October, 1866, he labored to excellent purpose. On the date last named he removed to New Brunswick, New Jersey, to as- sume the pastorate of the Second Reformed Dutch Church, a position which he still holds and very acceptably fills. On the loth of July, 1864, he was married to Annie F., daughter of the Rev. Dr. Bergh, of Philadelphia. IfcALLISTER, ROBERT, Major-General, was, in many respects, a representative officer in the late war. Residing at O-xford, New Jersey, he was, in 1861, engaged in a business of magnitude, and was, moreover, considerably beyond middle age. His interest, as well as the inclinations natural to his time of life, prompted him to refrain from entering actively into the conflict following upon the shot thrown across Charleston bay by the rebel batteries into Fort Sum- ter; but his patriotism was stronger than his love of wealth or of ease, and immediately upon the call for troops to serve for three years or the war, when it became evident that the government was dealing not with a mere local revolt but with a general rebellion, he raised a company and reported for duty at the State capital. Upon being mustered into the service, he was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Regiment New Jersey Volunteers, but during the ensuing year was for the greater portion of the time the command- ing officer, and as such led the regiment in the numerous battles in which it was engaged. In July, 1S62, he was promoted to Colonel, and af pointed to the command of the nth Regiment New Jersey Volunteers, a position he held for more than two years, until appointed Brevet Brigadier- General " for gallant and distinguished services at Boydton Plank Road." He had, however, been acting Brigadier- General for a considerable period previous to his promotion. In October, 1862, as senior officer, he took command of the 1st Brioade of the 2d Division, 3d Corps, to which the nth New Jersey was attached ; he was temporarily in charge of the 2d Brigade of the 3d Division of the 2d Corps, com- manding it in numerous engagements ; and on the 24th of June, 1S64, he was placed in command of the 3d Brigade, 3d Division, 2d Corps. He remained in this command until the end of the war, being raised to the brevet rank of Major-General in March, 1S65, and mustered out of the ser- vice on the 6th of June of the same year. General McAllister's battle record would be a record of almost all the important engagements of the war. From the first Bull Run — through the fights of Gaines' Mill, Charles City Cross Roads, White Oak Swamp, Malvern Hill, Fredericksburg, Chancellors- ville, Gettysburg, Jacob's Ford, Kelloy's Fonl, I.nciist Grove, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Spotlsylvania, the NorUi Anna, Coal Harbor, Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Strawbeny Plains, Weldon Railroad, Reams' Station, Boydton Planlc Road, Hatcher's Run — Generid McAllister led his men with that coolness and steadiness of purpose that marked him as one of the most reliable officers in the whole armv, and in the final battles before Richmond he manifested the same admirable qualities. His quiet nerve was the prime secret of his success ; his remarkable self possession under the most trying circumstances invariably enabling him to bring out his command if not victorious at least with credit. Another cause of his efficiency as an officer was the per- sonal attention that he gave to details. He not only issued orders, but he assured himself that his orders, were carried into execution, and this habit of exactness was constantly productive of the most beneficial results; his subordinate officers were prompt in obedience and his men placed in him a firm reliance. Nor did he confine himself to raiding only the standard of discipline in his commands ; a thorini;;li Christian himself, he constantly sought to inculcate moraliiy and a love of religion among the men whom he led so in- trepidly into battle, and the influence that he thus exerted was productive in the most marked manner of good results. As said at the outset, he w.as a representative American sol- dier; a private citizen who went out to battle from a hiL;h sense of duty ; who fought with the utmost gallantry \\ here- ever fighting was to be done, and who carried the Christian faith of the household into the stormy atmosphere of the camp. ^r^v TRVKER, NELSON D. W. T., M. D., late of ??'V(L Monmouth Junction, was born September iiih, 1S02. He was the son of John Stryker, Jr., and grandson of John Stryker, Sr., of revolutionary memory, who brought him up, as both his parents died when he was quite young ; and before he was fully grown up both his grandparents died. Left thus to himself, he entered a printing office, where he spent some time. This business, however, was not to his taste, and he forsook it for merchandising, being for some years associated in partnership with his only brother, John, in the conduct of a store at Six Mile Run. But as he advanced in man- hood he was attracted toward the medical profession ; com- menced the study of medicine with Dr. Ferdinand S. Schenck, of Six Mile Run ; attended lectures in Rutgers Medical College, in New York, and was graduated there- from. Forthwith beginning practice, he settled at what was then known as Long Bridge, now Monmouth Junction, and there continued actively engaged until a short period before his death, which occurred October 20th, 1S75. He built up an extensive practice, and won the respect an.hnicnt of its kind in the State, comprising over three huiidiLd acres in cultivation, about one hundred of which are u^u,llly devoted to growing small fruits. Ilis residence stands among the stately old trees which he planted in his younger days; and many of more recent introduction have since been added. An avenue of near half a mile in lengih, Imr- dered at a distance of several rods On each side with broad belts planted with a general collection of hardy ornanKiilal trees and evergreens. The various nursery fields are sepa- rated merely by driveways or trees, and the proprietor is dis- pensing with fences, where not needed to enclose his own stock, finding this plan more convenient, as well .as more economical and pleasing to the eye. Every new fruit which comes before the public is thoroughly tested on tlie^e grounds, and in sufficient quantities to give a thorough trial of its merits, previous to being disseminated. Many fruit farms in the United States have been supplied with trees and plants sent from here, and the annual yield of their rich products is a continual reminder to their owners of Pomona Nursery, from whence the stock w.as obtained. From 1S50 to 1870 he was a practical civil engineer, surveyor and con- veyancer; and during that period he located and superin- tended the construction or improvement of over thirty dif- ferent turnpike roads, and whilst engaged in surveying several large tracts of land in the interior of the State, mie of which contained 40,000 and another 50,000 acres, which without convenient means of reaching market was of but little value, he became fully impressed with the importance of railroads in this State, which contained two million acres of unimproved land; and by writing and speaking in their favor and against the policy of maintaining the ex- clusive privileges of the joint companies, which prohibited the construction and use of any railroad in this Stale without their consent, or to compete with them in business, he con- tributed largely to effect a change in public sentiment. He was elected a member of the Legislature in 1854, and re- elected the two following years ; and during the time he was in that body, served on many important committees and was Speaker of the House of Assembly during the session of 1855. He took an active part in the railroad war against the monopoly and in favor of granting railroads wherever needed to develop the resources of the State and bring thousands of acres of land, naturally fertile though un- cultivated, within reach of markets. The whole subject of exclusive or monopoly privileges in railroading was so thoroughly agitated and discussed, that a law was passed fixing the time when the exclusive or monopoly privileges of the joint companies should cease, determine and end. '• That after the first day nf January, 1869, it should be lawful 214 EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. without the consent of the Delaware & Raritan Canal and C\imden & Amboy Railroad and Transportation Companies (called the joint companies) to construct any railroad or riilroads in this State, or to compete in business with the railroads of said joint companies." From that time all legal restraints against building railroads in New Jersey have been removed, and in 1873 ^ general railroad law was pxssed, and the people left at liberty and encouraged to build railroads wherever the public good required. Being a member of the Whig party whilst in existence, he was chosen President of the fir-t Republican Convention which assembled in the Stale. It was held in Newark, April, 1S56, to organize the Republican party, at which conven- tion resolutions were passed taking strong grounds against the repeal of the Missouri Compromise, and to resist the a-x:,'ressive spirit of slavei-y, and to accept the issue thus f >rced upon the free States, regarding the momentous issues at the then approaching election to be whether slavery or freedom should be national, and in favor of admitting Kan- sisasafree State. He is identified with the intere'its of the county and State, and is foremost in all matters that jiertain to the welfare of the public. lie contributed more l.irgely than any other person towards erecting and main- t lining the public free school in the district, where more than one hundred scholars are regularly taught free of charge. He now holds m.any honorable positions in the State. He was the International Judge from New Jersey in the department of pomologj', at the late Centennial Ex- position, held in Philadelphia. He is a member of the New Jersey State Board of Agriculture ; is one of the Man- agers of the New Jersey State Geological Survey; is Presi- dent of the West Jersey Surveyors' Association ; is President of the State Board of Visitors to Rutgers Scientific College for the benefit of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts; is Presi- dent of the Westfield and Camden Turnpike Company; is President of Rake Pond Cranberry Company ; is Vice- President of the American Pomological Society ; is a mem- ber of the Horticultural Societies of both New Jersey and Pennsylvania, and an honorary member of the Pennsylvania Historical Society ; and at the present time is Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and Master in the Court of Chan- cery. He is highly respected and esteemed by. the commu- nity where he resides, and in f.ict by all those who have the pleasure of his acquaintance. March 23d, 1S43, he married Alice, daughter of Charles Stokes. She has been a constant and faithful helpmate through all the vicissitudes of life ; wise in counsel, mild and exemplary in deportment, performing household duties in a Christian spirit; ever mindful of their dependence on Infinite Wisdom, whom she believed would at all times rightly direct those who obey Divine admoni- tions. To her he thinks he is mainly indebted for what- ever good he has accomplished or happiness attained. They had seven children, as follows, viz. : Charles, married Anna Sill ; Hannah, died at the age of fourteen ye.irs ; John R., William, Oliver, Howard, and Tacie Parry. ERVIS, HOWARD, M. D.,. of Junction, was born, October 6tli, 1S29, near Ringoes, New Jersey. His father was Garret Servis, a prominent citizen of Hunterdon county, who was for three years sheriff, was twice elected to the New Jersey Leg- islature, and was fur several years postmaster at Clinton. His mother was Susan Stout, a granddaughter of John Hart, one of the signers of the Declaration of Inde pendence. Dr. Servis was educated solely by his father. In 1S56 he entered the medical department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania. Being over twenty-one years of age at the time of entering he was required to take but two terms, and in 185S received his degree. He at once estab- lished himself at Fairmount, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, and soon built up an extensive practice. With unusual pro- fessional ardor he determined, after having been in active practice for two years, to resume his academic studies, and he accordingly in the winter of i860 attended a special course of lectures at the University of Pennsylvania. He returned to Fairmount, but at the end of a year he removed to New Hampton, and succeeded to the practice of Dr. McLenahen, a prominent physician whom failing health compelled to give up professional labor, and at whose re- quest Dr. Servis made the change. With such indorse- ment, he succeeded to the full practice of Dr. Lenahen, and has since considerably increased it, and has won the respect and esteem of the community in which he resides, both as a useful citizen and as an eminently successful physician and surgeon. He was married, June 12th, 1867, to Belinda, daughter of Philip Johnston, Esq., of Washington, New Jersey. OBINS, HON. AMOS, late of New Brunswick, Legislator, was born in the fourth ward of the city of New York, August 30th, 1S15. He was educated at a boarding-school in Connecticut, and in his later youth served as a clerk in the dry- goods house of J. & N. Robins, Pearl street. New York, the junior- member of the firm being his father, the senior his uncle. In his early manhood he superintended the construction of the railroad from Vicksburg to Jackson, in Mississippi. He afterwards purchased a farm near Me- tuchen, Middlesex county, New Jersey, on which lie lived until 1866, when he removed to New Brunswick, where he died June 27th, 1871. He married, in Metuchen, Margaret, daughter of Mr. William Ross. For sixteen years Mr. Robins occupied as a public man a large share of the ad- miring attention of his county and State. Under President Buchanan he filled the ofiice of Collector of the Port of Perth Amboy. In 1856 and 1S57 he represented the sec- ond district of Middlesex county in the Assembly. He represented Middlesex county in the Senate from 1S62 to 1871, having been elected for three consecutive terms. He was twice elected President of the Senate — in 1S64 and in CIOGRArillCAL ExcvcLor.r.niA. 215 1870; anil in 1S6S wa^ President /;o /<■»/. during the illness of the permanent President. In this latter year he was a prominent candidate in the Democratic State Convention for the nnminaliun for the office of Governor, but, after a very close contest, was defeated by Theodore F. Randolph. Mr. Rollins was equally estimable in public and in private, never in either relation betraying a friend or shunning an enemy, and, above all, never breaking his faith or his word. His character was at once strong and balanced. The ele- ments in him were so mixed that, although each was stren- uous, the whole was harmonious. A staunch and thorough- going Democrat, he w.as a tolerant partisan and a whole- souled citizen. Of intense prejudices, and, for that matter, of intense feelings in general, he was forgiving, magnani- mous, and just. Stern of will, he was genial in spirit, making him alike trusted and beloved. A shrewd man of the world, he carried his heart on his sleeve, leaving the politi- cal daws, at their pleasure, to peck at it or to wonder at it, which last they generally were drawn to do. Ills perfect frankness and integrity, conjoined with his astuteness, was often indeed a marvel to those of his friends who had not yet penetrated, as he himself had, to the fruitful truth that a firm stand on these qualities lends inspiration to policy, ancl tliat, while the trickster needs surpassing resources of mind, and after all must fail in the long run, the address of the upright man is in the end invincible. Though it would not be well, if it were pos.^ible, to be honest because honesty is the best policy, it is well to realize that honesty is the best po'icy, for it does no harm to honesty and infinite good to policy; and in this point of view the public career of Amos Robins shines forth, in the apt words of one of his oldest and closest friends, .as " a beacon light to all young men entering on a political course." Their attention can- not be too frequently or too carefully directed towards it. OBINS, WRIGHT, of Metuchen, a Retired Mer- chant of great public spirit, brother to the subject of the preceding sketch, was born in the city of New York, November, 1823. His father, Nathan Robins, a native of New Jersey, was a sea-captain previously to the war of 1812, when he abandoned the sea, and eng.aged, with his brother John, in the whole- sale dry-goods trade in New York city, the firm, J. & N. Robins, at 426 Pearl street, becoming one of the most ex- tensive in its day. His mother was Elizabeth Hassan, of Connecticut. In 1840 his father retired from active busi- ness, and took up his abode in Metuchen, New Jersey, where he built a fine homestead, and died in November, 1859. The son laid the foundations of his education in the public schools of the city of New York, completing the edi- fice in the collegiate school at Poughkeepsie, New York, which he entered at the age of sixteen, and from which he graduated five years later. He then returned to New York city, and, having Just pas ed his majority, entered as an active partner the establishment of his father and uncle, in which relation he continued for about sixteen years, the entire charge of' the immense business devolving on him for the last few years of this period, which was closed by the de.ith of his uncle, the senior member of the firm ; whereupon, his father being also dead, he closed up the affairs of the house, and removed to the old homestead in Metuchen, New Jersey, where he has since resided, devot- ing his time and means to the development of the town, and now and then relieving the tension of his generous en- terprise by the delights of foreign, travel. He takes his ease with dignity, sweetening it with a life of beneficence and charity. He was married, in 1S55, to Delia Dally, County Longford, Ireland. TOKES, N. NEWI.IN, M. D., was born near Moorestown, Burliiipton county. New Jersey. His parents, like himself, were n.'.tives of New Jersey, his mother, Nancy E. Stokes, having been born in the same county as himself His father, Nathaniel N. Stokes, was a farmer. The ances- tors of both were English Quakers, one of n-hom, Josejih Stokes, came to this country in William Penn's time, and settled as a farmer in the county above mentioned. The subject of this sketch was educated at the Quaker school in West-Town, Chester county, Pennsylvania. He beg.in the study of medicine in 1 851, with his uncle, Dr. John H. Stokes, of Moorestown, now .Vw , . „ Jersey, September 24th, iSoS. After a good Q^y> literary education, having decided to follow the medical profession, he studied medicine under the direction of Dr. John McKelway, then a promineni practitioner of Trenton. Ills preliminary studies coni- l)leted, he matriculated at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he was graduated at the conclusion of a full course. After graduation he opened an office in the village of Fallsington, Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where he practised for twelve months. In the spring of 1S37 he removed to Hamilton Square, Mercer county. New Jersey, and there he lived engaged in active professional duties for nearly thirty-eight years. Upon the organization of the Mercer County District Medical Society in 184S, he became one of its members, and was chosen its Treasurer, a position he continued to fill with much acceptability. He always manifested a deep interest in public affairs, and in 1854 received the nomination in the Second Congressional District of New Jersey ; was elected, and gave such lively satisfaction to his constituents by his labors in the House of Representatives as to secure a re-election in 1858. Pro- fessionally, he was a successful man, his skill, care, and many estimable qu.alities securing him a large and widely extended practice, with the confidence and affection of his patients. His death occurred February 22d, 1875, and was regretted by a large circle which had benefited by his pro- fessional and public-spirited labors. AMSEY, JOHN, Brevet Major-General, was one of the many soldiers sent out from New Jersey to the late war, who, by gallantry in the field and marked ability in handling troops, rose to the rank of a general ofi'icer. Entering the service as First Lieutenant of Company G, 2d Regiment — under the call for volunteers to serve for three months — the election of his Captain to the colonelcy of the regiment raised him to the rank of Captain, and in this capacity he served during the term of his enlistment. When the regi- ment was withdrawn, Captain Ramsey recruited a company for the three years term, was commissioned Captain, and w.is attached to the 5lh Regiment. The 5lh— as w.as the case with almost all of the New Jersey regiments — was engaged in active service during the entire war, and Cap- tiin Ramsey had ample opportunity for displaying his soldierly qualities. In May, 1862, for '• distinguished gal- 1 mtry at Williamsburg," he received his commission as M ijor, and on the 2lst of the following October he was mule Lieutenant-Colonel. The colonelcy of the 8th Regi- ment falling vacant in April, 1863, he was raised to that position; and in December, 1S64, was brevetted Brigadier- General. In April, 1865, he received the further promotion of Brevet Major-General, and two months later, the war ended, he was mustered out of the service. General Ram- sey s.aw his first active service under McClellan on the Peninsula, taking part in the various battles of that cam- paign, and participating in the siege of Yorktown and in the memorable change of base. In the second Bull Run, and in the battles of Bristow, Chantilly, McLean's Ford, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, the Wilder- ness and Petersburg — not to mention a dozen or more of less important engagements — he bore a distinguished part, being thrice wounded and on several occasions honorably mentioned in official reports. As a commander he united, in a remarkable degree, prudence and Hashing bravery; and this combination of soldierly qualities secured him the confidence of his men and made him a rarely successful officer. glr/TlETSON, JOHNSON, Merchant and Manufacturer, C ^ll > of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was born in that jin ■^ place, December Slh, l8o5. He is the son of Thomas and Ann Letson, both of whom were natives of New Jersey, the former having been born at the Raritan Landing, October I2lh, 1763, the latter at Piscataway, in 1774. The father, while yet a young man, removed to New Brunswick, in which he es- tablished the leather manufacturing business, pursuing it until about 1832, when he retired to his farm at Three Mile Run, where he resided till his death. May I3lh, 1851. The mother died in New Brunswick, October, 1S56, at the house of her son, the subject of this sketch. Young John- son was educated in New Brunswick, closing his education at the grammar school auxiliary to Rutgers College, in the main building of which it was then held, under the Rev. John Mabon, D. D. His education, though not polite, was solid, like the understanding it trained, and afforded, on the whole, a fair preparation for the long and active and useful life before him. W'hen about the age of fourteen, he went to New York as clerk in a hardware store, and remained there in that capacity for some three years, after which he returned to New Brunswick, where he served in the same capacity until 1S27, when he again went to New York, en- gaging this time in the book business, which he pursued for about two years, and then sold out, returning once more to his native city. The needle in his life's compass now began to rest; and, seeing his way clearly, he followed it henceforward steadily. In March, 1S30, he started the hardware business in Burnet street, New Brunswick, and prosecuted it there till 1855, a quarter of a century, when, content with his large success, and preferring perhaps a more retired and quiet life, he disposed of all his interests in it, and has since devoted himself mainly to the discharge of his duties as an officer of various corporations, conspicu- ously the duties devolving on him as President of the New BIOGRAPHICAL Brunswick Rubber Company, an office which he has held since the organization of the company in 1S50. In con- junction with several other gentlemen he organized, in 1863, the Norfolk and New Brunswick Hosiery Company, of which he was then made one of the Directors, a position he has ever since held. On the organization of the National Bank of New Jersey, he was chosen a Director, and has re- mained one to the present time. He was also chosen a Director of the Willow Grove Cemeteiy Association on its organization, and, after serving a number of years in that capacity, was elected its President, which he continues to be. There would seem to be no relief for him when he has accepted an office at the hands of a corporation. Such is the sense of his business capacity and of his general trust- worthiness, that, if he serves once, he has no choice but to serve ever. Corporations never die, and they will not let him resign. Glorious servitude, in which the fetters are forged of honor, and fastened by esteem! Mr. Letson has never taken an active part in politics, aLlhough long ago he served as a member of the City Council for several years, and was always identified with the Whig parly before it dissolved, as he has been with the Republican party since. He is indeed as little of a politician as is consistent with good citizenship, his catholic tastes and his broad feelings chafing against the limitations set iip by political organiza- tions. In September, 1830, he was married to Eliza L., daughter of Cornelius and Eliza \V. Shaddu, of the city of New York. |AIL, BENJAMIN A., Lawyer, of Rahway, was born near Rahw.ay, Middlesex county, New Jer- sey, August 15th, 1S44. His father, too, Benjamin F. Vail, was a native of New Jersey, as also his mother, who was a Miss Martha C. Parker. His education was begun in West-Town, Chester county, Pennsylvania, and finished at Haverford College, in the adjoining county, from which institution he graduated in the class of 1S65. Entering the law office of Parker & Keasby, Newark, he studied the requisite term, attending during the winter of 1867-6S the Columbia Law School in New York city, and was licensed as attorney in November, 1S68, and as counsellor in 1871. He began the practice at Rahway, where he has since pursued it, achieving a proud success, and establishing himself, both as a man and a lawyer, in the confidence of the community. He served as a member of the Rahway Common Council during 1S70 and 1871. In the fall of 1875 ^e was elected to the As- sembly on the Republican ticket. He is a Director of the Rahway Savings Bank, and Counsel fur the Rahway Rail- road, ill which he is also a Director, and of which he was one of the projectors. He is an honorary member of the New Jersey Historical Society. He is a rising man, and bids fair to rise high enough to make his mark among the loftiest names of the State. ENCYCLOP.EDI.\. 217 (^ SZARD, JACOB, M. D., of Glassborough, was born in Glassborough, Gloucester county, New Jersey, May 23d, 1S29. His father. Rev. Jiiseph Iszaid, an Episcopal minister, was also a native of Glou- cester county, in which he preached for many years. His mother was Mary Swope, d.-^ughter of Mr. John Swope, of Squankum, now called Willianiv- town. He was educated at home and at the Pennington Seminary, both excellent seats of learning, and turning out in his case, as in that of so many others, jointly or sepa- rately, a thoroughly educated man. When about the age of twenty-one, he engaged in teaching school at Malaga, in Gloucester county, where he continued in this pursuit fur some nine months, when he transferred the sphere of liis calling to Bowenstown, a few miles below Bridgeton, re- maining there for three winters. He next taught one sea- son at Swedesborough, and then removed to Clai'ksborough, teaching in that place, as Principal of the village academy, for about four years and a half. Leaving Clarksborough, he returned to Glassborough, in which he served as Princi- pal of the public schools, until the summer of 186S, when he decided to become a homcEoiialhic physician, and ac- cordingly entered the ofTice of Dr. D. R. Gardner, of Woodbury, New Jersey, with whom he prosecuted his studies for two years, attending meanwhile the regular course at the Hahnemann Medical College, fiom which lie graduated in the spring of 1870. He at once opened an office in Glassborough, where he has since resided, prac- tising with notable success. His independence of ch.irai-. ler, combined with his conservative instincts, his intelltci- ual tr.iining, and his varied experience, renders him a luM and at the same time a safe practitioner. His high merits are widely recognized. Immediately after graduating, he connected himself with the Homoeopathic Medical Socieiy of West Jersey, and h.as always taken an active part in its transactions, serving in 1875 as its President, and being at present the Chairman of its Bureau of Practice. He was married in 1S54 to Eliza, daughter of Mr. Solomon H, Stanger, a well-known citizen of Glassborough, the family having been among the original settlers of the town. ' ARNES, ORSON, M. D., late of Paterson, was born in Baldwinsville, Onondaga county. New York, in the year 1830. His early education was obtained in his native place at a private school conducted by Professor Stilwell. On leaving this establishment he completed a course of study at llie Syracuse Academy. With his mind thus carefully trained, he took up medical reading in 184S, under the suiieiintendence of Dr. J. V. Kendall ; subse- quently becoming a pupil of Dr. D. T. Jones, a physi- cian of celebrity in western New York. He matriculated at the Albany Medical College, took three full courses of 2l8 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.IiDIA. lectures, and graduated therefrom in iJ;54. Thereupon he made an extensive tour Ihrouyh ilie \\ csiern States, at the conclusion of which he returned to his native State, and liegan the practice of his profession at Succa Falls. Aliuut two years later he was persuaded to remove to Athens, Pennsylvania, where he built up a large practice. In Sep- tember, 1861, he married the daughter of Charles Danforlh, of Paterson, New Jersey, and two years subsequently, after the death of that lady's brother, Captain Charles Uanfurlh, removed to Paterson, where he gradually worked logetlitr a large and lucrative practice. Thoroughly devoted to hi^ profession and the interests of his patients, he won for him- self a high reputation among his brethren and the fiill-.M confidence of those who experienced his ministrations, lli, characteristics as a practitioner were rapid analysis, ie.-nl\ judgment, and prompt and decided action. Courageous and hopeful himself, his firm tread and self-reliant air in- spired hope when despair was rapidly settling down upon the mind of his patient, while his ready sympathy incited the warmest attachments between himself and his pntienls. A man of fine natural abilities, 1 f commanding presence, ple.ising address, and a good conversationalist, he was wel- comed and at home in any society. By nature he was a politician. While never seeking political preferment, he was deeply interested in every contest, national. State and municipal, and exercised considerable influence over the result in his neighborhood. In December, 1874, he w^s prostrated by an attack of pneumonia. From this he made a good recovery, but exposing himself too early by a return to professional labors, he brought on acute rhe»mati-sm, which resulted in disease of the heart and general dropsy. Pealh released him fnmi great suffering, July 23d, 1875. The esteem in which he was held was manifested in the tributes of respect paid his memory by his numerous friends and professional brethren. b up the road to Gener.il Slocum's head-quarters for orders. The road which he w as BIOGRAPHICAL KNXVCLOI'.EDIA. compelled to take was directly in the range of tlie rebel batteries, and the ride was consequently a most perilous one; but he dashed on, reaching his destination safely. Not finding General Slocum, he was compelled to return ; but orders being imperatively necessary, he was again obliged to repeat his ride through that rain of shot and shell. With death staring him in the face at every bound of his horse, the gallant aide again went back, and this time suc- ceeded in getting orders. The battle was an artillery one, the fire p.issing over the Jersey troops, who lay flat on their faces. After reaching Harrison's Landing, July 1st, Gen- eral McClellan was ordered, on July 3d, to withdraw his forces to Acquia creek, but he did not obey the order for a week; and Gener.rl Lee, of ihe rebel'^. Inking advnntage of the delay, pressed the Union force* heavily. The Jersey brigade did not embark from the peninsula until July 20th, and landed at Alexandria on the 24lh, marching to Cloud's Mills, where it remained until the 26ih. The next d.ny it went by rail to Bull Run bridge and encountered the enemy; and General Taylor, without either cavalry or artiller-y to support him, had to bear the brunt of the battle, and that, too, under a scorching, torrid sun. He was, however, only obeying orders transmitted to him, and he was as far as possible nobly sustained by his men ; but the day was again lost by the Union forces, and here General T.iylur was wounded and eventually died. .Speaking of the valnr dis- played by the Jersey troops, Stonewall Jackson said he had rarely seen a body of men who stood up so gallantly in the face of overwhelming odds as General Taylor's command. After the battle in which General Ke.arny was killed and Jackson repulsed. General Pope withdrew the army to their entrenchments on the south bank of the Potomac, the First Brigade resuming its old position at Camp Seminary. Here Colonel Torbert succeeded General Taylor, and Lieutenant Grubb, who had escaped all dangers, though continually exposed, was assigned to a position on his staff, having pre- viously refused a promotion as Captain of Company B. Sub- sequently, in the operations against the enemy, Torbert's Jersey brigade covered themselves with glory in the great ih.arge at Crampton's Pass of the .South Mountain, Mary- land, where they annihilated Cobb's Legion and drove the rebels from their defences, capturing the position, Septem- ber 14th, 1862. The enemy lost 15,000 men, and Lee re- crossed the Potomac, leaving his dead on the fiehl. The First Brigade remained in Mai-yl.and until October 2d, and ih^n returned into Virginia, where it was inactive until f rilered to take part in the movement against Fredericks- burg. The 15th and 23d Regiments were now added to Ihe other regiments composing the First Brigade, and on November 24lh, 1862, Lieutenant Grubb was promoted to Major of Ihe latter regiment, to fill a vacancy, and on the 26th of the following month was again promoted to the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the s^ lively early age, he has become thoroughly identi- 6Y\ fied with Us interests. On the outbreak of the w.ir of the relicllion he felt impelled to give his services to the national cause, and was mustered into the army as Captain of the 51)1 New Jersey Regiment, August 2Slh, 1861. It became at once manifest that he was ac- tuated by true military spirit. He showed a comprehension of the necessities of the service and promptly adapted him- self to its requirements, proving himself a disciplinarian of a high order and an invaluable support to his superior offi- cers. He jmrticipated in all the engagements in which his regiment look part down to the battle of Spottsylvania, in May, 1864, always exhibiting conspicuous courage, and the fine soldierly qualities of ready apprehension and fertile re- source in emergencies. In the battle of Chancellorsville, General Gershom Mott being wounded, Sewell.by this time Colonel of the 5lh, succeeded to the command of the brigade, and, leading it forward at a critical moment, achieved one of the most brilliant successes of the war, cap- turing eight colors from the enemy and retaking the regi- mental standard of a New York regiment. His bearing throHghout this most severe engagement was exemplary, and at once placed him among the ablest and bravest soldiers ol the republic. At Gettysburg he won fresh laurels. Both at Chancellorsville and (Icttysburg he was wounded ; in the litter battle severely, while commanding the skirmish line in front of the 3d Corps, during the attack of Longstreel in the second day's engagement. His commission as Lieu tenant-Colonel of the 5th Regiment was dated July 7th, 1S62, and that as Colonel on October 2Ist following, both promotions being made on the recommendation of Colonel Starr, himself a gallant and efficient soldier. On September 30th, 1864, Colonel Sewell, who had been compelled by sickness, arising from long exposure, to temporarily leave the service in July, was made Colonel of the 38th Regiment, then about organizing, .and with it returned to the field, where he remained until the summer of 1865. He was made Brevet lirigadier General of volunteers April gth, 1866, " for gallant and meritorious conduct in the battle of Chancellorsville," and no honor was ever more worthily or justly bestowed. At the close of the war he was brevetted Major-General for meritorious services. On the election of Hon. Joel Parker as governor of the .Slate, in 1872, General Sewell was appointed a member of his personal staflT, a po- sition which he held with his army rank in accordance with a special act of the Legislature. In the same year he wa,s elected to the State Senate from Camden, polling 5,022 votes out of a total of 7,399, and considerably increasing the pre- vious Republican m.ajority. He took a conspicuous positioa in the Senate; in the session of 1874 he was Chairman of the Committees on .Soldiers' Children's Home, Militia, Riparian Rights, and Centennial. As chairman of the last- named committee he was one of the first to suggest that the State and national governments be asked for direct appro- priations to the Centennial Exposition, and the first to give practical force to the suggestion by procuring from the New Jersey Legislature a subscription of gioo.ooo to the stock of the enterprise. In this measure he was ably sujjported by Governor Parker and Thomas H. Dudley, Esq. During the same session he was also a member of the Committees on Municipal Corporations, and Revision of the Laws. Re- elected in 1875, lis served during the session of 1876 in the distinguished position of President of the Senate. A staunch Republican and a man of high principle, he has made for himself an enviable political record. ^^ (sJl^ ARPENTER, THOMAS PRESTON, Lawyer and Judge of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, late of Camden, was born on April 19th, 1804, at Glass- boro', Gloucester county. New Jei-sey, where his father, Edward Carpenter, was then living and operating the glass-works now owned by the Whitneys. He was a descendant of Samuel Carpenter and Thomas Lloyd, both well-known men in the early days of Pennsylvania. His father dying when he was quite young, Mr. Carpenter spent his early life with his grandfather, at Carpenter's Landing (now Mantua). After receiving a liberal education he .studied law with Judge White, of Woodbury, and was admitted as an attorney in September, 1830. On October 26th, 1838, he was appointed Prosecutor of the Pleas of Gloucester county, and took a prominent part in several very important trials, especially the one known as the " Mercer trial " (March, 1843). On Febru- ary 5th, 1845, he was appointed, by Governor Stratton, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court of the State ; his circuit comprising Burlington, Camden and Gloucester counties. On his retirement (after seven years) from the BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 235 judgeship he devoted himself to the practice of his pvofes sion, principally as a counsellor, and was eminently success- ful. At the breaking out of the rebellion he joined the Union League of Philadelphia, and gave his entire sympa- thies to the Union cause. In 1865 he was active in pro- moting the success of the Sanitary Fair, occupying as he did the position of President of the New Jersey Auxiliary. He was an earnest Christian, and in the church (Protestant Episcopal) he always held an honored position, being for many years Vestryman, Warden and Deputy to the Diocesan and General Conventions. He was not only an alile law- yer, but amidst the cares of an active practice he was thor- oughly versed in classical and general literature. He died at his home in Camden, New Jersey, on March 20th, 1876. He was greatly respected throughout the State of New Jer- sey, of which he was at the time of his death one of the best- known citizens. As a Judge of the Supreme Court he was held in high esteem by his associates, and by the bar of the State, for his ability, learning, and for the uniform good judgment which he brought to the consideration of cases. In the counties where he presided at circuits, and which he visited during his term of office at regular periods, his genial m.anners and kindly intercourse with the people made him very popular. Judge Carpenter was interested and active at home in all schemes which affected the pros- perity and welfare of his town. In the church, at the bar, and in society, he was, during his life, one of the most prominent men of his native State. KILLMAN, CHARLES A., Lawyer, of Lambert- ville, was born, December i6lh, 1S27, in Hope- well township, Mercer county, New Jersey. One of his paternal ancestors. Captain Skillman, came to this country from England in 1664, and as- sisted in capturing New York from the Dutch, settling afterwards on Long Island, whence a descendant of the fourth degree, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, removed to the Millstone valley in New Jersey, where he engaged in agricultural pursuits and in the vicinity of which the family has since resided. Charles entered the sophomore class of Princeton in 1845, graduating in 1848, when he immediately began the study of the law under William Ilalstead, of Trenton. He was admitted to the bar in 1851. In 1852 he removed to Lambertville, in which place he has since lived. His practice is extensive and profitable. In 1S58 he was ajipointed by Governor Newell, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Hunterdon coimty, a position which he held for four years, performing its duties with such vigor and fidelity as to win general acceptance. He is solicitor for the Belvidere Delaware Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad, Vice-President of the Lambertville National Bank, as also its attorney, and a Director of the Lambertville Gas Company. He enjoys a high reputation, not only as a lawyer and an officer, but as a man and a citizen. EWLIN, JOHN W., Journalist, of Millville, New Jersey, son of John and Mary A. (Williams) Newlin, was born in Philadelphia, August igih, 1S33. Educated in the Philadelphia public schools, and in Anthony Bolmar's academy, Westchester, he entered the office of the West- chester Kegistei- and Examiner, subsequently known as The Village Record, as an apprentice to the trade of print- ing. He soon rose to be foreman of the paper, and afier holding this position for some time, accepted an advan- tageous offer to enter the office of the Chester County 'limes, since styled the Chester County Republican. Here he re- mained for upwards of seven years. Upon tlie breaking out of war, he entered the United States volunteer army as .Sergeant-Major of Battery B, Pennsylvania Artillery, being engaged in active service for some seventeen months, mainly in the Shenandoah valley. Resigning from the army, he estab- lished (in 1S64) the Millville Republican, an enterprising, liberal journal, that he has since its foundation conducted with marked ability. An earnest Republican himself, his paper has been constant in maintaining the doctrines of that party, and has played an important part in securing the suc- cess of its candidates m West Jersey. He has for a numlier of years been prominent in educational matters; is now President of the Millville Board of Education, a position that he has acceptably filled for the past eight years, and for three ye.ars has served as Superintendent of the Board of Instruction. From 1S65 to 1870, when the district was con- solidated, he was Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, and during the sessions of 1S7 1-72-73-74 was Assistant Secretary of the State Senate. HITETIEAD, WILLIAM A., of Newark, is a gentleman widely known in New Jersey as an historian and antiquarian. He was the originator of the New Jersey Historical Society, of which he has been from the first and is still the Correspond- ing Secretary, and his pen has been most prolific in contributions to its annals. Principal among these are his " History of New Jersey Under the Proprietors," and " Contributions to the Early History of Perth Amboy," etc., each being a volume of several hundred pages, replete wilh evidence of the industry, research and ability of their author. Besides these interesting and useful labors, he has for many years kept a dnily record of the weather, including thermo- metrical and barcmietrical observations, monthly statements of which have been published in the Newark Daily Adver- tiser. On this subject, as well as upon the history of the 236 EIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. State, Mr. Whitehead is an established authority. These employments, which have given him large fame, are the recreations of a life devoted to close and daily labor. At sixteen he left school and entered a bank, of which his father was cashier. In early manhood he joined an elder brother then enq.iged in mercantile pursuits at Key West. He was appointed collector and lived there several years, em- ploying his spare time in close study and self-development. At his father's death he returned to the North, and entered into business in Wall street, which he relinquished and became successively Treasurer of the Haarlem Railroad; Secretary of the New Jersey Railroad, and Treasurer of the American Trust Company, at Newark, a position he still tills. Mr. Whitehead is the father of the Newark Library, as well as of the New Jersey Historical Society. He has accepted no public office except that of a member of the Board of Public Education, in which he was for years very efficient. It is believed he was the first to suggest a city hospital, and he has ever been foremost in local benevolence. He IS now about sixty-six years old, and full of health and energy. He was born in Newark, within a few steps of where he resides. His wife is a daughter of James Parker, late of Perth Amboy. He has had several children, of whom three grew up. One son ts a distinguished Episcopal clergy- man. Rev. Coitlandt Whitehead, of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania. iOYNTON, CASSIMER W., Manufacturer, of Woodbridge, son of Gorham L. and Louisa (Bassford) Boynton — his father being the pro- prietor of large tracts of timber land, an extensive builder and owner of sawmills, and for a number of years surveyor-general of the lumber interests Stale — was born in Bangor, Maine, February I4lh, Educated at the Bangor public schools, at the Law- rence Scientific school, Cambridge, and at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, remaining at the latter for three years, he received a thorough training as a civil engineer; indeed, during the last two years of his coui-se at Troy, he was .Assistant Teacher of Mechanical Engineering. Shortly after his graduation, m 1857, he was appointed Assistant Engineer and placed in charge of the western end of Bergen Tunnel, remaining upon that important work until its completion. He was then engaged to finish the construction of the San Francisco Water Works, and under this appointment he built two large reservoirs and put up the necessary pumps, one of which is one of the highest single lifis — three hundred and ten feet through a half mile of pipe — in the country. In connection with the water works, he also built an aque- duct three thousand feet long, through solid rock, beneath the fort on Black Point. This was completed m 1862, and for two years thereafter he was engaged as a mining engi- neer in Soiiora and Mexico. From 1S64 to 1S66 he was a<»ain professionally engaged in San Francisco. In the early part of the latter year he returned to the Atlantic coast, and, after some months passed in examining mill sites, finally selected property at Woodbridge, and, in part- ihip with Mr. J. P. Davis, there erected extensive works for the manufacture of brick drain-pipe and tile. The works as at present existing, having been several times added to during the eleven years that they have been in operation, comprehend two down-draft kilns (sixteen and a half feet in diameter by eleven feet high, and fourteen and a half feet m diameter by ten feet high) with all adequate appliances; employ a large force of men, and have an out-put during the height of the busy season of about one thousand dojlars' worth of finished pipe, etc., per day. The location is pecu- havly eligible, the property having a frontage of eleven hun- dred feet upon Woodbridge creek, and another of six hun- dred and fifty feet upon Staten Island Sound ; the latter permitting the erection of wharves at which vessels of the largest draught "can safely lie even at the neap tides. The market for the product of the works is mainly found in the Eastern States, but a considerable business is also done in supplying other portions of the country ; in New York there is a very general demand for the Woodbridge hollow bricks (used for roofing fire-proof buildings), and the larger por- tion of the drain-pipe used in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and in the capitol grounds at Washington, came from the Wood- bridge factory. Beside the hollow bricks above referred to, the firm makes a specialty of a small pipe for under-draining, so constructed, with a loose-fitting collar, as to permit the entry of water at the joints, but effectually barring the entry of sand, a very obvious improvement upon the common variety. Mr. Boynton has filled various positions of trust and honor in Woodbridge, and, having done so much to stimulate Us business activity, is naturally regarded as one of the most useful inhabitants of the town. He was mar- ried, December 20th, 1S66, to Eunice A. Harriman, of Georgetown, Massachusetts. UMONT, JOHN F., Lawyer, w.as born, November nth, 1824, near New Germantown, New Jersey. His family is of Huguenot extraction, his ances. tors having left France shortly after the massacre of St. Bartholomew, though it was not until as late as 1 7 10 that his ancestors came to this country, settling on their arrival here in Somerset county. New Jersey. His grandfather, William Dumont, served in the revolution- ary army, taking part m the battle of Monmouth, and be- coming after the war one of the judges of Hunterdon county. His maternal grandfather, John Finley, of Am- well township, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, was also a revolutionary officer, a commissary. His father, John W. Dumont, was a farmer in the vicinity of New Germantown, Hunterdon county, from which he removed to Warren EIOGRArillCAL EN'CYCLOr.EDIA. 237 county, and (hence to the Stale of Illinois. The son spent the first eighteen years of his life on a farm, attending mean- while, as occasion offered, the common school of the neigh- borhood, in which he acquired his early education, and after- ward taught school himself, spending the time not thus occupied in study and the education of himself as a self- made man. In 1845 ^^ entered the law office of .S. B. Ransom, of SomerviUe, New Jersey, remaining there till he was admitted to the bar in 1849. He practised at New Germantown until 1852, when, having been licensed as counsellor and appointed Prosecutor of the Pleas for Hun- terdon county, he removed to Fleminglon, where he re- mained four years, after which he resigned his office as Prosecutor, and in the spring of 1856 removed to PliiUips- ■burg, Warren county. New Jersey, at which he still resides. His practice is large and valuable. He stands, by common consent, at the head of the Phillipsburg bar. He is a law- yer such as clients love ; tenacious of their rights, zealous for their interests, and sure to contest with unflinching energy and skill every point in a case. In politics, he is a Democrat; was a supporter of the war for the Union. He has never suffered political ambition to step between him and his profession, having never sought a political office. He was married in 1853 to Anna E. Kline, daughter of the Rev. David Kline, a Lutheran minister, formerly of West Camp, Ulster county, New York, now of Clarksville, New Jersey. ■^REGANOWAN, AMBROSE, A.M., M. D., of South Amboy, Middlesex county. New Jersey, was born in Camborne, county of Cornwall, Eng- land, February 14th, 1836. His parents are John and Ann Treganowan, of the same county; his mother's maiden name was Ann Clymo; she is still living. He is the youngest of four children, all sons, and, besides this immediate family and their relatives, there is not another family of Treganowans, and their pedigree is lost, except what is related in some curious and romantic traditions. His father died before his recollection. The family are largely identified with the mining interests of that county, some of its copper ore mines being the most famous in the world. The doctor's early education was received af a select academy for boys in the town where he resided, conducted by one Mr. William Bellows, a Quaker, and a former resident of New York city. At the early age of four- teen years he commenced his preparation for the medical profession, by being indentured for seven years to the cele- brated surgeon, Alfred Prideaux, Esq., of Siskeard, about forty miles from his native town, in the same county. After fulfilling about three years of his articles of engagement, however, he grew restive, and evinced a determination to go to America. His family, seeing his determination, suc- ceed in cancelling his articles of indenture, and equipped him. with an abundant outfit and the necessary means. He left the shores of old Engl.and in the year 1S53, from the port of Penzance, in the ship " Marquis of Chamius," Cap- tain Colenzo commanding (an old friend of the family), with a faithful mother's prayer to heaven for the protection of her " wayward child." It was not dreamed but that he woulil return again to England in the same ship, after his curiosity had been satisfied and the reconciling influences of a year's absence from home and its comforts had mollified his rov- ing nature. But he left the good old captain and the ship on her arrival at New York, and after a few days entered the drugstore of Eugene Dupy, corner of Houston street and Broadway, where he performed the duties uf translator in the English prescription department. In 1S54 he went to Philadelphia, and resumed his regular medical studies, under the preceptorship of Professor James Bryan, Professor of Surgery in the Philadelphia College of Medicine, in Fifth street, below Walnut. After being in Philadelphia but a short time he received letters of introduction from England to Professor Dunglison, Professor of Therapeutics and the Practice of Medicine in Jefferson Medical College, who had known the young student's family in England, and who took a deep and earnest interest in his behalf, giving him much private instruction and wise counsel, although he was a can- didate for the degree of Doctor of Medicine in another col- lege. During the years of his study in Philadelphia he supported himself, purchased his college tickets and bore other expenses attending his studies, by connecting himself with the press as reporter, but especially as a stenogrnphio reporter, in which he then excelled. Dr. Treganowan graduated from the Philadelphia College of Medicine in the year 1857 with honor and high distinction, and com- menced his professional career at Beverly, New Jersey, meeting with proud success, but was soon compelled to abandon that field on account of failing health, his medical friends and advisers recommending him to some location on the seaboard. He removed to South Amboy in the year 1S60, where he has been actively engaged ever since, com- manding a large and responsible practice. His love for his chosen profession is very strong, founded on qualifications and tastes which characterize him as the "natural physi- cian." The doctor's biography may be said to have but just commenced. As a general practitioner, he is sound in diag- nosis and quick in application; as an obstetrician, he has few superiors ; as a surgeon, he is bold and fearless, but few men in general practice having a larger experience. The doctor has some peculiarities which make him decided ene- mies, but his hosts of friends are more than is necessary to neutralize this bitter ingredient in the mixture of his daily life and duties. A more considerate man of his brother physicians' feelings and honor cannot be found; his honor, generosity and forgiving nature cannot be excelled. In 1862 he entered the army as Surgeon of the 14th Regiment New Jersey Volunteers, and remained in the service about two years. Much of the time he was on detached duty in charge of field hospitals in the Army of the Potomac, doing 238 BIOGRArmCAL EN'CYCLOPxtDIA. all ihat a brave man and surgeon could do. In 1S64 his health failed him, and his resignalion from ihe service be- came imperative. After a few weeks rest at home, he again began the usual duties of his profession at Aniboy. For a number of years previous to the lease of the old Camden cSc Amboy Railroad Dr. Treganowan was a salaried surgeon in their employ, which position he still holds in the service of the Pennsylvania Central Railroad Company. He is Ex- amining Surgeon for most of the important life insurance companies for his neighborhood. He is fondly attached to the meilical society of the county, and has, at various times, held all the offices appertaining to that society ; has been repeatedly a delegate from the State Medical Society of New Jersey to other State medical societies ; was appointed dele- g.ate to the American Medical Convention, held in San Francisco in 1869, and also to the International Congress, held in Philadelphia, June, 1876; is member of the New Jersey Microscopical Society, etc., etc. Notwithstanding the numerous and arduous duties of his profession as a country practitioner, he devotes much time to journalistic and other literary pursuits, both for home and foreign pub- lication. The true extent of the doctor's labors in this de- partment of mental culture is something far beyond the idea of his most intimate friends, and little do they and the com- munity at large think, whilst enjoying some literary treat, that it is from the doctor's pen, as he has always refused to identify himself with his writings. Some of his poetic writ- ings are of the highest order of thought and expression. He is a P. M. member of the ancient order of Freemasons, and has written some most beautiful Masonic odes. He is also associate editor of the South Amboy Argus. Dr. Treganowan was married in 1S55 to Constance Gordon, d.aughter of the late Judge Thomas F. Gordon, the historian and legal writer, so well known to the people and the legal profession of the United States, and a granddaughter of Count Reseau, once an eminent physician of Philadelphia, who fled to America, somewhere about the year 1782, dur- ing the revolution in France. The doctor is a member of the Episcopal Church ; passionately fond of music, himself being a good musician. ■/p/Tt^''^^'^''"' HON. JACOB, LL.D., was the son of Dr. William Burnet the elder, of Newark, New Jersey, and the grandson of Dr. Ichabod Burnet, a native of Scotland, who was educated at Edin- burgh, removed to America soon after his educa- tion was finished, and settled at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where he practised his profession with great success as a physician and surgeon until his death, in 1773, at Ihe advanced age of eighty. Dr. William Burnet was born in 1730, educated at Nassau Hall during the Presi- dency of the Rev. Aaron Burr, and graduated in 1749, before that institution was removed to Princeton. He studied medicine under Dr. Staats, of New York, and prac- tised it with success until the difficulties with Ihe mother country became alarmingly serious, when he took an active and leading part in resisting the encroachments of the Brit- ish government. He was a member of the Newark Com- mittee of Safety, composed of himself. Judge J. Hedden, and Major S. Hays, until, in 1776, he was elected a member of the Continental Congress. He resigned that position to accept an appointment as Surgeon-General of the Eastern Division of the American army, which position he filled with distinction until the close of the war. Dr. Burnet died in 1791, in the sixty-first year of his .age. Jacob Burnet, his sixth son, was born in Newark, New Jersey, February 22d, 1770; was educated at Nassau Hall, Princeton, under the Presidency of Dr. Witherspoon, and graduated with honor in September, 1791. He remained there a year as a resident graduate, and then entered the office of Judge Boudinol, of Newark, as a student of law, and under that distinguished lawyer laid the foundation for his future attainments in his profession. He was aduiilted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Ihe State in the spring of 1796, and proceeded at once to Cincinnati, in the neighborhood of which his father had made considerable investments. At that time Cincinnati was a small village of log cabins, including about fifteen rough, unfinished frame houses with stone chimneys. There was not a brick house in it, and only about 150 inhabitants, and the entire white population of the Northwestern Territory was estimated at about 15,000 souls. In 1798 it was ascertained that the Territory contained 5,000 white male inhabitants, and was entitled to enter upon the second grade of Territorial Government provided for under the ordinance of 1787. This provided for a General Assembly, consisting of representatives elected by the citizens of the Territory, and a Legislative Council of five persons, nominated by the lower House and ap- pointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate. Judge Burnet was appointed by President John Adams a member of the first Legislative Council, together with James Findlay, Henry Vanderburgh, Robert Oliver and David Vance. He remained a member of this body until the organization of the State government in 1S02-3. The practice of his profession, which oliliged him to travel over the whole settled portion of the Territoi'y as far as Detroit, in Michig.an, on the north, and Vincennes, in Indiana, enabled him to become acquainted with the Territoi'y and the people by personal observation, and in the Legislative Council he was able to use the information thus acquired to good purpose in sh.iping legislation to meet the wants of the rapidly-growing population of the Territory, and was himself the author of most of the important meas- ures adopted by the Legislature. When it was proposed to go into a State government. Judge Burnet believed the step premature and opposed the action, and when the Stale was formed he retired from active participation in poliiics and devoted himself to the practice of his profession. His talents, ripe scholarship, and brilliancy as an advocate BIOGRAnilCAL E.NXVCLOr.EDIA. 239 secured for him from the first an extensive and lucrative practice, and enabled htm to assume and maintain the fore- most position at the bar, until, m 1817, he retired from the practice of the law. In the year 1821 he was persuaded to accept an appointment by the Governor to the bench of the Supreme Court of the State, and was subsequently elected by the Legislature to the same place. In 1S28 he resigned his position on the bench and was elected to the United States Senate to fill a vacancy occasioned by the retirement of General William H. Harrison, and accepted the position on the condition that lie should not be considered a candi- date for re-election, but on the expiration of his term be permitted to carry out his long-cherished purpose of retiring to private life. His term expired in 1833, and from that time until his death, in 1S53, at the advanced age of eighty- three years, he took no further active part in public affairs. As a lawyer and legislator Judge Burnet was without doubt the most influential and prominent person in the section of country he represented and with which his interests were identified. Ehin!j. For a man of his originally limited education and subsequent mercantile habit of life, the extent and character of the studious tenden- cies which he developed in later years were quite remark.i- ble. History, geography and natural history were for many years his favorite fields of research, but during the last decade of his life these were to a great extent supplanted by astronomy; during this period the books which he most constantly read were the works of Herschel and Ilumliohh. Outside of professedly scientific circles, there were few men better read than was he, and few were bettir able to ar- range and utilize their mental acquisitions. Naturally his disposition towards subjects of this nature brought him into contact with the reading and thinking men of the day, and led to his election to membership in various of the learned societies. For many years he was a member of the New York Historical Society ,^ being during the latter portion of his life one of the oldest seven members who, under the so- ciety's constitution, nominate the candidates for ofiice. He was also a Fellow of the American Geographical Society and of the American Museum of Natural History, a corre- sponding member of the New Jersey Historical Society, etc. Although rarely writing for publication, he was a volumi- nous writer for his own entertainment and edihcation. For upwards of thirty years he kept a daily journal, and beside this, numerous commonplace books, in which he noted, with comments, matters or events which seemed to him par- ticularly interesting. His thorough business training was manifested in his keeping, almost to the day of his death, his private accounts in a full set of double entry books. Perhaps in no better way can a comprehensive presentment of his character be given than by reproducing bodily the following letter (written under date of New York, Septem- ber 2d, 1875) to Dr. John C. Barron, by William Pitt Palmer, Esq. : " It is with the sincerest regret that my state of health and the imperative commands of my physician pre- vent a detail of such reminiscences of your late uncle as the excellence of his character calls for from one of his oldest friends. A wise moralist has said that the life of the hum- blest person, truthfully written, Avould be interesting to every thoughtful reader ; how much more so, then, must be the memoir of one so truly noble as was your venerable uncle! I have known many able and honored men, but few whom I have loved with ever growing affection. Your uncle was one of these rare few, and while I live his mem- ory will live in my heart with the dearest of its lost idols. Our acquaint.ance began in 1835, not long after his retinn from New Orieans, whither he had gone, a mere youth. 244 EIOGRAPMICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. early in the present century; where he had remained, without once returning to his northern home, until he had won the modest fortune which satisfied his largest wishes. 11/ his <[uiet persistence in the path of duty and honor, the youn^ stranger gained the respect and confidence al:Ue of ni;;rchants and planters in that strange comniunily of alien Inhiis and alien languages, often visited hy pestilence and always liable to scenes of violence and bloodshed. Undei all the circumstances of time and place his courage and per- severance were simply wonderful, and justly merited the s-.iccess which a citizen to the manor born could hardly have expected, however favored by nature or local advantages. Returning to New York he took a large house on St. John's P.irk, mainly to gratify, as was said, an art loving friend, whose pictured treasures required a breadth of mural ac- commodation quite beyond their owner's means to supply. Here the two friends lived for some time, and when the friendly partnership came to an end, your uncle bought the modest houses in Walker street, near Broadway, in one of which he resided for many years, until his final removal to AV.isliin-^lon Place, where you subsequently became his cliosen companion. From our earliest acquaintance in 1835, your uncle was accustomed to visit our office almost daily, w licre he met congenial friends whose intercourse was like that of brothers. He almost always came to my desk for a little friendly chat about business or other matters in which he felt a personal interest. If I knew of any one needing assistance, he took it as a favor to be informed of the case and be allowed to share in its alleviation. He took a very great interest in the late civil war from its inception. The tiring on Sumpter shocked him exceedingly, for no man loved his country more dearly or more clearly saw the in- evitable horrors to follow the dreadful collision. Knowing the Southern people well, and the vast means and the stern p itriotism of the North, he never doubted the final issue of the contest. He was very earnest in his support of the Sanitary Commission, and when General Grant told the country he could end the war with less expense of blood and treasure if he could have another prompt reinforcement of the armies, your uncle made instant inquiry where re- cruits could possibly be had, and despatched two to head- quarters at a heavy cost. Long after, when an agent of the State offered to reimburse a part of the expense, he refused to listen to the proposal, feeling amply repaid with the con- sciousness that he had but done his duty. He had already contrdiuted largely towards the equipment and comfort of several New York rrg'nients. Since the close of the dreadful struggle he has largely aided the Military Post Library Association in the effort to furnish the frontier gar- risons of our scattered sohliers with reading matter most appropriate to their mental and moral needs. I had only to suggest some object worthy of his charitable regard, to enlist his prompt and generous action. There was a daily beauty in his life through all the years of our long acquaintance. To see hmi anywhere, at home or abroad, to listen to his kindly greeting, and feel the warm pressure of his friendly hand, was like a benediction. The charm of his character was its evident sincerity. You always knew that his interest in any person or cause was of the heart. The gentle honest eyes made that clear at a glance. I think his temper was naturally quick and strong, but I never saw him for a mo- ment mistered by it. A cheerful serenity was his habitual manifestation, no matter how disturbing were the circum- stances which tested its equability. When the box containing the chief securities of his large fortune had been stolen from the custody of his aged friend, the only impatience I saw hiin manifest was not so much on account of the lost treasure as of Ins friend's shamefaced hesitation in disclosing the alarming news to him. And when, after long months of costly detective searches and the friendly offices of his old correspondents, Messrs. Baring Brothers, of London, the lost box was finally restored to him with its hundreds of thousands uninjured, save by the elements to which the ritbbers had been obliged to expose them in their hurried evasions at home and abroad, his chief gratification seemed to be not the recovery of the treasure, but the kind remem- brance and unsolicited interest of the friends beyond the sea, whom he had never seen. Not that he did not justly value the recovery of the stolen property, but that he recognized in those efforts the higher and nobler value of human friendship and mtegrity. As the traits of your uncle's character rise before my failing sight, I feel truly grateful that memory has made them a part of my very being. His bodily presence for so many years was a blessing that even death cannot take from me. It made the world lighter to my eyes for forty years, and though it be now withdrawn forever, the charms of its twilight beauty will go with me to the end of my days. The manes of such a man as he are not alone to abide where his mortal relics are laid to rest ; but as living mem- ories their real dwelling place is in the human hearts made grateful for the teachings, the examples, and the loving- kindnesses of the dear ones they are never more to see on earth. But we will not, my dear friend, despair of again seeing that beloved face in some happier sphere, clothed with immortality and beaming with tenderest welcome. In that fond hope I remain ever, faithfully yours." Thomas Barron died August 31st, 1875, but the good that he did lives after him. His will was munificent in its bequests : to the New York Historical Society, gio.ooo; to the New Jersey Historical Society, $5,000, and his portrait by Durand; to the New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, Juvenile Asylum, Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, American Female Guardian Society, and Home for the Friendless, 85,000 each, and for the found.ition of a public libraiy in his native town of Woodbridge, $50,000. This last and most generous bequest has assured a worthy monument to the donor, his most enduring as well as most fitting memorial being the BaiTon Library. As has been already stated, the library building stands upon a portion of the old Barron property, and is not less an ornament than ^r 7Z ixia 'ikcrCP BIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. 245 a substantial benefit to the town. It is built of Belleville brown stone, from designs submitted, in competition, by the well-known architect of New York, J. C. Cady. It is 44 feet square, with a height of 3S feet from the ground-floor to the roof-peak; a tower, abutting from the main front, is surmounted by a steeple, the whole having a height of 81 feet. The interior is divided into a book room 40 by 20 feet; a reading room, 20 by 23.6; a trustees' room, 13 by 6.8 ; a hall, 8 by 9, and a vestibule, 8.6 by 8.6; all of the ceilings have a height of 28 feet. The arrangement and fittings of the several rooms are in accordance with the latest improvements in library architecture and furniture, and the collection of books is already large and fairly repre- sentative of the classes of light and solid literature com- monly in demand. Such a creation as this library cannot be too highly valued, for, apart from all consideration of present ple.asure and profit, its existence cannot but have a sure and an e.vaUing influence upon the moral tone of the town in all future time. Had the sole result of Thomas Barron's life been the foundation of the Barron Library, his life would have lieen well ended, and his fortune would not have been gatheied m vain. ARRON, JOHN, third son of Joseph and Fanny (Brown) Barron, was born at Woodbridge, in the family homestead, October iSth, 1792. His education was maiidy obtained in his native place, being finished by attendance upon lectures in New York whilst passing two years in that city (in 1S09-11) learning the trade of cabinet-making. Upon his return to Woodbridge he built a large manufactory, and made preparations for carrying on his trade upon an extensive scale. His venture was in advance of the times, and unable to dispose of his wares near at home, he sought a market for them in New Orleans, having some knowledge of this city from his brother Thomas, who had been resi- dent there for several years. Going south by sea, he was fairly successful in his sales, and these being completed he returned to the North by the circuitous stage and post route then existing. The journey was partly one of pleasure, partly one of business, and in I)oth respects was satisfactory in its results. The limited demand in his immediate neighborhood for cabinet ware, and his own failing health, induced him to abandon his manufactory and enter upon a freer, more outdoor life. To this end he purchased a farm on the then outskirts of ^VoodbrIdge, and in .agricultural pursuits he passed the remainder of his days. Until 1S58 the farm remained as when he cultivated it, but since then, in common with other outlying portions of Woodbridge, it has undergone an entire change. Barron avenue divides it, the Congregational church st.ands upon land that formed a portion of it, and a large section, purchased by the Hon. Charles A. Campbell, has been covered with handsome buildings. In politics, as in everylhing else, John Barron was a man of decided opinions. An old-line Whig, he spoke out his views with no uncertain voice, and in warmly contested elections his influence was always an important factor in the success of the Whig ticket in Middlesex. In the Polk-Tyler campaign he was especially active, his enerj;y having a very considerable influence upon the vote in his section of the State. Being much depressed by the loss of his wife in 1S51, his feeble health grew feebler day by day till his death, which occurred October iGlh, 1S53. I ARRON, JOHN C, M. D., New York, son of John and Mary (Conner) Barron, was born in Woodbridge, November 2d, 1837. After receiv- ing preliminary education at a select school in his native town, he entered Burlington College, at Burlington, New Jersey, the institution being at that time under the rectorship of the Rt. Rev. George W. Doane, D. D., bishop of the diocese of New Jersey. In 1S5S he passed hence to Yale College, studying in the scientific department, and at the same time attending lectures in the eminent private school of Drs. Jewett, Hooker and Knight. In i860 he entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, graduating thence in 1S61. In April of that year, immediately upon receiving his degree, he entered the United States Volunteer Army as an As- sistant Surgeon, being passed by the Board of Army Medi- cal Examiners, sitting at Albany, and assigned to the Mechanics Rifles. This position was declined on account of being tendered the Assistant Surgeoncy of the 69th New York Regiment, then in the field. This regiment was among the foremost to offer their services to the gener.1l government early in i86i. Dr. Barron, immediately upon his appointment, with a detachment of the regiment, pro- ceeded to Washington, and was sworn into the service of the United States, going at once to active work with the regiment, then the advance-guard in Virginia, and as stated m the publications of the day, " showing his devotion to the cause by donating one thousand dollars for medical supplies, etc., to the hospital department." The 69th saw much ser- vice, being at BLackburn's Ford, and at the first Bull Run battles, at the latter losing in killed and wounded nearly two hundred men. He held his commission until the fol- lowing August. In June, 1S63, he re-entered the army, being assigned Assistant Surgeon of the 7th New York Regiment, N. G. S. N. Y., and serving with the reserves called out in 1863 to repel the adv.ance of Lee. In July, 1869, he was promoted to the .Surgeoncy. In June, 1871, he resigned from the regiment and was appointed Surgeon- General of the 1st Division, N. G. S. N. Y., with the rank of Colonel, on the stafliof Major-General Alexander Shaler. He was married, June 23d, 1869, to Harriet M., daughter 246 BIOGRArmCAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. of Rev. Albert Williams, of San Francisco, California. After spending a year in Europe, including an extended tour of the eastern countries and a trip of seven hundred miles up the river Nile, he returned and settled in New York city, where he now resides. ILLIAMS, REV. ALBERT, Minister in the Pres- byterian Church. Among the earliest settlers of New England, in 1629, was Robert Williams, "the ancestor of the Williams family in America," and one of the founders of the town of Roxbury, Massachusetts. Thence a branch of the family removed to Connecticut, and from that colony came to New- Jersey, as one of the first settlers of the town of Newark, the ancestor of the subject of the present sketch. Of the suc- ceeding generation, his great-grandfather, Samuel Williams, was born in 17 14, in that part of Newark now the city of Orange. After his marriage to Mary Harrison, of the same place, he entered upon lands in what is now West Orange, securing the titles of the aborigines and New Jersey pro- prietors. In the course of time he became possessed of a large landed estate, embracing some hundreds of acres. His death occurred, April 2d, i8l2, in the ninety-ninth year of his age. In a memorial published at the time, in the I^'eimrk Sen/mfl of Freedom, among other personal notices, honorable testimony to his worth was borne in the following tribute : " He retained in a remarkable degree the use of his mental faculties to the last. In the relations of husband, parent and neighbor, he discharged his duty with great fidelity. Throughout his life he uniformly ex- pressed a high respect for the institutions of our holy re- ligion, and was always a cheerful and generous supporter of the gospel. As long as any live who knew him he will be affection.ately remembered." In the line of descent now- traced Was his son Jonathan, who inherited a goodly por- tion of the estate adjoining the homestead, whose only son, Nathan, as the chief heir, succeeded to him in his landed possessions. Upon these paternal acres members of this venerable family are now living, represented in the sixth generation. The worth of good citizenship and the virtues of quiet rural life, with an almost exceptional feature of longevity, are special tr.-iils and distinctions belonging to the successive generations of this family. Albert, the subject of the present memoir, the son of Nathan and Cath- arine WadeW'illiams, was born, April 29th, 1809. Early intended for a liberal education, his preparatory instruction was shaped to that end, his final elementary studies being pursued in the grammar school of Mr. Calvin S. Crane, Caldwell, and in the Bloomfield Academy, presided over by the Rev. Am/.i Armstrong, D. D., and the Rev. Albert Pierson. Entering Princeton College, he was graduated in that institution in the class of 1829. His professional train- ing was obtained in the Theological Seminary of Princeton He was licensed to preach the gospel in October, 1832, by the Presbytery of Newark; and in October, 1834, was or- dained to the gospel ministry by the same presbytery, being sent under the appointment of the American Seamen's Friend Society, as a Chaplain to seamen in the port of Mobile. Four years were spent in this service, during the first year of which period he caused the formation of the Mobile Port Society, thus relieving the parent society of the expense of the chaplaincy. On the 6lh of September, 1837, Mr. Wil- liams was married to Mary Parker Havens, daughter of Henry B. Havens, Esq., of Sag Harbor, New- York. Three children, Henry Wade, Harriet Mulford and Albert, were born to them. In November, 1S38, Mr. Williams was called to the pastorate of the Presbyterian Church of Clin- ton, Hunterdon county. New Jersey. At that time the congregation was small, but under his ministiy many fam- ilies were attracted to it, jnd from being a recipient of missionary aid it became self-supporting and prosperous. Having completed a period of ten years in this relation, he tendered his resignation and obtained his release. About this time the movement to Cabfornia, consequent upon the gold discovery, commenced. More from the solicitation of others than his own original promptings, under the im- pression that where the world goes the church should go, Mr. Williams decided to throw himself into the new field of Christian enterprise then opening up in California. Accordingly, on the 5lh of February, 1849, as one of the second company of pioneei-s, via the new steam-hip mail route across the Isthmus of Panama, he sailed from New York in the steamer " Crescent City," for Chagres, New Grenada. Spending four weeks in Panama, wailing for the arrival of the steamer " Oregon," from New York -7V7 Cape Horn, on the I3ih of March he sailed on board th.at ship for San Francisco, where he arrived on the 1st day of April. He found in San Francisco a population, transient and more or less permanent, of between 3,000 and 4,000. In that city, as throughout California, the theme, excitement and business were centred in the acquisition of gold. The -government of the country was still of the old Mexican regime, as stipulated in the treaty of Guadaloupe-Hidalgo. No church or other social organization had been formed to emlx)dy the ideas of American civilization. Religious ser- vices had been held, but no formal church organization of the Protestant order had been effected. Among the fellow- passengers of Mr. Williams in the " Oregon " were a num- ber of gentlemen, between whom and himself a warm and attached friendship was formed. Before their arrival at San Francisco the organization of a church in that city was projected. With the encouragement and co-operation of these gentlemen, and others who had been longer in the city, Mr. Williams, hindered by unavoidable delays from an earlier beginning, on the second Sunday of May com menced holding a religious ser\'ice in the public school house, and on the following Sunday, May 20lh, he organ- ized the First Presbyterian Church ol San Francisco, the BIOGRArillCAL EXCVCLOr.l.DIA. 247 first Proteslant church of that city, and at the present time the oldest in California. Singularly fortunate m the excel- lent character of the membership ol his church and congre- gation, he was also greatly aided by their prominent social position in its subsequent growth and prosperity. Having the advantage of being the first in the order o( time, it is only due to fact 10 say, that owing to this circumstance and other favorable influences the First Presbyterian Church of San Francisco, mother of Presbyterian churches in that city and its vicinity, continued to be for years the leading Protestant religious society; and although not the first to erect a church edifice, yet it was the first to build one pos- sessing a characteristic and imposing ecclesia.stical archi- tecture. While bestowing a careful attention upon the interests of his immediate pastoral charge, he was not con- tent to confine his influence within that sf here. Accord- ingly he assisted, and in not a few instances led, in the various measures for either relief or air.elioration in the body politic. Not as a politician, but as a friend of good order and social improvement, he gave freely his advice to those who in '49 were shaping the formation of the muni- cipal and State governments, and especially in behalf of the interests of public education. In the more direct line of benevolence, ht was prominent in the formation, in '49, of the Bible, Tract, Temperance, Benevolent, and .Seamen's Friend Societies, which thus early were brought into effi- cient operation. It is to the First Presbyterian Church, through ils pastor and the ladies of his congregation, that the establi-hnient, in February, 1851, of the noble institu- tion of the Ladies' Protestant Orphan Asylum, of San Fran- cisco, is chiefly due. In 1852 the pastor, together with \V. W. Caldwell, E^q., senior ruling elder of the First Presby- terian Church, by correspondence, induced the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions to establish the Presbyterian Chinese Mission of S.an Francisco, the First Church con- tributing largely to the erection of its mission house. In a similar exercise of public spirit Mr. Williams was ever gratified, when his friends and parishioners bestowed their charities upon worthy objects for the general good, and particularly in church building and church extension. Not to say in general, in those early days there was a series of public movements which enlisted more or less his interest ; there were also at intervals special events involving a more intense agitation, in reference to which he could not remain indififerent. Such were the exciting scenes of the " Hounds' " outrages in 1849, the afflictive visitation of cholera in 1850 and 1851, and the irruption of crime, calling for the inter- position of the Vigilance Committee of 1851. What with the ordinary routine of p.astoral duties, these extra occasions imposed a burden of severe and exhausting labor, too great to be borne. Without cessation, without relaxation, with- out any vacation to break the force of oppressive cares, which may be safely regarded as fourfold, it is not strange that the pastor's health gave way in a serious indisposition. This failure of health began to show itself in 1853. And still he continued at his post and in the discharge of his constantly recurring duties until the autumn of 1854, when, by his own convictions and medical advice as well, he sought and obtained relief by the resignation of his pastor- ate, which had continued through a period of five and a half years, on October 8lh, 1S54. The sympathy and re- spect for the retiring pioneer pastor, not only of his conrne- gation, but also of the community in general, were shown m numerous notices and letters, called forth by this change of relation. A committee of the congregation, addressing him by letter, said :...." In acceding to your request for a dissolution of the pastoral relation, the parish had no fear that their action, under the circumstances, would be misconstrued to indicate any want of respect and affection- ate regard for you, or any forgetlulness of your long, ardu- ous, faithful and successful cfi^urts in behalf of their church, and of Christian education in the city. They knew that, as the first and only pastor of the early established and first Protestant church in San Francisco, your consistent Chris- tian character, your devotion to your high and responsible oflSce, your zeal, energy, and successful labor weie loo widely known and well appreciated to allow, either in the parish or out of it, a thought that your attachment to llie church with which you had so long been idenlilied h;id grown cold, or thai the church had lost its affectionate re- gard for you. But with this the parish was not sati>fied : they were unwilling that the pastoral relation should be dissolved without a direct communication of the kind and friendly feelings entertained towards you by them; of tluir sense of obligation to you, under Providence, for the estab- lishment of their church, and its continuance during all the vicissitudes and embarrassments of our city, and without a hearty assurance of their respect and earnest good wishes for the future Though you cease to be the pastor of the First Piesbjterian Church of San Francisco, it will never be forgotten that you were its founder, and for more than five years its failhful guide; that vou have labored in season and out of season for its pros]iei ily ; and that undtT your zealous but prudent supervision the church, and the great doctrines of which it is the exponent, have been com- mended to the people of San Francisco and the Stale. Wherever life may lead you in the future, bear with you the conviction that your labors with us have not been in vain ; that your name will ever be associated with our church ; and that those who have known you here will re- member you with grateful recollections." From the testi- monial of the ruling elders of the church a brief extract is taken : " We have great comfort and satisfaction in looking back over the five years and upwards in which you have, with the most unremitting diligence, watched over the in- terests of the church and society, in all that concerned their welfare and progress, both spiritual and temporal: and have great pleasure in bearing testimony to your fidelity and constant devotion to the beist interests of the church and congregation. The sick have been visited — and those who 248 EIOGRAFHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. were in prison are witnesses of your counsel, warning and admonition — the poor and friendless have been objects of your care and solicitude — the afflicted have been comforted in their distress and anguish of mind, and the dying have been directed to the ' Lamb of Cod which takelh away the sins of the world.' In all the relations you have sustained in the church and congregation, your bearing has been honorable, manly and independent, and characterized by meekness, charity and a Christian spirit. When we have, as a community, been passing through scenes of unusual violence and bloodshed, you have remained at your post, unmoved by popular tumult and disorder, faithfully declar- ing ' all the counsel of God.' .... We beg also to assure you of our high respect for your uniform courtesy, Icindness and counsel in the relation you have sustained to us as members of your session, in which unity and the most entire harmony has prevailed. Feeling sure that should you leave us, you will cany with you the best and kindest sympathies not only of the church and congregation, but of the com- niunily among whom you have moved and mingled in this city, we affectionately commend you and your family to the Great Head of the church, praying that he will richly re- ward your labors of love among us, and do for you and them ' exceeding abundantly above all that we ask or think.' " One of the many friendly published e.xpressions of regard for Mr. Williams paid him the follow'ing tribute : "Among others leaving us is the Rev. Albert Williams — a man who for five years past has been with us ; been inter- ested for us ; and has fulfilled in our midst a high and holy calling. During that time many are the young and loving pairs he has united in the sacred bonds of wedlock ; he has sprinkled the brow of infancy with the token of love and mercy, and pressed the seal of pardon and acceptance on the heads of repentant sinners ; he has prayed by the bed- side of the dying, and wept with the bereaved at the graves of the dead ; he has week after week raised his voice against crime, violence and oppression in the land, and in clear, emphatic language shown the way of duty and of safety. Nor is it by precept alone that he has taught ; for he has lived the lessons he has inculcated, and set a beauti- ful example of Christian consistency; unostentatious, meek and benevolent, like the Master he 'professes to serve, he h.xs gone about doing good ; and now, with enfeebled health, but a good conscience, he returns to his early home for that quiet and repose which he so really needs." And from anoihcr source this also : "The Rev. A. Williams has been for five and a half years one of the most prudent, though zealous, 'soldiers of the cross' that ever visited California, and his departure, as well as the cause therefor, has occasioned his congregation and friends profound re- gret. As he was beloved and reverenced by all with whom he came in contact, even so will he be long remembered as the founder of the Presbylerian church in this city." Mr. Williams, with his family, spent the winter of 1S54-55 in the Sandwich Islands. He visited all the gioiip, and con- tributed a series of descriptive letters to the Preshylcrian, of Philadelphia. In the spring of 1855 he returned, via San Francisco and Panama, to the east, and for the four years following made his residence in Princeton, New Jersey, during which time his eldest son passed through the academic course at Nassau Hall. Such was the degree of his nervous prostration that the whole of that period of rest was necessary to bring back his impaired health. Though resting he was not inactive, but by writing for the press and occasional preaching he sought to be useful. While the social revolution was in progress in San Fran- cisco, in 1856, although away from the State, Mr. Williams took a deep interest in the movement, and wrote for one of the eastern papers an article on the subject, which was acknowledged to have had a marked effect in creating a correct public sentiment concerning the action of the Vigi- lance Committee of that year, and was particularly referred to by a leaduig periodical in San Francisco in the following appreciative terms : " Our citizens are indebted to the Rev. Albert Williams, late pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of this city, for a timely letter published at the East, in relation to our local difficulties. His intimacy with our affairs gave weight to his opinion among those with whom he is familiar, or to whom he is known in eastern circles." In the summer of 1859 he made a second removal to Cali- fornia. At this time it was his desire to engage in efforts for the promotion of higher education in the State. But influences which he could not control prevented the gratifi- cation of that wish, and again he entered into the special work of the ministry, and for another five years and more served gratuitously a mission church in San Francisco. And again, while retaining his connection with San Fran- cisco, he had a home for his famdy in Princeton, during which time his younger son passed through college. Thus he has, by frequent repassing, either alone or with membei-s of his family, had a double home in California and New Jersey. For the past six years it has been his special work, among other things, as one of the Trustees of the California Prison Commission and as Chairman of its Visiting Com- mittee, to preach gratuitously each alternate Sunday, during the greater part of that time, to the prisoners in the State Penitentiary at San Quentin. The experience gained in his observations and intercourse among the prisoners en- abled him to render valuable aid in carrying through the Legislature of 1875-76 very important reforms in the gov- ernment of the State Prison. One of these enactments removes the immediate management of the prison beyond the sphere of politics. Another provides that prisoners shall receive one-tenth of their earnings, one-half of the amount payable, and, if they so desire, to be received by them weekly, and the other half to be retained for them until the time of their discharge. Mr. Williams early be- came a member of the Society of California Pioneers, was for many years its Chaplain, and, as a special compliment, has been constituted one of its few Ilonoinry Life Mem- '^&rt,'Jh& Gi PAil&d^ cyryT^^'Xc.^'^c^ BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. 249 bers. In this outline sketch it remains to add, and may be noted as one of the features of this active: life, that it has ever been a habit of Mr. Williams to pursue a general course of reading, with a special taste and preference for subjects of a practical and at the same lime philosophical character. In later, no less than earlier, years it has been his constant aim to gather that he may impart. Thus, neither is his leisure idleness, nor his rest inactivity. His retirement, if such it m.ay be styled, is filled with busy labors. And, as a fitting close of this brief sketch, it is proper to subjoin a sentence forming part of a personal item in a late San Francisco journal : "Although he (the Rev. A. Williams) may not be technically a pastor, yet as long as his life is continued he will be found employed in essays of ulilily and benevolence." ^ '-*'STE, DAVID K., Jurist, was the son of Moses and Ann Este, of Morristown, New Je»sey, and was born October 2lst, 1785. Captain Este, bis father, was severely wounded at the battle of '^ Monmouth, and would have died from exposure but for the personal attentions of Colonel Ham- ilton, aide to General Washington, who found him among the dead and dying, and provided him with food and medi- cal assistance. He was subsequently Collector of Revenue under President Adams, and died at the age of eighty-four. David K., his son," received his elementary education in his native town, and entered Princeton College, where he pur- sued the full course of studies, and graduated with dis- tinction in 1803. In April, 1S04, he commenced to read law in the office of Gabriel Ford, Esq., at Morristown, and after thorough preparation w.as admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court at Trenton, in May, iSoS. He commenced practice in Morristown at once, and after continuing there one year as a lawyer he removed to Cincinnati, Ohio; but with the intention of making his practice a very general one, covering all the courts in that judicial district, includ- ing the United States District and Circuit Courts at Chilli- colhe, and subsequently at Columbus, he opened an office in Hamilton in order to be centrally located. In the spring of l8t4 he located in Cincinnati, and established himself at the corner of Main and Fifth streets, and by careful atten- tion to his business and the exercise of rare legal talent, he soon secured a very large and influential clientage. In 181 7 he formed a partnership with Bellamy Storer, and this business relationship continued until 1821. In 1830 he admitted Ezekiel Haines to an interest in his large and in- creasing business, and this partnership existed until Mr. Este w.as made President Judge of Hamilton countv, and alter the organization of the Superior Court, in 1837, he was appointed its judge. Upon the expiration of his term, in the spring of 1S45, he retired from public and professional 32 life. His career at the bar and on the bench was a distin- guished one. He was profoundly read in civil and crim- inal law, his knowledge of the science being constantly improved by continuous research. He was as indefatigable a worker as a student, and gave to all the liusiness intruslcd to his care his close attention. He was especially forcible as a pleader, and had rare power for the analyzalion of evi- derrce m order to present it clearly to the jury and the couit, forming from it a jilain and easily understood exjiosi- tion uf the continuity of circumstances involved in the case. He was skilful in the interpretation of the law, and logical in his arguments, which were models of rhetorical expres- sion. His decisions from the bench were accepted as authority, and were characterized by an entire absence of personal bias. He was at all times firm in his support of the integrity of the law. These qualities won for him the sincere respect of the entire community, and his retirement from professional duties was regarded as a public loss. His career was closely identified with the growth and pros- perity of Cincinnati. He was zealous in his efforts to secure public improvements, and to make the city attractive, not alone as a place of residence, but as a good field for capi- talists, in the way of increasing mercantile and commercial traffic. The first building erected by him was his own residence on Main street. Subsequently he erected fourteen structures on the same thoroughfare and Ninth street, three on Sycamore street and one on Fourth street. In 1S58 he reared a handsome stone residence on West Fourth street, which he occupied at the time of his death. In the fall of 1S19 he was married to Lucy Ann, daughter of General William Henry Harrison. She died in April, 1826, having been the mother of four children, three of whom died when quite young. The surviving daughter became the wife of Joseph Reynolds, of Baltimore, and died in 1S69, at the age of forty-seven years, leaving seven children. In Mny, 1S29, Mr. Este married Louisa Miller, daughter of Judge William Miller, by whom he had seven children, four living at the present time. Even when ninety years of age he took a great interest in the course of public affairs. For many years he was Senior Warden of Christ Church. He died in the early part of the year 1876. OLLIXS, REV. JOHN, Minister of the Pioneer Methodist Episcopal Church in Ohio, was born, November 1st, 1769, in New Jersey. Early in life he became an earnest and devout member of the Methodist Church, and determined to be- come a preacher, a resolution which he carried into effect with characteiistic energy. His earlier efforts in his chosen vocation as a preacher gave liille promise of his future eminence. .So small was the evidence Ihey gave of special qualification that his wife, solicitous for his repula- %'' 250 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOIVEDIA. lion and usefulness, advised him to desist, believing that he could never succeed. He replied to her, in all candor, that he thought her predictions quite liUely to be correct, but nevertheless, although he might never be a successful preacher himself, he purposed to continue trying unlil he should be instrumental in converting some one who would be a preacher. His subsequent career showed how un- founded were his wife's misgivings, and how wise was his own determination. In the year 1801 he visited the North- western Territory, now the Slate of Ohio, and in the follow- ing year he removed his family to the West, and settled on a farm in Clermont county, Ohio, on the east fork of the Little Miami river, about twenty-five miles east of Cincin- nati. Ill 1S04 he preached the first Methodist sermon ever preached in Cincinnati. The meeting was held in an upper room, and the congregation comprised twelve persons. He also preached the first Methodist sermons heard in Ripley, Dayton and Urbana. In 1S07 he travelled the Miami Circuit, in connection with B. Larkin, an excellent preacher. In 180S he travelled the .Scioto Circuit, and in 1809 and iSlo the Deer Creek Circuit. He was next assigned to the Union Circuit, which embraced the towns of Lebanon and Dayton. In the years 1S19 and 1820 he was Pre- siding Elder of the Scioto District. In 1821 and 1822 he was stationed in Cincinnati. The following year he was stationed in Chillicothe, and in 1S24 he was appointed to the Cincinnati Dislrict, and afterwards to the Miami Dis- trict. He continued to travel in this dislrict during the years 1825, 1826 and 1827. Next he was transferred to the Scioto District, where he labored from 1S2S to 1831. In l8j2 and 1833 he was on the New Richmond Circuit. He returned to the Cincinnati station in 1834, and in 1835 he travelled the While Oak Circuit. This was the Last cir- cuit he ever travelled. On the minutes of the Ohio Annual Conference of 1836 he was returned as superannuated, which relation remained unchanged until his death. He (lied at Maysville, Kentucky, at the residence of his son, Cieneral Richard Collins, August 21st, 1845. His last words were, " Happy, happy, happy ! " On his death the official members of Ihe church at Maysville passed resolu- tions expressive of their grief at his loss, and of the highest appreciation of his labors and eminent qualities as a gospel iirinister. It may truly be said of him that he was one of the most eminent anil eloquent preachers in the early days of Methodism in southern Ohio. He married Sarah Black- man, a woman of great energy and force of character, and whose life was an embodiment of the Christian virtues. She was a sister of Leander Blackmail. In the'spring of 1797, shortly after her husband assured her of his deter- mination to " keep trying to pre.ich unlil he had converted some one who would preach successfully," her brother Leander was converted through the preaching of her hus- band. This was in iSoo, and the new convert at once entered the ministry and worked in it with extraordinary power, earnestness and success until his death, some four- teen years later. No more devoted, zealous, eloquent, or successful preacher labored m the church than he. His eloquence isdesciibed as something wonilerlul. His pres- ence was commanding and attractive, his voice rich, melodi- ous and greatly expressive, and the fervor of his utterances almost irresistible. None could listen to him unmoved, and during the time of his ministrations thousands were converted through his agency. As early as iSog he was Presiding Elder in the Cumberland District of the Metho- dist Episcopal Church, embracing all ol W est Tennessee, part of Middle Tennessee, on the Elk and Duck rivers, Madison county, in the Mississippi Territory, and all of Kentucky below the mouth of Green river, with the counties of Ohio and Breckinridge, above Green iivcr. To this day many an old pioneer remembers the sympathy excited and the profound sorrow felt in Cincinnati and throughout the Methodist Church when his death occurred, in 1S15. It was a few days after the adjournment of conference in Cincinnati. He and his wife were crossing the Ohio river in an open ferry-boat. The horses on the boat became frightened, and, running together, forced several of the pas- sengers overboard into the river. Leander Blackman was among the number. He swam for some time, but before help reached him he sank and was drowned in full view of his agonized wife. His body was recovered and followed to the grave by a vast concourse of friends. LARK, SAMUEL S., M. D., of Belvidere, was born in Flemington, New Jersey, November 8th, 1825. He is a son of the Rev. John F. Clark, and a grandson of the Rev. Joseph Clark, D. D. The last named was a student at Princeton Col- lege at the breaking out of the revolutionary war, and, entering the colonial army, served with distinc- tion on General Washington's staff. The war ended, he returned to Princeton, completed his education, took holy orders, and was for many years pastor of the First Presby- terian Church at New Brunswick. Dr. Clark's great uncle. General John Maxwell, commanded the New Jersey battal- ion in the war of the Revolution, thus giving him a doubly patriotic ancestry. He received his preparatory education at the school of the Rev. John Vandervcer, at Easton, and in 1841 w.as admitted to Lafayette College. After re- maining here two years he entered the junior class at Princeton, and graduated in 1845. Among his classmates at Princeton were Judges Depue and Van Syckel, of the New Jersey Supreme Court, and his cousin, Hon. George M. Robeson, lale .Secretary of the Navy. After passing through the regular three years' course in the medical de- partment of the University of New York, he received his degree in 1S48, and in the same year established himself at Belvidere, where he h.as since resided. He has an exten- sive practice, and his professional reputation is unchallenged. 3- (9=* BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. 251 He is a member of the United States, New Jersey, and Warren County Medical Societies. In politics he was a Whig until the formation of the Repubhcan party, when he became and has since continued a member of that organi- zation. He IS a partisan, however, from a sense of duty only, having never sought nor held any public office save that of Superintendent of the Draft in Warren county, an appointment that came to him, unsolicited, from Governor Olden, and which he held only until a provost marshal was appointed m his stead. His practice has of late so greatly increased that he has been compelled to seek the assistance of a medical partner, and has accordingly associated with him Dr. McGee, a young gentleman of ability and ranking well in the profession Dr. Clark was married in 1854 to Jane C, daughter of James C. Kinney, M. D., of Warren county. I EECE, LEWIS C, Banker, was born, June 19th, 1S17, in Phillipsburg, New Jersey. He was educated at the Phillipsburg public schools, and upon completing his education was given a posi- tion in the carriage manufacturing business carried on by his father. In this business he remained during the succeeding thirteen years, displaying a consider- able amount of mechanical ability and a good understanding of commercial alTairs. In 1849 '>^ '"^^ elected Surrogate of Warren county, holding the office for the full term of five years, and some years later was elected Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. In 1856 the Phillipsburg Bank was founded under a special charter, and of this institution he •was chosen Cashier, an office that he still continues to hold. Under his management the bank has been exceptionally successful in its operations, especially since 1S65, when it was reorganized under the national banking law. Mr. Reece was married, August 23d, 184S, to Sarah A., daugh- ter of Andrew Lomison, late of Mount Bethel, Pennsyl- vania. [lEIGH, JOHN T., Banker, of Clinton, was born in 1821, in Hunterdon county, New Jersey. He is the son of Samuel Leigh, whose father, of the same name, served in the war of the Revolution, the Leigh family being one of the oldest in New Jersey. He received a lair common-school edu- cation, and at the age of twelve became a clerk in the large mercantile estal)lishnient of Peter Dayton & Son, in New- Brunswick, assisting in that and similar establishments in New Brunswick until 1844, when he removed to Clinton, New Jersey, where he established himself in the general mercantile business, which he pursued successfully for five years, selling out at the expiration of that period on account of failing health. Since 1849 he has been engaged in va rious enterprises, which he has so conducted as to increase at once hl^> fortune and his reputation, placing him easily in the front rank of the Ijusiiiess men of the community. He was one of the founders of the Clinton Bank, now the Clinton National Bank, of which he was chosen one of the first Di- rectors, and is at present the Vice-President. He is a mem- ber of the Baptist church, of vvhah he is a zealous and liberal supporter, having been chiefly instrumental in secur- ing for the society its handsome edifice in Clinton. In politics he is a Democrat, though not an extremist, being often found in opposition to the pet schemes of his parly. He is, however, a steadfast adherent to the cardinal princi- ples of the Democracy. He was elected Mayor of Clinton on the Union ticket. He has been twice married ; first, in 1S43, 'o Miss Van Syckcl, daughter of Aaron Van Syckel, who died in 1S60, and again, in 1862, to a daughter of William Van Syckel. His eldest son, B. O. Leigh, is at ptesent the efficient Cashier of the Clinton National Bank. |)ONGWORTH, NICHOLAS, Lawyer, Vine- grower and Horticulturist, was born, January l6th, 1782, in Newark, New Jersey. His father had been a Tory during the war of the Revolu- tion, and his large property had been entirely confiscated in consequence. Young Longworlh's childhood was passed in comparative indigence, and while yet a boy he went to South Carolina as a clerk for an elder brother; but the climate proved unfavorable to his health, and, returning to Newark, he resolved to study law. Be- lieving that the region then known as the Northwest Territoiy otTered the best opportunity of success to young men of enterprise, he removed thither in 1S03, and, fixing upon the little village of Cincinnati as his residence, he continued his legal studies in the office of Judge Jacob Burnet. His first case after admission to the bar was the defence of a horse thief, receiving for his fee two copper whiskey stills. These he bartered for thirty-three acres of land. Central avenue being its eastern boundary. Owing to the great influx of emigration this land in process of time arose to the value of over two millions of dollars. From the time of his arrival in Cincinnati he held to the idea that the log village of that day would become the metropolis of the future. He was outspoken and decided on this point. His convictions determined all his actions in this direction ; but they \<'ere the merest visions to the old men around him. While a student in Judge Burnet's office he offered to purchase the judge's cow-pasture, and, thinking to obtain it on a long credit, proposed to pay five thousand dollars for it. The judge reproved him sharply for what he was pleased to term the folly that would assume such a debt for such worthless investment; but he lived to see the cow- pasture valued at one and a half million dollars. When 252 EIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.f:DIA. Mr. Longworth began the practice of law he was known as the attorney who would always take land for fees; and during his connection with that profession all his earnings were invested in lands in and around Cincinnati, so that he became, in the course of a few yeai-s, a large lot and In.nd-owner and dealer. At that time property w.is held at a very low figure ; many of his lots cost him but ten dollars eich, while vast tracts represented but a lawyer's fee. He hid for some years given much attention to the cultivation of the grape, with the view of making wine ; and at first at- tempted, though with but little success, the acclimation of foreign vines. He tried about forty ditL-rent varieties before the idea occurred to him of testing the capabilities of our indigenous grapes. In 182S he withdrew from the practice of his profession and commenced experimenting upon the adaptation of native grapes to the production of wine. Two of the varieties — the Catawba and the Isabella — seemed to him to possess the best qualities for wine in that climate and soil, and he gradually adopted these throughout his vine yards, though not entirely to the exclusion of others. He had two hundred acres of vineyards, and extensive wine vaults in the city, where the vintage of each year was stored by Itself to ripen. He also purchased wine and grape-juice in large quantities, to be converted by his processes into the wine of commerce. These vineyards eventually became profitable to him, and to the thousands of wine-growers and vine-dressers who emigrated from the wine countries of Europe and established themselves on the hill-slopes of the Ohio, m the vicinity of Cincinnati ; but for some yeare his expenditure was greater than his income from his vineyards. He did not, however, confine his attention to the culture of the grape. He was also much interested in the improve- ment of the strawberry, and pulilished the results of his numerous experiments on the influence of the sexual char- acter of the strawberry in rendering it productive. Cin- cinnati he made famous for strawberry culture ; and from him the celebrated " Longworth Prolific " derives its name. In private life he was a genial, kindly, but very eccentric man, dressing always in the extremest simplicity and plain- ness, often to the extent of shabbmess. He was singularly unostentatious in his display of wealth and in his personal habits. He was never accused of meanness nor of lUiber- ality. He was public-spirited and useful ; his brain ever teeming with valuable suggestions to the people. He con- tributed largely to public charities ; but his name was rarely found on published lists of contributors to charitable enter- prises. His gifts were made m secret, and oftenest to those whom he termed " the devils poor "—the vagabonds and estr.iys of social life. M;iny citizens of Cincinnati cannot fail 10 remember the winter when he gave hundreds of men work in his stone quarries on the Ohio river, above the city ; or, indeed, of his donating, each week, a sack of meal to a large number of equally poor women. It was no de- light or virtue to him to help those who could possibly receive sympathy or aid from others. He had also a sys- tem, which he studiously carried out, of selling his land to poor tenants on long time, thus enabling them to pay for it gradually, often deeding to widows of tenants half of the property leased by their husbands : in this way favoring poor men m securing homes for themselves. He was a benefactor to poor authors and poets, the liberal patron of art and the friend of Hiram Powers. He was a lifelong Whig, but held no identity with any political party, and was certainly no politician. He had as little care and respect for politicians as for preachers, being a determined, but a silent, opponent of the latter. Nevertheless, he was a man of high moral rectitude and a firm believer m the Christian religion ; and he attended the ministrations of Rev. Dr. Wilson until the death of that eccentric Presby- lerian clergyman. For some time Mr. Longworth was President of the " Pioneer Association of Cincinnati." A very honorable action was taken by that body on the oc- casion of his death ; as was also the case in the meeting of the Cincinnati bar. He died in that city, Februaiy loth, |UDLOW, ISRAEL, First Surveyor of the North- west Territory, now Ohio, was born, in the year 1765, at Long Hill Farm, near Morristown, New Jersey, where his father, Cornelius Ludlow, re- sided. He was of English ancestry, his grand- father having left Shropshire, England, at the time of the restoration of the Stuarts, to escape the persecu- tions of the crown, as the Ludlow family had espoused the cause of the Parliament, and had taken a prominent part m the affairs of the commonwealth. Sir Edmund Ludlow, the head of the family at that time, was banished from England, and died in exile at Vevay, Switzerland. In 17S7 Israel Ludlow received the following leiter from the Surveyor- General and Geographer of the United States : " To Israel Ludlow, Esq. : Dear sir : I enclose an ordinance of Con- gress, of the 20th instant, by which you will observe they have agreed to the sale of a large tract of land, which the New Jersey Society have contracted to purchase. As it will be necessary to survey the boundary of this tract with all convenient speed, that the United States may receive the payment for the same, I propose to appoint you for that pur- pose, being assured of your abilities, diligence and integriiy. I hope you will accept it, and desire you will furnish me with an estimate of the expense, and inform me what moneys will t^e necessary to advance to you to execute the same. I am. dear sir, yours, Thomas Hulchins, Surveyor- General of the United States.' He accepted the appoint- ment, received his instructions and an order on the frontier posts for a sufficient escort to enable him to prosecute the surveys; but the extreme weakness of the military force m the Northwest Territory — as Ohio was then called — left liira in a very hazardous and exposed condition. His great energy, bodily strength and personal beauty, however, soon EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 253 attracted the attention and admiration of the Indians, and won friends and safety for his little band, where the toma- hawk and seal ping-knife would, but for these, have been used against them. There are letters still preserved from General JiKcph Ilarmer, addressed to Israel Ludlow, of date of 1787, and August aSlh, 17SS, which speak of the impossibility of affording him an adequate escort, and of the danger of his pursuing the survey at that time; but such danger and privations incurred by him did not deter the prosecution of the work. In 1789 he became associated with Mathias Denman and Robert Patterson in the proprietor- ship — to the extent of one third — of the settlement about Fort Washington, which was to be called by the whimsical name of Losamiville, a compound word, intended to express " the cily opposite the mouth of the Licking." To it, how- ever, was given the more euphonious appellation of Cincin- nati l)y Israel Ludlow, in honor of the Cincinnati Society of revolutionary officers, of which his father was a member, and which society was much criticised at that time. Late in the autumn of 1789 Colonel Ludlow commenced a survey of the town, which has since become the " Queen City of the West." In 1790 While's, Covolt's, and Ludlow Stations were created. The latter was near the norlh line of the town plot of Cincinnati, and a block-house was the first tenement erected there. As the Indians had become veiy savage and ferocious, strong forts were built, and military placed therein for the protection of the few whites who had ventured to settle in their neighborhood. So dangerous was the situation that persons who ventured beyond a certain limit of these forts fell victims to the brutality and ferocity of the savages. In 1791 General St. Clair's army was en- camped at Ludlow Station, along what is now called Mad Anthony street, and the present site of the Presbyterian and Christian Churches. From thence, on September 17th, 1 79 1, St. Clair proceeded to the Big Miami, and erected Forts Hamilton and Jeffei-son, and on November 4th follow- ing was fought the bloody and unfortunate battle called " St. Clair's Defeat." Israel Ludlow, now Colonel Ludlow, pursued his surveys under great difficulties, but completed them, and May 5th, 1792, made a full report of the same, and of all the expenses incident thereto, which were ac- cepted by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. In December, 1794, he surveyed the plot of a town adjacent to Fort Hamilton — hence the name — and was sole owner. In November, 1795, in conjunction with Generals St. Clair, Dayton and Wilkinson, he founded the town of Dayton. Previous to this, however. General Wayne had succeeded General St. Clair — after the latter's defeat — and prosecuted the Indian war until its termination in 1795, when emigration commenced again, and new towns and farms spread through the yielding forest. On Novem- ber loth, 1796, Colonel Ludlow married Charlotte, second daughter of General James Chambers, of Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, and on the 20th of the same month they started on their journey to Cincinnati. After a tedious ride over the mountains they reached the Monongahela river, and descended in a small boat to the vicinity of Pittsburgh, where they embarked on the waters of the Ohio. Colonel Ludlow was soon afterwards appointed to establish and sur- vey the boundary line between the United States and the Indian Territory, agreeably to the treaty of Greenville, made by General Wayne, in 1795. It was a most dangerous un- dertaking, and while absent from Ludlow .Station, which he had made his residence, his wife was in constant dread of hearing that some fatality had befallen his little parly. In fact she could not anticipate any happiness while separati-d from her " beloved Ludlow," as she calls him, especially during his constant absence from the fort upon his arduous duties. She writes to him in 1797 of her increased fear for his safety, upon hearing that the Shavvnees had appointed a chief, unknown to him, to attend him; and she urges him not to relax his vigilance for one moment. Her distress of mind can be better imagined than described when she learned than he was unable to obtain an escort, and at the same time knowing the great importance of the boundary being established, both to the governniL-nt and to the set- tlers. It is a fact that he made a great part of ihe surveys with only three active woodsmen as spies, and to give him notice of danger. He died in January, 1S04, at his home at Ludlow Station, after four days' illness. The house still remains in a good state of preservation, notwithstanding it is now eighty-six years old ; and his great-grandchildren may stand in the room where he died and resolve to imil.ate his virtues. He was not permitted to witness the wonderful results of the enterprise to which his untiring industry was directed in forwarding. That he had a prescience of its importance is shown by his large entries of land in the re- gion tributary to Cincinnati. Looking forward to a long life, he felt his immediate object was to lay the broad foun- dation of pecuniary fortune. Modesty was a well-known trait of his character. With an eye quick to discern, and energy to have applied, every measure conducing to the prosperity of the territory and the city, he was himself in- different to his own political advancement, and willing to wait until the fulfilment of his plans. Thus it is, without legislative record of the facts, his name is not known in a manner commensurate with his services to the infant colony and youthful State. He was no politician in the clamorous sense of the term. He was a man for the times in which he lived, and possessed a peculiar fitness for the capacious sphere of his influence. His life was illustrated by a series of practical benevolences, free from ostentation, and the laudation of scarcely other than the recipients of his disin- terested kindnesses. The shock created by the announce- ment of his death was great. The inhabitants joined the iSIasonic fraternity in paying the closing triljute of respect to his memoiy, and an oration was pronounced by Hon. John Cleves Symmes. Among his numerous descendants several have occupied prominent positions in Ohio and other Western States. EIOGRAPinCAL EN'CVCLOr.CDIA. 'TILI.MAX, CHARLF.S II., M. D., Physician and ex- .M:\yor of Plainfield, was born in Schenectady, New York, January 25th, 1817. The family is of English descent, the founders of the American branch having settled in Massachusetts in 1680. Afterwards a portion of the descendants of these settlers removed to Rhode Island, at what is now the vil- lage of Slillmanville, and others settled in the State of New York. From these Dr. Stillman is descended. His father, Joseph Stillman, was a widely known ship builder, and his older brother, Thomas B. Stillman, was one of the origina- tors — and up to the time of his death, which occurred some ten years since, was one of the proprietors — of the celebrated Novelty Works, of New York. All the members of the family were more or less celebrated for their skill in the mechanic arts. Charles H. Stillman was fitted for college at the academy of Schenectady, New York, and in the year 1S32 entered the sophomore class of Union College. He graduated with the class of 1S35. Among his classmates were Professors Foster and Pierson, of Union College. Immediately after graduating he commenced a course of preparatory study, with a view to entering the medical pro- fession. He studied first at Schenectady, and then read for three years with Dr. Delafieid, of New York. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, in the year 1840, and for two years after his graduation he was Physician and Oculist of the Eastern Dispensary. In 1842 he removed to Plainfield, New Jersey, •where he has since resided, actively engaged in the practice of his profession. His advance to the front rank of medical practitioners was rapid and brilliant. His high natural abilities, joined to his sterling personal qualities and his thorough professional culture, and the enthusiasm with which he devoted all his energies to the calling he had entered upon, soon placed him among the foremost of his profession, and now his practice is among the largest and most valuable in the State. He has been for many years Surgeon of the Central Railroad of New Jersey, and his great skill as a surgeon has won the cordial recognition not only of the community at large, but of all in the profession. Next to his devotion to his profession is his practical ear- nestness in forwarding the educational interests of the com- munity in which he resides. It was largely through his instrumentality th.nt the public schools of Plainfield, which rank now among the best in the Slate, have been brought to their present high standard. In 1847 he was elected a member of the School Board, and he held that position until 1867, when the revised school laws of the State took effect. He was elected a member of the first School Board under the new law, was chosen President of the Board at its first meeting, and has continued to fill the position from that time to this. He is a member of the State Medical Society and President of the Medical Society of Union County. He is also a Diiector of the City National Bank, of the AVashington Fire Insurance Company, the City Savings Institute and various other corporations. Politi- cally he is an ardent Republican, but enjoys the high esteem and perfect confidence of his fellow-citizens of all parties. In 1872 he was nominated by both political parties for the office of Mayor of Plainfield. He was, of course, elected to the position, and administered the duties of the office for two years. He was married, in 1842, to Mary E. Starr, of Hamilton, New Y'ork. His eldest son was for a time Assistant Professor of Chemistry in Stevens' Institute, Hoboken, New Jersey, and is now pursuing his studies in Germany. His second son is now House Physi- cian in St. Francis' Hospital, New York, and a third son is in his senior year at Rutgers College. AYLOR, LEWIS HAZELIUS, of High Bridge, Iron Manufacturer and Railroad Promoter, was born in 1811, at the old historic mansion of the JTl/v^ Taylor family, near the town of High Bridge, tr^^ New Jersey, and is a son of Archibald and Ann (Bray) Taylor, and grandson of Robert Taylor, who came to America from Ireland in 1757. His grand- father, soon after his arrival, became connected with the Union Iron Company, then owned by the wealthy English land proprietors and iron masters, Allen & Turner, and superintended by Colonel Hackett. After the death of the latter, Robert Taylor became his successor in the super- vision of the Union Iron Company, and continued to occupy that position until the suspension of the works, about the year 1782. The furnace of that company was the first erected on the continent of America, although the precise date cannot now be determined, but it was prior to the year 1700. The house where Robert Taylor resided is .still standing, uniquely connected w'ith and forming a part of the modernized mansion where his grandson now re- sides. In one room of the older portion, one hundred years ago. Governor John Penn and Attorney-General Benjamin Chew, the last colonial officials of Pennsylvania, were placed as jirisoners of w^ar, under charge of Robert Taylor, by the Continental Congiess. Two volumes of " Memoirs," by Sir John Dalr^'mple, Baronet, which were presented 'to Robert Taylor by Governor Penn, are now in the possession of his grandson. In another room Robert Taylor died, in 1S21, and in the same room his son Archi- bald was born, in T/So, and died in 1S60. Lewis H. Taylor, son of Archibald, was partly educated at the Hart- wick Seminary, then under the superintendence of his uncle, the Rev. Lewis Hazelius, D. D., from whom he was named, where he passed three years; he completed his education under private tutors at home. On reaching manhood he engaged in mercantile and various other pur- suits until 1S49, when ^^^ announcement was made that the newly acquired tcnntor)' of California was the long-looked- BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. 2SS for Eldorado. In company with his brother. General George W. Taylor, he started for the Pacific coast, talking passage on the steamer " Crescent City," on her first trip via the isthuius, and was ainong the first colony of miners or pioneers of California. On their arrival in the land of gold, they were engaged in various enterprises, and while there contracted for and furnished the tniibers for building the first wharves of San Francisco. They remained in California until 1S52. On his return to the Atlantic Stales he built a forge on the site of one of the old pre-revohuion- ary works of the Union Iron Company, which has been enlarged at different times, a car wheel foumlry added, and in 1869 the whole concern was incorporated by the name of the Taylor Iron Company. These works have increased materially, until they are now one of the largest industrial e^tal)lishments«f the kind in the United Slates, manufac- turing car-wheels, car-axles and all varieties of car and locomotive forgings; and it is the only concern in the country which manufactures both car-wheels and axles and " fits " them. The first President of the company was Lewis II. Taylor, who still holds the position. The works are located near the beautiful village of High Bridge, on the south branch of the Raritan river, and at the junction of the High Bridge Railroad and the Central Railroad of New- Jersey. There are about two miles of railway which con- nect the different .shops of the company with the Central Railroad, for which a separate charter was obtained in 1871. This gives admirable facilities for operating the works, receiving material, shipping the products, etc. In June, 1874, Mr. Taylor, in conjunction with Edward C. Knight, of Philadelphia, and others, became interested in the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad. This road was built under the general railroad law of New Jersey, and the route selected was that originally surveyed for the National Air Line Railroad, which last named company had com- menced the construction, but through the need of a proper organization and bad management had failed. Lewis H. Taylor was Managing Director of the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, and to his energy and capability is due, fr.im the people of New Jersey and the travelling public in general, the credit of the early completion of this road and the first successful attempt to establish a through line between the cities of New York and Philadelphia, in opposition to the New Jersey monopoly, controlled by the Pennsylvania Rail- road. The Pennsylvania company had thrown every obstacle ill the way of an early completion of the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad, contesting it in the courts in every possible manner. This opposition culminated into what has passed into the history of New Jersey as the " frog war." The Dela- ware & Bound Brook Railroad crosses the Mercer & Som erset R.ailroad — a branch of the Pennsylvania Railroad — on the same grade at a point near the village of Hopewell. As Mr. Taylor was unable to arrange for the right of way across thai road — the Pennsylvania company refusing to make any concessions — he had the right of way condemned in the usual manner and the award of the comminioners paid into court. On the 9th of November, 1S75, the Dela- ware & Bound Brook Railroad brought up the fii-st locomo- tive engine and stationed it on a siding at the crossing. On the evening of the sajne day the Pennsylvania company also brought up an engine and placed it immediately on the crossing of the point intersected by the two roads, only moving it away long enough to allow the Mercer & Som- eiset trains to pass, and. then returning immediately to its post. Work on the Delaware & Bound Brook Railroad necessitated a crossing at once, and on Wednesday even- ing, the 6th of January, 1876, a large foice of their men ap- peared on the ground. When the Pennsylvania company's patrolling engine passed off on a siding to allow a regular train to traverse the main road, and as soon as the latter had passed the point of intersection, each man with a cross- tie upon his shoulder rushed upon the track, and in a second of time had formed an impassable bulwark. Tlie switch-tender was frightened from his post by this unex- pected demonstration of the Delaware & Bound Brook force, and the gang immediately commenced operations with a will, and soon had the Mercer & .Somerset track torn from its bed, and were putting in the frog. This stale of affairs was at once telegraphed to the officials of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, and engine 336 was ordered to be run from Millstone at its greatest speed, and if possible to be tumbled into the gap. The engineer of No. 336 obeyed orders, and with his engine proceeded on its dangerous mission, at a speed never before attempted. It fairly flew past Hopewell into the throng of astonished workmen, and, shivered and wrecked, it fell into the pit dug by the Delaware & Bound Brook men, but failed by six inches in reaching the point where the Bound Brook men were putting the frog into position, and w hich by mid- night they had securely laid. Amid the cheering of the victors the engine of the Delaware & Bound Brook Rail- road Company moved upon the crossing thus legally se- cured. The failure of No. 336 to effect its object was flashed over the wires, and another engine, in its place, was at once ordered to the front to assist if jiossible in pushing the Delaware & Bound Brook engine from the crossing; but on the arrival of the second engine it was apparent that the crippled condition of No. 336 would not admit of such a proceeding. Affairs remained in this position until the following day, when each company brought to the field a force of over 1,000 men — Irishmen armed wiih the pro- verbial pick-handles, and Italians with the stiletto or a revolver under their belts. Mr. Taylor, assisted by Messrs. Francis H. Saylor, Chief Engineer, and George B. Boggs, Division Engineer, had the Delaware & Bound Brook men under their control, and Counsellor Browning, of Camden, advised them to defend their position by force, if circum- stances rendered such a course necessary, and this course they were fully resolved to adopt. Both parties encamped upon the line, and on the following day Counsellor Brown- 236 BIOCRArillCAL ENXYCLOr.liDIA. ing petitioned the Chancellor for a mandamus to compel the Mercer & Somerset branch of the Pennsylvania Kail- road to remove their obstruction. Meanwhile, passengers over this latter road were obliged to be transferred above and below the obstruction. These transactions were wit- nessed by hundreds of spectators. The Governor of New Jersey ordered the 7th Regiment of the National Guard, under Colonel Angel, to proceed to the disputed territory to preserve the peace. The Delaware & Bound Brook company continued to hold possession until the Chancel- lor's decision came, and this decision virtually gave them all they had contended for. The road was opened for public travel M ly 1st, 1S76. It is a double track road, and has a passenger tr.nfiic fully equal to its capacity. Its com- pletion was a signal victory over the Pennsylvania com- pany and tl-.c railro id monopoly that had for years held the Stale, and virtually controlled its Legislature. The open- ing of the new line, making a direct route of travel between New York and I'hiladc-lphia, was hailed with delight all over the State, and to Lewis H. Taylor was justly awarded the honor of having been the instrument in procuring the long sought for discnthralment of the State from a gigantic monopoly. In 1873 he was instrumental in procuring a charter to construct a railroad from High Bridge, on the New Jersey Central, to Chester, in Morris county. This was afterwards consolidated with the Longwood Valley Railroad. Work was commenced on the High Bridge road in 1874, and completed in 1876 to Port Oram, in Morris county. This road, it is intended, shall reach the Hudson river, and there connect with eastern lines, so foiming a direct route from the coal fields of Pennsylvania, via the Central Railroad of New Jersey, to the manufacturing towns of New England. The first President of this corpo- ration was Lewis H. Taylor. He is also a Director of the Union Iron Company, of which his son, W. J. Taylor, is President. In politics, he is an ardent Republican, and has labored earnestly for the welfare of that party. He rendered efficient service to the Union government during the rebellion in raising troops. A serious affection of the eyes, as well as pressure of business devolving on him — owing to the absence of his brother. General George W, Taylor, who was one of the first to proceed to the front after the com- mencement of hostilities, and also of both his sons — pre- vented him from taking the field himself. Although so firm a Republican, he has steadily refused any office in the gift of the people, or any nomination thereto. In the autumn of 1876, however, his Republican friends induced him to accept the nomination for State Senator for the in- tensely Democralic county of Hunterdon, and although defeated, he polled a \o'e by several hundred greater than the balance of the Republican ticket. He was married, in 1S35. to Jane C, daughter of William Johnston, of Phila- delphia, and has four children now living: W. J. Taylor, of whom a sketch appears in another portion of this vol- ume; one daughter is married to O. W. Chrystie, one of tl-.e officers of the Taylor Iron Works; and the other is the wife of W. H. Stevenson, senior partner of the house of W. H. Stevenson & Co., of Philadelphia, in which Lewis Taylor, Jr., his youngest son, is a junior partner. His second son, Archie, at the commencement of the war,- enlisted as a private in Duryea's Zouaves, and served wiih that organization until just previous to the battle of Big Bethel, when he was promoted to a Lieutenancy and trans- ferred to the 3d Regiment of the First Brigade New Jersey Volunteers. Before his twentieth year he was commis- sioned Captain, and distinguished himself, through all the hard fighting of the First Brigade, for bravery and fine .oldierly qualities. He was killed at the second battle of Fredericksburg, near Salem Church, at the age of twenty years and eleven months. ENNINGTON, LOT S., M. D., and Pioneer Far- mer of Illinois, was born in Somei-set county, New Jersey, November I2lh, 1S12. His parents were Elijah Pennington and Martha (Todd) Penning- ton. His earlier education was acquired primarily at an academy located in Soraerville, Somerset county. New Jersey, and afterward in an educational estab- lishment of Basking Ridge, in the same county and State. At the completion of his probationary course of studies he decided to embrace the medical profession, and prepared himself for it while residing in New Jersey and in New York city. In 1836, believing that in the West was to be found a wider field for the profitable exercise of skill and industry, he removed to Jerseyville, Jersey county, Illinois, and there entered temporarily upon the active practice of his profession. He went subsequently to Macoupin county, and occupied himself professionally, and with success, at Brighton, Woodburn and Bunker Hill, until 1839, at which date he removed to Sterling, where he practised medicine for one year. In 1840 he purchased a tract of land, and applied his attention to farming and agricultural pui-suits. In 1841 he commenced the cultivation of fruit and orna- mental trees, in the first instance with a view to supply his own requirements only; but that limited beginning was destined to undergo a speedy development, and he ulti- mately found himself in a position to command an extensive nursery business, and which, in fact, he did subsequently carry on for a period of fifteen years, meeting with great and merited success. His w.as the second nursery estab- lished in northern Illinois, and at the present time he has over 800 acres of the finest land in the State of Illinois, all under high cultivation. He has devoted the latter portion of his life to scientific farming and kindred pursuits, and in apposite knowledge is unsurpassed. The nursery business, from which he retired in 1855, was encompassed with in- numerable difficulties in this section, in the earlier days, when the country was sparsely settled and in almost a BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 257 primitive and virgin condilion ; the depredations of swarniis of wild rabbits made it all but impossible to preserve the trees, while the intensely severe wmler of 1S42-43 was extremely injurious to all vegetable growth. His lands were located on the boundary of the prairie, and the inces- santly recurring prairie fires necessitated the constant exer- cise of great caution and vigilance; and it was necessary, in order to arrest the progress of such fires, to hedge the farm about with a cordon, or belt of land, thoroughly plowed, of 200 yards in breadth. In 1S61 he was appointed a member of the Board of Supervisors of Whitesides county, in which capacity he- his since continued to act with energy and ability. lie was married, in 1837, to Ann P. Barnett, daughter of John Barnett, of Brighton; she died in 1866. He was again married, in 186S, to Ruth A. Morrison, daughter of William and Mary Anne Gait, and widow of Dr. William Morrison, of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. •cGILL, STEWART, AgricuUurlst, w.is born ne.nr Trenton, New Jersey, February 1 8th, 17S8, and was the oldest of eight children, whose parents were Neill McGill and Elizabeth (Larrison) Mc- Gill. The former, a native of county Antrim, near Belfast, Ireland, was engaged through life in school-teaching and surveying, and while still a young man emigrated to America. He sympathized with the colonies in their resistance to the rule of Great Britain, and took an active part in common with the insurgent patriots. While the Hessians were in winter-quarters at Trenton, prior to their capture by General Washington, they made a descent on his property, and appropriated to their own uses his cattle and other valuable possessions. He died in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1814, at the age of seventy-two years. His mother was a native of New Jersey, and daughter of Rodger Larrison, an active participant in the revolutionary war. She died in 1S23. Plis earlier education was limited, and received at the common schools located in the neighborhood of his home. While in his twelfth year he went to live with Judge John Corryell, of Hunterdon county. New Jersey, with whom he remained for about three years, during this time attending school for a term of three months or more. He subsequently worked for three years as an apprentice under Luke Hebdon, of Trenton, New Jersey, at the shoemaking trade, afterward opening a shoe-shop at Lambertville, New Jersey, where he engaged also in harness-making; he remained there through the ensuing year. Up to 1811 he worked in New Jersey and in New York city, removing later to Ohio, where, July 3d, 181 1, he settled finally in Colerain town- ship, Hamilton county. He travelled west on foot through Pennsylvania to Pittsburgh, and thence on a flat-boat to Cincinnati, where he landed July 2d. The battle of Tip- pecanoe, in the second war with England, had been fought, 33 and becoming imbued with the prevalent popular excite- ment he entered the volunteer service in 1S12, under the command of General Hull, and was taken prisoner at the time of that officer's surrender at IJelroit. At the expir.a- tion of a few weeks he was released on parole, and re- turned to his home in Hamilton county, where he has since resided, occupied mostly in agricultural pursuits. In 1S21- 22 he served as constable and assessor of chattel properly, and in 1823 was elected Justice of the Peace, which office he held for nine years. He also held at various times the offices of Trustee, Township Clerk and Assessor of Real Estate for Colerain and Springfield Townships. In 1824 he was elected Treasurer of the School and Ministerial Funds of his township, which office he held for twenty- five years. In 1838 he was elected a Director in the Cole- rain, Oxford & Brookville Turnpike Company, whose road was then in the course of construction. In 1S40 he was elected Treasurer of said company, which position he held, with the exception of a year or two, until November, 1S65. Upon retiring from said position the committee (consisting of the president, secretary and one other director) appointed tn settle his accounts passed a resolution expressing ihcir satisfaction that in " accounts extending over a period of nearly a quarter of a century, and amounting to several hundred thousand dollars, no discrepancy h.ad ever ap- peared, nor had a single dime ever been unaccounted for." He has also settled the estates of more deceased persons than any other man in his part of the county. Politically, he is attached to the Republican party; he cast his first vote for President for James Monroe. In 1824 he voted for John Quincy Adams. In 1826 or 1S27 he became a strong Jackson man, and took a leading part m organizing the Jackson or Democratic party in Coleiain township, and was a delegate to the first convention held by that party in Hamilton county. He voted for General Jackson in 1828, .and again in 1832. But in 1833, not approving the course General Jackson had taken, he left the Democratic and joined the Whig party, to which he adhered until it died, after which he became a Republican. In his younger days he took an active part in politics, although he never sought office. In 1833 he was nominated as a candidate for County Commissioner, but was defeated by a few votes. In 1836 the Whigs nominated him for the Legislature, but he was not elected. He was nominated several limes afterwards for the same office, sometimes accepting and at others declining to be a candidate; but as his party was in the minority he never was elected. He was married, October 5th, 1823,10 .Sarah Johnson, widow of Alexander Johnson and daughter of Elias Hedges, an early sellUr from Morris county. New Jersey, who settled at Dunla|i's •Station, on the Big Miami river, Hamilton county, in 1805, by whom he has had three children, two of whom are still living, a son and daughter. He lost his wife in April, 1S54, and has never married again ; his son, Amzi McGill, has been twice elected a member of the House of RepresentaT 258 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. lives of Ohio, and has served one term as County Com- missioner of Hamilton county, Ohio, and has held various other trusts of greater or less importance. jUSLING, JAMES F., Counsellor-at-Law, Master in Chancery and Notary Public, of Trenton, was born at Washington, Warren county, New Jersey, -gii p April 14th, 1834. His parents were Gershom (sir and Eliza B..Rusling. In March, 1845, while he was still quite a lad, his family removed to Trenton, New Jersey. He entered the New Jersey Con- ference Seminary at Pennington, in October, 1850, and graduated there with the honors of his class, in October, 1852. Immediately afterwards he entered the junior class, at Dickinson College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania, and graduated there with second honors in July, 1854. In September fol lowing he was elected Professor of Natural Science and Belles Lettres in Dickinson Seminary, Williamsport, Penn- sylvania, and read law under Hon. Robert Fleming while teaching there. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1S57, but subsequently returned to Trenton, and was ad- mitted to the New Jersey bar in June, 1859. He soon acquired a satisfactory practice, but was diverted from it by the civil war, and in August, 1861, entered the Union army as First Lieutenant, 5th Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. In June, 1862, he was made Captain United States Vol- unteers, by President Lincoln, and in M.ay, 1863, promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel. Early in 1S65 he was brevetted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, for "gallantry and good conduct," and promoted to be full Colonel United Slates Volunteers, and Inspector Quartermaster's Depart- ment. In 1866 he was further brevetted Brigadier-General " for faithful and meritorious services " during the war. He served with the Army of the Potomac from August, 1861, to November, 1863 : at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Glendale, Malvern Hill, second Bull Run, Chantilly, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg, Bristow Station, R.ippahannock, etc.; and the remainder of the war in the Department of the Cumberland, where, as Chief Assistant-Quartermaster of that department, under Generals Thomas and Sherman, he contributed much to our success at Chattanooga, Kenesaw, Atlanta, Franklin, Nashville, etc. In 1S65-66, while Inspector of the Army, he was sent through nearly all of the late rebel States, to observe affairs, reduce government expenditures, etc.; in 1866-67 he was ordered overland to the Pacific, to inspect all military depots and posts en route, and return by the isihinus, with a view to reductions, cheapening supplies, etc. On his return he retired from the army, in September, 1867, and soon after resumed the jiractice of law at Trenton, New Jersey. While in the army he was so fortunate as to secure the confidence of Generals Sickles, Molt, Hooker, Meigs, Thomas, Sherman and Grant, and his promotions were made chiefly on their recommendations. In 1S6S he was nomi- nated for Congress by the Republican parly, but failed of election — his district as then constituted being heavily Dem- ocratic. In 1869 he was appointed United States Pension Agent for New Jersey, by President Grant, and in 1873 was reappointed. Meanwhile he has continued the practice of his profession, more or less, since 1867, and has been ad- mitted to practise in all the State and Federal conns in New Jersey. General Rusling has also shown considerable literary talent. He has been a frequent contributor to the newspapers and magazines, and in 1874 published a book entitled "Across America; or. The Great West and the Pacific Coast," being the results of his observations and ad- ventures through 15,000 miles of travel, while making his overland tour of inspection, in 1866-67. This has already passed through three editions, and its sale continues. The Boston Post declared it "A really charming volume." The New York Christian Ailvocate said : " The narrative' is lively, the style forcible, and the facts reliable." The Phila- delphia Noj-th American, in alluding to it, said : " General Rusling has written a capital book, in a capital way. The best-read persons will gain something from it, and to those unacquainted with recent travel it will be a liberal educa- tion." The New York Tribune pronounced it "A series of faithful, if not brilliant, sketches of personal incident and adventure, and it strikingly illustrates the development of utility, intelligence and material success in the great West and on the Pacific coast." The New York World said it was " Not the usual routine of brigadier book-making, but it treats one to some new views of life among amiy people and miners." The San Francisco Bulletin said : " It abounds in incidents of travel, and occasionally of perilous adventure, marked by shrewd observations and sharp but good-natured hits at our social peculiarities." These are only a few of the many notices of it. Altogether, the press seems to have taken very kindly to it, doubtless much to the gratification of its author. ^OFFMAN, THEODORE J., Lawyer, of Clinton, was born in Clinton township, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, his father being the late R. H. Hoff- man, a prominent farmer, merchant and real estate operator. Under the tutorship of the Rev. Robeit Van Amburg he was prepared for college, the point to which he had carried his studies enabling him to enter Rutgers, in 1848, in the sophomore class. Gradu- ating in 1851, he immediately began the study of law in the office of S. B. Ransom, then of Somerville, now a lead- ing practitioner al ihe Jersey City bar. Admitted 'to prac- tise in 1854, he established himself at Asbury, New Jersey, where he remained until 1S60, acquiring in that time a prominent position in his profession. He was a staunch adherent to the Republican party, and a warm supporter i\U}JV(}k. (xA^ EIOGRArniCAL EN'CVCLOr.EDIA. 259 of President Lincoln, and in 1863, when the war was at its height, he sacrificed his professional prospects and enlisted as a private in the Sth New Jersey Regiment. He served witli credit through the severe cani[)aigns of the Army of the Potomac nearly two years, and was, with his regiment, honoraljly mustered out of the service after the surrender of Lee at Appomattox. He resumed the practice of law at Clinton, New Jersey, where he has since remained. Mr, Hoffman has been engaged in a number of notable suits m the New Jersey courts ; that, perhaps, which gained him greatest credit, being the celebrated case of John F. Styne z's. The Central Railroad of New Jersey, a case in which he was one ofseveral counsel, and in which he gained a sub- stantial verdict for his client. Mr. Hoffman was married, February 22d, 1S55, to Amanda, daughter of the late Aaron Van Syckel. ILES, HON. NATHANIEL, of Madison, Lawyer, was born, September 15th, 1835, at South Kingston, Rhode Island. He is the son of Rev. William W. Niles, of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and grandson of Judge Nathaniel Niles, of Vermont. The latter was graduated at Prince ton College, under the presidency of Rev. Dr. Witherspoon, the only clergyman appearing among the signatures to the Declaration of Independence. A second Nathaniel Niles, uncle of the subject of this sketch, successively represented the United States at the courts of France, Sardinia, and Austria. Nathaniel Niles, of Madison, was educated at home by his father and also at Phillips Academy, in Massa- chusetts. He settled in New Jersey in 1854, and then afterwards studied law in the office of the late Francis B. Cutting, of New York, in which State he was admitted to practise in 1857. He removed in 1S59 to Madison, where he was married to Anna, daughler of Lewis Thompson, of Morris county. He is a large property holder in this and Union county. His political belief is Republican, on which ticket he was elected in 1870 for the lower House of the State Legislature. He served on the important Committees on Railroads and on Education, and originated a number of useful laws. Amongst these, two call for special notice as of lasting importance. The first, which was finally passed over the veto of the governor, swells the State school fund, by transferring to it all moneys derived from the sale of riparian lands, and reads as follows : "An act to increase the school fund of this State. I. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey, That all moneys hereafter received from the sales and rentals of the land under water belonging to this State, shall be paid over to Ihe trustees of the school fund and ap- propriated for the support of free public schools, and shall be held by them in trust for that purpose, and- shall be in- vested by the treasurer of the Stale under their direction, in the same manner as the funds now held by Ihem aie in- vested, the same to consuiute a part ol the pennaiicnt school fund of the State, and the interest thereof to he applied to the support of public schools in the mode winch now is or hereafter may be directed by law, and to no other pur- pose whatever. 2. And be it enacted. That all acts and parts of acts, inconsistent with this act, be, and the same are hereby repealed. 3. And be it enacted. That this act shall take effect immediately. Passed, April 6th, 1871.'- Prior to the passage of this act, the total school fund of the .State was only half a million dollars. Since its passage the fund has been increased from this source to -nearly two and one quarter million dollars, and in the next decade is expected to amount to five millions. The income of it will doubtless at no very distant day entirely relieve the people from the annual school tax. It now affords relief from taxation to more than $100,000 annually. The second law encourages the formation of free school libraries by donating out of the State treasury the sum of twenty dollars, with which to purchase books the first year in each and every school dis- trict in which the additional sum of twenty dollars shall be raised for that purpose by voluntary contribution, and ten dollars annually thereafter upon the like conditions. Under this act some four hundred libraries are now in operation. Mr. Niles was re-elected in 1S71 by an immensely increased m.ajority, and on the organization of the House was chosen Speaker. He is Vice-President of the American Trust Company of Newark, and also Trustee for several large estates. ^; '/^'ISHER, SAMUEL WARE, D. D., LL. D., Cler- gyman and College President, was bora at Mnr ristown. New Jersey, on April 5th, 1814. His father was an eminent Presbyterian minister, for many years in charge of the church at Morristown, then one of the largest in Ihe State; and after- ward for twenty years the pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Paterson. He was the first Moderator of the General AsseiTibly of the New School body after its separation from the old, and was long recognized as one of the most earnest workers in the church, to whose welfare his life was conse- crated. To the example and counsels of such a father was naturally owing something of the tastes and tendencies of the son. Dr. Fisher was early initiated into the modes of thought and action common to the great body with which he was connected. Its traditions were all familiar to him from boy- hood. The choice of a profession to a young man is some- times difficult ; the result of anxious deliberation, the conclusion reached through much doubt and conflict. To him it was easy ; a profession to which his life had been naturally and divinely shaped ; the most satisfying and best, he thought, which can be chosen by man. His desires and wishes, his purposes and ambitions, if the word may l>e used in its better sense, opened out in the direction of work for ^C^ ^d' EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. and through the riesbyterian Church. Here Avas ground ample and noble, whose every hillside and vale were familiar to him, and It is perfeclly natural that he should always have felt himself most at home with the congregations and presbyteries, the synods and assemblies of this posverful an intellectual and moral power in the city. The young gathered about hini, and he prepared more than one series of discourses particularly adapted to their tastes and wants. One of these series, " Three Great Temptations," published in 1852, went through six editions. In no other place did iiody.' He was gradu.ated at Yale College in 1835, spent a \ he labor continuously so long as in Cincinnati, and to this year m Middletown, Connecticut, pursued his theological ^ period he afterward looked back as on the whole the most studies at Princeton for two years, and completed them afterwards at Union Theological Seminary in New York. Immediately after leaving the semin.ary he became the minister of the Presbyterian church in West Bloonifield, New Jersey. During his ministry of a little more than four years in this place his fidelity was crowned with two revivals of religion. From there he removed in 1S43 to a larger and more trying field of labor, being installed on the 13th of October in that year as pastor of the Fourth Presbyterian Church of Albany. This position was one of unusual deli- cacy and difficulty. The church was probably, at that time, the largest in the whole denomination, having more than nine hundred names upon the roll of its communicants. The important work of his predecessors he supplemented by other work quite as important in forming a complete and sound Christian character, and a vigorous and active Chris- tian church. The work that he did there has not lost its value by the lapse of years, nor is the estimation of its im- portance in the judgment of the most judicious observers less than at fn-st. The e,\tent of his reputation as a vigorous and effective preacher may be indicated by the fact that, in October, 1846, he was called to succeed the most popular, the most widely known, and the most powerful preacher of the New School body, in the Second Presbyterian Church of Cincinnati, Dr. Lyman Beecher, and entered on the duties of the service in April, 1847. It was not a small thing then for a minister still young, comparatively unknown, to follow in pulpit ministrations the most renowned pulpit orator, the most powerful controvei^ialist of the West; not an easy task, with prudence, skill, commanding vigor, and above all, with Christian fidelity and with a view to the broadest Christian success, to maintain his position, to secure the confidence, the good-will, the sympathy of a large and un- usually intelligent congregation, of various political affini- ties, trained to vigorous and discriminating thought. Here was not only opportunity but imperative demand for large and exhaustive labor. Here were conflicting opinions to harmonize, critical minds to satisfy, plans for Christian labor to be formed, machinery to be organized and put in motion, new evils to be met by new methods, the life and vigcr of the church itself to be maintained in the midst of peculiar temptations, and so a larger and completer Christian household gathered and inspired. This was the work which he performed. The difficulties of his position stimu- lated his energy. He was in the full vigor of every faculty. The field of labor was broad and full of encouragement. His words were not spoken to the emjity air, but came back laden with the murmurs of approving voices. He became successful and fortunate of his life. He was in his chosen employment, his manly energies at their highest vigor; a working church, trained and stimulated by Large foresight, in full sympathy with him, accepting his leadership, and cheerfully co-operating in Christian word and work. His ministry in this church was eminently successful — one hun- dred and seventy-eight persons having been added to the church by profession and two hundred and forty-eight by letter during the eleven years of his pastorate. His charac- ter was a rare combination of mildness and energy. He possessed the faculty of discovering the capabilities and most valuable characteristics of those with whom he asso- ciated, and of infusing into them the ardor and zeal which animated his own heart. He developed the latent energies and abilities of the Second Presbyterian Church and con- gregation in a remarkable degree, and by his skill in organ- izing and combining individual talent into congenial asso- ciation for Christian work, accomplished great results for the cause of his Master. Thus quietly operating, he put in motion various plans and organizations in the church which resulted in great and Ixsting usefulness. Among them was the Young Men's Home Missionary Society, so successful in establishing Sabbath schools, providing for vacant churches, and other works of a similar character. He awakened an unusual interest in Foreign Missions by ap- pointing different members of the church to make reports at the monthly concerts on the condition of the important foreign stations. He held regular meetings at his own house of the younger members of the church for devotion, consultation and advice. In numerous ways he was con- stantly leading on the church in matters of Christian enter- prise. During the eleven years of his service m the great commercial city of Ohio, his mind had not been growing narrower, nor, engaged as he constantly was in duties most important and exacting, had he forgotten the claims of science and letters, or failed to meet the demands upon his time and talents necessary to their encouragement. The schools, colleges and professional seminaries of the Slate, and of neighboring States, heard his voice and felt his in- fluence whenever he could say a word or lift a finger for their help. It was natural also that, occupying so promi- nent a place, he should have been called upon for various public services, and become of influence in the larger assem- blies of the church. In 1857 the New School General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church met at Cleveland. Of this learned and able body Dr. Fisher was chosen Moderator. The subject of slaveiy had been discussed in more than one General Assembly, and the system strongly condemned. The BlOGRAraiCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 261 southern members had as frequently protested against these dehverances, and m 1856 did not hesitate to acUnowledge that their views in respect to the evil of slavery had mate- rially changed, and they openly avowed that they now ac cepted the system, believing it to be right according to the Bible. This position the assembly at Cleveland pointedly condemned, while yet expressing a tender sympa- thy for those who deplore the evil, and are honestly doing all in their power for the present well-being of their slaves, and for their complete emancipation. These ideas of the Ivvo parties were too radically antagonistic, too deeply held, too frequently and publicly affirmed to allow fraternal co- operation. The southern synods thereupon withdrew, and formed themselves into a separate body, called the United Synod of the Tresbytenan Church. It w.xs in reference to this secession that, in the sermon before the General Assem lily of 1S5S, in Chicago, with which, as retiring Moderator, he opened the sessions of that body. Dr. Fisher used these strong and generous words : " Fathers and brethren, minis ters and elders, we assemble hfere amidst the brightness of scenes of revival, scenes such as the church of Christ, per haps, has never enjoyed so richly before. But as my eye passes over this audience, a shade of sadness steals in upon my heart. There are those who have been wont to sit with us in this high council, whose hearty greeting we miss to- day. Taking exception to the ancient, the uniform, the oft-repeated testimony of our church, as well as to the mode of its utterance, respecting one of the greatest moral and organic evils of the age ; deeming it better to occupy a plat- form foreign, indeed, to the genius of our free republican institutions, yet adapted, in their view, to the fuller promul- gation of the Gospel in the section where they dwell, they have preferred to take an independent position ; and while we cannot coincide with them in their views on this subject, while we know that this separation has been precipitated upon us, not sought by us, yet, remembering the days when, with us, they stood shoulder to shoulder against ecclesias tical usurpation and revolution, when in deepest sympathy we have gone to the house of God in company, and mingled our prayers before a common mercy-seat, we cannot but pray for their peace and prosperity. We claim no monop- oly of wisdom and right. If in our course hitherto we have been moved to acts or deeds unfr.iternal or unbefitting our mutual relations — if in the attempt to maintain our an cient principles and apply the Gospel to the heart of this gigantic evil, we have given utterance to lanixuage that has tended to exasper.ate rather than quicken to duly, we claim no exemption from censure, we ask the forgiveness we are equally ready to accord." From the delivery of this able and weighty discoui-se on the " Conflict and Rest of the Church," of the style and sphit of which the above brief extract may give an imperfect notion, he went directly to Clinton, New York, having been already con- sulted respecting the presidency of Hamilton College, lie entered upon his duties at the opening of the fall' term of 185S, the ceremonies of the inauguration not taking place until the 4th of November. The college had risen far above us earlier difficulties, and under a wise administration had for many years enjoyed ail honuiable reputation for thorough- ness of instruction and discipline, but Us resources were sliU insufficient, and its appeals for aid had not been quite louil enough to reach the ear of the wealthy and the liberal. To the period of his presidency dates the growth of a greater confidence in the college, the endowments of its professor- ships and charitable foundations, and jirizes for the encour- agement of good learning, bearing honored names in this and in neighboring communities, never to be forgotten. From this period dates also the effective enlargement, almost the new creation of the general funds of the college, and an impetus and direction imparted to the liberality of the gen- erous and noble-minded which has not ceased, but has yielded but the first-fruits of an increasing harvest. During his presidency the efikun.y of the college instruction was increased. Under his influence and in accordance with his wishes the Bible assumed a more prominent place as a part of the regular curriculum, a place which it has ever since re- tained, for the advantage of all. His views of the ends and methods of education are contained in several ad- dresses which he delivered at different times, and which were afterwards collected and published. The very sub- jects of these are suggestive of broad and careful thought. They are such as " Collegiate Education," " Theological Training," " The Three Stages of Education " (by which he discriminates child-life, the school and society), " Female Education," " The Supremacy of Mind," " Secular and Christian Civilization,' " Natural Science in its Relations to Art and Theology." These addresses are eloquent and sound. The most complete of them, perhaps, is his inau- gural, in which he endeavors to develop his idea of what he calls the American collegiate system. The whole address is an argument for breadth and loftiness of culture. The scheme which it defends and enforces is noble and generous to the last degree. In 1862, in the midst of the civil war, occurred the semi-centennial celebration of the founding of Hamilton College, a memorable occasion, marking the age and progress of the institution as with a tall memorial shaft visible from afar. The address of Dr. Fisher is an admira- ble sketch of the college history, portraying in picturesque language the events of its early and later life, with enthusi- asm and faith commending it to the good will of its alumni and friends, and predicting its future prosperity. " It was," he said, "amid the smoke and thunder of war that, fifty years ago, the foundations of this college were laid ; and when they passed away, lo ! on the hill-top had sprung into being a power mightier than the sword, more glorious than Its triumphs. It is amid the heavier thunder and darker clouds of this dread conflict, when all that to us is most precious is in peril, that we celebrate our .semi-centennial jubilee. This thunder shall roll away and the cloud dis- perse before the uprising patriotism of twenty millions of 262 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. freemen and the red right arm of the Lord of hosts was indeed to the nation an hour of darkness, when the light was as darkness, but he never "bated one jot of heart or hope," or failed to act up to his patriotic failh. After a service of eight years in Hamilton College, he was so- licited to accept again the position of pastor by the West- minster Church of Utica, New York, and was installed as pistor November 15th, 1867. For nearly four years of active and progressive work the church enjoyed the mmis- tritions and stimulating energy of this able, active, and untiring pastor. There was yet one other occasion not to be forgotten in which he bore a prominent part in a great and memorable public service, whose influence is in- calculable ; viz., the measures which led to the reunion of the separated branches of the Presbyterian Church. There was no object, perhaps, nearer his heart, none which more moved his enthusiasm. The disruption had taken place in 1837, just before he entered upon his ministry. His father was the first Moderator of the New School Assembly. The doctrines and the men, the causes and the consequences, he had heard discussed from his boyhood, and in the reunion of the two branches of the church he was relied upon as among the most judicious counsellors in the very delicate and difficult questions that impeded its progress and threat- ened to prevent its consummation. He was one of the able committee of conference appointed by the two assemblies, which reported the plan of reunion in 1S69. Nor does he seem to have doubted the beneficent result. In behalf of the joint committee, he proposed the resolution for raising $1,000,000, immediately afterward raised to §5,000,000, as a memorial fund. His last work, to which he gave himself with all the confidence and enthusiasm of his nature, was to prepare a paper for the General Assembly of 1S70, an as- sembly which he was never to see. He received the Doctorate of Divinity from Miami University in 1852, and the Doctorate of Laws from the University of the city of New Vork in 1S59. As a preacher he must be held to rank among the ablest of the Presbyterian body. With all that may be said by way of detracting criticism, it must still lie allowed th.at our religious communities move along a pretty high level of intellectual experience and of religious feeling. To satisfy the reasonable demands of our congregations requires a continuous intellectual exertion, which, when we come to measure its force, is something startling. It is not a wonder that so many poor sermons are preached, but rather that there are so many good ones. But Dr. Fisher moved above, far above the common level. Within the ample dome of that forehead it was felt, at sight, there dwelt a powerful brain. lie brought to his discourses a mind well stored and well disciplined. There was a ful- ness and richness of thought which left little or nothing in that direction to desire. An intellectual hearer could not fail to he attracted by his vigor. His style was often bold, sometimes picturesque, almost always cle.ar and direct. His words were well chosen and exuberant. Thus full and That ] weighty in matter, affluent in language, with no ambiguity of expression, fertile in imagery and illustration, with a voice clear and penetrating, and a manner somewhat au- thoritative, it is not surprising that he was constantly sought for to address public bodies on important occasions, a duty which he always performed with dignity and to the satisfac- tion of his hearers. The subjects of his discourses were va- rious, and as his mind was mainly occupied with grand and lofty themes, so there was a certain nobleness, freedom, and power of development, the natural and necessary fruit of his general studies and habits of thought. No man could ever listen to him when engaged upon those great themes with which his soul was filled, without a persuasion that he spoke from absolute conviction of the truth and an over- whelming sense of the importance of the message he bore as an embassador of Christ and a "legate of the skies." His ordinary discourses were full of thought as well as of feeling. Those who heard the course of sermons on the "Epistle to the Hebrews," and on the "Life of Christ," need not be told th.it a more remarkable .series of discourses has seldom been heard from an American pulpit. There were public occasions also when he discussed great topics with a fulness and a power that left nothing more to be said, and with results of conviction m the minds of his au- ditors that nothing could shake, nothing even disturb. There are several of his discourses that would alone make a distinguished reputation for any man, and that are to be ranked among the highest efforts of the pulpit of his day. But not in the pulpit only did he shine. So unusu- ally is marked excellence as a preacher combined with an equal excellence as a pastor, that it would not have been strange if he h.id proved comparatively inefficient in pastoral work. Nevertheless he did prove to be an excep- tionably good pastor. He gave living demonstration that one man may be i>oth great preacher and good pastor. In all the families that made up his congreg,ation,his name was a household word. Carrying everywhere an atmosphere of cheerfulness and sunshine, no one ever met him in social life without feeling the charm of his manners and conversa- tion. Slow to condemn and quick to sympathize, shrinking instinctively from wounding the feelings of any, and prompt in all offices of kindness and love, he won the hearts of his people to a most singular degree. Never was any pastor more universally beloved. The minister most covetous of the love of his people might well be s.itisfied with the measure of affection accorded to Dr. Fisher. A prince he was, not by virtue of any patent of nobility bestowed by an earthly mon arch, but by the direct gift of Heaven, with the royal signet of the giver legibly impressed thereon ; a prince in intellect, a prince in large and liberal culture, but over and above all, a prince in active sympathies, warm affections, and a great human heart going out impulsively toward all that pertained to man, however lowly, or sin-stained, or despised, and de- voting his best powers and faculties to the good of the world and the glory of God. It was in the practical and BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 263 persistent consecration of the gifts and graces with whicli he was endowed to these large and beneficent ends, that he earned the title, secured the homers, and ol)tained the re- wards of a prince and a great man in Israel. Such, most imperfectly, and in the merest outline sketched, was Dr. Samuel Ware Fisher up to the day and hour when, at the flood-tide of his influence, and apparently in the meridian fulness of his intellectual and moral powers, he was, by the mysterious stroke of an unseen hand, suddenly struck down, leaving him with the bounding pulse of life faintly flutter- ing, the bright eye dimmed, the eloquent tongue mute or incoherent. IIis half-executed plans, his high expectations, his large purposes arrested, nothing remained for him but with childlike trust and sweet patience to await the final summons, which, January i8th, 1874, at Cincinnati, Ohio, came in kindness to call him home. The temporary torpor of his faculties was at once dispelled, the clouds and the shadows that gathered about his setting sun have all been dissipated, the darkness has passed, and light perennial and eternal beams on him, for, in his own beautiful words, "Another Teacher, infinitely wise and good, is now leading him up the heights of knowledge, and in a moment he has learned more than men on earth can ever know." [EGIITE, HON. RYNIER H., ex-St.ate Senator, near Somerville, was born on the farm where he now resides, April 22d, 1811. He is of Dutch descent, his ancestors having come to this country from Holland in the seventeenth century, and settled in Somerset county. New Jersey, where they purchased large tracts of land. The farm on which he was born and now lives has been in the family for two hun- dred years, and was the property of his grandfather, who passed his life as a farmer. In his boyhood Rynier H. Veghte received a substantial business education, studying diligently and improving to the utmost the opportunities af- forded him. When he had reached the age of fourteen he went to New York city, and there took a situation in a jobbing and importing crockery house. In the year 1834 he organized the firm of Veghte & Lippincott, and engaged in the jobbing and importing of crockei-y, earthenware, etc. In the disastrous fire of 1835 their store was destroyed and he lost nearly all his property. He then accepted a position 111 the establishment of John Wright, Jr., who was engaged in the crockery business, and remained there for two years. At the end of that time he became a partner in the firm of Wright, Skiller & Co. In 1842 the style of the firm was changed to Veghte, Bergh & Burtis. He was eminently successful in business, and continued actively engaged in it until 1S57, when he retired from business and took up his residence on the old homestead near Somerville, which has since been his home. In the fall of 1S60 he was nomi- nated by the Democrats for the position of State .Senator. He was elected by a handsome majority, and served a three years term. During his term of office he was one of ihe Committee on Corporations, of which his unquestioned in- tegrity and his large business experience made him a most valuable member. Although acting with the Democratic party, he is not and never has been a partisan or a politician in the ordinary acceptation of the term. When the war of the rebellion broke out, all his sympathy and influence were given to the administration in its defence of the government, and he was an earnest and practical friend of the Union sol- diers in the field. When the war closed his sympathies were still warm and active in behalf of the wounded and disabled defenders of the country. In 1S76, at the urgent solicita- tion of many leading citizens, he accepted an independent nomination for Congress, in opposition to the regular Dem- ocratic nominee. He was defeated at the polls, but the vote he received was a large and very flattering one, and he carried his own county by a majority of several hun- dreds, the remainder of his ticket being greatly in the mi- nority there. He is a man of sterling integrity, and pos- sesses the confidence of his fellow-citizens in a high degree.- He is a Trustee of the State Normal School ; a member of the State Board of Education ; President of the Home for Disabled Soldiers; a leading Director of the Somerset County Bank, and President of the Somerset County Agri- cultural Society. He was married, in 1S35, to Maria Theresa Fredericks, of New York. |EGHTE, JOHN O., Banker, of Somerville, son of Rynier Veghte, originally educated for the bar, but by choice a farmer, and the descendant of a Hol- landish family resident in New Jersey from colo- nial times, was born near Somerville, October 13th, 1824. Having received an academical edu- cation at Plainfield, New Jersey, under the supervision of the well-known Ezra Fairchild, he entered the sophomore class of Rutgers College, whence he graduated in 1844. In the year of his graduation he was entered at the New Jersey bar, but after reading law for upwards of a twelvemonth, he became convinced that the legal profession was not to his taste. Abandoning his studies, he was engaged in mercan- tile pursuits for some four years, and was then appointed Teller in the Somerset County Bank. In banking he found a congenial pursuit, for which his exceptional financial ability well fitted him, and having served as Teller and as Cashier, was finally, in 1873, upon the resignation of Mr. Joshua Doughty, elected to the Presidency of the corpora- tion, a position that he still holds. Prominent in the East Jersey division of the Democratic party, he was urged in the State convention of 1872 as a Congressional candidate, but was defeated by filibustering on the part of his rivals. 264 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. In the convention of 1S76 he was again presented by his friends as a candidate and was again defeated. On both occasions a large majority of the delegates from Somerset were his supporters ; and he was entitled, moreover, by party usage to the nomination. His success in 1S76 would have been of essential service to the State, as his financial knowledge would have been well employed in the adjust- ment of the various monetary matters discussed in the en- suing session of the Legislature. In local politics he has been more successful, having been elected County Treasurer of Somerset in 1850, and since continuously re-elected to that office, which he ably fills. Among his fellow-towns- men he is highly esteemed for his integrity and business ability, a feeling testified to by his selection as trustee for 3 number of valuable estates. He married Sophia Veghte. iTCII, CHARLES F., Lawyer, of Phillipsburg, was born in 1844 at Edmeston, Otsego county. New York, whither his father. Ransom Fitch, a merchant, had removed from Pittsfield, Massachu- setts. The Fitch family, it may be mentioned, were among the early settlers of this old New England town. He was educated at the Mansfield, Penn- sylvania, Normal School, and upon his graduation studied law and was admitted to practise at Easton, Pennsylvania. He subsequently read in the olHce of Judge Depue — now of the New Jersey Supreme Court — at Belvidere, and in 1867 was admitted to the New Jersey bar. Establishing himself at Phillipsburg, he soon acquired an extensive practice, and h.as been, since 1873, Solicitor for the town. Since 1872 he h.as owned a controlling interest in the Warren Democrat, published at Phillipsburg. |EDLE, HON. JOSEPH DORSETT, Lawyer, ex- Associate-Juslice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey and Governor of the State, was born at Matawan, Monmouth county, New Jersey, Janu- _ ary 5th, 1S31. He comes of an old American family on both sides, his matern.al ancestors having emigrated to this country from Bermuda upwards of 150 years ago. His father, Thomas J. Bedle, whose nnmcdiate ancestors were Jerseymen, was a merchant, a Justice of the Peace for upw.ards of twenty-five years, and a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas for the county of Monmouth. His mother, Hann.-ih Dorsett, descended from a family that was among the early settlers of Monmouth county. Governor Bedle obtained his early educational training in the academy at Matawan, then known as Mid- dlelown Point. He was attracted toward the legal profes- sion, and at an early age commenced his law studies under the very able direction of Hon. W. L. D.aylon, in Trenton, in 1848. With this gentleman he remained for three or four years, during this period attending the regular course of lectures at the Law School, Ballston, New York. One winter he passed at Pouglikeepsie, New York, in the office of Thompson & Weeks, and was admitted to the bar of New York State, as attorney and counsellor, in the spring of 1852. Returning to New Jersey, he passed a short time in the office of Hon. Henry S. Little, at Matawan, and was admitted to the bar of that State in Januai-y, 1853. He began the practice of his profession in New Jersey, at Mat- awan, where he remained for two years. In the spring of 1855 he removed to Freehold. Here he soon made his value felt, and won a place among the leaders of the bar. A large and valuable practice fell to him, and he was on the high road to wealth, when, in 1865, he was offered by Governor Parker a seat on the Supreme bench of the State. A high sense of the dignity of this position and of his duty to the community caused him to accept the appointment. His commission bore date March 23d, 1S65. His term ex- piring in 1872, he was reappointed by Governor Parker, the reappointment doing honor to the governor as well as to the recipient, so worthily had he performed all the functions of his high office. On accepting the first appointment he moved his residence to Jersey City, that he might be at a convenient distance from all parts of his district, which com- prised the counties of Hudson, Passaic and Bergen. Just before the close of his first term — in 1S71 — he was promi- nently named as a candidate for Governor, but he himself took no steps whatever to secure the nomination, rather dis- countenancing the movement in his favor. Notwithstand- ing, his name was again brought forward in the canvass of 1S74, and he received a un.animous nomination at the hands of the Democratic State Convention. He accepted the nomination only at the earnest and persistent appeal of the party, and then declared that as he had been nominated without any effort on his part, so he must be elected, if at all. The party had assumed the responsibility of the nomi- nation, and it must also undertake the labor of the cam- paign. This course he was constrained to adopt, not from any lack of disposition to serve the political organization with which he had always been affiliated, or unwillingness to assume the dignity and responsibility of administering the government of his State, but simply from a high sense of the impropriety of any action having a political bearing by one holding judici.il office. To this declaration he ad- hered most strictly throughout the campaign, and it would certainly seem as though his high-minded determination were fully appreciated by the people at large, for he was elected by one of the largest votes ever cast for governor in the State, although his opponent, Hon. George A. Halsey, was one of the most popular men in the Stale. Most un- mistakably was he called to his honorable post by the popular voice, and he has not disapjiointed the great ex- pectations formed of him. His administration from the first has been marked by ability, prudence, and a patriotism "-■iiiUS/JtiC. ucF^Uif^ BIOGRAnnCAL ENCYCLOP.tDIA. 265 thai knows nothing but the pubhc welfare. He has proved himself a statesman of large views and noble aims, and stands to-day more firmly entrenched than ever in the respect and esteem of the community. In i86i he was m.Tnied to Althea, daughter of Hon. Bennington F. Ran- dolph, of Freehold. In the fa.ll of 1875 'lie College of New Jersey conferred on him the degree of LL. D. |UCE, WILLIAM, Lawyer, of Belvidere, was horn in Susse.\ county. New Jersey, October 19th, 1S37, being the son of William Luce. Both his parents were natives of Warren county, in which their families were among the pioneer settlers. When William was about a year old, his father died. He attended the public schools and assisted on a farm until attaining his twentieth year, when he married Hulda Reed, daughter of Isaac Reed. After his marriage he was for three or four years engaged in teaching and farming. But these avocations not being wholly to his taste, and his am- bition drawing him toward the legal profession, he became, in 1S66, a student in the office of Judge J. M. Robeson, at Belvidere. Four years later he was licensed to practise as an attorney, and in 1S74 he was called as a counsellor. By dint of good ability and careful attention he built up a very considerable practice, and acquired an honorable po- sition at the bar of his county. He was notably successful in criminal cases, and during 1876 defended several capital cases so ably as to secure the acquittal of the defendants. He was counsel for the Board of Chosen Freeholders of Warren county, and filled the position with much accepta- bility. Politically, he was a Democrat, and took an active part 111 the advancement of the interests of that party. lie was wholly a self-made man, working into the profession, and to a good position therein, by his own unaided ability and persevering energy. He died in the early part of 1877. •4; ft |INABERRY, JOHN S., M. D., Physician and Surgeon, of Mountainville, was born near Schooley's Mountain Springs, Morris county. New Jersey. He is son of John Linaberry, V^^ a farmer of that county; his mother was Eliza- beth (Rodenbaugh) Linaberry. He comes of good revolutionary stock, his grandfather on the maternal side having fought in the war for national independence. John S. Linaberry attended the public schools in Hunter- don county, to which his father had removed while John was yet a small boy. Having acquired the elements of a sound education, he engaged for a short time in teaching. With a desire for seeing something of the country, and es- pecially of the West, he started out in the fall of 1854, 34 and employed about three years travelling through several States. For a considerable part of this time he was a stu- dent at Ann Arbor University, Michigan. In the spring of 1858 he returned to New Jersey, and began the study of medicine with Dr. William S. Crevling, entering, in ilie fall of the same year, the University of the City of New York, where he graduated with the class of 1S61, in com- pany with Drs. Kline, Taylor and Henry, prominent physi- cians of the South, and Dr. B. A. Watson, of New Jersey. The faculty of the institution at that time consisted of Pro- fessors Valentine Mott, D. D., LL. D.; Martin Paine, D. D., LL. D. ; J. W. Draper, D. D., LL. D. ; G. S. Bedford, M. D.; A. C. Post, M. D.; W. II. Van Buren, M. D.; J. G. Metcalf, M. D. Soon after graduating Dr. Linaberry .settled at Mountainville, New Jersey. His medical studies had been pursued with an especial view to service in the navy, and he had therefore given particular attention to surgery and epidemic diseases. This line of study peculiarly fitted him for the professional labors that devolved upon him on his settlement at Mountainville, for he was almost immedi- ately called upon to grapple with that most insidious dis- ease, diphtheria, which had assumed an epidemic form not only in that neighborhood, but over a considerable extent of country. His treatment proved so successful that he was called in consultation with physicians much beyond the limits of his usual practice. At the present time his prac- tice by steady growth has become one of the largest in the county. Repeatedly he has been asked to settle in some of the larger towns of the State, but he has so far preferred to remain amid the scenes of his early professional suc- cesses. While manifesting a strong partiality for surgery, his practice is a general one in all branches of the profes- sion. He is a gentleman of high culture and social worth. While his political opinions are those of the Democratic party, he takes no active part in politics, simply discharging his duties as a citizen in accordance with his sense of what is due from each member of the community. He was mar- ried, in 1862, to Ellen Robinson, of Hunterdon county. New Jersey. ARTLES, CHARLES, Lawyer and Bank Piesi- dent, of Flemington, was born at New German- town, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, March 18th, iSoi. The liimily were among the early settlers of the county, and have larcely con- tributed toward its development. His grand- father, while serving in the cavalry of Frederick the Great, was captured by the P'rench, but succeeded in effecting his escape; proceeding by way of Amsterdam, he reached Lon- don, whence he managed to get to this country, stopping first in Philadelphia, but finally settling at New German- town. Charles' father was Andrew Bartles, who married a Miss Plumb, of New Brunswick, New Jersey. His grand- father, on the materni^l siije, was a lieutenant in General BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA. 266 Washington's army, and was with it in Morristown while his home in New Brunswick was occupied by British offi- cers. A table on which these British officers messed is still in the possession of Charles Bartles. Both his grandfathers were manufacturers of forged iron. At a later day Mr. Andrew Eartles removed to the head-quarters of the Sus- quehanna, and built the first flour mill in that vicinity, shipping his products by rafts and boats to Baltimore. He projected a route by canal from that point, but the plan fell through owing to the discoveiy of the shorter one to the seaboard, now represented by the Erie Canal. Charles Bartles was educated at the common schools, and fitted for college at Laminglon, New Jersey. He became a student in Union College, and graduated with the class of 1821, among his classmates being Governor Seward, of New York, and Rev. Dr. Messier, of the Reformed Church, of New Jersey. In the spring of 1S22 he entered the law office of Nathaniel Saxton, at Flt-mington, New Jersey, as a law student, and was admitted to practise three years subsequently. He was now fairly launched upon a career, having reached his vantage point by his own unaided ef- forts, for hts friends were unable to assist him either to secure a college course or legal training. In this prepara- tion, however, he had incurred a certain pecuniary indebt- edness, and to its liquidation he immediately devoted him- self, cancelling the whole by the time his twenty-fifth year was attained. His practice was begun, and was continued until 1854, at Flemlngton, Hon. Alexander Wurts, P. J. Clark, William Maxwell, Nathaniel Saxton and himself then constituting the Hunterdon county bar. In 1832, in connection with A. Van Syckel, he engaged largely in real estate operations, which were continued until i860. Dur- ing this period they handled farming property amounting In value to over a quarter of a million of dollars, and all these sales were settled without the foreclosure of a mortgage, the return of a property, or the distress of a purchaser in any way. In 1853 he turned his attention to railroad matters, and finally succeeded in securing the construction of the Flemlngton Railroad, giving Flemlngton direct railroad communication with Philadelphia, and conferring most substantial advantages not only on the town itself, but on a large tract of intervening country. A year later, in com- pany with J. Reading and Mr. Fisher, he engaged in the lumber business, and purchased large tracts of pine timber in Pennsylvania, on Bennett's branch of the Annamahanoy, erecting mills both there and at Wllllainsport. They dis- posed of their lumber largely to wholesale dealers. The investment proved exceedingly profitable, for, in addition to the timber on the land, a large portion of the property was found to be underlaid with coal, and it is now accessible to railroads. Mr. Bartles is officially connected with several incorporated enterjirises. In 1858 he was elected President of Hunterdon County National Bank, one of the soundest financial institutions in the State. He is a Director of the Bclvidere & Delaware Kaihoud, and of the Flemlngton Railroad ; of the latter he was President until it became a part of the Pennsylvania Railroad. In politics he was a Democrat up to the outbreak of the late war; since that time he has acted with the Republicans. He has been twice married. His first wife, to whom he was united m 1833, was Eliza Hart, daughter of Neil Hart; she died in 1844. His second wife, who slill survives, was Miss Randle, daughter of Daniel W. Randle, of New Hartford, New York. OOK, GENERAL WILLIAM, Chief Engineer of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, a leading citizen of New Jersey, late of Hoboken, New Jersey, was a native of this State, and a graduate of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Immediately after graduating he entered the Engineer Corps of the army, and served for several years, being employed principally upon government ex- plomtions and surveys. In 1830 he left the army to accept the position of Engineer of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, in which position he remained until his death, which occurred April 21st, 1S65. 'vl^r'ONDIT, SILAS, an eminent citizen of New Jersey, I late of Newark, New Jersey, held, during the Ji course of his long and useful life, numerous offices of importance. He was an active and valued member of the Stale Legislature; from 1831 to 1833 was a representative in Congress; was a member of the convention which formed the jiresent Constitution of New Jersey; and in 1856 was an Elector on the Fiilnioie ticket. He was a man of spotless private character; was at all times intimately identified with the development of his section and State; and at a critical moment was ever willing and prompt to place a helping shoulder to the wheel of state. He died in Newark, New Jersey, December 28th, 1S61, aged eighty-four years. ; ,\rrf>',OWE, COLONEL JOHN, late of New Bruns- ' ' wick. New Jersey, was born in that place, No- vember I5lh, 1809. Upon the outbreak of the war with Mexico, having some military knowl- edge, and feeling that his country needed the services of every gallant and useful citizen, he accepted the command of the 4th Ohio Regiment and pro- ceeded to the seat of war, where he served efficiently with his comrades in arms until the disbandment, in 1S48. Upon the opening of the rebellion he once more tendered BIOGRArillCAL ENXVCLOP^EDIA. 267 liis sword in behalf of the Union, and, upon the organiza- tion of the 1 2th Kegunent, was unanimously chosen as its Colonel. His force, united with the Cox brigade, was then put in motion, and advanced up the Kanawha river. The only battle necessary to clear the Kanawha valley of the rebels was fought by the 12th Regiment, and under his command. He was killed at Carnifex Ferry, September 10th, l86r, at a time when, recognizing the vital importance of the coming contest, he was zealously occupying himself in planning certain measures designed for the considera- tion of his superiors, and tending to illustrate his views concerning the southern outburst. RNOLD, GEORGE ("McArone"), Editor and Poet, late of Strawberry Farms, New Jersey, was widely known as the author of the " McArone " papers and several biographical works, and by various contributions to Vanity Fair, The Leader, and other journals. He was also the author of several poems of remarkable sweetness, and in his literary essays exhibited much poetic feeling, keen insight into human nature, and a delight in genial, unobtrusive sar- casm. During the progress of the late war of the rebel- lion he did honorable service in the cause of the country, and for a long time performed military duty at one of the forts on Staten Island. The " McArone " papers attracted much attention and excited great comment at the time of their publication, and at once brought their author favorable recognition. He died at Strawbery Farms, November 3d 1865. 4ip 1 -"RANE, REV. JAMES C, Missionary, late of Morristown, New Jersey, was born in that place, January nth, 1794. In 1805 he removed with his father to New York, and while there served an apprenticeship at a trade. Thrown amidst ^^ many temptations, he soon found himself beset by vicious companions and blamable tendencies; but, in consequence of the remembered lessons of a deceased mother, experienced severe and constantly recurring re- bukes of conscience. In 18:3, finally, he turned, in anguish of mind, to piety, and sought consolation in re- ligious fervor and devotion. Thenceforward he experi- enced the strongest desires for the conversion of the heathen ; and, determined to become a missionary, he, while still an apprentice, attended the lectures of Dr. Mason, and was directed in his studies by Rev. J. M. Matthews. In April, 1S17, he was ordained, and a few days after repaired as a missionary to the Indians in Tus- carora village, where he continued to labor until Septem- ber, 1823, when he was appointed General Agent of the United Foreign Mission Society. In May, 1S25, he was appointed as successor to Mr. Lewis, Secrclaiy for Domestic Correspondence. In the same year he visited the Indians in the western part of New York and in Ohio, returnin;^' thence ultimately with his health seriously impaired. Tlic society being now about to be merged in another, he w^-. chosen Assistant Secretary of the American Bible Sociely. While stricken down by mortal sickness, his mind was still occupied incessantly in musing over the great woik to which he had devoted his life and energies, and his thoughts were all for those yet unconverted. He died, January 12th, 1826, aged thirty two years. ARON, REV. SAMUEL, a Bni^tist Clergyman, Teacher and Author, lale of Mmuit Holly, New Jersey, was a native of New Britain, Pennsyl- vania, and of Welsh- Irish extraction. Left an orphan at the enrly age of six years, he was placed under the care of an uncle, upon whose farm he worked for several years, spending a portion of the winter months in a district school. Inheriting a small patrimony from his father, he entered the academy at Doylestown when about sixteen years of age, and there pursued a course of studies in the higher branches. While in his twentieth year he connected himself with the classi- cal and mathematical school at Burlington, New Jersey, as a student and assistant teacher, and subsequently, after his marriage, opened a day-school at Bridge Point, later be- coming Principal of an academy at Doylestown. In 1829 he was ordained as a minister, and became pastor of the Baptist Church at New Britain. In 1S33 he took charge of the Burlington High .School, holding at the same time the pastorate of the church in that place. In 1841, accept- ing a call to the church at Norristown, Pennsylvania, he removed thither, and after preaching about three years re- signed the p.astorate, and, removing to the suburbs, founded the Treemount Seminary, which, under his judicious man- agement, became widely and favorably known throughout eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey, nut only for the number of its sludcnts, but for the thoroughness of the in- struction afforded them. Finding himself involved in the financial crisis of 1857, through indorsements for a friend, he gave up Treemount to his creditors, and removing to Mount Holly accepted a call to the pastorate of the Baptist Church, a position he retained till the time of his decease. In September of the same year he, in co-operation with his son, Charles Aaron, became the Principal of the Mount Holly Institute, and continued engaged in the charge of his responsible duties as educator up to the time of the brief illness which terminated an honorable and useful life. He w.as twice tendered the Presidency of the New York Cen- tral College, but on each occasion deemed it for the best to decline the proffered honor. He was the author of many BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. valuable improvements in textbooks, and vpas admirably qualified to preside as spiritual guide, and also as tutor in the higher departments of learning. He died at Mount IloUy, New Jersey, April nth, 1865, aged sixty-5ve years. 'ITGREAVES, HON. CHARLES, Lawyer, Banker, Legislator, of Phillipsburg, was born, April 22d, 1S03, at Easton, Pennsylvania, but has resided at Phillipsburg, New Jersey, since 1805. His father was the Hon. William Sit- greaves, a prominent citizen of that place, his mother belonging to a family of Scotch descent. His own family, proper, is English, his great-grandfather having emi- grated to this country. He was educated at Easton, and in 1S21 entered the law office of his uncle, the Hon. Samuel Sitgreaves, one of the most distinguished men of Pennsyl- vania of his time — long a leading member of Congress; manai^er of the celebrated Blount impeachment case; com- missioner to settle the claims of and against England under the Jay treaty, and counsel for the United States in the John Fries case, impeached for high treason. Under the care of this eminent barrister and statesman Mr. Charles Sitgreaves had every advantage for study and for acquiring a practical knowledge of the working rules of his profes- sion. He was admitted to the Pennsylvania bar in 1S24, and began practice at Easton; subsequently he was ad- mitted to the bar of New Jereey, and practised in the courts of both States. Entering into politics in New Jersey, he was elected to the Assembly in 1831 and 1S33. He was elected a member of the State Council in 1834; he was at one lime Vice-President of that body, a position correspond- ing with that of the present Speaker of the Senate. During the years 1852-54 he was a memlier of the State Senate, and at this period wrote and published his " Manual of Legislative Practice and Order of Business," which was adopted by the Legislature. While in office he secured the passage of bills abolishing public executions, and making certain household goods exempt from execution. In 1S64 he was elected to Congress from the Third District, and two years later was re-elected. During his Congressional ser- vice he was attached to the Committee on Military Affairs; strongly opposed the Republican basis of reconstruction, and against that basis made one of the strongest speeches of the session. He has been repeatedly urged as a candi- date for Governor of the Slate. When Phillipsburg was incorporated, in 1S61, he had the honor of being elected the first Mayor of the city. For many years he was an active member of the New Jersey State Militia, commanding, with the rank of Major, an independent uniformed battalion. Up to the time of his first election to Congress, he was Trustee of the State Normal School, from 1S55 to 1864. When the Belvidere, Delaware & Lackawanna Railroad Company was organized, he was elected to the Presidency of that body, holding the position until 1873, when the company was consolidated with the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. He still remains upon the Board of Direction of the old organization. In 1S56, upon its foundation, he was elected President of the Phillipsburg Bank — now the Phillipsburg National Bank — a position that he still holds. He was married, October 25th, 1825, to Jane Louisa, daughter of Samuel De Puy, Esq., of Milford, Pennsyl- vania. His son, Mr. Charles Sitgreaves, Jr., served with distinction during the late war as Captain in the 1st Regiment New Jersey Volunteers. TODD.ARD, JOHN F., Professor, late of Kearny, near Newark, New Jersey, was born in Green- field, Ul-sler county. New York, July 20th, 1825. His early yeare were passed upon a farm, with only such limited means of education as the com- mon school afforded. As years advanced the desire for an increased and more liberal store of knowledge grew stronger within him. and he spent several months in the academy, but at eighteen commenced teaching. Later he entered the New York State Normal School, and upon his graduation therefrom, in 1847, entered upon his life work as an educator. His fondness for mathematical science gave him a remarkable facility for clearness in teaching, and his enthusiasm won the interest of his pupils, arousing them to thought and study, and in turn fitting them for the work of teaching. He delivered a series of lectures before his normal classes and teachers' institutes, m which with great earnestness he set forth the noble and high purpose of the teacher. His remarkable success as an author is evinced by the great popularity of his series of mathematical text- books — a popularity scarcely inferior to that of any other series m this country. As an enduring testimony of his love for mathematical science, he left a fund to Rochester University, furnishing a gold medal worth one hundred dollars to the student who should pass the best examination in mathematics, provided he reached a certain absolute standard, which standard was so high that at one examination the medal was not awarded. He died at Kearny, near Newark, New Jersey, August 6th, 1873, aged forty-eight years. ENRY, ALEXANDER, Pioneer and Traveller, late of Montreal, Canada, was born in New Jer- sey, in August, 1739. In 1760 he accompanied the expedition of Amherst, and was present at the reduction of Fort de Levi, near Ontario, and the surrender of Montreal. In descending ttie river he lost three boats, and saved his life only after great exer- tions by clinging to the bottom of one of them. Immediately BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.-EDIA. 269 after the reduction of Canada his enterprising and energetic spirit induced him to engage in the fur trade, which he pursued for several years. In 1760 he visited the upper lalies, and during sixteen years travelled in the north- western parts of America, often an actor in these years in scenes of extreme peril and romantic adventure. In iSog he published in New York an interesting volume of de- scription and reminiscences under the title of " Travels in Canada and the Indian Territories l>etween the Years 1760 and 1776." He was a man of warm affections; a dauntless pioneer and hunter, and possessed an observant and mquir- ing mind. ^•ORMAN, SAMUEL R., A. M., M. D., of Jersey City, was born in Freehold, Monmouth county, New Jersey, May 22d, 1835, his parents bemg John F. T. and Francinchy (Smock) Forman,both natives of the same Stale. He entered Princeton College in 1851, and was graduated therefrom in 1S54. The medical profession being his choice for a life career, he prosecuted his studies at the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, of New York, and after a full course received his diploma from that institution in 1S57. Imme- diately after graduation he became attached to the Bellevue Hospital as Interne Physician, and continued so occupied for eighteen months. He then began private practice, opening his office in Hoboken, where he labored until the outbreak of the war. Desiring to contribute his part toward the maintenance of the Union, he entered the army as As- sistant Surgeon, and was appointed to duty on the supply steamers to the Gulf Squadron, serving in this direction until nearly the close of the war. Returning to private practice, he settled in Bergen, now annexed to Jersey City, where he stiU continues to pursue his profession, and has met with good success. He is yet a hard student, and has the reputation of a scientific man in his profession. An up holder of the dignity of the medical practitioner, he is a working member of the Hudson County District Medical Society. He is connected with the Hudson County Church Hospital. In i860 he was married to Mary W Ailing, of Newark, New Jersey. r.\NSBURY, EDWARD A., an eminent citizen of New Jersey, late of Haledon, New Jersey, was born in Vermont, in 181 1, and afier leing gradu- ated at an Eastern college was for several years engaged in the editing of a newspaper. He sub- sequently entered upon ihe active practice of law York, and in 1856 removed to Haledon, or, as it was then called, to Oldham. Here he became an active and zealous worker in the Republican party, and a staunch advocate of abolitionary measures. In 1866 he was electr<\ to the Assembly by the Republicans of the Third ..\ss(.-n,b y District, Passaic county, serving one term. In 1872 he be- came a prominent mover in supporting the measures of the Liberal Republican party. He died in Haledon, New Jer- sey, November 4th, 1S73, aged fifty seven years. FAN, JAMES, LL. D., late of Burlington, New Jersey, was a graduate of Dartmouth, in iSoo, where he early attracted attention by his mas- terly attainments in various branches of positive knowledge. He subsequently filled the position, in Vermont University, of Professor of Mathe- matics and Natural Philosophy, branches of learning which he was eminently qualified to teach. He died at Burling- ton, New Jersey, January 20th, 1849, aged seventy-three years. ^"^RANKLIN, WILLIAM, the l.ist Royal Governor of New Jersey, son of Benjamin Franklin, the celebrated patriot, statesman and philosopher, was born in Philadelphia about 1731. In childhood he was, like his father, remarkably fond of reading, and in disposition was enter- prising and adventurous. During the progress of the French war (1744-174S) he endeavored to go to sea m a privateer, and, failing in this intention, obtained a commis- sion in the Pennsylvania forces, with which he served in one or two campaigns on the Canadian frontier, and before he had attained his twenty-first year was promoted to a Captaincy. After his return to Philadelphia he obtained official employment through the influence of his father. From 1754 to 1 756 he acted as Comptroller of the General Post-oftlce, and during part of the same period was also Clerk of the Provincial Assembly. In 1757 he accom- panied his father to London, where he studied law, and was admitted to the bar in 1758. In 1762, while yet in Europe, he was appointed Governor of New Jersey, to which province he returned accordingly in 1763. In the revolutionary contest he remained loyal to Great Britain, and several of his letters, containing strong expressions of Tory sentiments, having been intercepted, he had a guard put over him. in January, 1776, to prevent his escape from Perth Amboy- He finally gave his parole that he would not leave the province, but in June of the same year issued a proclamation as Governor of New Jersey summoning a meeting of the abrogated Legislative Assembly. For this he w.as placed under arrest by the Provincial Congress of New Jersey, and removed to Burlington as a prisoner. He w.as shortly after sent to Connecticut, where he was de- tained and strictly guavded for a period extending over zjd BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. more than two years. In November, 1778, however, he ■was exchanged for Mr. McKinley, President of Delaware, who had fallen into the power of the enemy. After his Iil)eration he remained in New York till August, 1782, when he saded for England, in which country he continued to reside until his decease. In remuneration of his losses, the English government granted him eighteen hundred pounds, and m addition a pension of eight hundred pounds per annum. His steadfast adhesion to the royal cause led _to an estrangement between him and his f.ither, which con- tinued after the revolutionary conflict had terminated. In 1784, however, he made advances toward a reconciliation, which drew from his father the declaration that he was willing to forget as much of the past as was possible, and to look over bygone actions ; yet in 1 788, in a letter to Dr. Byles, his father slill speaks of existing differences and misunder- standings. In the will of Benjamin Franklin is found the following : " The part he acted against me in the late war, which is of public notoriety, will account for my leaving him no more of an estate he endeavored to deprive me of." His appointment to the Governorship of New Jersey was due mainly to the friendship and kindly influence of the Earl of Bute, who had strongly recommended him to Lord Halifax as a deserving subject, and one worthy of confi- dence m the troublous hour of riot and rebellion. He died in England, November 17th, 1813, aged eighty-two years. ARCALOW, CULVER, Merchant, of Somerville, New Jersey, son of William and Ann (Vorhees) Barcalow, grandson of Colonel Farrington Bar- calow, an officer in the New Jersey militia during the war of 1812, and a descendant of a Holland- ish family settled in New Jersey during the early portion of the colonial period, was born at Flemington, Hunterdon county, October 23d, 1823. His father, a chair- maker, removed his place of business to Somerville in 1S25, there following his trade and at the same time keeping a hotel, the son the while attending the schools of the town. In 1833 the elder Barcalow was compelled by failing health to pass a winter in Florida. Impressed by the business op- portunities offered in the South, he returned to Somerville, had a large quantity of goods manufactured, and with these, and accompanied by his family, returned to Florida in 1835 and established himself as a grocer and general dealer in St. Augustine. His trade prospered exceedingly, amounting to more than S50.000 per year, but his health continued to decline, and during the last year of his life almost the entire charge of the business fell upon his son, then a mere lad, scarcely fourteen years old. In 1837 the establishment at St. Augustine was broken up and the family started northw.ard ; but at Charleston the elder Barcalow died. Having brought the party safely home to Somerville, the son became a ckrk in a hotel in that place, a position that he held during the three following years. In 1840, the last year of his service, he took art active part in politics, being a warm supporter of Harrison. In 1841 he .accepted the position of clerk in the Merchants' Hotel, New York ; and here he fell in with certain members of the Shaker community, in converse with whom he became con- vinced that the mising of poultry on a large scale for the New York market might be made highly remunerative. Acting promptly upon this conviction, he returned to Somer- ville, purchased a suitable piece of ground, and erected a hennery two hundred feet long, with a glass roof and suit- ably furnished. Unfortunately the venture was not success- ful, and in the ensuing year he abandoned it altogether. After making a trip to Ohio and assisting in purchasing and bringing East a drove of horses, he accepted, in March, 1S43, a position in the dry-goods est.ablishment of the Hon. Wil- liam G. Steele, of Somerville. This he relinquished a year later and purchased the drug store on the site of his present place of business. Of the drug trade he had no knowledge whatever, and his capital amounted to but $250. Bui he was quick to learn, and the Hon. George H. Brown, who had a well-founded confidence in his ability, gave him all necessary financial assistance, frequently indorsing paper for him in blank. His business flourished apace, and in 1854 he invested his surplus capital in the erection of a large dry-goods store. This he leased to Messrs. Steele & Ship- man, and upon their relinquishing it a year later, he utilized it as a book store, associating with himself for this purpose a practical book dealer, J. R. Vanslike, and placing him in charge of the establishment. Two years later, in 1S57, he enlarged his operations still further. The book store was divided and the book trade confined to one side, the other side being set apart for the sale of dry goods. In this scheme he associated with himself a Mr. Lumson, an expe- rienced dry-goods dealer, and, as in the book-store, placed his capital as an oflTset to his partner's experience. In 1859 he bought Mr. Vanslike's interest in the book firm, and in 18O0 Mr. Lumson's interest in the dry-goods firm, himself managing both houses. At this time also he conducted an extensive painting business, in which he employed some twenty hands, and had the management of a large farm that he had purchased. Finding the charge of these various concerns somewhat onerous after conducting them for a yenr alone, he took into partnership in the dry-goods and book business Mr. J. L. Sutphen, and in 1866 Mr. W. J. L. Potter was admitted into the firm. In 1869 he retired altogether from these branches of trade. Over and above the commer- cial operations already detailed, he has taken an active in- terest in promoting local enterprises, and is a leading stock- holder in the Somerset County Bank and First National Bank of Somerville. In real estate his operations have been extensive. In 1875 he erected the fine block now occupied by the Somerville post-office, VnionisI printing office, and a music store, and another block in which is his own drug store, together with various other mercantile es- BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOI'.IiDIA. tablishments and a fine public reading-room. All of these buildings are lighted with gas, the only gas used in the town. During the late war he rendered efficient service to the government. At the first call for troops, in 1861, he raised, almost wholly at his own expense, a full company of one hundred men, and throughout the war his zealous loy- alty was altogether exemplary. In politics he was a firm Whig until the dissolution of the Whig party, and sincelhen he has been a not less firm Republican. In 1855 he was elected Treasurer for Hunterdon county, holding the oflice for two years, and in 1856 he was elected a Delegate to the convention that nominated Fremont and Dayton. In iS6l he was appointed Postmaster at Somerville, holding the office for a term of ten years and discharging its duties in a manner wholly satisfactory to the puljlic. For several years he his had charge of the interests of the Pennsylvania Rjilroad Company, a corporation in which he is an exten- sive stockholder, in the New Jersey Legislature. He was nnrried, April 30th, 1845, '" Catherine, daughter of (he Rev. J. C. Van Dervort, of Kinderhook, New York. He still continues at the head of the drug business, having asso- ciated with him his son-in-law, G. S. Cook, and his son, J. V. B.arcalow. His career, begun under such adverse cir- cum-;taiices, yet terminating so successfully, is proof of his sound judgment and rare business ability, and looking back over the record of his life, he can say what can be said by but few men, that with scarcely an exception his great schemes for fortune have gone well. JEASLEY, FREDERICK, D. D., late of Eliza- beihtown. New Jersey, was formerly Provost of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a mas- terly writer on episcopacy, and on moral and metaphysical subjects, in which he exhibited much learning, studious research, and a notable manner of dealing with many of the conflicting and per- plexed questions of the day. He ever found enjoyment in the discussion of spiritual and kindred topics, and in the line of argument bearing upon the varied relations of life and matter as related to the great problem of the future, was an able and logical disputant. He died in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, November 2d, 1S45, aged sixty-eight years. "r*)S |EATTIE, JOHN, M. D., General and Physician, lale of Trenton, New Jersey, son of Charles Beattie, the celebrated missionary of Nesham- iny, Pennsylvania, was a n.ative of Bucks county, Pennsylvania, and was graduated at Princeton in 1769. After studying medicine, muler the supervision of Dr. Rush, he entered the army as a soldier. Upon attaining the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel, he fell into the hands of the enemy at the capture of Fort Washnigton in 1 776, and sufiered a long and rigorous nn- prisonment. In 1779 he succeeded Elias Boudinot as Commissary-General of prisoners. After the war he settled at Princeton, New Jersey, as a physician, and was also prominent lor a time as a member of the Slate Legislature. In 1793 he took a part in the deliberations and actions of Congress, where he displayed talents of a highly commend- able nature. For ten years he officiated as Secretary of the State of New Jersey, succeeding Samuel W. Stockton in 1795, and during a period of ten years acted as President of the Bank of Trenton; and in Trenton he died, April 30th, 1826, aged seventy-seven years. Also for many years he was a Ruling Elder in the church, and distinguished for his earnest and charitable piety. IJOBESON, HON. GEORGE M., Lawyer, and ex- .Secretary of the Navy, was bom at Oxford Fur- nace, New Jersey, in 1829. Ailer a thorough -pip preliminary training, he became a student .at the ^ir College of New Jersey, from which he was grad- uated in 1S47. Being destined for the legal profession, he was placed as a student in the office of Chief Justice Ilornblower, in Newark. Afler pursuing the pre- scribed course, he was admitted to the bar, and conimenced practice. In 185S he was appointed Prosecutor of the Ple.as for Camden county by Governor Newell, and dis- charged the duties of this office with much zeal and fidelity. In 1S67 Governor Marcus L. \Vard tendered him the nom- ination as Attorney-General of the State, which he accepted, and the same being confirmed, he entered the office and served therein until President Grant, in 1S69, offi;red him the Secretaryship of the Navy, which he accepted, and held until 1S77. ^4^ LEMENT, DR. KNUT JUNGBOHN, a Danish linguist and historian, late of Bergen, New Jersey, was born in the island of Amrom, South- ern Frisia, Denmark, December 4th, 1S03. He was educated primarily at the universities of Kiel and Heidelberg, and in 1835 became Doctor of Philosophy. Subsequently, at the expense of the Danish government, he took a tour of three years through the British islands and the continent, and on his return to Denmark became a professor in the University of Kiel. Here he delivered courses of lectures on history, politics, economy and criticism, which attracted wide-spread atten- tion and won him great renown. He published twelve or thirteen elaborate works, historical, linguistic, critical, politi- cal, and descriptive, and, though somewhat too much in- clined to peculiar and improbable speculations in his lin- guistic theories, always maintained a very high repula- 272 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.-EUIA. tion as an author a;id scholar. lie had taken an active part in the question of the Schleswig-Holstcin duchies, and, when they were given up, emigrated to the United States, where he had resided since 1866. He died at Bergen, New Jersey, October 7th, 1S73. •"ONDIT, REV. AARON, late Pastor at Hanover, died in Morristown, New Jersey, in April, 1852, aged eighty-seven years. For a period extending over nearly forty years he officiated as pastor at Hanover, where his presence and pious labors were productive of great good. During this time he preached over ten thousand sermons, brought about nine or ten memorable revivals, received into his church six hmidred and forty-four persons, eleven of whom became preachers, and baptized one thousand and fifty-five. Four of his sons also were ministers, one of whom. Rev. Joseph Condit, of South Hadley, died September 19th, 1S47, aged forty-three years. He was a man of excellent parts, an in- defatigable spreader of gospel truths, and one that, having once decided conscientiously, pursued his way through all difficulties and over all obstacles, upheld by an abiding faith in his mission and its end. Living to a good old age, ex- emplifying in his daily life the doctrines he preached, he was venerated and beloved by young and old, not only in the immediate neighborhood where he resided, but in a very wide circle. His influence was exceptionally potent for good. jUBBARD, WILLIAM IL, M. D., of Red Bank, was born in Middletown, Monmouth county. New Jersey, September 30th, 1812. His parents were EIi;is and Nellie (Hendrickson) Hubbard, both natives of the same county. The lad ob- tained his education at the paid schools and acad- emies of his native county, and at a fitting age, havinn manifested a taste for the medical profession, he began to read medicine under the direction of his uncle, Jacobus Hubbard, a practitioner at Tinton Falls, in the same county. With this preceptor he prosecuted his studies until 1834, in which year he was graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. Commencing practice in con- nection with his preceptor, he, after twelve months, suc- ceeded him, and continued to pursue the duties of his pro- fession in the locality for a period of twenty-two years. In 1856, being solicited by citizens of the towns of New Utrecht, C.ravescnd, Flalbush and Flatlands, Long Island, to take llie place of two eminently successful practitioners, Drs. Duboice and Crane, who had lost their lives in the discharge of their duty during the epidemic then raging so fatally, he quickly responded to the call of duty, and remained in that field of labor six years. During that period he had access to the various public institutions of Kings county, viz. : the hospital, almshouse, lunatic asylum, and prison; and became intimately associated with the physicians and surgeons con- nected therewith. In 1S62 he transferred his labors to his native county, settling in the village of Red Bank on July 8lh, of that year. In this place he has since remained, and has built up an excellent practice. A well-read and careful practitioner, he enjoys the respect and esteem of his profes- sional brethren. He is a member of the Monmouth County Medical Society, and served as its President in 1856. On October 20th, 1836, he was married to Ellen Cook, of Shrewsbury township, Monmouth county, New Jersey. UBBARD, DR. CHARLES, Dentist, of Red Bank, son of Dr. William H. Hubbard, whose .sketch appears above, was born at Tinton Falls. His education was received at Holmdel Academy, under the instruction of N. H. WhyckofT and Thompson, A. M., and at Monmouth School, under the tuition of Professor W. W. Woodhull. In 1S5S he began to study the principles of dentistry, and devoted three years and a half to practical studies under the care of Dr. J. B. Brown, of Brooklyn. After passing the neces- sary examination, he opened his office at Red Bank, where he has since practised his profession, and has met with much success, being considered by members of his profes- sion and his patrons entitled to a position in the front rr.nk of practitioners of dentistry. ACKEY, WILLIAM M., Lawyer, was born, March 6th, 1837, in Oxford township, Warren county, New Jersey, his father being John Mackey, Esq., a descendant of one of the oldest of the county families. He was prepared for college under private tutors and entered the so])homore class at Princeton in 1S5S. In 1861 he gradii.-jted, his class includ- ing J. R. Emery, Esq., now of the New Jersey bar, the now Rev. J. M. Ludlow, Rev. John DeWitt, and others not less well known, and for a short time was engaged in teach- ing. Deciding upon the study of law, he was entered in the office of the late J. M. Sherrerd, Esq., at Belvidere, from whence he passed to that of Judge Scudder, at Trenton. He was admitted to the bar in November, 1864, and at once established himself at Belvidere, rapidly acquiring an extensive practice. This of late years has been greatly ex- tended, and ranges through all the courts of the State. He is a member of the Democratic party, but has never made a business of politics. Previous to the passage of the present school law, he was Superintendent of Schools for Belvidere, BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. and in 1S73-74 he was Mayor of that city. He has been for many years a consistent memljcr of the Presbyterian church. He was first married, in 1S64, to Catherine Keyser, daughter of George Keyser, of O.tford, New Jersey. Cii<|- cCLELLAND, REV. ALEXANDER, D. D,, c;llljl Professor of Biblical and Oriental Literature in ol'l I ''^^ Theological Seminary, New Brunswick, New Cc{^ Jersey, late of that place, was born in Schenec- V^ » tady. New York, and was a graduate of the Schenectady Union College. He was for several years pastor of the Rutgers Street Presbyterian Cliurch, New York city, and while there was conspicuous among the local preachers for his learning, uprightness, and elo- quence. He subsequently held a professorship in Dickin- son College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. During the last nine- teen years of his life, however, he vv.as connected with the Theological Seminaiy at New Brunswick, as Professor of Biblical and Oriental Literature. He was a pious and scholarly gentleman, well versed in Eastern lore, and an ardent Christian guide and spiritual exhorter. He died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, December 19th, 1S64, aged sixty-nine years. f ERSELES, HON. JACOB M., ex-State Senator of New Jersey, late of South Bergen, New Jersey, was for three ye.rrs an active and prominent mem- ber of the Legislature, for three terms officiated as Sheriff of Hudson county, and was the pioneer in establishing various stage and city railroad lines in that section. He was a man of extended practical views and prompt in the furtherance and culmination of selected projects. He assisted substantially in the development of the various interests centring and growing in Hudson county, and was identified with the growth and increase of ih.it section of New Jersey. He al. With the exception of a brief absence, in the pastorate, he remained in charge of this institution until lS65, con- stantly maintaining a deservedly high reputation as a teacher, especially in the classics. Upon retirmg from the Institute in consequence of the impaired health of his wife, he organized a church at the little mining town of Barclay, Pennsylvania, on the summit of the Alleghenies, where he remained for about three years. At the expiration of that period he received a call to Deckertown, New Jersey, which he accepted. In this field of labors he closed his career, September 20th, 1S73, aged fifty-five years. HITEHEAD, REV. CHARLES, D. D., Re- formed (Dutch) Clergyman, late of Perth Ani- boy, New Jersey, was born in iSoi, and spent his cTTiTo) youthful days in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In ij SJ" 1S23 he gr.aduated from Dickinson College, and later from the New Brunswick Theological Semi- nary. In 1S26 he w.as licensed to preach by the Classis of Philadelphia. After a short settlement in the Presl.yteiian Church at Batavia, New York, he removed in 1S2S to the Reformed Church at Hopewell. He subsequently ofliciated as pastor at Somerville, New Jersey, Fishkill and Walden, New York, and of churches in Houston street, New York, Poughkeepsie and Washington Heights. From 1S61 until the time of Viis decease he presided as Chaplain of the New York City Hospital. At the time of his death, July I3lh, 1873, he was spending a summer vacation at Perth Amboy, Ncsv Jersey, where he died in the pulpit, aged seventy-two years. TEPHENS, JOHN L., late of New York, Travel- ler, etc., was born in Shrewsbury, New Jersey, and graduated at Columbia College in 1822. He then became studiously engaged in legal pursuits, theoretical and practical, until failing health com- pelled him to relinquish his studies, and engage in travel to restore an enfeebled constitution. From 1834 to 1S36 he visited Europe, Greece and Turkey. In 1839 President Van Buren sent him as ambassador to Central America, for the purpose of negotiating a treaty, and the final arrangement of various State affairs. He was inti- mately connected with the movement which led to the es- tablishment of the initial lines of steamers to Europe ; was a Director in the Ocean Steam Navigation Company, and President of the Panama Railroad Company. The winter of 1S51 he passed on the Isthmus of Darien. The iron track between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts will, in its history, be constantly associated with his name, for his was one of the energetic and far-seeing natures which, seeing infinite good in the speedy development of the railway sys- tem, pushed on the tardy and the fearing. He published incidents of travel in Egypt, etc., in 1837; in Greece and 278 BlOGRAnilCAL EXCYCLOP/EDIA. Turkey, etc., in 183S; in Central America in 1S41; and later a worlc descriptive of Yucatan, lie died in New^ York, October 13th, 1852, aged forty-six years. 'ENDERSON, HON. THOMAS, Statesman, Judge, Lieutenant-Governor of New Jersey, late of New Jersey, was born in that State, and graduated from Princeton College in 1761. In the course of his honorable and varied career he filled many offices of prominence and trust; was for some time Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; from 1779 to 1780 acted as a delegate to the Continental Congress; and under the constitution, from 1795 to 1797, was a represent- ative in Congress from New Jersey. Also, at one time, he filled the position of Lieutenant-Governor of his State. He was intimately identified with the growth and the develop- ment of the interests of New Jersey; and, through his eminent usefulness as a vigilant statesman, won an enviable place in the annals of that State. flCHEY, HON. AUGUSTUS G., Lawyer, of Tren- ton, was born, March 17th, i8ig, in Warren county. New Jersey. His parents were William Richey, a successful farmer, himself a native of Warren county, and Mary (Godly) Richey, daughter of William Godly, of Spring Mills, Hun- terdon county. New Jersey. His education, after he ceased attendance at the common schools, was obtained at Lafayette College, at Easton, Pennsylvania, which he entered in 1834. The institution at that time was under the direction of Dr. George Junkin, and was conducted on the " manual laljor system." Under this system the students were required to devote three hours each day to manual labor of some kind and the work so performed, besides its presumed effect as a discipline and a preparation for practical life, was counted as a partial compensation for the tuition received by the student. He remained here until 1S40, when he graduated Among his classmates were a number of gentlemen who have since become eminent in life, among whom may be mentioned W. Henry Green, D. D., Professor in Princeton Theologi- cal Seminary, and who was elected President of Princeton College, but declined the honor; also Dr. T. C. Porter, Professor of Natural History at Lafayette College, and Dr. Charles Elliott, Professor of Hebrew in Chicago Theologi- cal Seminary. In the autumn of the same year he com- menced the study of the law. He prepared for the profes- sion with Colonel James N. Reading, of Flemington, a very able and prominent lawyer of his time. He studied with Colonel Reading until Keliruary, 1 844, when he was licensed as an attorney. Three years later he was licensed as coun- sellor. He settled at Asljuiy, Warren county. New Jersey, where he entered upon the full practice of his profession. From the first he achieved a decided success. His natural abilities were of a high order; his training had been tho- rough and complete; his integrity was above question, his ndustry was tireless, and his devotion to his profession very ureat. These facts constituted a claim to general confi- dence and esteem that could not but be acknowledged and acted upon, and as a consequence patronage came to him very rapidly. He remained at Asbuiy until the spring of 1S56, when he removed to Trenton. There he has since continued to reside, actively engaged in the practice of his profession. His legal brethren, as well as the people at large, speedily acknowledged his claims to a high profes- sional position, and he long ago became one of the leaders of the bar in the city of his residence, a position which he till continues to hold, and which all are glad to acknowl- edge. He has always been noted as a close and steady laborer in his profession, and for the sound and safe advice he gave his clients. Politically, he is a Republican, but up to the year 1863 he had taken no active part in politics, and had never sought public office. In that year the Republi- cans of Mercer county urged him to become their candi- date for the State Senate. He consented, and was elected by a majority of over three hundred, although, in the pre- vious election, the Democrats had triumphed. He served in the Senate a term of three years, taking an active part in the proceedings, and making for himself an enviable record. During two years of his term he was Chairman of the Judi- ciaiy Committee. It was during his term as Senator that the constitutional amendments were adopted. He is an enterprising and public-spirited citizen, and takes an active interest in the welfare and progress of the community in which he lives. For many years he has been closely and actively identified with many of the institutions and enter- prises of Trenton and vicinity. For nearly twenty years he has been a Director of the Mechanics' National Bank of Trenton, and acted as Counsellor for the in.stitution ; he is a Manager of the Trenton Savings Fund Society ; a Director of the Trenton Gas Company; a Director of the Delaware & Bound Brook RailVoad Company, between New York and Philadelphia, and is one of the counsel for the road, as well as counsel for the Easton & Amboy Railroad Com- pany. He has also been prominently and actively allied with the temperance movement, and at one time was Presi- dent of the New Jersey State Temperance Society. He is a devoted and influential member of the Presbyterian Church. For many years he was a ruling elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Trenton. This position he contin- ued to hold until 1875, when the Prospect Avenue Presby- terian Church was organized, and he became a ruling elder in that body. He is also an earnest Sabbath -school worker, and is a regular teacher of an adult Bible class. He was married in 1844 to Anna G. Farley, eldest daughter of lion. Isaac d. Farley, who was a prominent citizen of Hun- terdon county. New Jersey, and who, for many years, rep- resented his district in Congress. BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. 279 'LMER, JONATHAN, Physician, Magistrate and Senator, late of Burlington, New Jersey, was born in Cumberland county. New Jersey, in 1745, and was a graduate of the University of Penn- sylvania. He entered upon the practice of medi- cine shortly after the termination of his prepara- tory studies, and rapidly won a leading position in the profession in his native county. During the progress of the revolutionary struggle he acted in vanuus i,liicc» of trust and distinction ; was Sheriff, Surrogate and Judge. In the years 1776-77-78-S1-82-S3-84 and "87, he was a member of the Continental Congress; and from 1789 to 1791 was a United States Senator from New Jersey. He was a mem- ber of the celebrated Philosophical Society, and was a scholarly and accomplished gentleman. He died in Bur- lington, New Jersey, in 1S17. 'ALL, CHARLES, D. D., late of Newark, New Jersey, was born in the State of New York, and graduated at Hamilton College in 1825. For many yeare he presided earnestly and efficiently as Secretary of the American Home Missionary Society, in co-operation with Dr. Badger. He was principal Editor of the Home Missiouaiy, and in that capacity brought to his field of labors admirable discretion and an untiring interest. He died at Newark, New Jersey, October 31st, 1853, aged fifty-five years. kOWELL, HON. DAVID, LL. D., Judge, Profes- sor of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics, Attorney-General of Rhode Island, late of Rhode Island, was born in New Jersey, January 1st, 1747, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1766. Upon removing to Rhode Island, he was, in 1769, apponited Professor of Natural Philosophy and Mathematics; and, from 1790 to 1824, presided as Profes- sor of Law in Brown University, of th.at State. He then established himself ni the practice of the law at Providence, Rhode Island, and rapidly rose to an eminent and leading position in the profession. He filled, for some time, the office of Attorney-General of the State, and was a Judge of the Supreme Court. From 1782 to 1785 he acted as a member of the Continental Congress, and, after the reor- ganization of the general government, was appointed a Commissioner for settling the eastern boundary of the United States. He afterward ofiici.ated as District Attorney, and from 1812 to the time of his decease was District 1"''.?^ for Rhode Island. He was a man of notable wit, learning and eloquence, a distinguished classical scholar, and a pungent and effective political writer. The superiority of Ilia attainments as a jurist was conceded by all, and his , opinions on points of law involving intricate or perplexing questions, and on the varying positions assumed by his country in its internal and external policy, were always re- ceived with deserved attention and respect. He died July 29th, 1S24. His son, Jeremiah Brown Howell, United States Senator from Rhode Island, iSll to 1S17, was born in 17S9, and died in 1S22. LACKFORD, HON. ISAAC NEWTON, Jurist, Judge, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born at Bound Brook, New Jersey, Novem- ber 6lh, 17S6, anided, being actively and successfully engaged in profes- sional pursuits. He was married, October 15th, 1873, '"^ Fannie J., a daughter of Jirah J. Bulkeley, a retired mer- chant, formerly of Hartford, Connecticut, but now a resident of Cranberry, New Jersey. AILEY, GAMALIEL, M. D., Proprietor and Editor of the Nntional Era, Abolition Advo- cate, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born at Mount Holly, New Jersey, December 3d, 1S07. Removing to Phil.adelphia, Pennsyl- vania, at the age of nine years, he there entered upon a course of medical studies when he had finished his earlier school education, and in 182S received his degree of M. D. He then sailed to China as physician of a ship, afterward beginning his career as editor on the Meth- odist Protestmit, in B.altimore, Maryland. In 1831 here- moved to Cincinnati, and in that city acted as physician to the Cholera Hospital during the prevalence of the epi- demic. In 1836, in connection with J. G. Birney, he con- ducted the first anti-slavery newspaper in, the West, the Cincinnati Philaiithvopist. Upon two occasions their print- ing-office was attacked by a riotous mob of malicious per- sons, the press tossed into the Ohio river, and the books and papers burned. In 1S37 he became sole editor of the Philanthrapist, the organ of the Liberal parly, and was a )^rincipal leader in the presidential canvass in 1840. In the following year his press was again destroyed by a mob, which, after doing much wilful harm, was dispersed by the 282 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.^iDIA. niilitar)-. January 1st, 1S47, he began to edit, at the cap- ital, the National Era, a new-paper of decided anti-slavery principles. In 184S, a mob, I'ur three consecutive days, be- sieged his office. " Addressing the multitude in a speech remarkable for its coolness and its independent spirit, the mob, that had proposed to tar and feather him, was dis- armed by his eloquence." In the Era was originally published " Uncle Tom's Cabin." He died, June 5th, 1859, on board the outgoing steamer "Arago." i ATEMAX, DR. EPHRAIM, Member of Con- gress, and United States Senator, late of Cum- berland, New Jersey, was born there, in 1770. -, While serving as a mechanic's apprentice, he ^^^^ devoted his spare hours to the study of medicine, and rapidly acquired a large and varied store of medical knowledge. Sulisei]uently he won distinction in the profession as a skilful physician, and became widely known through his many successes secured under adverse circumstances. For many years, also, he was an active member of the New Jersey State Legislature; from 1815 to 1823 was in Congress; and from 1S26 to 1829 served ably as United States Senator. He was a public-spirited and liberal citizen ; upright in all the relations of life, public and private ; and ever zealous in the cause of his State and country. He died in Cumberland, New Jersey, January 29th, 1829. liOOD, REV. T-\MES, D. D., an eminent Presbyte- rian Clergyman, Teacher, and Author, late of Hightstown, New Jersey, was a native of New York State, and graduated at Princeton Theologi- cal Seminary. After preaching for a time in Amsterdam, New York, he was appointed Agent of the Board of Education for the West. He was subse- quently for many years Professor of Church History in the Indiana Theological Seminary, and upon his resignation became principal of an academy for boys, in New Albany, Indiana. His next appointment was that of Assistant Secretary of the Board of Education at Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania. He was afterward elected to the Presidency of Hanover College, in the same Stale, which position he re- signed, however, in 1866, that he might become principal of the Van Rensselaer Institute, at Hightstown, New Jersey. The primary object of this institution was the education of the children of missionaries. He had entered upon the discharge of his new and important duties with great zeal and energy, and was making vigorous efforts toward a com- plete endowment, when stricken down by death. He was the author of an .-ible work entitled " Old and New Theol volume known as "A Call to the Ministry," and several other treatises, essays, pamphlets, and sermons, bearing on mor.al, theological, and kindred subjects; all of which con- tain sterling food for thought, and much matter of a valuable and suggestive nature. He died at Hightstown, New Jer- sey, April 7th, 1867, aged sixty-seven years. tl VANS, AUGUSTUS O., Journalist and Politician, late of Hoboken, New Jereey, was born in Bing- hampton. New York, in 1831. While in his twentieth year he moved to Brooklyn, there find- ing employment in a subordinate capacity on the ^^ New York Tribune, and finally as reporter of the New Jersey Nevis. Finding his residence in Brooklyn inconvenient, he removed to Hoboken, New Jersey, and soon after took charge of the Hudson County Democrat, of which he retained the proprietorship until March, 1873. For one or two years he occupied the jiosition of City Clerk of Hoboken; in 1855 was elected to the Assembly of New Jersey, and again elected in 1866, when he was chosen as Speaker of the House. He died in Hoboken, New Jersey, September 28th, 1873, aged forty-two years. RISCOM, JOHN, LL. D., Physician and Chemist, late of Burlington, New Jersey, died there Feb- ruary 26th, 1852, aged seventy-seven years. He presided for some time as Professor of Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in New York Institute, where he was admired and respected for his pro- found acquirements and his rare technical abilities. In addition to his attainments as physician and scientist, he possessed a varied store of literary knowledge, and was himself a writer of no mean calibre. In 1823 he published "A Year in Europe in 1818-1819," 2 vols.; and at a later date, "A Discourse on Character and Education." His criticisms and judgments concerning the current literature of his day were the offspring of a ripe and keenly discrimi- nating perceptive power, and by those « ho knew his worth, were accepted as guides wholly reliable and trustworthy. INNICKSON, HON. THOMAS, Judge, and Mem- ber of the First Congress, late of Salem county. New Jersey, was born in that place, and there received a classical education and mercantile training. He served in the revolutionary war at the battles of Trenton and Princeton, in the capac- ity of Captain, performing gallant and efficient service. For many years he was an honored member of the Council and Assembly of New Jersey, and the Presiding Jud,i;e of the 0!jy," setting forth the reasons which led to the division of Court of Common Pleas. During the progress of ihe Revo- the Presbyterian Church. He published also an interesting | lution he was a vigilant correspondent of the Committee of BIOGRAr.ilCAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. 283 Safely; and a Representative in the First Congress, after the adoption of the Constitution, from 17S9 to 1791, and again from 1797 to 1799. In the fourth Presidential election, 1801, he was one of the Electors from New Jersey. His name is honorably associated with the history of his State, and he occupies in its annals a proud place as soldier and as statesman. IjOYDEN, SETH, Inventor, Leather Manufacturer, etc., late of Middleville, New Jersey, was born in Foxborough, Massachusetts, November 17th, 1788. In 1S13 he engaged in the leather manufacturing business m Newark, New Jersey, and invented a machine for splitting leather. In 1819 he began the manufacture of patent leather, and in 1826 made the first malleable iron. He subsequently perfected the first locomotive with the driving-rod outside the wheel ; pro- duced the first daguerreotype in America; invented the pro- cess of making spelter; discovered the art of making Russian sheet-iron ; and patented a hat-body doming machine used in all the hat manufactories in the United States. After passing through a life and career of peculiar usefulness to his fellow-beings, he died at an advanced age, in Middleville, New Jersey, March 31st, 1870. He was a man of singular fertility of invention in mechanical matters, and was richly endowed with resources in all things relating to the practical side of science and mechanics. His mind was constantly occupied in endeavoring to produce the maximum of results with the minimum of means; and he was only completely happy when eng.aged in ess.ays and experiments tending to illustrate the power and value of a fresh method or new idea. .^^,|OGGS, CHARLES STUART, Rear-Admir.il )«1'^ United States Navy, of Brunswick, New Jersey, ,1 ' I was born in Brunswick, New Jersey, January 28th, 1810, the nephew of Captain James Lawrence. He entered the navy, November 1st, 1826; and September 6th, 1837, was promoted to a lieuten- ancy. During the progress of the war with Mexico he was on the " Princeton," of Commodore Conner's squadron ; was present at the siege of Vera Cruz, and commanded the boat expedition which destroyed the ".Truxton" after her surrender to the Mexicans. September 14th, 1855, he was made Commander, and assigned by the .Secretary of the Navy .0 the United St.ates mail steamer " Illinois," which he com- manded during the ensuing three years. He afterward filled the position of Light-House Inspector for California, Oregon, and Washington Territory. In 1S61, at the out- break of the Southern rebellion, he was ordered to the gun- boat " V.^runa," of Farragut's Gulf Squadron ; and in the assault on the Mississippi forts, destroyed six of the Confed- erate gunboats, finally losing his own vessel, however, after setting his antagonist in fl.imes and driving her ashore. He then returned to Washington as bearer of despatches; was ordered to the command of the new sloop-of-war " Juniata; " and July iGlh, 1S62, was promoted to the rank of Captain. July 25th, 1866, he became Commodore, com- manding the steamer " De .Soto," of the North Atlantic Squadron, during the years 1867-1S68. He became Rear- .Admiral in July, 1S70, a high rank deservedly attained through his gallantry and ability in action. <• 'eT^ ' '^ ARD, JOHN, Physician, late of Hyde Park, New York, was born in Burlington, New Jersey, Feb- ruary 1st, 1716, and was of a family which had been driven from France in consequence of the revocation of the edict of Nantes. Peter Bard, his father, a merchant, came to M.iryland in 1703, but soon moved to New Jersey, where he acted for many years as a Privy-Councillor, and second Judge of the Su- preme Court. He received the rudiments of a classical education at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was for seven years a surgeon's apprentice in that city, and there also began a lasting friendship with Dr. Franklin. In 1746 he established himself in New Y'ork, and rapidly won a lead- ing rank among the practitioners of the city and its environs. In 1750 he assisted Dr. Middleton in the first recorded dissection in America. In 1759 he was appointed to take measures to prevent the spread of ship-fever, and selected Bedloe's Island for a hospital, of which he look charge. In 1778 he withdrew from the city; but, at the close of the war, resumed practice there, and in 178S became first Pres- ident of the New Y'oik Medical Society. In 1795, during the prevalence at New Y'ork of the yellow-fever epidemic, he remained at his post, and made himself eminently useful in a trying and perilous time. In May, 1798, he relinquished his professional labors, and sought the tranquillity of private life. At his decease he left an essay on malignant pleurisy, and also several valuable papers relating to the cause and phases of yellow-fevcr, which were finally published in the "American Medical Register." He died at Hyde Park, New York, March 30th, 1800. INLEY, ROBERT, D. D., Presbyterian Divine and Philanthropist, late of Athens, Georgia, was born in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1772; grad- uated from the New Jersey College in 1787 ; and in 181 7 had conferred on him by that institution the degree of D. D. James Finley, his father, came from Scotland to this country in 1769. From 1793 to 1S17 he was connected with the New Jersey College as tutor, or Trustee ; and, June l6th, 1795, was ordained pastor .at Basking Ridge. He originated the plan of colonizing emancipated blacks in Africa, and was instrumental in 284 EIOCRAPillCAL ENXVCLOr.tDIA. foriDing the constitution anri ,n nrranizm? me ^u.unization ! the Aeio York Medkal Record; Siiciety. In July, 1S17 Franklin College, in Athens, Georjjia, where he died, Oc- tober 31!, 1817. During his lifetime he published various sermons, and several excellent papers relating to the me- thods and results of colonization, in which he was ever warmly and generou ly interested. ' Relations of Cardiac the constitution and in organizing the Coloni: , „ , ^ r .. x- 1S17, he was installed President of | Pathology to the Sphygmograph, ' read before the ^ew York State Medical Society, and published as a pamphlet ; "Anomalies of Cardiac Pathology," American Journal of Medical Science ; "The Sphygmograph," for which the Stevens Triennial Prize was awarded by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, published in book form, and " Influence of Certain Occupations," American Journal of Medical Science ; while of his popular papers we may mention: "Cruise of the Passaic;" "Chapter on the Coolie Trade," and " Cruise of the Sassacus," published in Harper'' s Maga'.ine : "Journal of Iron-Clad Cruisers;" "The Three Chimneys," published in The Chimney Corner, and " Our Pedestrian Tour," all illustrated in pen and ink. He married in i86l Kate Hedder, daughter of Jotham Hedder, of East Orange, and afterwards Helen Stewart, daughter of Mr. John Binger, of Orange. Golden, EDG.\R, M. p., Newark, New Jersey, w.as born in 1838 at Hingham, Massachusetts. He is the son of Asa H. and Annie L. HoUlen, his father being a manufacturer of malleable and cast-iron cannon. In 1847 he entered the Hing- ham .Academy; in 1852 James Hunting's Board- \na School, at Jamaica, Long Island ; was Assistant Teacher in the Rev. J. Pingry's Boarding and College School in 1855 ; graduated at Princeton College in 1859, receiving the degree of \. M. in 1862; and in 1861 graduated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. In the latter year he was commissioned a Surgeon in the United States navy, by Abraham Lincoln. In 1862 he became a member of the New Jersey Slate Medical Society; of the Essex District Medical Society, and of the New York So- ciety for the Advancement of Science; and in 1864 a mem- ber of the American Medical Association. In the same year he was commissioned as Assistant Surgeon in the United States army. In 1865 he was made a Medical Ad- viser of the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Company, and in 1869 President of the Board of Advisers. He visited foreign countries in 1871, and in 1873 was Clinical Physi- cian to St. Michael's Hospital. In 1870 he visited the prin- cipal cities and health resorts of the United States. In 1873 he received the Stevens Triennial Prize from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. In 1874 he was Consulting Surgeon to St. Barnabas Hospital. In 1875 he hecame a member of the New York Laryngological So- ciety, receiving in the same year the degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Princeton College. He was also a mem- her of the Executive Committee of the International Medi- cal Congress held in that year. His contributions to litera- ture, medical and popular, have been frequent and of a high order, his medical papers embracing ; "A Singular Case of Sloughing, with Loss of the entire Scapula, with Recovery," read before the Essex Medical Union, 1861 ; "Certain Dis- eases of Men of War," published in the American Journal of Medical Science, 1864; "Antecedent Diseases in Ca.ses of Heart Disease and Apoplexy," published in the same journal, 1864; "Cancer and Tubercle: their Relations," pamphlet ; " Nitrous Oxide and its Relations," published in the American Journal of Medical Science; " Ostracism for Consumption," published in the same journal and in pamphlet form ; " Successful Treatment of Asthma," in the same journal ; " Vaginal and Vulval Varices," published in UCKER, COLONEL ISAAC M., Lawyer, Late of Newark, New Jersey, was a resident of that city, a leading member of the legal profession, and a man of much influence throughout the State. In 1S56 he was a member of the St.ate Republican Executive Committee. " He was a true patriot, and his services to his regiment were most valuable." He was killed in the battle of Gaines' Mill, shot by the enemy while being borne wounded from the field, June 27th, 1862. ARKLEY, ALBERT \VATSON, late of Camden, was born in Leacock, Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania, October 25lh, 1825, and died September 25th, 1875. His early life was passed principally in Columbia, Pennsylvania, and he received his education at Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsyl- vania. He moved to Camden in 1S46, and was first em- ployed in the counting-house of J. W. & J. F. Starr. He remained with this firm about two years, when be accepted a clerkship in the State Bank, and held that position till 1854, when he was appointed assignee of the estate of \V. W. Fleming, of Atsion. In the settlement of this large estate, which he managed most successfully, he laid the foundation of his future business career, and became widely known in Camden and Burlington counties for those gentle- manly courtesies which distinguished his conduct in after life, and drew about him a corps of true and admiring friends. He next interested himself in procuring a charter for a new bank in Camden, which he succeeded in doing through the aid of influential friends at Trenton. ^Vhen the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank (now First National) commenced business, he was elected President, iu which BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 28s capacity he sej*ved for some lime. lie shortly after^'ard lie- came deeply interested in the affairs of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, of which he was an efficient Director. Here he was recognized as a man of ability, and was intrusted with many delicate transactions, and from that time till the united roads were leased by the Pennsyl- vania company, he divided his labors between Trenton and Washington to prevent legislation antagonistic to that com- pany. At Washington, by his genial manners and kindly nature, he became one of the most influential and popular men at the national capital, and during the war gave many a New Jersey soldier occasion to remember him with grati- tude for leaves of absence, extensions of furloughs, and for grateful delicacies while sick or wounded in the hospitals. This patriotic work was continued, without ostentation and almost unknown, except to the recipients of his favors, until the close of the war. His interest in the New Jersey roads continued till the time of his death. He was also a large stockholder in the Camden cS; Philadelphia Steamboat Ferry Company. At a very early day he saw the value and capa- bilities of that corporation and became interested in it, and it is in a measure due to his efforts that this ferry has im- proved so greatly and increased its facilities for travel to such an extent, and also that the ferries of Camden have within the past few years made such great progress. He was a very benevolent man, and seemed to take delight in conferring favors on other people, and at each Christmas which has elapsed since his death more than one poor family has missed its accustomed turkey, and more than one coal bm and flour barrel have lacked replenishing from the same cause. He attended the First Presbyterian Church, of Cam- den, and took great interest in its prosperity, and it is largely owing to his exertions that the present edifice was erected. State and party lines seemed to offer no barriers to Mr. Markley's friendships; they were coextensive with the country, and few men in New Jersey were better known than he, or coul'd number so extended a list of friends. The President, the cabinet, senators and members of Congress, governors of States and State officers, all esteemed him for his social and gentlemanly qualities, and these gave him a commanding position, which he used most unselfishly. In proof of this, it may be stated that notwithstanding all the patronage at his command he never held any office, except that of a bank and railroad oflicial. I ANDOLPH, JOSEPH FITZ, Judge, an eminent jurist of New Jersey, late of Jersey City, was born in Freehold, Monmouth county, in 1S03. After obtaining an ordinary school education, he entered upon the study of law, and in 1825 was admitted to the bar. For some years he acted as State's Attorney for the county ; was a representative in Congress from 1S37 to 1843; was a member of the conven- ts .vhich framed the Stale Consiiiulion in 1844, and in was appomted a Judge of the Supreme Court of New y for seven years, after which he resumed the practice s profession at Trenton. He was a member of the ; Congress in 1S61. He was a jurist of consummate y, and, through wide and varied experience and close ng, had acquired a remarkable fund of legal lore, and knowledge in abundance of worldly and literary mat- listinct from his profession. He died in Jersey City, h igth, 1S73. AN NEST, PETER, REV., Methodist Itinerant Minister, late of Pemberton, New Jersey; died there, September 17th, 1S50. For a period ex- tending over fifty-four years he was widely known as a zealous and untiring itinerant preacher and exhorler; and during this extended space of time was instrumental in producing many enthusiastic revivals, and in advancing with fearless ardor the interests of Chris- tianity and his church. V VpRAZEE, JOHN, Sculptor and Architect, late of Q-'Jyterian Divine, Writer on Religious Sub- jects, of New York, was born in Leesville, New ¥ Jersey, August 25th, 1793. He commenced the (j^'J study of law in 181 1, afterward studied theology, and finally, July 1st, 1817, was ordained by the New Jersey Presbytery. From 1820 to 1833 he officiated as pastor of the Spring Street Church, New York ; from 1S34 to May, 1837, presided as Professor of Sacred Rhetoric at Auburn, New York ; and from that time until 1S54, when by the failure of his voice he was obliged to relinquish his charge, was pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of Brooklyn, New York. July loth, 1834, having openly t.aken sides with those favoring the abolition of slavery, and aided in founding the Anti-slavery Society, he was one of the sufferers by a mob, which attacked and sacked his church and house. He w.as successively an ardent advocate of abolition, temperance, colonization. New School Presbyte- rianism, and the aims and measures of the Evangelical .Mliance. He won high rank as a writer and preacher. 290 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. and lias been frequently a delegate to the religious anniver- saries held in London, England. Among his more notable works are " Quakerism not Christianity," and " Interviews, Memorable and Useful, from the Diary of Memory," New York, 1S53. In all measures pertaining to political move- ments, in the South and North, as related to the slaveiy (juestion, lie was an unflinching and eloquent partisan of freedom ; and was a prime mover in many important steps taken to remove from his country its chief disgrace and blemish. The well-known Bishop A. C. Coxe is his son. jOMAYNE, NICHOLAS, M. D., Lecturer on An- atomy and Medicine, late of New York city, was born in Ilackensack, New Jersey, in September, 1756. He studied under Dr. Peter Wilson, and completed his medic.il education at Edinburgh, where he published a dissertation " De Genera- lione Puris." He subsequently spent two years in Paris, and also visited Leyden, returning about the year 17S2 to New York, where he commenced his professional career. He gave jirivate lectures on anatomy, and taught many ])roressional branches with remarkable success. L'pon re- linquishing his labors in this direction he again visited Europe. Later, on account of his connection with the scheme of Blount's conspiracy, he was incarcerated for some time. He was first President of the New York Medi- cal Society, in 1S06; and in 1S07 was made first President of the College of Physicians antl Surgeons, which he had been instrumental in founding. In that institution he gave instruction in anatomy and the institutes of medicine. He died in New York city, July 2ist, 1817. Imit -"^CCLINTOCK, REV. JOHN, D. D., LL. D Clergyman, Author, late of Madison, New Jersey, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1814, '^Z and graduated from the University of Pennsyl ~^ ^ vania in 1835. He subsequently became a mem ber of the New Jersey Conference, and after being a short time in the Methodist ministry was, in 1837, elected Professor of Mathematics in Dickinson College, but in 1839 was transferred to the chair of Ancient Languages. \Vhile residing at Carlisle he made a translation, in co-operation with Blumenthal, of Neander's " Life of Christ ; " and with Professor Crooks began the preparation for publication of a series of Greek and Latin text-books. From 1848 to 1856 he filled the position of editor of the Methodist Quarterly Kevi&iu, and later was appointed a delegate of his church to the English, Irish, French and German Conferences. He was also present at the World's Convention at Berlin, in 1856. On his return from Europe he was elected President of the Troy Union, and was during a brief period pastor of St. Paul's Church, New York. In June, i860, he sailed for Europe again, and took up his residence in Paris, France, in order to take charge of the American chapel es- tablished in th.at city. From its organization, in 1S67, until the time of his decease he was President of the Drew Theo- logical Semmaiy, in Madison, New Jersey. For several years, in connection with Dr. Strong, he was occupied in preparing the " Cyclopxdia of Sacred Literature," three or more volumes of which have been completed and pub- lished. He published also "Analysis of Watson's Theo- logical Institutes;" "Temporal Power of the Pope;" and "Sketches of Eminent Methodist Ministers," 8vo., 1854. In 1S55 he edited and published " Bungener's History of the Council of Trent." He died at Madison, New Jersey, March 4th, 1S70. -^^ '^<^EESE, HON. FREDERICK II., was born Octo- I ber 2Ist, 1S23, in the city of New.irk. He gr.-id- uated at Princeton College with the class of 1S43, and immediately began preparation for the Nt-w Jersey bar, to which he was admitted in 1S46; he was made Counsellor in 1840. In 1S60 he W.1S elected by the Democrats to the New Jersey Legisla- ture, and was re-elected in 1S61. During his second term he served as Speaker, and made an excellent presiding offi- cer. In 1864 he was appointed Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Essex county, and was reap- pointed in 1S69; he resigned in 1872, and resumed his law practice. In the campaign of 1874 he was nominated by the Democrats as their candidate for Congress, and, al- ihough the district (Essex county) had two years previously given a Republican majority of nearly six thousand, he was elected. ADAL, REY. BERNARD IL, D. D., LL. D., Methodist Clergyman, Scholar and Author, late of Madison, New Jersey, was born in Maryland, in 1815, and was graduated from the Dickinson College. Joining the Baltimore Conference in 1835, he preached in Maryland, Virginia and Delaware ; afterward in Washington, Philadeljihia, Brook- lyn and New Haven. About 1850 he became a Professor ill the Asbury, Indiana, University; was for one session Chaplain of Congress ; and on the organization of the Drew Theological Seminary became Professor of Church His- tory, and on the death of Dr. McClintock, acting President. While a resident of Indiana he published essays on " Church History" in the Afel/iotihl Quarterly Han'e^u, which marked him as one of the ablest writers of his denomination. He was a forcible writer, and a chief contributor to T/ie Afeth- odist. He died at Madison, New Jersey, June 20th, 1870. BIOGRArnrCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. PGAR, ELLIS A., Superinlendent of Public In- stnicliori for the State of New Jersey, son of David and Hannah (Whitehead) Apgar, his father of German, his mother of English descent, was born at Peapacli, Somerset county, New Jer- sey, March 20th, 1S36. Receiving his prepara- tory education at the district schools of Somerset county, he entered the State Normal School at Trenton in 1S54, and graduated thence in 1S57. For several years he was engaged as a teacher in various public schools in different parts of the State, and then entered Rutgers College. In 1866 he graduated from this institution, taking the prize for mathematics. Previous to his graduation he was elected Professor of Mathematics in the State Normal School, a position that he held concurrently with and subsequent to his course at Rutgers. In 1S66, under an act of the New Jersey Legislature, a State Board of Education had been created, and at thg (irst meeting of this Board, held March 25th, iS56, he was elected State Superintendent of Public Instruction. To this office he has since been continuously rj-elected. Shortly after he had entered upon the discharge of his duties, he became impressed by the necessity for a change in the method then existing for the supervision of the public schools, .and his first work was to frame a bill, subsequently passed by the Legislature, which provided for the creation of county superintendents and examiners, thus making a radical change in the organization of the depart- ment of 25ublic instruction. His reforms, from this time onward, were constant. In his annual report for 1863 he urged that a tax should be levied sufficient to make all pub- lic schools in the State free; and this demand was practi- cally acceded to in 1S71, when an act, which he himself framed, making the public schools free during nine months in each year, was passed by the Legislature. By his ener- getic efforts, supported as they have been by the State Board of Education and by enlightened citizens in all portions of the State, the school system of New Jersey has been raised to an equality with the best in the country; and during the ten years ending with the year 1S76 the value of school property in the State has increased from $1,645,000 to $6,205,000 — a gain of $4,560,000. At the Centennial Ex- hibition a fit opportunity was afforded for making a display of this very remarkable and gratifying progress, and apply- ing himself with characteristic zeal to collecting the neces- sary malerial, the New Jersey section was one of the most brilliant mi the Department of Instruction. The following table of totals, from his report upon the New Jersey exhibit, best presents his success upon this particular occasion, and is also an effective summing up of the almost unexampled results of his years of e.amest, well-directed labor: number of colleges represented, 2; number of priv.ate schools repre- sented, 33; number of public ungraded schools represented, 1,184; number of public graded schools represented, 230; number of high schools represented, 8; number of public schools unrepresented, 120; total number of public schools in the Slate, 1,542; numlier of public school teachers in the State, 2,810; number of public school teachers who fur- nished work, 2,690; percentage of school teachers who fur- nished work, 95 per cent.; number of pupils who furnished work, 14,000; number of specimens from public schools, 16,150; number of specimens from colleges and private schools, 1,512; total nuniI)erof specimens exhibited, 17,- 662. In the above particular attention should be directed to the large percentage of teachers furnishing work, and to the great number of specimens from all sources, as these figures are capital proof of how well he. is in accord with the teachers and scholars under his control. The total per- centage of work exhibited, it should be stated, was greater in the New Jersey section than in the section of any other State represented in the Department of Instruction. Ills eminent success in massing and arranging the New Jersey exhibit has caused his appointment to the position of Su- perintendent of the Department of Education in the Perma- nent International Exhibition to be held in the Main Cen- tennial Building at Philadelphia. Notwithstanding the many and l.-iborious duties connected with his official position, he has produced several valuable scholastic works, among which m,ay be mentioned a system of map drawing now largely in use ; a fine set of geographical \\ all maps ; an excellent volume upon "Plant Analysis," and •' A Eritf History of New Jersey, for School Use"— the last named supplying a long felt want in the New Jersey schools, and being an example that promoters of education in other States would do well to follow. State history being a matter at present entirely too much neglected. lie was married, December 25th, 1867, to Camilla, daughter of Mr. Israel Swayze, of Hope, Warren county. New Jersey. ADDEN, HON. HOSEA F., Merchant, Ship- builder and State Senator of Tuckahoe, was born in Millville, Cumberland county. New Jersey, November 2d, 1817. He is the son of Hosea Madden. His family are of English descent, but have lived in New Jersey for four generations. He received a good English education at the public schools of his native county, and, his school-days over, learned the art of glass-making. In 1844 he removed to Tuckahoe, Atlantic county, where he engaged in building vessels for the river and coasting trade, and in the general mercantile business — pursuits in \^hich he speedily acquired a reputa- tion for integrity, faithfulness and administrative ability, lay- ing the foundations for the universal confidence and respect with which his fellow-citizens have long regarded him, and which they have repeatedly manifested by the public trusts they have conferred upon him. In 1S53 he was elected Sheriff of Atlantic county, holding the position for three years. He was a member of the Board of Chosen Freeholders of the county for nineteen years, during a con- 292 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. siderable part of which time he was Director of the Board. At one time and another he has filled all the prin- cipal offices of his township. His popularity is solid, begin- ning at home in his town, and extending through his township and his county out into the commonwealth at large. This was shown at his more especial entrance into political life in 1S74, when he was nominated by the Dem- ocrats of Atlantic county for the office of State Senator and elected, although the county usually gave a Republican ma- jority of from three hundred to four hundred. As the Senatorial term Lists three years, he still holds the office of Senator, the duties of which he discharges with marked vigor, industry and thoroughness. He is Chairman of the Committee on Engrossed Bills, of the Committee on Passed Bills, and of the Centennial Committee, and is, besides, a member of the Committee on the State Prison, of the Com- mittee on Railroads and Canals, and of other important committees. The estimation in which he is held by his colleagues may be inferred from the positions they have assigned him. Sound in his judgment, practical in his views, thoroughly investigating every measure upon which he is called to act, and fearless in going ahead when he is sure he is right, he is a careful and at the same time an independent legislator, and, consequently, a safe and wise one. Well does he merit the wide esteem he enjoys. He was married in 1842 to Catharine Birch, of Cumberland county, New Jersey. UXNELL, THOMAS G., Editor and Politician, Newton, Susse.\ county. New Jersey — son of David Bunnell, farmer, a descendant of William Bunnell, an English emigrant and settler in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1634, and, less remotely, of Solomon Bunnell, who migrated from New England and established the New Jersey branch of the fam- ily about the time of the French and Indian war — was born at Walpach, Sussex county, March 14th, 1S34. Having received a substantial common school education, he was for a time employed upon his father's farm. Agriculture, how- ever, was not to his taste, and his predilection for journalism was early displayed in a series of ably written articles, mainly political, contributed to the county paper, the Sussi-.r Herald. His writings having attracted a considerable amount of attention, he was offered, early in 1867, the posi- tion of local editor upon the paper, and this he held until August of the same year, when, in company with several other prominent Democrats, he became a part owner of the publication. The Ihrald is one of the oldest papers pub- lished in New Jersey, having been founded in 1829 by Grant Fitch, father of Charles W. Fitch, of Washington, District of Columbia. Selected by his associates in the purchase to be editor, Mr. Bunnell succeeded to the post so ably filled by the Hon. Henry C. Kelsey, who had relin- quished journalism in order to accept the position of Secre- tary of State of New Jersey, and his management, notwith- standing his compaiMtive freshness in the editorial harness, was of a character to gain the Herald increased respect and authority. He has since continued to conduct the paper with marked ability, and it is now one of the leaders of political thought not only in Sussex county but throughout a large portion of East Jersey. Naturally, he himself has taken a prominent part in local and State politics, and has held a number of the higher local offices. He is at present Chairman of the Newton Town Council, having been elected by a handsome majority at the close of a spirited contest. In Februaiy of the present year ( 1877) he was elected with- out opposition Engrossing Clerk of the State Senate. He was married, September 19th, 1S57, to Mary A., d.-iughter of Mr. Jonas Smith, of Sussex county. (OMEYN, REV. THEODORE DIRCK, D. D., Clergjman, Professor of Theology in the Dutch Reformed Church, son of Nicholxs Romeyn, brother of Rev. John Brodhcid Romeyn, D. D., late of Schenectady, New York, was born at Hackensack, New Jersey, January 23d, 1744. His early studies were directed by his brother. Rev. Thomas Romeyn, then a minister in Delaware. He graduated at Princeton in 1765; was ordained by the Coitus over the Dutch Church in Ulster county. May 14th, 1 766; and after- wards installed at Hackensack, New Jersey, where he remained until his reniov.al to Schenectady, New York, in November, 1784. In 1797 he was appointed Professor of Theology in the Dutch Church. The establishment of the Union College at Schenectady is to be ascribed principally to his earnest and untiring labore and efi'orts. He was twice offered the Presidency of Queen's College, New Jer- sey, but, after careful consideration, deemed it fitting to decline on both occasions. His colleague. Rev. Mr. Meyer, represents him as " a son of thimder" in the pulpit. He was importantly instrumental, also, in promoting the inde- pendence of the Dutch churches, or their separation from the jurisdiction of Holland. He died at Schenectady, New York, April l6th, 1S04. cPHERSON, HON. JOHN RHODERIC, United States Senator from New Jersey, Stock-raiser and • Dealer, of Hudson City, was born. May 9th, 1S33, in Livingston county. New York, and is a son of Daniel and Jane (Calder) McPherson, both also natives of New York State, and both of whom are of Scottish descent. He received his education at the Geneseo Academy. After leaving school he became engaged in farming and stock-raising, continuing in those EIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 293 nvocations until he wa"; twenty-five years of age. lie then removed to New Jersey, and located at Hudson City, where he became interested in stock-dealing, and was also one of the proprietors of the stock-yards in that city, which were constructed by him during 1863 and 1S64. He was also the designer and constructer of the buildings used by the Cen- tral Stock- Yard and Transit Company at Ilarsimus Cove, New Jersey, and as such they have proved a grand success, and are believed to be the most perfect system of stock-yards now in existence, while the abattoir is unrivalled. These cover an area of twenty-two acres, and are built entirely on piles, over fifteen thousand of these huge timbers being em- ployed. The tide water ebbs and flows daily over the entire space covered by the structure. It has a daily capac- ity for seven thousand head of cattle, with all the facilities for yarding, feeding, and watering the same. On the ex- treme end of the works, and fronting the Hudson river, the abattoir for slaughtering sheep and cattle is constructed, together with the chambers for the storage of live sheep. It has a storage capacity of twenty thousand sheep daily, and a daily slaughtering capacity of ten thousand sheep and two thousand cattle. At this institution all parts of the animal are utilized, so that no portion whatever is allowed to L'e wasted; and as everything is manufactured while in a per- fectly fresh condition, no offensive odor is emitted there- from. It must be remembered that this establishment is located in the very heart of the city, and in its daily opera- tion it may be considered a fair settlement of the question th.at stock-yards and abattoirs are not necessarily nuisances. There is .another feature of this great institution, and one that commends itself to pulilic favor, which is the fact that no live- stock are permitted to pass through the streets of Jersey City or New York in their distribution from these yards, all being delivered by means of the boats of the company to the butchers in New York and Brooklyn. The company have also an extensive store-room and abattoir for hogs on the west bank of the Ilackensack river, where all these animals are removed from the cars, slaughtered, and the product sent to the docks of the company in cars provided for the purpose, as no live hogs are permitted to enter the institu- tion on the Hudson river, which measurably accounts for the entire absence of anything of an offensive nature. Mr. llcPherson was also one of the originators and also one of the proprietors of the abattoir and stock-yards at West Phil- adelphia. He is at the present time the lessee of all the stock-yards on the Erie Railroad, located at Buffalo, Port Deposit, Oak Cliff, etc., and is the inventor of a new stock- car for feeding and watering cattle while in transit. This latter invention has proved a mOot valuable one, and is being brought into use on a majority of the principal roads over which live-stock are transported. He has taken an active part in political matters, and is a Democrat in princi- ples. From 1863 to 1869 he served as a member of the Board of Aldermen of Hudson City, and was President of that body for the last four years of his connection with the Board. He was elected liy the Democratic parly as Senator from Hudson counly, atul served in the sessions ol 1S72-73 and '74. During his legislative career he look a decided stand against the railroad monopolies of the Stale, and was a firm and unflinching advocate of the general railroad law, wliich was passed while he was a Senator. He served on vaiimis important committees while a member of that body, among which were Municipal Corporations, Banks, Insurance antl Commerce. In 1S73 ^^^ ^^''^^ inslrumental in obtaining the charter for the Central Stock-Yard and Transit Company, above described. He was one of the organizers and the first President of the People's Gas Light Company of Hud- son county, incorporated in 1870. In January, 1S77, he was elected to represent the State in the United States Sen- ate as the successor of Hon. Frederick T. Frelingluiyscu. He was married, in 1S6S, to Ella J. Gregory, of BulTalo, New Yolk. c) «!!- TOCKTON, REV. THOMAS [lEWLINGS, ^\[} Clergyman, Editor, Author, late of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born at Mount Holly, New Jersey, June 4th, iSoS. He began to write for the press at the age of sixteen, and studied medi- cine in Philadelphia, but in May, 1829, com- menced preaching in connection with the Methodist Protestant Church. In 1830 he was stationed at Baltimore, and in 1S33 was elected Chaplain to Congress, and re elected in 1S35 and 1837. Subsequently until 1838 he resided in Baltimore, Maryland, and in addition to discharging his pastoral duties compiled the hymn-book of the Methodist Protestant Church, and was for a short time editor of the church newspaper, the Methodist Protestant ; but, unwilling to submit to restrictions sought to be imposed upon him in its discussion of slavery by the Baltimore Conference, he resigned his position and removed to Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, where he remained till 1S47, as pastor and public lecturer. He then settled in Cincinnati, Ohio, and while residing there was elected President of Miami University, but declined ; and in 1850 returned to Baltimore, where he was for five years associate pastor of St. John's Methodist Church, and for three years and six months temporary pastor of .an Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church. From 1 856 to 1868 he was pastor of the Church of thetNew Testament, and also performed much literary labor. He had a high reputation for eloquence, and edited with marked abilily the Chisthm World and Bible Times. He was in the van in all forms of social progress, and an intrepid pio- neer in the anti-slavery party; was ardently opposed to all forms of ultra sectarianism, and by voice and pen sought the promotion of Christian brotherhood and union. Me- moirs of him have been published by Rev. Alexander Clark and Rev. John G. Wilson. He was again Chaplain to the United States House of Representatives in 1859-1S61 ; 294 BIOGRAnilCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. and in the following year filled the Chaplaincy of the United States Senate. He published an edition of the New Testament in paragraph form ; many pamphlets, ser- mons and addresses; "Floating Flowers from a Hidden Brook," 1844; "The Bible Alliance," 1850; "Sermons for the People," 1854; "The Blessing," 1857; "Stand up for Jesus," 1S58; "Poems, with Autobiographic and other Notes," 1862; "The Peerless Magnificence of the Word of God," 1S62; and "The Meditation of Christ." He died in Philadelphia, October 9th, 1S6S. RICE, HON. RODMAN M., ex-Governor of New Jersey, was born in Sussex county. New Jersey, November 5th, lSi6, and studied at the New Jersey College — protracted illness preventing his graduation, however, from that institution. He afterward pursued a course of legal studies; in 1S40 was appointed Purser in the navy; is said to have been the first person to exercise judicial functions under the American flag, on the Pacific coast, as alcalde ; was made Navy Agent there in 184S; from :85I to 1853, after his re- turn to the East, served as a member of Congress from his n.itive State; and in 1S61 was an influential delegate to the Peace Congress. He caused the establishment in New Jersey of a normal school, and was warmly and generously interested in the development of the State militia system. f LARK, J. HENRY, M. D., Physician and Author, late of Montclair, New Jersey, was born in Liv- ingston, New Jersey, June 23d, 1814, and gradu- ated from the University of New York in 1 84 1. He then entered upon a course of medical studies in New York and Europe, and finally established himself in the practice of his profession at Newark, about 1846, there gaining speedily a high reputation as a scholar and physician. For several years he ofiiciaLed as President of the Essex County Medical Society. His " Sight and Hearing" was published in 1856; and was followed in 1861 by "The Medical Topography of Newark and its Vicinity." He died at Montclair, New Jersey, March 6th, 18C9. 'ALDWELL, REV. JOSEPH, D. D., Scientist, Author, Professor of Mathematics, late of Chapel Hill, North Carolina, was born in Leamington, New Jersey, April 2lsf, 1773. In his youth, while at school, he exhibited a noteworthy fond- ness for mathematical science, and won distinc- tion as a diligent and talented student. He afterward studied for the ministry, was eng.nged for a time in teach- ing school, and in 1796 was chosen presiding Professor of the infant University of North Carolina, also performing the duties of Mathematical Professor. .September 22d, 1796, he was licensed to preach. In 1804 a presidency w.as created, to which he was chosen, and which was held by him until the period of his decease. Upon his election to this office he vacated the Mathematical chair for that of Moral Philosophy. In 1824 he visited Europe in order to direct in person the construction of a valuable philosophical apparatus, and also to make a selection of needed books for the library. "To him North Carolina is indebted for various internal improvements of his suggesting, as well as to his services in the cause of education." In 1822 he pub- lished a "Treatise on Geometry," and in 1825 the "Letters of Carlton." He died at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, January 24th, 1S35. IXON, JOSEPH, Inventor, late of Jersey City, New Jersey, before he had attained his twenty- first year, made a machine to cut files, and in various ways exhibited unusual skill and talent as a practical artisan. He afterward learned the ^ printer's trade, that of wood engraving, then lithography, and ultimately became a thorough chemist, optician, and photographer. He was probably the first per- son to take a portrait by the camera, and first used the reflector, so that the object should not appear reversed. He built the first locomotive with wooden wheels, but with the same double-crank which is now in common use. He originated the process of photo-lithography ; and to guard against abuses of this process invented the system of printing in colors on bank-notes, and patented it, but never received any benefit from his idea, all the banks having used it with- out p.iy. He perfected the system of making collodion for the photographers, and aided Mr. Harrian ni the mode of grinding lenses for common tubes. He is the father of the steel-melting business in this country ; is widely known as the originator of the plumbago crucible as now made; and his establishment in Jersey City is the largest of the kind in the world. The versatility of his mechanical genius, aided by unflagging energy and an intelligent appreciation of the pressing needs of the general community, has produced no- table and welcome results. He died in Jersey City, New Jersey, June 14th, 1869, aged seventy-one years. IMP.SON, JAMES H., Brigadier-General, Colonel of Engineers United States Army, and Author, of New Jersey, was born in that State, about 1S12, and graduated from the Academy at West Point in 1832. In 1S48 he secured at the New Jersey College the degree of A. M. Entering the 3d Artillery, he was appointed Aid to General Enslis, ^^g Sy-y^,a- JacfenJOi x-cr.'vr-'.HN'OR or :.' BIOGRAnilCAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. 295 ill ihe Florida war of 1SJ7-3S. He subsequently attained the following positions: July 7th, 1838, First Lieuteuaat of the Topographical Engineers; March 3d, 1853, Captain; March ^d^ 1S63, Major in the Engineering Corps; June, of the same year, Lieutenanl-Colonel ; March 7th, 1S67, Colonel, having previously accepted, August I2th, 1861, a Colonelcy in the 4th Regiment of New Jersey Volunteers. He took an active part in the peninsular campaign ; was en- gaged at West Point and Gaines' Mills, where he was cap- tured, June 27th, 1S62 ; from August, 1S62, to June, 1S65, was Chief-Engineer of the Department of the Ohio; and March 13th, 1865, was made Brevet Brigadier-General of the United States Army. He published " Journal of a Military Reconnoissance from .Santa Fe to the Navajo Country, in 1849," Svo., 1852; "Shortest Route to Cali- fornia," Svo., 1869; "Report on the Union Pacific Rail- road and Branches," Svo., 1865. His gallantry in time of action, always characterized by a comprehensive shrewd- ness which enabled him to take advantage of every passing circumstance, and his skill and attainments in the art of ■engineering, contributed to make him a reliable leader in the field and a valuable assistant in general military opera- tions. gim^REENWOOD, MH.ES, Manufacturer, of Ohio, was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, March 19th, 1807. In 1S17 he removed to the West with his father, and settled finally near Cincinnati, Ohio. ei'-tij' In 1832 he commenced, on the Miami canal, the Eagle Iron Works, which speedily became the most extensive manufactory in the West. In 1846 it was destroyed by fire, but was soon after entirely rebuilt. He was one of the originators of the Ohio Mechanics' Institute, and an active worker in all that related to its interests and development, contributing largely toward defr.aying the ex- penses attending the erection of their present handsome building. He was also mainly instrumental in introducing .steam fire-engines, fully appreciating their importance as safeguards of large and crowded cities. i UMMINGS, REV. MOSES, Minister, Editor of the Christian Messenger and the Palladiiitii, late of New York city, was born at Haverhill, Massa- chusetts, and entered the ministry at eighteen years of age. His initial fields of labor were throughout New Jersey and New York, and in both States he was famed for his ardor, his energy, and his many good works. In 1854 he assumed editori.il charge of the central denominational organs, the Christian Messenger and the Palladium, resigning his position in the spring of lSfi2. He was a determined opponent of slavery, and while deprecating the action of the Southern branch of the church in 1S53, was firmly opposed to all compromise or fellowship with slaveholders. As a friend and admirer of Horace Mann, he took the warmest interest in his peculiar educa- tional vieivs, and, during Mr. Mann's presidency of An- lioch College, his measures were steadfastly defended and supported by the denominational organs. He died in New York city, January 6th, 1867, aged fifty-one years. RMSTRONG, REV. WILLIAM JESSUP, D. D., Secretary of the American Board of Foreign Missions, late of New York, was born at Mend- ham, New Jersey, October 29th, 1796. Ilis degree of A. M. he received from the New Jersey Col- lege in 1S16, and that of D. D. in 1840. Under the careful guidance of his father. Rev. Dr. A. Armstrong, he acquired his preliminary education, and also, in all prob- ability, the bias which afterward exercised so important an influence on his life and career. After three years of theo- logical study he was sent to Albemarle county, Virginia, as a missionary. Subsequently he officiated for three years as pastor of a church in Trenton, New Jersey. From 1S24 to 1834 he filled the p.astorate of the First Presbyterian Church in Riclimond, Virginia, and in the course of the latter year was appointed Secretary of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions for Virginia and North Carolina ; at the same time he was given the appointment of General Agent of the American Board of Missions for these States. In the following September he was appointed successor to Rev. Dr. Wisner, Secretary of the American Board. In Ajiril, 1S38, after a residence of two years and a half at Boston, he removed to New York. A memoir of his life, with a collec- tion of his sermons, well-digested and ably-written produc- tions, edited by Rev. Ilollis Re.ad, was published in New York in 1853, and in it is given an interesting account of his useful and varied career. He was drowned in the memorable wreck of the steamer "Atlantic," November 27ih, 1S46. NDERSON, JOSEPH, Judge, Statesman and Revolutionary .Soldier, late of Washington, Dis- r=|,i trict of Columbia, was born in New Jersey, No- Y^ vember 5th, 1757. In his youth he received a ;-^>? good education, and at the completion of his preparatory studies turned his attention to the theory and practice of law. In 1775 he was appointed an ensign in the New Jersey Line, and fought at Monmouth as a Captain. In 1779 betook an active part in the expedi- tion of Sullivan against the Six Nations, in 1780 was at Valley Forge, and in the following year was a participant at the siege of York. After the termination of the contest 296 BIOGRAnilCAL ENCYCLOP-EDIA. with Great Britain, he received the brevet of Major, for gallant and meritorious conduct on the field. He then en- tered upon the practice of his profession in Delaware, and in 1791 was appointed, by Washington, Judge of the terri- tory south of the Ohio river. In this position he remained until the formation of the constitution of Tennessee, in which he assisted in a manner that won him warm commendations from the highest quarters. From 1797 to 1815 he was an influential member of the United States Senate from Ten- nessee, serving upon many important committees, and acting on two occasions as President /;o lent, of the Senate. From iSiS to l8j6 he was Fnst Comptroller of the United States Treasury. As a statesman and political leader he w.as re- markably shrewd and far-seeing ; and the various measures promulgated or supported by him at sundry crises in the development of his section, stand as eloquent witnesses to his abilities. He died at Washington, District of Columbia, April I7lh, 1S37. >OLLOCK, REV. HENRY D., D. D., Clergyman, lale of Savannah, Georgia, was born in New Pio\'idence, New Jersey, December 14th, 177S, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1794, where he subsequently acted as tutor from 1797 to 1800. May 7th of the latter year he was licensed to preach, and in the following December became pastor of a church at Elizabethtown, New Jersey. In De- cember, 1803, he was appointed Professor of Divinity at New Jersey College. From iSo5 till the time of his death he officiated as Pastor of the Independent Presby- terian Church, at S.ivannah, Georgia. As a preacher he had a brilliant reputation, and was widely esteemed for his many excellent qualities of mind and heart. He received the degree of D. D. from Harvard University in 1806. In 1822 his sermons were published in four volumes, Svo., at Savannah, with a memoir by his brother, S. K. Kollock. He died at Savannah, Georgia, December 29th, 1819. ^i INDSLEY, REV. PHILIP, D. D., Educator, Pro- i,, lessor of Archxology and Church Polity, and of Sj Langu.ages, late of Nashville, Tennessee, was born in Morristown, New Jersey, December 21st, ^'^f^ 1786, and graduated from the New Jersey Col- lege in 1804. April 24th, 1810, he was licensed to preach, and in 1807-8-9 and 't2 was tutor at Prince- ton CuHege. In 1S13 he became Professor of Languages in that institu'.ion, in 181 7 was made Vice-President, and in 1823 was chosen President, but declined the proffered honor. In December, 1824, he accepted the thrice-tendered IVesidency of the University of Nashville, and "through his cRbrts, the standard of education was raised to a level with thai of the oldest and best-endowed colleges of the 4 Atlantic States." In October, 1850, he resigned this office, and during the last four years of his life resided at New Albany, Indiana, two years of th.at time being spent as Pro- fessor of Archi-eology and Church Polity in the theological seminary there. Such was his reputation that, between 1820 and 1839, he was at different times offered the presi- dency of ten different colleges and institutes of learning. In M.ay, 1834, he was elected Moderator of the General As- sembly of the Presbyterian Church, then in session at Phil.i- delphia, Pennsylvania. His works, edited by L. I. Halsey, D. D., a well-known and talented clerg)'man, were pub- lished in Philadelphia, three volumes, 8vo., and have de- servedly been called a well of desirable knondedge and true learning. The degree of D. D. was conferred on him by Dickinson College in 1828. He died at Nashville, Ten- nessee, May 25th, 1S55. •OLLOCK, SHEPHERD, Revolutionaiy Officer, Editor, Judge, Late of Philadelphia, Pennsylva- nia, was born in Lewiston, Delaware, in 1 750. At the outbreak of the struggle with Great Britain he was commissioned a Lieutenant, and was an active participant at the battles of Trenton, Fort Lee, Short Hills, and other places of minor importance. In 1779 he resigned his position in the army and established a newspaper, the Ke^u Jersey Journal, at the village of Chatham. In 1783 he removed his press to the city of New York, and there established the Neio York Gazelleer. He afterwards, in 1787, removed to Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and revived the New Jersey Journal, which he edited for more than thirty-one years. The office of Judge of Com- mon Pleas he held for about thirty-five years, and acted as Postmaster at Elizabethtown until 1S29. He died at Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania, July 2Sth, 1S39. ;NOWLTON, MINER, Soldier and Author, late of Burlington, New Jersey, was born in Con- necticut in 1804, and graduated at West Point in 1829. Entering the 1st United States Artilleiy> he became First Lieutenant July 23d, 1835 ; April 2ist, 1846, was promoted to a Captaincy, and October 26th, 1861, retired from the service. In the years 1830-31-32-33 he was Assistant Professor of Mathe- matics at W'est Point; from 1833 to 1837 acted m the ca- pacity of Assistant Teacher of French: and from 183710 1844 was Instructor of Artillery and Cavalry. He was one of the compilers of " Instruction for Field Artillery," adopted March 6lh, 1845, for the United States army; was Aide-de-camp to Marshal Bugeaud in Algeria in 1845, and in the ensuing year served efficiently on the Rio Grande BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 297 during the Mexican war. He was the author of " Notes on Gunpowder, Cannon and Projectiles," published in 1 840; and " Instructions and Regulations for Militia and Volun- teers of the United States," in 1S61. Also, in 1857, he was President of the Common Council in Burlington, New Jersey. He died at Burlington, New Jersey, December 25th, 1870. r^/o distins 'OOKE, EDWIN T., Brevet Brigadier-General of United States Volunteers, Secretary of Legation to Chili, late of Santiago, Chili, was a native of New Jersey, and entered the United States service at the commencement of the war, in i86l, as a Captain in the 2J New York Light Cavalry. By shed gallantry he rose to the command of his regi- ment, and ultimately to the post of Chief of Staff in General Kilpatrick's Cavalry Division. In 1863 he was associated with Colonel Dahlgren in command of the force which was sent to enter Richmond from the south, and had his horse killed under him by the same volley which terminated Dahlgren's life. Being taken prisoner, he was confined for several months in one of the gloomy underground cells of Libby Prison, where deprivation of proper food, light and warmth, completely shattered a once vigorous and powerful constitution. From Libby Prison he was transferred to other places of detention in various parts of South Carolina and Georgia. Finally, after a terrible experience of eighteen months as a prisoner in rebel hands, he obtained his liberty and returned home, utterly lacking the health and strength with which he had set out to assist in upholding the cause of the Union. He then accepted the position of Secretary to the Chilian Legation, hoping that the salu- brious climate of that country might restore his impaired energies. The hope proved delusive, however, and he sank gradually into an incurable decline. After a year of con- stant illness and growing debility, he died at Santiago, Au!7ust 6th, 1S67. . UNROE, JOHN, Brevet Colonel United States Army, late of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was born in Scotland, and graduated from the acad- emy at West Point in 1814^ Entering the artil- lery branch of the service, he became Captain March 2d, 1S25, and Brevet Major, for gallantry displayed in the campaigns against the hostile Indians of Florida, February 15th, 1838. August 18th, 1846, he was promoted to the rank of Major of the 2d Artillery, having, in July of the same year, served as Chief of Artillery to General Taylor. February 23d, 1847, for efficient service performed at Buena Vista, Mexico, he was brevetted Lieu- tenant-Colonel, and Brevet Colonel after the battle of Mon- terey, Mexico, in the following May. In 1849 and 1850 38 he presided as Military and Civil Governor of New Mexico, filling that responsible office in an able and creditable man- ner; and November nth, 1856, was made Lieutenant- Colonel of the 4th United States Artillery. ^. "^ HAMBERLIN, OCTAVIUS P., Lawyer, of Flcm- ington, was born in Delaware township, Hunter- don county. New Jersey, in 1832. He is the son of Mr. A. Chamberlin, a farmer of that county, who formerly held the sherifialty, and other im- portant public trusts. He spent the greater part of his youth on his father's farm, attending the neighboring schools as occasion offered, but on the whole with such good result that he was able in 1855 to enter the University at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1859. Immediately after graduating he began the study of the law under George A. Allen, at Flemmglon, New Jersey, .and was admitted to the bar in 1864, forthwith beginning a practice which has grown steadily larger and more lucrative to the present time. In 1872 he wns appointed by Governor Parker, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Hunterdon county, an office which he still fills. He enjoys a reputation, in the profession and out of it, for solid ability and unspotted in- tegrity. Every interest and every trust confided to him is certain to be guarded with unfailing skill and scrupulous fidelity. He is a forcible and persuasive advocate, as well as a patient and sagacious counsellor and a faithful attorney. In politics he is a Democrat, and warmly attached to the principles and traditions of his party. He belongs, in fact, to that class of stout-hearted and strong-headed lawyers, to which civil freedom in all countries and ages has been so largely indebted. ASTON, HUGH M., Lawyer, of Somerville, was born at Basking Ridge, Somerset county, New Jer- sey, September 29th, 1S19. He is the son of William B. Gaston, a merchant of Basking Ridge, the family, settled in New Jersey for the last cen- tury and a half, being of Huguenot descent. He was educated at the .Somerville Academy, read law with the Hon. George H. Brown, of Somerville, and was admitted to the bar in 1844, at once opening an office in Somerville, and entering upon the practice of his profession. He w.is soon recognized as a man of sterling ability as well as of unyielding integrity, and consequently of high promise in the profession, the result being that his practice grew with rapidity until it comprehended more or less directly nearly every important case in the rich and populous region in which he lives, a clientage to which years have certainly brought no shrinkage, but rather new growth and more assured steadi- ness. The promise discerned in him at the outset of his professional career he has fully redeemed. He stands to. IJIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOr.EDlA. day among the acknowledged leaders of the bar, nol move sought and trusted by clients than admired and respected by associates, one characlerislic of his practice having always been a zealous regard for the honor and dignny of the pro fession, sharp practice being in his estimation the equivalent of dishonorable practice, befitting perhaps a sharper, but not a lawyer worthy of the name. His professional standard, l:ke his personal standard, has been high, and the verdict of his fellow-citizens, in and out of the profession, is that he has nobly lived up to both. For a number of years, it may be stated here, he was Prosecutor of the Pleas for Si-merset county. In politics he wa.s a Whig as long as the Whig party existed ; but when it passed away he joined the Re publican party, to which he has ever since adhered wiih zealous and unflinching fidelity. It of course was not to be expected that the temptations of political life would pass by such a man without assailing him, and it was almost as little to be expected that he would turn away from even the fairest and most honorable of them , but, though he con- sented to be a candid.ite for the office of Presidential Elec- tor in 1S72, he refused to stand for the State Senate, de- clining not the offer of the nomination merely, but the nomination itself, and, having thus resisted the tempter, has since been free from his importunities, agreeably to the as- surance of the .\postle James. He finds in his profession his true sphere of action, and is content, as well he may be, with its honors and emoluments, not to say its labors, which surely are multiplied and various enough. In addition to his ordinary practice, now very extended and important, he is attorney for several of the leading corporations in his sec- tion of the State, including the First National Bank of Somerville and the Easton & Anibiy Railroad. He is, however, emphatically a worker, sparing no pains in pre- paring his cases, and no zeal or vigor in presenting them. It would have been strange if such energies, guided by such abilities, had not been crowned with success. In 1862 he formed a partnership with James Beyen, which still subsists, the firm-name being Gaston & Beyen. He was maiTied, in 1849, to Frances M. Prevost. I ILKINSON, JAMES, M. D., of Bergen, Jersey City, was born, April 27th, 1837, at Accrington, England, and is the son of John and Elizabeth (Hayes) Wilkinson. Brought to the United States in infancy, he was reared and educated by his uncle at New Brighton, .Staten Island, New York. His education was received chiefly at private schools, more particularly at the boarding school of Rev. Thomas Towel, at Clifton, Staten Island, and at the cele- brated Classical Instiivite of Solomon Jenner (so well known to old New Yorkers), in 1 Icnry street. New York city. His classical education was finished at the University of the City of New York. On the completion of his literary course he went abroad, making the tour of Europe, and on his return he entered the office of Professor James R. Wood, with whom he remained three years, a diligent and painstaking student. He matriculated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in 1855, and graduated in the fall of 1858 from the above mentioned college. He at once entered upon the practice of his profession at Bergen, New Jersey, where he has ever since resided, and where he has been constantly engaged in the control and exercise of a very extensive and lucrative practice. Dr. Wilkinson has devoted his life exclusively to his professional business, and has had at all times a large and remunerative practice. His labors have been untiring ; he has never allowed himself to be restrained by heat or cold-, darkness or storms. To this persistency has he owed mainly the success of his life, and he has prospered in the world, and has deserved to do so. In i860 he married Lizzie Y. Burton, of Staten Island. In 1875, ^^^ doctor's health becoming somewhat impaired by the incessant strain of the ceaseless routiije of prol'es- sional life, he visited Europe, and returned in full, vigorous health to his accustomed duties. Few have brought such indomitable zeal and perseverance to the practice of medi- cine, and few have reaped the rewards of their labors so generously as the subject of this sketch. SBORNE, REV. ETHAN, Presbyterian Minister, Revolutionary Soldier, late of Fairfield, New Jer- sey, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, August 2ist, 1758. At the age of seventeen he volun- teered as a soldier in the revolutionary army, served in the campaign-of 1776, and was in the retreat through New Jersey. While in his twenty-seventh year he was licensed as a minister, and from December, 1789, to 1844, was settled at the (31d Stone Church, Fair- field, New Jersey. He died at Fairfield, New Jersey, May ist, 1858. G ClhMI^'ES, REV. ENOCH COBB, D. D. (Middletown, 1853), LL. D. (W.ishington College, 1859), Edu- cator, Scholar, Author, of New Jersey, was born in Haiiover, New Jersey, February 17th, 1806, and was graduated from the Middletown College ^ in 1827. Upon the completion of a preliminary course ofstudies, he became Principal of an academy at St. Albans, and afterward assistant teacher in a female semi- nary at Alexandria, Virginia, subsequently opening and pre- siding over a school in Washington City. In 1829 he was employed in teaching on board the "Constellation," in which vessel he visited the Mediterranean. In 1833 he took charge of the Edgehill school, Princeton, New Jersey, in 1838 became Professor of Languages in the Central High School, of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and in 1S44 founded ^Z'^-rt-^ /-^:^i^«-<:/^/^ /t-i ."^v^. EIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. 299 a boarding-school at Burlington, New Jersey, where he continued engaged in professional labors during Lhe ensu- ing four years. In January, 1849, he was licensed to preach by the Congregational Board of Rhode Island, and has since preached in various places on the eastern coast and elsewhere. In 1853 he was appointed Professor in Washington College, Pennsylvania; and in July, 1859, took charge of a literary institution styled the " City University of St. Louis." He has latterly been engaged in the mission for an organization of an International Prison Congress. He has published, " Two Years and a Half in the Amer- ican Navy," 2 vols., 1832; " Hints on a System of Popular Education," 1S37; "How Shall I Govern My School ? " 1838;- " Commentaries on the Laws of the Ancient He- brews;" "A Trip to Boston," 1838; "A Trip to China," 8vo. ; "Monthly Journal of Education;" "Essay on the Advantages of Studying the Classic Languages;" "Lec- ture on Education as a Source of Wealth ; " " Treatise on Regeneration," 1S63; " Essay on Temptation," 1865; and "Promises of God," 1868. He has also contributed fre- quently to the various religious and literary periodicals of the day; and has written several e.xcellent essays and ad- dresses, which have been published in the current journals, or in pamphlet form. aARDNER, COLONEL CHARLES K., United Slates Army, Editor, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born in Morris county. New Jersey, in 1787, and May 3d, 1808, became Ensign in the 6th Infantry. He then occupied success- ively the following ranks and positions: Captain, 3d Artillery, July, 1S12; Brigadier-Major to General Armstrong, .August 4ih, 1S12; Assistant Adjutant-General, March l8th, 1813; ^L'^jur, 25lh Infantry, June 26th, 1S13; Adjutant-General, April 12th, 1814; Brevet Lieutenant- Colonel, for distinguished services, February 5th, 1815; Major, 3d Infantry, and Adjutant-General, Division of the North, resigned March 17th, 181S. He was an active par- ticipant in the battles of Chrystler's Fields, Chippewa, and Niagara, and was present at the siege and defence of Fort Erie. In 1822-23 he edited the New York Pnlriot. September nth, 1829, he was appointed Senior Assistant Postmaster-General ; from July, 1836, to March, 1841, acted as Auditor of the Treasury; from March, 1845,10 July, 1849, was Postmaster at Washington City ; and from the latter date till 1853 served as Surveyor-General of Oregon. He was subsequently employed in the Treasury Department at the capitol until 1867. He was a shrewd and intrepid soldier; a wise administrator in civil, political, and finan- cial alifairs; and an able writer on special topics. His "Compendium of Infantry Tactics" was published origin- ally at New York, in l8ig; his " Dictionaiy of the Army of the United States," also in New York, in 1853; second edition in 1S60. He was the father of the rebel General Gardner, who surrendered Port Huilson, July gth, 1S63. He died at Washington, District of Columbia, November :st, iS 'MITH, REV. SAMUEL STANHOPE, D. D., conferred by Yale College in 17S3, LL. D., con- R* fened by the Harvard University in iSlo, Scholar, a^^ Clergyman, Author, late of Princeton, New Jersey, ^\\ was born in Pequea, Lancaster county, Pennsyl- vania, March l6lh, 1750, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1769. His e.arlier education was acquired in his father's academy, and in his sixteenth year he entered Princeton College, where he took his degree of Bachelor of Arts. He then became an assistant in his father's school, and in 1770-73 was engaged as tutor at Princeton, pursuing at the same time the study of theology. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Castle, being ordained in 1774; and spent some time as a Mission- ary in the western counties of Virginia. For the purpose of securing his educational services there, a seminary was established of which he was made Principal, and which afterward became the Hampden-Sidney College. After being at the head of that institution for a few years, he w.as appointed, in 1779, Professor of Moral Philosophy at Prince- ton, and was succeeded in Virginia by his brother, John Smith. Upon establishing himself at Princeton, where the ravages of the war had been most severely felt, dispersing the students, reducing the building to a state of dilapidation, and greatly embarrassing the institution financially, he made great exertions and pecuniary sacrifices to restore it to prosperity; accepted the additional office of Professor of Theology; and in 1786 that of Vice-President of the col- lege. In the previous year he delivered an anniversary address, which was subsequently expanded into a work on the " Causes of the Variety in the Figure and Complexion of the Human Species," 8vo., published in 1787. In 17S6 he was associated with other clergymen of the Presbyterian Church in preparing the form of presbyterial government which is still in force. In the absence of Dr. Wilherspoon as a member of Congress, much of the care of the college devolved upon him, and, after his death in 1794, he was elected his successor. In 1812, however, he resigned that ofiice in consequence of repeated strokes of palsy, and for several years occupied himself in preparing his works for the press. Besides two " Orations," and eight miscella- neous sermons in pamphlet form, and the work above mentioned, he published, " Sermons," 8vo., 1799; "Lec- tures on the Evidences of the Christian Religion," i2mo., 1809; "A Comprehensive View of the Leading and most Important Principles of Natural and Revealed Religion," Svo., 1S16; "On the Love of Praise," 1810; "A Contin- uation of Ramsay's History of the L'nited States, from 1808 tol8l7;" and " Lectures on Moral and Political Philoso- 30O EIOGRAPIIICAL EXCYCLOr.EDIA. phy." His " Sermons," with a memoir of his life and writings, were published in 1S21, 2 vols., Svo. His wife was a daughter of Dr. Witherspoon ; and his daughter was married to I. M. Pintard, Consul at Madeira. He was distinguished for his acquaintance with ancient and mod- ern literature, and for his eloquence and popularity as a preacher. He was courtly in person and manners, and wrote with notable elegance and perspicuity. He died at Princeton, New Jersey, August 21st, 1S19, "vacating a place and station difficult to fill." J^UDLEV, TIIOM.VS U., Lawyer, of Camden, was J! I born in Evesham township, Burlington county, n,l I New Jersey, October 9th, 1S19, his father, a ^y'^%. farmer, being the descendant of an English fam- b \ .5 ily resident in this country since the latter part of the seventeenth century. His life, until he attained his twenty-first year, was passed upon the Eve- sham farm; his education being received at the district schools, but being, by reason of his naturally studious habits, much more thorough and comprehensive than usually results from such training. His father died in 1820, and his home education was received at his mother's hands. A woman of much refinement and culture, she stimulated his predisposition to study, and constantly sought to strengthen in him his always strong love of truth for truth's sake. To her training he rightly ascribes his successful career, and to her .also may be attributed, in part at least, that sterling integrity which has ever been his most prominent characteristic. Determining upon law as a profession, he entered the office of the late William N. JefTers, Esq., in CamJen, and in 1845 was admitted to the New Jersey bar. From the outset of his legal life he held a conspicuous place in his profession, his naturally acute mind, together with his sound training in the principles and practice of law, uniting to make him unusually suc- cessful as a barrister. But a few years after his admission he was one of the leaders of the New Jersey bar. In pol- itics he was from early manhood deeply interested, and from his incisive, analytical habit of mind, has always pos- sessed a very remarkable insight into the determination of political events. Until the dissolution of the Whig party he was one of its staunchest members ; since that event he has been a no less earnest Republican. When the war be- tween the States broke out he did not shrink from it, but welcomed it ; he had foreseen it for years, and had con- stantly opposed the various compromises effected between the two parties for the purpose of staying what so very few then saw to be an inevitable evil. To a man of his stern uprightness and intense honesty only decisive action was tolerable. There was a great national wrong to be righted, and a wrong that dekay could only increase. The "battle' was to be fought, and he wished to fight it at once. Elected in 1S60 a delegate at large to the Chicago Convention, he had, and used to good purpose, the opportunity tliat he had so long hoped for to bring to issue the great question that for years had divided the nation. Of his action, and of the result of his action in that convention, the story is thus told by Charles P. Smith, Esq., of Trenton : " It w.as conceded early in the session of the convention that there were four doubtful States — New Jersey, Indiana, Illinois and Penn- sylvania — and it was necessary to cany at least two of these States in order to nominate a candidate other 4han Mr. Seward. New Jersey presented Mr. Dayton, Pennsylvania presented Mr. Cameron, and Indiana and Illinois Mr. Lin- coln. Mr. Seward was the first choice of a majority of the New England States, but the event disclosed that they preferred the triumph of principle to the success of their favorite. A committee of these States, headed by ex- Governor Andrew, w.aited upon the New Jersey delegation at their rooms, and declared that Mr. Seward was their choice, but if he could not carry the doubtful States they were willing to go for any one who could, but added : 'Gentlemen, you see our difficulty; you are not agreed among yourselves, but present three difierent candidates. Now, if you will unite upon some one man who can carry them, then we will give him enough votes in the conven- tion to nominate him. If you continue divided, we shall go into the convention and vote for Mr. Seward, our first choice.' It was narrowed down to this : the four doubtful States must unite upon a candidate, or Mr. Seward would be nominated. The convention assembled "Wednesday morning, without change in this state of affairs. Mr, Dud- ley was assigned a place on the committee to frame a plat- form, and kept busy until Thursday noon. At that time the four doubtful States assembled at Camden Hall, to endeavor to unite upon some person. Ex-Governor Reeder presided. It was a noisy assemblage, and it very soon be- came evident that nothing could be accomplished as affairs then stood. Mr. Dudley then proposed to Mr. Judd, of Illinois, that the matter should be referred to a committee of three from each of the four States. He made a motion to this effect, which was carried. Among those appointed were Judge David Davis, Caleb B. Smith, David Wilmot and William B. Mann, of Pennsylvania. On the part of New Jersey, Judge Ei)hraim Marsh, Hon. E. T. Freling- huysen and Mr. Dudley. The committee met at six o'clock in Mr. Wilmot's room, and were in session until nearly ten o'clock P. M. before anything was accomjilished. At that time it seemed that an adjournment would be carried with- out arriving at an understanding. The time had been con- sumed in talking and trying to persuade each other that their favorite candidates were the most available and best qualified. It was then that Mr. Greeley went to the door, and, finding no agreement had been reached, telegraphed to the Tribune that Mr. Sewaid would certainly be nomi- nated the next morning as the Republican candidate. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.-EDIA. Finding that the committee was about to separate without acliieving any result, Mr. Dudley took the floor, and pro- posed that it should be ascertained which one of the three candidates had the greatest actual strength before the con- vention, and could carry the greatest number of delegates from the four States in the event of dropping the other two. Judge Davis stated as to Mr. Lincoln's vote on the lirst ballot, and the probable vote of the Illinois delegates in the event of Mr. Lincoln being dropped — that is, how they would break. The committee from Indiana and Penn- sylvania also reported how the votes of their States would be cast if Lincoln and Cameron were both dropped. The New Jersey committee made a similar statement as to the strength of Judge Dayton. It was understood that a portion of the New Jersey delegates would drop Mr. Dayton, after giving him a complimentary vote, and go for Mr. Seward. This examination revealed the fact that of the three candi- dates Mr. Lincoln was the strongest. Mr. Dudley then proposed to the Pennsylvania committee that for the gen- eral good and success of the party they should give up their candidates and unite upon Mr. Lincoln. After some dis- cussion Mr. Dudley's proposition was agreed to, and a ]iro- gramme arranged to carry into execution. A meeting of the Dayton delegates from New Jersey was immediately called at James T. Sherman's room, at one o'clock that night. Most of the delegates who sustained him were pres- ent. Judge Marsh and Mr. Frelinghuysen, evidently not believing it possible to carry out the plan, did not attend the meeting. Thus Mr. Dudley was the only one from the committee present. He explained what had been accom- plished, and after talking the matter over they approved his action. It was understood that Judge Dayton was to receive one or more complimentary votes, and then the strength of the delegation to be thrown for Mr. Lincoln. It was also arranged that Mr. Dudley was to lead off in voting for Mr. Lincoln, and then they were to follow. The Pennsylvania delegation likewise adopted the plan, first giving Mr. Cameron a complimentary vote. The agree- ment of the committee was not generally known the next morning when the convention assembled. On the first bal- lot the entire New Jersey delegation voted for Mr. Dayton. The next, that portion who favored Mr. Seward voted for him, while the majority voted for Mr. Dayton. When New Jersey was called on the third ballot, Mr. Dudley stated that he should vote for Mr. Lincoln, and was immediately followed by all the New Jersey delegates save one. The result is known. New England did what she promised, and Mr. Lincoln was nominated. It was the action of the committee from the four doubtful States which undoubtedly secured Mr. Lincoln's nomination. But for this Mr. Seward would have been nominated, and there is little doubt just as surely been defeated. This is a plain narrative of the manner in which the nomination of Abraham Lincoln was brought about. It cannot be disguised that h.ad it not been for Mr. Dudley's energy and tact in the committee of doubt- ful States, the nation, in the emergency which so soon fol- lowed, would not have had the service of that great and good man at the helm." After Mr. Lincoln's election, but before his inauguration, Mr. Dudley visited him at his home in Springfield, and for almost an entire day the two were closeted together, discussing measures and men. As was to be expected, their views upon all leading questions of right and policy were identical ; in some matters of delad, and in regard to the fitness of certain men for the discharge of certain important trusts, they difiered. Mr. Lincoln named the cabinet that he had partially decided upon form- nig, and the several presumptive members were critically discussed. It is a notable fact that the men to whom Mr. Dudley took exception were not among those eventually selected by the President for his counsellors. When at last the long talk was ended, the President elect, rising, said : " Well, Mr. Dudley, whnt can I do for you ? " " Nothing, Mr. Lincoln ; you have not an office in your gift that I would accept." The grave face of the future President lighted up wilh a smile as he replied: "Give me your hand; you are the first man I have yet seen who didn't want an office!'' Furtuuatcly, for the cause of the Union, this renunciation was nullified by subsequent circumstances. Broken down by hard work, Mr. Dudley was ordered by his physician to seek recuperation in travel, and early in i86l he left this country for Europe. While in Paris he was suddenly called upon by Minister Dayton — the New Jersey candidate for the Presidency, to whom Mr. Lincoln had given the ministry to France — to fill the position of Consul to Paris, the then incumbent, an appointee of Mr. Bu- chanan's, being a declared secessionist, and Mr. Bigelow, the Consul appointed by Mr. Lincoln, not having arrived. The ail interim appointment was, at the urgent request of the minister, accepted, and its duties were exactly and ably discharged. In the fall of iS6l Mr. Dudley returned to America, but his journeyings had not been attended with the beneficial result hoped for, and his physician forbade him to resume the practice of his profession; assuring him that only by a residence abroad of several years' duration could his health be entirely restored. He was not the man to willingly enter upon a life of idleness, nor did his cir- cumstances warrant him in so doing. He applied to Mr. Lincoln for a dijilomatic appointment, and was at once made Consul to Liverpool. At the time of his application but two positions remained to be filled on the diplomatic list, the Ministry to Japan and the Liverpool Consulate. The latter the President had intended offering to his friend, Governor Kroener, of Illinois, and he therefore urged Mr. Dudley to accept the former. But it was absolutely neces- sary that Mr. Dudley should be within available distance of the best medical advice, and when the President was in- formed of this fact, he immediately ordered his commission to lie m.ade out to Liverpool. So, liy a series of apparent mischances, he was despatched as the representative of the United States at the chief commercial port of England, 302 BIOGRAnilCAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. there to serve his country with a zeal and efficiency unsur- passed by any of her sons during the dark years of the civil war. The position of Consul at Liverpool during the re- bellion was second, of all diplomatic apjxiintments abroad, only to that of Minister to the Court of St. James. Asa nation England was the professed friend of the United States ; as a people the English were the avowed friends of the .Southern Confederacy. Liverpool was the centre whence radiated the substantial aid tendered to the Ameri- can rebels by their British allies. The position of our Consul at this port w.is therefore one of the greatest conse- quence and of the greatest delicacy. In his efforts to en- force the maintenance of the neutrality professed by the government to which he was accredited, the utmost di- plomacy was necessary to avoid bringing to open war the openly expressed hostility between the two countries. Everywhere his endeavor to check the flow of supplies to the confederacy met with determined resistance — on the pirt of the people declared ; on the part of the government thinly veiled under the cloak of legal technicalities. But his individual determination was almost equal to the task of crushing the united efforts of his opponents. Acting Under his orders, a force of upward of loo men policed the ship yards of England and Scotland; he himself, iino^ni/o, constantly visited the shipping centres, and during the four years of the war not a keel was laid down in the United Kingdom that was not within twenty-four houi-s thereafter registered on the books of the Liverpool Consulate. In every case wherein the facts justified the belief that the ships in course of construction were intended for the use of the confederacy, he submitted full statements, with cor- roborative proof, to the British government; and each stage in the construction of such ships was noted and made the subject of an additional communication. Nor was his zeal unattended by personal danger. Again and again he re- ceived anonymous letters in which he was assured that un- less he ceased his opposition to the extension of assistance to the Confederate government his life would be taken; he was warned, specifically, that if he endeavored to crush certain schemes to this end, his death would instantly ensue; and he was informed that if he was found in certain spots designated he would be shot on sight. But threats had small effect upon his stem nature. He had been charged with a high duly, and that duty he fulfilled with a calm determination, and .an utter foigetfulness of self such as few other men would have been capable of. The result of his unflinching labors was as satisfactory as the labors themselves were heroic. Outside of those directly engaged m Its overthrow, no one man contributed more largely to the downfall of the Southern Confederacy than did he, by sapping the British source of rebel supplies. He remained constantly at his post until November, iS68, when he re- turned to the United .States for a brief visit; during this visit a banquet was given in his honor, at which the emi- nent men of his State and party were present. Three years later he again returned to America, and, wearied by his decade of arduous oflicial life, tendered his resignation of his Consulate. But the government was compelled to re- quest his services for a little time longer. The case of the United States, to be laid before the Joint High Commission at Geneva, was in course of preparation, and his assist.ince was essential in assembling and arranging evidence. He withdrew his tender, and set himself with his usual energy to the work assigned him. In order to facilitate his labors, his son, Mr. Edward Dudley, was appointed Vice-Consul to Liverpool, and was charged with the immediate business of the Consulate. Having assisted in the compilation of the case to go before the Geneva tribunal — sujiplying the material upon which the judgment in favcr of the United States was rendered — he finally, in 1872, returned to America, tendering his resignation, to take effect upon the appointment of his successor. No better presentation of the respect and eventual esteem which he won for hini<;elf in England, can be given than the following extract from the Liverpool Past of September 4th, 1872 : "A Liverpool gentleman last night, out of the fulness of his heart — always open to good sympathies — took upon himself the pleasing office of expressing to Mr. Dudley, who is about to leave Liverpool, the feelings with which his course as American Consul is regarded by those who have observed its tenor. It is impossible to regard such an event as Mr. Dudley's departure without reflecting on the remarkable contrast that is presented between the state of things in which Mr. Dud- ley resigns his office, and that in which he undertook it. He left his country ' with four millions of human beings held in bondage,' and he returns to it when there is not a slave upon its territory, nor a man, woman or child who does not enjoy a liberty as perfect as that of the air they breathe. The aspect of Liverpool society in reference to the LTnited States presents almost as great a contrast. Within two or three days after Mr. Dudley's arrival in Liverpool the ' Trent ' difficulty broke out. There are few among us who do not remember the excitement which this produced — the irritated state of feeling upon which the news of the seizure of Mason and .Slidell fell like spaiks upon tinder; and the strong disposition shown, especially amongst the higher and mercantile classes, to favor, by every means short of actual belligerency, the cause of the Southern Confederation. We look back now upon this period with eyes greatly clarified by the course of subse- quent events. These events were so necessarily sequent upon the conditions of the great conflict which was then commencing that it seemed to some, who spoke out at that time, impossible to anticipate any other results; but this was not the general feeling. And an American Consul, bound by his position to perform difficult duties, to make a strong stand on behalf of his countn', and to resist every attempt, whether direct or insidious, to aid that great country's enemies, helil no enviable position. None that have known Mr. Dudley will hesitate to confess that BIOGRAPHICAL E.NX-VCLOr.€DIA. 303 tliroughout the embairawing perioJ of the civil war, while hi^ firmness and shrewdness were continually exhibited on behalf of his country, he was found constantly courteous and just. No one brought into communication with him ever left him without a satisfactoiy explanation of his mo- reputation. Resolved, That while we feel just cau>ie or State pride in the distinction achieved by those honored sons of New Jersey, we tender a cordial welcome to Hon. Thomas H. Dudley, who returns to our midst after an ab- sence of many years, voluntarily closing his honorable and tives, and so far as it was possible for persons approaching eventful public mission with the successful termination of difficulties from opposite points of view to understand each other. All who had business with the American Consulate, even in the most difficult period of Mr. Dudley's service, found that to transact it was to deal with a true gentleman, and one who was both a man of business and a statesman. the Geneva arbitration, to which result he so materially < tributed by a firm and patriotic discharge of duty in a hostile land, when so many failed or faltered at home." Since his return to America, Mr. Dudley has been engaged in the practice of his profession in Camden, New Jersey, residing All the untoward circumstances which rendered that period . upon his beautiful country-seat, a few miles from that city. so trying have now passed away, and one scarcely meets in society an avowed partisan of the confederacy which once looked so formidable. As a matter of p.artisan politics, one woidd not revive the recollection of a time when the Ameri- can civil war was a great ground of polemical difference ; but much more was involved in the conflict than any mere partisanship; and to appreciate for a moment the intense feeling of satisfaction with which a politician of Mr. Dud- ley's calibre returns to America, now that the great work of President Lincoln is consolidated, is to understand that the principles at stake in the war were of permanent im- portance, and may well be regarded even now with interest and enthusiasm. There is much to be thankful for in the present state of the English mind as to American politics. It is a consolatory thing to reflect that the higher classes in this country have been brought, if only by the teachings of success, back again to that faith in the doctrines and prac- tice of freedom which wavered so sadly during the civil war. Mr. Dudley's return to America will make many re- flect wisely upon this subject, who may hitherto have given it little consideration; while his personal qualities and the recollection of .many pleasing dealings with him, even in the most unpleas'ing times, will secure for him from the commercial community of Liverpool very good wishes and a permanent interest in his public career." Coming from an English journal, albeit a journal of Liberal proclivities, this testimonial to Mr. Dudley's oflicial life in England is something of which the nation has good reason to be proud. His reception at home was as flattering as was the mani- festation of good will .attending his departure from Liver- pool. As an instance of the many marks of respect ac- corded him by his fellow-countrymen may be presented the following resolutions, read at a reception tendered to the Hon. George M. Robeson : "Resolved, That the Republi- cans of Camden, whilst reaflirming their confidence in and pledging their support to President U. S. Grant, heartily commend the able administration of home and foreign af- fairs for which his appointees are more directly responsible. Resolved, That among these agents and chief advisers. New Jersey points with pride to Hon. George M. Robeson. Hon. Thomas H. Dudley, Hon. A. G. Cattell, Hon. F. T. Fre- linghuysen. Justice Bradley, and other eminent statesmen, diplomats and jurists, who acquired an enviable national His shrewd business ability has caused him to be frequently called upon to act as a corporation officer, and he is at present President of the Pittsburgh, TitusviUe & Buffalo Railroad Company, and of the New Jersey Mining Com- pany, besides being a member of the Boards of Direction of the Camden & Atl.antic Railroad Company, West Jersey Railroad Company, Camden & Philadelphia Ferry Com- pany, and People's Gas-light Company, of Jersey City. He was also a member of the Centennial Board of Finance. ACOBUS, MELANCTIION WILLIAMS, D. D., LL. D., was born at Newark, New Jersey, Sep- tember 19th, 1816. He was the eldest son of Peter and Pha;be (Williams) Jacobus. In his fif- teenth year he entered Princeton College, sopho- more class, and three years later graduated with first honors from that institution. One year later he matric- ulated at the Theological Seminary at Princeton, and on completing his course was appointed Assistant Professor in the Hebrew department. Here he remained a year, when, in answer to a unanimous call, he assumed charge of the First Presbyterian Church, of Brooklyn, New York. He was installed in 1839, and to him this church owes its per- petuity and success. In 1850, his health failing, he visited Europe, and with his wife went into Egypt, Palestine and Syria, returning home by way of Constantinople and Greece. During his absence he was elected Professor of Oriental and Biblical Literature in the Theological Seminary at Alle- gheny, Pennsylvania. Resigning his ministerial work, he assumed the duties of his chair m 1852, and continued ac- tively engaged therein until ill health obliged him, in 1866, to make a second tour in Europe. He is the author of many and valuable works upon theological subjects; in 1848 he published a volume of Notes on the New Testa- ment, entitled "Matthew with the Harmony;" subse- quently, " The Catechetical Question Book," " Mark and Luke," a " Commentary on St. John's Gospels," and " The Acts of the Apostles." In 1864-65 two volumes on Genesis were issued by him, and in 1873 the first volume on Ex- odus, entitled " Egypt to Sinai." These, with many other BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. works and pamphlets, are now accepted as among tlie stan- dard theological literature of the day. In 1852 the degree of D. D. was conferred upon him by Jefferson College, Pennsylvania, and in 1867 he was created an LL. D. by his Alma Mater. At the General Assembly of the Old School Presbyterian Church, in New York, May, 1869, he was chiKcn Moderator, and he also occupied a most important position in the Assembly of 1870. For some years he lulled the position of Secretary of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church. January, 1840, he married the eldest daughter of Samuel Hayes, M. D., of Newark, New Jersey. JAN SAXTVOORD, GEORGE, Lawyer and Author, late of Troy, New York, was born in Belleville, New Jersey, December Sth, 1S19. His father was Rev. Staats Van Santvoord. He was graduated at Union College in 1841, during the ensuing three years devoted himself to the study of law at Kinderhook, New York, then removed to the Stale of Indiana. He subsequently returned to Kinder- hook, and there continued actively engaged in professional labors from 1846 to 1852. He afterward resided at Troy, New York, until the time of his decease. In 1852 and 1S56 he was elected to the Assembly of New York, and in 1S59 became District-Attorney of Rensselaer county. New York. He has published, in addition to numerous contri- butions to periodical literature, " Life of Algernon Sidney," 1S51 ; " Principles of Pleading in Civil Actions under the New York Code," Svo., 1852 and 1855; "Indiana Jus- tice," 1845, and a recent edition thereof; "Lives of the Chief-Justices of the United States," Svo., 1S54; "Prece- dents of Pleading," Svo., 1S58; and " Practice in the Su- preme Court of New York, in Equity Actions," 1S60-62. He also wrote, for the " Democratic Review," lives of prominent and leading French revolutionists, including those of Robespierre, Danton and Carnot. His father, who w.as p.astor of the Dutch Reformed Church at Belleville, New Jei*sey, was a man of sterling attainments, an exemplary minister, and a highly-respected citizen. He was accident- ally killed at East Albany, New York, by being run over by a train of cars, March 6th, 1S63. ^ /UCKER, HON. JOSEPH, a prominent citizen of III New York, late of that city, was born at Eaton- Ill town. New Jersey, but removed to New York in 1805, and there engaged in business as a master- mason or builder. He was an active participant in many of the actions and engagements attending the war of l8l2, and served fourteen years in the State militia. He was twice elected, on the old Whig ticket, to fill the office of Alderm.an ; in 1S36 w.as strongly urged to accept the nomination of a Representative in Congress, but declined; in 1840 was on the Whig electoral ticket, and in 1842 was a member of the New York Stale Assembly. Throughout the city and the State he was known and re- spected as an useful and upright citizen ; and had he been endowed with a greater measure of ambition, might have aspired to offices of trust and distinction with every proba- bility of success. He died at New York city, in the eightieth year of his age. ILLEDOLER, REV. PHILIP, D. D., Prominent Clergyman of the Dutch Reformed Church, President of Rutgers College, New Jersey, Au- thor, lale of Staten Island, w.is born in Farming- ton, Connecticut, September 22d, 1775, and was of Swiss parentage. While engaged in study at Edinburgh, he became distinguished as a scholar, particu- larly in the application of chemistry to the pui-suits of life. The Highland Agricultural Society having offered a pre- mium of fifty sovereigns for the best analysis of oats, he was the successful competitor. In May, 1795, he became minis- ter of the Reformed Church in New York ; from 1810 to 1S13 was pastor of the Third Presbyterian Church in Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania; from 1S13 to 1820 officiated in Rutgers Street Collegiate Church, New York, and from 1825 to 1835 was President of Rutgers College, New Jer- sey, acting at the same time as Professor of Moral Philoso- phy in that institution. He was one of the founders of the Bible Society, and at different times published many lec- tures, addresses, essays and treatises. He died at Staten Island, September 22d, 1S52. "!& hment, February gth, 1776, Lieutenant-Colonel, 4th Regiment, Light Dra- goons, Continental Army, February 13th, 1777; Lieutenant- Colonel Commandant, 1st Regiment, Continental Army, December loth, 1779; and later, Colonel, Continental Army, with orders to assume command over all cavalry in the southern army. He commanded the cavalry also after the defeat at Monk's Corner, in April, 17S0, and with the greater portion of his regiment was surprised and captured at Lannean's p'erry, on the ensuing M.ay 6th. For some time, from July iglh, 1798, he acted in the capacity of Brigadier-General of the provisional army. He died at New Brunswick, New Jersey, February loth, 1S03. C-*Ml1' ADDELL, REV. JAMES, D. D. (degree conferred by the Dickinson College, in 1792), eloquent Presbyterian divine, father-in-law of Rev. Archi- bald Alexander, D. D., late of Louisa county, Virginia, was born in Newry, Ireland, in July, 1739. His parents emigrated with him to the United States during his infancy, and settled on While Clay creek, Pennsylvania. He was educated at the classi- cal school of Rev. Dr. Finley, in Nottingham, Maryland, and in that establishment at a very early age acted as as- sistant tutor. Subsequently he was engaged in teaching for a time at Pequea, Lancaster county, Pennsylvania. He was also engaged as assistant to President Smith, of the Hanip- den-Sidney College, and President S. S. Smith, of the New Jersey College, where he was very popular with the stu- dents, and admired also by the inhabitants of the town. He began the study of medicine, but having been induced liy the celebrated preacher, Rev. Samuel D.i-ies, to enter BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. the ministry, he devoted liimsclf to the study of theology, and ill 1761 was licensed as a probationer at Tinkling Spring, Virginia, by the Presbytery of Hanover. He was ordained in June, 1762, and accepted a call from the churches of Lancaster and Northumberland, Pennsylvania, but resigned his charge in 1776, and removed to the valley of the Shenandoah. In 1785 he settled on a large estate, purchased by him in Louisa county, which he called " Hope- well,'' and preached in various churches in that region during the remaining twenty years ol his life. Shortly after Iiis last removal he became blind. His reputation as a preacher and pulpit-orator has become widespread through the well-known description of his preaching given by Wil- liam Wirt, early in the present century, in the volume entitled '• The British Spy." Mr. Wirt heard him after he had become blind and paralytic, but says that " he exceeded all that he had been able to conceive of the sublimity of Mas- sillon, or the force of Bourdalone." At his death he ordered all his manuscripts to be destroyed. He died in Louisa county, Virginia, September 17th, 1S05. aCIIENOR, HON. ISAAC, LL.D., Judge, Gover- nor, late of Bennington, Vermont, W'as born in Newark, New Jersey, February 8th, 1754, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1775. While studying law at Schenectady, New York, early in 1777, he was appointed Assistant Com- missary-General, and stationed at Burlington, New Jersey, where he entered upon the practice of his profession, and soon became prominent in public afli;iirs as an able exponent of his political views, and as promoter or opposer of the measures and movements of those in power. From 1 781 to 17S4 he served as a Representative in Congress ; in 1782 was the Agent of the .State to Congress ; acted as a member of the .State Council from 17S7 to 1792; from 1791 to 1794 held tlie position of Judge of the Supreme Court ; was Chief-Justice in the years 1795 and 1796; a member of the Council of Censors in 1792 and in 1813 ; Commissioner for ailjusting the controversy with New York in 1 791 ; Senator in 1795 and 1797 ; Governor from 1797 to 1807, and from 1 80S to 1S09; and again United States Senator from 1815 to 1821. He died at Bennington, Vermont, December nth, 1S38. .\MPBELL, E. L., Lawyer, of Trenton, was born February 2d, 1833, "ear Belvidere, Warren county. New Jersey. His parents were natives of New Hampshire. Reared partly on a farm and partly in Belvidere, he was educated .it Lafayette College, Pcnnsjlv.mia, from which he gradu- ated in 1855. After his graduation, he engaged in teaching at Belvidere. teaching successively in the Classical Academy and the Female Seminary of the town. In 1S60 he was admitted to the bar, and entered upon the practice of the law at Belvidere. But fate had ordained that his first laurels were not to be won in the forum. On the fall of Sumter in April, iS6i,and the consequent call for 75,000 three months' troops, he immediately took an active interest in the raising of men. Finding that the only way to get anything done was to lead, he led accordingly, calling a public meeting on the l8th of April, and enlisting himself in advance not only of all the rest of the meeting, but of all the rest of the county. This was a kind of eloquence nobly adapted to the occasion, and not easily resisted, the result being that a company, with him as its Captain, was formed by the next night. His company was ordered to Trenton by Governor Olden on the 27tli of April ; but, the brigade assigned to New Jersey being full, and overflowing to the extent of eleven companies, the greater number of the company returned to their homes, while he enlisted in Company D, of the 1st New Jer-sey (three years') Volunteers, then just ordered, serving successively for some days as private, corporal, and sergeant. Whilst thus engaged, he received from Governor Olden, unsolicited and unanticipated, authority to raise a three years' company, which he at once acted upon by re- organizing his first company, effecting the work so promptly that the company was mustered in on the 28th of May, 1S61, being enrolled as Company E, of the 3d New Jersey Volun- teers. In less than a month afterwards his company, form- ing a part of the 1st Brigade, was at the front, receiving the baptism of fire and blood on the banks of the Chickahominy. Through this sanguinary campaign and the succeeding one, he served at the head of his company, and as Acting-Major of the regiment, until he received, on the battlefield of Chantilly, September 2d, 1862, a commission as Lieutenant- Colonel of the 15th New Jersey Volunteers ; when, with the view of joining his new regiment at Washington, he ten- dered the resignation of his Captaincy, which, however, the corps commander refused to accept until the operations of the command became less active. After the battle of Antietam, in which he was wounded in the head, his resig- nation was accepted, and, September 27th, 1862, he joined his regiment at Washington, already on its way to the front. He served as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 15th — assigned to the 1st Brigade, containing his old regiment, the 3d — until the 1 6th of February, 1 865, when he was commissioned as Colonel of the 4th New Jersey Volunteers, having previously been brevetted Colonel from the 19th of October, 1864, for "conspicuous gallantry" in the battle of Cedar Creek. In this battle he was severely wounded, the incident bringing into strong relief not merely his coolness, but the devotion of his men. " During the action," says Foster, " Colonel Campbell was struck by a bullet which shattered his left arm, but he kept command until the greatest danger was over, when, weak from the loss of blood, he was forced to mount an orderly's horse and leave the field. The word flew along the line, ' Colonel Campbell is wounded,' and BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. 313 even in the excilenient of the hour the men turned from the observation of the enemy to follow him with their eyes. As he rode away he lifted his uninjured hand and motioned to them, which they interpreted to mean, ' Hold on.'" In February, 1865, while still sufiering from this wound, he was ordered by General Meade to join his staff as Judge- Advocate-General of the Army of the Potomac, a position which he filled until the army was mustered out of service, when he rejoined his regiment, mustered out on the I2th of July, 1865, and conducted it home. His military record, as may be seen, is thoroughly a lighting one. He was a fighting soldier, and commanded a fighting regiment in a fighting brigade, which latter indeed he also commanded in many memorable engagements, includingparticularly Sheri- dan's immortal battles in the Valley, being in fact brevetted Brigadier-General, April 9th, 1865, for "gallant and meri- torious services." To him at least war was a reality, as will be readily acknowledged by those who learn, that, out of the one hundred and fifty or one hundred and eighty original officers in his brigade, he was the only one left with the body so early as October, in 1864. He served in the Army of the Potomac, at the front, throughout the war, from Bull Run to Appomattox; never missing a b.ittle, and, with a single exception, never missing a skirmish ; never being absent from the front but eight or ten days each winter when well, and never so much as three months altogether, even when wounded ; and, what perhaps is most remarka- ble, never asking a promotion or encouraging a friend to ask it for him. Evidently he went into the army to fight. And certainly he took the right way to get fighting to do. He chose his comrades shrewdly. Of the 1st Brigade, to ■which his regiment belonged, and which he commanded on many a famous field, Foster, in his history of " New Jersey and the Rebellion," thus speaks : " But the memory of this scarred and storied command still remains. On a score of fields it had exhibited the rarest heroism. In discipline, in .sturdy, faultless courage, in unwavering and sublime devo- tion, it justified, down to the Latest field, the high expecta- tions of that knightly soldier who m.ade it what it was. Tried in many a fierce and pitiless fire, it had never faltered. Exposed, sometimes, to peculiar hardships, thinned by disease, weakened by heavy loss, it never for an hour lost its faith in the cause. The hospital devoured and the trench swallowed up many of its bravest and best, but the ist Brigade, even when but a remnant of its strength remained, was still undaunted. No danger appalled, no privation dismayed, no losses disheartened the veterans who with a lofty pride fought and died for Freedom's sake. When at last, with torn standards and lean ranks, it marched from the field, where it had helped to achieve an honorable peace, it was welcomed home with right royal greeting; the people h-iiling it with glad acclaim, and with it rejoicing that the sound of war had ceased from the land. To-day, scattered in .-ill the walks of life, those of its members who yet survive perform the old duties and bear the old burdens, familiar 40 before they ever marched a field ; but their proudest boast is that they once fought with Kearney and the grand old Army of the Potomac, for tlie fiag which to hiin and to them was dearer than all things else." Of his regiment the same historian says: " In all the qualities of courage, endurance, and devotion to duty, this was among the foremost of New Jersey regiments ; to have fought in its ranks on the ghastly fields where it won celebrity may well be counted an honor at once lustrous and imperishable." And, finally, this historian says of the man himself: "Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Campbell had come out of the battle of McClellan's Maryland campaign with honor, and joined the 15th Regiment on the march to Bakersville. Here, upon the sickness of Colonel Fowler, he took command, which he held during most of the time the regiment was in the service, leading it in nearly every great battle in which it participated. One who served with the regiment says, ' If the 15th ever performed any efficient service for the country, or by its conduct reflected any honor upon New Jersey, it was due more to Edward L. Campbell than any other man. His bravely, integrity, capacity, and diligence, stamped the regiment with a character whose value was known in many critical junctures and hard-fought battles.' " The records show that his command suffered more than any other New Jersey regiment in the field. At the close of the war he returned to Belvidere, and renewed his practice, but was compelled to leave it off in the course of two or three months, in consequence of his impaired h-'aith. About this time Governor Ward sent for him to take charge of the State Military Agency at Trenton, a trust which he at first declined, but, on the Governor's insisting, ccepted, believing that the business could be soon closed u 1. It, how ever, engaged him for two years ; at the end of which time, his health meanwhile having gradually re- covered, he returned to his profession, and was presently fully engaged in successful practice. He is now the City Solicitor of Trenton. E.ADING, J.AMES NEWELL, Judge, was born in Flemington, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, August 8lh, 1808, his father being Joseph Read- ing, a farmer. His first studies were pursued in a common school and then a grammar school, after which he entered Princeton College, in the junior class, in 1827, .and gradu.ated in 1S29. He then studied law with Governor S. L. Southard, in Trenton, and was admitted to the bar of New Jersey in 1832. He prac- tised law in his native town from that time until 1850. He was married February loth, 1835, to Sarah C. A. Southard, niece of the Governor. For fifteen years he was Prosecut- ing Attorney for Hunterdon county. In 1S50 he went to Jefferson county. Missouri, and was there as President of a lead mining company for two years. He then returned to New Jersey, settled up his private business and moved to 3H BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOP.liDIA. Morris, Illinois, where he now reside';. He was led to the place by the opportunities it presented for engaging ni land business, which he had observed on his way to Missouri. His voice had nearly failed him, and he followed his pro- fession only partially, saving his voice thereby and ulti- mately recovering it fully, when he again resumed his practice in full. He engaged at once in a land business, and continues in it to this day. In 1865 he was elected County Judge of Grundy county, which position he has held for ten years. He was also a member of the Legislature from the same county for one term, and for a period Clerk of the Circuit Court in the county. During his residence in New Jersey he was at one time Colonel of a regiment of militia. From 1869 to 1S71 he resided in Chicago and practised law with Judge Wallace, after which he returned to Morris. The Judge is a gentleman very generally re- spected in his county, and highly esteemed for his worth of character. 'ILLYER, REV. ASA, D. D., Prominent Presby terian Clergyman, late of Orange, New Jersey, was born in Sheffield, Massachusetts, April 6th, 1763, and graduated at Yale College in 1786. September 29lh, 1789, he was ordained at Bottle Hill, New Jersey, and in 1837 sided with the New School, whose views concerning various religious tenets and observances met with his approval. His degree of D. D. was conferred on him by the Allegheny College in 1S18. He died in New York, August 28th, 1840. S^i^cLEAti, REV. DANIEL VERCH, D. D., Presby- -nUIII terian Clergyman and Author, late of Red Bank New Jersey, was born in 1801. For several years he performed the duties of the pastorate of the Old Tennent Church, Freehold, New Jersey, and from 1854 to 1S64 was President of Lafayette College, Easton, Pennsylvania. Up to the ime of his de- cease, after his withdrawal from Easton, he presided as pastor over a church at Red Bank, New Jei'sey, where he died, November 23J, 1S69. ACLEAN, JOHN, M. D., Chemist, Physician, Scientist, Author, late of Princeton, New Jersey, was born in Glasgow, Scotland, in March, 1771, and was the son of an eminent Scotch scholar and surgeon. After studying in various cities, he com- menced the practice of surgery at his native city in 1791. In 1795 he came to the United Slates, and was appointed Professor of Chemistry and Natural History in the College of New Jersey, and subsequently of Natural Philoso- phy and Mathematics, which position he rcsigiieii, however, in 1 812, having been ajipointed Professor of Natural Philoso- phy and Clicinislry in William and Mary College. His principal publication was " Lectures on Combustion ; " while his vario.us papers l)earing upon the controversy with Dr. Priestley, and published in the '• New York Medical Repository," attracted much attention, and elicited favoralile criticism from those interested in the discussion. He diod at Princeton, New Jersey, in February, 1814. lERSON, HON. ISAAC, M. D., Prominent Physi- cian, late of Orange, New Jersey, was born in New Jersey, August 15th, 1770, and was edu- cated at Princeton College, where he graduated in 1789. Subsequently he i)ecame a Fellow of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. During a period extending over forty years he was actively engaged in professional labors as a medical practitioner, and won honorable distinction through the many successes at- tending his conduct of cases of a very critical and perplex- ing nature. Besides attending to his duties as a physiciim, he always evinced a warm interest in the currenf political questions and movements, and was earnest in his advocacy of those measures which seemed to him best fitted to ad- vance the welfare of his State and the leading interests of his fellow-citizens. From 1827 to 1S31 he was a Repre- sentative in Congress from his native State, He died in New Jersey, September 22d, 1833. §LEXANDER, REV. JOSEPH ADDLSON, D. D., Learned Divine and Author, son of Dr. Archibald Alexander, and brother of Dr. James Waddell Alexander, late of Princeton, New Jersey, was born in Philadelphia, April 24lh, 1809, and grad- ^ uated from the New Jersey College in 1826. From 1830 to 1S33 he served as Adjunct Professor of An- cient Languages and Literature in his y^/iim A/afer ; and from 183810 1 85 2 was Professor of Biblical Criticism and Ecclesiastical History at Princeton Theological Seminary. He was subsequently transferred to the Chair of Biblical and Ecclesiastical History, which he held until the time of his decease, performing its responsible duties with vigor and rare ability. The degree of D. D. was conierred on him by the M.irshall College, Pennsylvania. He published : " A Translation of and Commentary on the Psalms," three vols. ; "A Crilical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah," and an abridgment of the same; a volume on primitive church government, and numerous excellent essays in the "Biblical Repertory" and "Princeton Re -^ /f^^^^l^/^^./ BIOCRAnilCAL ENCVCLOP/EDIA. 315 view." lie also aided Dr. Ilodge in the preparation of a Commentary dn the New Testament. lie was a linguist of unusual powers, and the possessor of a large and valua ble store of philological learning. In the " Memoir," pub- lished Ijy II. C. Alexander m 1S69, is presented an interest ing account of him and his labors in various fields, as educator, writer and professor. He died at Princeton, New Jersey, where he was universally respected and ad mired for his many gifts and acquirements, January 2Sth, 1S60. •r,EMING, CHARLES E., Lieutenant Commander United States Navy, was born in New Jersey, and in January, 1835, was appointed fiom New York. In 1S62 he received his commission as Lieutenant- Commander. His total sea-service extended over a period of about nmcteen years. He com- manded the gun-boat " Sagamore,' in the Gulf Squadron, during the late war, and subsequently the " Penobscot." At the time of his death, at Mount Holly, New Jersey, in the fifty-second year of his age, he was unemployed. LEXANDER, REV. ARCHIBALD, D. D. (con- ferred by the New Jersey College, iSlo), Presby- terian Divme, Itinerant Missionary, Profcssoi of Theology, Author, late of Princeton, New Jersey, was born in Rockbridge county, Virginia, April 17th, 1772. His grandfather, Archibald Alexan- der, came from Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1736, and about 1738 settled in Virginia. At the age of ten years he was sent to the academy of Rev. William Graham, at Timber Ridge meeting-house. At the expiration of six or seven years from this time he assumed the duties of tutor m the family of General John Posey. Subsequently he entered upon a course of theological studies, was licensed to preach October 1st, 1791, and during the ensuing seven years l.n- bored zealously as an itinerant inissionary in his native State. Succeeding Dr. Smith in the Presidency of Hamp den-Sidney College in 1796, he finally resigned that office and also his pastor.al charge in 1801. In the following year he resumed his position at Hampden-Sidney College, but owing to the insubordmalion and refractory spirit of the students under his charge, accepted a call from the Pine Street Church, Philadelphia, where he was installed pastor, M.ay 20lh, 1807. From 1811 until the period of his de- cease, he presided as Professor of the Theological .Seminary at Princeton, New Jersey, He was the author of *' Out- lines of the Evidences of Christianity," published in 1823, *' Treatise on the Canon of the Old and New Testaments," published in 1826; " Counsels of the Aged to the Voung," published in l'>33; " Lives of the P.itnarchs," published in 183s; " Essays on Religious Experience," published in 1840, "History of the Log College," published m 1S46; " History of the Israelitish Nation," published in 1852, and " Moral Science," in the course of the same year. He pub- lished also a meniuir of his old instructor, Rev. W lUiain Giaham, "History of the Presbyterian Church in \'\v- ginia; " and many biographical sketches of eminent Ameri- can clergymen and alumni of the College of New Jersey, and contributed to the '• liibhcal Repertory," and other periodi- cals of a literary and religious character. At his demise he left a number of manuscript works, which will prob.ilily be published at no distant date. His son. Rev. James Wad- dell Alexander, D. D., a distinguished Presbyterian clergy- man and author, published his "Life" in New Vuik in 1854. He died at Princeton, New Jersey, October 22d, 1851, after a career of eminent usefulness, and pious and scholarly labors. ROES, JOHN, D. D., Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church m New Jersey, late ol New Brunswick, was born in Elizabelhlown, New Ji r sey, of parents who had emigrated from Gcr many, June 1st, 1762. His father intended to instruct him in some mechanical em]>loymenl,lHit noting his early and precocious fondness for study ami ic.id- iiig, gave him finally the option of learning a tt.ide or pro- curing an education by means of his own exertions. He unhcitatingly chose the latter alternative, but his endeavors in this respect were, for a considerable time, retarded by the war of the revolution. Tiiree or four years subsecpienliy he was called upon to take up arms in the cause of his country, and he continued engaged in martial pursuits, wiih occasional intervals of rest, until the peace in 1782. He then resumed his studies with increased interest, and with that diligence and energy which marked his course through life continued his efforts towards the speedy acquisition of a thorough and liberal education. By tireless perseverance he rapidly acquired a good knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages, at the same time laying the f jundation of an unusually accurate knowledge of the English tongue and Its higher literature. Having m.ade these acquisitions, he undertook the business of instruction, thereby riveting more firmly the knowledge he had gained, and procuring the means of supporting himself while studying divinity. In 1790 he was ordained Deacon, and in 1792 Priest, by Bishop White. The first years of his ministry he spent in Swedesborough in connection with the church of that place, but in iSoi he received an invitation from Christ Church, New Brunswick, and .St. Peter's Church, Spotswood, to become iheir pastor, and at the same time was elected Prin- cipal of the academy in New Brunswick. In 1808 he re- signed the charge of the academy, having previously resigned that of the church at Spotswood, and devoted himself solely to the church in New Brunswick. In 1815 he w.is elected, 5i6 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. by the convention of the church in Connecticut, Bi:,hop of that diocese, but this appointment he dechned. In the same year he was chosen Bishop in his own Slate, and was consecrated to that office in Noveml)er. In this responsible station his industry, aliility, and zeal were abundantly mani- fested. Almost every year he visited all the churches in the diocese, and by his judicious management of the mis- sionary fund, assisted importantly in resuscitating several old and decayed congregations, and in establishing several new ones. He was a self-made man, humanly spe.aking, and to himself alone was he indebted for his solid and brilliant attainments, and a reputation lustrous and free from stain or blemish. Industry, energy, a mind never darkened by despondency, and an unswerving uprightness, were his distinguishing characteristics. His sermons, charges and addresses always bore the stamp rif earnest piety, sincere meditation, and a r.ire and genial reliance on the beneficent rulings of an inscriil.able Providence; while, as a writer, his style was pointed, logical and direct. He died at his resi- dence in New Brunswick, July 30ih, 1S32. 'REVLING, ADAM W., Merchant, was born near Washington, Warren county, New Jersey, De- cember 4lh, 1S2G. His father, Samuel Crevling, was a farmer in Warren county. The family were among the early German settlers of New Jersey. Adam was educated in the public schools, and at the age of fourteen began his mercantile career as clerk in a store at Asbury, New Jersey, after which he engaged in the same capacity at Washington, and then at Oxford, sul)se- (piently returning to Washington, where he continued as clerk only one year longer, when, in 1848, he set up busi- ness on his own account, and has prosecuted it ever since with steadily increasing success, until it is now probably one of the largest retail businesses of the kind in New Jersey, his yearly sales amounting to from $150,000 to jS200,ooo. In the work of building up and conducting this vast busi- ness he has had successively a number of partners. The health and vigor of the main stem may be seen in its flour- ishing offshoots. Mr. Crevling devotes his entire time to his special business, with such ramifications as it h.as made into real-estate and building operations, which of late years have in fact diverted a considerable portion of his energy and capital, though in these, as in the principal channel of his business, prosperity has waited on his ventures. He is a Republican in politics, but, whilst keenly alive to his duties as a citizen, takes little interest in the ordinary strife of parties. He IS a member of the Presbyterian church, in which he is conspicuous for his activity and zeal. He was married in 1848 to L. A. Bodine, of Warren county. His eldest son is at present associated with him in his business, which, ex- tensive as it is, and unpropitious as the times have long been, shows no signs of decline, a strong testimony to the ability and character of its experienced head. BBETT, HON. LEON, of Jersey City, Lawyer and Statesman, was born in Philadelphia, October Sth, 1836, his birthplace being within a hundred yards of the old tree under which William Penn made his treaty with the Indians, known in history and tradition as the " Treaty Tree." His great- grandfather, born in 1730, a Quaker and a farmer, emigrated when a young man to Pennsylvania, and settled in the vicinity of Philadelphia, where he and his descendants lived as farmers until 1830, when the latter began to dis- perse, the father of the subject of this sketch removing to Philadelphia. Although a man in moderate circumstances, he wave a lilieral education to his son, Leon, who, after a term at one of the common schools, graduated in 1853, as Bachelor of Arts, at the High School of Philadelphia, and in 185S received the degree of M.isler of Arts. Immedi- ately following his graduation he entered the law office of the Hon. John W. Ashmead, then United States District Attorney for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania, where he remained until of age, when he opened a law office of his own. Having practised a year in Philadelphia, he removed to New York, where, though he had powerful competi- tors around and before him, and no friends at his back, he advanced so rapidly in his practice that it soon grew too great for his management single-handed, and he formed a partnership with the distinguished patent and admiralty law- yer, Wm. J. A. Fuller, the lirm of Abbett & Fuller at once taking rank among the first law establishments of the metro- politan city. Their practice has become immense, and is steadily increasing from year to year. On the Sth of Octo- ber, 1862, the anniversary of his birth, he was married to a young lady of Philadelphia, signalizing the event by trans- ferring his residence from New York to Hoboken, thereby becoming a citizen of New Jersey, and involuntarily draw- ing down on liimself the necessity of a political career. Being a Democrat, strict and staunch, and a popular speaker of great spirit and effectiveness, the Hoboken De- mocracy, rejoicing in his steadfastness and his eloquence, pressed him early into their service, and in 1864 elected him to the Assembly, in which he represented Hoboken for two consecutive terms, making, during the first term, a singularly able and judicious speech on the Thirteenth Amendment, which attracted wide attentitm, extorting the admiration even of his political opponents. During both terms his Demo cratic colleagues showed their high appreciation of his ability by recognizing him as their leader. Besides repre- senting Hoboken in the Assembly, he served it as Corpora- tion Counsel for three years, resigning in 1S68, the Common Council of the city adopting on the occasion resolutions warmly acknowledging his services and regretting their BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. 317 terminalion. He was also Corporation Attorney for the town of Union over two years, when his increasing business constrained him to resign, though he is still retained by the township in all its more important cases, as he is by Holm- ken. He IS now the Corporation Counsel for Bayonne, having held the office since Bayonne became a city. In April, 1S76, he was appomted Corporation Counsel by the Boaid of Finance and Taxation of Jersey City, whither he had re- moved on the expiration of his second term as Representa- tive of Hoboken in the Assembly. He was Chairman of the Democratic State Convention which met at Trenton in 1868 to nominate presidential electors and a governor, and acquitted himself as a presiding officer with signal distinc- tion, insomuch that the dispersing delegates bore his name and praise to all quarters of the Stale, preparing the Demo- crats of the Assembly, when he next appeared in that body, which he did in 1S69, as the Representative of the First District of Hudson, to nominate him for the office of Speaker by acclamation, as they did, renewing the honor in 1870 with additional emphasis, in attestation of the com- pleteness with which he had met their expectations, a tribute crowned, it should be added, by the consenting eulogies of the press without respect to party. On taking his seat at this election he delivered a speech memorable for its bold and sagacious views on taxation, contending that the pros- perity of New Jersey depends principally on tlie attraction of capital, and not hesitating to suggest that the State, like England and France, should impose no tax on personal property invested in manufactures and shipping, or on money at interest. New Jersey has not yet come up to this advanced position, but there are st.atesmen of rank who hold with Mr. Abbett that it is the true position, and that the legislation of the State should move in the direction of it. At all events the suggestion of the policy illustrates the strength and independence of his character. The same traits find an illustration equally apt in his views on thesulj- ject of naturalization, which pass beyond, not merely the general opinion, but the opinion of his own party, liberal as that is, going to the length of abolishing the present system altogether, and requiring a simple o.ath of allegiance as the condition of naturalization. It is unnecessary to say that the existing rights and privileges of the adopted citizen have in him a fearless and thorough-going defender. In 1869 he was unanimously elected the successor of Judge Ran- dolph as President of the Board of Education, holding the place until the reorganization of the board. He was in 1S72 a Delegate at large to the Democratic National Con- vention at Baltimore, and one of the Secretaries of the body, in which he voted for Senator Bayard, and against Mr. Greeley, whose nomination he believed would be vivifying to the Republicans, but suicidal for the Democracy. He again, in 1876, was Delegate at large to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis, and Chairman of the New Jersey delegation, which he led for Parker, whose claims he had previously advocated in the State convention with an ability and fervor that endeared him anew to the Democracy of the State. His services as a legislator have been important as well as conspicuous, and can hardly be said to have ended with his membership, seeing thtit his abilities and influence, since the ex])iralion of his member- ship, have been exerted with marked effect in promoting good legislation and opposing bad. The general corpora- tion act of 1S75, the most liberal in the United States, was drawn by him, and passed under the pressure of his in- fluence, as was the act of 1876 to increase railroad taxation ; while Jersey City, his present home, owes it chiefly to him that she has not sulTered still greater evils from the partisan charier, which probably would never have become a law if his energetic and unsleeping opposition could have been m.ade within the Legislature instead of without. He is a popular orator of uncommon force and fire, a debater of large resources and practised skill, and a political leader of consummate sagacity and unquailing spirit. From the opening of the McClcllan campaign in 1864 to the present time he has done distinguished and brilliant service on the stump in every national and local field that has been fought. In person he is below the medium height, but of a solid, well-knit frame, surmounted by a head and neck of classical proportions. The physique proclaims the man. He was elected to the Senate from Hudson county in 1874 by a majority of 5,000. The Democracy being in a majority in 1877, he was chosen President of the Senate, which office he now holds, and fills with marked ability and discretion. TONE, HON. J. HENRY, Lawyer and ex-Slate Senator, of Rahway, New Jersey, was born in that place, November igih, 1S35. He was educated at ^^S_. Rutgers College. Selecting the legal profession, he began his studies therefor under the direction of Hon. Cortlandt Parker, of Newark, and was admitted to practise in November, 1S59. He formed a copartnership with Mr. John P. Jackson, under the style of Stone & Jackson. The office of the firm is in Newark, and he still continues the senior partner therein. A public- spirited man, he has been called upon to occupy many posi- tions of trust and responsibility. He is a Director in the Rahway Gas Company and the Rahway Savings Institution. In the administration of public affairs he has borne a promi- nent part. He has been a member of the Rahway Com- mon Council, and served the community ably and faithfully for two years as Mayor of the city. For several years he has been attorney for Rahway. He was elected to the .State Senate from Union county in the fall of 1872 on the Republican ticket, reversing the result of the previous Senatorial election, in which the county h.ad gone Demo- cratic, .and polling a large vote. In the session of 1S74 he was Chairman of the Commiuees on Judiciary, Banks and Insurance, Fisheries, and Soldiers' Home, and a member 3>8 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPyEDIA. of thnt on Education. Although an earnest Republican, he is by no means a mere partisan, his course being always dictated by a desire to promote the best interests of the people. I'ORMAN, GENERAL DAVID, Revolutionary I Jj Patriot, late of New Jersey, was born near En- glishtown, in this State. During the progress of the contest with Great Britain he was distinguished as an intrepid and able supporter of American rights and measures, and exercised over his fellow- citizens, and in a manner productive of the most beneficial and desirable results, the powerful influence acquired by him at an early date. At the memorable battle of German- town he commanded the Jersey troops, and at all times pos- sessed in a high degree the confidence and esteem of Wash- ington. He subsequently filled the position of Judge of the County Court, and for some time acted as a member of the Council of State. In person he was impressive and com- manding, and, possessing a fearless disposition and a will firm almost to stubbornness, was as a check and a constant terror to the wood-robbers and tories, toward whom he exer- cised a severity and harshness that could be justified only by the perils environing the loyal and honest, and the troublous circumstances surrounding the earnest efforts of a sorely- tried State and government. " Wo to the guilty culprits who fell in his power; without waiting for superfluous cer- emony the gallows was generally their fate." His complexion was dark and swarthy, and such was the aversion and whole- some fear he inspired in the minds of the spy and footpad that he acquired the name of " Black David," and sometimes " Devd David," " in contradistinction to David Forman, the Sheriff." Throughout his long life and varied career he was a shrewd and loyal observer of all passing events touching upon the interests of his fellow-citizens and the growing mstitutions of his country, and a prompt and effi- cient mover wherever and whenever he deemed his counsel or his services needed and desired. In the " New Jersey Historical Collections" is paid him, and justly, a high and enviable compliment : " Were it not for his exertions the county would have suffered far more from its intestine ene- mies." He died about 1S12. |;;5^LEXANDER, REV. JAMES WADDELL,D.D., an eloquent Presbyterian Clergymanf Author, Editor, Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres, late of Virginia Springs, was born near Gordons- ville, Louisa county, Virginia, March 13th, 1804, and gr.iduated from the New Jersey College in 1S20. He was the eldest son of Rev. Archibald Alexander, D. D., also an eminent Presbjterian divine, and writer on religious and church subjects. From 1S25 to 1827 he w.as a minister in Charlotte county, Virginia ; from 1829 to 1832 officiated as pastor in the church at Trenton, New Jersey ; and fiom 1S44 to 1S51 presided over the Duane Street Church, New York. Subsequently he was elected pastor of the Fifth Avenue Church. From 1830 to 1833 he filled the position of editor of the Pieshyterian, a church organ pub- lished in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; in 1833-1834 was Professor of Rhetoric and Belles-lettres in the New Jersey College; and from 1S49 to 1851 Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government in the Theological .Seini- nai-y, Princeton, New Jersey. The degree of D. D. was .conferred on him by Lafayette College, Pennsylvania, in 1843, and by Harvard College in 1854. He published a volume of sermons entitled " Consolation ; " " Thoughts on Family Worship;" "The American Mechanic and Woik- ingman ; " a biography of his father. Dr. Archibald Alexan- der; "Discourses on Christian Faith and Practice," 1S58; a volume of " Sacramental Discourses ; " " Gift to the Af- flicted; " "Geography of the Bible; " "Plain Words to a Young Communicant ; " and " The American Sunday School and its Adjuncts;" also numerous contributions to The Biblical Rt-perlory and Prince/on Review, and several of the publications of the American Tract Society. He wrote for T/ie Literary World over the signature of " Qx- sariensis." After his decease two volumes of his letters and remains were edited and published by Dr. Hall, of Trenton, New Jersey, a man of excellent repute and fine scholarly attainments. He was a preacher of persuasive powers, of fervent piety, and tireless in his self-accepted t.ask of Christian enlightenment and moral teaching. He died at the Virginia Springs, July 31st, 1859. «<^tor, of New York, who planned an enterprise across the mountains. The conduct of the contemplated expedition was assigned to him, he being one of the partners of the company organized, and ultimately the head of the establishment located at the mouth of the Columbia. June 23d, 1810, articles of agree- ment were entered into by him, in connection with J. J. Astor, Alexander McKay, Duncan McDougal, and Donald McICenzie, acting for themselves, and for the several per- sons who had already agreed to become, or should there- after become, associated under the linn of " The Pacific Fur Company." He was then appointed an Agent, for the term of five years, and selected to reside at the principal establishment on the northwest coast. In the latter part of the following July he repaired to Montreal, the ancient em- porium of the fur trade, and made extensive preparations for the work in hand, engaging Canaaian voyageurs, and laying in supplies of ammunition, provisions, and Indian goods. The expedition then set forth from St. Anne's, and made its way up the Ottawa river, and along the smaller Likes and rivers, to Michilimackinac, arriving at Mackinaw, at the confluence of Lakes Huron and Michigan, July 22d. Here he remained for some lime, seeking to complete his assortment of goods, and to increase his number of voyag- eurs. August I2th he finally left Mackinaw, and pursued the usual route to Prairie du Chien, and thence down the Mississippi to St. Louis, where a landing was effected, September 3d. October 21st he took his departure from St. Louis, and soon arrived at the mouth of the Missouri, reaching the mouth of the Nodowa, after a season of suffer- ing and peril, November i6th. January 1st he set off to reinrn on foot to St. Louis, and arrived at his destination on the 20th of the same month. Here he was greatly im- iwded in his plans by the opposition of the Missouri Fur Company, which saw in him and his expedition rivals and keen competitors. April 17th he was again with his party at the station near the Nodowa river, where the main body of the company had been rpiartcred during the winter. M.ay loth he arrived at the Omaha village, and encamped in its neighborhood, but on the I5lh set forward toward the country of the Sioux Tetons. June iilh he encamped near an island below the Arickara village, and there com- menced a trade with the Indians under the regulation and supervision of the local chieftains. July i8ih he took up his line of march by land across the tributaries of the Mis- souri, and over immense prairies destitute of trees and human life, skirting the Black Hills, and pursuing a west- erly course along a ridge of country dividing the tributary waters of the Missouri and the Yellowstone. January 31st he arrived at the falls of the Columbia, and encamped at the village of Wishram, situated at the head of the long narrows. Eventually, after experiences and trials of a most formidable and disheartening character, he arrived safely at Astoria, the distance from St. Louis to that place, by the route taken, being upward of thirty-five hundred miles. August 26th, 1813, after a sojourn of six days at Astoria, he set sail in the "Albatross," and arrived at the Marquesas, where he learned that the British frigate " Phcebe " had sailed, with the " Cherub " and the " Raccoon," for Colum- bia river. This intelligence alarmed him greatly, since the errand of the hostile vessels could have for end only the demolition of Astoria, and the interests which he had been so zealously promoting there. November 23d he pro- ceeded to the Sandwich Islands; and January 22d set sail for Astoria, intending to remove the property thence as speedily as possible to the Russian settlements on the north- west coast, to prevent it from falling into the hands of the British. February 28lh he cast anchor, in the brig " Fed- ler," in the Columbia river; soon after landed; and upon settling various complicated business arrangements, and laboring loyally in the interest of J. J. Astor, set sail again April 3d, and bade a final adieu to Astoria. In Irving's " Astoria," may be found the following lines : " The absence of Mr. Hunt, the only real representative of Mr. Astor, at the time of the capitulation with the Northwest Company, completed the series of cross-purposes. Had that gentle- man been present, the transfer, in all probability, would not have taken place." On his return from the fur region, he settled at St. Louis, where he died in 1S42. cNEVEN, WILLIAM JAMES, Author, Professor in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, or in the Medical School connected with Rutgers Col- lege, New Jersey, from 1 808 to 1830, late of New York city, was born in Galway county, Ireland, March 26th, 1763. He was educated at the Colleges of Prague and Vienna, at the latter of which he graduated in 17S4. He became a zealous member of the .Society of United Irishmen, and after an imprisonment — in consequence of his connection with it, and ensuing results — of four years, was liberated, and passed the summer of lS02 LIOGKAPIIICAL ENCVCLOP.liDIA. in travelling ihiouj^'li Switzeilaml on fool, of which journey he published an account entitled "A Ramble in Switzer- land." He subsequently acted in the capacity of Captain in the Irish Brigade of the French army, but resigned his commission, and emigrated to the United States, arriving at New York, July 4th, 1804. From iSoS to 1830 he pre- sided as Professor in the College of Physicians and Sur- geons, or in an establishment dependent on the Rutgers Col- lege, New Jersey. In 1812 he was appointed, by Governor Clinton, Resident Physician; in 1840 was again nominated to the same office; and, during the prevalence of the cholera epidemic of 1832, was actively employed as one of the medical council. He published an " Exposition of the Atomic Theory;" " Pieces of Irish History," Svo., 1S07 ; " Use and Construction of the Mine Auger," London, 17S8 ; and an edition, carefully prepared, of " Brande's Chem- istry ; " besides occasional essays and addresses on various subjects. He was also a valued contributor to the current medical and scientific journals. He died at New York city, July 12th, 1841. ARTIN, LUTHER, LL. D., Lawyer, Educator, Revolutionary Patriot, Judge, Statesman, late of New York, was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in 1744, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1766. He was subsequently engaged in teaching school at Queenstown, Mary- land ; then entered u]ion a course of legal studies ; and was admitted to the bar in 1771. He afterward com- menced the practice of his profession in Accomac and Northampton counties, Virginia; and, after his admission as attorney in the courts of Somerset and Worcester, rapidly attained an extensive and lucrative clientage. In 1774 he became a member of the commission to oppose the claims and exactions of Great Britain, and a member also of the Annapolis Convention. He published an answer to the address of the brothers Howe ; also "An .\ddress to the Inhabitants of the Peninsula between the Delaware river and the Chesapeake." Februaiy nth, 1778, he was ap- pointed Attorney-General of Maryland; and in 1784-S5 acted as a member of the old Congress. Strongly influ- enced by his political ideas and principles, he wrote many pungent and violent essays against the Democratic party of his time ; and in 1804 was one of the defenders of Judge Chase, who was impeached in the House of Representatives for alleged misdemeanor. He was likewise the personal and political friend of Burr, whose acquittal he was instru- mental in procuring, when on trial for alleged treason in 1S07. In 1S14 he was appointed Chief Judge of Oyer and Terminer, for Baltimore, Maryland ; and in 1818 was given the appointment of Attorney-General of the State. Although a member of the convention which fr.amed the Federal Constitution, he violently opposed the adoption of that in- strument, advocating the equality of the States, and con- 41 tending that a small Slate should have as many Congress- men as a large one. He is the Author of ".V Defence of Captain Cresap from the Charge of Murder made in Jeffer- son's Notes ; " and " Genuine Information, etc., o( the Con- vention at Philadelphia," etc., Svo., published jn 17SS. He was a loyal and upright citizen, allhouyh a inan of strong prejudices and passionate temperament ; an unflmch- ing friend to those he esteemed, and an outspoken enemy when opposed by political adversaries. He died at New York city, July loth, 1S26. [^ALL, JOSEPH LLOYD, Bank-Lock and Safe Manufacturer, was born. May gih, 1S23, at Salem, New Jersey, and is the second son of Edward and Anna (Lloyd) Hall. He removed with his parents to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1832. His educational advantages were very limited, as he began to earn his own living at eight years of age; and allhough his early tastes inclined him to mechanical pur- suits, yet circumstances combined to prevent their gratifica- tion. In 1S40 he engaged in a steamboat enterprise, and continued in that business upon the Mi,sissippi river and its tributaries until 1846, when he returned to Pittsburgh and formed a copartnership with his father, under the firm-name of E. & J. Hall, and embarked in the manufacture of fire- proof safes. This industry was undeveloped, and they also found such strong competition from the wealthy and long- established Eastern houses in the same line, that they deter- mined to remove to Cincinnati, which they carried out in 1848. In that city they established the nucleus of the present immense manufactory, and both f.ither and son loiled in their little workshop from day to day with inde- fatigable patience and energy. They labored assiduously to educate the public mind to a fuller appreciation of the great security obtained by the use of fire and burglar-proof safes, and stemming the current of opposition w iih a rare and admirable pertinacity for ye.irs, they finally triumphed over adverse circumstances and stood on a firm foundation. In 1S51 his father disposed of his interest in the business to William B. Dodds, and the firm of Hall, Dodds & Co. succeeded ; they employed, at that time, a force of fifteen hands, and produced about two safes per week. This firm was dissolved in 1857, and was thereafter followed by others in succession, in all of which Joseph L. Hall was the senior partner and chief executive. The Hall Safe and Lock Company was organized in May, 1867, of which he was chosen President and Treasurer, and, as formerly, still exercises a rigid surveillance over all the piactical operations of the works. This is said to be the largest safe manufac- turing establishment in the world, and is probably more than four times as large as any similar concern in the United States. It employs some six hundred mechanics of consummate skill and experience, and has a capacity for turning out about fifty safes each working day. He has BIOGKArillCAL EXCYCLOP.EDIA. the same time he also received a painrul wmincl, wWid) dis- figured his CDUntenance for life. Kelunuiiy to Frederick, now Clarke county, Virginia, whence he had removed in early life, he resumed his career as a backwoods farmer and a leading pioneer, until the outbreak of the Revolution. Previously, m 1757, he served in the militia, and distin- guished himself in the defence of Edward's Fort. In 175S he was made an Ensign, and while carrying despatches was waylaid and severely wounded by Indians, esca])ing by presence of mind and the flcelness of his horse, from wdiose back he was taken insensible. After the peace he was much addicted to gambling and dissipation, and gained notoriety as a sturdy pugilist ; but liefore 1771 had reformed, became a man of good morals and substance, and in 1 774 commanded a company in Lord Dunmore's expedition five' 'thmisamrAusUirrmuskets,' and performed the work | against the Indians. Immediately after the battle of Lex- .so satisfactorily and efficiently, that he was awarded many devoted his mechanical genius to the perfection of the arti- cles manufactured by the company, and his many improve- ments attest his aptness and fitness for the task. He is the patentee of some thirty well known and valuable inventions in bank locks and safes. He has built some of the largest safes ever constructed, and, without exception, they have preserved their contents intact during the severest tests. The mannei in which his five hundred safes passed the terrible ordeal at the great fire in Chicago, October, 1871, is a sufficient proof of their reliability. The company have branch houses in every important city in the Union, and the reputation of the safes and locks is limited only by the confines of civilization. At the outbreak of the late civil 1 86 1, he undertook the execution of a contract to other contracts during the war. He never aspired to nor accepted a public office, although often solicited to become a candidate. He has been for many years an active, zeal- ous, and consistent member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and is at present one of the most liberal supporters of St. Paul's Methodist Episcopal Church, of Cincinnati. Such is the record of a man who, by dint of indomitable energy and native genius, won his way to a proud and en- viable position in the business and social world— a position which his generous and hospitable nature well fits him to grace. He was married, in early manhood, to Sarah Jane Jewell, of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and this union has been blessed with twelve children, three sons being now associated with him, all of whom are active and efficient business men — the oldest, Edward C. Hall, hSving filled the position of Vice-President of the company. t ORGAN, GENERAL nAXIEL, a distinguished OlTicer of the American army in the war of the Revolution, late of Winchester, Virginia, was born in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, 1736. He was of humble parentage, and was unable to secure any but a very elementary and limited education. At the age of seventeen he left his father's farm, and in 1755 joined the expedition of General Braddock against the French and Indians on the Ohio, acting as a teamster or private soldier. While thus engaged, in the spring of 1756, he knocked down a British lieutenant who had insulted him, and for this violation of military rules was sentenced to receive five hundred lashes. He was ac- customed, however, in after life, to maintain jestingly that the drummer had miscounted the number and still owed him one. " One can hardly conceive of his surviving such a severe punishment, and perhaps there was some favor shown by the men who administered it." The officer here spoken of afterward made him a public apology. About ngton, he in less than a week enrolled ninety-six men, the nucleus of his celelirated rifle corps, and led them to Boston, reaching the American camp, after a march of six hundred miles, in three weeks. He was early appointed to com- mand a troop of horse in Virginia, and with this company marched to the patriot lines at C.-imbridge in the summer of 1775. (General Washington, who knew him well, had great confidence in his bravery and loyalty, and detached him to join the expedition of Arnold against Canada in the following autumn. No officer was more valiantly promi- nent than Morgan on that memorable occasion, and when Arnold was wounded in the first assault he assumed the command. Although successful in that part of the field where he held command, he was compelled by the fall of Montcomery and the defeat of his division to surrender; or, as it is otheiwise narrated, he was taken prisoner with others when General Montgomery was slain. While in the hands of the British he was offered the rank and pay of a Colonel in the royal service, which he indignantly rejected. Soon after his release, toward the close of 1776, Washing- ton gave him command of a rifle corps, the nth Virginia, with which he was detached to the assistance of Gates, then opposing the enemy in its advance from Canada; and took a most important part in the victory attending the surrender of Burgoyne, near Saratoga. During Washington's retreat through New Jersey in 1776, and the campaign in the same State in 1777, he also rendered vahuble services. Upon joining the main army, after the action at Saratoga, he was employed by the commander-in-chief in several perilous en- terprises, which he conducted with equal courage and judg- ment ; and for his services on the occasion referred to, the Virginia Legislature voted him a horse, pistols, and sword. He was an active participant also in the severe skirmish which took place near Chestnut Hill with a part of Corn- wallis's division. During a part of 177S he was in com- mand of Woodford's brigade; and March 20th, 1 779. was made Colonel of the 7th Virginia regiment, but resigned that position in the following June. In the battle of Bemus's Heights, which had precipitated the surrender of the Briii'-h BIOGRArillCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. comm:\n(lei% liis riflemen took a leading ami efticient part ; yet their cliief was unnoticed by Gates, in his olticial ac- count of the occurrence, and an attempt was even made to induce him to join the Conway calial against Washington, which he scornfully repelled. After the defeat at Camden he joined the remnant of Gates's army at llillsborougli, and, Octolier 1st, was placed in command of a legionary corps. Continuing in active service in the North until the summer of 17S0, he was then made Brigadier-General and trans- ferred to the southern army. At this period he found his health declining, and wished to retire from the army, but was induced to remain with the forces in the South in order to harass and repel the British, who were making depred.ations on the inhabitants. Shortly after Greene as- sumed the command, in December, he was detached to the country watered by the Broad and Pacolet rivers. Pursued by Colonel Tarleton, he withdrew to the Cowpens, where, January I7lh, 17S1, he gained a brilliant victory over that reno^^■ned olTicer, capturing or destroying nearly the whole of his force. A gold medal testified the appreciation of Congress of his skill and braveiy on that occasion ; he was also honorably noticed by this body, in connection with Colonel Howard, Colonel Washington and General Pick- ens. He then followed up the action at Cowpens by a series of well-conceived manceuvres which seriously em- barrassed Cornwallis. Before the close of the campaign, however, he was compelled, by repeated and severe attacks of rheumatism, to retire to his home in Virginia. In 1794 he commanded the army sent against the insurgents in western Pennsylvania, aiding importantly in quelling the AVhiskey Insurrection that had broken out in that locality. From 1795 to 1799 he was a member of Congress. In iSoo he removed to W'incliestcr, where he resided until the time of his decease. In 1799 he published an address to his constituents, vindicating the administration of Mr. Adams. The latter part of his life was passed in much physical suftcring, and he died in Winchester, Virginia, July 6ih, 1S02. His oldest daughter was married to Gen- er.rl Presby Neville, of Pittsburgh. His son, WiUoughby Morgan, Colonel United States army, died at Fort Craw- ford, Upper Mississippi, April 4th, 1832. A " Life of Mor- gan" was published by James Graham, l2mo., in 1859. 'OXE, JOHN REDMAN, M. D., Medical Editor and Author, late of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born in Trenton, New Jersey, in 1773. He studied medicine under the guidance of the cele- brated Dr. Rush, and also in London, Paris and Edinburgh. Upon his return to the United States he settled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1796, and there entered upon the practice of his profession. In 1798 he filled the position of Port Physician, and during the yellow fever visitation performed efficiently^ and with noteworthy energy and ability, the duties of his office. He was f(,r sevt-ral years a physician of the Pennsylvania lliispital, and of the Philadelphia Dispensatory; from 180910 iSlShewas I'rofessor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania, and from 1S18 to 1S35 Professor of Materia Medica in that institution. He was the introducer into Phil.adelpliia of the system and practice of v.nccinalion. He ]iul>lished " ()n Inflammation," Svo., 179-;.; "Importance, etc., of Medi- cine," Svo., iSoo; •' Combustion, etc.," 8vo., iSii; "Ameri- can Dispensatory," Svo., 1S27 ; "Refutation of Harvey's Claim to the Discovery of the Circulation of the B'.ood," Svo., 1834; "Female Biography; " and ." Recognition of Friends in Another World," I2mo., 1S45. He also edited " The Philailelphia Medical Museum," si.x volumes, Svo., 1805, new series, iSll; and "The Emporium of Arts and Sciences," five volumes, Svo., 1812. "He never had a day's illness throughout the course of his long and busy life, and lived far beyond the avera;;;e term of man, while keeping intact his rare powers of mind, and, his great age excepted, with its attendant feebleness, haleness of body." He died in Philadelphia, March 22d, 1S64, without any appreciable disease, aged ninety-one years. ; ODD, GEORGE B., M. D., LL. D., Physician and Author, was born in Greenwich, Cumberland county. New Jersey, March I3lh, 1797. He was educated at the University of Pennsylvania, ■where he graduated in 1S15 with the degree of A. B., and in iSiS with that of M. D. He was Professor of Chemistry in the Philadelphia College of Phar- m.acy from 1S22 to 1831 ; Professor of Materia Medica ill the same college from 1S31 to 1S35; Professor of Materia Medica in the University of Pennsylvania from 1S35 to 1S50; Professor of the Theory and Practice of Medicine in the same from 1850 to 1S60; and a physician in the Penn- sylvania Hospital from 1S35 to 1S59. He is the author of numerous and valuable works, chiefly relating to his pro- fession, which rank among the classics of the medical sci- ences. His first important work, " The Dispensatory of the United States," was written in conjunction with Franklin Bache, M. D., and the original edition was published in Philadelphia, in 1833 (Svo., 1073 pages). This at once stamped him as a man whose research and knowledge of his profession were of the highest order; it was thoroughly exhaustive in its description of the many medicinal agents peculiar to American practice, indicating minutely their various properties and effects. It has gone through thirteen editions, the last being in 1870 (Svo., pages xii. 1810), about 150,000 copies having been sold. Before 1830 there had not been any United Stales pharmacopceia or standard list of medicines and their jireparation whose authority was generally recognized. In the year mentioned two such lists were offered to the public, one prepared in New York, 324 LlOGK.vl'HICAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. the other chiefly the work of Dr. Wood. In a severe review Dr. Wood completely demohshed the first of these, and by writing the " Un ted States Dispensatory " caused the au- thority of the other to be universally acknowledged. In 1847 ^^ published a " Treatise on the Practice of Medi- cine" (two volumes, 8vo). It ran through six editions, the last being in 1867. He also published in 1856 a " Treatise on Therapeutics and Pharmacology," or materia medica, which had three editions, the last being issued in 1S68 (two volumes, 8vo., 1848 pages), and a volume containing twelve lectures, six addresses and two biographical memoirs, in 1859. It consisted of lectures and addresses on medical subjects, delivered chiefly before the medical classes of the University of Pennsylvania. He has also written " The History of the Pennsylvania Hospital;" "History of the University of Pennsylvania;" "Biographical Memoirs of Franklin Bache," etc. In the first and last of these pam- phlets will be found an account of Wood and Bnche's " Dispensatory and United States Pharmacopoeia," of which he, in connection with Dr. Bache and others, was editor of the editions of 1831, 1S40, 1850 and 1S60. In 1872 these memoirs, with the addition of the Histoi-y of Chris- tianity in India, of the British Indian Empire, of the Girard College, and other papers, were collected into a volume entitled "Memoirs, Essays and" Addresses." In 1S65 ne endowed the Auxiliary Faculty of Medicine in the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, consisting of five chairs : one of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, one of Botany, one of Geology and Mineralogy, one of Hygiene, and one of Medical Jurisprudence, all of the subjects to be es- pecially considered in their relation to medicine. /f|-| ERGEN, HON. JAMES J., Lawyer, Somerville, son of John J. Bergen, merchant, and descended from a Hollandish family, the founder of which in America was one Hansen Bergen, a ship- builder, who settled at Ereuklyn in 1633, was born at Somerville, New Jersey, October 1st, 1847. At the time of the revolutionary war several of his ancestors served with credit in the continental army, and his family has for many years been prominent in the aflairs of East Jersey. Under the tutorship of Mr. Butler, of Som- erville, he received a classical education, and in 1864 began the study of law in the office of Hugh Gaston, Esq., a leading practitioner of the same town. Admitted to the New Jersey bar in 1868, he practised for a year in Plain- field, and then, returning to Somerville, entered into part- nership with his former legal preceptor, thus establishing the firm of Gaston & Bergen. His ability as displayed at the bar gave him prominence in public affairs, and in 1875 he received the Democratic nomination to the lower house of the State Legislature, and was elected by a handsome majority. In the Assemlily he proved himself to be strong in debate, and also, as a member of the Committees on Re- vision of the Laws, State Printing, etc., to possess to an exceptional extent the power of formulating and organizing. The duties of his office were so well fulfilled that in 1S76 he was again nominated, and was elected by an increased majority. On the rearrangeinent of committees, at the beginning of the session, he was assigned as a member of the Judiciary, on Stale Prison, and on Elections. During this session a bill was introduced into the Senate, and passed by that body by a unanimous vote, making a writ of error in capital cases a writ of right ; thereby radically changing the criminal law and practice of the State. Against this measure, upon its introduction into the House, he spoke at length and forcibly, but the bill was passed over his protestation, and was referred to the governor for approval. Governor Bedle returned it with his veto, based upon a line of argument practically identical with that used in opposing it by Mr. Bergen, and upon a subsequent re- consideration in the Senate the veto was sustained. Mr. Bergen, ii should be observed, was the only member of the Legislature who spoke in opposition to the bill, previous to its being vetoed by the governor. In March, 1S77, he was appointed, by Governor Bedle, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Somerset county. <^^P^AYTON, HON. GEORGE, of Rutherford, Mer- Ji'M I chant and Senator from Bergen county, was born ^(! I I '" Westerloo, Albany county. New York, October ^f^G) 2d, 1S27. He is a member of the same family b rS with the late William L. Dayton, United States Senator and Minister to France, their common ancestor having been Samuel Dayton, of Long Island, High Sheriff there from J723 to 1728, whose son, Jonathan, was the first settler of the name at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and one of the first of any name. His family indeed has given to the country some of the ablest and most brilliant of its statesmen. He received a thorough English educa- tion, and in his twentieth year became a clerk in a mer- cantile house in New York city, where he is now one of the leading merchants. He has come up from the counter; and that, perhaps, is one reason why he has ascended so high, and is stationed so securely. A poet may be born, not made ; hut a merchant, even if born, requires a great deal of making, and this he has had. Beginning with the A B C of trade, he took a full course of practice, mastering the business at every stage, until he ranks to-day among the lords of commerce, if not among the princes. But commerce, steadily and successfully as he has pursued it, has not absorbed all his energies of mind or character. For the last twelve years he has taken an active part in the politics of his section, and has been chosen to fill a number of responsible offices. He has been for many terms a EIOGRArHICAL ENCYCLOP.liDIA. 325 member of the Township Committee, of which in late years he has been President; and in 1S74 he was elected, by a flattering majority, to represent Bergen county in tiie State Senate, in which he has attained an enviable prominence as a let'islator. Thoroughly informed, able, prudent, vigilant and firm, he is recognized by his colleagues as a leader, and by the public as one who promises to rival the political distinction and influence of his lamented kinsman. He, at any rate, has crossed the threshold of what bids fair to be a useful and distinguished public career. It may be men- tioned here, that, while he is a member of the Senate of New Jersey, his brother, J. C. Dayton, by a pleasant co- incidence, is a member of the Senate of the neighboring EAMING, HON. JONATHAN F., Thysicinn, Dentist and State Senator, of Cape May Court House, was born in Cape May cuunlv, New ler- sey, Septemlier yih, 1S22. Uh family, of English extraction, were among the early settlers of New- Jersey, Christopher Learning, from whom he is sixth in the line of descent, having emigrated from England in 1670, and settled in Cape May in the year l6gl. He attended Madison (New York) University, from which he passed to Brown University, Rhode Islanil, where he re- mained until 1844, subsequently entering Jefferson Medical College, at which he graduated in 1846, and in the follow- year married Eliza H. Bennett, of Cape May Court State of New York, representing the district which includes House. Immediately after graduating he began the prac- the city of Albany. The mantles of the elder Daytons tice of medicine in his native county, and pursued it with would seem to have fallen on successors who have the signal success for fourteen years, when, its extent and la- ability as well as the inclination to wear them. boriousness and the attendant cares beginning to under- mine his health, he was compelled to relinquish it. Un- *^^* " willing, however, to forego absolutely those struggles with dise.ase in which he had acquired such distinction and dis- iLUMMER, HON. CH.-\RLES S., Merchant and played such mastery, he compromised with his professional State Senator, of Pedricktown, was born. Decern- tastes and aptitudes by turning to dentistry, which he has ber 2d, 1839, in Sharptown, Salem county. New , practised ever since, except when interrupted by the public Jersey. He is a son of Samuel Plummer, United , duties to which his fellow-citizens from time to lime have States Marshal for New Jersey, the family being old residents of Salem county. He was educated in the public schools of the county; and, deciding to lead a mercantile career, embarked in 1864 in merchandising at Pedricktown, where he still pursues the business, which, under his energetic and skilful management, has developed into an extensive one. His mercantile career proved so successful that he was soon led into a political career, the ability and integrity with which he had conducted his private business occasioning his fellow-citizens to call him into the public service. In 1S70 the Republicans of Salem county nominated him for the Assembly, but the district being strongly Democratic he was defeated, though running in his own township greatly ahead of the general ticket. But neither he nor his party was content to rest in defeat. In 1875 ^^ ^^^5 nominated for the State Senate, and this time was elected, carrying his own township, which usually gave a Democratic majority of over 200, by a majority of no. lie is now fairly launched on the political waters, under signs that are favorable to a prosperous course. He has served in the Senate as Chairman of the Committee on the Treasurer's Accounts, and on the State Prison Com- mittee, of which he is at present a member, as he is of other committees of importance. With youth, energy, ability, business skill, the confidence of his party, and the regard of the people, irrespective of party, there would seem to be no good reason why he should not achieve success in politics as well as in commerce. Certain it is, that his future is bright with promise. He has been twice married — to Hannah A. Heritage, in l85l; and, in 1S65, to Anna M. Black. called him. His excellent sense, popular sympathies and wide experience of life admirably fit him for political ser- vice, and it is not a matter of surprise that he has been called to discharge it; it would have been more surprising if he had not been, among a people who rightly think that no man, whatever his profession or his rank, is too good to serve them, if he has the ability. In 1861, accordingly, he was elected a member of the New Jersey Assembly, in which he served one term, when, in 1862, he was elected to the State Senate for a full term of three years. During this term he was Chairman of the Committee on Education, and a member of several other im)>ortant com- mittees. His course as a legislator fully justified the ex- pectations of his friends, placing him among the most useful, enlightened and judicious members of the Legisla- ture. In 1 868 his popularity received a new stamp by his election to the office of Surrogate of Cape May county for a term of five years, upon the expiration of which, so ably and acceptably had he filled the place, he was re-elected for another full term, which, however, he did not serve out, being re-elected also to the Senate in 1876, and decided to resign the Surrogateship and to accept the Senatorship, which he now holds, having resigned the former oftice on the 1st of January, 1S77. In the Senate he is a member of the Committee on Commerce and Navigation, on Miscel- laneous Business, and other importaiit committees, and would no doubt occupy a much more prominent position in the business of the body were it not that he is now one of the minority, to whose members the majority, on grounds quite other than those of qualification, are not accustomed to assign the foremost places. After this it is hardly 326 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.-EDIA. necessary to say, for the benefit of contemporary readers at any rate, that he is a Republican in politics, though it may not be unnecessary to add that his zeal for his parly, always stron", has never been more ardent or more active than it now is. No carpet-knight or summer bird is he. In 185S the degree of A. M. was conferred on hi by the University at Lewisburg, Pennsylvania, and in i860 the degree of Doctor of Dental Surgery by the Pennsylvania College of Denial Surgery. He has been for forty years a member of the Baptist Church. el^^REEN, HON. IIENRV WOODHULL, LL.D., of Trenton, Lawyer, and ex-Chancellor of the State, was born near the city of his residence, on September 20th, 1804. After receiving a thor- oughly sound preliminary training, he entered "* Princeton College, and was graduated from that institution in 1S20, being then only sixteen years of age. The profession of the law seemed to be naturally indicated for his life career, and he accordingly began his studies therefor soon after his graduation, entering the office of the late Chief Justice Charles Ewing. Under so distinguished a preceptor he acquired a very sound legal knowledge, and was admitted to the bar in due course in November, 1825. His marked abilities, his deep learning and devotion to his profession, soon placed him in the front rank at the bar, where it was early admitted that he had few equals. As a counsellor, also, he enjoyed the highest consideration. A man of earnest mind and public spirit, he could not fail to take a strong interest in political affairs, and his name was sought to strengthen the ticket of his party — the Whig. He thus became a candidate for the State Legislature in 1842, and was elected by a consider.ible majority. But legislative service had no attractions for him, and he de- clined further nominations in that direction. In 1844 he was chosen a member of the Constitutional Convention, and rendered valuable assistance in the revision of the organic law. Two years subsequently his pre-eminent qualifications pointed him out as a filling member of the bar for elevation to the Supreme Bench as Chief- Justice, and the position being offered to him he accepted it, and served for two full terms, of seven years each, with great distinction. In 1S61 Governor Olden singled him out for yet more distinguished honor, tendering him the appointment of Chancellor of the State. The nomination vv.as accepted, .-ind Judge Green oc- cupied the position until he h.ad nearly completed a full term, when ill health necessiiated his resignation, much to the re- gret of the entire legal fraternity and the community at large. As Chancellor he added greatly to his previously very high reputation as a jurist, his opinions being received wilh marked acceptance, and cited throughout the counti-y as those of very few American jurists have been. Thirty years ago he published three volumes of reports of cases decided in the Court of Chancery. Educational matters always en. listed his warmest sympathies and active co-operation, lie was the second oldest living member of the Board of Trustees of Princeton College, and at the time of his dealh was, and for some time previously had been, the President of the Board of Trustees of the Theological Sernin.-.ry ,nt Princeton. His religious views attracted him to the Presby- terian Church, of which he was a devolcd and highly valued member. His dealli occurred in Trenton, on tlie night of December iglh, 1S76. I^IXON, HON. JONATHAN, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, conies of Eng- lish parentage, and was born in the city of Liver- pool, Englr.nd, July 6th, 1S39. There he re- mained until reaching his eighth year, attending public schools for two or three years. At that lime the family removed to Maryport, in the county of Cund)u-- land, where Jonathan's education wns continued at the public schools. In the spring of 1848, his father, desirous of improving his fortunes, came to the United Slates, whither his family followed him in July, 1S50, and settled in New Brunswick, New Jersey. During December of the same year, Jonathan became an inmate of the home of Cor- nelius L. Hardenbergh, a lawyer, who suffered from the misfortune of blindness. To him the lad acted as attend- ant and amanuensis for nearly five years, or until September, 1855, in the meanlinie receiving much care and attention from the family, who highly appreciated his intelligence, devotion and ambition. His education was continued under their fostering care, a son, Warren Hardenbergh, giving especial attention to liis tuition. So prepared, he was enabled to enter Rutgers College in 1855, and, after a full course assiduously pursued, he was graduated from that institution in June, 1859. After graduation he entered the office of his friend and quondam tutor, Warren Harden- bergh, as a student at law, and prosecuted his studies under these auspices for about twelve months. Mr. Hardenbergh then removed to New York, and Jonathan Dixon trans- ferred his allegiance as student to George R. Dutton, and subsequently, upon that preceptor in his turn seeking New York as a field of action, to Robert Adrain, all of these gentlemen being members of the bar at New Brunswick. While acquiring a knowledge of his chosen profession, Jonathan Dixon secured the means of living by leaching in public and priv.ate schools. In due course his induslry and perseverance brought him lo the point toward which his attention had been steadily fixed, and he was admitted to practise. His admission .as attorney occurred in November, 1862 ; three years later he was called as counsellor. About a month after being admitted, or in December, 1862, he re- moved to Jersey Cily, and entered the office of E. B. Wake- man in a clerical capacity. Here his abilities and love of his profession led, in the spring of 1S64, to a partnership BIOCRAPIIICAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. 327 with liis enipli'ver which was maintaineil for a period of just twelve monlhs. For five years thereafter Mr. Dixon conducted an independent practice, which proved quite suc- cessful ; so much so, nideed, that in 1870 he concluded that it was advisable to form a new partnership. This he did with Gilbert Collins, the style of the firm being Dixon & Collins. The firm met with uninterrupted success, and from the first occupied a high position at the bar. In .^pril, 1S75, he was offered a seat on the Supreme Bench of the State, and, accepting the ap|iointment, his commission was issued, bear- . ing date April Sth, 1S75. I" '^e exercise of the judicial functions he has always commanded the respect and confi- dence of the bar and of the community at large, his de- cisions evidencing learning, research, independence and im- partialily. He is indeed actuated by the true, judicial spirit, and worthily sustains the exalted reputation of the State judiciary. During his career at the bar, he held several positions of a public character. In 1863 he was Corporation Counsel for the town of Bergen, and again in 1S69 the same honorable position was enjoyed by him for the city of Bergen. During 1S71 he discharged the duties of a similar oftice in Jersey City. Politically he has always been an earnest Republican, and his abilities and valuable services have always Bfeeirvdied upon to good purpose in all emergencies until his elevation to the bench, since which lime he has sirnply discharged, in an unostentatious and con- scientious manner, the political duties devolving upon every member of the community. In the year 1S64 he very effi- ciently promoted the Republican cause as President of the Union League of Jersey City. He was married, Septem- ber I2lh, 1864, to Elizabeth ,M. Price, of New Brunswick. G^,-^'LARK, REV. SAMUEL ADAM.S, D. D., Cler- gyman, late of Elizabeth, was born in Newbury- port, Massachusetts, on the 27th of January, 1S22. His father, Thomas March Clark, was one of the descendants, probably, of Captain Thomas Clark, who was an early settler in the Plymouth colony. His mother, Rebecca Wheelwright, was descended from the Rev. John Wheelwright, a distinguished Puritan clergyman, who was educated at Cambridge University, England, and who, after varied experiences, including banishment from Biaintree, now Quincy, Massachusetts, for errors of doc- trine, and the founding of the town of Exeter, New Hamp- shire, died in extreme old age near Newburyport. The p-irents of Dr. Clark were prominent in the town where they lived, for a period of more than fifty years. They were members of the Presbyterian Church. His father w.as the President of the Howard Benevolent Society from the year 1S16, when that institution was organized, until his death in the year 1851 ; and his mother for more than thirty years was the President of the Newburyport Orphan Asylum. His early home was consecrated to good works and to Christian hospitality. Before his birth his mother had or- ganized a Youth's Missionary Society. She held the meet- ings in her own house. She induced the boys connected with the society to make monthly contributions, and so young Clark breathed, in his earliest childhood, the best possible domestic and Christian atmosphere. The brevily of this sketch precludes an extended notice of the viiiues of his parents and the character of his home during his buy hood ; but, as he owed to these parents and to his early Christian culture nearly all that made his character so piecious, even the shortest record of his life should recog- nize the excellent stock from which he sprang, and the in- fluences which surrounded him in his childhood. The only surviving members of this Newburyport family are the brothers of the deceased : the Rt. Rev. Thomas M. Claik, D. D., Bishop of the Diocese of Rhode Island ; the Rev. Rufus W. Clark, D. D., of Albany, New York, and the Rev. George H. Clark, D. D., of Hartford, Connecticut. Dr. Clark studied theology at the seminary in Alexandria, Virginia. After completing his studies he took charge in Philadelphia of a new mission which afterwards was the Church of the Mediator. He was, for a short time, minis- ter of the Episcopal Church, at Plymouth, Massachusetts, and while there he \v.as called to be Assistant in St. Ann's Church, Brooklyn, Long Island, and also to the recloiship of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia. In the spring of 184S he became the Rector of the latter church, and he held this position until April, 1S56, when he was called to the rectorship of St. John's Churc.i, Elizabeth, New Jersey. A minute of the vestry of the Church of the Advent, and a tribute from the Sunday-school of that church to his memory, after a separation of eighteen years, indicate that he was held in " grateful remembrance " for his " Christian zeal and loving interest in all the work and people of his charge." While a resident of Philadelphia, Dr. Clark married Sarah Henry, daughter of John .S. Henry, Esq. His wife and six children survive him. Soon after taking orders he published the " Life of the Rev. Albert W. Duy," and subsequently published the " History of .St. John's Church, Elizabeth." He w,as elected to represent the Diocese of Now Jersey in the last two General Conventions, and at the time of his death was the President of the Standing Committee of the Diocese. He received the title of Doctor of Divinity from Rutgers Col- lege, New Jersey. And now, after this mere outline of an active and useful life, the writer would attempt a true jior- trait of a beloved brother. The materials for this portrait may, in part, be found in the tributes given by others to his memory. There are surely few clergymen whose Christian character and faithful services elicit, when they die, such sympathetic recognition as his death drew forth. That the vestry of his church and the convention of his diocese .should pass the common resolutions was to be expected, but it was not to be expected that other, and even distant cor- porations and societies, should give expression to their grief. BIOGRAPHICAL E-NXVCLOP-EDIA. The local editors, too, naturally would deplore his loss as " that of a brother and a personal friend," and mark the day of his goin^' from them as "a day of general mourning," but this " man of warm sympathies," who " always had an ear for the tale of human sulTcring," to " whose heart the orphan and the poor widow never appealed in vain," whose " catholicity of spirit and freeheartedness led him constantly to overleap all narrow sectarianism and all party bound- aries," left his name to be recorded even in distant parts of the land, associated with all which makes life precious and good. Ample was the testimony to his "great ability and earnestness," to "his industry and willingness to assume duties and responsibilities," to " his judicious counsel, his earnest zeal, his cheerful faith," to his " good humor and per- sonal magnetism," to " his universal kindness," to his "winning the love and respect of all who knew him," and the loss was mourned " as children mourn the loss of a dear parent." It was with no common grief that the members of the vestry of St. John's Church, with some of whom he had been pleasantly associated for nearly twenty years, put on their records that they had lost " a beloved personal friend, the church a most conscientious, devoted rector, the community one always in sympathy with them in projecting and doing good ; that he had always manifested the most generous and Christian spirit ; had been unremitted in his labors, often to an extent far beyond his physical strength ; that he had preached the Gospel with faithfulness, warned the unwary, visited the sick ; that the young, for whom it was his peculiar delight to labor, had lost a dear friend and counsellor; the poor, a most generous benefactor; the afflicted, a sincere sympathiier; and that no act could be recalled which did not increase the pleasant remembrance of him who was our joy and comfort at all times." While it cannot be claimed that Dr. Clark possessed the qualities of a great preacher, it may truly be said that he was a very effective Christian teacher. He knew what he wished to say, and his sermons were marked by plainness, good sense and strong feeling. Thoughts came to him quickly, and he wrote with rapidity, not slopping to elaborate his style, and seldom, if ever, revising or correcting. He was honest, con- scientious, fearless, and was an instructor who was successful in the best meaning of that word. There was a warmth and a glow about him in the pulpit which attracted his hearers. There was that which is superior to profound reasoning and to classic language — the earnest, clear presentation of all Christian duties, and of all Christian hopes and consolation. This, the real calling of a preacher, loyal to his Master, he well fulfilled, guided by the noblest of all principles, and by a true, pure heart. In one of his anniver*sary sermons, de livcrcd in St. John's Church, Dr. Clark says, "A more efficient ministry might have made a more efficient people ; " and in his diary, a few days after he became the Rector of the Church of the Advent, in Philadelphia, he wrote, " I am intrusted with a precious charge. May God grant th.at 1 m.ay be a faithful shepherd, a vigilant watchman, a fear- less preacher, an humble follower of Jesus, and a successful ambassador to my dear people." A more efficient ministry than that which marked his life is seldom secured in any parish, and the prayers which he offered at the begin- ning of his ministerial life were graciously answered. He was, indeed, a faithful shepherd, a vigilant watchman, a fearless preacher, an humble follower of Jesus, and a suc- cessful ambassador. The writer often remonstrated with him for his unceasing labors, but the anxiety of friendship could not keep him from his work. And with what fidelity, with what kindness, and sympathy and gentleness that work was done, those only can know who saw his face, and heard his voice, when they were in trouble and in sorrow. It should be recorded, too, that his philanthropy constantly carried him outside of his parish duties, and that many benevolent institutions found in him an advocate and a sup- porter. He was the life of every social company into which he entered, and the life of his own home. His buoyancy was never abated ; it was perpetual, and was commonly mingled with the kindness of his heart. There was hardly an hour when he did not do good by creating a laugh, and he would sometimes brush away his tears at the very time of saying funny and cheering things. He was tender- hearted as a child, he was truly pious, he was remarkably faithful in Christian duty, at home as well as abroad, and yet lie was an incessant blaze of fun ; indeed, a most re- markable depositar)' of " comic animation." Nothing re- pressed him. "An apt conjunction of satin and lawn " never disconcerted him ; he would light up the face of a grave bishop, or start the wrinkles on a judge, with the same careless indifference, as to himself, which he showed when he made a crowd of children happy. Introduced to the venerable mother of the President of the United States, he asked her if she had sons, and then where they lived ; and on learning that one lived in Washington, he wished to know what he did there. Hearing a very thin clergyman complain of being followed and annoyed by dogs in the streets, and seeing half-a-dozen other clergymen standing with sober faces and half-open mouths, listening to this re- cital and not knowing what to say, he said, " The dogs think he's a bone." Approached, while in conversation with a bishop's wife by a very large clergyman, it was im- possible for him, with his faculty of looking at and pre- senting things in their odd relations, not to say, " Permit me, madam, to present to you a portion of my friend, the Rev. Mr. ." His aged female parishioners were often " lambs," or " brides." His dog, goat, parrot, dead owl, hens, and the pencil-marked eggs on his bre.ikfast table, were prolific sources of merriment to him and to his guests and his family. The habit of getting off funny things was as natural and as irresistible with him as the habit of breath- ing. And he wa.s never ill-natured, nor vulgar, nor irrev- erent in his wit, nor did bespeak in it m.iny idle words ; his fim was more useful than the solemn advice of others; he would give a needed lesson, sometimes a long-remembered BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. 329 lesson, while he sent his hearer away laughing. " It is probable," said a friend, who preached a memorial sermon in St. John's pulpit, " that he is chiefly remembered by many as a cheerful man. Was there ever another who had such a kind and mirthful word for every one ? Did any one ever scatter so much sunshine along the very streets through which he passed?" But "this cheerfulness," adds his friend, " was as little the manifestation of a heart that could not profoundly feel, as it was of a mind that could not strongly think." The portrait cannot be complete; a sketch, the lines not fully filled. " There was so much of him to go," said his brother, the Bishop of Rhode Island, and all those who were nearest to him respond, "so much of him to go." He carried a charm about him. He was a delightful com- panion. His activity, energy, inflexibility in princijile, firmness in duty, won respect ; his personal character, hi-, generosity, his sweetness, his piety, won love. His soul was white and clear from his early boyhood, and he kept it so to the very end. The long and successful rectorship of Dr. Clark in St. John's Church terminated with his death, on the 2Sth of January, 1S75 ; and not only the people of his parish, but the people of the city, of all classes and of all creeds, deplored the irreversible event. It may be doubted if any citizen had so many friendships, and it is certain that no possible loss in the community could have been more deeply or universally lamented. A hundred clei-gymen, it is supposed, attended the funeral services. The large church was filled with mourners. Bishop Stevens and Bishop Scarborough were in the chancel and made addresses. The bells of the city were tolled. A noble life had ended ; a great heart had ceased to beat. The congregation of St. John's has placed a memorial tablet within the church edifice, and, by vote of the vestry, a monument has been erected, in Laurel Hill cemetery, Philadelphia, over the grave of this beloved minister. ARTIN, HON. ALEXANDER, LL.D. (degree conferred by Princeton College), Soldier and Statesman of the revolutionary war. Governor of North Carolina, Author, late of Danbury, Norfh Carolina, was born in New Jersey, about the year 1740, and studied at the New Jersey College, graduating from that institution in 1756. In 1721 his father had emigrated to the colonial settlements from Tyrone county, Ireland, and settled in New Jersey, where, it is sup- posed, he resided until the time of his decease. In 1772 he removed to North Carolina, and settled eventually in Guil- ford county, in that State. He served as a member of the Colonial Assembly, was actively engaged for some time as Colonel of a Continental Regiment, took a prominent part in the battles of Brandyvvine and Germantown, was State Senator in 1 779-80-8 1-S2-85-S7 and '8S, served as Speaker of the Senate at the close of the war, and, while acting in this capacity, as Acting Governor m 1781-82; from 1782 to 1785 and from 17S9 to 1792 was Governor of North Carolina; in 178S was a member of the Conven- tion to adopt the Federal Constitution ; and from 1793 ^'^ 1799 was an active and influential niendier of the United States Senate. According to Wheeler, " he was vam of his literary attainments, and published in the North Carolina University Magazine, poetical tributes to General Fiancis Nash and Governor Caswell." However this may be, he was certainly an upright and honored citizen, a man of un- usual scholarly attainments, and an earnest worker m the interests of his country. At the time of his death he was a Trustee of the University of North Carolina. He died at Danbury, North Carolina, in November, 1S07. icILL, THOMAS, D. D., LL.D., Clergyman, Matliematician, Author, of New Jersey, was bom in New Brunswick, New Jersey, January 7th, 1S18. His father, a tanner by trade, was for many years a Judge of the Superior Court of Common Pleas, and on both the paternal and the maternal side he is of English extraction. He was left an orphan at the age of ten, and two years later was appren- ticed to the printer of the Fredonian newspaper, passing the ensuing four years in its oflace. While in his seventeenth year, after spending from ten to twelve months in a common school, he entered an apothecary's shop, where he served for three and a half years. In 1S43 '""^ ^^'^^ graduated at Harvard College, in 1S45 completed his term of residence at the divinity school, and on Christmas of the same year was settled at Wallham. He is a Unitarian of the evan- gelical school, " but so little sectarian, or strictly denomi- national, that he has been invited to deliver the address be- fore the Society of Christian Inquiry in the orthodox College of Burlington." In 1859 he succeeded Horace Mann in the Presidency of Antioch College, Yellow Springs, Ohio; and in 1862-68 was President of Harvard University. He has been a frequent contributor to the periodical and occa- sional literature of the day, having written poems, re- views, translations, essays, for TJie Christian Examiner, The Religious Magazine, The Fhonografhic Magazine, The North American Review, and The Atlantic Monthly. He has also published sermons, lectures, and addresses, and contributed several valuable papers to " The Pro- ceedings of the American Association for the Advance- ment of Science." He wrote also the greater part of the articles on mathematics, etc., to be found in Appleton's " Cyclopaedia," and published an " Elementary Treatise on Arithmetic," " Geometry and Faith," and " First Lessons in Geometry." It is, however, in his investigations in curves that he has exhibited a remarkable originality and fertility. He has added to the number of known curves. and simplified their expression in an admirable manner; and, by going beyond ihe common methods of using co-or- dinates, and presenting novel combinations, has greatly extended the field of research. " It is understood that he has now in manuscript a work on curves of great value and importance." BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCL0P.^;DIA. lican principles In 1862 he was commissioned as Presi dent for Monmouth county of the Union League of America and he organized a chapter of that patriotic organization ni nearly every township of the county. He was a member of the Republican State Executive Committee in 1865, and ni that capacity rendered most efficient service to the cause. In 1865 he was married to Deborah C. Allen, daughter of Charles G. Allen, a prominent citizen of Red Bank. PrLEG.'\TE, JOHN S., Lawyer and Bank Presi- dent, of Red Bank, was born in Middletown, Monmouth county. New Jersey, August 6th, 1837. He comes of good old Jersey stock, his ancestors on both sides as far back as the year 1700 being also natives of Monmouth county, and at the pe- riod of the Revolution were active Whigs and soldiers in that heroic struggle. His parents, Joseph S. and .A.nn (Bray) Applegate, followed agricultural pursuits, and their son grew up amid the quiet and health-giving surroundings of farm life. His preliminary educational training was ob- tained in the neighboring schools, where he made good use of his opportunities. Being destined for a learned profes- sion, his parents sent him to college, his course being taken at Madison University, at Hamilton, New York, from which he graduated in 1858, after four years study, receiv- ing the degree of A. B. Choosing the law for a career, he pursued his studies for a time at Red Bank, and afterwards entered the ofiice of Hon. W. L. Dayton, at Trenton. Un- der the superintendence of that learned lawyer and polished advocate jie prosecuted his studies until his preceptor was offered and accepted the responsible position of Minister to the Court of France. Then he removed to Jersey City and completed his term of study with E. B. Wakeman. In due course he received his license as an attorney in November, l86l, and subsequently, at the February term of 1865, he was admitted as counsellor. He began and has always continued practice at Red Bank, and is acknowledged to stand among the Ic-iders of the bar in that section. His practice lies principally in the Stale and county courts. He is a man of large public spirit, and has always manifested an active and intelligent interest in all projects which in his judgment would tend to the advancement of his town lATT. This family is descended from Captain William Piatt, of New Jersey, who served in the revolutionary war, being attached to Colonel Ogden's regiment, and between whom .and Colonel Ogden a warm personal friendship existed. Re- maining in the army after the termination of the war, he was detailed a member of General Arthur St. Clair's command in the campaign against the Miami Indians. This war, it will be remembered, was undertaken du- the pui-pose of freeing the Ohio region from hostile Indians, being the first organized attempt at driving the native irilies westward. St. Clair was given command of the norili- westerji army, and was also appointed Governor of the Northwestern Territory. In the spring of 179 1 he took the field, and during the ensuing summer Generals Wilkinson and Scott were gradually advanced with a force of some eight hundred men ; the whole army numbered some fifteen hundred. In November the entire force was concentrated, and on the 4lh of that month St. Clair ordered a general attack to be made, himself commanding the attacking body. The resvilt was eminently disastrous; more than six liini- dred of the regulars were killed, and the remainder were utterly routed — the most signally destructive battle fou^jlit with the Indians since the defeat of Braddock. In iI.h battle Captain Pi.att unquestionably perished, but no relial le information of a definite character as to his fate ever re.icla-d his family. When last seen by his retreating comrades l-.e was severely wounded, and was supporting himself against a tree, and his last request was that he might be given a loaded musket so that his life should be sold dearly. By his wife, Sarah, daughter of John Shotwell, of Sholwell's Additional b.anking facilities being a plain necessity of the j Landing, New Jersey, he had three children : William, Je- locality, he initiated a movement which resulted in the or- ganization, in 1S75, of the Second National Bank of Red Bank. His executive ability and financial standing marked him out as eminently fitted for the successful conduct of the new enterprise, and he was accordingly elected the first President of the institution. This post he has since contin- ued to fill, and under his management the bank has secured an assured financial position and the high favor of the com- munity. In politics he is and has always been an earnest Republican, devoting himself at all times to the promotion of his party's success in the simple failh that the coiinliT mima and James. William studied medicine; upon grad- uation established himself m New York, and was for many years a leading practitioner in that city. Jemima, who was said to hear a striking resemblance to her gallant and un- fortunate father, was a distinguished preacher in the Society of Friends, and was well known throughout the American branch of that religious organization. She married her cousin, Elijah Shotwell, of Plainfield, New Jersey. James removed in early life to Ohio, where he married, was a con- siderable land-owner, and a man of something more than local prominence. From him the noted Colonel Don Piatt, welfare is inseparably bound up in the supremacy of Repub- i editor of the Washington Capitol, is descended. In New >^^>^^ q/ ^^./x^jz^^^^ BIOGRAP.ilCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. Jersey, New York and Ohio numerous representatives of the family are now living. Mi^ ^(3=* "OOPER, JAMES E., Commnnder in the United States navy, late of lladdonfield, New Jersey, was the son of Benjamin and Elizabeth Cooper, of Gloucester county, New Jersey, both of whom belonged to the Society of Friends. His mother's maiden name was Hopenrie. His father was fourth in descent from William Cooper, who in the early part of the seventeenth century settled at Old Newton, Gloucester county, which has continued to be the seal of his descendants down to the fifth generation. The descend- ant who forms the subject of this sketch has a double claim to the remembrance and reverence of his countrymen, hav- ing won laurels as a soldier in the \yar of the Revolution, and as a sailor in the war of 1S12. He entered "Lee's I,egion" in his seventeenth year, and continued in it until the peace of 17S3, serving with credit and distinction under both Lee and Marion. And distinction in such a service meant what it would require a volume to express. He took part in the storming of Stony Point ; in the surprise and capture of the British garrison at Paulus Hook ; in the bat- tle of Guilford Court-House, North Carolina; in the suc- cessful operations against Forts Watson, Motte and Granliy, South Carolina; in the surprise and capture of Fort Gal- phin, Georgia ; in the triumphant attack on Augusta, Geor- gia; in the siege of Fort Ninety-Six, South Carolina; and in the battle of Eutavv Springs, South Carolina. His cour- age and urbanity made him a favorite in the army, and won the full confidence of his illustrious commander, who se- lected him as the bearer of despatches to Congress, and likewise to the Commander-in-Chief, the immortal Wash- ington, who had selected the " Legion " for his body-guard at the battle of Gerniantown, and with whom it was always in high favor. He was also chosen by Lee to carry a flag of truce to the British commander. The seal to his mili- tary distinction was thus set by the hand of " Legion Harry " himself, him of whom General Greene declared that " few officers in Europe or America" were "held in so high a point of estimation," and that "no man in the progress of the southern campaign had equal merit with him." To have served under such a commander, and re- ceived his commendation, was in itself a splendid distinc- tion. After the peace he turned his attention to mercantile pursuits, and, entering the mercantile marine, he made the voyage to China in 1784, soon becoming a ship-master and ship-owner, proving that he could prosecute the arts of peace as vigorously and skilfully as those of war. But though he had beaten his sword into a tiller, he showed in due time that he was as ready to wield the tiller as he had been the sword, against the enemies of his country; for, on the breaking out of the second war with Great Britain, he again offered his services, and in May, 1S12, was appointed Sailing-M.aster in the United States navy, in which capacity he served during the war, being honored by President Mad- ison, after its close, with a Lieutenant's commission, dated April 22d, 1822, an especial marktif favor, no other pronio- lions having occurred at the time, or for many years (here- after. In 1841, September Sth, he was appointed Master Commander in the navy, and continued actively in service for many years afterwards, until in his seventy-third year he was ordered on duty at the Navy Asylum in Philadelphia, in the performance of which light and not uncongenial service he passed smoothly down the long decline of his life. He died at his residence in Haddonfield, New Jersey, Fobiuaiy 5th, 1S54, in the ninety-third year of his age, the last survivor of " Lee's Legion," as he had been among its first members in all soldierly achievements and all manly qualities. He was twice married : first to Rebecca Morgan, daughter of Grif- fith Morgan, who died in 1812, and by whom he had eleven children; and November 26th, 1S18, to Elizabeth Clement, daughter of John Clement, of Haddonfield, a descendant in the fourth degree from Gregory Clement, of London, the regicide. By his last wife he had one child. OOPEK, BENJAMIN, Commodore in the United States navy, was the son of Commander James B. Cooper, the subject of the foregoing .sketch. Entering the navy as Sailing-Master in 1809, he served with honor under Captain Lawrence on board the " Hornet " in her action with the " Pea- cock," February 22d, 1813, and December glh, 1814, was appointed Lieutenant. In 182S, April 24th, he was made Master Commander, and February 28th, 1S38, Captain. He died at his residence in Brooklyn, June 1st, 1851. His remains were interred in Greenwood cemetery, with mili- tary honors. Captains Stringham, Sands, Bell, Engle, and other naval officers acting as pall-bearers. He was a distin- guished officer, an eminent citizen, and a pure and high- minded man, a worthy son, in all respects, of the gallant and honored legionary to whom it was given to fight for his country with equal effectiveness in two wars and on two elements. ORNELL, REV. WILLIAM, D. D., was born in -1 I '834 in Seneca county. New York. He was the Vl 1 1 son of a farmer in moderate circumstances, and achieved his education under difficulties, which, Q"/^ however, disappeared one after another, and sometimes in troops, before his strong love of knowledge and resolute will. He was prepared for college by the Rev. Dr. Brown, subsequently a missionary in Japan, and entered Rutgers in 1855, with the mini:>try in view as 332 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP.HDIA. hi4 vocation. By selling books, and turning to such ] one converted a poor woman to God; don't destroy this ; other avocations as oftered themselves, he worked his way j here is one which I know saved a young man's soul, for he through the college and the seminary, and graduated with I told me so; keep that," and so on through them all. Tliose honoR, winning the esteem alike of his teachers and of his j which he knew had converted somebody he wished pre- associates. hIs first charge was at Montague, Sussex seri'ed ; but all the rest he ordered to be burned. Rarely county, New Jersey, from which, after remaining one has a soul ascended to its Maker so completely purged year, he went to Freehold, where he also remained a from the taint of earth. He died, September nth, 1S76: vcar, teaching in the institute, his health not permittmg him to preach. From Freehold he went to Woodstown, Salem county, remaining five yeai-s, and faithfully preach- ing during the whole period ; after which, his health again failing, he removed to Somerville, in 1S68, and founded his "Classical Institute for both Sexes," which he con- ducted until his death. The seat of the institute for the first year was at the northern end of Somerville, but he subsequently purchased a lot on South street, where he erected a handsome building, which included his home as well as his school-room, and where he died. His school speedily gained a widespread reputation, and drew to it pupils from far and near. He was especially successful in training young men for college, his pupils, as was often remarked by Dr. Campbell, President of Rutgers, knowing their classics so well that it was almost idle to examine them. Throughout the eight years of arduous labor which he spent in teaching at Somerville, he occupied the pulpit on the Sabbath whenever possible, feeling that his higher mission was to preach the gospel, and finding in the fulfil- ment of this mission his chief delight. Nothing but sick- ness which utterly precluded his attendance ever prevented his preaching when called upon. And his services were not unfruitful. At Lebanon, where he long ministered to a flock without a shepherd ; at Rarit.an, where he filled a vacancy in the pulpit of the Third Reformed Church, and every- where indeed that he preached, he gained hearts not only for himself, but for his Master. His characteristics as a clergyman were marked and admirable. **As a minister," to quote the apt words of one who knew him well, " he was faithful ; as a preacher he was full of power. His ser- mons were first carefully prepared, and then rewritten, so as not to present an erasure or a blot. His language was simple, like the language of the gospel, but direct, incisive, and full of hope to the believer. Whether he preached the terrors of hell or the allurements of heaven, he faithfully portrayed the whole word. Earnestness, a profound belief in all he uttered, and simplicity of diction were his strong ])oints in preaching, and they are the points which will make any preacher strong and powerful." His zeal and sincerity were of the purest type. The vice of worldliness had no pl.ice in his character. He never preached for effect, except the effect of saving human souls, esteeming all else as vanity and foolishness. A proof of this at once striking and touching was afforded by an incident of his closing days. Requesting that his sermons should be brought to him, that he might direct what should be done with them, he deliberately looked at each, saying : " This lamented keenly by all who knew him, and most by those who knew him best. Previously to accepting his first charge at Montague he was married to Julia Smith, of Middlebush, wlio survives him. ARRARD, HON. LEVI D., Merchant and Legis- lator, of New Brunswick, was born in ^Yarren county, New Jersey, August 3d, 1824. Both his parents were natives of the same State, his father, Jonas Jarrard, being in his time an extensive manufacturer of wagons, plows, etc. ; his mother's maiden name was Ereminah Dalrimple. The district schools of Warren county gave him educational training up to his fourteenth year, when he entered a mercantile estab- lishment in the same county. After clerking in this con- nection for about four years he removed to Morris county, where he was similarly engaged for the ensuing three years. Then he commenced business on his own account, locating at Mount Freedom. By this time he had attained his twenty-first year. He successfully conducted this under- taking for two years, and then, encouraged by liis success, he sought a more extensive field of operations. This he found at Parryville, Pennsylvania, in the neighborhood of Mauch Chunk. Here he pursued a prosperous career until 1850, whec he again determined upon a further extension of business. For this purpose he removed to New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, and opened upon the river front one of the most extensive ship-chandleries in the State. This en- terprise he continues to carry on, embracing all branches of ship-supplying, and it to-day occupies a front rank among concerns of its class. Since locating in New Brunswick he has become interested in and owner of a number of vessels doing business along the Delaware & Raritan Canal. But he has not permitted his own personal interests to absorb all his energies. A man of large public spirit and decided convictions, he has taken an earnest interest in politics, local, State and national. In hearty sympathy with the principles of the Republican party, he has ever been found among its most active members, and his high intelligence, delicate tact and superior executive ability, combined with great personal magnetism, won for him, years since, the position of a leader in his section. Numerous illustrations are afforded of his popularity and influence. In 1857 and 1858 he was chosen one of the Aldermen of the city. In 1864 he was chosen to represent Middlesex county in the popular branch of the Legislature, and by successive elec- BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 333 lions served through the sessions of 1S64, 1S65 and iS65. Again, in 1S68, he was returned to the same body, and served during the sessions of 1S6S and 1S69. His course in the Assembly marked him out as eminently fitted for a higher trust, and accordingly, in 1870, he was chosen as Senator for Middlesex county, and this position he held, to the marked satisfaction of his constituents and with honor to himself and the party he represents, for two terms, being re-elected in 1S73. During his long term of service in both branches of the Legislature he introduced many meas- ures of great importance, among which may be cited "A Bill for the Education and Maintenance of the Deaf and Dumb, Blind, and Feeble-Minded of the State." This was presented during the session of 1S76. It provided for the establishment of three institutions : one at New Brunswick for the deaf and dumb; another at Trenton for the blind, and a third at Eordentown for the feeble-minded. Passed by both chambers, it encountered a veto at the hands of Governor Bedle, but nevertheless came very near enact- ment, only two votes being lacking to pass it over the veto. The measure was then divided into three separate bills, all of which passed the Legislature, but failed to become law, the governor withholding his signature. During his career in the Senate he served upon the Committees on Municipal Corporations, Railroads and Canals, and Reform School, being Chairman of each ; he also acted on many other im- portant committees in both branches of the Legislature after his first entrance into the legislative halls. As a legislator he was always a hard and efficient worker, guarding carefully and untiringly promoting the immediate interests of his constituents, and protecting those of his party generally from aggression by representatives of a dif- ferent faith from other counties. He has always been a devoted advocate of the maintenance of the Union, and during the rebellion he was among the staunchest sup- porters of the administration, labored to his utmost for the successful prosecution of the war, and contributed largely of his means in caring for the widows and orphans of the soldiers. He was a district Delegate to the Republican National Convention at Chicago, in 1S68, and also a Dele- gate at large to the Philadelphia Convention, in 1S72. As a citizen of New Brunswick he has always been distin- guished for his ready and generous aid to all movements for the improvement and development of the city. He is One of the Directors and largest stockholders in the Ma- sonic Hall, one of the finest and most extensive structures in the city, containing an elegant opera house, handsome assembly rooms, and lodge rooms of the order, and a large number of lawyers' offices, etc. The erection of the build- ing was commenced in 1S70, and completed in 1874, at a cost of $285,000. He has been a Director and stockholder in most of the loan associations of New Brunswick, and holds the same relations to the New Brunswick & Cran- berry Turnpike Company. It will thus be seen that his life has been an exceptionally busy one, and not only so, but one whose activity has redounded verj- largely to the advantage of the city in which his lot has been immedi- ately cast, and to the welfare of the community at large, the influence of a well-spent life widening and widening continually, and comprehending a sphere far more extended than is directly recognized. He was married on August 3ISI, 1844, to Jane Trowbridge, daughter of David Trow- bridge, of Mount Freedom, Morris county, wdio for many years served as a justice of the peace in that county, and was much respected. ALL, REV. BAYNARD RUST, D.D., Educator, Author, late of Brooklyn, New York, was burn in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 179S. In 1820 he was graduated from the Union College, and subsequently studied, and also graduated, at the Princeton Theological Seminary. He was for several years pastor of a church, and President of a college in Bloomington, Indiana; and afterward pastor of a con- gregation, and principal of a flourishing academy in Bed- ford, Pennsylvania. At various times he was connected with educational institutions in Eordentown and Trenton, New Jersey, and Poughkeepsie and Newburgh, New York. In 1852, or thereabout, he removed to Brooklyn, New York ; officiated for some time as Principal of the Park In- stitute ; and during the last few years of his life found pleasure and occupation in preaching to the destitute and the lower classes, and in administering, to the extent of his ability, to their spiritual comforts and material needs. He published a " Latin Grammar" in 1828; "The New Pur- chase," in 1843; "Something for Everybody;" "Teaching a Science;" and "Frank Freeman's Barber Shop," 1S52. He possessed an extensive circle of friends and admirers in the States of New Jersey and New York, and wherever he was known was loved and respected for his unostentatious good deeds and charities, and his many abilities, natural and acquired. His " Latin Grammar" has been frequently and warmly eulogized as a scholarly production ; and his story of " Frank Freeman " had at one time quite an ex- tended popularity. He died at Brooklyn, New York, Janu- ary 23d, 1863. URAND, ASIIER BROWN, Painter and En- graver, of New Jersey, was born in Jefferson, New Jersey, August 21st, 1796. His paternal ancestors were Huguenots. He learned the ait of engraving in the shop of his father, a skilful watchmaker. In 181 2 he was apprenticed to Peter Maverick, engraver, with whom, in 1817, he became a partner. His engraving of " Trumbull's Declaration of Independence," his first Large work, cost him three years of labor, but at once brought him into favorable notice. The 334 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. national portrait gallery contains many of his heads ; and his " Musidora " and "Ariadne " are excellent specimens of art. After ten years' practice as a painter, he relinquished engraving in 1835, and devoted himself chiefly to landscape painting. His pictures are pleasing in color and tone, and evince a high degree of poetic feeling and appreciation. The principal of his figure-pieces are, "An Old Man's Reminiscences," " The Wrath of Peter Stuyvesant," " God's Judgment on Gog," " The Dance on the Battery," and " The Capture of Andre." Among the more notable of his landscapes are, " The Morning and Evening of Life," a pair, " Lake Scene — Sunset," " The Rainbow ; " wood-scene, " Primeval Forest," " In The Woods," " The Symbol," from Goldsmith's " Deserted Village," " Franconia Mountains," and "Reminiscences of Catskill Cloves." In 1854 he painted a portrait of the poet, William Cullen Bryant. He has filled with marked ability the office of President of the National Academy of Design. His son, John Durand a scholarly gentleman, and one well-versed in art and artistic matters, has for several years past conducted The Crayon, a monthly publication specially devoted to the fine arts. |IVENS, JOHN U., of Belvidere, Lawyer, was born in the village of Vernon, Sussex county. New Jersey, May 25lh, 1834. His father was John Givens, the name also of his grandfather, who was a soldier in the war of 181 2. After the usual attendance at the common schools, he entered the academy of William Rankin, at Deckertown, New Jersey, becoming afterwards a teacher, teaching in the public schools of Warren county for about nine years, towards the close of which period he began the reading of law, under the instruc- tions of the Hon. A. J. Rogers. In 1862, stimulated by patriotism, and not unmindful of his descent from a soldier, he enlisted in the 3I5t New Jersey Infantry, and was subse- quently promoted to a Lieutenancy. On the expiration of the term of service of the 31st, and the mustering out of the regiment, he assisted in organizing the 2d New Jersey Cavalry, of which he was commissioned First Lieutenant. His regiment was sent to the Southwest, where it was engaged in the several battles with General Price, and also in the capture of Mobile. In all those engagements, as in all subsequent ones, he showed himself a worthy descendant of the soldier of 1812, At Egypt Station, in acknowledg- ment of his bravery on the field, he was assigned to the Captaincy of Company H, made vacant by the death of Captain Gallagher, killed while assaulting a stockade at that place. His entire record in the war is one of gallantry and soldierly conduct. At the close of the war he resumed his legal studies, under Thomas Rays, of Newton, and was admitted to the bar in 1870, having previously, however, served two terms in the New Jersey Assembly, so impatient were the people to express their sense of his abilities and of his brilliant military record. On his admission to the bar he settled at Belvidere, where he has already acquired a large practice which is steadily increasing. Since 1873 he has been associated in the practice with Mr. Harris, under the firm-name of Givens & Harris. In politics he is a Democrat, devotedly attached to his party, and, as may be readily believed, cherished by his party in return. By many of his political friends of Warren he was pressed as a can- didate for Congress at the late election, and no doubt would have received the nomination, had not another quarter of the district claimed it, on the ground of geographical rotation, not a very intelligible ground perhaps in the light of reason, but potent enough in the somewhat mixed light that " beats upon " the average voter. But he is still young, and can well afford to bide his time. He undoubtedly has a political future. OTTER, WILLIAM S., was born February 26th, 1S33, at Pottersville, New Jersey. He is the son of Samuel Potter, a farmer of that place, whose father. Colonel Jonathan Potter, was long con- nected with the New Jersey militia, and whose graiulfaiher and great-grandfather both served through the revolutionary war, the latter as Colonel, the former as Captain. The family, one of the oldest in the St.ate, is of English extraction. As early as 1696 it had struck its roots deep and spread them wide in the soil of New Jei-sey, if we may judge from the ancient records of Newark, the grant for the site of the public buildings of the town in that year describing the property granted as being bounded on the west and south by lands of Samuel Potter. The family is thus not only one of the oldest in the State, but identified with the origin and growth of its chief city. Young William attended the public schools until he was fourteen years of age, when he entered as clerk a mercantile establishment at Morristown, where he remained one year, after which he served six years in the same capacity at Pottersville. He then undertook farming near Freehold, following it until 1855, at which time he embarked in the manufacture of mowing machines and agricultural imple- ments in general, prosecuting the business for two years. Having quit it, he resided for a short time in Freehold, from which he removed to the city of New York, and engaged in business there. At the outbreak of the civil war, he, having meanwhile become a member of the celebrated yih Regiment, went with his comrades to the defence of the national capital, and remained with the regiment until the term of enlistment expired. On his return he removed to Pluckemin, New Jersey, of revolutionary fame, and, in company with his brother, carried on merchandising. While residing in Pluckemin he was elected a member of the Town Committee, of which he was made Chairman, a position in which he rendered valuable aid in filling the quotas of the town. In 1S67 he was elected by the Democrats Surrogate BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. of Somei'set county, and filled ihe ofiice for five years, to the satisfaction of all parties, his trained business capacity and varied experience of life admirably fitting him fur the complex and responsible duties of the place. He was re- nominated by his party in 1872, but, with the rest of the local Democratic ticket, shared the general disaster attending upon the Greeley campaign. He has been for four yeai^ a mem- ber of the Somerville Street Commission, and Secretary of the Somerset County Agricultural Society, since its organiza- tion in 1870. He is also a Director of the Somerville Building Loan Association. He is now engaged as a con- tractor and in the insurance business. He is, besides, at present Secretary of the Speaker of the New Jersey Assembly. He was married in 1863 to Miss Van Derbeck, of Laming- ton, New Jersey. URAND, JAMES M., of Newark, Diamond-Broker and Manufacturer of Fine Jewelry, was born in Essex county. New Jersey, March 23d, 1S13. He is a son of Henry Durand and Electra Bald- win, natives of New Jersey, with which the family, on both sides, have long been identified. He was educated at .South Orange. Leaving school at the age of sixteen he went to New York city to learn the trade of watch-case making, after learning which he settled at Camp- town, New Jersey, now known as Irvinglon, one of the suburbs of Newark, where he associated himself with his uncle, under the firm-name of C. & J. M. Durand, for the manufacture of watch-cases and machinery in all its branches, he superintending the former part of the business, and his uncle the latter. In 1S37 he retired from the Camptown establishment, and removed to Newark, becoming the com- pany in the firm of Taylor, Baldwin & Co., jewelry manufac- turers. This firm was succeeded by that of Baldwin & Co., in which he was also the company, the latter firm being succeeded in turn by that of Baldwin & Durand, the busi- ness of the three firms together continuing for a period of tliirteen years. Between the retirement of Baldwin from the last mentioned firm and the forming of the jiresent firm there were two other firms, Durand & Annin, and Durand, Cirter & Co., the latter expiring in 1862, when the present one, Durand & Co., was formed, he being, as will be observed, the only constant quantity throughout these combinations, a fact due in part no doubt to circumstances, yet in some measure expressive of the stability and persistence of his strongly marked character. It is seldom mere accident that leads one to keep his place in the figure during so lively a change of partners. A firm foot and a level head are apt to have something to do with it. Certain it is at any rate that he has both of these requisites to a successful business career, as also that his own career has been in fact eminently suc- cessful. For forty years he has been a leading manufacturer in Newark, and his prosperity, instead of standing still or waning, is increasing year by year, not even the present hard times materially checking it, although his business is in itself restricted and e-xclusive, diamonds being a very dispensable sort of luxury to the million, and h.^nlly .-in absglute necessity even to the upper ten thousand. 1 1 is establishment, which is large and admirably arranged for ils purposes, employs, when running at full force, some 150 men, the products being of the finest jewelry, and the annu;il sales, in good times, amounting to over $600,000. He trades directly with the retailers, supplying houses in all quarters of the United St.ates, though of course not many houses in any one quarter, the commodities being too costly for general use. It speaks well for his business, and still better, perhajis, for his management of it, that it successfully weathered the late financial storm, and has steadily held on through the succeeding dead calm, ready to catch the first breath of the returning breeze, and go forward at the old rate of speed or at a higher one. Of his marked abilities as a business man there can be no question. That they are not questioned by his fellow-citizens maybe inferred from the various trusts to which at different times he has been called, having been an Alderman of the Ninth Ward for two years, and being at present one of the Trustees of the American Trust Company, of Newark, a Director of several of the most prominent Fire Insurance Companies in that city, and President of the Mer- chants' National Bank. He was married in 1832 to Sarah Ann Carroll, of New York city. JUNTER, REV. ANDREW, D.D., Chaplain in the Revolutionary Army, Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy, late of Burlington, New Jersey, was born in New Jersey circe 1750, and studied at Princeton College, graduating from that institution in 1772. During the conflict between the colonies and Great Britain he labored with fearless zeal as an encouraging counsellor and spiritual exhorter among the men of '76, and, at a later date, engaged in teaching in a classical school at Woodbury. He was then occupied for a time in agricultural pursuits, and the cultivation of a farm, on the Delaware near Trenton. From 1804 to 1 80S he presided as Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy in his Alma Mater; and, in the course of the following year, Ijecame the head of an academy in Bordenlown, New Jersey. He afterwards accepted a Chaplaincy in the Washington navy-yard. In the Trenton newspaper, of Monday, Decem- ber 30th, 1799, is the following notice: "The Rev. Mr. Hunter, who officiated yesterday for Mr. Armstrong, after reading the President's proclamation respecting the general mourning for the death of General Washington, gave the intimation in substance, as follows: 'Your pastor desires me to say on the present mournful occasion, that while one sentiment — to mourn the death and honor the memory of General Washington — penetrates eveiy breast, the proclama- tion which you have just heard read, he doubts not, will be duly attended to; yet believing, as he does, that he but 336 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. anticipates the wishes of those for whom the intimation is given, Mr. Armstrong requests the female part of his audience in the city of Trenton and Maidenhead, as a testimony of respect for, and condolence with Mrs. Washington, to wear for three months, during their attendance on divine service, such badges of mourning as their discretion may direct.' " His second wife was Mary Stockton, a daughter of Richard Stockton, signer of the Declaration of Independence. He had an uncle, also Rev. Andrew Hunter, who was a pastor in Cumberland county. New Jer.sey, 1 746-1 760. He married Ann Stockton, a cousin of Richard Stockton, and died in 1775. His widow was buried in the Trenton church-yard, in October, iSoo, and the funeral sermon on that occasion was delivered by President Smith. He was a loyal and learned divine, a man of excellent parts, scrupulous in the performance of every duty, and tireless in his efforts to improve the moral condition of those around him, and to promote the welfare of his .State and country. He died in Burlington, New Jersey, February 24th, 1S23. ;iRK, HON. WILLIAM HENRY, Builder and State Senator, of Newark, son of the late John H. Kirk, and descended from a HoUandish family, resident in New Jersey from early colonial times, was born in New York, 1813. Having received a sound English education in New York, he moved with his parents to New Jersey, whence they had originally come, and which they had always regarded as their home. Here he served an apprenticeship to the trade of carpentry, subsequently studied architecture, and eventually established himself as an architect and builder. His business, founded on the subst.antial basis of a thorough knowledge of its details, rapidly increased ; his reputation for reliability extended, and his operations spread far beyond the limits of the town to which they were at first confined : among his works are to be included many of the finest public and private buildings in the State. Occupying so conspicuous a position in business circles, he naturally became prominent in public affairs. In 1S71 he was elected one of the Chosen Free-holders of Essex county, and this was followed in 1873 by his election, on the Republican ticket, to the Legislative Assembly of the State. In the lower house he quickly made his presence felt by his able and determined opposition to the Reformed School Bill, a measm-e introduced in the interest of the church of Rome ; his action being so well to the liking of his constituents that he was re-elected in the following year. During his second term the Roman Catholic Protectory Bill was introduced, and was met by him with determined opposition. Owing to his efforts the bill was greatly reduced in its demands, but he was unable to bar its passage. Carried up into the Senate, the effect of his vigorous denunciation of the bill in the House — aided by his personal appeals to Senators — awakened a spirit of resistance that in the end determined in its defeat ; and the constitutional amend- ment of 1S75 removed the matter beyond the chances of future legislation. In the year that he won this substantial vii ;oi7 he was nominated State Senator, and so entirely had his conduct received the popular approval that he was elected by an altogether unprecedented majority of some 4,000. In this election the whole Romanist interest of the district was brought to bear against him, making his success the more striking, and the more strikingly convincing of the esteem in which he is held. As a Senator he has evinced the same strong qualities that made him a leader in the lower house, and he is regarded in Newark as a worthy representative of the first city of the State. ACWHORTER, REV. ALEXANDER, D. D.— conferred by Yale College in 1776 — an eminent Presbyterian divine, late of Newark, New Jersey, was born in Newcastle county, Delaware, July 15th, 1734, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1757. His father, Hugh MacWhorter, was a native of Ireland. In 1759 he settled near Newark, New Jersey; and from 1764 to 1766 was employed by the Synod of New York and Philadelphia in a mission to North Carolina. In 1775 he was sent by Congress to the western counties of North Carolina, to persuade the numerous roy.alists of that State to adopt the patriot cause, and aid in resisting the growing tyranny of the mother country. Near the close of 1776 he hastened to the army encamj^ed on the Pennsylvania shore, opposite Trenton, to consult concerning the protectiim of New Jersey, and was present at the council of war which advised the passage of the Delaware, and the surprise of the Hessian troops. In 177S, at the solicitation of General Knox, he accepted the Chaplaincy of his artillery brigade, and enjoyed friendly relations with Washington during the few months that he held this office. In 1779 he accepted a pastorale and the Presidency of Charlotte Academy, in Mecklenburg county. North Carolina ; but the place being captured by Cornwallis, he lost his library and furniture, and, fearing further attacks, was recalled, and finally reinstalled at Newark, New Jersey. In 17S8 he was a prominent actor in the settlement of the confession of faith, and the formation of the constitution of the Presbyterian Church of the United States. He was for thirty-five years a Trustee of the College of New Jersey; and, after the burning of the college build- ings in 1802, the collection of funds for a new edifice was chiefly due to his influence, and personal solicitations in New England. In 1800 he published a " Century Sermon," describing the settlement and progress of the town of Newark, New Jersey, and its environs; and in 1S03 a collection of sermons, in 2 vols., 8vo. His deep religious impressions began to influence him strongly when but sixteen years of age; and after being ordained in 1759 he was minister of the First Presbyterian Church, with slight interruptions, for a period extending over nearly a half century. He possessed ^^'^^J^d CaP^ti^'^ <^V>Z^^, '-^'P^^^' BIOGRArniCAL EN'CVCLOr.KDIA. 337 a vi 'orniis aiul soimJ intellect, ami was vcspected fov the extent ot his Icaining, and hi> earnest piety as a niinistei-. Ills wife, Mary (Cuuiming) MacWlmrter, was a sister of Rev. A. Cumming, of Boston, Massachusetts. In the " History of Newark," by Dr. Stearn, is found a full account of his life and labors, as patriot and pastor, through the troublous days of the struggle for independence down to the lime of his decease. After a career of remarkable useful- ness, and experiences of a varied and suggestive nature, he died at Newark, New Jersey, July 20th, 1807. ^p^ACON, REV. GEORGE B., late of Orange, New \j)Jl^ Jersey, was born in New Haven, Connecticut, ° I 1 ^^^y ^3''' '^3^' ^"^ '^'^^ '^^ •''"" of 'he venerable ^|Hrr Dr. Leonard Bacon. A delicate boy and youth, ^ "^W^ his studies were more or less interrupted. After due preparation he became a student at Yale Col- lege, as a member of the class of 1856, but was unable to complete the usual course of study on account of ill health He received, however, his degree in due lime. After leav- ing college he sailed with Commodore Foote to Japan, and before his return home visited also China and Siam. Aftt this season of foreign travel, which greatly benefited h health, he entered the ministry of the Congregational Church, and in 1861 accepted a call lo the pastorate of the church in Orange. "The Valley Church," Oliver Johnson says in TAe Oiniif:e Journal, " was the chief scene of his life and work, to which he lovingly gave his service by giv ing his whole heart. It was precious to him beyond all exjiression. He would have faithfully loved and served any flock of the Lord Jesus over which he might have been set in charge, for his nature was tenderness, sympathy, and fidelity ; but this church was his first charge, and he their first pastor, ordained among them in 1S61, when he was twenty-five years of age. He and they had wrought upon each other from the beginning with a subtle interchange, an unconscious reciprocation of mental, moral, spiritual in- fluence, until the union had become in their mind and his sacred almost as wedding-bonds." Dr. Bacon was a valued contributor to the press; He died September 15th, 1876. obtained at the celebrated French school of Teugnct & Brothers, in New York city. The meilical profession h.ad been decided upon, and in the year 1S54 he commenced the study of medicine, matriculating at the New York Uni- versity. He graduated from the university in the spring of 1856, having had the advantage of studying under Dr. Valentine Mott, and soon afterwards commenced profes- sional practice in New York. He remained there one year, and during that time he attended and graduated from the New York Ophthalmic School. In 1858 he removed to Hoboken, and there he has since resided, actively en- gaged in professional labors, and at present stands in the front rank. He is connected with the New Jersey .State Medical Society, the District Medical Society of Hudson county, the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, and the Jersey City Pathological Society. He has been a delegate from the State Medical Society of New Jersey to those of New York and Massachusetts, and was a delegate to the American Medical Association, in 1S64, from the Hudson County Medical Society. For one year he acted as the Physician for the city of Hoboken, and one year Superin- tendent of Public Schools. For fifteen years he has been connected with St. Mary's Hospital, of Hoboken, in the capacity of Attending Surgeon, and during the last two years he acted as Consulting Surgeon. This hospital, it may be remarked, is the first charity hospital founded in the State. In i860 Dr. Chabert was commissioned Divis- ion Surgeon of the Second Division New Jersey State National Guard, under General E. R. V. Wright. He is enthusiastically attached to his profession, is still a close student, and is a hard and earnest as well as an eminently successful worker. He was married, October 2Ist, 1S47, to Harriet A. Hope, of New York. qiABERT, ROMEO F., M. D., Physician, of Ho- boken, is a native of London, England, in which metropolis he was born, August 9th, 1828. His father, Xavier Chabert, was born in Avignon, France, and was an officer under Napoleon Bona- parte; his mother, Mary Ann Falser, was a native of Bristol, England. In the year 1830 the family removed discoveries and researches of Copernicus the attention and to the United States, and established their residence in the prominence they merite'J. He was born about the year city of New York. The education of Romeo Chabert was 1520, and w.as a son of Richard Fielde, of Ardsley, who, it 43 (; /pIELD, HON. RICH.\RD STOCKTON, LL. D., 4-'l Jufis'. J"^'s<;. AttorneyGeneial of New Jersey, late of Princeton, New Jersey, was born at White- hill, Burlington county. New Jersey, December 31st, 1803, and graduated from the New Jersey College in 1821. The history of the family de- scent is veiled in some obscurity, but it is given as certain that he was descended from the same family as John Field, the celebrated English astronomer of the middle of the si.\teenth century, who was the first to avail himself of the Copeniican system as a basis for calculations for practical purposes, in his " Ephemeris Anni 1557 currentis, Jiixta Copernici et Reinhaldi Canones fideliter per Joannem Field." This work, which was of considerable mngnitiide, was undertaken at the suggestion of the famous Dr. Dee, and was probably the first publication which gave to the 33S BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP-KDIA. is asserted, was a grandson of William Fielde, or Feld, of Bradford, who died in 14S0. In 1555, ihe year preceding the publication of his first " E|jhemeris," he was admitted Fellow of Lincoln's College, Oxford. About 1560 he mar- ried Jane Amyas, a daughter of John Amyas, of Kent, and removed from London, where he had been living, to Ards- ley, where he died in 1587. He published an " Ephemeris" fur 1558, and another for 1559, in each of which he sus- tained with increasing force and earnestness the value of the system that he had been instrumental in introducing into his native country. " It was in recognition of the great service which he had thus rendered to the cause of science that he received a patent in 1558, authorizing him to wear as a crest over his family arms a red righf arm issuing from the clouds and supporting a golden sphere, thereby intimating the splendor of the Copernican dis- covery. There is a seal in the possession of the family at Princeton which was no doubt handed down from one generation to another: on one side is the family coat-of- arms ; on another is the crest before referred to — an arm supporting a globe ; and on the third side ' R. F.,' the in- itials of the name of Robert Field, the emigrant ancestor of the family in this country. John Field had nine chil- dren, from the second of whom, Malhew, bom at Ardsley, in 156J, it has been attempted to trace the American family of that name. This, however, is considered to be erroneous, while it is admitted that the American family are descended from William of Bradford, the supposed great-grandfather of the astronomer, which, if correct, would make Richard Fielde, the father of John, and John Fielde, the known an- cestor of the emigrant, first cousins." William Fielde, de- ceased in 1559, had a son, also William, who died in 1619, leaving Robert, horn about 1605, who married. May i8th, 1630, Elizabeth Taylor, with whom he came to New Eng- land in 1635, or nine years later. In 1645 he removed with his family to Newtown, Long Island, and with others received from Governor Keift a patent for a tract of land known as the P'lusliing Patent, which was dated October loth, 1645. He had five children; the second, Anthony, died in 1691, and had two children, the eldest of whom, John, settled in Bound Brook, New Jei-sey, in 1685, and was the founder of the family in that State. His direct de- scendants, as far as they can be traced, are Robert Field, born January 6th, 1694; married Mary, daughter of Samuel and Susanna Taylor, by whom he had Robert, born May 9II'. '723. and married Mary, daughter of Oswald and Lydia Peale. He died January 29th, 1775, and had post- humous issue, Robert C. Field, born April 5th, 1775. He graduated at Princeton dllege in 1793, and in 1797 mar- ried Abby, daughter of Richard Stockton and Annis Boudi- not. He died in 1810, leaving five children. He was also a nephew of Richard Field, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. In the year following his father's death he removed with his family to Princeton, where Mrs, Field's family resided, and there received his education, being eventually graduated with high honors by Princeton College. He then entered upon a ctnirse of legal studies with his maternal uncle, the eminent jurist, Richard Stockton, and in February, 1825, was admitted to the bar. He afterward removed to Salem, in his native State, where he was engaged in professional labors until 1832, the date of his return to Princeton. For several years he was a member of the .State Legislature, and in February, 1S38, received from Governor Pennington the appointment of Attorney-General, which office he resigned, however, in 1841. He was an influential and leading member of the convention wdiich met at Trenton, May 14th, 1S44, and formed the present constitution of the State; and when, in 1851, it was resolved to form an association of the surviving members of that convention, he was chosen to deliver the .address at its first annual meeting. That address, delivered February ist, 1853, has been printed, and contains an elo- quent memorial of the great convention which, sixty-six years before, met in Philadelphia, and, with W'ashington as its President, formed the Constitution of the United Slates, In the New Jersey Historical Society, whose third President he was at the time of his death, he always took a warm and generous interest ; and to its publications contributed his most elaborate work, " The Provincial Courts of New Jersey, with Sketches of the Bench and Bar." It forms the third volume of the "Collections," and was the subject of two discourses delivered by him in January and May, 1848. At the meeting of the society, in September, 1851, he read a valuable paper on the " Trial of the Rev. William Tcnnent for Perjury, in 1742," which was printed in the proceedings of the meeting ; and to the Princeton Review, July, 1852, contributed the leading article on "The Publi- cations of the New Jersey Historical Society," noticing especially " The Papers of Governor Lewis Morris." In 185 1 he was elected one of the Executive Committee, and held this position until 1865, when, on the elevation of Hon. James Parker to the presidency, at the decease of Hon. losepli C. Hornblower, he became Vice-President. In 186S, on the death of the former, he succeeded him in the Presidency. At ihe annual meeting, in January, 1865, he delivered an ".Address on the Life and Character of Chief- Justice Hornblower;" and at the January meeting, in 1869, a similar one on his predecessor. President Parker. He was also deeply interested in the public education sys- tem of his St.ate and countiy, and upon the organization of the .Stale Normal School, in 1855, was chosen President of the Board of Trustees. This position he filled with ad- mir.able energy and ability until the day of his decease, and every annual report made to the Legislature by the board was made by him. For several years he presided as Pro- fessor in the law school connected with Princeton College, " which owed its very existence to his energy and t.ilenl," and in 1S59 his Alma Mater conferred upon him the de- cree of Doctor of Laws. During the conflict between ihe North and South " he was a staunch supporter of the gov- BIOGRAinilCAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 339 ernmenl," and look a decided stand relative to certain constitutional views and theories, which he upheld with energy and warmth. July 4th, 1861, by request of his fellow-townsmen, he delivered an oration, with •' The Con- stitution not a Compact between Sovereign States " as his subject and point of departure. On the death of Hon. John R. Thomson, a Senator in Congress from New Jersey, lie was appointed, in the following November, by Gover- nor OUlen, to fill the unexpired term. January 21st, 1S63, he was appointed, by Lincoln, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. While serv- ing as a member of the Senate he delivered a speech, " or rather argument," on the discharge of State prisoners, Jan- uai-y 7th, 1S63, which excited the attention of a large por- tion of the Republican party, and its supporters of the press. He therein defended the position that the right to suspend the writ of habeas corpus was vested in the President, and not in Congress. On taking his seat upon the bench of the United Stales District Court he delivered " a most learned and excellent charge" to the grand jury, which has since been printed in a pamphlet of twenty-four pages. In his judicial life he has been described by District-Attorney Keasbey as " a wise, upright and fearless and merciful judge." The same gentleman then continues : " Only one decision of his was ever reversed; that was one in which the Supreme Court were at first almost evenly divided, and ordered a new argument He had a keen perception of the real point and merits of a case He was fully acquainted with the fountains of English eloquence, and his mind was so stored with the fruits of his learning that he had a rare facility of expression. He always preferred to charge juries or decide cases on the spot. He could al- ways do it better than if he stopped to think or write. I think that if we could reproduce simply his addresses to prisoners about to be sentenced, they would be striking models of manly and tender exhortation." He cherished a warm admiration for Lincoln, and, February 12th, 1866, the anniversary of the President's birthday, at the request of the Legislature of New Jersey, delivered an excellent oration on the life and character of that great citizen and statesman. At the Centennial Celebration of the American Whig Society of the College of New Jersey, in June, 1S69, he delivered his last public address, " and it is one marked by great purity of style and graceful erudition," on his favor- ite theme of education. His various contributions to the New Jersey " Collections," and his numerous discourses and addresses, are valued additions to American special literature, and contain much material of permanent interest to the general student, as well as to the historian and anti- quary. In April, 1870, while in the discharge of his duties on the bench, he was stricken with a paralysis, and after -uttering some incoherent remarks fell senseless from his seat. He was then carried from the court-room to his home, where, after lingering a few weeks in a totally un- conscious state, he died, May 25th, 1870. In 1831, while residing at Salem, he niairicd M.uy Ritchie, by whom he had five children. She died, Seplimber 81I1, 1852. He is thus described by Charles Henry Hart, LL. B., historio- grapher of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Philadelphia : " One of the most striking points of his char- acter, and one to be fondly cherished, for it reveals better, perhaps, than any other could, the inmost recesses of his heart, w.as his warm love of nature and of nature's works. The spacious grounds about his residence at Princeton were remarkable for the rich collection of trees and floweii there cultivated, comprising specimens from the remotest parts of the earth. These he tended with an almost jm- rental affection, and the name of each, with its peculiariiy and locality, was firmly fastened on his memory. He at- tended the services of the Protestant Episcopal Church, and in its councils was an active worker, being repeatedly a: Delegate both to the Diocesan and General Conventions, etc." ^S' c OBESON, JAMES M., Lawyer, born November 1st, 1819, near Belvidere, the county-seat of Warren county. New Jersey, was admitted to the bar in the year 1848, and held the oftice of Prosecutor of the Pleas for the county of Warren for a term of five years. He was ap- pointed by the Legislature of the State of New Jersey, in 1S72, Law Judge for the county of Warren for the term of five years, which office he held for two years, and re- signed and returned to the practice of the law in his native county of Wairen. ARKE, BENJAMIN, Jurist, Judge, President of the Indiana Historical Society, late of Salem, Indiana, was born in New Jersey in 1777. He was one of the earliest of those hardy and en terprising Western pioneers who carried civili- zation with them into the lonely wilds of the Indian country, and settled in Indiana in 1799 or iSoo. He was a delegate to Congress from that Territory in 1805-180S; and subsequently was appointed by Mr. Jefferson a Judge of the District Court, which office he held until his decease. He was for several years Presi- dent of the Indiana Historical Society, and during his administration of its affairs ably assisted in promoting its develo|iment and prosperity. He died at Salcni, Indiana, July 12th, 1835, His name is associated with the early annals of his adopted State ; and he was always a prime mover in the various measures devised and carried into execution to assist in the furtherance of its general interests. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. ' (ti^y&ORCE, PETER, Historian, Journalist, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born at Passaic Falls, New Jersey, November 26lh, 1790. William Force, his father, a revolutionary soldier, moved to New York city in 1793. In that place he learned the printer's trade, and in 1812 was chosen to fill the Presidential Chair of the Typographers' Society. In November, 1815, he removed to Washington, where he began the publication of The National Calendar, in 1820, and continued it with varying success till 1836. From November I2lh, 1823, to February 2d, 1830, he pub- lished also Tlie National Journal, a political newspaper, which was the official organ during the administration of John Quincy Adams. He sewed for several years as City Councilman and Alderman ; from 1836 to 1840 presided as Mayor of the city of Washington ; rose by successive steps to the rank of Major-General of Militia in i860, and was Vice-President, then President, of the National Institute for the Promotion of Science, at the capital. In 1833 he made a contract with the United States government for the prep- aration and publication of a documentary history of the American colonies, of which nine folio volumes have since appeared, covering the period from March, 1774, to the end of 1776, and embodying original documents illustrating the history of the Revolution. He prepared a tenth volume, which is, however, yet unpublished. This important work occupied him for over thirty-five years, and in its prosecu- tion he gathered a collection of books, manuscripts, maps, and papers relating to American history, which in complete- ness and value is not equalled by any other collection in the world on the same subject. He has published also four volumes of historical tracts, relating chiefly to the origin and settlement of the American colonies ; " Grinnell Land," 1852; and " Record of Auroral Phenomena," 1S56. His collection, MSS., books, etc., now forms a part of the Con- gressional Library. His son. Manning Ferguson Force, who graduated at Harvard University in 1845, was a Krigadier-General in the war for the Union, appointed August nth, 1S63; and March 13th, 1865, for distinguished services, received the appointment of Brevet Major-General. He died at Washington, January 23d, 1868. ;OLLOCK, REV. SHEPPARD KOSCIUSKO D. D., Presbyterian Clergyman, Professor of Rhetoric and Logic, Author, brother of Rev. Henry KoUock, D. D., late of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, was born in that place, June 29th, 1795, and graduated from Princeton College in 1812. He subsequently filled the position of Professor of Rhetoric and Logic in the University of North Carolina. In June, 1814, he was licensed to preach, and in May, 1818, was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian Church in Oxford, North Carolina. From 1825 to 1835 he filled the pastorale of the Presbyterian Church in Norfolk, Virginia, and afterwards was zealously occupied in pastoral labors in Burlington and Greenwich, New Jersey. In 1822 he published an edition of " Henry Kollock's Sermons, with Memoir," four vols., 8vo. ; and at different periods: " Min- isterial Character," " Best Method of Delivering Sermons," '* Eulogy on Edmund M. Mason," *' On Duelling," *' On the Perseverance of the Saints," and " Pastor.al Remi- niscences," New York, i2mo., 1849. He died at Elizabeth- town, New Jersey, April 7th, 1S65. E CAMP, REAR-ADMIRAL JOHN, United States Navy, late of Burlington, was born at Morristown, New Jersey, in 1S12. On October 1st, 1827, he received the appointment of Mid- shipman in the navy, from the State of Florida, and was first put on active service in the sloop " V^andalia," on the Brazilian Squadron, in 1829-30. He was promoted to Passed Midshipman on June loth, 1833. In 1837 he was on duly on the frigate '* Constellation," of the West India Squadron, and on February 28th, 1838, was appointed Lieutenant. He w.xs again on the Brazilian sta- tion in 1840, being attached to the sloop " Peacock," and to the sloop " Boston," of the same squadron, during 1845- 46. In the war with Mexico in 1846-47 he distinguished himself at the battle of Vera Ciuz. In 1S50 he was ordered to the Pacific Squadron on the .sloop " Falmouth," and in 1854 to the coast of Africa, attached to the frigate " Consti- tution," receiving his commission as Commander on Sep- tember 14th, 1855. Subsequently he was appointed Light- house Inspector, and was attached to the Brooklyn navy- yard in that capacity. He was next appointed to the store-ship " Relief," and in 1S61, on the outbreak of the rebellion, he was ordered to the command of the steam sloop " Iroquois," on the West Gulf Blockading Squadron. The " Iroquois," which was one of the fleet of FlagOflicer Farragut, which made the passage of Forts Jackson and Philip on April 24th, 1862, h.ad been placed on picket duly about a mile in advance of the main squadron, on the night of the 23d. In the passage of the forts she was in Ihe second division, under Captain Bell. Early on the morning of April 24th the " Iroquois " hotly engaged the forts, and shortly after four o'clock a rebel ram and a gunboat, w hich had run astern of her, poured into her a destructive fire of grapeshot and langrage, the latter being composed mostly of copper-slugs. Driving off the gunboat with an ii-inch shell and a stand of canister, the "Iroquois" proceeded, .and in a little while, still under a terribly severe fire from Fort St. Philip, as she was passing that fori, she was at- tacked by five or six rebel steamers, but giving each a broad- side of shell as she passed, succeeded in completely destroy- ing them. Four miles farther down the river .she captured forty rebel soldiers and a well-equipped gunboat. The BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. 341 " Iroquois " during ihe fight was badly injured in her hull, besides having eight of her men killed and twenty-four wounded. From this lime forward Commander De Camp took active part in all the engagements on the Mississippi up to and including the capture of Vicksburg. He was commissioned Captain July i6th, 1S62, for gallantry at New Orleans. In 1863-64 he commanded the frigate " Wabash," of the South Atlantic Squadron, and was commissioned Commodore September 28th, 1866. He was placed in ch.arge of the " Potomac," store-ship, during 1866-67 at Pensacola, and performed his last active duty as com- mander of the same vessel while she was stationed at I'hila- delphia as receiving-ship in 1S6S-69. He was made Rear- Admir.il of the Retired List on July 13th, 1S70. Eighteen of the forty-three years he was in the service he p.issed in active duties at sea, being known during that time as one of the bravest and ablest of the old school of naval officers. An illustration of his bravery is given in the fact that, on one occasion, while ill, he caused himself to be fastened in the chains of his vessel during an engagement, and lost part of one of his ears by a piece of shell from a rebel mortar. In 187 1 Admiral De Camp took up his residence in Burling- ton, and, as regularly as his impaired health would permit, attended the service there of St. Mai7's Episcopal Church, having, during the closing years of his life, given serious attention to religious matters. A day was fixed for his public baptism in that church, but the event had to be post- poned by reason of an attack of illness. He was, however, baptized by the Rev. Dr. Hills, rector of St. Mary's, while lying on his sick-bed, on June 14th, 1S75. He died ten days after, aged sixty-three years, and was buried at Morris- town, New Jersey. fcWHORTER. This family is of Scotch extrac- tion, the name, as originally written, and as still written in Scotland, being McWhirter. The an- cestors of the American branch of the family be- longed to a small clan that bore the name of McWhirter, and, with other lowlanders, emi- grated in the early part of the seventeenth century to the north of Ireland. Of their history little or nothing is known prior to about 1700. Records exist showing Hugh McWhirter to have been settled, at the beginning of the eighteenth century, as a linen merchant, at Armagh. In 1730, at the solicitation of his son Alexander, he emi- grated to America. He settled in the county of New Castle, where he became a prominent farmer and an elder in the Presbyterian Church. By his only wife, Jane, he had eleven children. He died in 174S. Of his numerous children, the eldest, Alexander, who had been educated for the Presbyterian ministry and had spent two years at the University of Edinburgh, died in 1734 without issue; John migrated to North Carolina, where he married ; and Nancy married Alexander Osborn ; and Jane, John Brevard, of the same province. The youngest of the eleven thikhcn, Alexander, was born July 15th (O. S.), 1734, the year of the death of his elder brother, after whom he was named. He aUo was educated for the ministry, and became a very prominent divine of the Presbyterian Church. In 1758 he married Mary, daughter of Robert Cumming, of Freehold, High Sheriff of the county of Monmouth, and sister of General Cumming, of the Continental army. He died July 20th, 1807. His children were: i. Mary, who married Samuel Beebe, a merchant of New 'York; 2. Ann, who married the Rev. George Ogilvie, rector of the Episcopal Church at New Brunswick; 3. Alexander Cumming McWhorter — the first to change the name from McWhirter — born in 1771, died October 8th, iSoS, a distinguished mem- ber of the New Jersey bar, and one of the most prominent citizens of Newark ; 4. John, who married Martha Dwight, of Newark, by whom he had three children ; all of these died without issue. Alexander C. McWhorter married Phcebe, daughter of Caleb Bruen, of Newark; by her he had six children: I. Alexander Cumming, born January 7th, 1794, died August 26th, 1S26; he married, in 1818, Frances C. G., daughter of United States Senator John Lawrence, having by her several children, all of whom died save Alexander. Alexander married and abode in New Haven. His marriage was without issue. II. George H., born 1795, died 1862. He married, in 1819, Margaret T., daughter of United States Senator John Lawrence, and abode in Oswego, New York, becoming a prominent citizen of that place. He had issue two sons: I. Alexander C, who married Cecilia Bronson, of Oswego, and had issue one son, Alexander C. ; and 2. George Cumming, unmar- ried. III. Julia Anna, born 1798, died 1S46; mamed 1S26; died without issue. IV. Mary Cumming, born iSoo, died 1861 ; married to Josiah B. Howell, by whom she had five children. V. Frances Cornelia, died in childhood. VI. Adriana V. B., born iSoS, died 1S63; married, 1S35, to Herman Bruen, having issue Adriana and Herman. ILLER, HON. JACOB W., Lawyer and States- man, late of Mornslown, was born in November, iSoo, in German Valley, Morris county. New Jer- sey. He received an excellent education, aiul, having resolved to devote himself to the profes- sion of the l.iw, entered the oflice of William W. Miller, an elder bri>lher, who died in early manhood, 1 ut whose eloquence still lingers in the traditions of the bar of the State. With this brother he studied the prescribed course of five years, when he was admitted to the bar, nt which he soon acquired a large and lucrative practice, par- ticularly in Ihe higher courts, acquiring also distinction as a counsellor. As a lawyer he was remarkable for industry, fai'.hfulness, tact, fervent and impressive oratory, and, above 342 EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. all, common sense, a kind of sense more rare than genius, if not more valuable, and which marked his career in the Senate not less than at the bar, stamping indeed its sage imprint on his whole life. He at one time was associated in the practice of law with Mr. Edward W. Whelpley, a young and gifted attorney, who afterwards became Chief- Jusiice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. In 183S he entered public life, the Whigs having nominated him for tlie State Senate and elected him by a large majority. He represented his district in the Senate of the State for two years with such usefulness and distinction, that at the cld^e of the term, in 1840, he was elected to represent his State in the Senate of the United States, discharging his duties on thnt high theatre, then crowded with the most illustrious figures of our parliamentary history, so ably and acceptably that, on the expiration of his term, in 1S46, he w.as re- elected, serving two full terms in the upper house of the first legi^ilative body in the world, when that body, in both branches, was at the zenith of its glory. It may be justly said to the credit of his character and his powers, that in a Senate which included Clay, Webster and Calhoun, with Benton, Wright, Grundy, Berrien, Mangum, Crittenden, Buch.anan, McDuffie, Corwin, Reverdy Johnson, Cass, Rives, Pearce and Bayard, he was not tlirown into the back- ground, but stood throughout among the principal figures of the scene, commanding their respect, enjoying their friend- ship, and participating with honor in their most renowned debates. He, however, spoke but seldom, reserving him- self in general for the more important questions of debate, content as for the rest with a vigilant attention to the busi- ness of legislation, including a diligent study of proposed or ]>ending measures, practising as a statesman the industry, tlioroughness and fidelity that had characterized him as a lawyer. It was partly on this account, perhaps, that when he did speak, he spoke with great effect, but certainly much more on account of the knowledge, fairness, ability, wisdom, and eloquence with which he spoke. Towards the close of his first term in the Federal Senate, the annexation of Texas came up in that body, and upon this question he de- livered one of the ablest and most impassioned of his speeches, opposing the measure as contrary to the Constitu- tion, dangerous to the public peace, and dishonorable to the n.ational character, declaring that, for these reasons, he would " reject Texas, were she to bring with her the wealth of the Indies," and concluding with a telling citation of the report made by Aristides to the Athenians on the stratagem that Themistocles had secretly devised for their benefit : " Nothing could be more advan/n^foiis, but at the same time nothing could be more unjust." A question still more momentous came up as his second term approached its close, the Compromise of 1850, th.at is to say; and in the discussion of this complex question, in all its aspects and at all its st.ages, he bore a prominent and effective part. Op- ])osing the combination of the sever.al measures of compro- mise into a single measure, he supported, after the rejection of the combination, known as the "Omnibus Bill," some of the measures when put upon their passage separately, and, on the passage in this manner of all of the measure"^, sustained the compromise as a wliole, though not entirely approving every part of it, deeming it, all things con- sidered, a scheme of pacification, in which the best interests of the Union were involved. On this point his position was distinctly and happily stated in one of his latest speeches in the Senate : " But, whatever opposition I may have felt it my duty to make," he said, " to any or either of the meas- ures embraced in the compromise while under discussion, yet, as soon as they were enacted into laws, it became my duty, as it is the duty of every good citizen, to sustain them with as much fidelity as if I had voted for each and all of them. In saying this, I but express the common sentiment of the people of New Jersey, who have always shown their devotion to our republican institutions by a cheerful sub- mission to the voice of the majority, when that voice is ex- pressed in constitutional law. I am now opposed to all further agitation upon this subject. The quiet of the country, and even the sanctity of Congress, demand that we should cease our disputations. Sir, my abhorrence of agi- tation npon this subject is such that it may even carry me beyond my instructions ; for I go .ngainst agitation on either side of this question, agitation as well by those who were in favor of the compromise as by those who were against it, agitation from the North as well as from the South, agita- tion in State Legislatures and in the halls of Congress. Of all miserable agitation the most miserable is agitation after the fact. It is the cry of alarm after the danger is passed, for the mere love of the excitement. To revive a spent whirlwind that it may blow down a few more trees, to rouse the sleeping lion merely to hear him roar again, may suit the tastes of some, but they who indulge in this kind of ex- citement may find that there is more danger than amuse- ment in the play." Fully to appreciate the point of this lively sally, it should be borne in mind that the occasion of the speech was the presentation of certain resolutions of the Legislature of New Jersey, under the recently-acquired con- trol of the Democratic party, instructing the New Jersey senators " to resist any change, aheration or repeal" of the compromise, instructions which the Whig Senator not un- naturally construed as implying a vei7 unnecessary reflection upon his fidelity to the measure, and treated with derision, as gratuitously feeding the very agitation they condemned. What he thought of this sort of agitation, in whatever quar- ter raised, he had told unequivocally enough in an oration delivered in his home at Morristown the previous July. " I will not say," he observed, on that occasion, " that those men who are continually compassing the government with wordy threats of violence, or horrifying their imaginations with the dissolution of the Union, may be legally chargeable with the desire to bring about the death of our king, the constitution. Yet they are justly chargeable with that moral treason which disturbs the confidence of a loyal peo- BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCI.OP.KDIA. 343 pie ill (he safety and stability of llieir guveniment, ami uiKlerniiiies tlicir allegiance. Let us not be moved by the cry of fanatics, nor alarmed at the threats of secessionists ; they are as the angry waves which vainly howl about the battlements and spend their fury upon the unshaken towers of our political fortress. Politicians may fret and fume; State conventions may resolve and re-resolve; and Congress itself become the arena of fearful agitations ; but above and around, as in a mighty amphitheatre, in undisturbed and undismayed majesty, stands the American people, with steady eye and giant hand, overlooking all and governing all; and wo! wo! to the man, and destructiun to the State, that attempts to resist their supreme authority." Something of prophecy had those ringing words. It was about this period of his senatorial career that the l.-inding of Kossuth on our shores called forth from him two or three of the most admirable speeches of his life. Drawing a broad dis- tinction between Kossuth as a private individual and as a political agitator, he contended that the brilliant but unfor- tunate Hungarian should be generously welcomed in the former relation, but in the latter let severely alone, ground- ing his argument on the Washingtonian policy of non-inter- vention in the domestic affairs of foreign countries. " Sir," he exclaimed, in one of these .speeches, " it is said that we have a great mission to perform ; that it is our duty to in- terfere, not only by the expression of sympathy, but in some other way, which gentlemen do not exactly define, in the c.Tuse of distressed humanity in Europe. We have a great trust to execute and a great duly to perform ; but, like every other duty, domestic, social and political, it is limited; it has its errand. If we go beyond that, if we turn crusad- ers, for the purpose of executing that trust and performing that duty in other lands, like all crusaders we may get great honor, we may be renowned in chivalry and song, but we sh.ill neglect the great duties which we have to perform at home, where we can perform them to the advantage of mankind. The altar of our liberty has its own temple. It is here. Here let the oppressed of every land come to worship. Here let them come if they desire to get rid of oppression at home, or to warm their patriotism to return to renewed efif.jrts abroad. Let them come ; but let us not take away that altar from our own temple and carry it off into the wilderness of European revolution, there to be taken by the Philistines, or its fires to be quenched forever be- neath an ocean of blood. No, sir; it is here that our duty is to be performed." And to his inspired common sense the whole country did instant justice, plaudits reaching him on account of these speeches, from all quarters of the Union. He had touched with a master's hand the common sense and common sensibilities of the people. With the expira- tion of his second term, in 1852, ended the line of able and accomplished senators that the Whigs of New Jersey fur- ni^hed to the Union — Frelinghuysen, Southard, D.ayton, Miller — a line never renewed; for, when power again pissed from the hands of the Democracy of New Jersey, the I Whig party w.is no more. Against this result no nun struggled more zealously or more gallantly ili.ni the List Whig senator of the Slate. In the presideiuial campaign of 1852 he upheld the Whig banner in a succession of mas- terly speeches ; and when that radiant standard had gone down in what proved to be irretrievable defeat, he still, bating no jot of heart or hope, endeavored to rally the fiyin'^ squadrons, reform the broken lines, refill the skeleton re"i- ments, and reinforce the army in general, publishing as late as December, 1854, with this view, a series of strong and eloquent papers, insisting on the maintenance of the Whig organization and the W'hig principles, but recommending, as a concession to the spirit of the times, the substitution of the name "American," and the enlargement of the platform so as "to condense into one efficient power the feeble frac- tions " into which the people were subdivided. But events were too powerful for his logic, and in 1855 he abandoned the struggle, of which he at last realized the hopelessness, and cast in his lot with the Republican party, to which with characteristic steadfastness he adhered for the remainder of his life. But the end was near, and the passage to it thickset with infirmities, so that he was not able to do all that he fain would have done for his country in the crisis of her fate. Yet he did much, with both voice and pen, cheering the despondent, convincmg the doubtful, shaming the lukewarm, applauding the ardentj and quickening all. One of the most stalesmanly and unanswerable disquisitions that ever appeared on the question of secession came from his pen in the closing days of i860. He felt no misgivings, even when face to face with the deadly peril. His convic- tion that the Union would be victoriously maintained was clear and abiding. He foresaw the triumph of his country, but, alas ! he did not see it. Sinking beneath increasing infirmities, he died at Morristown, September 30th, 1S62, leaving a wife, daughter of the lamented George P. Mac- culloch, and a large family of sons and daughters, one of the former being in the navy, distinguished for gallant conduct in the civil war, and two lawyers of New York, of high abilities and attainments. His eldest daughter is the wife of Mr. A. Q. Keasby. ARKER, HON. JAMES, of Perth Amboy, in Mid- diesex county, second of the name, was the son of James Parker, of the same place, a citizen of high distinction before and after the Revolution of 1776, and was sprung from a family prominent in New Jersey from its earliest settlement. Wood- bridge was settled in 1666 by Puritans, who came there from New England — some from Massachusetts, others from Connecticut. Among those from Massachusetts was Elisha Parker, whose wife was the sister of Governor Hinckley, of Massachusetts. He married her at Barnstable in 1657, and 344 EIOGRArmCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. had several children there before his removal to New Jer- sey. One of his sons was also named Elisha. He was possessed of much property and was a prominent citizen. Governor Hunter, in 1717, made him a member of his Privy Council. His action in so doing was attacked by a clergyman of the English CImrch resident in Pennsylvania, upon the ground that Mr. Parker was a Puritan ; and de- fended by the asseition of his high standing and because the governor designed, by new appointments, including this, to establish the Court of Chancery, after some delay the government at home indorsed his plan, and thus that court ■was established. Perhaps this position led Mr. Parker to the adoption of religious connections more common in the case of public officers. Whatever the cause, this gentle- man's children became Episcopalians, and their descend- ants since have always been earnest and influential in that denomination. John Parker, son of the last named, was born November nth, 1693. He married a daughter of Dr. John Johnstone, a person of note, and was a member of the Governor's Privy Council from 17:9 till his death in 1732. He was a man of education and influence. James Parker, his son, born January 29th, 1723, was also a leading citizen. He entered the provincial military service and embarked for the northern frontier in the French and Indian war, as Captain of a company raised in Middlesex county. Afterwards he became a merchant in New York, but resided in New Jersey. He was an active member of Governor Franklin's Privy Council, and was elected to the Provincial Congress, but did not take his seat. For a long period, likewise, he filled the position of Mayor of Amboy. After the Revolution, in 1789, he was a candid.ate for Con- gress, nominated by what was known as the Conservative party of that day. He was a man of large landed property and of vigorous intellect. He was one of the founders of the American Episcopal Church in New Jersey, a leading member of the Board of Proprietors, then a most important body, from w horn all land titles came, and in every walk of life an active and conspicuous citizen. He died in 1797, leaving several children; among them James Parker, who was born March 1st, 1776, and who died April 1st, :S58. This gentleman was a man of great ability and pulilic note. He was graduated in Columbia College, New York, in 1793, second in his class. Destined for mercan- tile life, he entered the counting-room, of John Murray. The pieiiticesliip to the punt- ing business, and at its completion removed to Philadelphia, where he worked as a journeyman during the ensuing eighteen months. At the expiration of this time he entered into partner.ship relations with Joseph Cruikshanks, and in 1770 settled in Burlington, New Jersey, having been chosen colonial printer to George HI. In 1771 he com- menced the printing and publishing of almanacs, and con- tinued that series of works for nearly a quarter of a century. He was also at this time the publisher of several other use- ful and needed books. On his removal to Trenton, New Jersey, in 1778, he projected what was in the publishing business of that time a great enterprise, namely, the publi- cation of an octavo lamily Bible; and the inilling forth of the entire work was then considered so adventurous an un- dertaking that it was deemed necessary to secure extraordi- nary encouragement and inducements in advance, and, accordingly, the first edition of the Scriptures, that of John Aitken, was recommended to the counti7 by a resolution of Congress. This was on September I2th, 1782, just five years after the report of a committee on a memorial had stated that to import types and print and bind 30,000 copies would cost ;if 10,272 IOi.,and therefore recommended the adoption of a resolution authorizing the importation of 20,000 Bibles. In 1788 he issued proposals to print a quarto edition of the Bible, in 984 pages, at the price of four Spanish dollars, " one dollar to be paid at the time of subscribing." There- upon the Synod of New Yoik and New Jersey, November 3d, 1788, warmly indorsed the matter, and appointed Dr. Witherspoon, President S. S. Smith, and Mr. Armstrong to concur with committees of any other denominations, or of any other Synods, to revise the sheets, and, if necessary, to assist in selecting a standard edition. This committee was authorized to agi-ee with him to append Ostervald's " Notes," if not inconsistent with the wishes of other than Calvinistic subscribers. In 17S9 the General Assembly .appointed a committee of sixteen to lay his proposals before their le- spective Presbyteries, and to recommend that subscriptions be solicited in each congregation, and report the number 336 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. to the next A: in 1790 and iembly. Thi5 recommendation was reiterated 791. Tluis sustained, the quarto edition of 5,000 copies was pidjlished in the coui-se of the latter year. 0-.tervald's " Practical Ohservations," which added 170 pages of matter, were fin-nished to special subscribers. " Col- lins' Bible " was so carefully revised that it is still a stan- dard. He and his children assumed the roles of careful proof-readers, and it is stated in the preface of a subsequent edition, after mentioning the names of several clergymen who assisted the publisher in 1791, "Some of these per- sons, James F. Armstrong in particular, being near the press, assisted also in reading and correcting the proof-sheets." The following, taken from Dr. Hall's excellent work treat- ing of Trenton and the Presliyierian church of that city, is an item of interest and value : "As an instance of the weight which the most incidental ads of the Assembly carried at that early period of its existence, I would allude to a letter to the Moderator of 1790 from the Rev. David Rice, often called the Presbyterian Picmeer, or Apostle of Kentucky, in which he states that having received from Mr. Arm- strong, as clerk of the Assembly, a notification of the action in reference to the Collins Bible, he had procured the call- ing of a special meeting of the Transylvania Presbytery, ' that we might be in a capacity to obey the order of the General Assembly.' ' Such is our dispersed condition' that it was some weeks before the meeting could convene. 'After two days' deliberation on the subject,' they found that a compliance was impracticable, and on Mr. Rice was de- volved the office of explaining the cause of the delinquency. One of the difficulties was that of sending a messenger to Philadelphia in time for the Assembly to carry the advanced subscription money ; ' the want of horses sufficient for so long a journey, or of other necessaries, laid an effectual bar in our way.' " In order to secure the utmost accuracy in the typography of his Bible, the whole was subjected to eleven searching and careful proof-readings, the last of which was by his daughter, Rebecca ; and so free from errors was this edition of the Scriplures, that it became at once the standard for all critical appeal, when the English translation alone was concerned.- The American historiographer of printing, according to Hall, makes no mention of the quarto edition uf 5,000 copies published in 1 79 1, but speaks only of his octavo New Testament of 17SS, and Bible of 1793-94. He also printed in Trenton 2,000 copies of Sewel's " History of the Quakers," of nearly 1,000 pages folio; Ramsay's " South Carolina," 2 vols., and other large and important works. Moreover, the first newspaper issued in New Jersey was printed by him at Burlington, December 5th, 1777; subsequently it was transferred to Trenton, and published there from February 25lh, 1778, to November 27th, 17S6, excepting a suspension of nearly five months in 1783, when it was finally discontinued. He was the conductor as well as Koyal Gazitle, of New York. Governor Livingston was a correspondent of the Trmton Gazette as long as it remained in his hands. December gtli, 1777, the Legislature exempted him, " and any number of men not exceeding four to be em- ployed by him at his printing office," from militia service during the time they were occupied in printing the laws, or the weekly newspaper. In 1779 he vindicated the liberly of the press in a signal and notable manner, considering the time and circumstances bearing on him, by refusing to give the name of a political correspondent on the demand of the Legislative Council. His reply was : " In any other case, not incompatible with good conscience or the welfare of my country, I shall think myself happy in having it in my power to oblige you." There was a paper-mill in Trenton before the time of the publication of his Bible. In Decem- ber, 17S8, it was advertised by its proprietors, Stacy Potts and John Reynolds, as " now nearly completed." The manufacturers issued " earnest appeals for rags ; in one of their publications presenting to the consideration of those mothers who have children going to school the present great scarcity of that useful article, without which their going to school would avail them but little." In January, 17S9, the />(/er of the publishing house of Moses Dodd ti Co. He was educated at the Newark Academy. In the early part of 1S64 he enlisted in the 37lh New Jersey Regi- ment, obtaining the rating of Orderly Sergeant. In the latter part of the same year he retired from the service and began the study of medicine in the office of Dr. Fisher, of Morristown. Later, he attended lectures at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, receiving his degree EIOGRArmCAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. -;6i of M. D. from lliat institution in lS6S. Establishing him- self at Newark, he was fortunate at the outset of his career in being associated with Dr. Lott Southard, a physician of high standing and well established reputation. This connection, which continued for two years, gave him the b.isis of an extensive and lucrative practice : a practice which has since continuously increased. In the profession he IS regarded with general favor, and is an active member of the State and county medical societies. Fur the past five years he has been Visiting Surgeon to St. Barnabas Hospital, Newark ; is County Physician to Essex county, and IS Medical Director of the Prudential Insurance Com- pany, lie was married, March 5th, 1S74, to Minnie, daughter of James Perry, one of the leading manufacturers of leather, of Newark. 'ICKS, ELIAS, eminent Quaker Preacher, Founder of the Hicksite Departure, Itinerant Preacher and Exhorter of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- land, Ohio, Neiv York, etc., late of Jericho, Long Island, was born in the township of Hempstead, Queens county. Long Island, March 19th, 174S, and was the son of John Hicks and Martha Hicks, who were descended from reputable families; his father was a grandson of Thomas Hicks, who has honorable mention in the journal of Samuel Bownas; neither was a member in strict fellowship with any religious society until shortly before his birth ; his father then joined in membership with Friends ; " .... but as his residence was nnostly at some distance from meeting, and in a neighborhood where very few Friends lived, my associates, when young, were chiefly among those of other religious persuasions, or, what was still worse for me, among those who made no profession of religion at all. This exposed me to much temptation ; and though I early felt the operation of divine grace, checking and reproving me for my lightness and vanity, yet being of a lively, active spirit, and ambitious of excelling in my play and diversions, I sometimes exceeded the bounds of true midjiation, for which I often felt close conviction and fears on my pillow in the night season." When eight years of age he removed with his father to the south side of Long Island, near the seashore, and there settled on a farm. Five years later he was placed with one of his elder brothers, his mother having died two years previously ; and subsequently was apprenticed to leai-n the trade of a house-carpenter and joiner. His master at that period, though an orderly man and a frequent attendant at Friends' meetings, " was yet in an eager pursuit after temporal riches, and was of but little use to me in my religious im- provement. We had to go from place to place, .... to attend to our work, and I was thereby introduced into hurt- ful company, and learned to dance and to jiursue other frivolous and vain amusements." At the expiration of his 46 apprenticeship, however, he gradually withdrew from the company of his former associates, became more widely ac- quainted with Friends, and was more frequent in his attendance of meetings; and although this was m some degree profitable to him, he, according to his own st.ite- ment, yet made but slow progress m his religious inqirove- ment. " The occupation of part of my time in fishing and fowling had frequently tended to jireservc me from falling into hurtful associations; but through the rising intimations and reproofs of divine grace in my heart, I now began to feel that the manner in which I sometimes amuscil myself with my gun was not without sin ; for although I mostly preferred going alone, and while waiting in stillness for ihe coming of the fowl, my mind was at times so taken up with divine meditations that the opportunities were seasons of instruction and comfort to me ; yet, on other occasions, when accompanied by some of my acquaintances, and when no fowls appeared, which would be useful to us after being obtained, we sometimes, from wantonness or mere diver- sion, would destroy the small birds which could be of no service to us But I was led to consider conduct like this to be a great breach of trust, and an infringement of ihe divine prerogative. It, therefore, became a settled principle with me nut to take the life of any creature, ex- cept it Was really useful and necessary when dead, or very noxious and hurtful when living," In the spring of 1771 he settled on the farm of his wife's relations, and assisted in the cares and labors incident to agricultural life; with those worthy people he remained during their lives, and the place eventually became his settled residence. He had then the benefit of the comp.any of several Friends, by whose example he was frequently incited to seriousness and piety; "yet, having entered pretty closely into business, I ^^■as thereby much diverted from my religious improvement for several years." But about the twenty-sixth year of his a"e he was again, through divine grace, brought under deep concern of mind, and again permitted to see truly into the perilous state he had been approaching. " My spirit was brought under a close and weighty labor in meetings for discipline, and my understanding much en- larged therein About this linio I began to have openings leading to the ministry, which brought me under close exercise and deep travail of spirit ; for although I had for some time spoken on subjects of business in monthly and preparative meetings, yet the prospect of opening my mouth in public meetings was a close trial; but I en- deavored to keep my mind quiet and resigned to the heavenly call, if it should be made clear to me to be my duty." The yearly meeting was held steadily during the revolutionary war on Long Island, where the royalists were in power; yet Friends from the Main, where the American army ruled, had free passage through both armies to attend it, and any other meeting they were desirous of attending, except in a few instances. "This was a favor which the parties would not grant to their best friends, who were of a -i62 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. warlike disposition ; which shows what great advantages would redound to mankind were ihey all of this pacific spirit. I passed myself through the lines of both armies six times during the war, without molestation and al- though I had to pass over a tract of country, between the two armies, sometimes more than thirty miles in extent, and which was much frequented by robbers, a set in gen- eral of cruel, unprincipled banditti, issuing out from both parties, yet, excepting once, I met with no interruption even from them." In consequence of sundry discussions, concerning the acceptance or refusal of a sum of money taken from the British by some Friends, as rent for the use as an arsenal of the cellar in the New York meeting house, he was, in 1779, appointed to act with others in settling the affair at the next yearly meeting of Pennsylvania. On the following September glh he set out on his errand ; pass- ingly attended meetings at Harrison's Purchase and Ob- long ; and after a short sojourn at Nine Partners attended also the meetings of New- Marlborough, Hardwick ami Kingwood, and arrived in Philadelphia on the 25th, on which day he presented himself at the yearly meeting of ministers and elders. A subsequent attack of fever pre- vented him from being present, however, when the subject that chiefly interested him was discussed, but the result was the advising of the return of the money whence it had come. He afterward attended successively the meetings of the following places : Byberry, Middletown, Wright's Town, Plumbstead, Buckingham, Drowned Lands, Nine Partners, Oswego, Appoquague, Peachpond, Amawalk and Purchase, thence proceeding to his home. March 4th, 17S1, he went to Flushing, crossed the sound to Frog's Neck, on the ensuing day attended an appointed meeting at Westchester, and at the expiration of a fortnight arrived at Little Nine Partners ; thence set forward for Saratoga — since called Easton — and upon arriving at his destination attended in succession the four meetings of that place. New Britain was next visited, also Shapaqua, Mamaroneck, and Westchester again. In the fall of 1781 he was pros- trated with sickness for three months, and when he was reduced nearly to the lowest state of bodily weakness a ))rospect opened on his mind to pay a religious visit to some parts of the island where no Friends lived, and among a people who were regarded by many as wanting in grace and godliness. Accordingly, upon recovering his health, he went to Jamaica in August, 1782, and there had a veiy favored meeting with a considerable number of the inhabi- tants. He also found a later field of labors at Flatlands, Gravesend, New Ulrecht and Springfield ; and in the fall of 1782 attended the quarterly and other meetings on the Main. Late in 1783 he was present with his brethren at Nine Partners, Oswego and Perquage; June 13th, 1784, he repaired to Herricks, thence to Success, Little Plains, Jamaica, Fresh Meadows and other places, and spurred himself to great exertions to win the native Indians from their perilous condition to a true and righteous life. New York and Staten Island were visited by him in 1790; also Vermont ;• in 1791 he returned to his native place; in the course of the same year he made a general visit to P'riends of the New York yearly meeting; in 1792 he was an active spirit at various meetings of ministers and elders; and in 1793 he travelled in a proselytizing spirit and intent through New England and Vermont. July 26lh, 1795, he left home in order to join a committee of Friends, appointed by the yearly meeting of ministers and elders, to visit the quar- terly and preparative meetings, and Friends individually, in those stations throughout the yearly meeting. "A con- cern having arisen in that meeting, occasioned by the many obvious deficiencies and departures amongst us as a people, from the purity and simplicity of our holy profession, a minute was issued and recommended to the inferior meet- ings, setting forth the ground of this concern, and for the purpose of stirring up and encouraging Friends to a diligent search and labor, that the many hurtful disorder might be removed, and a right reformation, from these prevailing weaknesses, effectually take place." December 12th, 1797, he departed for New York, having in view the visiting of New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, etc.; and while on his way attended meetings at Shrewsbury, Squan, Squancum, Barnegat, Little Egg Harbor and Stephen's Creek. On Saturday he took part in a meeting at Cape May, New Jersey, thence rode to Morris river, and attended another appointed at the house of Isaac Buzby, a man inclining to Friends and their teachings. In the afternoon he visited Henry Rulon, where, on the next day, he was present at an appointed meeting. He then passed on to Greenwich, Cohansey Creek, Salem, Woodstown, Penn's Neck, MuUica Hill, Upper Greenwich and Woodbury; also Newtown, Haddonfield, and many other places in New Jersey, in all times and circumstances eminently exalting the truth, and holding forth the doctrines of the gospel in the demonstra- tion of the spirit. Sundry towns and villages in Delaware, Maryland and Virginia were then visited, and their inhabi- tants exhorted to lead pure and upright lives, fitting chil- dren of grace. In the meetings at Northwest Fork, Marshy Creek, Centre, Greensborough, Tuckahoe Neck and Tuck- ahoe, especially, was good seed sown and good fruit gathered. Three of the above meetings in New Jersey were held in meeting-houses belonging to a people under the denomination of Nicholiles, who were noted for great self-denial, particularly in regard to dress and household furniture. " They appeared one in principle with us, their faith and doctrine being founded on the manifestation and influence of the divine light, inwardly revealed. Most of them, of late, have requested to be joined in membership with Friends, and have been received They ap- peared to be a plain, innocent, upright-hearted people; and I felt a concern lest they should be hurt by the great and prevailing deficiencies manifest amongst us, by many turning away from the purity and simplicity of our holy self-denying profession." He was afterward for some time BIOGRAnilCAL E^•CVCLO^.■EDIA. 363 zealously employed in pious labors ia New Jersey, notably at Upper Evesham, HaJdonlield, Mooresto\vn,»Rancocas, Mansfield NecU, Burlington, Mansfield, Burdentown, Stony Brook, Plainfield, Rahway and Newark. He was absent from home in this journey about five months and two weeks, rode over 1,600 miles of varied country, and al- tendedabout 143 meetings. In 1799 he travelled through Connecticut; in 1800 revisited Oblong and Nine Partners, also Long Island in certain neglected parts; and again, in iSoi, stirred up by his eloquence and ardor the people of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. In the fall of 1S03 he performed a visit to Friends of Upper Canada, and some other of the northwestern parts of ihe yearly meeting, and attended meetings at Adolphustown, Sophiasburg, Ilal- lowell. West Lake, Kingstown, Earnest and Palmyra; also in Pleasant Valley, the Branch, Chestnut Ridge, Poquague and New York. Three months were consumed in this journey, and in that time he rode about 1,575 miles. In the spring of 1S06 he again set out on a proselytizing tour through Long Island, Staten Island and New York; and on the following December Sth started for Brooklyn, where he was present at an appointed meeting, " which was a solemn comfortable season ; " thence he passed on to Mamaroneck, etc., and attended an appointed meeting a Peekskill. Meetings were subsequently had at Troy, Al- bany, Otego, Cazenovia and Woodstock; also in various parts of New Jersey, where tlie good work met with de- sirable encouragement, notably at Burlington, Dernyter, Bridgewater and Brookfield. February 9th, 1S07, he rode lo New York, and from there returned to his home and fireside, having been absent about two months, attended forty-five particular meetings, nine monthly meetings, one quarterly meeting and two meetings for sufferings, and travelled upwards of 700 miles. October loth of the same year he again set out on his errand of righteousness, and from that time forward, until 1810, went about, on foot or in the saddle, or wagon, as itinerant missionary, through the cities and rural places of New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania, everywhere accomplishing great good and leading his kind nito the path of virtue and uprightness. The year 1810 he spent mostly at home, except performing a visit to some of the neighboring inhabitants, " not in mem- bership with us." He was absent in this service a few weeks in the spring, and in the summer performed a visit to the half year's meeting at Canada, by appointment from the yearly meeting. The year 181 1 also was passed at or near his home, in attending local and adj.acent meetings; and the winter and spring of 1812 were consumed in visit- ing the neighboring inhabitants, not of his society, holding in all twenty-eight meetings in private houses. Early in 1S13 he once more left his family, and, after holding several meetings in different parts of Long Island, travelled through the bordering parts of Connecticut, where none of his society resided. The concluding months of this year were occupied in fulfilling engagements at or about his home, and in visits to Friends in the Middle and Southern .Stales ; also especially in laboring in New Jersry, at Newark, Elizabethlown, New Brunswick, Plainfield, Rahway, East Branch and the Mount ; and at Rancocas, Burlington and Newtown. During the years 1814 and 1815 he was variously occupied in Long Island, New Jer- sey and New York. January 3d, 1816, he set out for New England, and upon arriving at Bridgeport, Connecticut, "had a small though comfortable meeting;" afterward meetings were held successively in Scabrook, Epping, Lee, Dover, Berwick, Portland, Falmouth, Windham, Gorham, Durham, Cape Elizabeth, Scarborough, Rochester, etc ; also at Newport, Rhode Island, Tiverton, Swansey, Provi- dence, etc. In this journey he was from home nearly three months, travelled upwards of 1,000 miles, and attended fifty-nine particular, three monthly and two quarterly meet- ings. Engagements at and about home, and within West- bury quarterly meeting, fill the year 1S16 and part of 1S17 ; also a visit to some parts of the yearly meetings of Phila- delphia and B.altimore. " First day, the 31st, we attended Pearl street meeting in the morning, and that at Liberty street in the afternoon. On second day afternoon we pro- ceeded on our journey to Newark, New Jersey, .... where we attended a meeting at the fourth hour. ... I had had several meetings there before; but this was larger than usual for the place. There is no member of our society residing in the town, the inhabitants being principally of the Presbyterian order. The next day we attended a meet- ing appointed for us in Elizabethtown, New Jersey," and later one at Plainfield, one at Rahway and one at Mend- ham. He afterward journeyed through Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Maryland and Delaware, where his presence and example proved of beneficent and enduring value to all that were brought wilhin the radius of his influence. The major portion of the year iSiS w.as devoted to spiritual and temporal afiairs in the vicinity of his farm in Long Island, within the limits of Westbury quarterly meeting, and in a visit to some parts of the yearly meeting of New York. He then continued at or about home until the opening of iSig, attending the meetings as they came m course. About this time, at the meeting at Westbury, he was led to open to Friends " the three principal requisites to the being and well-being of a Christian : The first being a real belief in God and Christ as one undivided essence, known and believed in, inwardly and spiritually. The second a complete passive obedience and submission lo the divine will and power inwardly and spiritually manifested. .... The third, it is necessary lo meet and assemble often lonether for the promotion of love and good works, and as good stewards of the manifi.ld grace of God." In January, 1819, he proceeded to New York, and thence to West Farms, Mamaroneck, White Plains, Purchase, etc. ; also to Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Claverack, Rline Kiln, Troy, Pills- town, etc., and to Tappan on the way home: on this jour- ney he was absent fourteen weeks, attended seventy-lhree 364 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP-EDIA. meetings, and three quarterly and four monthly meetings, and travelled 1,084 "li'es. Frum this time to 1S23 his life and career is summed up succinctly tlnis : " Journey to Ohio, in 1S19. Visit to the neighboring inhabitants in the same year. Visit to Farmington and Duanesburg quarterly meetings, in 1820. Visit to some parts of Pennsylvania, and to Baltimore, in 1822. Visit to some of the lower quarterly meetings, in 1S23." Then comes this significant entry in his •' Journal : " " .... It was a time of deep exercise to me, being led in the line of searching labor, pointing to a reform in manners and conduct; and showing the fallacy of all ceremonial religion in the observation of days, and complying with outward ordinances; which do not in the least tend to make the comers thereunto a whit the better, as it respects the conscience, but lead the ob- servers thereof into a form, without the power." Then ensued : " Visit to Baltimore to attend the yearly meeting, in 1S24. Visit to the inhabitants of the eastern part of Long Island, in 1S25. Visit to Scipio quarterly meeting, in 1825. Visit to Southern and Concord quarterly meetings, in Penn- sylvania, in 1S26. Visit to the families of Friends in Jericho and Westbury monthly meetings, in 1827. Visit to Friends in some parts of New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Ohio, in 1S28. On this journey, in New Jersey, at New Garden, Friends had a tiying time, as those called Orthodox, al- though they were but a small part of the meeting, had undertaken to disown a number of Friends; but Friends did not acknowledge their authority, nor consider their dis- ownnients of any effect, and they all came together as usual in the quarterly meeting. The Orthodox strove hard to get Friends to withdraw, but they refused, and proceeded with the business of the meeting, which those called Orthodox interrupted for a time; but finding that Friends would not give way, they finally left the meeting and retired to a school-house, and Friends had a comfortable season to- gether, and conducted their business in much harmony and condescension, and were evidently owned by the Head of the Church." Subsequently: " Continuation of his visit to Friends in some parts of New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Mary- land and Pennsylvania, in 1S28. Decease of his wife in 1329. Visit to Friends in the yearly meeting of New York, in 1S29. Letter to Hugh Judge, in 1S30." — "In the twenty-second year of my age, apprehending it right to change my situation from a single to a manied state, and having gained an intimate acquaint.mce with Jemima Seaman, daughter of Jonathan and Elizabeth .Seaman, of Jericho, and my affection being drawn toward her in that r^::laiinn, I communicated my views to her, and received from her a corresponding expression of affection ; and we, after some time, accomplished our marriage at a solemn meeting of Friends, at Westbury, on the 2d of First Month, 1771." His mental powers continued strong and vigorous to the end of his labors, and during the last two yeai-s of his life he travelled extensively in the work of the ministry. "On First day morning, 14th of Second Month, 1S30, he was engaged in his room, writing to a Friend, until a little after ten o'clock, when he returned to that occupied by ihe family, apparently just attacked by a paralytic afleclion, which nearly deprived him of the use of his right side and of the power of speech. Being assisted to a chair near the fire, he manifested by signs that the letter which he had just finished should be taken care of." He then signed to all to sit down and be still, seemingly sensible that his labors were brouglit to a close, and only desirous of quietly waiting the final change. His theological writings were principally in an epistolary form ; " Elias Hicks : Journal of his Life and Labors," was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1828; and in the same year also a volume entitled " Sermons." AVI.OR, GEORGE W., Brigadier-General, was the third son of Archibald S. Taylor, and was born, November 22d, 1808, at Fairview — the family seat. — Hunterdon county. New Jersey. When fifteen years old he entered the celebrated military school of Colonel Allen Partridge, an institution that had very much the reputation then that West Point has now, and three years later graduated with credit. He entered the navy as a midshipman, November 1st, 1S27, and made a cruise of three years up Ihe Mediter- ranean in the sloop-of-war "Fairfield," Captain Foxal A. Parker. Returning to the United St.ates, he tendered his resignation, which was accepted, December 19th, i83i,and engaged in mercantile pursuits. Love of adventure was with him, however, an engrained instinct, and when war was declared against Mexico he offered his services to the government, notwithstanding the 'act that his political opinions caused him to condemn the war on the double ground of right and policy. He was commissioned First Lieutenant of the loth Regiment United States Infantrj-, and while in Mexico, serving with the army of General Z. Taylor, he was promoted to and commissioned Captain. After the surrender of the city of Mexico he returned to his home, but only for a short period. In February, 1849, he sailed for California as President of the New Jersey Trading & Mining Company, and for three years remained upon the Pacific coast. Returning in 1852 lie took a prominent part in politics, being a Whig of the straitest sect, and in 1858 was strongly urged for the Congressional nomination. Im- mediately upon the call for troops, in May, 1861, he vigor- ously bestirred himself in raising companies in Hunterdon county; and having been in this matter highly successful, he himself started— with a patriotic heroism singularly pic- turesque as relieved against the prosaic formalism of this nineteenth centui-y — alone to offer himself, mounted and equipped, as a volunteer upon the staff of some general al- ready at point with the enemy. Governor Olden, however, spoiled this gallant romance by calling the errant soldier EIOGRArniCAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 365 liim Colonel of the 31.! New eral Taylor was liimsclf severely womnlecl in the \('^. A retreat was ordeic»-l. The commantl retired to CIoiuVs Mills, and the general, leaving his brigade for the first and last time, continued on to Alexandria. At the liospilal there his leg was amputated ; but he was broken down by all that he had passed through, his constitution was shat- tered by malaria contracted during the peninsular cam- paign ; and although the operation was successfully per- formed, it sapped the Last remnant of his vital force. On September 1st he died, and in his grave lies buried as brave a soldier as ever drew a sword. to a halt, and commissionin Jersey Regiment, then in course of organization at Trenton. He accepted the commission, rapidly reduced the raw mass placed under his orders to a seemly military body, and on the 8th of June marched with his command to Washington. Consolidated with the three other New Jersey regiments raised at the same time, his force became a part of that hard-fighting organization, the First New Jersey Brigade— the brigade that, at the very outset of its career, helped to check the fleeing troops and ref .rm the shattered divisions after the first battle of Bull Run. lie was the fir.st to dis- cover the retreat of the Confederates from Manasses, and with the 3d New Jersey was the first to occupy this strong- hold. In the early summer of 1862, the brave Kearny having been promoted to be an officer of division. Colonel Taylor, as senior ofiicer, assumed the command of the brigade; and on the loth of June in that year he was com- missioned Brigadier-General. Seventeen days later the brigade was engaged in the desperate fight of Gaines's Mill, occupying the centre of the line of battle, and holding its ground for at least an hour after both flanks had been driven back by the enemy. The action, although ending in defeat, was one of the most honorable of the war, the cool heroism of the New Jersey troops— shown in contend- ing single-handed against an entire army— being in every way worthy of veteran soldiers, and quite unprecedented when it is remembered that but a little time before they had been utterly untrained to the ways of war. Without sup- port, and unable even to procure orders, the brigade fought on alone, and three times charged and broke the enemy's lines. The battle lasted until nightfall, and only when further resistance became hopeless did General Taylor draw oflT his men, leaving more than 1,000 dead or wounded upon the field. Nearly as many more were taken prisoners, 500 men of the 4th Regiment, refusing to retreat, being sur- rounded and captured in a body. The next day the brigade fell back to Harrison's Landing, remaining in that vicinity until McClellan effected his change of base in the following August. On the 24th of that month it took up position at Cloud's Mills, and three days later it was sent forward by rail to Bull Run bridge, and thence advanced for the pur- pose of dispersing a rebel force, reported to be small, con- centrated near Manasses Junction. Instead of a few regi- ments. General Taylor found himself confronted with the whole of "Stonewall" Jackson's command. The action that followed lasted for more than an hour, during the whole of which time the brigade was exposed to a steady fire from in front, and to a raking cross fire from batteries masked until the engagement began. Compelled to retreat, the troops fell back in good order until they reached the bridge, where the reserves — the nth and 12th Ohio Regi- ments — were stationed, and here another stand was made. But Jackson's forces still pressed forward ; the brigade was without artillery, without cavalry, the men were exhausted EWTON, IIOX. ISAAC, First Commissioner of Agriculture, late of Washington, District of Co- lumbia, was born in Burlington county. New Jer- sey, in 1800, and passed his early years on a farm, attending school during a few months of the winter seasons. After his marriage he settled on a farm in Delaware county, Pennsylvania, which, under his ceaseless care, became celebrated for its neatness, order and productiveness; and he eventually look place in the front rank of the model farmers of the State. At an early period he became an influential and v.alucd member of the State Agricultural Society, and was among those who urged upon Congress the importance of establishing an agricul- tural bureau. On the election of Abraham Lincoln the measure he had so ardently and wisely .advocated was finally adopted, and he received an appointment to preside over the new department as its Commissioner. The act of Congress was approved May 15th, 1S62. He possessed an extensive and practical acquaintance with agricultural mat- ters and methods, and the various systems of farming ; and was eminently qualified for the position which he was called upon to fill. He died at Washington City, June igth. iSC?. 'OSTER, REV. DANIEL REQUA, eighth Pastor of the Hopewell Presbyterian Church, of Pen- nington, New Jersey, was born, September 22d, 1838, at Patterson, Putnam county. New Yoik,and is the son of Edmund Foster and Ann Eliza Foster. In January, 1S49, he was received into the full communion of the church. He was prepared for college at the Peekskill Academy; in 1SG3 he took the degree of A. B. at the College of New Jersey; and in 1S66 that of A. M. In the latter year also he graduated at the Princeton Theological Seminary; April 24th, 1866, was licensed as a probationer for the gospel ministo', by the Presbyte.7 of Con- necticut, at Bridgeport, and entered upon the performance of his duties as pastor-elect in the Presbyterian church of Phelps, by forced marches and by the excessive heat; finally, Gen-1 New York, June 1st, I 1S66. He was ordained to the work :^66 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. of the gospel ministry, and installed pastor of the church at Phelps, on the following July 29th, by the Presbytery of Rochester city. In October, 1S69, his pastoral connection with the church at Phelps was dissolved. He then entered on his ministerial duties at the Pennington Church on the first Sabbath of October, 1S70. Having received a cordial and unanimous call from the people, he was installed pastor, April 17th, 1S71, by a ccimmiltee of the Presbytery of New Brunswick. Januaiy 25th, 1S74, the church was destroyed by fire, shortly after the dismissal of the congregation, and a new church opened, January 14th, 1S75. In the opening of the ensuing year a gracious revival cleansed and purified the spiritual atmosphere of his pastorate, and by February 2oth, 1876, between forty and fifty persons joined the church. As a result of his labors, one hundred and eighty-one per- sons of both sexes have been added to the roll of communi- cants on profession, besides twenty-six by certificate. rcILVAIXE, RT. REV. CHARLES PETTIT, D. D., LL. D., D. C. L., Bishop of Ohio, was born in Burlington, New Jersey, January iSth, 1799, his father being Hon. Joseph Mcllvainc, at one time a Representative of the State ni the United States Senate. His mother's parents, Bowes Reed and Mrs. Reed, were residents of the same place. Bowes Reed was brother of Joseph Reed, of Phila- delphia, confidential secretary of General Washington. Joseph Mcllvaine, grandfather of the bishop, served through the war of the Revolution, and attained the rank of Colonel in the patriot army ; he resided at Bristol, where his remains now repose. The bishop lived in Burlington until his ordi- nation as deacon, and the graves of four generations of his family — from the parents of his mother down to the daugh- ter of his sister, Mrs. Commodore Engle — are in the church- yard of St. Mary's in that town, as are also those of his wife's parents and many of her relatives. He was baptized in the old church in his fifteenth year, by Dr. Wharton. The baptism was delayed thus long through his mother en- tertaining conscientious scruples about presenting her chil- dren for baptism while not a communicant herself. He re- ceived his education, preparatory to college, in the Burling- ton Academy, an incorporated institution; the building stood on the ground now occupied by the new edifice of St. Mary's Church, which it was taken down to make room for. Rev. Christian Ilanckel, D. D., afterwards of Charleston, South Carolina, was one of his tutors, succeeding his brother John as master of the school. From this institution he passed to Princeton College, from which he was gradu- ated in i8i6. Thereupon he became a candidate for orders, but being too young to be ordained, he remained — except for a period of about eighteen months passed in the Theo- logical Seminary of Princeton — in Burlington, reading under Dr. Wharton. During this period he organized the Sunday-school of St. M.try's Church, one of the first Sunday-schools organized in the United States. He him- self, in a letter to Rev. Dr. Hills, now rector of St. Mary's Church, gives the history of this organization as follows: " While I was in college in Princeton, one of my class- mates, John Newbold, of Philadelphia (who in gradualinc became a candidate for orders, but died before he could be ordained), on returning to college from a vacation, brought to us students an account of a Sunday-school he had at- tended in Philadelphia. It was in the very beginning of Sunday-schools in this country. He brought specimens of the blue and red tickets used. A number of students in ihe college formed a Sunday-school Society, and raised a fund of about four hundred dollars, of which I (then in my seventeenth year) was made treasurer. We set up four schools in and about Princeton. I and John Newbold, and (I think) the present Dr. Hodge, of Princeton, and the present Bishop Johns (a classmate of Dr. Hodge, and both a year before me), were teachers in different schools. My first extempore address was then made to the school I was detailed to, in a barn of what was called Jug Town, a suburb of Princeton. Going home in 1816, the project of the Burlington school originated. .Such a thing had never been heard of in Burlington. I first obtained Dr. Whar- ton's approbation, and then began tb talk it up. Mr. Aikman, the clerk of the church, co-operated The organization look place, and the school was always held in the academy as long, I believe, as Dr. Wharton continued rector, and how much longer I do not know. The organi- zation took place in the spring of I Si 6. Consider that I was then only seventeen years of age, and therefore almost all concerned, except as pupils, must have been older. And as I am now in my seventy-fourth year, it is not likely that anybody lives who was actively concerned in those things then. I was not aware that my name has been taken by one of the classes, but am much pleased to know it now." He was the first Superintendent of the school, and held that position for one year, between his graduating and returning to Princeton to enter the Theological Seminary. Mr. Aik- man was his successor. While a candidate for orders the bishop ofirciated as lay-reader at Bristol, during a vacancy in that parish. He was ordained a Deacon by Bishop While, July 4th, 1S20, and then went to his first parish, Christ Church, Georgetown, District of Columbia. After ofliciating there for about two years he received Priest's orders from the hands of Bishop Kemp, of Maryland. He remained in this charge until 1825, officiating during part of the time as Chaplain of the Senate. In the last-men- tioned year he was appointed, through the friendly ofiices of John C. Calhoun, Professor of Ethics and Chaplain in the United States Military Academy, West Point. This position he relinquished to become Rector of St. Anne's Church, Brooklyn, New York. In 1831 he was appointed Professor of the Evidences of Revealed Religion and Sacred .'Vntiquities in the I'niversity of the City of New York. On \»^ ' ■*''^ ^ ^/z.yiiy/,'^ BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOI'.EDIA. 367 October 31st, 1S32, he was consecrated Bishop of tlie Protestant Episcoijal Diocese of Ohio. He continued in the active discharge of his episcopal duties until the conse- cration, in 1S59, of the Rev. S. T. Bedell, D. D., as assistant bishop ; but subsecjuent to that date he was fre- quently incapacitated for active work by failing health. His career as Bishop of Ohio, without being especially eventful, was characterized by untiring energy and the most gratifying results. For many years he resided at Gambler, in the midst of the educational institutions under his epis- copal supervision, acting directly as President of Kenyon College from the commencement of his episcopate to 1S40. He was perhaps best known to the world as an author. During his incumbency of the professorship in the Univer- sity of the City of New York, he delivered, in 1S31, a course of lectures on the " Evidences of Christianity." At the request of the University Council these lectures were pulilished in a collected form in 1S32, and have had an im- mense circulation, being reprinted in London and Edin- burgh, while several different editions have been publisheil in this country. In 1S41 he published a work entitled, "Oxford Divinity Compared with that of the Roman and Anglican Churches, with a Speci.al View of the Doctrine of Justification by Faith." Althnugh this work has now dropped out of sight, it attracted universal attention at the time of its publication, when the celebrated tractarinn con- troversy was at its height. The Ei{iitlnirr;h Renicw char- acterized the work as one of the best " confutations of the tends uf the 0.\ford school," of which Dr. Pusey was the he.id. This work, and the other labors of his life, rendered the I)ishop the recognized champion of evangelical principles in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Among his other more important works were : " The Sinner's Justification before God," 1S51; "The Holy Catholic Church," 1S44; "The Trulli and the Life," 1854. Numerous volumes of sermons were given by him to the world, and he also contributed miny valuable articles to the leading religious periodicals of the day. The bishop was a man of large and liberal views. During his incumbency of the rectorship of St. Anne's Church, Brooklyn, he became involved in a contro- versy with the bishop of the diocese, who endeavored to repress a clerical prayer-meeting, and to prevent his clergy from identifying themselves with " mixed institutions," like the American Bible and Tract Societies, in which he took a decided stand on the liberal side, and for many years he acted as President of the American Tract Society. His inlluence was not restricted to the circle of his church, but w.is widespread. At the opening of the rebellion he was, because of his high standing, selected by President Lincoln and Secretary Seward to visit Europe on a confidential mission, and contributed largely towards counteracting the intrigues of the Confederate emissaries in Great Britain. The late Archbishoji Hughes and Thurlow Weed, it will be remembered, also visited Europe about the same time, and on a similar mission, at the request of the administration. A high recognition of Bishop Mcllvaine's influential stand- ing was his reception of the degree of Doctor of Civil Law from the University of Oxford in 1S53, and that of Doctor of Laws from the University of Cambridge five years later. As a pulpit orator he had few equals. With a commanding presence, a clear, penetrating, trumpet-like voice, an ex- traordinary power of accurate extemporaneous expression, and a profound insight, he possessed rare qualifications fur effectiveness on the jilatform and in the pulpit. He died in Florence, Italy, on March 13th, 1S73. AYTON, JONATHAN, a Distinguished Civilian of New Jersey, late of Elizabeth, was born, Oc- tober i6lh, 1760, at Elizabelhtown. He gradu- ated at the College of New Jersey in 177G, and in February of the same year entered the Continen- tal army as Paymaster of the 3d New Jersey Battalion, commanded by his father. He subsequently served a time on the staff of General Maxwell, commanding the New Jersey Brigade, and on the 1st of May, 1779, was commissioned as Major and Aide-de-Camp on the staff of Major-General Sullivan, accompanying the latter officer in his expedition of that year against the western Indians. In 1780 he rejoined the Jersey Brigade, being commissioned, March 30lh, as Captain in the 3d Regiment. While on duly at Elizabeth, November 4lh, 17S0, he was taken prisoner by the British, together with his uncle, General Matthias Ogden. After his exchange he served with the 1st New Jersey Regiment, which, with the remainder of the brigade, landed near Williamsburgh, Virginia, on Septem- ber 2ist, 1781, and engaged in the siege of Yorklo\\n. He was soon detached for duly in a command under General Lafayette, whom he aided in storming one of the British redoubts, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis, October 19th, 1781. In the winter of 17S1-S2 he was slatione 1 in East Jersey, and especially distinguished himself in a skirmish December 5th, which resulted in the retirement of a force from Staten Island which attacked Elizabeth. He served to the end of the war with undimmed credit, and became an original member of the Society of the Cincinnati. In 17S7 he was appointed one of the dele- gates from New Jersey to the convention at Philadelphia for the purpose of framing the Federal constitution. He look part in the deliberations, and on the 17th of September, 1787, affixed his name to that noble charter, being one of the youngest, if not the youngest, of the signers. After the Revolution he had been repeatedly elected to the Legis- lature of New Jersey, and in 1790 was elected Speaker uf the House. In 1791 he was chosen as a RepresentativL in Compress, and w.as repeatedly re-elected until he h.ail served for eight successive years. He was active in legislation, and became one of the most prominent leaders of the Federalist party. In 1795 he was elected Speaker of the 3« BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. House of Represenlalives, and in 1797 re-elected by a vote of seventy eiglit to two. When a war with France was looked upon as probable, in 179S, he was commissioned by President Adams as a Brigadier-General of the regular army. The happy settlement of that difficulty brought his military services to a close. lie was soon after elected to the Senate of the United States, and served with distin- guished reputation from 1799 to 1S05. An intimacy in boyhood, and his later association with him in the Senate of the United States, led him to be a devoted friend and admirer of Aaron Burr. So strong was their regard that, in iSoj, he undertook a duel in his behalf, sending a chal- lenge to De Witt Clinton, afterwards governor of New York, but the matter was arranged without a meeting. This long- standing, personal friendship led him to look with more trust upon that aspiring politician than prudence would have dictated, and he paid the penalty when moneys, ad- vanced in matters of joint interest, were used by Burr to further his own questionable projects. When Burr was tried for his misdemeanors, nothing was found which justi- fied proceedings against Mr. Dayton, but, notwithstanding, the complicated condition of things seriously compromised his reputation among those who could be afforded no oppor- tunity to know the facts. This unh.appy affair, and the ac- cession of Mr. Jefferson to the Presidential chair, leading to the breaking up of the Federal party, caused his retirement from leadership in the national parties. But in his own State, honored for his Aiithful service and beloved for his known worth, he was continued in office and chosen to serve several terms in the Senate. His latter days were passed at home in the enjoyment of a comfortable compe- tence, interesting himself in the welfare of the schools, the establishment of a public library, and other benefits to his native town. In connection with John Cleves Symmes and others, he held large tracts of land in Ohio, and the city of D-iyton was so named in compliment to his family. When General Lafayette visited America in 1S24, Mr. Dayton re- ceived him as a guest at Elizabeth, and attended him in his tour through the Stale. Tiiis pleasing event proved to be his last appearance in public, as he died at Elizabeth on the 9'h of Octolier in the same year. He was a man of stately presence and appearance, and kept up his formal dignity of manner to the close of his life. He was known as " The last of the cocked hats." I RIGHT, HON. WILLIAM, late of Newark, New Jersey, son of Dr. William Wright, a prominent physician and citizen of Rockland county, New York, and descended from early settlers of Con- necticut, was born in Rockland county, New York, in 1791. He was at school in Poughkeep- ;ie, preparing for college, when the death of his father de- prived hmi of means of support and compelled him to abandon his intended collegi.-ite course. Learninti the trade of liarness-making, he not only supported himself during the term of his apprenticeship, but succeeded in saving from his scant wages three hundred dollars, a fund that he applied, upon attaining his majority, to hiring and stocking a small shop in Bridgeport. Here, while working with the energy and industiy that characterized his entire career in business and in public life, he continued his inter- rupted studies ; but the ground that he had lost could never be entirely regained, and his education was derived less from books than from men and affairs. Entering into a partnership with his father-in-law, the late William Peet, and Sheldon Smith, he founded a firm for the manufacture of harness and saddles, establishing at the same time a branch house in Charleston, South Carolina. In 1S21 the northern manufactory was transferred to Newark, New Jer- sey — then coming into prominence as a manufacturing town • — and during the ensuing thirty-three years his business steadily increased, until it became one of the most important of its kind in the country. In 1854, having, by untiring energy and well-directed commercial talent, amassed a large fortune, he retired from active business life. He took no part in public affairs — unless his services as a volunteer for the defence of Stonington, in the war of 1812, can be held to come under this head — until 1840, when he was elected, without opposition. Mayor of Newark. At that time he was a pronounced member of the Whig party, and was an earnest supporter of Henry Clay. In 1842 he was elected a member of the House of Representatives as an independent candidate, defeating the regular Whig and Democratic nominees; and in 1S44 he was re-elected from the same district. In 185 1 he abandoned the Whig and entered the Democratic party, and in 1853, as Democratic candidate, was elected a member of' the United States Senate for a full term, succeeding the Hon. J. W. Miller. Appointed Chairman of the Senate Committee on Manufac- tures, his extensive practical knowledge and sound common sense gave weight and point to his utterances ; and while he was never prominent in debate, his counsels in commit- tee were always listened to with attention, and were very generally followed. On the Committee to Audit and Con- trol the Expenses of the Senate, his services, while less emi- nent in degree, were no less eminent in kind. LTpon the expiration of his term, in 1859, he was succeeded by the Hon. John C. Ten Eyck ; but in 1S63 he was again put in nomination by the Democratic party, and was again elected. During that portion of his second term which he was enabled to serve, he displayed the same qualities that had made him so useful when first in office, but at the end of two years failing health disabled him from close attention to his senatorial duties, and for the last twelve months of his life his attendance upon the sessions of Congress was necessa- rily irregular. He died at his home in Newark, November 1st, 1S66. EIOGRAP.IICAL ENCVCLOP.EDIA. 3^9 AAR, DAVID, ex-Jiulge, Trenton, New Jersey, was born in St. Thomas, Danish West Indies, November loth, iSoo. lie is an Israelite, and a direct descendant of one of the families of Spain and Portugal that suffered religious persecution. His progenitor was a resident of Sp.iin in the reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, who to avoid that perse- cution left the country with the first expedition to .South America after the discovery of this country by Christopher Columbus. His destination was Rio de la llacha, South America, hut being wrecked on the island of Cura(;oa, he remained there and was succeeded by twelve generations. When fifteen years old David Naar was sent to America to receive his education, returning upon graduation to St. Thomas and entering a large exporting and importing house as an apprentice. Here he was thoroughly drilled in com- mercial affairs, and after mastering the varied branches of business, founded an establishment of his own, which he conducted successfully for a number of years. During his residence in St. Thomas he held various important ofifices under the Danish government, the most onerous, and at the same time the most honorable, of these being that of com- mandant of one of the militia forces of the island, a position that placed upon him responsibilities and entailed upon him duties of a very grave character. In all of his trusts his duties were discharged in the most exemplary and satisfactory man- ner. In 1S34 he removed the seat of his business from St. Thomas to New York, and four years later, 1838, withdrew altogether from mercantile pursuits. In the latter year he pur- chased a farm near Elizabeth, New Jersey; removed thither and settled down to agriculture. But the quiet life of a farmer was by no means suited to his active temperament, and while retaining a general supervisioji of the work done on his domain, he gave the greater portion of his time to political affairs. Uniting with the Democratic party, he earnestly and with ardor devoted himself to promulgating and advo- cating its principles. Naturally a ready and popular speaker, possessing a remarkable talent for foreseeing the ultimate as well as the immediate effects of public measures, and being, moreover, a genial, affable man of the world, he rapidly rose in the favor of his party, and almost from the beginning of his public life he was a leader. In 1S43 he assumed his first (in America) official position, being in that year ap- pointed Mayor of the borough of Elizabeth by the New Jersey Legislature. This was previous to the incorporation of Elizabeth as a city, and while it still formed a part of Essex county. In 1843 also he was appointed one of the lay Judges of the Court of Common Pleas of Essex county, an office that he held for a number of years, and the delicate duties of which he very satisfactorily discharged. In 1S44 he was elected a Delegate from Essex county to the State Constitutional Convention, and as such exercised an im- portant influence upon the remodelling of the organic law of the commonwealth, his sound common sense and prac- tical legal knowledge enabling him to perceive wherein re- 47 form was needed, and to put his suggestions into working form. During the hotly-contested campaign that terminated in the election of President Polk he was a prominent par- tisan of the successful candidate, his services being re- warded, and the interest of the country .at the same time well served, by his appointment to be Cuniniercial Agent of the United States at St. Thomas. In this position he re- mained during the term of President Polk's administration, and upon being relieved by his successor. President Taylor's appointee, returned to his home in Elizabeth, where he was shortly elected Recorder of the borough, and a member of the Borough Council. In 1S51-52 he again took part in State politics, being Clerk of the General Assembly of New Jersey for two successive sessions. During his public life up to this point, while frequently writing political leaders for one or other of the principal journals attached to the interests of the Democratic party, he had not established himself in any newspaper connection. In 1S53 he determined upon enter- ing the profession of journalism, and to this end bought The True American, a publication established on a sure finan- cial basis, and being generally regarded as the governing factor in the Democratic party in that portion of the State. His extended personal acquaintance among the leading men not only in his own but in the opposite party, his thorough knowledge and understanding of the political history of New Jersey, and of that of the country at large, and his rare faculty, already alluded to, of perceiving the probable future of the political measures of the present, all united to fit him in an eminent degree for the discharge of the editorial func- tion, and during his incumbency The True Aiiterican was unquestionably the leading Democratic journ.aI of New Jersey. For seventeen years he remained in the editorial harness, and during this long period his paper was stead- fastly firm to its political faith; upholding with brilliant vigor the party measures; supporting with earnest warmth the party men, and hitting all the while keen blows among the party's enemies. In 1870 when he resigned his editorship, ' he had well earned the title of " the Democratic War-horse," t for in his long editorial career he had made himself known and felt by every public man in the Slate, and i<:\\ there ! were but had been wisely guided by his counsels, or had come under the stinging la^h of his criticism. Five years before his retirement from journalism he was appointed by the joint vote of the Senate and General .Assembly of New Jersey State Treasurer, and during the years l£65-66 that he was in office his influence w.is of an excellently reformatory character. At the close of the year the Repub- licans came into power and he was dis]ilacetl. The system of bookkeeping and general accounting that he introduced into the Treasury Department is still retained by his successors, and is greatly superior to any system previously devised. After his retirement from this oflice, in 1S6S, he was ap- pointed by ex-Governors Vroom and Olden, the then com- missioners of the State Sinking Fund, Secretary to that com- mis!,ion, an office that he still (1S77) continues to (ill in the 370 BIOGRAPHICAL E.NXVCLOr.EDIA. most satisfactory manner. For ■several years he has resided ill Trenton, and since his removal lo that city has been for two terms a member of the Common Council, and also has served as a member of the .School Board, evincing while holding the latter trust, as, indeed, he has done since its inception, a warm regard for and earnest determination to aid the pres- ent admirable school system of New Jei-sey. He has now been in public life in America for nearly forty years; has ably filled many important public offices ; has been largely instru- mental in the formulation and adoption of many important public measures, and has won the confidence and esteem of a vast number of the leading pulilic men. Throughout his long and useful life he has lieen unswervingly true to his party and to his friends, and to both he has given far more than he has received. For a long series of years he has been an active member of the society of F. and A. Masons, and is now about the oldest, if not the oldest, member of the 33d degree of the ancient .Scottish rite. He was mar- ried in February, 1S20, to Sarah D'Azevedo, by whom he has had several children, of whom five are now surviving. Jlis wife still lives, and after fifty-seven years of connubial hajipiness they are surrounded by numbers of grandchildren and great-grandchildren. I HITMAN, WALT, Poet, was born at West Hills, New York, in 1S19, "i the boast of the 12th," says Foster, in his work on " New Jersey and the Rebellion," " as it is that of most of the New Jersey regiments, that it was always in the jiost of danger; that it suffered in action most severely, and that it could always be relied on for perilous duty. Major-General French regarded the 12th as one of the finest regiments in the army, and the commanding officers of the brigade were always unanimous in its praise. Its losses were very severe in men and officers, and were never supplied by the State, no recruits (except about thirty) having been sent it until after the surrender of Lee. It never lost a color in action, and had very few prisoners taken. It never was broken, and never retreated until the whole line was broken or ordered back. It was composed of the flower and strength of the rural population of South Jersey, and on every field in Virginia they bravely maintained the honor of their flag and State." It was one of his most painful experiences in the war that the wounds he received at Chancellorsville, added to those he had received in the Peninsula, necessi- tated his parting with this gallant regiment and withdrawing from active service, but being totally disabled, no choice was left him. The War Department subsequently assigned him to duty as President of a Board of Court-Martial, in which pacity he served until the close of the war. He was mus- red out of the service, December 20th, 1S64, when he returned to Port Eliz.abeth and resumed the practice of medicine, though the brilliancy of his military record, com- bined with his abilities and popular qualities, soon drew him into the political arena, where, as in every other theatre of action in which he has figured, he won signal distinction. In 1 87 1 he was elected a member of the New Jersey As- sembly, and re-elected the following year; and in 1874 he was elected to the Stale Senate, serving in both bodies on several of the most important committees. His course as a legislator not only secured the respect of his colleagues Ijut proved highly acceptable to his constituents. In 1876 he travelled extensively in South America, visiting most of the important cities on the Pacific side, having previously ex- plored the chief places of interest on the Atlantic coast. Scarcely yet in the prime of his manhood, and thus rich in knowledge and experience, witli abilities of a high older well trained, it may fairly be predicted that his countrymen have not heard the last or the best of him. OODRUFF, HON. AARON DICKINSON, late of Trenton, Lawyer, Attorney-General of the State of New Jersey, was born in Trenton, Sep- tember 1 2th, 1762. He delivered the valedictory at the Princeton commencement of 1779; in 1784 was admitted to the bar, and in 1793 was made Attorney-General of the State, and annually re-elected, ex- cept in 181 1, until his death. He served also in the Legis- lature, and was influential in having Trenton selected for the State capital. He died at Trenton, New Jersey, June 24th, 1817, while actively engaged in the performance of liis numerous and responsible duties as Attorney-General, and Trustee of the Presbyterian Church of his native place. He was buried in the Trenton churchyard, where his epi- taph records that : " For twenty-four years he filled the important station of Atlorney-Gener.il with incorruptible in- tegrity. Adverse to legal subtleties, his professional knowl- edge was exerted in the cause of truth and justice. The native benevolence of his heart made him a patron of the poor : a defender of the fatherless : it exulted in the joys or participated in the sorrows of his friends." GHAM, HON. SAMUEL D., Manufacturer, Secretary of the United States Treasury, 1829- 1831, late of Trenton, New Jersey, was born in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, September l6ih, 1773, and was of Quaker parentage. His earlier years were spent in the paper manufacturing busi- ness, in Easton, Pennsylvania, and until drawn into the arena of political life he was successfully engaged in mer- ^J^-^^^^e^ t^a>yi^ BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. caiitile pursuits. He afterward served three years as a member of the Pennsylvania Legislature; and was a mem- ber of Congress from his State lu the years 1S13 to 1S18, and 1822 to 1829. Frorii 1829 to 1S31 he officiated as Secretary of the United Slates Treasury; the latter appoint- ment he received from J hn Quincy Adams. He died at Trenton, New Jersey, June 5th, 1S60. ' ILLER, REV. SAMUEL, D. D., Professor in the Theological Seminary of Princeton, was horn in 1769, a few months before the birth of his inti- mate and illustrious friend, Dr. John M.ason. Ills father, an excellent clergyman of Scotch extrac- tion, was born, educated and ordained in Boston, but spent the greater portion of his life in Delaware. His mother, a native of Maryland, was a lady of rare accom- plishments and high moral character. At a suitable age he was sent to the University of Pennsylvania, where he en- joyed enviable advantages; while, in his leisure hours, he had access to the best circles of society in Philadelphia ' and the environs, where he was ever a courted and re- spected guest and visitor. L'pon finishing the prescribed course of studies at the university, he commenced the study of theology under the guidance of his venerable father, and after his decease placed himself imder the instructions of the celebrated Dr. Nisbet, then filling the presidential chair of the Dickinson College, Carlisle. He studied the Bible earnestly and constantly, not merely as a source of theo- logical knowledge, but especially as a gracious me.ans of spiritual culture. He was liberal and kindly in sharing his moderate means with those he found deserving pity and support, and in the practical affairs of life was notably care- ful and systematic. Above all did he act upon the counsel, "Though thine enemies strike and revile thee, thou shalt treat them with pity and compassion; " and once took es- pecial pains to spread a favorable opinion of one who had done him an unmerited injury, and the fact being adverted to, he admitted its truthfulness, but added, mildly, "He was a good man, notwithstanding." In 1791 he was li- censed to preach. His early and only settlement .as pastor was in the First Presbyterian Church, of New York city, which then embraced more talent, wealth and influence than any other one in the connection. After laboring zealously and efficiently in this field for a period extending over twenty years he was appointed to the Professorship of Ecclesiastical History and Church Government in the Theo- logical Seminary at Princeton. His lectures on the com- position and delivery of a sermon, to the students under his charge, have never been surpassed in their line, and take high rank as masterly productions; he was also a judicious critic on all matters relating to public oratory, or speaking, and by those who knew him, and who were competent to judge, his final opinion and decisions were taken as ulti- mate and conclusive. His " Treatise on Clerical Manners and Habits," inculcating a courteous and dignified licaring, is widely known, and h.a5 been repeatedly (|uoled, in por- tions, as an excellent guide for students and the clergy in general. His publications are numerous; his first work of considerable extent being " Retrospect of the Eighteenth Century," written early in his ministry, through which he .acquired an envi.able reputation both at home and in Great Britain. Several of his works were controversial, and at- tracted much attention by their perspicuous, logical and well-considered arguments and analyses. He published also several biographical works of extended scope; and his volume on the " Eldership" is a work in high and general repute. Dr. Chalmers asserting that it is the best ]niblicalinn given to the church on that subject. He was the nullior also of a large number of occasional discourses. Many who were among the most honored in civil life — Dickinson, Jay, Spencer, Boudinot, Rush, Hamilton, and, above all, Washington — were on the list of his personal friends; and with many famous and learned characters in Europe he maintained for many years a close and intimate correspond- ence. Following is a partial list of his various publications: " Letters on the Constitution and Order of the Christian Ministry, addressed to Members of the Presbyterian Church in the City of New York," 1S07; "A Continuation of Let- ters Concerning the Constitution and Order of the Christian Ministry, being an Examination of the Strictures of the Rev. Drs. Bowden and Kemp, and Rev. Mr. How, on the For- mer Series," 1809; "Memoirs of Rev. John Rogers, D.D.," Svo., 1813; "Letters on Unitarianism," 8vo., 1821 ; "Essay on the Warrant, Nature and Duties of the Office of Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian Church," 121110., iSji; "Letters to Presbyterians on the Present CriMs in the Presbyterian Church in the United States," i2mo., 1833; "Two .Ser- mons on Baptism, pieached at Freehold, New Jersey," i2mo., 1S34; "Memoir of Rev. Charles Nesbit, D. D.," i2mo., 1840; "Primitive and Apostolical Order of the Church of Christ Vindicated," i2mo., 1840; besides his "Brief Retrospect" and his "Letters on Clerical Manneis and Habits," etc., etc. He died at Princeton, New Jersey, in 1S50. ARR, HON. JOSEPH, Judge of the Court of Common Picas and Orphans' Court of Burling- ton county, was born, January nth, 1821, in the town of Mount Holly, New Jersey, and is the son of Joseph and Ruth N. (Thomas) Carr. His father was a merchant for upwards of fifty years in Mount Holly, and is a native of the State; his mother is a native of Wales, who wdien ten years of age came to the United Stales, at the very commencement of the ninpteenth century, and is still living. Joseph received but a limited 374 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCLOP.-EDIA. education in the common school, where he remained until ten years of age, and then entered his father's employ, with whom he continued three years. He was next indentured as an apprentice to Nathan Palmer, the proprietor of the A'nu Jersey Minor, a weekly paper then as now published at Mount Kolly. In that establishment he learned the whole art of printing; and after acquiring the same he re- mained in the employ of his patron until the latter's death, in 1842. He then assumed the entire charge of the paper, which he conducted with marked ability and success until 1857, when he was admitted to an equal share or partner- ship with the remaining heir, as Mrs. Palmer had died at this time. The paper was now vested in the firm of J. Carr, Jr., & Co., which continued without change until 1S72, when he disposed of his interests in the same. In the same year, without any solicitation on his part, he was appointed Judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of the Orphans' Court for Burlington county, a position which he still retains. His political creed is that held by the Repub- lican party, who in the campaign of 1S76 selected him as the representative of the Second Congressional District on the Electoral ticket for Hayes and Wheeler. He has been for many years a Director of the Farmers' National B.ank of Mount Holly, one of the oldest financial insti- tutions in the State. In eveiy movement tending towards the improvement of the town or county he h.15 ever mani- fested a deep interest, and is respected by all classes as a valuable as well as a public spirited citizen. He was married, June loth, 1875, to Emily, daughter of John Palmer, of New York. JAYTON, HON. AARON OGDEN, Fourth Audi- tor, Treasurer, Department of the United States, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, October 4th, 1796. Ralph Dayton came from England to ^ Boston, and thence to East Hampton, about 1650; was one of the pioneer settlers in that section of the country, and died in 1657; Jonathan Dayton, one of his descendants, removed to Elizabethtown, New Jersey, about 1720. His father, Elias Dayton, was a son of the preced- ing; while another son, Robert Dayton, bore the same relation to the eminent jurist and statesman, Hon. William L. Dayton, late Senator in Congress from New -Jersey. Elias Dayton was born in 1737; in 1759 was commissioned as lieutenant, and in 1760 as captain, in a regiment of foot of the Province of New Jersey; in 1764 he was sent in command of a military force against the Indians near De- troit. In February, 1776, he was commissioned colonel of a New Jersey regiment, and took part in the defence of Ti- conderoga, under General Schuyler. With his brigade he assisted in forming the last line of trenches at Vorktown, and was present at the opening of the capitulation by Corn- wallis. At Kniphausen's invasion of New Jersey, in 17S0, he was in command of the force which pursued him. In January, 1783, he was appointed a brigadier-general, oil which occasion Washington sent him a letter of congratu- lation, and said he would keep his coinmission until* he could deliver it to him in per.son. At the close of the war he w-as appointed Major-General of the Second Division of New Jersey Militia, which station he filled until his decease. He was for many years a member of the State Legislature; declined the appointment of delegate to the convention formed to frame the Consliliulon of the United States — an honor which, at his request, w.ts subsequently conferred upon his eldest son, the late Jonathan Dayton — and died in 1807. His father, Elias B. Dayton, who was a minor during the Revolution, distinguished himself in those troublous days as a volunteer in several expeditions, and subsequently was engaged in mercantile pursuits in Eliza- bethtown, New Jersey. His mother was a daughter of Dr. Thomas Bradbury Chandler, who was one of the most emi- nent divines of the colonial church of England, was the writer of whom it was said, by one well able to judge, that no man in America could mend his pen. He was serit to school at a very early age, and from a small "character book," still preserved, his general standing there seems to have been unvaryingly creditable to him. His fondness for reading even in his childhood may be inferred from an incident which occurred on the occasion of his first visit to New York. Instead of indulging his curiosity, and hunt- ing out with eagerness to behold the wonders and novelties of this bustling city, he had no sooner entered his uncle's house than he asked for a book, and sat down to its quiet perusal. When in his fifteenth year he was sufficiently ad- vanced in his studies to enter the junior class in Princeton College; and, though the youngest member in it, passed through his course with such distinction — evincing rare as- siduity and power of comprehension — as to graduate at its close, in 1813, with the highest honors. He was a member of the Cliosophic Society, before which he delivered on one occasion a noteworthy address, characterized by scholarly elegance. In the course of the year following his relin- quishment of college life, he entered on the study of- law under the supervision of the late Governor Ogden, after whom he had been nan-ed. While thus engaged his con- stitution, originally strong, became seriously enfeebled by a nervous disease, from which he never entirely recovered, and which often during a great part of his life unfitted hini for strong, sustained mental exertion. With short intervals of rest he continued his studies, however, until the com- pletion of his tei-m, and the usual preparatory training, and, November 13th, 1817, was admitted to the bar of New Jersey as an attorney-atlavv. In the opening of 1S18, partly through health considerations, partly to judge by actual personal observations, concerning the probable ad- vantages obtainable in his profession in Ohio, he left his BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. 375 lionie nml nintle a journey to tliat Slate on horseback, even- tually securing a license there rs attorney and counsellor. In autumn of llie same year he returned to New Jersey with the intention of settling in Cincinnati in the following spring, liut was fnially induced to change his mind and re- main in liis native State. I.i the summer of iSiQ, accord- ingly, he entered upon the active practice of his profession at or near Salem, in the western section of New Jersey, lie possessed many natural giTts, wliich, hacked by un- wearied diligence, eminently fitted him to attain high rank in his profession; had an acute discriminating and logical mind ; a lucid and orderly method in arranging his thoughts, and great case and freedom in expressing them; a quick and intuitive perception of strong points in a case before him; and singular readiness in exposing the weaknesses and f.^llacies in the arguments and pleadings of opponents. His voice was clear and strong, his enunciation distinct and forcible, his manner earnest and impressive. By his careful reading and just thinking he was well versed in general principles of law, and happy in their application to particu- l.u- cases ; also through his patient industry and tireless research he was enabled to illustrate and fortify his positions by all the precedents that had bearing on the question. He was not only a sound lawyer and an excellent seasoner, but also a persuasive and popular pleader, succeeding at once in securing the attention and respect of bench and bar, and in exercising due influence on the minds of the jury. At the outset of his career he rose rapidly, and, instead of the usual trying slow progress of young lawyers, secured al- most immediately an extensive and remunerative clientage. " This stimulated him. He did not confine himself to county courts and employ senior counsel to argue cases before the Supreme Court, but as soon as he became coun- sellor, in the shoite^t time allowed by rules, i. i'., three years from time of license as attorney, argued all his cases himself." This active conduct of his cases naturally brought him into conflict with many of his more learned and experienced brethren, and became a still further incite- ment to study and ambition. In 1S23 he was elected to the State Legislature, and though the youngest member of that body took an active part in many of the most important deb lies, and was occasionally opposed to William Griffith, a distinguished speaker in the House, and other learned legislators. Richard Stockton, however, advised him not to be a candidate again until he made himself master of his profession, wisely observing how many young and ]iromis- ing men have been disastrously diverted from their studies by the fascination of political life and excitement. Upon this advice he acted, and for a time devoted himself with renewed earnestness to professional theory and practice. r»ut at the time of the exciting presidential contest between Jncksnn and Adams he once more entered ardently into the pi>l;tical arena, taking up arms for Jackson, who was then somewhat unpopular. The duty was committed to him by the convention of delegates held in Trenton, September 1st, 1S24, of which he was the secretary, of preparing an ad- dress on the subject under discussion to the people of ihe State. This address, drafted entirely by himself, elicited warm encomiums from many high ([uarters, and extensively circulated throughout the country ; its eflTect was ])ionounccd and sudden, and the State, supposed originally by all to be ntirely for Adams, gave to Jackson the electoral vole. In the summer of 1S25 he removed to Jersey Cily, and thence to New York in 1826, and in May of this year was ad- mitted to practise as counsellor-at-law in that State. He then again became a warm and open ally of Jackson, and in his cause contributed extensively to the current news- papers and journals, and delivered many addresses and speeches, extorting through his eloquence and abilities the admiration even of his bitterest adversaries. In autumn of 1S28 he was nominated l)y the Democrats of the cily and county of New York as a candidate for the Legislature, and was elected by 5,000 majority. His principal efforts centred on the subject of banking, which in the proceedings of that session occupied a very prominent place; and he was an unflinching advocite of the safety fund system, which was adoptctl in the face of a vehement opposition of the city banks. At the next annual election he was again regularly nominated, but the wealth of those opposing him was an important element in the defeat which followed. He was afterward appointed, by the governor and Senate, Master in Chancery, a lucrative position in such a city as New York. lie was subsequently honored by the chancel- lor with the office of Injunction Master for the First Circuit, which included the city and county of New York, Long Island and Staten Island. This station, inferior only to that of vice-chancellor, he filled with ability and with gen- eral satisfaction to the chancellor, the bar and the com- munity at large. His state of health prohibiting a vigorous prosecution of his profession, he accepted, in 1833, the offer of a place in the Diplomatic Bureau of the Department of State, and thus virtually forever abandoned the bar. In March, 1S34, he was admitted as Counsellor of the Supreme Court of the United States, and shortly after commenced the preparation of a new edition of " Laws of the United States," which was intended to include a history of legisla- tion on each subject from the establishment of the govern- ment down to the current time. The publisher, however, after having put in press a portion of this important pro- jected enterprise, not receiving the expected patronage from Congress, abandoned the further prosecution of the work, and a needed and laudable publication was lost to the country. In 1S35, at the invitation of the Society of Cincinnati, of New Jersey, he delivered a eulogy on La- fayette, recently deceased ; while in the Department of State he had access to a comi)lete file of the Monitatr and other works not often seen in this counti-y, which gave him familiar acquaintance with every important event of the patriot Frenchman's life and career. In lSo5 he was made Chief Clerk of the Department of State, an office BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCLOP.EDIA. corresponding wilh the under-secretaryship of state in Great Britain. During the absence of the head of the depart- ment, he acted, by authority of the President, as Secretary of State, performing the same duties now pertaining to the Assistant Secretaryship of State. In 1837, just after his marriage, he was offered the situation of Charge d' Affaires at Rogiita, but declined the appointment from domestic con- siderations. In 183S he was placed at the head of a bureau in the Treasury Department, as Fourth Auditor, and through several valuing administrations until his death filled that position, without changing or concealing his politics — his duty being to oversee .all accounts of the Navy Department. He w.is married in August, 1S37, to Mary B. Tuft, of Salem, New Jersey ; and died, September 30th, 1S5S, of a sudden attack of apoplexy, occurring while he was on his way to his home. At his decease resolutions of respect were passed by all heads of bureaus in the Treasury Department ; also by those especially connected with the office of Fourth Auditor. fcURRILL, ALEXANDER M., Lawyer, Legal Writer, late of Kearney, New Jersey, graduated in 1824 from Columbia College, wilh the highest honors of the class. Subsequently he entered the office of Chancellor Kent, and for several years pursued a course of legal studies under the supervision and guidance of that able and scholarly jurist. He was remarkable for his elegant precision and discrimi- nation in the use of language ; and was the author of " Cir- cumstantial Evidence," "Assignments," " Practice," and a " Law Dictionary." Me also aided in compiling " Worces- ter's Dictionary," and deservedly took high rank as an au- thority on general pronunciation and definition, and on points of law requiring careful inquii-y and lucid explana- tion, -lie died at Kearney, New Jersey, February 7th, 1869, aged sixty-two years. jJGDEN, REV. BENJAMIN, Sixth Pastor of Hope- well Church, Pennington, New Jersey, Lite of Valparaiso, Indiana, was the son of John Ogden and Abigail (Bennett) Ogden. He was born in Fairfield, Cumljerland county. New Jersey, Octo- ber 4th, 1797, and w.as educated at the College of New Jersey, from which institution he graduated in 1 81 7. He early manifested a leaning toward the church, became deeply interested in divinity and theological study, and was eventually one of the subjects of that wonderful work of grace under Dr. Green's presidency, which gave to the church such men as Drs. Charles Hodge, David Magie, J->hn Maclean and Ravaad K. Rodgers, and Bishops Mcllvaine and Johns. He prepared for the ministry at the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian church, in Princeton, in April. lS2i,was licensed as a probationer by the Presbytery of Philadelphia, and by the same presbytery ordained in June, 1822, at Bensalem, Bucks county, Penn- sylvania, where he labored as a missionary for one year and six months. In 1823 he was installed as pastor of the church in Levvistown, Delaware, by the Presbytery of New Castle, and in this place remained for a period of three and a half years. In the meantime the Presbytery of Lewes was formed, and November 28th, 1826, he was received from the presbytery of that place by the Presbyteiy of New Brunswick, when a call from Hopewell Church was placed in his hands, and by him accepted. December 5th, 1826, he was installed pastor of this church by a committee con- sisting of Dr. Samuel Miller and the Rev. Messrs. Eli F. Cooley and George S. Woodhull. In this field he laboreil well and wisely. Early in the summer of 1S33 he called to his aid Rev. Daniel Dernelle, who began his offices by preaching a series of sermons to Christians from passages in the Fifty-first Psalm. " The word came with power. Tlie hearts of believers were melted, backsliders returned, un- ceasing prayer was offered mingled witti praise, and sinners were brought to repentance." Although it was in the midst of the harvest, there was no hindrance. The farmers rose to their work in the field at about three in the morning and closed at noon. After dining they arrived at the church in time for one service at 3 P. M., and another at 8 P. M., the intervening hours being devoted to meetings for prayer. As a fruit of this work, there was an addition to the com- munion roll of forty-seven persons. In the winter of 1837- 38 came another memorable revival, which is excellently described in an article published in The Preshyteiianf signed ■' N. N.," dated Pennington, April 24th, 1838. On one Saturday and the following Sabbath, the church re- ceived an addition of threescore persons, fifty-eight on ex- amination and two by certificate. Of this number, twenly- nine were baptized on Saturday. ** It was a pleasing s]-)cc- tacle. Those who witnessed it can never forget it. Amongst the number was an aged man who had been in the world nearlv threescore and ten years. He, wilh two others, of nearly the same age, had gone into the vineyard at the eleventh hour. In this displ.ay of Divine grace, it seems as if no age nor class of people were passed by. The youngest of the number received into church fellowship was eleven years of age." On this solemn occasion he preached a touching sermon from the words, " By grace ye are saved," and in speaking of the revival, remarked, " To all other churches could we ardently wish a like stirring up of peo- ple's souls, and with might and main shall pray for so divine a result." The whole number received on profession of their faith under his ministry was one hundred and eighty- six. On the completion of his labors in this section, he re- moved to Three Rivers, Michigan, where by his preaching and example he accomplished beneficent and enduring re- sults, and thence travelled to Indiana, settling eventually at BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 377 Valparaiso, his final place of sojourn. He was married to Emily T. Sansbury, October 15th, 1821, by whom he had ten children — four sons and six daugliters — all of whom survived him. One daughter married Rev. James Greer, and another, Rev. J. G. Reiheldafier, D. D. ; one son, Thomas Spencer O^den, entered the ministry. He was born at Tennington, January 9th, 1832, and baptized in the following May ; was licensed as a probationer by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, and was ordained by the same body in the Millstone Presbyterian Church, Monmouth county. New Jersey, August 2gth, 1857 ; after marrying Phoebe Elizabeth Coombs, he set sail for Corisco, Central Africa, on the fol- lowing October 5lh ; in that far-off field of labor he was constantly employed in earnest Christian missionary work until the time of his decease, and there was buried after a faithful service of three years, his widow and infant child returning to this country. Of his other children there is no especial mention found in the chronicles of Hopewell Church, of Pennington. He died at Valparaiso, Indiana, January nth,- 1 85 3. J^AYTON, GENERAL ELIAS, late of Elizabeth, 1 I was born. May 1st, 1737, at Elizabethtown, and mi I commissioned, March 19th, 1759, as a Lieutenant \(^ in the regiment of provincial troops raised in toVS New Jersey, and known as the " Jersey Blues," which were employed in the conquest of Canada from the French. He participated in the battle on the ' Heights of Abraham, at the gates of Quebec, on September 13th, 1759, and was present at the surrender, five days after. | In the succeeding spring he was promoted to Captain, and took part in the campaign which terminated with the sur- render of Montreal, and at the same time the ceding of the whole of Canada, with its dependencies, to the British crown. In 1764 he was sent on special service in com- mand of an expedition against the northern Indians near Detroit. A journal kept by him during the five months he passed in that wild region is still in existence, and is full of exciting interest. The objects of the expedition were accomplished, and he received official commendation for his success. After the disbandment of the provincial forces, he engaged in mercantile pursuits in his native town. But the spring of 1774 brought the tidings of British despotism in Boston, and Elizabethtown became from that time the head-quarters of the patriotic movement in New Jersey, giving impulse to the whole province. Mr. Dayton was an Alderman of the town, and became active in determining the people to stand by the Bostonians. In June, 1774, the patriots met to extend sympathy, and adopted resolutions to urge the country to stand firmly united, and inviting pro- vincial conventions to assemble speedily to appoint dele- gates to a general Congress. In December he was chosen at a meeting of the Town Freeholders, to be a member of the '■ Committee of Correspondence and Observation, to 4S favor the more vigorous prosecution of the measures recom- mended by Congress." His father, Jonathan, who was then over seventy-four years of age, also served on the same committee. In the fall of 1775, when recruiting for the Continental army was begun, he was appointed Muster- Master, and assisted in the organization of the first two regiments raised in the province. At the beginning of the year 1776 Congress directed that tlie 3d Regiment be raised in New Jersey, and elected Mr. Dayton to be its Colonel. On the 23d of January, 1 776, he signalized himself by fitting out at Elizabethport an expetlition of three armed boats and one hundred and ten men, with which, in conjunction with a boat and forty men under Lord Sterling, he captured the British transport-ship, " Blue Mountain Valley," which lay in the lower bay of New York, loaded with supplies and necessaries for the British army. The prize was brought to Elizabethport, and a resolution of thanks lo the captors passed Congress. After being retained for some time in the vicinity of New York to ward ofT anticipated raids from the British fleet, Colonel Dayton was in April, 1776, ordered to march to the relief of the northern army besieging Quebec, but on his arrival at Albany, General Schuyler changed his destination and gave him command of the Mohawk valley, where he quelled the Toryism which had been fostered by the activity of Sir John Johnson, and kept a check on the Indians of the "Six Nations" in that locality. He built Fort Schuyler, on the site of old Fort Stanwix, at Rome, and Fort Dayton, at Herkimer. In the close of the year he took part in the defence of Ticondcroga and Mount Inde- pendence, after which his regiment was returned to New lersey, and on reaching Morristown was brigaded with the other New Jersey Continentals under General Maxwell. They reached the province in the darkest hour of the patriot cause, almost the whole State being in the possession of the enemy. After much skirmishing the Jersey Brigade reoccupied the country around Newark and Elizabethtown, shortly after the battle of Trenton. Many found their homes in ruins— houses |ilundered, fences gone and gardens laid waste. Colonel Dayton was among the sufferers. He was stationed at his native town a portion of the winter. In the campaign of the following year he commanded his regiment at the battle of the Brandywine, September ilth, 1777, the Jersey Brigade suffering severely and Colonel Dayton having a horse shot under him. At the battle of Germantown, October 4th, 1777- ^^ had another horse killed under hiin wliile engaged near the corner of the famous Chew's house in the village. Although the result of the battle was not favorable to the Americans, they in- flicted the greater loss upon the enemy, the New Jersey regiments making famous their title, " The Jersey Brigade." Iirthe winter of I777-7S he was again posted at Elizabeth- town and put in supervision of the secret service for General Washington, getting information of the enemy's condition and movements. In June, 177S. when the British evacu.ited Philadelphia and retired across New Jersey, Colonel Dayton 37S EIOGRArillCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. was with the force detached under General Lafayette to harass and impede them m their march. The British were so severely pressed that they turned and gave battle at Monmouth, June 28th, in which engagement the New Jer- sey Continentals and militia rendered most valuable service. While the New Jersey Brigade was stationed at Elizabeth and Newark, in February, 1779, a night attack was made on the former place by the 33d and 42d British regiments, who succeeded in burning some buildings, including the academy ; but daybreak revealing their numbers, they were at once attacked by Colonel Dayton's regiment with por- tions of two others, driven into the mud marshes, and forced to retreat thoroughly demoralized. In June, 1779, tlie Jersey Brigade marched in General Sullivan's army into northern Pennsylvania and western New York, to punish the Indian confederacy of the Six Nations, who had been the cause of the massacre of Wyoming and other terrible outrages. Colonel Dayton was engaged in the battle on August 29th, near Elmira, New York, when these Indians, under Brant, Butler and Middleton, with a Tory force under Sir John Johnson, were defeated and routed. The troops then overran the country, penetrating as far west as the Genesee valley. The houses and crops were destroyed and lands laid waste. The Indians never recovered from the severe chastising which they received. In October General Sullivan's troops were recalled. During the severe winter of 1779-80, General Washington, with the main army, lay at Morristown, with the Jersey Brigade in the ad- vance posts from Rahway to above Newark. The frozen rivers and arms of the bays enabling troops to cross them necessitated extraordinary vigilance. Colonel Dayton par- ticipated in an attack, January 25th, made by 2,500 men, in an effort to capture the 1,200 British stationed on Staten Island. Sleds were used in crossing, and the troops occu- jiied the heights on the island, but were so impeded in their movements by the snow, which was " four to six feet deep," that they failed to accomplish their object. The British re- taliated by repeated invasions of Jersey during January and February, and in one of these the court-house at Eliza- beth was burned, and also the Presbyterian church, of which Colonel Dayton was a Trustee. In the campaign of 17S0 the British made their last important effort in New Jersey. On the night of June 6th an expedition of over 6,000 of the flower of the British army, including the Coldstream Guards, cavalry, flying artillery, and Hessians, under General Knyphausen, landed at Elizabeihport, proposing to march upon Washington's main army at Morristown. Colonel Dayton commanded the post of Elizabethtovvn, from which Ihey encountered the first opposition, his skirmish line mor- trily wounding the general of their advance division before they entered the town. The alarm signals brought out militia to Colonel Dayton's support, but he fell back skir- mishing before the superior force of the enemy to a position behind Connecticut Farms village, where he effected a junc- tion with the other portions of the Jersey Brigade. The Continentals and militia then made a stand for three hours, twice attacking the enemy and driving his advance upon the mam body, but at last, after a very close action, were pushed over the Rahway river into Springfic-ld, but pre- vented the British from following. The plans of the enemy were thwarted by the delay caused by this obstinate resist- ance, and in the afternoon they retired to Connecticut Farms, their flanks Ijeing harassed l)y the militia which had been put under the command of Colonel Dayton. The enemy burned the village of Connecticut Farms, where they shot the wife of Rev. Mr. Caldwell, the chaplain of Colonel Dayton's regiment, and retreated the same night, through a drenching storm, to their boats at Elizabethport. Instead of having annihilated General Washington's force and ended the rebellion, Ihey had been thwarted and held at bay by a single brigade of Continentals, aided only by militia. This miser.able failure was more than British pride thought it could bear, and the attempt to penetrate to ^\■ash- ington's camp was renewed by the same powerful and well- organized foice, with additional artillery, on the 23d of June, under direction and command of Sir Henry Clinton, On Colonel Dayton again fell the first blow. He succeeded in checking them at Connecticut Farms, and then retired to Springfield, where he was given the defence of the town with the bridges leading into it, a duty in which he greatly distinguished himself, holding the place nearly an hour against repeated assaults of the enemy and having his horse shot under him. He then rejoined the remainder of Max- well's brigade, which, with Stark's brigade, were posted on the heights in the rear of the village, under command of General Greene, with the militia on the flanks. The strength of this position, and information of the approach of troops sent out by General Washington, deterred the British from attempting further advance. After exhausting their valor by burning a score of dwellings, and the Presbyterian church in the village of Springfield, they retreated precipi- tately, receiving additional punishment by the active pursuit ordered by General Greene. They recrossed to Slalen Island immediately, and nc\ er again ■attempted a pleasure trip into Jersey. An officer of the Coldstream Guards esti- mated the loss of the British in these two June expeditions at about five hundretl officers and men. Soon after the battle of Springfield, General Maxwell's resignation was accepted by Congress, and Colonel Dayton assumed com- mand of the Jersey Brigade and held the command during the remainder of the war, although not confirmed as a Brigadier-General until January, 1783. In January, 1781, a portion of the Jersey Brigade, emboldened by the mild treatment used towards the Pennsylvania line, who had mutinied, imitated their example, and demanded the same indulgences, but Colonel Dayton's prompt action forced the surrender of all concerned. In September, 17S1, the Jer- sey Brigade, under Colonel Dayton's command, landed on James river, about five miles from Williamsburgh, and took part in the campaign of the siege of Yorktown, forming the a. EIOGRArillCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. 379 liist line of trenches. lie was pre'ient at the signing of the capitulation by Lord Cornwallis, on the igili of Uelober. In 17S2 he was in charge of tlie camp of prisoners at Chatham, New Jersey. On the 7;h of January, 1783, he was commissioned a -Brigadier-General by Congress. Gen- eral Washington wrote him upon the occasion, congratulat- ing him upon his promotion and informing him that he would keep his commission until he could have the pleasure of delivering it to him in person. The news of the cessation of hostdities was announced in the camp of the brigade April iglh, 1783, and they were discharged November 3d, 17S3. General Dayton had taken part in all the battles in which the Continental Line of New Jersey had been en- gaged. After the war he was commissioned Major-General of the 2d Division New Jersey State Militia, which com- mand he held at the time of his death. Upon the formation of the New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati, General Day- ton was chosen its President, and held that ofhce during the remainder of his life. He declined an election to Congress in 1779. In 1787 he was appointed a memlier of the con- vention to frame the Constitution of the United States, but favored the appointment of his son. In 1789 he was elected Recorder of Elizabethtown, and from 1796 to 1S05 was Mayor of the town, and for several years a member of the Legislature of New Jersey. In private life he sustanied a high reputation. He was open and generous, and scrupu- lously upright, and in manners easy, unassuming and pleasant. In person and bearing he is said to have resem- bled General Washington so strongly, that with their backs turned it was difficult to distinguish them. He was on terms of intimacy with that illustrious man, by whom he was always treated with distinguished confidence. General Lafayette was also his warm friend. General Dayton died at Elizabeth, October 22d, 1S07. "^ODART, HON. GARRET A., L.wyer, was born at Long Branch, Monmouth county. New Jersey, June 3d, 1844. His father, Addison W. Holurt, was a merchant. His mother's maiden name was Sophine Vandervere. The mother was a native of New Jersey and of Dutch descent, the father being from New Hampshire and of the same family with the late Bishop Hobart. Garret's education was begun in the district schools, those great foundation-builders of indi- vidual culture, and finished at Rutgers College, which he entered in i860, graduating in the class of 1S63. He studied law in the office of Socrates Tuttle, and was licensed as an attorney in 1S66, and as a counsellor in 1859, in which last year he was married to E. J Tuttle, daughter of his late preceptor. He began the practice of his profession at Paterson in 1S66, and has pursued it ever since with dili- gence and success, notwithstanding his pursuit at the same lime, with equal success, of a large business career, begun even before his ])rofcs^ional one, and a political career, opening in 1S72 with his election to the Assembly, and thenceforward advancing without a backward step, he having been re-elected the following year, when he was chosen Speaker of the Assembly, and subsequently elected to the Stale Senate, with a clear prospect of still greater honors in the future. During his first term in the Assem- bly he was placed on the Judiciary Committee, a recognition at the dawn of his public life vvh.ich foreshadowed his up- ward course. His party affiliations are Republican, and, as befits an active member of a political society, are close and warm. He is plainly a politician of high promise. As a lawyer his practice is mainly confined to corporations, and is nearly all done quietly in his own office. He belongs to the great class of business lawyers, who in modern times have crowded their spread-eagle brethren quite off the stage, wisdom of action being much more in requisition than the gift of speech. He is Receiver for the New Jersey Middle Railroad, for the Paterson & Little Falls Horse Railroad, and for the Manhattan Bleaching & Dyeing Company ; and was in 1873 appointed Counsel of the Board of Chosen Freeholders, in addition to being counsel for a number of banks and insurance companies. His first preferment in the line of his profession was his appointment as City Counsel of Paterson, an honor thrust upon him against his will, and which he shortly resigned. His aptitude for business is ex- traordinary, in respect to origination as well as despatch, assuring not only the systematic and rapid performance of his immense office work, but the success of his projects and the profit of his investments in a measure that has occa- sioned his "luck" to pass into a proverb. In his case, however, as in that of most other successful men, it is safe to say that " luck " is only a familiar name for the force of bi-ains. Personally, he is estimable and attractive, of excel- lent habits, cheerful temper, genial manners and generous feelings. illNDLEY, JACOB, late of New Garden, New Jer- 'e sey, was born in September, 1744. He was early d in life a lover of religious inquiry, "being of an ^ff^ affable and communicative disposition, not will- '■'1 ingly giving, nor readily taking offence; and as his natural endowments became seasoned with divine grace, he was fitted to fill with propriety the impor- tant station to which he was afterward called." His first appearance in the ministry was about the thirtieth year of his age; his communications were lively and powerful, "reaching the witness in the hearts of those to whom he ministered ; and by keeping low and humble, walking in fear, and in obedience to the manifestations of duty, he grew in his gift and became an able minister of the gospel, quali- fied to divide the word aright to the several states of the people." Being well versed in the Scriptures, he was fre- quently enabled to open them with instructive clearness. 3So EIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.KUI A. In times of internal cnmniotinn ami strife in the country he was deeply concerned ; earnestly cautioning Friends, especially the young men, to watch against the delusive sjiirit of war, in its various appearances, so desolating in its progress and destructive to the human species; and his labors therein were productive of salutary effects. He was one of those who bore a faithful testimony against the im- proper use of ardent spirits, at a time when the minds of Friends in general were less awakened to the magnitude of the evil than has since been the case. The descendants of the African race found in him a zealous advocate, their wrongs and sufferings obtaining his tender sympathy. On the day of his death he appeared in the meeting at New Garden m a lively and affecting communication, "delivered with heart tendering energy and clearness ; " in the course of which he intimated an apprehension that there might be those present who would not see the light of another day ; adding, "and perhaps it maybe myself." After meeting he appeared in his usual cheerful disposition ; when toward evening, by a fall from a chaise, he was suddenly deprived of life. His decease was on the I2th of June, 1S14, and on the ensuing 14th he was interred in Friends' burying ground at New Garden, where a solemn meeting was held on the occasion. flllPMAN, JEHIEL G., Lawyer, of Belvidere, son of David Shipman, of Hope, Warren county. New Jersey, was born near that place about 1820. The ,j _; . family is of Norman descent, its founder having C^Nj been knighted by Henry HI., of England (A. I). 1258), and granted the following coat of arms: Gules on a bend argent, betwixt six eloiles, or three pellets; crest : a leopard se jant ar., sjiotted sa., resting his dexter paw on a ship's rudder az. ; motto: K'on sibi sed orbi. The family seat was at Sarington, in Nottinghamshire. In 1 635 Edward Shipman, a refugee from religious persecution, came to America in comjjany with Hugh Petere, John Davenport and Theodore Fenwick, and settled at Say- brook, Connecticut. From him the American branches of the family are descended. J. G. Shipman's grandfather was one of the first settlers of Morristown, New Jersey, assisting in the erection of the first house built there; three of his uncles served with credit through the revolutionary war, and another relative, James Shipman, died aboard the old Jersey prison-ship in Wallabout Hay. lie graduated at Union College, in the class of 1842, which included also Clarkson N. Potter and William A. Beach, of the New York bar, entering soon after his graduation the law office of William C. Morris, of Belvidere, remaining there until admitted to the bar, in 1844. On his admission he imme- diately began to practise, his first cause having been the celebrated Carter and Paik murder case, in which he was retained by the .Slate, the opening of the prosecution falling lo Iiim. In the perfoiniance of this part he displayed such abilily and thoroughness in argumcrrt, and such tact and kill in management, as at once to attract the attention of the bar and the public, introducing him to a practice which, nurtured by the qn.alities that planted it, has grown to be one of the Largest and most lucrative in the Stale. He has been engaged in a number of important criminal cases, among which may be mentioned the celebrated case of the Rev. J. S. Hardin, convicted and hung for wife murder, and that of the Frenchman, Peter Cucle, of Morristown, New Jersey. He practises extensively in all the courts of the Slate and of the United States, in one of the former of which he argued successfully, in i86l,a case of exceptional importance, involving the right of a State to tax the traftic in coal p.issing through it from another State. The high quality of his professional character may be inferred from the fact that he is counsel for the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad, the Morris Canal, the Belvidere National Bank, the Phillijisburg National Bank, and other corpora- tions. Few lawyers in the State manage so great a number of really important cases as he, particularly in railroad liti- gation and chancery practice. He is remarkable for what may be called the faculty of logical construcliveness, en- abling him with surprising ease to master and unfold ail the intricacies of a case from the simple developments of the trial as it proceeds. This faculty, rare in all but the greatest lawyers, and not always po.ssessed by them, is in itself suf- ficient to stamp him as one of the foremost members of the profession. He is perhaps the ablest lawyer in the State, taken in all departments of the law. Mr. Shipman is a pronounced and prominent Republican, and was for a long time a memUer of the Republican Stale Executive Commit- tee. He is held in great esteem by his party. He has never sought office, but office ma^' be Said to have sought him, his political friends having frequently urged him to stand for the highest places in the Slate. As a political speaker he is extremely effective. He is a member of the Presbyterian Church, of which he has been a Ruling Elder for twenty years, and during most of this period Superin- tendent or Assistant Superintendent of the Sabbath-school, and at all times a consistent and liberal supporter of school and church alike. He was m.inied in 1845 '"^ ^ daughter of W. C. Morris, Esq., of Belvidere. Hisson,Geo. M.,is a member of the New Jersey bar, and since 1S73 ''^^ been his law partner, the firm being J. G. Shipman & Son. For one year (1868) Mercer Beasly, Jr., son of Chief-Justice Beasly, was his partner. HIPMAN, CAPTAIN WILLIAM M., Merchant, of Clinton, and brother of the subject of the fore- going sketch, was born, April 22d, 1823, near Hope, Warren county. New Jersey. Beginning his studies at the country jiublic schools, he com- pleted his education at St. Luke's Seminary, and for a short time afterward was engaged in leaching. In BIOCRAnnCAL ENCVCLOr.KDIA. 1S46, when Ihe mineral resources of tlie Wyoming and Lackawanna regions began first to be utilized, he secured an appointment with the then managers of the Lackawanna Coal and Iron Company, G. \V. & S. T. Scranton. Here he remained for five years, and here gained his thorough knowledge of business that has made him successful where so many others have failed. From 1851 to 1S53 he was engaged in the wholesale trade in New York, after which he established himself in Somerville, in partnership with W. G. Steele, in a general mercantile business. In 1S56 the business was removed to Clinton, Hunterdon county, New Jersey, and in l86l his partner, Mr. Steele, having been elected to Congress, Captain Shipman purchased his interest and h.as since continued — excepting three years dur- ing the war — the business in his own name. When war was declared he assisted General Taylor in raising recruits, making a recruiting office of his store. He received an ap- pointment from Governor Charles .S. Olden to the 15th New Jersey Regiment ; but owing to the enlistment of his nephew, D. E. Hicks, a gallant young soldier who was kdled while charging the rebel works at Chancellorsville, with whom he had an arrangement to leave the care of his business, he was unable to accept the commission from Governor Olden. On the 2d day of May, 1863, he was ap- pointed Provost Marshal of the Third Congressional Dis- trict of New Jersey, the appointment carrying with it the rank of Captain of Cavalry. He established his head- quarters at Somerville, but at the end of a year removed to Elizabeth, the latter town, though less central than the for- mer, affording better facilities for the subsistence of troops. Until the war ended he held the position, not only to the satisfaction of the War Department, but to the satis- faction of the people of the district, the thankless duties of his office being discharged in so obviously an impartial manner as to leave no room for cavilling. His success was the more remarkable, since the people in many portions of the district had openly avowed their intentions to resist the draft, and had actually organized for this purpose. Only the knowledge that the provost marshal was a man of the utmost firmness of character, and would without hesitation use the forces at his command to maintain the authority of the government, prevented draft-riots in his district as violent as those which occurred in New York city. Early in 1864 Captain Shipman became convinced that fraudulent naval certificates of muster were being extensively circu- lated in his district, and by calling the immediate attention of Commodore Paulding (who was then in command at the Brooklyn Navy Yard) to the fact, caused an order to be issued by him that at once put an end to their circul.alion in the Third District, and saved the people of the district from being defrauded, as many others were, by the sale to the township committees of these fraudulent papers. After the Last draft had been made, and the quotas of the several wards and townships had been filled, a number of gentle- men, belonging variously to the several township and 3S1 then ward committees, and headed by John T. Jenki paslm.aster of llie city of New Brunswick, united in pre- senting Captain Shipman with an elegant gold watch and chain, accompanied by a very complimentary letter, ex- pressing their appreciation of the impartial manner in which the arduous duties of the office had been performed, and concluding as follows : " We ask you to accept the enclosed watch and chain as a memento of our respect for you as a gentleman of unimpeachable integrity and for the faithful and kind manner in which you have discharged the duties of your office." Coming, as this testimonial did, when the business of the provost marshal's office was practically at an end, and when the donors had no selfish ends to comp.-,ss in securing the favor of the donee, its value was infinitely enhanced. Captain Shipman rej.lied, thanking the gentle- men for the elegant and costly gift and for the kind expres- sions of personal regard for himself, disclaiming, however, that all the credit was due to himself for the successful and impartial manner in which the business of the office had been conducted, but that quite as much was due to his as- sociates in the Board of Enrolment, Dr. Ezra M. Hum, Commissioner, and Dr. Robert Wescott, Surgeon. Captain Shipman's official duties were discharged, as has been al- ready stated, not less satisfactorily to the War Department than to his fellow-citizens, and on the l6th of November, 1S65, he received an honorable discharge from the military service of the United Slates. When peace was restored he m.ade, in company with Colonel W. Henrj', an extended tour through the Southern States, with a view to purchasing property and engaging in the cultivation of cotton. Owing, however, to the still unsettled condition of affairs in the South, he abandoned this plan, and, returning to Clinton, repurchased the business that he had disposed of three years previously upon accepting the position of Provost Marsh.il of the Third District. In politics he was, until the forma- tion of the Republican party, a Whig; and has been, since the Republican organization came into existence, one of the most earnest of its supporters. Captain Shipman was married in 1851 to Samantha A. Furman, daughter of Moore Furman Esq., late of Scranton, Pennsylvania. "ULL, HENRY, a Minister of the Gospel in the Society of Friends, late of Stanford, New Vork, was born at Harrison's Purchase, New York, in March, 1765, but early in life removed with his parents, Tiddeman and Elizabeth Hull, to the place of his late residence. It appears, from hia own account, that he was favored with the tendering im- pressions of heavenly love very early in life; yet, through unwatchfulness, sometimes gave way to the follies incident to youth, which brought condemnation; but by yielding to the renewed visitation of love and mercy, through tli« 382 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. refining operation of Ihe Divine power upon his heart, he became qualified for usefuhiess in the church. It was notably about the year 17S5 that his exercises and conflict of spirit were great, and that he became impressed with the belief that he should have to stand forth as a public advocate for that cause " which is dignified by immortality, and crowned with eternal life." He travelled much in the ministry, in different parts of the United .States and Canada; was specially and importantly identified with the growth and spread, in New Jersey, New York, Maine and New Hampshire, of Friends' societies; and, having for several years felt his mind drawn, in the love of the gospel, to pay a religious visit to Friends of Great Britain and Ire- land, embarked at New York for England in the summer of iSlo. He was kindly received across the Atlantic, and visited the meetings generally; while, from certificates fur- nished him, it appears that his labors were truly acceptable and edifying to Friends in that country. \Yhile abroad he wrote an address, in gospel love, to the youth, which was extensively circulated in Europe, and afterward reprinted in his native State. Upon his return home, in 1S12, his time was considerably occupied in visiting the various meetings in the east and northeast. In 1S14, and .subse- quently until his decease, he performed several extensive journeys within the different yearly meetings in the United States. " Not depending upon past experience, but seeking a renewed qualification for services in the church, and being careful to attend to the voice of the true Shepherd, he be- came a pillar in the church Being quid; of discern- ment in the fear of the Lord, he early bore his testimony against an unsound and spurious ministiy, and the many departures from the wholesome order of society, and was zealous for the support of the good order and discipline of the church." His ministry was sound, clear and edifying; manifesting a tenderness and fervor of spirit which showed that he was deeply impressed with the doctrines that he preached. In the summer of 1834 his mind was drawn to attend the yearly meetings of Ohio and Indiana, "and his peace consisted in standing resigned to the service, notwith- standing his age and constitutional debility." Speaking of a memorable experience in New Jersey, he says in the " Memoirs" : " I took passage in the steamboat, and reached Rahway, where I met Richard Hartshorne, and was greeted by him with the cordiality of true Christian friendship. I entered on the service which drew me from my home by attending the monthly meeting held at Plainfield, the day fallowing the quarterly meeting for business, and afterward one for worship ; in which meetings the cementing influ- ence of gospel love was very precious, an endearing affec- tion engaging the minds of Friends toward each other, in which they encouraged one another to press toward the mark of the prize of their high calling of God in Christ Jesus." Meetings of remarkable power and sweetness were then held (in 1833-34I at Kingvvood, Hardwick, Randolph, Plainfield, Stony Brook, Trenton, Crosswicks, Burlington, Tuckcrton, Haddonfield, Salem Quarter, and many other places, and in almost every case were attended by glorious and lasting results. Soon after the close of the Ohio yearly meeting he was confined to his room by a painful illness; and on the 23d of the ensuing October quietly breathed his Last. In 1785 he was married to the late Sarah Hal- lock, daughter of Edward Hallock; and again, in 1S14, to Sarah Cooper, of New Jersey. OEEINS, IIOX. SAMUEL A., of Buriington county. Farmer and Member of Congress fiom the Second District of New Jersev, was born, April 14th, 1S14, in the original township of North Hampton — now known as .South Hampton ^Burlington county, and is a son of Samuel and Elizabeth (Scrogg)) Dobbins. His father was engaged in agricultural pursuits, and both his parents were natives of New Jersey. His maternal grandfather, Thomas Scroggv, was a soldier of the revolutionary war, and an oliiccr under General Washington. He was with the latter at the cross- ing of the Delaware, prior to the battle of Trenton, and was a participant in that contest. He served throughout Ihe war, and although he was several times wounded, yet re- covered and lived many years thereafter; he died in 182S, at a very advanced age. Samuel A. Dobbins received a vei-y good education, attending both the common and ]iri- vate schools until he attained his m.ajority, generally work- ing on his father's farm during the fair months of the year, and devoting the winter to study. ^Yhen twenty-two years old he married and commenced farming on his own ac- count, and has ever since that time followed the avocation of a husbandman. About the year 1846 he commenced his political career, serving on the township committees for some years, and at a later period filled the position of Chosen Freeholder for the term of three years. In 1S54 he was elected by the Whigs of Burlington county to the Sheriffalty, and annually thereafter until the usual three years had elapsed. In 185S he was elected by the Repub- licans to the lower branch of the State Legislature, and re- elected three times successively. While a member of that body he served with much ability on several important committees, among which were those on Agriculture, the State Prison, the Insane Asylum, etc. In the fall of 1S72 he was elected by the Republicans of the Second Congres- sional District as their representative in the Federal Legis- lature, and was re-elected in 1874. In that body he was a member of the Committee on Patents from the time he (ii-st took his seat, and also on that of Revolutionary Claims, and Claims during the War of 1S12. He has been an active politician for the past thirty years, and has been actively engaged in many campaigns, delivering addresses through- out the State in every important canvass. He is a forcible BIOCRAriilCAL r.NX'VCLOP.tDIA. 3S3 speaker, and always creates entliusiastn among his listeners. lie was a Delegate to the National Convention when Andrew Johnson was nominated for Vice-President. He has always taken a great interest in the temperance move- ment, and in 1S40 was one of the charter-members of the Division of Sons of Temperance which organized at I^Iount Ilully in that year. During the year 1S44 he was Grand Worthy Patriarch of the State Division. For nearly twenty years he has been a Trustee of the Pennington Seminary, and for the past ten years President of the Board. He was one of the corporators, and since its organization, a member of the Board of Directors of the Union National Bank, of Mount Holly. He was married, Februaiy 4th, 1836, to Damaris Harker, of -New Jersey. ;ALE, rev. GEORGE, D. D., seventh Pastor of Hopewell Church, Pennington, New Jersey, was a native of the State of • New York. After (^^/ pursuing a preliminary course of studies at Wil- liams College, he graduated from that institution in 1831, subsequently entered Princeton Theo- logical .Seminary as a student, and there was graduated in 1S3S. January 2d, 1S39, he was called to the pastorate of Hopewell Church, Pennington, New Jersey, and in the winter of 1S41-42 presided over a great revival in the church, which swejjt over Pennington and its vicinity like a purifying storm. By Sabbath, the 20th of March, 1S42, when a sacramental service was held, the beneficent results were made manifest. On that day one hundred and twelve stood up to enter into covenant with God and his church, and sat down for the (irst time at the communion table; of this number eighty persons were baptized, while the whole numlier gathcreil into the visible church through this work of grace was one hundred and thirty-two, forty-nme of whom were heads of families. The hopeful converts were of every age, from twelve up to eighty-two. This revival of 1S41-42 prepared the way for the organization of the Titus- ville Church in 1844. There was another revival in the year 1S46. As a result, (ifty-six names were added to the communion roll , while the effects of this desirable awaken- ing were continued through the years of 1847-48. From 1S50 to 1S53 there were several minor revivals which cheered the pastor in his efforts, and incited him to still greater exertions in the gracious field of conversion. The winter of 1S57-5S heralded another notable revival, of which the jixstor made a record at the time : " It has jileased God recently to visit the church of Pennington, New Jersey, with a gracious outpouring of the Holy Spirit, as the i-esult of which sixty persons have united with the church liy a public profession of the faith." Of this number there were ten husbands with their wives ; ten female heads of families, three of whom were the wi^■es of church members; and five male heads of families who were husbands of commu nicants— making in all thirty-five heads of families. The remainder were single persons of both sexes ranging from the age of sixteen upward ; of the sixty, twenty-two were males and thirty-eight were females. "Among them are found the children of the covenant and the lineal descend- ants in the fourth and fifili generation of the godly men who, nearly a century and a half ago, laid the foundations of this church, as well as some of the posterity of a former pastor who labored faithfully among this people for almost half a century." On the iCth of November, 1S63, being the twenty-fifth anniversary of the day 'on which he began his regular labors in Hopewell Church, he preached a " Quarter-Century Sermon," from Psalm Ixviii. 28. Dur- ing his ministry of thirty years, 513 persons were added to the church on profession, and 127 by certificate ; there were 356 baptized in infancy, and there were 550 funerals, and 275 marri.iges. In 1S67, in consideration of his manifold and harassing labors, wUh not a day of relaxation through a period so protracted, he was cordially granted leave of ab- sence for six months. On .Saturday, May 25lh, he sailed from New York for Havre, France, on the steamer " Guid- ing Star," and on his return in the "Arago," from Falmouth, England, landed in New York, and arrived safely at Pen- nington, New Jersey, on the evening of Thursday, Novem- ber 14th, 1867. On Friday two hundred of the congrega- tion met at Evergreen Hall, of that place, and there tendered him a hearty and inspiriting welcome. February nth, 1S69, he was elected, by the Trustees of the General Assembly, the Secretary of the Fund for Disabled Ministers and their families, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Rev. Joseph II. Jones, D. D. Upon the accept- ance of the appointment, he offered a letter of resignation to Hopewell Church, Jlarch 2d, 1S69, and on the 7th of this month the pastoral relation was dissolved. Cm ANEW AY, REV. JACOB JONES, D. D., Presby- c',1 i i terian Clergyman, Vice President of Rutgei-s Col- J-^ I j lege. Trustee of the New Jersey College, late of Sf'^:; New Brunswick, New Jersey, was born in the Oi;^ city of New York, November 20th, 1774, of George Janeway and Effie (Ten Eyck) Janeway, and grew up amid the religious influences which surrounded him from his birth. His mother was a cultured and pious woman, and in his journal he often speaks of her with rev- erence and affection. She died soon after his entrance on the ministry, afier a period of harassing illness. His parents were members of the Reformed Dutch Church. His father, an ardent Whig, was compelled to leave, with his raniily, when the British troops took possession of New York. Dunn'T the seven years of exile the family removed re- peatedly, as New Jersey was ravaged by the frequent incur sions of the enemy. At the close of the war and on the evacuation of the city, the family returned, and there he 3S4 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CYCLOP.EDIA. remained duriiij the whole cnuiNe of his education. From 1 the excellent " Life" of his father, by Thomas L. Janeway, is taken the following : " Two centuries ago there existed in England, and not far from London, a remarkable family, bearing the nama of Janeway— remarkable, not for anything which the world esteems, but for the eminent holiness which adorned them. William, the father, was a minister of Christ, together with four of his sons, and the holy life and triumphant death of his son, John, is cherished amid the sacred literature of the English language. A descendant of this holy seed was an officer in the royal navy, in the reign of William III., and on a visit with his ship to this country, purchased property on Manhattan Island, on the ece. "^ He wss carele^ ia dress and in hs insiDess habes; "- ~""y preferred fmi to profesaooal toil, bat was yet a. :ind dieted pcactitiooer. His hantane dispcE^Joa : : rd him a &i£hfsl pin^cian, and his fine ahil^es and j'lWzT of ofaserratiaB, a cotmseBor of bbbsbiI rscmces. He had the lepotatiaa, in those iar-off witch-b«aBi^ time, ' '^"~S *I>*e to rafee the deriL It s aid he had aiste- 3 do with tie ' MorrisEown Ghost,' — bst not ds- Ljly — ^whiiji created so mscfa excitemect in 177S and iwii^ jrears after." He bad two fiTranws pnscripcioas : one !k called bis Tbectare Bocacse, the oeber, his Diabolicsl POL " The first," he said, » I gire when I don't know what else to do, for it is emmeiii^ogne, sedalire, cathartic, tonic, and expectocaitf, snd cannaC isH to hit sofDewbere.^ He died in Oia^e, New Jersey, Jsnnaiy I2h, 1S45. J |t"DD, BR. JOHN C Pfaysiciaii, laie of Ora^e, wi^s j>:m m iSonrrstow^. New ^er^e^". M^r ^Arh. ^C^ Tofc- focmea tne New jersey Medical ^society ia 1706, and was a s^rt^^eyvi ?n thj» r^^-'^hi^i^^'^^rr ^'^^t f^iS«M ^a^ ;OWLER, HON. .SAMUEL, M. D., Physician, M.anufacturer, Member of the New Jersey Legis- lature and of the Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses, late of Franklin, was born, October 30th, 1779, at the family homestead, built by his father, near Newburgh, Orange county, New York, and which is still standing, a pleasant and well-pre- served edifice. He came of English ancestry. Joseph Fowler is mentioned as a first settler near Mispat Kills, Long Island, New York, as e.irly as 1665. John Fowler, the father of Samuel, and si.xth in descent from Joseph, re- sided at Newburgh, and married his cousin, Glorianna Fowler, the daughter of his uncle, Samuel Fowler. The subject of this sketch received a thorough academic educa- tion at the Montgomery Academy, and his medical educa- tion under the instruction of Dr. David .Fowler, of New- burgh, and attended the lectures of the Pennsylvania Medical College, at Philadelphia, an institution which included at that time Drs. Rush and Physic in its faculty. After com- pleting his medical studies and lectures, he removed to Hamburgh, Sussex county, New Jersey, and was licensed to the practice of medicine in that State on the 17th day of March, 1 800, he being then a little over twenty-one years of age. In iSoS he married Ann Breckenridge Thompson, the daughter of Colonel Mark Thompson, of Changewater, New Jersey, one of the representatives in Congress from this State during the administration of Washington. After pursuing the practice of his profession at Hamburgh for a few years, he removed to Franklin, a small vill.age, about three miles distant, situate in the valley of the Wallkill, and there his first wife died, leaving one child, a daughter, the wife of Moses Bigelow, of Newark. In 1816 he married his second wife, Rebecca Wood Piatt Ogden, the daughter of Robert Ogden, Esq., formerly of Elizabethtown, but at this time of Sparta, Sussex county. New Jersey, to which place he had removed in 1786. The children of this mar- riage were four sons and three daughters, viz.: Samuel, Mary Estelle, Henry Ogden, Robert Ogden, John, Rebecca Ogden and Cl.irind.a. He died at Franklin, of heart dis- ease, on February 20th, 1844, aged sixty-five years. An interesting account of the estimation in which he was held as a physician is given by Dr. Thomas Ryerson, in his Re- port to the Medical Society of New Jersey at their cen- tennial meeting, held at New Brunswick, 1S66. Dr. Ryer- son, in speaking of the early physicians of Sussex county, says :" The leading mind was Dr. Fowler; he came into the county a few years prior to its division, and soon com- pelled all its physicians either to take license or retire. Into his hands speedily passed the consultation business, and his opinion may therefore be taken as a fair indication of the scientific status of the profession at that time." .\ very able practitioner of the present day, who was contem- poraneous with the last years of Dr. Fowler, says of liim : " He w'as by far the best naturally endowed practitioner I ever knew." Of acute perception, vivid im.igination, and yet of judicial mind and an original thinker, his native talents placed him far in advance of his day, when Cullen and his disciple, Gregory, shaped the theory and practice of the country. He was familiar with Brown and Davison, as with Cullen and other writers of his time. There are in- deed very few practitioners of experience, though of defec- tive education, who fail to acquire a set of principles which they act upon if they cannot express. But it is equally true that some "remain mere empirics in the midst of the lulj- bish with which reading and observation have furnished them." But Dr. Fowler was neither; to use Bacon's simile, " He was neither an ant nor a spider ; " neither a collector of others' ideas nor a weaver of his own fancies, but a bee, who, by proper mingling and analyzing, elaborated and utilized the various products of his industrious observation. He was fond of saying that "The whole art of medicine consisted in knowing when to stimulate and when to de- plete ; an aphorism that requires but slight modification to be level with the present knowledge." The District Medi- cal .Society for the County of Sussex was formed in 1829 by him and several others. In person he was large and tall, of dignified and agreeable presence, courteous and affable in his manners. His head and physiognomy indi- cated native strength of character and mental activity. He was strictly temperate, and exemplary in all his habits; an early riser, and of untiring industry, and endeavored to de- vote all his leisure moments to the attainment of useful knowledge. He was for many years owner of the iron works at Franklin Furnace, which in their various branches he conducted, while at the same time attending to the arduous duties of his profession ; his regular medical practice being more extensive perhaps than that of any country physician in the State, including, besides his own county of Sussex, the neighboring ones of Passaic, Morris and Warren, and extending even into the adjoining county of Pike, in Penn- sylvania, and Orange, in New York. He also found time to take an active and leading part in nati.mal and State politics, representing his county in the upper branch of the State Legislature, and afterwards his State in the Twenty- fourth and Twenty-fifth Congresses during the administra- tion of General Jackson, of whom he was a warm supporter, and one of the earliest friends in New Jersey. As a mineralogist and geologist he is estimated by men of science as among the first in the country. Dr. Chailes T. Jackson, LIUGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOr.TOIA. 40J the discoverer of the somnific ]io\vers of cllier, in speak- ing of liim in conneclion with four oilier mineralogists of equal eminence, says : " They were at the head of their pro- fession, and it will be long before we look upon their like a^ain." It is evidence of the estimation in which he was held in these branches that he was made a member of many of the leading scientific societies of his day, among which were the Geological Society of the State of Tennsyl- vania, and the New York Lyceum of Natural History; an honorary member of the Literary and Philosophical Society of the State of New Jersey ; a corresponding member of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, etc. He was also an honorary member of the Scientific Society of London and Dublin, and of other European scientific socie- ties. He was an intimate friend and correspondent of Thomas Nuttall, the well-known English naturalist, at one time, while in this country. Professor of Natural History at Harvard University; a correspondent and friend of Baron Charles Leaderer, minister from Austria to this country during the third decade of the present century; of John Torry, Professor of Chemistry at West Point Military Acad- emy from 1824 to 1827, afterward Professor of Chemistiy and Botany in the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and, later, Professor of Chemistry at Princeton College ; of Dr. Troost, State Geologist of Tennessee ; of Adam Seybert, William Mead, John Holbrook, George Carpenter, a correspondent to the American Jouiiial of Science and Art, and Professor Keating, of Philadelphia. Among his occasional correspondents were Professor Ben- lamin Sylaman, Professor Berzelius, of Stockholm, Sweden; Professor Vannuxen, of the South Carolina College; John Finch, M. C. C. ; Professor Griscom, Frederic Cozzens, Professor Benedict, of New York, and Dr. J. N. Phillips. The rate mineral known as " Fowlerite," first discovered bv him at Franklin and brought to public notice, was named in his honor by his brother mineralogists. Early in life he became interested in the valuable mines and mineral locali- ties of the region in which he resided, and for many years made efforts to bring them to the notice of the scientific world By his extensive correspondence with the naturalists and generous distribution of minerals he induced men of ■science from all parts of the country to visit the place. It was soon discovered that in this sequestered region the rarest and most valuable American minerals were to be found, many of them peculiar to these localities and found nowhere else in this country or in Europe, and applications fiom many quarters were made to him to make a business of the exchange of minerals. As indicating the modesty of his chaiacter, as well as the disinterestedness with which be pursued his researches, to one who thus applied he an- swered, " My object is the promotion of science, and not to make a ttade of the business, and when gentlemen of science have applied to me for minerals I have furnished wh.it tliey reciuested fiom the locality, and received in return such specimens as they thought proper to give me." In 1S25 he published in Siliiiiutu' s Amoican Jouir.r.IcfSJcncc, vol. ix., "An Account of some New and I'.xliaordinary Min- erals Discovered in Warwick, Orange cuunf,-, !,'cw Ytirk." In 1S32, in same journal, vol. .\xi. : ".\n .Vcrnunt of the Sapphire and other .Minerals in Newton township, Sussex county. New Jersey." He also ccinlrilmled to " Gordon's Gazetteer and History of New Jersey " an article on the " Franklinite, Red Oxide of Zinc, and other Minerals found in the valley lying at the foot of the Hamburgh and Franklin mountains; " and also a notice of the geology and mineralogy of the same region for " Cleavland's Mineralogy," new edition. He is supposed to have given the name of "Franklinite" to the ore of iron now so extensively known by that name, the great value of which he foresaw, although no means were discovered during his lifetime of working it with success. He made it known to mineralo- gists by sending specimens to all parts of this country, and to many eminent naturalists in Europe ; among others to Berzelius, of Stockholm, and Professor Thompson, of Glas- gow, by whom it was analyzed, and awakened an interest in it, which has since resulted in its successful development and manufacture. The extensive zinc mines of Sussex, now worked with great profit and aflording the only red oxide of zinc known in the world, were at this time owned by him, but were disposed of before his death. In regard to his connection with these mines, A. C. Farrington, geol- ogist and mining engineer, says, in his " Report of the New Jersey Zinc Company," published in 1852: "The late Dr. Fowler, about thirty-five years since, became the owner of these mines, and, to scientific attainments uniting practical business talents of the highest order, appears to have been really the first one to appreciate their true value. He made several efforts to have them worked, and offered lil>eral inducements to others to join him in the enterprise. But the untried nature of the ore, and the difficulties in obtain- ing competent operatives, caused a failure of his plans, without lessening in his mind the value of the ore and the ultimate success that would be likely to attend future at- tempts to work it. While he w.as a member of the House of Representatives of the United States Congress, a law was passed directing the Secretary of the Treasury to cause a standard set of weights and measures to be prepared for the use of the government in the different custom houses. F. R. Hasler, LL.D., then Superintendent of the Coa.st Survey, was intrusted by the secretary with the execution of this important duty, and Dr. Fowder succeeded in hav- ing New Jersey red oxide of zinc reduced to alloy with copper to form the brass used for these standards, mining and transporting many tons of the ore from his mines at Franklin to Washington City." His remains are interred in the valley of Hardyston, wdiich near half a century be- fore his death he sought as a youthful stranger, with no fortune but that which he carried in his own brave heart — a will to use with industry and faith the talents which Providence had given him. 404 EIOGRArillCAL EXCYCLOr.TIDIA. ;;0\VLER, COLONEL SAMUEL, Franklin, New Jersey, eldest son or the celebrated scientist. Dr. Samuel Fowler, of Franklin, New Jersey, was born, March 25lh, iSiS, at Ogdeiisburg, at the homestead of his grandfather, Robert Ogden. His mother, Rebecca Ogden, was a lineal de- scendant of the Sir John Ogden knighted by Charles IL for services rendered in assisting Charles I. to escape after the battle of Worcester. He received an ample preparatory education, and subsequently, having determined upon law OS his profession, entered as a student the office of the late Governor Haines. In 1S44 he was admitted to practise at the New Jersey bar. Two years later he married Henrietta L., daughter of D. M. Brodhead, Esq., formerly of Thila- delphia, and shortly after his marriage took up his residence at Port lervis. Here he built a fii>e mansion, surrounded by handsomely laidout grounds, on the bank of the Never- sink river, and in honor of his wife he called the domain Glen-nette. Through his means and influence the village of Port Jervis was rajiidly developed into a thriving town, and his eminent public services in this lespect made him the most prominent man of the locality. In politics he was a recognized leader, and the Democratic parly, of which he was an earnest member, was a considerable gainer by his counsels and active exertions in its behalf. He was for a time Chairman of the New York Democratic State Com- mittee. He was also nominated to represent the counties of Sullivan and Orange in Congress, but was defeated by a small majority. In 1855 he left New York and returned to his native State, where he continued to reside until his death. Sussex county. New Jersey, is celebrated for its great mineral wealth, and more particularly for its Frank- linite, a very rare mineral, composed of the red oxide of zinc and iron, and found nowhere else in the world. Colonel Fowler owned several valuable mineral claims at Sterling Hill, and at Franklin, a small village on the banks of the \VaIlkil river, where he resided on his farm with his family. The State is largely indebted to him for the development of its ores, in which he invested both labor and capital. The Ki'.vlon lleralJ and Deiiiocrnl, of October 2Ist, 1S69, says: ".\11 remember Colonel Samuel Fowler's magnificent zinc boulder of 5,000 pounds which he contributed to the World's iair Exposition at London sonre fifteen years since, which so astonished the savans of Europe At that fair Sussex inmerals won three prizes — zinc, iron and paints." He was the inventor of the zinc paint from which so m.any fortunes have been made, and which is so celebrated not only in our own but in foreign countries. The first idea of its manufactiire he relates as follows: "At a certain time a chimney connected with the furnace at Franklin was found deficient in draught. This was attempted to be remedied by fixing a bottomless barrel to the top of the chimney; through this barrel many vol.itilized ingredients from the contents of the furnace passed, forming incrustations on the inside of the barrel. When the barrel, after months, per- h.ips after years, was t.iken down, I investigated the deposit and scraped off with my jack-knife the first zinc-whiie of the kind ever known." In 1S62, when the second levy of New Jeisey volunteers was called for, he was mo.-t zealous in his eflbrls to secure a prompt response to the call, and mainly to him was due the enrolment and organization, effected wilhin thirty days, of the I5lh New Jersey Regi- ment; and he was scarcely less active in assisting to iai.-.e the 1st New Jersey Cavalry. Of the 15th he was commis- sioned Colonel, July loth, and a few weeks later his com- mand was doing good service in the field. While in the army he w.as twice prostrated by severe attacks of illness, and in March, 1863, his health finite broken down, he re- luctantly resigned his commission. He returned to Frank- lin, where he gradu.rlly recovered, but aware that he was physically unfitted for army life he did not again enter the service. John Y. Foster, in his " New Jeisey in the Rebel- lion," says of him, speaking of the receipt of the order for his regiment to march : " But one thing was universally regretted, and that was the inabdily of Colonel Fowler, the chivalrous commander, who was- dangerously ill with ty- phoid fever, to accompany the regiment. His ability and energy had been manifested in recruiting and rapidly pie- paring for the field an unusually fine body of men, but his high ambition to lead them into actual combat was never gratified, and he never after assumed command." During the remaining two years of his life his time and means weie devoted to strengthening the government in the rear, and so giving moral support to the men who were fighting for the government in the advance. Before and during the war he took a prominent part in every political campaign. Possessing remarkable eloquence as a speaker, his services on the stump were in constant demand. After his return from the army his friends were desirous of nominating him for State Senator, but he declined being a candidate, al- though his chances of success were excellent. He accepted a seat in the Eighty-ninth Legislature. He had been ill about ten days before leaving his home, .and as there was a tie in the Assembly, his duty to his constituents and the Democratic party, and the pressure from his political friends, urged him on. He arrived in time to be present at the opening, took the oath as a member, voted once and re- turned to his hotel. The intense cold and fatigue of the journey increased the disease under which he was laboring, pleura-pneumonia, and from which he died on the follow- ing Saturday, January 14th, 1865, in the forty-seventh year of his age, a martyr to his party. Of his character and life one of his most bitter political antagoniste wrote : " He was a man of superior abilities and the most determined will and energy. Open and fearless in disposition, he never dis- guised his sentiments, nor resorted to dissimulation. He went in before ns, year after year, a leading man in all enterprises and movements which his judgment ajiproved, and always remarkable for his power over his fellow-men. Had he steadily directed his energies to any particular gb- inOGRAI'IlICAL F.NCVCLOr.r^niA. 405 ject, no matlcr Iimv cmincnl, liis success woulil Kave been sure. Aljle ns he was generally consitlered, the popular estimate of his inlellect and acquirements was much below their true value. We knew him well, and though con- sl.antly opposed to him in politics, always respected and )ionored him as a generous antagonist." C'a t/pOWLER, LIEUTENANT JOHN, was born in Qrjt } Sussex county, New Jersey, on the 26lh day of T) i ,' lanuary, 1825. lie was the son of the late iJr. f^^«) Samuel Fowler, whose sketch appears above, and ■•''?» J Rebecca Ogdcu, who was a daughter of Robert Ogden, and granddaughter of Dr. Zoiiher Piatt, of Huntington, Long Island. John Powder devoted some lime to the ^tudy of medicine, but becoming convinced that he had no taste for professional life, gave it up, engaging in the lumber business and farming. In 1S50 he w.is in California, carried away, like many others, with the gold fever excitement, and fascin.ated with mining life; in 1855 in the lumber business in Sullivan county. New York, and from that time until the rebellion broke out he was settled on his farm in Sussex county. New Jersey. The sum- mer of 1S61 proved the sincerity of his patriotism. Fully roused to the danger which threatened his beloved country, his sympathies met with a quick response to that thrilling cry: "To armsl" He rode night and day to secure re- cruits for the 1st New Jersey Cavalry (i6lh Regiment), and llie assistance which he rendered his brother. Colonel Sam- uel Fowler, in raising four companies of that regiment, two from Sussex and two from Warren, Morris and Passaic coun- ties, was most efficient. In August, iS6i, he was appointed Second Lieutenant of Company K, 1st New Jersey Cavalry, and on the 4th day of November, 1861, accepted the position of Regimental Quartermaster in that regiment. His duties ■were very arduous; to purchase arms, clothing and sup- plies for 1,200 men was no easy task, and his time was const.antly occupied from d.aylight until midnight. He writes from Camp Stanton, January 27th, 1862: "I have been almost constantly in the saddle, and had but little rest at night since yesterday morning a week." The regiment ■was engaged in the fall in drilling their men and prep.aring them for active service. The officers felt keenly the ineffi- ciency of their commander; arrests and courts-martial were the order of the day, and insubordination reigned. When the discontent of the officers and men was at its height, and the colonel was threatened wiih arrest. Colonel Samuel Fowler was suggested as the commander of the regiment, which appointment was favored by the public press. This report soon reached the camp, and from that time every one by the name of Fowler was in disgrace. Lieutenant Fowler, wrilhig from the camp, says: " Things possible and impossible are expected of me ; an order given one moment is contradicted the next, and everything that goes wrong is laid to Quartermisler Fowler." On February loth, lS62,he resigned his iiosiiiickiiisi>n College, Carlisle, Pennsylvania. He is a member anil Ruling Elder in the Presbyterian Church. ILLIAMS, HON. JOHN D., Physician, first Presi- dent of the Essex District Medical Society, late of Orange, was born in that section of New Jersey, November 5th, 1765. He affords an important connecting link between the Halsteds and Bur- nets and Barnets, of the ante-revolutionary period ; and studied medicine with Dr. Daniel Babbitt, in the office of Dr. John Condit, of Orange. At an early period he settled at Connecticut Farms, and must have been there during the latter years of Dr. Caleb Halsted, or have imme- diately succeeded him. He was a Magistrate under appoint- ment of the elder Governor Pennington, whose sister he married ; and was the first President of the Essex District Medical Society. He died at Orange, January 5th, 1826; and on the ensuing January 7th a special meeting of the society was called at South Orange, when its resolution paid a deserved tribute of respect to a senior and highly-esteemed member. He was buried in the old Orange bnrying- ground. ICHOLS, WHITFIELD, Physician, Vice-Presi- dent of the State Medical Society of New Jersey, late of Newark, New Jersey, was born there February 6th, 1807, and was the brother of Dr. James Nichols. He graduated at Princeton Col- lege in 1S25, having entered the junior year in the class with Shippen, Ramsey, Rush, Hosack, and other distinguished men since deceased. He was a student of Dr. Samuel Hayes, and early gave evidence of high promise ; and after taking his medical diploma in New York at a medical institution called " The Medical Faculty of Geneva College," whose professors were Hosack, Mott, Francis, Macnevin, Goodman, and subsequently Bushe, opened his office in Newark, and soon after entered into partnership with Dr. John S. Darcy. In 1836, on account of a lung affection, he was obliged to relinquish the practice of his profession and go to the West Indies ; while, even from an earlier date to the close of his life, he struggled against the insidious disease which confined him to his chamber for five or six months prior to his decease. He W'.as a man of scholarly attainments and upright principles; and on his accession to the Vice-Presidency of the Stale Medical Society, delivered an able address on the " Diseases Incident to Old Age," which elicited many glowing eulo- giums from his brethren and the association. " He was consistent in hi.s walk and conversation ; candid and sin- 414 BIOGRAnilCAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. cere ; was broad in his judgments, and honorable and courteous in his intercourse with the profession and tlie pub- lic.'' lie was also a Director in one of the largest and most important banking establishments in Newark, New- Jersey, and his judgment on financial matters ever com- manded the attention and respect of his colleagues. At his demise, the State Medical Society, and also the Essex Dis- trict Medical Society, passed appropriate resolutions, while the latter organization attended his funeral m a body. His first wife was Mary Taylor, daughter of the late John Taylor ; his second wife is still living. He, like his brother, died of consumption, December 9th, 1S51, aged forty-four years. ETHERILL, WILLIAM, M. D., of Lambertville, w.is born in Wrightstown, Bucks county, Pennsyl- vania, January 1st, 1819. His father, for whom he is named, was a minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, a very devoted and greatly be- loved man. William received his literary educa- tion at the Newtown Academy, then under the able direc- tion of Mr. Parsons, and soon after leaving school began reading for his chosen profession, medicine, under the super- intendence of Dr. C. W. Smith, of Wrightstown. With this preceptor he remained for four years, during which time he took two courses of lectures at the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, from which he was graduated with the class of 1846. Among his classmates were Dr. R. T. Gill, of Poughkeepsie, New York, and Dr. Linderman, director of the United States Mint. Immediately after graduating, in the spring of 1846, he removed to Lambert- ville, New Jersey, and commenced practice. In this field of labor he has remained ever since, has built up a large practice, and won the esteem, not only of his professional brethren, but of the community at large. Jealous for the honor of his profession, and concerned for the safety of the public, he has always given earnest attention to the subject of regulating the practice of medicine, and was mainly in- strumental in getting through the Legislature the present law regulating practice in the State. He was married in Bristol, Pennsylvania, to Rebecca S., eldest daughter of Captain Hawke, of Bristol, Bucks county, Pennsylvania. IRUMLEY, J. D., Physician and Surgeon, of New- ark, was born in New Jersey, and had a pe- culiarly checkered career and experience as a medical officer in the service of the Union army during the rebellion. May 23d, 1S63, at the so- licitation of Lieutenant-Colonel A. N. Dougherty, he entered as a " contract surgeon," upon a single day's notice. He was first assigned to duty with the 7th Michi- gan Volunteers, in the brigade of which Colonel Dougherty was chief surgeon. The period of his " contract " ending just before the " Seven D.iys' Fight," he remained at the request of his officers, and after the action at .Savage Sta- tion, having remained to take care of the wounded, was taken prisoner by the enemy. After a detention of one month in Libby Prison, Richmond, he made another *' con- tract," and at once entered upon duty. He went before the Board of Examiners, at Washington, and was accepted as Assistant Surgeon of Volunteers, but the Senate delaying his confirmation, he again entered by "contract," January 2d, 1S63, and was assigned to hospital duty at St. Louis, Missouri. Upon receiving his commission he was ordered to Memphis, Tennessee, and there was placed in charge of the General Hospital. In January, 1864, he was ordered to close his hospital and proceed to Louisville, Kentucky, and to take the general superintendence of all the hospitals in that vicinity. At the expiration of two months he was assigned to duty as Chief Surgeon of the 1st Division of the 4th Army Corps, Department of the Cumberland, and remained with this body, filling the positions also of Medical Inspector and Medical Director, until the autumn of 1865. After the capture of Richmond, he was ordered with his army corps to Texas, where eventually it was disbanded. He remained, however, as Chief Surgeon of the Central District of the Department of Texas till mustered out, March 15th, 1866. While connected with the army "he did service in every rebel State except two, and in nearly all of the Northern States east of the Mississippi river." AIL, HON. DAVID W., late of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was born near that place, September 8th, 1796. His progenitors, who are believed to have been Huguenots, migrated from Normandy to Wales, and from Wales to America ; the will of Samuel Vail, his great-great-grandfather, who died at Westchester, New York, is dated June igth, 1733. " He came to New Brunswick in early boyhood, and was a fine example of industry, prudence and piety." His father was a member of the Society of Friends, and his mother a Baptist ; but he, being converted under the preaching of Mr. Huntington, united whh the Presbyterian church under his care in the fall of 1817, being then in the twentieth year of his age. He was one of the most active and useful members of the community in which he lived ; and the es- timation in which he was held was evidenced in his being sent to the State Legislature in 1831 and 1832, his holding the office of Recorder for several years, and his election to the mayoralty in 1840. The same energy displayed in civic affairs he brought with him into the church; and he was made a Ruling Elder, October 2d, 1826, and a Trustee in 1 83 1. " For sixteen years he discharged the functions of an elder with exemplary fidelity and zeal, and was ever ready -■"?' tiy^EShHiSms S2 ;u;:vn s ASSOCIATS TUSnCE.SUPR:EME: COURT OF THE UNITED STATES BIOGRAnilCAL EXCVCLOP.ILDIA. 41S to encourage the heart and hold up the hands of his pastor. His decided attachment to the standards of the church made him keen to detect, and resolute to oppose, the insidious entrance of error ; and in the trying times of the Act and Testimony he stood firm as a rock." On the 1 6th of January, 1S42, he died suddenly, of an affection of the heart, in the forty-si.Kth year of his age. Mr. Birch preached a sermon on the occasion, which made a deep impression, and the trustees solicited a copy for publication ; from motives of modesty, however, it was never put into their hands. 5 R.\DLEY, JOSEPH P., Associate Justice United States Supreme Court, was born at Berne, near Albany, New York, March 14th, 1813. His early education was of a limited character, yet when sixteen years old he obtained a position as a school teacher, and so supported himself while preparing himself for college. In 1833 he entered the sophomore class at Rutgers, and in 1836 gr.adualed with honors. While at college he was particularly distinguished for his proficiency in mathematics, and for many years after his graduation he prosecuted this branch of study merely as a rela.xation from the labors of his profession. In early life he had intended entering the mini-^try, but shortly after leaving Rutgers — having, meanwhile, conducted an academical school at Millstone, Somerset county. New Jersey — he determined upon law as his profession, and in accordance with this determination began reading in the office of the late Archer Giffbrd, acting as Inspector of the Customs under that gentleman as Collector, and thus gaining his living while studying. In 1S39 he was admitted to the New Jersey bar ; but it may be said of him that he has been a law student ail his life. This is of course to a certain extent true of all lawyers, biit it is especially true of him, for his studies have been prosecuted far beyond the lines of his practice. He has thoroughly investigated the broad field of primitive and developed law as existing in the middle and lower ages; has traced the evolution and formulation of principles and of forms of practice from the earliest times to the present day; and, contemporaneously with these studies, he has exhaustively examined mediaeval and modern history and literature. He is, unquestionably, one of the best read men of the present day, and that he has extended his studies over so broad a range is due to his exceptional habit of mind that enables him to rapidly grasp and memorize salient facts while passing over irrelevant and distracting details. His success as a barrister, as may be inferred from the foregoing, was immediate, and he rapidly rose to be one of the leaders of the New Jersey bar — a bar always distinguished for its erudition and practical ability. As a corporation lawyer he was particularly distinguished. For many years he was a Director in and counsel to the Camden & Amboy Railro.id Company, and he was also counsel to that not less impor- tant organization, the Delaware & Raritan Canal Company, In suits brought by or against these great companies, and in countless other leading cases, he was constantly in the higher courts of the State, being very frequently in opposition to one or other of his old classmates at Rutgers, Hon. Cortlandt Parker, or Senator Frelinghuysen. Among his leading cases may be mentioned the Passaic Bridge causes, which were conducted by him on one side and Hon. Cortlandt Parker on the other, reaching the Supreme Court of the United States in 1S61 ; and the famous and peculiar Muller will case, which occupied the Jersey courts from 1852 to 1S60, when the alleged forged will was established as to part of the realty, though repudiated as to the personalty and never set up as to the land not directly sued for in the one suit brought. In this case, Messrs. Bradley, A. C. M. Pennington, William Pennington, and O. S. Halsted appeared for the disputed will, and Runyon, Frelinghuysen, C. Parker, and Asa Whitehead against it. The question was raised first in the Orphans' Court and then by appeal in the Prerogative Court, where the acknowledged will of the testator was proved ; then ejectment was brought in the United States Circuit Court, and the disputed will established ; then the claimants under the prior acknowledged will brought eject- ment in the State courts, and obtained a verdict which the Supreme Court set aside. This closed the litigation, but the mystery of the will has never been cleared up. Mr. Bradley also appeared in the New Jersey Zinc case ; the Belvidere Land case; the murder case of Harding, the Methodist minister, hung for poisoning his wife, and of Donnelly, who assassinated his friend at Long Branch to get back money won from him by the murdered man by gaming. As a barrister, the Judge was strongest in law arguments before the higher courts ; he did not excel before juries. In politics, until called upon to discharge the high trust of deciding arbiter in the Hayes-Tilden Electoral Tribunal, he has taken no active part. Originally a W'hig, he became upon the formation of the Republican party one of its most earnest members, but not one of its active workers. Twice only has he accepted nomination to office. In 1862 he was nominated to represent the Fifth Congressional district of New Jersey, but was defeated, by a somewhat large majority, by Nehemiah Perry; and in 186S he headed the Grant and Colfax electoral ticket in his State. His elevation to the bench of the Supreme Court of the United States occurred in February, 1S70. President Grant had previously nom- inated Attorney-General E. R. Hoar to the vacant seat, but this nomination had been adversely acted upon by the Senate on the ground that the nominee was not a resident of the Circuit— the Fifth Judicial Circuit, comprehending the districts of Georgia, northern and southern Florida, northern and southern Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and eastern and western Texas — over which he would be called upon to preside. Mr. Bradley's name was put in nomination by the President on the 7th of February, and was received by the Senate with similar objections upon similar grounds. The 4t6 BIOGRAPIilCAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. Southern senators were particularly urgent in their opposition to his appointment, and the opposition was more or less general upon the Democratic side of the House. Upon his stating that if appointed it was his intention to reside within the confines of his circuit, his case was considerably improved; and, finally, upon the 2Ist of March, he was con- firmed, the vote standmg forty-six to nine — the minority including all of the Southern senators. A year later, in April, I S7 1, he came prominently before the public by the delivery of a dissenting opinion on the question of the right of the federal government to levy and collect a tax upon the income of State officers. In May of the same year he delivered the preliminary decisions in the cases of Knox vs. Lee, and Parker vs. Davis; and in January, 1872, was one of the five Justices who — confirming these decisions — declared the validity and constitutionality of the Legal Tender act. In- asmuch as this act had been previously declared invalid by the Supreme Court in banc by a vote of five to three — as it was held that Justices Bradley and Strong had been elevated to the bench for the express purjiose of reversing this decision — and as, in fact, such result flowed from their appointment, their action was severely criticised by leading members and journals of the Democratic party, being condemned as a purely partis.an measure. Justice Bradley has abundantly vindicated his character from this reproach by several sub- sequent decisions in which his opinion has traversed the interests of his party ; notable among these being his decision, rendered in the Grant Parish cases, declaring the Enforce- ment act to be unconstitutional. The crowning event of his life — an event which made him for the time being the most important man in the whole n.ation, and which, it can- not be doubted, has exerted upon the future of the nation an influence so potent as to be quite inestimable — was his selection, January 30th, 1S72, by Justices Clifford, Miller, Field and Strong as the fifth arbiter in the judicial division of the tripartite Electoral Tribunal charged with determining the result of the Presidential election in the preceding year. He is married to Mary, daughter of the late Joseph C. Hornblower, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. 'cife America, and settled near Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- vania, in 1 83 1. He was engaged as Assistant Engineer on the SlacUwater navigation of the Beaver, and on the Sandy and Beaver Canal, the feeder of the Pennsyl- vania Canal. His labors on these enterprises proving his high abilities, he was appointed to a jiosition on the survey for a route across the Allegheny mountains. Upon this survey, adopted for the Pennsylvania Central Railroad, he was engaged for three years. But these labors were only the prelude to the great works of his life, from which such vast benefits are enjoyed by the community and are yet to be enjoyed. He introduced the manufacture of wire rope into this countiy, beginning his operations at Pittsburgh, and afterward removing them to Trenton, New Jersey, where he erected extensive works, capable of turning out two thousand tons of wire-rope yearly. But not only did he introduce the manufacture of the wire-rope — he was the first to use them in the construction of suspension bridges. His first work was the suspended aqueduct of the Pennsyl- vania Canal across the Allegheny river, completed in May, 1845. H^ afterward constructed the Monongahela sus- pension bridge at Pittsburgh, and some suspension aqueducts on the Delaware & Hudson Canal. In 1851 work was begun by him upon the famous suspension railroad bridge over the Niagara river, just below the falls. It is one of the finest structures of the kind in the country, and perhaps in the world. Its span is 82 1 feet, and its deflection 59 feet. In the cables 14,560 wires are employed, and their ultimate strength is estimated at 12,000 tons. The elevation of the railroad track above the water is 245 feet, and so great is the stiffness of the roadway that ordinary trains cause a depres- sion of only three to four inches. Work on the bridge was completed in 1S55, and although its endurance is severely tested by the continual passage of heavy trains, it has thus far proved a most complete success. About this time, in the year 1854, he removed the Belview bridge at Niagara, and replaced it by one constructed by himself, and more adequate to the demand upon its powers of resistance. Afterward he built the magnificent suspension bridge over the Ohio river at Cincinnati, and this work greatly added to his now wide reputation as a builder of bridges. It has a total length of 2,220 feet, and a clear span of 1,057 feet ; is 103 feet above low water in the river. The two cables supporting the roadway are twelve inches and a half in diameter. This structure was completed in 1S67. and to this d.iy remains one of the sights of Cincinn.iti, which all residents are proud of showing to visitors. In 1858-60 he built a fine wire bridge over the Allegheny river at Pittsburgh. His latest design was for a bridge across the East river from New York to Brooklyn, a work that has been in progress for some years; which is the most remarkable undertaking of the kind ever projected, and which promises immense results. Its conception stamps Mr. Roebhng as one of the greatest engineers of the .age, and its success will cause his name to be held in grateful remembrance forever by the immense populations of the two great cities of New York and Brooklyn, whose dependence upon the uncertain mode of transportation furnished by ferry boats has been so mutually disadv.antageous. It is now (1877) in process of construction under the charge of his son, Washington A. Roebling. The bridge will be 3,475 feet long between the anchorages, with a clear span over the East river of 1,595 feet, the bottom chord of which will be 132 feet above the water. The superstructure will consist of an iron framing, eighty five feet ElOGRArillCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. 417 wide, suspenrled from four mnin cables, each sixteen inches in diameter, composed of galvanized cast steel wire having a strength of 160,000 pounds per square inch of section, while the aggregate strength of the main span will lie 5,000 tons. Mr. Roebling is the author of a valuable treatise on " Long and Short Span Bridges," published in New York in 1869. He died in Brooklyn, New York, July 22d, 1869, and is succeeded in the business by his son. (ot ■^l(S>Jt> HAPMAN, REV. JEDEDIAH, Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Orange, New Jersey, late of Geneva, New York, was born in East Haddam, Connecticut, Seiitenibcr 27th, 1741, and was a descendant in the sixth generation of the Hon. Robert Chapman, of Hull, England, ■who came to America in 1635 and settled at Sayljrook. He w.as a theological student of the celebrated Bellamy. At the conclusion of the usual preparatory course of studies at Yale College he graduated from that institution in 1762; two years afterward received his license; and having in the spring of 1766 preached as a candidate, was ordained and settled over the church on the following 22d of July. " He entered the parish in his twenty-fifih year, unmarried and poor. We make the latter statement on authority of tradition, which represents that the attention of his parishioners was at first divided somewhat between the wants of his wardrobe and the word that he preached. It was enough, however, that he was clothed with s,-\lvation. They could furnish the rest." During the exciting times of the revolutionaiy struggle he w.irmly espoused the American cause, ever upholding it with example, voice and pen ; and on account of his outspoken and fearless loyalty was more than once in danger of being kidnapped by the enemy, and carried a prisoner to the Eiitish camp. On sever.il occasions soldiers were sent to capture him, but he eluded them in every case, yet several times was obliged to flee the parish and seek temporary asylum behind the mountains, as did many of the families of his flock. After the conclusion of the war, on the occasion of the Fourth of July ceremonies and rejoic- ings, he walked in the procession and always exhibited an intense enthusiasm in that cause for which he h.ad risked his reputation and his life. He was elected to preside over the Synod of 17S7, which is notable as being the last meet- ing of th.at body previous to the formation of the General Assembly of the church; and on the 17th of May, 1796, an academy was opened, of which he was chosen to offi- ciate as President. In M.ay, iSoo, the General Assembly elected him missionary to the northwestern boundaries of the country, which then lay in western New York, and accordingly his relations with his former pastorate were dis- solved. He then established his family at Geneva, where he supplied a congregation for many years, while perform- 53 ing laborious missionary duty in the surrounding region. To him was assigned by the General Assembly, to which he reported annually, the surveying and superintendence of the whole missionary field in western New York. The oldest churches in that region — those of Geneva, Romulus, Ovid, Rushville, Trumansburg — were organized by him ; and he lived to witness the accomplishment of that to which all his powers were for years devoted — a complete union between the Presbyterian and Congregational churches in western New York. About ten months after his settlement over the Geneva church as its senior pastor, and after a service of more than half a century in the mirfistry, he rested from his labors in the seventy-third year of his age. His last illness came upon him in the pulpit while preaching from the words, " I have fought a good fight, I have finished my course: henceforth there is laid up for me a crown of right- eousness," etc. The second year after his settlement at Orange, New Jersey, he married Blanche Smith, of Hugue- not descent on the maternal side, and of a family that inter- married with the Adamses, of Massachusetts. By this marri.age he bad three children : William Smith, Robert Hett and John Ilobart, the last of whom died in infancy. November 21st, 1773, soon after the death of the infant son, his wife also died in the twenty-ninth year of her age. His second wife was Margaret Le Conte, daughter of Dr. Peter Le Conte, of Middletown, Connecticut. This lady, who was slightly his senior in years, adorned to a good old age the station she was called to fill. He died May 22d, ISI3. C^ ILSON, PUSEY, M. D., of Moorcstown, New Jer- .sey, was born, March Stli, 1S27, in Northampton township, Chester county, Pennsylvania. His df^^Jy) father, Jonathan ^ViIson, was a farmer by occupa- cj gj tion, butspentmanyyearsof liis life in Wilmingto 1, Delaware, wdicre he filled acceptably the office of Treasurer of the Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company of Delaware, and where he died in 1S50. His mother was a Miss Sarah M. fackson, of r)elaware. He received his early education in the public schools of Wilmington, from which he passetl in 1S45 to the Kennett Square (Pennsyl- vania) Academy, graduating at the latter institution in 1S49. On leaving school he entered the office of the Hon. John M. Clayton, at Wilmington, wilh the intention of making the law his profession ; but, his father dying a year later, he w.as called from his studies to look after the business affairs of the family, and eventually led to abandon that inlenlion. The Farmers' Mutual Fire Insurance Company ])romplly chose him to succeed his father as Treasurer, and he served in that capacity for some three years, discharging the duties of the place to his own credit and the satisfaction of the company. In 1S55 he began the study of medicine with Dr. S. S. Brooks, of Philadelphia, Professor of the Pr.actice 4iS DIOGRAPIIICAL EN'CVCLOP.tDIA. of Medicine in the Hahnemann Medical College, al which he afterwards attended the regular course of lectures, receiv- ing his diploma in March, 1862, having meanwhile, however, practised three years with Ur. Urooks. In 1862, after formally receiving his degree, he removed to Moorebtown, where he has since resided, in the active and successful practice of his profession. The Hahnemann Medical Col lege at Philadelphia, his Ahiia Muter, mindful of his pro- ficiency as a student, and of his abilities as a practitioner, i-ecalled him in 1864 to fill its chair of Anatomy, which he held during that year and the following one, accepting then the chair of surgery in the same institution, and holding it until the close of 1S67, when, in consequence of his large and increasing practice at home, he resigned. As a med- ical teacher he achieved marked distinction. Thoroughly grounded in the principles of his profession, versed in its literature, and skilled in its practice, with a wide and varied experience of life, and rare powers of exposition, he at once divined the intellectual needs of the student and effectively supplied them, so that the facts and doctrines he inculc.ited were not merely understood, but assimilated, becoming organized knowledge, instead of undigested elements in the memory. Not content with instructing, he sought to disci- pline and equip, to the end that the student, while acquiring positive knowledge, should acquire also the power of using it, and, still better, the power of self-acquisition. This end, the only one at which a teacher worthy of the name should aim, he attained with a measure of success that proved him to be a man of general abilities of a high order, as well as a master of his profession. Had he felt himself at liberty to remain in the faculty of his Alma Mater, there can be no doubt that he would have won yet greater eminence as a Professor, and contributed largely to the strong impulse under which homceopathy is spreading in this country. It may be readily imagined that his college took leave of him with regret, not only on its own account, but on account of the system of practice it represents. Such men are not too numerous in any cause, and it is only natural that the cause so fortunate as to number one of them among its represent! lives and defenders should send him to the front, and strive to keep him there. He, however, deemed that his true sphere was practice rather than instruction, and, when the two could no longer be reconciled with each other in his case, resigned the latter for the former, to which he has since exclusively devoted himself. As may be supposed, this devotion has been suitably rewarded. A practitioner whose practice is based on so complete a mastery of theory could hardly fail of distinguished success, especially when to this round of professional qualifications are added per- sonal tact and geniality, which in the sick-room are some- times not less medicinal than medicine itself. He certainly has been eminently successful as a practitioner. In 1875 he was elected President of the West Jersey Medical So- ciety, and was a delegate to the American Institute of Ho- mceopathy, held at Philadelphia in June of that year. Al- though he has never either held office or sought it, he has been a zealous and active member of the Republican parly from its first organization, having been a delegate, while residing in Delaware, to the National Convention that nom- inated Fremont fur the Presidency. And to the sponsor- ship which he thus undertook he still remains faithful. lie was married in 1S51 to Rebecca Pusey, of Chester county, Pennsylvania. ASHINGTON, PION. EUSHROD, Lawyer, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States, Presiding Justice of the United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey, late of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born in Vir- ginia in 1759, and was a favorite nephew of General George Washington, w-ho devised to him his estate at Mount Vernon. He studied law, under the direction of his uncle, with J.ames Wilson, of Philadelphia, an eminent practitioner, afterward one of the Justices of the United States Supreme Court. On the completion of his studies, he entered on the practice of his profession in Virginia, acquired an extensive business, and rapidly won a high reputation as an able lawyer, and, in the House of Delegates and conventions of that .State, as a talented and influential member. At the age of thirty-six he was nominated by John Adams, and confirmed as one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. He was eminently fitted for his high ofiice ; and his moral and intellectual qualities, his learning, integrity, his tireless, patient attention, the knowledge that every case would be subject to the most searching and un- bi.ised investigation, made him always the object of pro- found respect. "He had that temperate but inflexible firm- ness which resulted from confidence in himself, and is the courage of superior minds. His manners and his language, spoken and written, were simple and free from anything approaching to arrogance. He had that great faculty so important for a judge, and so difficult of attainment, of re- garding only the essential merits of a cause, without being influenced by any of its surroundings. He knew the cause only by the evidence, and decided it by the law." Once a case tried before him at Philadelphia, in 1S09, exhibited his peculiar qualities in a very striking and instructive man- ner. It was an indictment against General Bright and others for obstructing the process of the United States court, and grew out of a contest respecting certain prize money between the State of Pennsylvania, as the owner of a priva- teer, and an individual of the name of Olmstead. A cer- tain portion of the money had been paid to David Ritten- house, as Treasurer of the Sturt of Appeals, that court reversed the decree of the State Admiralty Court, and awarded all the money to Olmstead. He obtained a decree BIOGR.VnilCAL r.NXVCI.Or.EDIA. 4") in the Court of Admiralty of the United Stales for the pay- ment of this money to him. The Legislature of the State then passed an act requiring the executors of Rittenhouse to pay the money into the State Treasury; and this act was passed upon the ground that the Court of Appeals had no jurisdiction of the case, and that its decree of reversal was null and void. This act also required the Governor of the State to protect the persons and property of the lady execu- tors from any process which might be issued out of the courts of the United Slates. In this state of things the case was submitted to the .Supreme Court, which, after a hear- ing, commanded the District Court to issue the required pro- cess to enforce its judgment. But, by order of the Governor of the State, General Bright called out and took command of a body of the militia, which surrounded the houses of the ladies, and then opposed with force the efforts of the marshal to serve his process. " Bui, as might be supposed, the ladies were not quite jileased to be thus made prisoners, and, it was said, soon contrived to surrender themselves to the custody of the marshal. At any rale, the process was served, and the Stale, instead of continuing the war, re- lieved the ladies by paying the money." For the resist- ance Bright and others were indicted, and brought to trial. " The learning, the patient hearing, the clear and discrimi- nating sagacity, and the unhesitating fearlessness of the Judge, then won for him universal approbation. His charge was a fine manifestation of his power to impress a jury with their duty to conform to the law; and the defendants were found guilty, and adequately punished." He was accus- tomed to charge the jury veiy fully and explicitly, seldom leaving it doubtful how he thought the verdict should be rendered. " I remember that in a case which involved merely a question as to the running of a boundary line, he mistook the facts, so that the jury, upon which there hap- pened to be a very competent surveyor, found directly con- trary to his charge. He received the verdict with very evident surprise, but said quietly that he would look into the facts of the case very carefully. After doing so, he promptly acknowledged his error, and thanked the jury for their care to be right, in a matter of fact which belonged to them to decide. Most judges would have done substan- tially the same thing, but his manner of correcting his own error was very simple and pleasant." — Hon. Lucius O. C. Elmer, LL.D. The four volumes of Washington Circuit Court Reports contain most of the opinions delivered in the Circuit Courts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania during the time he presided. In the opinion of an eminent jurist and scholar, his style is a fine model of plain, perspicuous En- glish, resembling that of Addison and Blackstone. These volumes were carefully made up in manuscript, and carried wilh him, before they were printed, to the circuits, lest, .is he would at times very pleasantly remark, " he might some time inadvertently overrule himself, which would be woi-se than merely overruling some other judge." The case of Corfield vs. Coryell, reported in 4 Wash. C. R. 371, grew out of transactions in New Jersey, and ever since has been considered as establishing the right of a St.ale to prohibit the inhabitants of other States from catching oysters iu oy- ster beds within its limits. A vessel owned in I'liiladclphia was seized in the year 1S20, while eng.aged in catching oysters in Maurice river cove, in pui-suancc of ihe act origi- nally passed as early as 179S; later the seventh section of the act for the preservation of clams and oysters, revised in 1S46. Several of the persons engaged in making this seiz- ure were sued in Philadelphia by the owners of the vessel. One case was tried before Judge Ingersoll, in the District Court of the city, and under his direction the jury rendereil a verdict for the defendant. The case against Cor)'ell was removed into the Circuit Court of the United States. The great point then insisted on for the jilaintiff w.as that the act of the Legislature of New Jersey was in violation of that clause of the Constitution of the United States which provides that "the citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several St.ates." He held that the privileges and immunities protected by this clause were only those which are in their nature funda- mental, which belong of right to the citizens of all free governments, and which have been at all times enjoyed by the citizens of the several States which compose the Union, from the period of becoming free, independent and sover- eign, and did not extend to the privilege of interfering with the rights of the citizens of a State to have the exclusive privilege of catching fish and oysters within its waters. The expense of this litigation was defrayed by the Stale of New Jersey. To quote again from the admirable " Remi- niscences of New Jersey," by Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer, LL.D. : " I have in my possession, however, one elaliorate opinion, the last I believe that he prepared, just before his death in 1829, which was not printed. The case was argued before him and Judge Rossell, at Trenton, about a month before he died, by George Wood for the defendant, and by myself for the plaintiff. The case had been removed from the State court by the defendant, a citizen of Pennsylvania, for the express purpose of obtaining a decision, that when a bond had been assigned and the payment guaranteed by the assignor, if the assignee was directed to proceed against the obligor, his omission to do so would be a sufficient defence to an action upon the guarantee, which in this case was under seal. The judge, however, adhered to the principle established by the Supreme Court of this State (New Jersey) in the case of Stout 7's. Stevenson (l South. R. 178), namely, that a general guarantee or warranty of payment by the assignor of a bond is absolute and co-extensive wilh the instrument assigned, so that the warrantor becomes a surety for the payment of the money at the day, if it is as- signed before the day of payment, and on demand, if it is assigned afterward." In private intercourse he was a veiy agreeable companion, and often told an excellent story, or recounted an amusing anecdote, with much effect and humor. He never brought wi h him to Trenton his family 420 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. coach and servants, but came in a hired vehicle with hired servants, except a female servant of Mrs. Washington, who was in the habit of accompanying her, although a confirmed invalid. When not engaged in court he devoted himself to her with marked and atfeclionate assiduity. '* I am happy to be able to say that I believe he was a sincere Christian. I know that he had the habit of regularly reading prayers in his private room. If I was asked. Who of all the judges you have known, do you consider to have been the best fitted for that high office, taking into the account integrity of character, learning, deportment, balance of mind, natural temper and disposition, and ability to ascertain and regard the true merits of a cause, as determined by the law that he was called to administer ? I should say, Bushrod Washing- ton." — Judge Elmer. He continued to fill the position of Presiding Justice of the United States Circuit Court for the District of New Jersey, from his first appointment in 179S until his death in Philadelphia, November 26th, 1S29. I ELCH, ASHBEL, Civil Engineer, was born in Madison county. New York, December 4th, 1S09. His father was originally a farmer, living near Windham, Connecticut, on land occupied by his ancestors of the same name since about 16S0. His grandmotlier was a great-great-granddaughter lian\ Bradford, who came over in the " May- Wlien he was six or seven years old, the family removed to the neighborhood of Utica, where some years later he attended the school of Ambrose Kasson. One of his classmates there was Horatio Seymour, and one of the younger scholars was Ward Hunt. He afterwards studied mathematics and natural philosophy at the Albany Academy, under Professor Henry, now of the Smithsonian Institution. In lus eighteenth year he left school (though he never dis- continued his studies), and commenced his professional career under his brother, Sylvester Welch, on the Lehigh Canal. Among his associates in that hard-working corps were W. Milnor Roberts, Solomon W. Roberts, and Edward Miller, all of whom afterward became eminent civil en neers. In 1830 he entered the service of the Delaw: & Raritan Canal Company, under Canvass White, one of the ablest and most original of American engineers. Since then he h.as been a citizen of New Jersey, and since 1832 a resident of Lambertville. In 1 836 he took charge of the works of the canal company, and retained that charge for many years, in the meantime constructing several other works, among which was the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, commenced in 1850 and finished in 1854. On the 20th of December, 1S52, the stockholders of the canal company suddenly determined to double the capacity of their locks and canal. Mr. Welch organized his staff, drew his plans and specifications, procured his materials, employed and officered a force of 4,000 men, and finished the work in three months, and all within his estimate. One of the items of work was 20,000 cubic yards of cement masonry, laid in the dead of winter, and kept from freezing by housing and artificial heat. From 1862 to 1867, as Vice- President of the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company, he was the executive officer of the " Joint Companies," whose works extended across New Jersey. At the beginning of 1867 he, with others, effected the consolidation of the New Jersey Railroad Company with the "Joint Companies," thus bringing the whole system of railroads and canals between New York and Philadelphia into one interest and under one management. He was appointed Gener.al President of the Associated Companies, Hon. Hamilton Fish being vice- president, and Hon. Joseph P. Bradley, secretary. This posi- tion he held until December ist, 1S71, when the Penn- sylvania Railroad Company took possession of the works under their lease. His policy was to improve the works connecting the two great cities of the Union in such a man- ner as to remove all ground of complaint and all fear of competition. Those associated companies are now merged into " The United New Jersey Railroad and Canal Com- pany." He is still President of the Belvidere Dekiware and some smaller railroad companies, all operated by lessees. Mr. Welch is not merely an administrator, but especially an originator. In 1863 he originated and put in operation a system of safety signals on the line between New York and Philadelphia (since, we believe, extended to Pittsburgh), which has entirely prevented the most dan- gerous cl.ass of accidents, previously so frequent and so fatal. The value of this system was especially shown during the rush of the Centennial season. It is sometimes confounded with the English " Block System," from which, however, it differs essentially, and from which Mr. Welch received no hint. The system was described in a report by him to the National Railroad Convention held in New York in 1S66. In 1866 he invented a pattern of steel rail, more economi- cal and forming better connections than those in previous use, the principles of which are stated at length in his "Re- port on Rails," made to the American Society of Civil Engineers at its annual convention in 1874. These princi- ples have since been extensively recognized and adopted. Mr. Welch's efforts have not been confined exclusively to his profession. From 1840 to 1845 he was associated with Captain Robert F. Stockton in his operations which resulted in building the war steamer '* Princeton," the first propellei'- sliip ever constructed in America, and in the introduction of cannon of extraordinary size, since followed up by Rod- man and others. On the invasion of Pennsylvania duriiig the late civil war, Professor Bache, to whom had been in- trusted the defences of Philadelphia, called him to his counsel, but the b.attle of Gettysburg soon made the further consideration of the subject unnecessary. In 1843 tlie College of New Jersey, at Princeton, conferred on him the honorary degree of A. M. He has been a member of the Presbyterian Church since 1832, and an Elder since 1S44, ^SwSzisAiil^-rS^ C4WC^^^^ U ^^eJi. BIOGRAPHICAL ENXVCI.Or.KDIA. 421 and has several times been a member of the General Assem- bly of that church. He is an occasional contributor to the Princeton Review, the principal organ of the Presbyterian Church in America, his last article being " The Perpetuity of the Sabbath." In it he takes the position, never before suggested, that many Hebrew local laws were declaratory of the moral law, just as many English statute laws are declaratory of the common law. For more than a quarter of a centur)' he was Superintendent of the Sabbath school, and he now conducts the congregational Bible class in the Rev. Dr. Studdiford's church. For many years he has been a most diligent student of the word of God. Thor- oughly orthodox in his belief, he is also independent and original in his Bible investigations, taking nothing at second hand, but seeking to find for himself the meaning of the sacred te.\t. Few Liymen have given as much attention as he to the study of the Bible, and not many of the clergy are better versed in the principles of its interpretation. In poli- tics he is not tied to either party organization, but has de- cided opinions, one of which has long been in favor of civil service reform. He was married in 1S34 to Mary H. Seabrook, who died in 1874, leaving five children, the oldest of whom is the widow of Mr. William Cowin, of Lambert- ville, and the youngest daughter the wife of Rev. R. Ran- dall Hoes, of Mount Holly. His eldest son is interested in iron and machinery works at Lambertville. Mr. Welch is loved and honored by a large circle of friends, among whom, as well as in the world at large, his influence has ever been potent for good. Cautious and conservative, yet kind and conciliatory, he eminently " follows after the things which make for peace." Earnest and independent in his search for truth, wise in counsel, public-spirited as a citizen, liberal as a benefactor, firm and conscientious in the maintenance of right, true and faithful in all the relations of life, he combines in himself qualities which make him one of the most valuable members of society. JLACKWELL, HON. JONATHAN HUNT, of Trenton, Merchant, and Senator from Mercer county, was born at Hopewell, Mercer county. New Jersey, December 20th, 1841. His parents, Stephen and Franconia (Hunt) Blackwell, came from families resident in this section of the State for several generations. Among his maternal ancestors were several who participated in the war of the Revolution, doing gallant service in the patriot cause. His father is a merchant at Hopewell, and highly respected. Jonathan re- ceived his early education.al tr.aining at the public schools in the vicinity of his native place, and it was continued in the New Jersey Conference Seminaiy, at Pennington, and Claverack Collegiate Institute, on the Hudson. At the age of eighteen, on leaving school, he commenced his mercan- tile career as clerk in his father's store at Hopewell. Thus employed he grew to m.-m's estate. On attaining his ma- jority, desirous of obtaining experience in a wider field, he entered the extensive wholesale grocery establishment of William Dolton. Here he remained for twelve months, and shortly afterward eng.iged in business in New York city, where he continued until 1S64. In th.at year he re- turned to Trenton and became associated as a partner with his former employer, William Dolton. This partnership has con- tinued till the present time, and their business is probably the largest of its character in the State. A man of large activity and great public spirit, Mr. Blackwell has always manifested great interest in the affairs of the city aiid the State, devoting much time to the promotion of all movements calculated in his judgment to develop their natural resources and to im- prove their government. In political affiliation he is a Democrat, and has been honored by his party with various positions of trust and responsibility. In 1S73 he w.is elected a member of the Trenton Common Council for three years, and in that body he served with great credit to himself and satisfaction to his constituents. During the succeeding year he was nominated as candidate for State Senator, and some idea of his popularity is conveyed in the fact that, while the Republicans had previously represented the county in the Senate, he was elected by a good majority of a largely increased vote, the total being 10,531, against 9,107 in 1S71. Although the youngest member of the Senate, with his party in the minority, his ability received immediate recognition in his appointment on several impor- tant committees ; among them those on Education and on Banks and Insurance Companies. During the session of 1877 he was Chairman of the first-n.-imed committee, and also of that on Claims and Pensions ; a member of those on Militia, on Lunatic Asylums, on St.ate Library, and on Printing ; of the latter he was also Chairman. His career as a legislator has deepened the good opinion entertained of him by the community, for while warmly att.ached to the Democratic party and desirous of promoting its interests, he has never been actuated by partisanship to support any measure which he did not deem for the public good. Both as a business man and as a politician he connnands the highest respect and esteem of his fellow-citizens. He was married, October 5th, 1S65, to Susan Weart, d.iughter of Spencer Weart, Esq., of Mercer county, New Jersey. ' - -^ROWN, WILLIAM MORTIMER, Physician, late of Newark, New Jersey, was born in this city, September Sth, 1S16. He was one of the most faithful, active and inflnential members of the Essex District Medical Society, and was always at his post and punctual in every appointment. Also, as one of the deacons of the Third Presbyterian Church, he was active in every good work and enterprise. For many 422 EIOGRAnilCAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. years preceding his decease he was in a feeble state of health, and had a marked predisposition to disease of the lungs which rendered it unsafe for him to expose himself at night. " The disease, however, slowly but insidiously ad- vanced till about all available hmg was consumed. He sunk to his grave ' calmly, like one who wraps the drapery of his couch about him, and lies down to pleasant dreams.' His manners were quiet and retiring. He was a good phy- sician, and enjoyed to a high degree the confidence of his fellow-practitioners. He regarded with especial interest the esprit dii corps of the profession, and was ever mindful of its honor and dignity. He was a man of medium size, .slim, sallow, and bore for years evidence of consumptive tendencies."— Dr. J. H. Clark. In 1865 Dr. S. H. Pen- nington published, in the "Transactions of the State Medi- cal Society," an eloquent and elegant poetical tribute to his memory. He died in Newark, April 4th, 1S64, in the forty-eighth year of his age. :E\VITT, HON. CHARLES, President of the Trenton Iron Company, was born in the city of New York in 1824. His father, John Hewitt, was of English bii'th ; the ancestors of his mother, a Miss Gurnet, left France at the time of the St. Bartholomew massacre. Hon. Abram Hewitt is his brother. Charles attended one of the public schools of New York until eleven years of age, when, having reached the highest class, he was taken from school and placed as a clerk with an insurance company in Wall street, where he remained about six years. During this service, by devoting all spare time at his clerk's desk and the even- ings to study, he qualified himself to receive, at seventeen years of age, an appointment as teacher in the Grammar School of Columbia College, then under the control of the eminent linguist and author. Professor Charles Anthon After a few months' service as assistant teacher, he was ap- pointed Principal of the third department of the school, a position which he continued to hold until 1S45, when he accepted a situation in the iron works at Trenton, then being erected by the distinguished philanthropist, Peter Cooper. In October of this year, and before he had at- t.iined his twenty-first year, Columbia College conferred on him the honorary degree of A. M., thereby indicating the high estimation which his talents, scholarship and character had won. In his new position he had at first charge of the commercial department of the business transacted at the works, but in a few years thereafter, vifhen they passed under the control of corporate organizations, the sphere of his duties was enlarged, and he became the General Man- ager, controlling both the commercial and manufacturing departments of the business at Trenton. The two large establishments now belonging to the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company and the Trenton Iron Company were for many years operated under 6nS corporate flrganization, and were during that time managed by him. He is now the President of the Trenton Iron Company, Edwin F. Bedell being secretary, and James Hall, treasurer. This corpora- tion was organized in 1S47. In 1S54 it owned the Andover, Roseville, and other mines, and the Ringwood estate; three blast furnaces (now the property of the Andover Iron Com- pany) at Phillipsburg, New Jersey; a rolling and puddling mill (now the property of the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company) at Trenton, and the Trenton Water Pow'er, be- sides a rolling mill and a wire mill in the last-named city. Only the last two are now retained by the company, it having been found desirable to divide the various former interests. The capacity of the rolling mill is I4;ooo tons per annum ; it has 6 heating furnaces ; 4 trains of rolls, 19, 12, 10 and 8 inch respectively; 2 steam hammers; 12 sink- ing fires, and 2 refining fires. Of the wire mill the capacity is 7,000 Ions per annum. The products are bar-iron, wire and brazier rods ; market, fence, telegraph, screw, bridge, rope, weaving, coppered and tinned, bale, hay-bale, spring (iron and steel), buckle, square, flat, and half round, cast-steel, Martin steel and Bessemer steel wire, and fence staples. So judicious is the management of the works, that even in the troul:ilous labor agitations, through which the country has passed of late years, strikes have been unknown. The men now in the employ are to a great extent those who have grown up with the works, and when a change in values renders a reduction in wages a business necessity, Mr. Hewitt invariably gives notice of the proposed reduc- tion several weeks before it takes effect. During this inter- val any arguments advanced by the workmen are patiently listened to, any demonstrated injustice remedied, and so in all cases the change is explained satisfactorily to the men. By this course the hands are kept in full sympathy with their employer. The advantage of this to the works is veiy apparent. Feeling that their personal interests and the prosperity of the company are one and the same, the men at the furnace and at the rolls labor with their best energies to maintain, so far as in them lies, the welfare of the con- cern. Mr. Hewitt is eminently a man of affairs, manifests a large public spirit, and is characterized by an apparently inexhaustible energy. Besides carefully conserving and promoting the interests of the industrial institution to which his attention is primarily directed, he has been and is now prominently identified with various public and cor- porate bodies. Within the last thirty years he has been Vice-President of the New Jersey Steel and Iron Company, President and Superintendent of the Trenton Water Power Company, President of the National Pottery Company, a member of the Common Council of the city, and President of its Board of Trade. He is now President of the Trenton Iron Company, a Manager of the Trenton Savings Fund Society, and one of the Managers of the State Lunatic Asylum, at Trenton. In 1S71 he was elected to represent Mercer county in the State Senate, and was appointed EIOGRAPinCAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. 4=3 Chairman of the Commiltee on Education, also of that on Slate Prison, and a member of several others of importance. During his senatorship he took the leading part in the work and discussions which led to the enactment, in the last year of his term, of the general railroad law, and at all times displayed an active interest in the educational affairs of the State. He has, in common with other mem- bers of the Trenton Board of Trade, labored effectively to promote the growth and prosperity of that city, and espe- cially for the better utilization of the water-power of the river Delaware. And not only is his genius administrative, it is inventive. He has perfected a number of inventions that have proved of great value in the manufacture of iron, among which may be especially mentioned an arrangement for moving iron at the rolls, by means of which the manu- f.icture of rolled beams and girders, and other heavy iron, has been greatly facilitated. Indeed, his career has been wholly honorable and successful, whether as a business man or a mover in public affairs, and he very naturally holds a high place in the confidence and esteem of the community for whose best interests he has labored so intelligently and conscientiously. f Tflll OSSELL, HON. WILLIAM, Judge of the Dis- rJ|/) trict Court of the United States for New Jersey, cvl I late of New Jersey, was born in 1755-65- " Hs ^'~{ T was an honest, industrious judge, of excellent (so V character and good judgment, who was elected by the Republicans, as he once said to me himself, because they had no good lawyer of the party in the western part of the Slate, willing and lit to take the office, and be- cause, being an active and influential politician in Burlington county, where he resided, he had been for that reason per- secuted by some of the Federalists." — Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer. For many years after he became Judge he was one of the most prominent leaders of the Democratic party in the State, but was never accused of allowing his political views and sentiments to influence his conduct on the bench. " His good sense led him generally to concur with the chief-justice, and some of his reported opinions read very well. But his total lack of legal knowledge, especially in matters of prac- tice and pleading, was so much complained of by the law- yers of the circuit which he attended," Ihat, in 1820, an act was passed, requiring the justices of the Supreme Court so to arrange the several circuits in the State, there being no judicial districts established by law, as now, that no justice should hold the Circuit Court in the same county two terms in succession, unless in the opinion of the court there should be a necessity therefor. This stringent law continued in force and was complied with, to the serious inconvenience of the judges, until 1S46. When it was passed, there were two Circuit Courts held each year in all the counties, thir- teen in number, except Cape May, in which there was but one. The other courts had four terms in each year unlil 1S55, when a reduction to three was effected, and the Circuit Courts in all the counties were required to have three terms yearly. Upon the death of Judge Pennington, in 1S26, he was strongly recommended for, and received the appoint- ment of. Judge of the District Court of the United States for New Jersey, a place at that time of great respectability and very little labor, " like the common bench in England at the same period," to which judges were glad to retire from more arduous duties. When he relinquished his seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, a meeting of the bar, under the lead of Hon. Mr. Frelinghuysen, adopted resolutions highly complimentary of his faithful' performance of the duties of his office. He died in 1S40, at an advanced age. cLENAIIAN, ROBERT MILLS, M. D., late of New Hampton, was born at Pennington, New Jersey, October igth, 1S17, and was the son of Rev. Mr. McLenahan, a preacher of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His early education was ob- tained in his native place, where he also com- menced the study of medicine wilh Dr. Joseph Welling. He afterward graduated at the New Voik Medical College in 1836. Soon after receiving his degree he commenced practice at New Hampton, New Jersey. His genial and winning manners, combined with professional abilities of a high order, soon won him a reputation and a practice of proportions seldom reached by a country physician. Indeed, so extended did his responsibilities become that, about i860, he invited Dr. Howard Service to come to New Hampton, and render him the relief that his failing health rendered it aljsolutely essential that he should have. After entering into this arrangement he gradually withdrew from practice. His health continued to fail, and on April 2Sth, 1S64, he died, being then in his forty-seventh year. He was greatly missed by a large circle of friends and acquaintances, to whom a lifetime association had endeared him. Pie was twice married, his first wife being Christiana, daughter of the late Aaron Van Syckel, Esq., who died March 8th, 1S5O ; and his second a Miss Johnston, who survives him. OUTHARD, IIENRV, M. D., late of Somen-ille, son of the Hon. Isaac Southard, and a grandson of the Hon. Henry Southard, of revolutionary fame, was born in Somerset county, New Jersey, March 27th, 181 1. Having studied medicine, he was duly licensed by the State Board of Censors, and after practising successively at Flemington, Asbury Danville, Belvidere, and Phillipsburg, he finally established himself in Somerville, Hunterdon county, where he re- mained in active practice for a number of years. He was a 424 EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOP/EDIA. niemlier of the Iluntertlon County Medical Society, of which he was for a time Secretary; was a member of the New Jersey Medical Society, and in 1S47 was a member of the State Board of Censors. During his residence in Phillipsburg he married Louisa Maxwell. He died October 13th, 1S59. ELSEY, ENOS, Merchant, Revolutionary Patriot, Treasurer of Princeton College, late of Prince- ton, was a native of New Jersey, and was born 1Jysr\ i" 'lie middle of the last centuiy. After his *^p5<- graduation from Princeton College he settled as a merchant in the city of his Alma Mater, and there resided, engaged in business pursuits, until the time of his decease. During the troublous days of the Revolu- tion he held a responsible office in the Clothier-General's office, under the State government. There is a letter of his preserved in the " Revolutionary Correspondence of New Jersey," addressed to the Speaker of the Assembly, dated October 4th, 1779, in which he makes an estimate of the cost of cloihing the Jersey troops. " He proposes to go himself to Boston and make the purchases, and thinks that by the proposed scheme he can save the Slate ten thousand pounds in the purchase." He was intimately identifieil with Princeton College, and for many years officiated as Treasurer of that institution. He died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1S09 or iSlo. AI.HOUN, J.\MES THEODORE, Physician and Surgeon, late of Rahway, New Jersey, was born there, September 17th, 1S3S, and commenced the study of medicine at the age of sixteen, in the office of Dr. Samuel Abernethy, also of Rahway, who always evinced a warm interest in him. March 17th, 1S59, he graduated at the University of Penn- sylvania, Philadelphia, and at once entered upon the active practice of his profession at Rahway, where he was engaged during the ensuing two years. In June, 1S61, he entered the Union army, as Assistant-Surgeon of the {5th Excelsior) 74th New York Volunteer Regiment ; in May, 1S63, re- ceived an appointment as Assistant-Surgeon in the regular army; and, September 24th, 1864, was assigned to duty as Surgeon in charge of the Ward United States Army Gen- eral Hospital. In September, 1S65, the hospital at Newark was discontinued, and he superintended the sales of the government hospitals in the Department of the East, after which he became Medical Director of Transportation at New York city, where he remained from December, 1S65, until the middle of May, 1866, when he was placed on the board of officers appointed by the government to examine and decide upon cholera disinfectants, more particularly the "Phoenix Disinfectant," upon which he did not report favorably. He visited several places Tor the purpose of trying it, including Davitfs Island, New York harbor, where he tried it upon spoiled eggs. He was about to be ordered to Augusta, Maine, when an exchange was made between Assistant-Surgeon Harvey Brown and himself, and he was ordered, on the 4ih of June, 1866, to Hart's Island, as Post Surgeon, relieving Dr. Brown. He took an active part with his regiment at the siege of Yorktown; also in the battles of Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, and those of the Seven Days' Fight ; and was present at the siege of Rich- mond and the action known as Hooker's Malvern; also at the battles of Bristow's Station, second Bull Run, and Chantilly, of Pope's campaign. " I was present with my regiment at the battle of Fredericksburg, and, under the new regulations of the Medical Department, was detailed as ' operating surgeon ' of my brigade. I passed a satisfac- tory examination before the Regular Army Medical Board, and immediately thereafter, without solicitation on my part, I was appointed Surgeon-in-Chief of the Second Division, Third Corps, commanded by Major-General Berry." While in command at Newark he planned and constructed a new hospital, its enclosure containing twenty-four acres of ground ; and he served respectively upon the staffs of Major-Generals Berry, Binney, Sickles, Humphrey, Mott, Prince, Carr, Hancock, French and Graham. While at Gettysburg the medical director of the corps. Dr. Thomas Sims, was called upon to accompany General Sickles to W.ashington, and this occasioned his placing on duty as Acting Medical Director of the corps. How well he ac- quitted himself of the heavy responsibilities then thrown upon him is best told by the fact that, although at this time almost the junior Assistant-Surgeon of the regular army, he was continued on duty as Acting Medical Director of the corps through its subsequent marches in pursuit of the Con- federate army, including the affair at " Wapping Heights," and until it went into camp at the Rappahannock, when he rejoined his division. Dr. Dougherty also bears ample testimony to his activity, his faithfulness and his executive ability : " While at Brandy Station we had a Division Medical Society, which was probably the most vigorous and useful of any in the army. Its efficacy was mainly due to his earnest endeavors and professional prelections During General Grant's campaign to Petersburg he dis- played admirable qualities. The wounded had implicit confidence in him, and preferred his attentions to those of any other; while his superior energy and activity caused him to be selected for the charge of the colored hospital at City Point. He raised it from a despicable position to the first rank, eliciting the warm commendation of the chief medical officers " At Gettysburg, also, where he assisted in the amputation of the leg of General Sickles, Dr. Dougherty says of him : " In this bloody fight his en- ergies and resources were taxed to the utmost, hut he was never found wanting;" while the same able physician de- clares that " he not only systematized and improvised his BlUGKAPIIICAL EN'CVCLOl'.HDIA. 4--'5 hospitals, but he was the best operator in Ihcm." While quite young in the profession he wrote an excellent article on the "Influences of Mill-Dams" in Rahway, which con- tributed greatly to accomplish their removal, and conse- quently a notable change in the healthfulness of the town; while in a series of articles, published in the Philadel[)hia Medical Reporter, he gave to the profession some of the results of his observations and experience during the war. May 3d, 1865, he was married to Nora C. Orr, by whom he had one child, which died at Newark, New Jersey, of cholera infantum, July 28th, 1866. He died July 19th, 1S66, at Hart's Island, New York, of Asiatic cholera. His remains were ultimately removed, in accordance with a re- quest made by him before death, to Rahway, New Jersey; and, February 22d, 1867, the funeral services were held at the Second Pre^byterian Church, of which he had been a member. After the service the regulars, escorted by the New Jersey Veteran Volunteers and the New Jersey Rifle Corps, marched to the cemetery of Hazelwood, where they met the remains. The colifin was envelo])ed in the United States flag, and on it were laid his sword, sash and caj) ; a crown of immortelles, and an anchor and cross of white flowers. His deceased son, Charles, was placed in the same tomb with him, after which Rev. Mr. Hodges read the conclusion of the burial service, and the permanent party from Governor's Island fired the military salute. Many distinguished characters, public and private, attended the funeral, and the people of Rahway united their efforts to testify their respect to his memory ; the houses were draped with mourning, and the flags placed at half-mast throughout the place. He received two brevets for faithful and meritorious services during the war, dating from the 13th of March, 1865; and since his death the President has brevetted him Lieutenant-Colonel in the regular army, "for distinguished and meritorious services at Hart's Island, New York, where cholera prevailed, to date from the 19th of July, 1866." "tjARCLAY, REV. DAVID, CIcrg)-man, late of Punxatawny, Pennsylvania, was born in New Jersey, in the last quarter of the past centuiy, and studied at Princeton College, gi'aduating in 1790-92 from that institution. After leaving Princeton he applied his time and attention to the study of theology; and, December 3d, 1794, was or- dained by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, and installed as pastor of the church at Bound Brook, where he remained until April, 1805. At this dat2, on account of some troubles, he abandoned his charge there, and in June became pastor of Knowlton, Oxford and Lower Mount Bethel churches, New Jersey, there continuing his labors until iSir. He was a man of decided ability; quick, earnest and energetic in his motions and his speech ; of stout, athletic frame, but 54 of an impetuous and imprudent temperament. He was constantly involved in troubles and disputes with his con- gregations, and one of his elders, Jacob Ker, published a volume of more than 400 pages, entitled "The Several Trials of David Barclay before the i'resbytery of New Brunswick and Synod of New York and New Jersey." On the 25th of April, 1819, he was dismissed to the Presbytery of Redstone, and took up his residence in Punxatawny, Pennsylvania, where he died in 1846. ART, JOHN SEELY, LL. D., Scholar and Au- thor, late of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, was born in Old Stockbridge, Berkshire county, Mas- sachusetts, on January 28th, 1810; but when he w.as only two years old his father, with some olhcr families, removed into Pennsylvania, and settled in Providence township, on the Lackawanna, which was then a wilderness. Here he continued until 1823, when his father acquired a mill-privilege at Laurel run, then about two miles above Wilkesbarre, in the valley of Wyoming. When a boy he was very sickly, and adjudged unfit for any employment requiring physical strength ; so arrangements were made to get him educated for a teacher, and in his fifteenth year he entered the Wilkesbarre Acad- emy. By diligent use of the opportunities afiorded him here, in three years he was well fitted for college. In the fall of 1827 he entered the sophomore class of the College of New Jersey, and graduated in 1830, with the first honors of his class. He then went South, and was for one year Principal of the academy at Natchez, Mississippi. Return- ing to New Jersey, in the fall of 1831 he entered the Theo- logical Seminai7 at Princeton. During the last two years of his attendance at the seminary he acted as tutor in the college, and in 1834 he was appointed Adjunct Professor of Ancient Languages. During this period he paid much attention to the study of Hebrew and Arabic, studying the latter under Addison Alexander. He was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick in 1835, but in the following year he was induced to become Principal of the Edgehill Fitting School, at Princeton, and, regarding it as a permanent field of usefulness, requested the presby- tery to take back his license, which was formally cancelled. He continued in the management of the Edgehill for five years. In September, 1842, he was elected Principal of the Central High School, of Philadelphia. It was here that he became best known to the citizens of Philadelphia, and under his management the High School flourished and became extremely popular. This position he occupied until 1S59, receiving during his incumbency, in the year 1848, the degree of LL. D. from the University of Miami. Some time after his retirement from the High School, in the year i85o, he became connected with the American Sunday- 426 BIOGRAPHICAL EN'CVCI.Or.EDIA. School Union, as the editor of its publications. During this engagement he projected the Sunday-School Times, of which he remained the senior editor until the spring of 1871. From 1S62 to 1871 he was connected with the New Jersey State Normal School, at Trenton — one year as head of the model department, and the remainder of the time as principal of the institution. After much solicitation on the part of Dr. McCosh and the faculty at Princeton, and much hesitation and many refusals on the part of Professor Hart, he was in 1S72 induced to take the Professorship of Rhet- oric and of tlie English Language and Literature in that institution, agreeing to remain only until a successor could he found. He occupied this chair about two years, having been a teacher over forty years and having had over 7,000 pupils confided to his direct care and training. His literary works are exceedingly numerous and valuable, and several of them are used as text-books in the public schools of Philadelphia. He commenced to write for publication as early as his twenty-fifth year, contributing to the Princeton Jievie7u a series of articles on " Jenkyn on the Atonement;" " The English Bible ; " " Tyndale's New Testament ; " "The Revised Webster;" "An Argument for Common .Schools;" "Normal Schools;" and "The English Lan- guage." In 1S44 he edited the Common School Journal, " Hart's Class Book of Poetry " and " Hart's Class Book of Prose." In 1 845 he edited the philological volume of the " United States Exploring Expedition," during the ab- sence of Mr. Hale, its author, in Europe. In ihe same year he published "An Expositioocf the Constitution of ihe United States for the Use of Schools," and an "English Grammar." In 1847 he published his first original volume, *'An Essay on Spenser, and the Fairy Queen." From Janu- ary, 1849, to July, 1 85 1, he edited Sar/ain's Magazine. In 1851 he published "The Female Prose Writers of America," an enlarged edition of which was issued in 1856. In 1S53 he published "A Greek and Roman Mythology." About this time he was also engaged in editing some eight or ten literary annuals. From 1862 to 1870 he published a series of pamphlets and minor writings. " The Bible as an Edu- cational Power Among the Nations;" " Mistakes of Edu- cated Men;" "Pennsylvania Coal and its Carriers;" "Thoughts on Sabbath-Schools;" " Counsels for the School Room;" "The Golden Censer; "and "Thoughts on the Lord's Prayer." These were succeeded by several works on practical piety, the " Sunday-School Idea, its Objects, Organization, etc." In 1870 he published two such works, viz. : " Removing Mountains," and " Life Lessons from the Gospels." His latest publications have been of an educa- tional character, such as "A Manual of Composition and Rhetoric," and " First Lessons in Composition," 1870; "A Manual of English Literature," 1872; "A Manual of Amer- ican Literature," 1873; "A Short Course in Literature, English and American," 1873; and since then "An Analy- sis of English Grammar," and " Language Lessons." The two latter were published after he returned from Princeton. He was also a large contributor to the periodical press. A day or two after the accident which resulted in his death, he said to his publisher that he should probably be confined to his room for several months, and that during that time he jiroposed to prepare for the press a work which should be the masterpiece of his life — a gramm.ar of grammars — the materials for which he had been collecting for many ye.ars. This accident occurred on January 17th, 1S77. He had consented to read and criticise a manuscript submitted to him by a young lady of literary aspirations, and, having completed his self-imposed task, started on that evening to return the manuscript to its author. On the way he slipped and fell on the icy sidewalk, breaking his hiji, and sustain- ing severe internal injuries. A few days later he fell into a comatose condition, in which he remained almost con- stantly until his death, on March 26th, 1S77. The accident interrupted a course of noon day lectures on Shakspcarc, being delivered at the Girls' Normal School. He was for many years a leading member of the Tenth Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, and was Superintendent of the Sun- day-school up to the time of his accident. lie left a widow and one son. Professor J. Morgan Hart, of the University of Cincinnati, Ohio. His scholarship was extensive and varied, and he was an excellent teacher. He had the art of exciting an interest in the topics of which he wrote or spoke, and he personally commanded the affectionate re- spect of his pupils, so that the many hundreds of young men who have been under his care will acknowledge their indebtedness to him for much of their literary training. With all his amiability of character, he was a man of great firmness, a good disciplinarian and a good business man, and his long career as a teacher and a writer was both use- ful and successful. He made many friends and kept them, and left behind a justly honored name. Respecting the man and his influence in the cause of education, the Even- ing Telegraph, of Philadelphia, on the day following his death, said: "It seems proper to say that Mr. Hart was one of the strongest and most devoted woikers in that cause that this country has produced. He was an enthu- siast — and this notwithstanding the fact that he had an indrawn and undemonstrative n.ature. Ag.ain, he made serious sacrifices in devoting himself to teaching. Though a good teacher, he would have made a belter lawyer; he had the real analytic legal brain, and all who knew him well made no secret of their belief that he might have ranked among the luminaries of the Philadelphia bar if he had so chosen ; but he looked at life as involving some- thing more than personal ambition and success. The educational cause was a profound matter of conscience-with him, and the whole labor of a long life, with the exception of various literary relaxations, was given to what may be called, in opposition to a more brilliant career which he might have chosen, humble and self-sacrificing toil. There are not many such instances in our school history, and when they occur they should be noted with especial honor. BIOCRArillCAI, ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 427 Professor Hart's name is associated willi Princeton College, with the New Jersey Normal School, and with other large educational interests, but in this locality he is chiefly known through his long direction of the Boys' High School. In point of fact, he placed that now representative American school on a solid foundation — of discipline and accomplish- ment, and of popular confidence. He found it in a state of feebleness, and at a time when it was highly unlikely that the scheme of so advanced a shoot of the public school system could flourish — and in his term of office he demon- strated very clearly that this mingling of school and college could be made a reality. He had many pupils in this lo- cality who, from under his wise and careful ruling, passed into the working world to take places of honor and trust, and few men could be followed lo the grave with a larger respect than will be otfered him, and with greater sympathy and sense of personal obligation." P(3lLES, GENERAL JAMES, Lawyer, Officer in the Revolutionary Army, President of the Cumber- he was licensed he married the sister of General P)!oom- field, and took up his residence in his native city, where he was admitted to the bar. " In the first ' Directory' of tint city, pubhshed in 17S6, in the list of lawyers is found the name, 'James Giles, Esq., 65 Maiden lane.' " In 178S he removed with his family to Bridgeton, where he resided durnig the remainder of his life. In the ensuing year he was appointed by the Legislature, in joint meeting, Clerk of the county; and, being twice reappointed, held that office during a period of fifteen years. Being at that time eniilltd also to practise law, he had quite an extensive and, for that day, lucrative business. In 1793 he built for his own occu- pation a mansion, which, with its ornamental grounds and rich furniture, was the finest residence in the place ; and also accumulated the largest library, both of law and mis- cellaneous books, in South Jersey. He was a well-read lawyer and safe counsellor, and excellent, though not bril- liant, as an advocate. " He was a small man, precise in his dress, and remarkably erect and graceful, but very slow in his movements and in all he did. At the circuits he was one of the most genial and delightful companions. The legal documents he drew were marked by great neatness and precision." About 1805 his friends confidently ex- pected that he would be elected one of the justices of the Supreme Court, although a majority of the joint meeting was politically opposed to him ; but the result was that the law authorizing three associate judges was repealed. Dur- ing the latter years of his life he held the position of Presi- dent of the Cumberland Bank; and died at Bridgeton, New Jersey, in 1825. He had a large family of children, most of whom died young. James G. Hampton, educated for the bar, who graduated at Princetim in 1835, and represented the First District in Congress two terms, and who died in 1863, was a grandson. " Now all have passed away; not a single individual of kin to General Giles, and only remote kindred on the side of Mrs. Giles, remain in the State. His name will be found a few times as counsel in the early reports; but his business was nearly all confined to the counties of Cumberland and Cape May. A beautiful daugh- ter, who married Mr. Inskeep, of Philadelphia, of the firm of Bradford & Inskeep, booksellers, removed many years ago to New Orleans, and had several daughters, who in- herited some of their mother's beauty, whose descendants are still living there, and occupy respectable positions in society." land Bank, late of Bridgeton, New Jersey, was bom in New York, in 1759. His parents were from England, and do not appear to have had "' any relatives in this country. His father subse- quently returned to the mother country, to be ordained as a minister of the Episcopal Church ; on his return the vessel in which he came was wrecked, in a violent snow storm, at the entrance of Delaware Bay, and he with others found there a watery grave; his body was said to have been buried in an old graveyard at New England Town, in Cape May county, now nearly or quite washed away by the encroach- ment of the bay; but the exact situation of the grave has never been satisfactorily defined. At an early period of the revolutionary straggle he was appointed to a Lieutenancy in the 2d, or New York, Regiment of Artillery, and con- tinued in service until 1782, in which year he became a student at law with Joseph Bloomfield, then resident at Trenton. In 1780 he was attached to the command of Lafayette, and served under him in Virginia, being one of the officers who received from the gallant hero a sword, brought from France, which is now in the possession of the Historical Society of New Jersey. When his old com mander revisited this country, in 1824, this sword was handsomely remounted, and worn when he w.as received by the Society of Cincinnati of New Jersey, of which he was a member. It was said at the time that the general received him with great cordiality, immediately recognized him, and warmly greeted him by name. He was for sev- eral years General of the Cumberland brigade of militia, and was commonly addressed by that title. In 17S3 he was licensed as an attorney, and in due time as a counsel- , t. • lor, and in 1804 was made a serjeant-at-law. Shortly after I Livingston, of New Jersey. He graduated at Pnncetpn RiVINGSTON, HON. HENRY BROCKHOLST, Officer in the Revolutionary .^rmy, Associate-Jus- tice of the Supreme Court of the United St.ates, late of Washington, District of Columbia, was born in New Jersey, in the first half of the Ia.st century, and was the son of Governor William 42S rJOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. College. In 1776 he entered the military family of Gen- eral Schuyler, Commander of the Northern army, and was subsequently attached to the Suite of Arnold at the time of the capture of Burgoyne. In 1779, when Mr. Jay, who had married his sister, repaired to the Court of Spain, he accompanied him as his Private Secretary. After three years' absence he returned to liis native country, and, at the expiration of the usual period of study and probation, was admitted to the bar in 17S3. On the 8th of June, 1802, he was appointed Judge of the Supreme Court of New York ; and in Novemlier, 1S06, was appointed Associate-Judge of the Supreme Court of the United States. " His mind was acute and powerful, and he was distinguished as a scholar and a jurist." He died in Washington, during a session of the court, March iSth, 1S25. ;LAGLER, THOMAS B., M. D., Physician, of Morristown, was born, August 21st, 1823, in the town of Lagrange, Dutchess county. New York. His father was Abraham Flagler, a farmer and ^~S\0 himself a native of Lagrange; and his mother was Elizabeth (Burtis) Fl.igler. The Flagler family is of Dutch origin, and the founders of the American branch, bearing then the name of Van Vluglen, came from Holland to this country in the early part of the seventeenth century. The Van Vluglens established themselves at the village of Nine Partners, so named from the fact that the land on which it stands was owned and the village founded by nine men in partnership; and there the family has ever since been strongly represented. The education of Thomas B. Flagler was received at Poughkeepsie. He was an earnest and industrious student, and his advancement in his studies was rapid and marked. In considering the choice of a profession, he had early decided upon that of medicine, and in the year 1839 he commenced his prelimi- nary medical studies in the office of Dr. John Cooper, of Poughkeepsie. His habit of close and diligent study, added to great natural aptitude for the profession he had chosen, insured his rapid advancement under the instruc- tion he received, and he was soon well grounded in the elements of professional knowledge. In due course of time he commenced attending the College of Physicians and Surgeons, in New York, in which institution he went through two regular courses. In addition to this he at- tended a course of lectures at the Albany Medical College. He received his diploma in the year 1844, and immediately thereafter commenced the practice of his profession in Poughkeepsie. He remained there a year, gaining in that time rapid and substantial profession.il success. At the end of the year he removed to Morristown, New Jersey, where he has ever since remained. His large medical knowledge, his zeal in his profession and his high natural qualifications for meeting all its requirements, insured his success as a practitioner, and he speedily became possessed of a large, increasing and lucrative practice. He is devoted to his profession, and, still retaining his habits of study, he keeps himself fully up with the progress made in medical science, and thereby he has won a high and recognized position in the front rank of medical practitioners. He is one of the Judicial Council of the United States Medical Society, and other official honors bestowed upon him from time to time attest the estimation in which he is held by his professional brethren. His devotion to his profession does not prevent his being active as a public-spirited citizen, and he has always been prominent in works of public improve- ment and benefit. He was one of the incorporators of the Morris County Savings Bank, of which institution he is one of the Directors. He is also a Director of the Evergreen Cemetery, at Morristown. He was married, in 1S49, to Mary E. Wetmore, of Morristown. UNT, REV. HOLLOWAY WHITEFIELD, late of Hunterdon county, was born in New Jersey, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and graduated from Princeton College. He received license from the Presbytery of New Brunswick about 1792, and on the 17th of June, 1795, was ordained and settled as pastor of the churches at Newton and Hardiston, New Jersey. In 1S04 he removed to Hun- terdon county, and took charge of the united churches of Kingwood, Bethlehem and Alexandria. " He was a tall, portly man, of a very fair complexion ; and, in later years, his hair white with age. He was a man of fair abilities, and in his prime was a popular preacher." His manners were bland and attractive, and he had the faculty of attach- ing to him very strongly the people of his charge. In the latter years of his life he gave up the active duties of the ministry, on account of growing and harassing infirmities. He died in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1S58. A (JOHNSON, COLONEL ROBERT G., Member of "l^ the Legislature of New Jersey, Vice-President of the New Jersey Historical Society, late of New- haven, was born in the last quarter of the past [• century, and was a son of Robert Johnson, of an old family of Salem county. New Jersey. His father was a man of wealth and station, his mother a de- scendant of early and wealthy settlers from England. He was a graduate of Princeton College. On one occasion his father complained bitterly to Dr. Witherspoon th.at his son had not been advanced as he expected. After hearing con- siderable reproach, the doctor exclaimed, with the strong Scotch accent that characterized his warmer utterance, " I tell you, sir, the boy wants capacity ! " Soon after graduating ^tituy Jit3. C& J^kil&d ^ lilOOKArilKAI. I.NCYCI.OIM'.DIA. 'i^'J he became Captniii of :i (inop nf cavalry, and uvctilnally rose to llie station of ( 'oloiiil. In 17'J4 lie scived in llic army raised to riuell llu' whiskey inMineclion, acting; on that occasion as a ]iayniasler, lie was in his own liylil, and in the rifjht of his wife, piohnlily the laiHCsl hindholder in Salem county. In 1821, and from 182.) to 1825, he was a member of the I,(!(;islalnre of New Jersey. " lie was a man of Iriitli and honor, hut so fixed in liis conviclioiis an not always to he tolerant of lliosc who differed wilh him. He was very liospilahle, and beyond ipicstioii a true (liris- lian, hut, owiiij; to this iicciiliurily of temper, was unpopu- lar wilh many." lie was foiul of historical research, and was Vice-I'iesidcnt of the New Jersey Historical .Society from its foundation in i8,:t5 li" near the lime of his decease. To its valuable colleclions he added much historical matter of inipoitance; anion;; other lliinys, 11 "Memoir of John I'Viiwick," the early proprietor of New Jersey. He died at Ncwhavcn, New Jcrsi'y, in October, 1 850. MITH, HEZIvKIAir V,., Inventor ami Manufac- turer of Woodworking Machinery, of Smithvillc, liurlinglon county, was born in Vermont in 1816. His ancestors can be traced back for two hundred yeiirs to American origin. On the paternal side his grandfather and several of his brothers were sea-captains trading to foreign ports, and principally to the West Indies. At the outbreak of the war of independence, their trade being destroyed, they took out letters of marque and engaged in what w.as then and is still known as priva- teering, or in other words legalized piracy. In this business they were unfortunate; as far as known all met violent deaths. The father of the subject of this sketch was thus early in life left penniless and fatherless, and the bereaved mother was compelled to apprentice her son to learn tanning, currying, and shocm.aking. He was subjected to all the toils, hardships, and privations of lh.at old pernicious system of English apprenticeship. He served his lime faithfully for seven years, and at its expiration, being tired and wc.ary of the scenes of his labors and sufferings, it was wilh a light heart that he set out for the wilds of Vermont, He hailed at liridgewater and there renewed his trades for him- self; l)eing a man of more than ordinary natural intellectual ability he soon look to reading and study, and soon made up in a degree for early deficiencies in scholarship. After a time he established a fine library, which occupied one end of his shop, and it was his greatest delight to pore over these books after his day's toil was ended. On the maternal side his origin m.ay be traced back to the old Roger Williams stock. The relation of a tr.agical incident which occurred in the family of one of his ancestors, and which resulted in giving the name of llczckiah to the subject of this sketch, may not be out of place here. Mis grtat-grandfalhcr Williams settled in Vermont when It was nolhing but a wilderness. He had two sons — Kngcr, who wiis iiiiiiied for his ancestor, and Hezeki:di. It w.is their custom evny evening to go for the cows : the cMer one nlw;iys carridl a gun lis a protection against beaiH, wolves, Indiiins, etc.; while llczckiah, the younger, went idoii|; to help drive the cows home. One evening the boys started out m wan lliiir ciinloiii ; Koger triiilging along in front wilh gun over ■.hoiilder, when suddenly stiibbiiig his toe, he fell, ihe gun went off, and two balls iiassed directly tliroii(;li llezckiah's head, killing him almost instantly. To perpetuate the name and to commenior.ale the sail event the subject of this sketch was named Hezekiah, With such sturdy New ICnglaiid blood flowing in his veins it is no wonder that he early de- veloped remarkable mechanical genius. As early as thirli-cn he became a deep ihinlur, and hearing his falher and uncle discuss llieir beliefs in the feasibility of pcrprliial iiiolioii, he quickly made u\> his mind to ti.sl Ihe iii.iller. (,'on- strucling a wooden key to his father's workshop, ihilher he repaired on Suiulay, it being the only day lie could work without inlcrriipli(m, to test Ihe triilli or falsity of this iiiiiili inooteil theory. After three days of toil the simple fad (lashed upon his mind that a weight in falling one foot would produce a certain amount of jiower, but it must be raised back to the starling point before it could jiroducc power by falling the foot again. Thus his hopes were dashed, and he has never since attempted to work in ojipo- silion to nature's laws. He continued until the age of six- teen to attend school for three months In summer and three months in winter. At the age of seventeen, his falher giv- ing him his lime, he " lei" himself to a man namerl Mills, to learn the cabinet business. In a short time he became master of his tr.ade. He then began business for himself as a cabinet maker, chair maker, sash, door, and blind manufaclurcr, etc., etc. While thus engaged his genius look distinct and definite form. I'rom earliest boyhood his mind had been filled wilh visions of mechanical contrivances — 'iaw-mills filled wilh new and curious machinery, and brooks whose water-prrtvcr was conserved anrl applied to useful purposes by water-wheels of peculiar construction, .Machinery has always exercised and still continues to exer- cise a perfect fascination for him. He early jjcrccived, as he progressed in his business, the necessity for the intro- duction into woodworking of machinery Ih.al would quicken and cheapen production of every class, firadually the visions of younger life assumed tangible form, and his ready invention suggested contrivances of the most valuable kind for the saving of labor and overcoming of oljslacles to cheap and sujierior productirm. One after another has been added to Ihe list which now includes hundreds of different wood- working machines of various degrees of intricacy, but all rendering easy, simple, ami cheap the accomplishment of work previously only performed shwly, laboriously, and ex- pensively l/y hand-power. Coming before the public as the first introducer of rapid motion in this class of machinery, 43° BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. and constructing li!s machines entirely of iron and steel, thus avoiding the warp and twist incident to the old wooden frames, and which formed so marked a defect in other makes of machines, he has obtained wide popularity for his inventions, which have forced their way into favor by their superior merits, and by reason of the exceptionally fair and honorable manner in which all purchasers are treated. His machines are to be met with all over the world, and every- where have given the most complete satisfaction, while in- augurating a new era in woodworking. Some of his best patents were invented when their inventor lived by necessity on a low diet, which only seemed to have the effect of making his intellect burn more brightly and clearly. Al- ways a shrewd business man, availing himself of all open- ings, he has never been known to resort to sharpness or tricker)' in his dealings. By his ability, industry, and perse- verance he has accumulated a handsome competency in his legitimate business, which was started with no foundation but his active brain and ready hands. The early part of his life was spent in Massachusetts; he removed to Smiihville, Burlington county. New Jersey, in 1S65. Long before leaving the East, and ever since settling in New Jersey, he has stood at the head of the manufacturers of wood- working machinery. By the excellence of his inventions, and his indomitable will in forcing public recognition of them, he has driven many of his competitors out of the market. Arriving in New Jersey he purchased the land and a portion of the buildings now occupied by his exten- sive manufactory, which to-day comprises about two acres and a half of floor room, the lower floors being of iron. He has, in fact, worked no less than one thousand tons of iron into real estate. When running at its full capacity the factory is capable of giving employment to from seven to eight hundred men. For the material comfort and mental and moral improvement of this large number of employes he manifests constant and generous solicitude. Adjoining the mills he has erected a large boarding-house for his " boys," as he calls them, to which is attached a well- appointed and well-stored reading-room, and a verj' beauti- ful hall for their free use. From among the "boys" a fine liand has been organized and equipped by Mr. Smith, and a room in the hall has been fitted up expressly for them to practise in. In fact, the entire village, which consists of some fifty houses, a post-office, store, and newspaper office, belongs to him, and he is even the publisher of the news- paper, a very neat little weekly sheet, ably edited by his wife, a lady of excellent family and many accomplishments. Indeed, nothing is left undone by him that would tend to elevate the character of his men and afford them pleasure. He is not only their employer but their best friend. Sur- rounding the village, he owns and cultivates a farm of about five hundred acres. It is maintained in a high state of cultivation, and he takes great delight and pride in its pro- ducts and in the raising of fine stock. His residence is a fine, substantial edifice, and the extensive grounds are so beautifully laid out, so choicely .stocked and so well-cared for as to present a fairy scene of color and beauty. Here he dispenses a generous hospitality, and receives unmistak- able evidence of the wide esteem in which he is held. Most emphatically the architect of his own fortunes, his career offers at once an example and an encouragement to youth. None could have had more adverse circumstances to contend with than beset his early career; none with the results his energy and industry have achieved before them need despair of final triumph, if only they will bring the same qualities to be.ar in the struggle. He never aspired to any political position, having many times received invitations to accept office but always replying that his taste and abih'ty belonged to mechanics, not politics ; but he at one time re- ceived the unanimous nomination for Congress in the Sec- ond District of New Jersey, unsolicited and undesired by him, but under circumstances in which he could not honor- ably decline. Although running in a district strongly 0|i- posed to him politically he was only defeated by a small majority ; and much to the surprise of everybody he carried his own county by a handsome majority, which had never before been done by his party. SBORNE, JOSEBII D., Physician and Surgeon, was born at .Suck.asunny, New Jersey, September 6th, 1833, the son of Rev. Enos A. Osborne. August 17th, 1S61, he received the appointment of Assistant-Surgeon, United States Volunteers, and went out with the 4th Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers. In October of the same year he was appointed Surgeon of the 2d Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers; and was then transferred to the 4th Regiment, with which he remained until mustered out, November 19th, 1S64. He was Chief of Brigade by virtue of date of commission ; in 1S63 was Assistant Operator of Division ; and in 1864 was Operating Surgeon of Division. From July to October of 1863 he was Executive Oflicer of Hospitals, and w.as pl.iced in charge of the transfer of the wounded at Gettysburg. From January to July of 1864 he was on duty in the Ward United Slates Hospital, in Newark. OLCOMBE, SAMUEL, Gr.ain Merchant, late of New Brunswick, was born in Amwell, New Jer- sey, whither his father had removed from Eng- land, in 1768. He was made a ruling elder in Amwell church while it was under the pastoral care of Rev. Mr. Grant, but in what year is not certainly known. In 1809 he removed to New Brunswick, where he carried on a heavy business in the grain trade. He was irreproachable as a man of business, and exemplary as an elder of the First Presbyterian Church, to which lilOGRArillCAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. 43' office he was chosen December 3olh, 1810. "lie was as- siiluous ill visiting the poor, and liberal in almsgiving. He was of a lovely disposilion, being very even-tempered, and never known to be angry even by his family. His death was like his life, happy and Christian. It took place De- cember 17th, 1S38, in the seventieth year of his age." I AI,LACE, JOSHUA MADDOX, of Burlington, was born in the city of Philadelphia, October 4th, 1752. His father was Mr. John Wallace, a na- tive of Scotland, who, emigrating in his twenty- third year from his paternal home at Drumellier, upon the Tweed, arrived in the year 1742 in Newport, Rhode Island. His name is there found among those of other persons, including several natives of Scot- land, membei-s of a literary society through whose organiza- tion the Redwood Library in that ancient town was subse- quently founded. Having resided for some time in Newport, Mr. Wallace removed to Thiladclphia, then becoming the principal city of America, and in this place married Mary, only child of Joshua and Mary Maddox ; the former an honored citizen of Philadelphia, and for many years one of the justices of the courts there, a councilman of the city, a founder and trustee of the college, and a warden of Christ Church. The subject of this notice was placed at an early age under the care of the best teachers of the time ; and having been thoroughly instructed in rudimentary learn- ing, was entered at the College of Philadelphia. He was graduated there November 17th, 1767. After exercising for a short time in that same year the office of a tutor in the college, he was placed in the counting-house of Mr. Archi- bald McCall, a well-known merchant of old Philadelphia. How long the subject of this notice remained in this excel- lent school for the acquisition of mercantile knowledge is not now known ; but the singular integrity, method and accuracy which marked his own transactions of business in after life, and his scrupulous punctuality in all his engage- ments, would indicate that while there his time was given with effect to a comprehension and to a practice of the duties which the situation imposed. But though qualified, as might be inferred, for affairs of commerce, he does not seem, on le.iving the counting-house of Mr. McCall, to have entered upon them. The uncertain stale of our British rela- tions may have induced him to postpone doing so, and his Lxsies, it is probable, combining with his excellent educa- tion, found stronger affinities in literature and science. These apparently occupied his early manhood. A few years after his marriage in 1773 with Tace, the daughter of Col- onel William Bradford — a lady of uncommon virtue, intelli- gence and refinement — he went to occupy his estate of Ellerslie, a large and beautiful farm upon the Karitan, Som- erset county, New Jersey. He retained his estate of Eller- slie for many years, and during the heats of summer occa- sionally resided there. But thinking that there was some ground to suppose the region insalubrious, he fixed his abode in 1784 at Burlington, New Jersey, near which jilace the family of his wife, in the maternal lines, had been seltled from the foundation of (he province. He continued to re- side at Burlington until the close of his life, A. D. 1819, maintaining "that ancient, native, genuine character" de- scribed by Edmund Burke, but now apparently departed from the earth, of " a country gentleman," and using Ins leisure and ample inheritance greatly to the benefit of thj place and its inhabitants. In the office of Judge of the Pleas of Burlington County, which he accepted from the Council and General Assembly of the State in the year 17S4, "he was very highly useful in administering justice, maintaining the police, relieving the distresses and improv- ing the mor.als of the common people." He greatly inter- ested himself to advance agriculture, and particularly tho!.e attractive branches of it, ornamental gardening, and the culture ot fruit trees. He was instrumental in establishing an academy of learning, and in bringing good teachers to the place. The public library of the town was a subject of his interest and contributions. He took much pains to in- troduce for the benefit of the townspeople su])plies of pure and wholesome water, and also to establish engines, with a well-appointed police, to prevent the ravages of fire ; and was, in short, an energetic, disinterested and most useful citizen. He was a Trustee for more than twenty years of Princeton College, President of the Trustees of the Bur- lington Academy, and President of the Society in New Jersey for the Suppression of Vice and Immorality. His name appears in the Journals of the General Convention of the Episcopal Church, as a representative from his Slate of New Jersey, for the years 1786, 1795, 1808, 181 1, 1S14 and 1817, the last which he lived to witness; and it is con- stantly found through the same long series of years, in the Journals of the New Jersey Conventions, as a representative of the ancient parish of St. Mary's, Burlington. In 1796 he was appointed, along with his friend Mr. Croes, after- wards Bishop of New Jersey, to the responsible office of framing a Constitution and Canons for the ecclesiastical polity of that State, Rules for Conducting its Business in Con- vention, Rules for the Government of Congregations, and such recommendations from the convention to tlie churches generally as were calculated to advance its prosperity. The Journal of the following year contains the report "as agreed to and adopted by the convention." Devoted, however, as he was to the theology of his own church, his love for it was characterized by a most catholic spirit. With his friend and near kinsman, the venerable Elias Boudinot, he took an early and active part in the formation of the American Bible Society, and was chosen President of the Conven- tion which formefl it, in acknowledgment of his zeal and services in ]>ronioling the great object for which that body was assembled. Of the Bible Society in his own State he was a manager frc^m its foundation till the time of his death — 432 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. a term of about nine years ; and it is recorded of him that lie brought a larger amount to its treasury than was ever brought to it by any individual at one time. Though his tastes did not lead Mr. Wallace to mingle actively in the cor.flict of parties, he well understood the duties which belong to a citizen of the republic. He was a member of that convention which, in 17C7, ratified, in behalf of the State of New Jersey, the Constitution of these United States. And acting throughout his life upon the principle that it was the duty of the government to give this instru- ment a fair interpretation, and fairly to exercise its powers in furtherance of its professed design, it need scarcely be added that his political principles were those of the Federal school : the principles of Washington and Hamilton, of Jay and Marshall. To these he steadily adhered, avowing and maintaining them as deep laid in the economy of our popu- lar institutions; the only principles, in short, upon which this government coulti be aJnilnislered with permanent jus- tice, dignity or success. He represented the county of Burlington in the Assembly of New Jersey during a most critical term in the history of our country, and in this capacity contributed, by his steadiness of judgment and the influence of his acknowledged probity, much to hold the Stale to that anchorage of sound political morality from which so many parts of our country were carried by the tempest of the revolution in France. Mr. Wallace died on the 17th of May, 1S19, in the sixty-eighth year of his age. His illness had been but short, and the intelligence of its issue produced in the city of Burlington, which for more thnn thirty-five years had been the witness of his honorable and useful life, a sensation of general sorrow. His remains were followed to the grave by a large concourse of citizens, including many persons from adjoining places. And on a following .Sunday an impressive discourse upon his life and character was pronounced by the Rev. Mr. Carter, of Tren- ton, in St. Mary's Church, Burlington, with w^hich venerable edifice the person of Mr. Wallace, as a warden and wor- shipper, had long been identified. Obituary notices of this distinguished citizen of Burlington are found in The Chris- linn yoiiriial and Literary Register of June, 1819, pub- lished in New York, and in the (London) Christian Ob- server of March, 1820. Mr. Wallace was the father of the laie well-known lawyer, John Bradford Wallace, Esq., of Philadelphia, for some time a representative from Crawford county in the Legislature of Pennsylvania, and a most efijcient advocate of its early internal improvements. LPAUGH, WILLIAM C, M. D., Physician and Surgeon, of High Bridge, was born in the town of Twexbury, Hunterdon county. New Jersey, September 14th, 1S41. His ajicestors were of German extraction, and among the earliest settlers of the State. One of them was a captain in the war of the Revolution, and distinguished himself by his gallantry during that patriotic struggle. The family h.is always been noted for its piety and integrity, and love for liberal institutions. The father of Dr. Alpaugh is a farmer of considerable means, a man of the highest charac- ter, and an unflinching adherent to and exponent of his principles. An illustration of this trait was frequently afforded during the late civil war, when he was constantly threatened with personal violence, because of the boldness with which he denounced the rebels and their Northern sympathizers. The subject of this sketch obtained his earlier education at the public schools, and assisted his father on the farm until his sixteenth year. For two years thereafter he taught school, and then entered the Presbyterian Semi- nary at Hackettstown, New Jersey, at that time under the direction of Professor Budd. After studying there for a period of two years, he placed himself under the tuition of Mr. O. H. Hoffman, for a course of classics and mathemat- ics; meanwhile beginning the study of medicine with the late Dr. Barclay, of Lebanon, New Jersey. His prelim- inary reading with this physician having convinced him that his career lay in the medical profession, he entered upon close preparation therefor, devoting his leisure hours to lit- erary labor in the shape of contriliutions to newspapers and periodicals. In 1865 he entered the Bellevue Hospital Medical College, attended the usual coui-se of lectures, and in 1867 was admitted to practise in tTie Charity Hospital connected with the college. In 1 868 he graduated, stand- ing second in a class of over one hundred students. Look- ing abroad for a field of action, he settled temporarily near Coaxburg, New Jersey, and began practice. There he re- mained until the spring of 1S69, having in that short time acquired considerable practice and reputation, particularly through the treatment of some cases of chronic diseases, which had previously been treated by the resident physi- cians of the county for years without success. la conse- quence of the solicitations of Dr. Fields and a nu>.iher of the most influential citizens of High Bridge, he was induced to settle at that place. At first he was associated in part- nership with Dr. Fields, of Clinton, but this connection was dissolved in 1S72, and since that time he has practised alone. At the present time he enjoys a practice and reputation sec- ond to none in the county, while he is frequently called in consultation into adjoining counties. Although successful in a wide range of cases, he has been especially remarkable for his treatment of fevers. In the famous Brennan mur- der case he took a conspicuous part, being called on to make the post mortem examination, and becoming, in consequence, one of the principal witnesses on the part of the State on the trial: One of the attorneys for the defence had veiy evidently been "cramming" for the cross-examination of the doctor, and his discomfiture at the ready and intelligent manner in which Dr. Alpaugh explained his theory to the court and jury was palpable to all present. After the trial, he published an article conclusively demonstrating the fal- lacy of the theory for the defence. He stands high in the BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 433 estimation of his medical brethren, by whom he was elected a member of the Hunterdon County Medical Society in 1S74. In 1877 he was appointed surgeon for the High Bridge branch of the New Jersey Central Railroad. On April aglh, 1S65, he was married to Miss SuUiday, a lady much respected in a wide circle, and has one child. His home and surroundings evince the possession of taste and liberal culture. f=Kffl1)IVINGST0N, WILLIAM, the First Governor of New Jersey under the constitution of 1776, was bnm in Albany, New York, in the year 1723. He belonged to a family worthily conspicuous for many years in the history of the United States. He was the grandson of Robert Livingston, a very distinguished minister of the Estal)lished Kirk of Scot- land. After the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II., this minister with his son fled to Holland, whence Robert came to America about the year 1675, in 1679 married Alida, the widow of Nicholas Vaji Rensselaer, and resided at Albany. He made extensive purcliases of land from the Indians, and in consideration thereof the manor and lordship of Livingston was granted to him in 16S6, and confirmed by royal authority in 1715. It w.as the second largest of the five great manors granted in the province of New_ York, which in more recent times have been so fruitful of anti-rent troubles, and comprised nearly one hundred and fifty thousand acres of land, commencing about five miles south of the present city of Hudson, run- ning twelve miles along the east bank of the Hudson river, and extending back to the line of Massachusetts. It was in a measure divided at an early period, but the greater part of it was strictly entailed and transmitted through the next two generations, in the hands of the eldest son and grandson. Philip, the father of William, was the second son of Robert; but the elder brother having died, he succeeded to the manorial estate. His wife was Catharine Van Brugh, a member of a respected Dutch family of Al- bany. William was their fifth child. He was accorded the best education the country afforded. After due prepara- tion he entered Yale College, from which institution he was graduated in 1741 at the head of his class. As illustrative of the educational customs of the day, it may be mentioned that, according to general report, there were, at that time, besides himself and three elder brothers, only six persons not in orders, in the province of New York, who had re- ceived a collegiate education. William was brought up for the legal profession, and began study therefor with James Alexander, a most distinguished lawyer of New York city, and a sturdy advocate of popular rights and opponent of ministerial assumptions. Some idea of young Livingston's life at this period may Ije obtained from a letter written by him to his father in 1744 : " I have received your letter of 55 November 21st, whereof the first two lines are, 'I am concerned to hear that you neglect your study, and are abroad most every night.' As to neglecting my study, I am as much concerned to hear it as my father, having read the greatest part of tliis winter till twelve and two o'clock at night, and since I have had a fire in my room have frequently risen at five in the morning and read by candle-light, of which I suppose your informer (wliatever ingenious fellow it he) was ignorant, as it was impossiljje he should know it without being a wizard. As to my being aljroad almost every night, I have for this month stayed at Mr. Alexander's till eight and nine o'clock at night, and shall continue to do so all winter, he instructing us in the mathematics, which is indeed being abroad." Study- ing thus diligently, he in due course was licensed to practise law in 174S. Such close study being combined with great natural ability and qualifications for a lawyer, it is not surprising to learn that he soon won a high position at the bar, and was retained in most of the important litiga- tions of the day, not only in New York, but in New Jersey. Among other notaljle engagements in his legal career, he was in 1752 one of the counsel of the defendants in tlie great suit in chancery, between the proprietors of East Jer- sey and some of the settlei-s, which, although never brought to a final decision, has been much referred to in respect of the title to a considerable part of East Jersey. Brought up in the Reformed Dutch Church, he engaged earnestly in the controversies which arose with the Episcopalian party, in reference to an established religion. It was not a little owing to the feelings so strongly excited in Congreg.ation- alists and Presbyterians by these discussions, that the resist- ance eventually advanced to the attempted imposition of taxes on the American colonies by the British ministry arose, and the unanimous support by the colonies of antagonistic measures resulted. Livingston's most earnest sympathies were enlisted in the cause of the colonists, and he wrote very much on the various topics which grew out of the dis- pute. In 1772 he changed his residence to Elizabethtown, New Jersey, where he had acquired by purchases at different times an estate of about one hundred and twenty acres, which was carefully cultivated and upon which he planted various species of fruit trees, imported by him from abroad. Upon this estate he built a handsome residence, which con- tinued his home during life. As at this time he was pos- sessed of property considered sufficient for the maintenance of his family, he intended settling down to a quiet country life, but the failure of some of his debtors, and the loss by payments of others in depreciated Continental money, re- duced his income considerably, and caused him in a meas- ure to abandon his intention. He had been admitted to the bar of New Jersey in 1755, 'i"'' ^' 't be continued to prac- tise his profession, but not in any very close fashion. To him was submitted the case of Stephen Skinner, treasurer of the eastern division of the province, whose public-money chest was broken open aijd robbed of six or seven thousand 434- BIOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCI.Or.HniA. pounds in coin and paper. The treasurer was held respon- sible for this sum, on the ground of negligence, by a majority of the Assembly, and although he was su])ported by Gov- . ernor William Franklin, he eventually resigned, and an action was brought to recover the amount, but it never reached trial, and Skinner throwing his services on the British side, his New Jersey property was finally confiscated and sold. In 1774 Livingston was chosen a Delegate to the Continental Congress by the committee which met at New Brunswick in July of that year, and became a member of the committee of that body, appointed to prepare the ad- dress to the people of Great Britain. He signed and ad- hered to the non-consumption and non-importation pledge. In January, 1775, he was re-elected Delegate to the Con- gress by the Assembly, and served on the most important committees thereof. He was again delegated in February, 1776, by the Provincial Congress, and labored on the same committees with Adams, Jefferson, and Lee. During the ensuing June, however, he left the Congress at Philadelphia, in order to take command of the militia of New Jersey as a Bngadier-Gener.il, this position having been accorded him some time previously by the Provincial Congress. While thus patriotic in spirit and doing everything in his power to advance the American cause, he was yet among those, and the number included many pronounced Whigs, who doubted the expediency of the Declaration of Independence at the time it was made. On this subject he says, in a letter dated in February, 1778 : "As to the policy of it, I then thought, and I have found no reason to change my sentiments since, that if we could not maintain our separation without the assistance of France, her alliance ought to have been secured, by our stipulation to assert it on that condition. This would have forced her out into open day, and we should have been certain either of her explicit avowal, or of the folly of our dependency upon it." Holding these sentiments, however, he would not hesitate to accept all risks in a cause so dear to his heart, or to enter military life on its behalf, and this without any militar)' training or ex- perience. Relative to this he says, in another letter: " We must endeavor to make the best of everything. Whoever draws his sword against his prince, must fling away the scabbard. We have passed the Rubicon, and whoever at- tempts to cross it will be knocked in the head by the one or the other party, on the opposite banks. We cannot re- cede, nor should I wish it if we could. Great Britain must infallibly perish, and that speedily, by her own corruption, and I never loved her so much as to wish to keep her com- pany in her ruin." While this extract does not do much honor to his quality as a prophet, so far as the downfall of the British empire is concerned, it demonstrates very clearly the patriotic impulses of his heart. In June, 1776, by de- sire of Congress he took command of the militia destined for New York, and established his head-quarters at Elizabeth- town Point. There is good reason to believe, however, that he would have much preferred to continue a deleg.ite to the Continental Congress, in which case he would undoubtedly have signed the Declaration of Independence. Indeed, his correspondence indicates this feeling very plainly. In military duty he nevertheless proved himself remarkably efficient, while conscious of his need of precise knowledge, for he says, in a letter written to Congress in July : " I must acknowledge to you that I feel myself unequal to the present important command, and therefore wish for every assistance in my power ; " and again, in a letter to a Con- gressman in Philadelphia, m August : " I received yours of yesterday's date, just after I had got into my new haliila- tion, which is a marque tent in our encampment. Vou would really be astonished to see how grand I look, «hile at the same time I can assure you I was nevermore sen^il)le (to use a New England phrase) of my own nothingness in military affairs. I removed my quarters from the town hither to be with the men and to inure them to discipline, which by my distance from the camp before, considering what scurvy subaltern officers we are ever like to have, while they are in the appointment of the mobility, I found it impossible to introduce. My ancient corporal fabric is almost tottering under the fatigue I have lately undergone, constantly rising at two o'clock in the morning to examine our lines, which are and very extensive, till daybreak, and from that time till eleven in giving orders, sending despatches, and doing the proper business of quartermasters, colonels, com- missaries, and I know not what." Soon after this his family were obliged to find a safer residence than their home, and for three or four years lived at Parsippany. It was not long that Livingston served as a soldier, his abilities being called into play in a position where they were calcu- lated to prove of far greater value to his country. A new constitution having been adopted, and a Legislature chosen under it, that body assembled at Princeton, and on August 27th, 1776, proceeded in joint convention to elect a gov- ernor. The vote was by a secret ballot, and it resulted for a time in a tie between him and Richard Stockton. By next day, however, an arrangement had been reached, and Livingston was elected Governor, Stockton being chosen chief-justice of the Supreme Court. The former accepted, but the latter declined. For a while after installation. Governor Livingston, by resolution of the Legislature, used his own seal at arms as the great seal of the State, but in a short time it w.as replaced by a seal of silver, engraved in Philadelphia, which bore the devices still m use, and was lettered, " The great seal of the State of New Jersey," the word colony, used in the constitution, being entirely dis- carded. On .September 13th the Governor made an address to the Legislature, in which he says: "Considering how long the hand of oppression had been stretched out against us, how long the system of despotism, concerted for our ruin, had been insidiously pursued, and was at length at- tempted to be enforced by the violence of war; reason and conscience must have approved the measure had we sooner abjured that allegiance from which, not only by a denia] of niOGKAPlIICAL EXCVCLOP.i;i;'!A. 435 protection, but the hostile assault on our persons and prop- erties, we were clearly absolved. That, being thus con- strained to assert our own independence, the late represent- atives of Ih-" colony of New Jersey, in Congress assembled, did, in pursuance of the advice of the Continental Congress, the supreme council of the American colonies, agree upon the form of a constitution which, by tacit consent and open approbation, hath since received the consent and concurrence of the good people of the State; and agreeably to this con- stitution, a Legislative Council and Assembly have been chosen, and also a governor. Let us, then, as it is our in- dispensable duty, make it our invariable aim to exhibit to our constituents the brightest examples of a disinterested love for the common weal ; let us, both by precept and ex- ample, encourage a spirit of economy, industry and patriot- ism, and that public integrity and righteousness that cannot fail to exalt a nation ; setting our faces at the same time like a flint against that dissoluteness of manner and political corruption that will ever be the reproach of any people. May the foundation of an infant State be laid in virtue and the fear of God, and the superstructure will rise glorious and endure for ages. Then may we humbly expect the blessings of the Most High, who divides to the nations their inheritance and separates the sons of Adam." From an expression in this address the Governor is said to have derived a name he bore for some time, " Doctor Flint." From year to year he was re-elected Governor, while he lived, occupying the combined office of Governor and Chan- cellor nearly fourteen years. Occasionally slight opposition was manifested, but quickly overcome. From August 31st to November ist, 1777, there was an interregnum, his term of a year having expired and the second Legislature not meeting until two months thereafter. For some two years after election his task was onerous and not without great danger. In every part the State was exposed, and suffered more from military operations than any other. Shortly after his inauguration the upper part of it was occupied by the enemy, and until the happy turn of affairs occasioned by the victories at Trenton and Princeton, during the winter uf Ijy6-yj, everything was in jeopardy. Many, hitherto san- guine, despaired and accepted British protection. The Legislature became a wandering body, now meeting at Trenton, and then at Princeton, at Pittstown, in Hunterdon county, and at Haddonfield. But the Governor was im- movable and labored unremittingly for efficient militia laws and the organization of the new government upon a solid foundation. Among the first laws passed was one provid- ing for the taking of an oath renouncing allegiance to the king of Great Britain and of allegiance to the m.w State government, and another for the punishment of traitors and disaffected persons, and those who sought in any way to uphold British authority. During the session at Haddon- field, lasting some two months, an act was passed establish- ing a committee of safety, consisting of twenty-three persons, the governor or vice-president being one. This committee was to act as a board of justice in criminal matters ; fill up vacant military offices; apprehend disaffected persons and commit them to jail without bail or manijirise; could call out the militia to execute their orders; were to send the wives and children of fugitives with the enemy into the enemy's lines; cause offenders to be tried, and persons re- fusing to take the oaths to government to be connnitled to jail, or to send them, if willing, into the enemy's lines ; make any house or room a legal jail ; negotiate exchanges ; disarm the disaffected, etc. During the two months' guber- natorial interregnum this committee was of especial impor- tance. So determined and able a man as the Governor w.is naturally in danger. His family residence was despoiled, and he was most bitterly denounced in A'iver/on's Gaze/le, the organ of the British party in New York. As an oftsec to this journal, a patriotic paper was started in December, printed by Isaac Collins, of whom a sketch appears else- here in this volume, sometimes at Trenton and sometimes at Burlington, under the title of T/!e A'ew Jersey Gazelle. To it the Governor conlributed largely, and many of his ar- ticles exerted a potent influence for good. But while popu- lar among patriots, the Governor did not escape all criticism. On October 27th, 1779, just before his re-election, a virulent attack was made upon him in the Keiu Jersey Gazelle, over the signature of " Cincinnatus." The following day this resolution was passed by a large majority in the Council : " Whereas by a late publication, inserted ir. the A'tw Jersey Gazelle, called ' Hints humbly offered to the consideration of the Legislature of New Jersey, in the future choice of a governor,' signed ' Cincinnatus,' being apparently designed to have an undue influence in the ensuing election of a governor of this State, and, though in an ironical way, fully and clearly implies, not only a slur upon the seminary of learning in this State, and the president and tutors thereof, but also a tacit charge against the Legislature of this State, as being greatly deficient in point of integrity, or ability and judgment, in the choice of a governor, and an express declaration against our excellent constitution, and also an unjust, false, and cruel defamation and aspersion of his ex- cellency, the Governor ; all which evidently tends to disturb the peace of the inhabitants and promote discord and con- fusion in the State, and to encoura-e those who are dis- affected to the piLsent government; and notwithstanding the freedom of the pre.-.s ought to be tolerated as far as is consistent with the good of the people and the security of the government established under their authority, yet good policy, as well as justice, requires that those who speak any- thing that directly tends to encourage the enemy and dis- affected, and to discourage or disquiet the minds of the good people of this Slate, ought to be detected and brought to such punishment as may be agreeable to law and justice ; therefore, resolved, th it Isaac Collins be required imme- diately to inform the Legislature of this State who is the author of the aforesaid publication, and at whose rupiest the same was published." This resolution was forwarded to 436 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.T'DIA. the Assembly, where it was negatived by seventeen nays to eleven yeas. Thereupon the Council, on the next day, passed a resolution requiring Isaac Collins to furnish it with the information, and a cojiy was served on Collins, but he declined to make any answer, and the matter dropped. Livingston was re-elected by a vote of twenty-nine to nine for Philemon Dickinson, but for some time the Governor ceased to write for the Gazette. By other authority it is asserted that this temporary cessation of journalistic work was owing to the remonstrance of some legislators, who judged it undignified. However this may be, all are now agreed that he was peculiarly fined for the veiy difficult duties he was called upon to perform. Whenever appealed to, in regard to the enforcement of the laws of the State, making the Continental money a legal tender, he always sustained them, though he always opposed the passage of such laws, and would not take advantage of them himself On the proclamation of peace he quitted Trenton and re- turned to his house at Elizahelhtown. In June, 1785, he was appointed by Congress Minister to the Court of Holland, but, while he was at first disposed to accept, eventu.illy declined. During the succeeding year he became a mem- ber of the society in New York for promoting the emanci- pation of slaves, and emancipated the two he owned. He was appointed by the Legislature in May, 1787, a Delegate to the convention that formed the national constitution, and subsequently, in a message to the Legislature, expressed his gratitude to God that he had lived to see its approval and adoption by the States. Yale College in the next year con- ferred on him the degree of LL. D. He was a man of strong literary inclin.itions, and during both his earlier .and later life wrote largely on political subjects, indulging also occasionally in poetical effusions. In the year 1745 he married Susannah French, whose father had been a large proprietor of land in New Jersey; she died in 1789. His own death occurred June 25th, 1790. Of his thirteen children, six died before him. One son, Erockholst Liv- ingston, became a distinguished lawyer in New York, s.at for several years on the Supreme bench of that State, and in 1807 was elevated to that of tlie United States, occupying his seat thereon until his d^ath in 1S23. JARCLAY, ALEXANDER, Jr., M. D., late of New Germantown, Hunterdon county, son of Dr. Alexander Barclay, of Newburgh, New York, was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, January 9th, 1832. Having read medicine under his father, he attended medical lectures, was graduated M. D., and in 1S60, being duly licensed by the State Board of Censoi-s, established himself in practice at New German- town. On the 15th of September, 1862, he was commis- sioned Assistant Surgeon in the United States volunteer army, was attached to the 13th New Jersey Regiment, and served until the 5lh of March, 1863, when he resigned his commission. Returning to New GermaRtown he resumed his private practice, continuing actively eng.aged until June iSth, 1865, when he was thrown from his carriage and killed. He was a member of the Hunterdon County Med- ical Society, and in his profession his standing was excel- lent. He married a Miss Waldron, of New Germantown. GDEN, ISAAC, M. D., late of New Brunswick, was born about the middle of the last century ; graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1784; studied medicine, was licensed as a physi- cian, and established himself at Six Mile Run, a village adjacent to his native town. Here he was married to a daughter of Elder Peter Stoothoff, the only child by this marriage becoming in early life the wife of the Rev. Isaac N. Wyckoff, D. D., of Albany, New York. He subsequently removed to Whitehouse, a few years later to New Germantown, and in 1809, relinquishing his prac- tice in favor of his nephew. Dr. Oliver Barnet, to New Brunswick. As an obstetrician he attained to considerable celebrity, and was also successful as a general practitioner. Me was an earnest student of astronomy, and during the latter portion of his life gave the greater portion of his lime to that science. For several years he published an almanac in which, beside the usual tables, etc., he presented prog- nostications — generally in rhyme — of the weather for the coming year; a work that had at the time a very extensive circulation, and of which, preserved as curiosities, copies are still to be found in out-of-the-w.ay country houses, and in the hands of book collectors. In 1821 he was one of the founders of the Hunterdon County Medical Society, was President of that organization in 1823, and in 1826, on leaving the county, was elected the first honorary member. He died suddenly, of apoplexy, some few years after his removal to New Brunswick. ARRISON, JOSIAH, Lawyer, late of Salem, w.as born in Essex county. New Jersey, in 1795 ; was licensed as an attorney in iSoo, and as a counsel- lor in 1803. After teaching a classical school for a few years at Deerfield, Cumberland county, he settled as a lawyer in Salem, where he married a lady of great respectability and worth. " He was a man of small stature, and had a respectable business as a con- veyancer and attorney." The most remarkable circumstance in his professional career was his connection with the will of John Sinnickson, a citizen of Salem, who died without descend.anls, leaving a large property, consisting principally of real estate, about the year 1815, whose final instrument he drew and witnessed. The contest about this will lasted BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.F.DIA. 437 several years, was of a very exciting cliaracter, and divided the society of the town into two very hostile parlies, " malt- ing breaches in very respectable families, which are hardly healed to this day." The principal opponent of the will was Dr. Rowan, who married a niece of the deceased. Probate uf the will was refused by the Orphans' Court, and upon an appeal to Governor Mahlon Dickerson, as judge of the Prerogative Court, he affirmed this decree. He then removed his residence to Philadelphia, and filed a bill in the Circuit Court of the United States for the establishment of the trusts in the will. An issue of will or no will being or- dered, the case was brought on before Judge Washington, and a jury which, after a protracted trial, rendered a verdict establishing the will. The case is reported in 3 Wash. C. C. R., p. 580, Harrison vs. Rowan. A motion for a new trial being made, was decided in 1820. Judge Wash- ington declared himself perfectly satisfied with the verdict; but as Judge Pennington, who sat with him, was not so, a new trial was ordered. The parties then compromised and allowed a decree to be entered estal)lishing the will, releases and other papers being executed by the heirs and devisees. A life-estate was thus settled on Dr. Rowan, who lived to extreme old age. After this trial, his wife having died in the meantime, he resided for several years in Camden, New Jersey, and carried on business as a printer. During that time he acted also as Reporter of the Supreme Court. Re- moving subsequently to Salem, he resided there permanently until his decease, which occurred in the year 1S65, " lOODRUFF, HON. GEORGE WHITEFIELD, Lawyer, United States District Attorney, late of Trenton, was born at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, March i6th, 1765, and was a brother of A. D. Woodruff, who graduated at Princeton in the class of 1779. He pursued his studies in the Alma Mater of that brother, and after graduation studied law, and was admitted to practise as an attorney at the April term of the Supreme Court in 17S8. He then removed to the State of Georgia, and in that State acquired a posi- tion of much respectability at the bar. Subsequently he was appointed, by President John Adams, United .States District Attorney. Having acquired an ample fortune, he returned to New Jersey, and took up his residence near Trenton. Here he lived "in much companionship with books, withdrawn from active business, but not from con- stant amiable intercourse with men, until his death," which occurred in 1846, at the advanced age of eighty-two years. At the time of his decease he was the oldest member of the New Jersey bar. It is said that his most intimate friends never knew him to be betrayed into an angry deed or word. Possessed of fortune and a well-cultivated and richly stored mind, he exercised, notwithstanding his retiring manners, the influence which wealth and intelligence confer. One of his sons graduated from Princeton College in the class of iS;6. EEDIIAM, LEWIS RANDOLPH, M. D., late of Perryville, New Jersey, was born in East Iladdani, Connecticut, in iSoS. He was for some time a school teacher in Sussex county, New Jersey; read medicine a short time with Dr. Jepthah B. Munn; subsequently with Dr. John Blane; at- tended medical lectures in New York, and in 1S35 received his degree of M. D. Having been duly examined and licensed by the Stale Board of Censors, he entered into part- nership with Dr. Blane, under whom he had studied, and this partnership was continued up to the time of his death. In practice he was highly successful, and for his ability, as well as for his genial manner and true kindliness, was very generally esteemed. He was a member of the Hunterdon County Medical Society, and was elected .Secretary of that organization in 1836. He married Susan F. Sayre, of Madison, Morris county, New Jersey, by whom he had two children, one of whom, a son, is still living. He died November 12th, 1S41. 2^|gv CHENCK, HENRY H., M. D., late of Reading- 5x\L ton, New Jersey, oldest son of Dr. Henry and Ellen (Hardenberg) Schenck, was born in New York State in February, 1782 ; his father removing a few years later to Neshamie, New Jersey. His strong love of adventure led him to enlist in the United States army when a mere lad, but being a minor, his enlistment was cancelled by his fither before he had seen service. His next performance, when he had arrived at the mature age of seventeen years, was to get married; the lady of his choice being Jane Herder, who, being sixteen years old, was no less endowed with gravity and discretion than was her husband. Being married, he deemed it proper to settle down in life, and to this end entered vigorously upon the study of medicine under the supervision of his father. But medicine was monotonous, .so one morning he left his books and his bride, and the next that was heard of him he was once more a soldier. This time his father concluded to give him his he.ad, trusting to the many drawbacks to army life to cure -him of his military proclivities. But he did not cure easily, and it was a round seven years before he lapsed back to the life of a civilian, having in the mean- time fought through the war of 1S12, up to the battle of Queenstown Heights, and after that event havmg passed his time as a prisoner in the British lines. His seven years of service quieted down his love of adventure, and during the remainder of his life he practised medicine vigorously and with very uniform success. As a matter of course he was 438 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCI.Or^EDIA. extremely popular in the communities where he lived, his energetic habit and bright, cheerful manner making him hosts of acquaintances, and these, when they came to know his real kindliness of heart, rarely failed to become his warm friends. He was for some time in practice at Qiiakertown, removed thence to Readington, (about) iSlo, and remained in practice at Readington until the time of his death, December 20th, 1823. COTT, MOSES, Physician and Surgeon, Revolu- tionary Soldier and Officer, late of New Bruns- wick, New Jersey, was born in 1738, and at seventeen years of age accompanied the unfortu- nate expedition under Braddock, and shared in all the privations and perils of the time and cir- cumstances. At the capture of Fort Duquesne, three years afterward, he had risen to be a commissioned officer. In the course of the following year he resigned his commis- sion, on account of the invidious distinction made between royal and colonial officers ; and, by the advice of Dr. Ewing and Mr. Beattie, entered upon a course of studies in medi- cine. His first residence was at Brandywine, but about 1774 he removed to New Brunswick. When the revolu- tionaiy struggle commenced he took an active part on the patriotic side, and was appointed, July 2d, 1776, Physician and Surgeon-General of the State forces, and Director-Gen- eral of the Military Hospitals. He then procured a supjjly of medicines and surgical instruments from Europe, partly by his own means and credit ; but, unfortunately, a great portion of his needed and valuable store fell into the hands of the enemy on their sudden invasion of New Brunswick, at which time he barely saved himself from capture. " He was just sitting down to the table when the alarm was given, and the enemy, entering soon after, took possession of his house and regaled themselves on his deserted dinner. A tory neighbor told them that the boxes of medicine which they found had been poisoned by the rebel doctor, and left there purposely to destroy the British troops ; whereupon they lost no time in emptying them into the street." In •777 Congress took the entire direction of the medical staff, and he was commissioned as Senior Physician and Surgeon of the Hospitals, and Assistant Director-General ; and in the discharge of the numerous and responsible duties attendant on his station he won universal encomiums. He was present at the battles of Trenton, Princeton, Bran- dywine and Germantown; and at Princeton was near the gallant Mercer when he fell. On the restoration of peace he resumed the practice of his profession in New Bruns- wick, New Jersey. He was one of the most active workers in raising the First Presbyterian Church of that city from its dilapidated and embarrassed state ; and his is a prominent name on the committees called for the purpose of securing its restoration to a flourishing condition. " It was through his agency, and partly, it is believed, by his gift, the ground was procured for the building." Having made a profession of religion at an early age, he was during his entire life a main pillar of the church; and for many years w.as an effi- cient and zealous Elder, and Treasurer of the Board of Trustees. His death occurred, December 2Sth, 1821, at the advanced age of eighty-three years. TTO, JOHN C, Physici.nn and Surgeon, late of Philadelphia, was born near Woodbury, New Jersey, March I5lh, 1774, and was the son of / (cj\. Bodo Otto, an eminent physician, and a dislin- ^S) guished public character in the stirring days of the revolutionaiy conflict. His literary education was obtained at Princeton College, and he graduated from that institution after the usual course of study and examina- tion. He then entered the office of Dr. Rush, and in 1796 received his medical diploma from the University of Penn- sylvania. He soon attained a highly respectable rank among his contemporaries, and in 1798 was elected one of the physicians of the Philadelphia Dispensary, an institution which he faithfully served for a period of five years. In 1813 he was appointed to succeed Dr. Rush (lately de- ceased) as one of the physicians of the Pennsylvania Hos- pital. Here his untiring devotion to the sick, his sound medical knowledge, his matured judgment, and a deep and ever-present sense of the responsibilities of the post, proved him to be the right man for the important position. He held this office during a period of twenty-two years. His clinical lectures while connected with the hospital were models of conciseness, simplicity and truthfulness. One of his pupils, himself afterward eminent as a physician, writes: " Who cannot look back with lively satisfaction and recall the slender and slightly-stooping frame of this vener- able physician, as he passed around the wards of the hos- pital, stopping at each bed as he passed, kindly saluting his patient, making the necessary inquiries into his condition, and then, in the most unaffected and yet impressive man- ner, addressing liimself to the assembled class, and fasten- ing upon their minds some valuable medical precept." In addition to this responsible position, he was connected and identified with several other public charities. During twenty years he served the Orphan Asylum, where he was greatly beloved by the children and by all connected with the institution. He was also Physician for many years to the Magdalen Asylum, in whose prosperity he always evinced a deep and generous interest. In 1840 he was elected Vice-President of the College of Physicians, a po- sition which he occupied at the time of his decease. In social life he was remarkable for the simplicity and ease of his manners, and for the vast amount of instructive and BIOGRAnilCAL E^■CVCLO^.EDIA. 439 suggestive matter that generally pervarled his conversation. lie was warmly attached to the Presbyterian forms and teachings, Init was also of a truly liberal and catholic spirit ; and his religion was peculiarly vital and practical. lie read the .Scriptures morning and evening, and rarely passed a day without perusing a portion of Thomas A Kempis' " Imit.ation of Christ." He died as he lived, an humble and devout Christian, beloved and respected by all, June 26th, 1844. He published "Medical Papers" in the New York Afei/ii-nl Repository, 1S03; contributions to Coxes Medical Museum, 1805; essays in i\i^ Eclectic Repository ; and articles on medical and scientific subjects in the N'orth American Mciiical and Surgical Journal, 1S2S, 1S30. ^^, IRCII, REV. ROBERT, late of New P.runswick, New Jersey, was born in Now "\'ork city, in January, 1S08, and w.as the son of an eminent physician of that city. While an infant he was attacked by a severe inflammation of the brain, and life was despaired of, insomuch that his mother made his shroud while watching at his couth. He was saved, Iiowever, by the opening of a vein in his head ; but he always suffered somewhat from the effects of that illness to the end of his days. At a very early age he lost his father, and with him his expectation of a liberal educa- tion. He was then taken from school and placed in a counting-house, for the purpose of acquiring a practical and thorough knowledge of mercantile transactions and affairs. " Becoming pious, he was received to the communion of the Cedar Street Church, under Dr. Ronieyn, at the age of twelve. The fatherless and sprightly boy then attracted the notice of Dr. John Breckinridge, and was induced by him to resume his studies." After graduating at Dickinson College he taught a classical school, first at Lancaster, and subsequently at Savannah, where he gained many friends of high standing and distinction. His theological studies, commenced at Andover, were completed at Princeton ; and after his licensure, by the PresbyteiT of New York, he ]ireached for a short time to a new church in a hall in Broadway, from wdiich he was called to New Brunswdck, an a s.alary of ^1,000. March 14th, 1S39, Rev. Thomas Smyth, D. D., of Charleston, South Carolina, having de- clined an invitation to serve as successor to Dr. Jones, he was chosen pastor of the First Presbyterian Church, Father Comfort i)residing. The sermon was preached by the late Professor Dod, from Psalm xcvii. I ; the charge to the min- ister and that to the peo]>le being both given by Rev. Ra- vand K. Rodgers, Rev. James Alexander, who had been appointed to the latter duty, being taken suddenly ill. Ilis pastoral career was brief, but full of zeal and ]iromise ; and his interest in the young was evinced in the pains he took to get up a course of winter evening lectures of a popular character. After his decease, September 12th, 1S42, in the thirly-tifth year of his age, the congregation erected, in the new cemeteiy, a handsome marble monument to his memory. c/(p/||eASLEY, rev. FREDERICK, D. D., Clergy- man, Author, late of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, was born in North Carolina, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century. During his college course at Princeton, where he graduated, he con- tracted an intimate friendship with John Henry llobart and Henry Kollock, which was terminated only by death. After graduating he studied theology with President Samuel Stanhope Smith, acting at the same time as tutor in the college. In iSoi he was ordained deacon by Bishop Moore, of New York, and priest by the same divine in 1802. In September of this year he became Rector of St. John's Church, Elizabethtown, but in the following spring resigned his charge and accepted a call to the Rectorship of St. Peter's Church, Albany. Here he remained until 1S09, the date of his removal to Baltimore, where he be- came Rector of St. Paul's Church. In 1813, his health being in a precarious condition, and feeling the need of a position where lighter and less ti-ying service would be re- quired, he resigned his charge and accepted the office of Provost of the University of Pennsylvania, a place that suited admirably his intellectual tastes and habits ; and during the ensuing fifteen years he discharged the duties of that st.ation with acknowdedged fidelity and ability. Tlie office of Provost he resigned in 1S2S, and in 1S29 became Rector of St. Michael's Church, Trenton, New Jersey, where he remained until 1836. His health becoming very much impaired, he relinquished also his charge at Trenton, and removed to Elizabethtown, where he spent the re- mainder of his days. He received the honoraiy degree of Doctor of Divinity from Columbia College, and from the University of Pennsylvania in 1S15. " He was a man of slight frame, below the ordinary height, and was very easy and rapid in his movements. He was remarkably social and frank in all his intercourse." His acquirements in literature were extensive and varied, and his chief delight was found in reading, studying and meditation. His ser- mons were terse, well-written, and cogent in reasoning, and while his studies lay mainly in the direction of mental philosophy, he had no relish for the Scotch philosophers, but admired John Locke above all others. He published "A Discourse before the Ladies' Society, instituted for the Relief of Distressed Seamen in the City of Albany," 1808; "Inaugural Sermon," in St. Paul's Church, Baltimore, iSio; "A Sermon on Duelling," l8li; an anonymous pamphlet, entitled " Serious Reflections addressed to Epis- copalians in Maryland, on the State of their Church gen- erally, but more particularly on the Pending Election of a 440 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOIVEDIA. Suffragan Bishop," 1S13; "A Sermon before the Diocesan Convention of Tennsylvania," 1S15 ; "American Dialogues of the Dead," lSi5;"A (second) Sermon on Duelling," 1S22; "A Search of Truth in the Science of the Human Mind: Part I.," one volume, 8vo., 1S22 (he left in MSS. Tart II. complete); '"A Vindication of the Argument a priori in Proof of the Being and Attributes of God, from Objections of Dr. Waterland," 1S25; "Review of Brown's Philosophy of the Human Mind," 1825; "A Vindication of the Fundamental Principles of Truth and Oider in the Church of Christ, from the Allegations of Rev. William E. Channing, D. D.," 1830; "An Examination of No. 90 of the Tracts for the Times," 1S42. lie edited also the two volumes of Dr. Samuel St.anhope Smith's posthumous ser- mons, and wrote the memoir of his life, prefixed to the first volume; and contributed largely to the periodical literature of the day. He died at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, No- vember 1st, 1S45. '■*|lAYARD, HON. JOHN, Colonel in the Revolu- tionary Army, Mayor of New Brunswick, late of that place, was born on Bohemia Manor, in Cecil county, Maryland, August nth, 1738. His father left no will at his decease, and he, being the eldest son, became entitled, by the laws of his native State, to the whole real estate. Such, however', was his affection for his twin brother that no sooner had he reached the age of manhood than he conveyed to him half the estate. After receiving an academical education, under the preceptorship of Dr. Finley, he was placed as a subordinate in the counting-house of John Rhea, a well- known merchant of Philadelphia. " It was here that the seeds of grace began first to take root, and to give promise of those fruits of righteousness which aflerw.ard abounded." He early became a communicant of the Presbyterian church, under the charge of Gilbert Tennent, of Log College fame. Some years after his marriage he was chosen to occupy the station of Ruling Elder, and filled this place with accept- ance and energetic zeal. Mr. Whitfield, while on his visits to America, became intimately acquainted with him; formed for him an affectionate and enduring attachment; and in company with him made several extended tours.' In 1770 lie lost liis only brother. Dr. James A. Bayard, a man of promising talents, of prudence and skill, and of a most amiable disposition, and growing reputation. The violence of his sorrow at first produced an illness which confined him to his bed for several days. " But by degrees it sub- sided into a tender melancholy, which for years after would ste.il across his mind, and tinge his hours of domestic inter- course and solitary devotion with pensive sadness." At the death of that brother's widow he adopted the children and educated them as his own. One of them became an emi- nent statesman, and placed his name high on the tablets of national fame and honor. At the opening of the contest with Great Britain he was fearless in the enunciation of his opinions and views, and took an open and decided part in favor of the patriot revolutionists. At the head of the 2d Battalion of the Philadelphia Militia he marched to the as- sistance of General Washington, and was present at the battle of Trenton. He was' also a valued and influential member of the Council of Safety, and for many years pre- sided with marked ability and firmness as Speaker of the Legislature. In 1777, when a report was spread that his house and property had been destroyed by the British army and that his servant, who had been intrusted with valuaUe personal effects, had decamped with his trust and found refuge within the enemy's lines, William Bell, with whom he had served his apprenticeship, and who had accumulated several thousand pounds, insisted that his patron should receive one-half of his estate ; this generous offer was not accepted, however, as the report was without foundation. " Reiterated afflictions induced a deep depression of mind, and for some time he was no longer relieved by the avo- cations of business." But in 1785 he was appointed a member of the old Congress, then sitting in New York. In the following year, however, he was not included in the delegation. In 17S8 he removed to New Brunswick, New Jersey, where he filled in turn the positions of Mayor of the city and Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. He was also a Ruling Elder of the church in this place; and con- spicuous as a tireless coworker in all measures and move- ments calculated to raise the local standard of education, political and literary, and of morahty and religion. His death occurred at New Brunswick, New Jersey, January 7th, 1S07, aged sixty-eight years. AN DOREN, REV. ISAAC, Clergyman, Educator, late of Perth Amboy, was born in New Jersey, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and secured his literary education at Princeton Col- Ice, where he graduated in due time and season. He subsequently applied himself to the study of theology under the guidance of Professor Theodore Dirck Romeyn, and completed his preparations for the ministry with Dr. Livingston. He was licensed by the Classis of New York, and was ordained about the year 1798. In iSoo he became pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church at Hopewell, Orange county, New York, where, during a pas- torate of twenty-three years, he was blessed with eminent success. Leaving his charge, he removed to Newark, New Jersey, and during the ensuing four years presided as prin- cipal over an academy in that phace. Later, in conjunction with his eldest son, he established the Collegiate Institute on Brooklyn Heights. He removed from there to Lexing- ton, Kentucky. After spending several years in teaching EIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOP.F.PIA. 441 in the West, he returned to New Jersey, where his later years were passed happily and usefully among his children. " He was eminently social, given to hospitality, the gifted counsellor of young clergymen and of all who sought his advice." He died at Perth Amboy, New Jersey, August I2th, 1S64. His only publication was a tract entitled "A Summary of Christian Duly," compiled from the Douay Bible. ^AYLOR, AUGUSTUS R., Physician, late of New Brunswick, was born in that town in 1793, or 1794, and was the oldest son of Colonel John Taylor. His medical education was conducted under the supervision of Dr. Scott, of New Brmiswick. He was for many years a member of the Board of Trustees of the First Presbyterian Cliurch ; and was widely and highly esteemed for his good judgment, well-balanced mind, and thorough medical skill and abili- ties. He was married, in 1804, to Catharine Neilson. He died in 1841, at the age of fifty-eight years. Resolutions of eulogy and condolence were then passed by the New Jersey Medical Society, and transmitted to the family. During his last illness he was admitted to church member- ship ; " but that his mind had long been sensible of the obligations of religion may be inferred from a copy of a prayer found after his death, in his own handwriting. The prayer was that beautiful and appropriate one drawn up by Dr. John Mason Good, for his own use before entering on his daily round of practice." IcCARTER, THOMAS NESBTTT, Lawyer, New- ark. John McCarter, founder of the family in America, was an educated Scotch-Irish Presby- terian, who emigrated in 1774 to this counliy, and settled in Morristown, New Jersey. Upon ihe breaking out of the revolutionary war he warmly espoused the cause of the colonies, and enlisted as a private in the Continental army ; was shortly thereafter promoted to be Assistant Commissary with the rank of Major, and in this capacity served until peace was declared. After the war he returned to Morristown, and was for a numljer of years clerk of Morris county. His son, Robert H. McCar- ter, succeeded him in this office, and subsequently was for fifteen years a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas of Sus- sex county; for many years a Commissioner of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and was at the time of his death, I §5 1, a Judge of the Court of Errors and Appeals. Thomas Nesbitt McCarter, son of Robert H. McCarter, was born at Morristown, January 31, 1824. Prepared for college at the Newton Academy, he entered the junior class at Princeton in 1840; was graduated thence B. A. in 1842; immediately 56 i/^ upon receiving his degree began the study nf law in the office of the Hon. Martin Ryerson, at Newton, and w.is ad- mitted to the New Jersey bar as an attorney in Octoijcr, 1S45, ^"'1 ^^ ^ counsellor in January, 1S49. Upon being licensed, he formed a partnership with Mr. Rj-crson, that proved highly satisfactory to both parties, and that was con- tinued until 1853, when the senior member of the firm re- moved to Trenton, and in a little time was appointed a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jei'sey. After the dis- ruption of this partnei'ship he practised alone in Newton until 1865, when he removed to his present location, New- ark. Already well known by reputation t'o the bar of that city, one of the strongest in the State, he was at once ac- corded a prominent position; and in a few years was one of the recognized leaders. In 1868, his practice having greatly increased, he entered into a partnership with Oscar Keen, Esq., a partnership that still continues. For a num- ber of years his standing as a corporation lawyer has been of the highest, and beside being specially retained in many of the great suits brought in recent years iit the New Jersey courts, he is the regulai'ly appointed counsel of several of the most important corporate organizations of, or doing business in, the State. While resident in Newton he was a Director in and Counsel to the Sussex Railroad Company; has been for a number of years a Director of and Counsel to the Morris Canal and Banking Company ; has been Coun- sel to the Lehigh Valley Railroad Company ; to the Dela- vvare,"Lackawanna & Western Railroad Company; to the Morris & Essex Railroad Company; to the New Jersey Railroad and Transportation Company, etc., etc. Aside from bis professional connections, he has been and continues to be prominently identified with various influential corporate bodies as a Director. Of the People's Mutual Insurance Company; of the Republic Trust Company — both of New- ark ; and of the Easton & Amboy Railroad Company, he was one of the original incorporators ; and in each of these companies, since their foundation, he has been a Director, and has taken an active part in their management. He has twice been tendered a seat upon the bench of the Supreme Court of New Jersey — by Governor Olden in i860, and again by Governor Ward in 1866 — but on both occasions his desire to remain at the bar led him to decline the prof- fered honor. The only professional position of a public character that he has accepted has been that of Chancery Reporter, tendered him in 1864 by Chancellor Green; and this, after issuing two volumes of reports, he was com- pelled by reason of his constantly increasing practice to re- sign. For many years he has taken an active part in State and national politics, and had he chosen to relinquish his ]irofession his opportunities for advancement in public life were exceptionally excellent. While resident in Newton, he was for three years Collector for Sussex county, and in 1861 was elected thence, on the Democratic ticket, a mem- ber of the State Assembly — his election being remarkable in that no opposition candidate was placed in the field and 442 EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOP.l^.DIA. that he received in common the vote of both poHlical par- ties. During his term of office he served as Chairman of the Committee of Ways and Means, taking an active part in all the deliberations of that body — composed of an un- usually large delegation of able and influential men — and impressing in a marked manner his own personality upon all important measures reported by it for legislative action. In 1S62 he declined to be a candidate for re-election, and in the following year — strongly objecting to its pronounced opposition to the prosecution of the war — he definitely abandoned the Democratic party. In the Presidential campaign of 1S64 he earnestly advocated on the stump — and proved the sincerity of his advocacy by his vote at the polls — the re-election of President Lincoln ; and since that date he has been thoroughly identified with the Republican party, and in its interest has taken an active part in every important canvass. He has twice been nominated a Presi- dential Elector: on the Douglas ticket in i860, and on the Hayes and Wheeler ticket in 1S76, being elected on the former. He married, December 4th, 1849, Mary Louisa Haggerly, daughter of Uzal C. Haggerty, Esq., of Sussex county, New Jersey. 'HEPARD.JOSEPH FLA VAL,M.D., of Phillips- burg, was born, March 3olh, 1819, in Ranton township, Hunterdon county. New Jersey. He is a son of the late Jacob Shepard, a farmer of Ranton. Receiving an ordinary education in the schools of Hunterdon, he began in 1848 the study of medicine with the venerable Dr. Schenck, of Fleming- ton, with whom he remained five years, practising with him for a portion of the time, and also attending, in 1851 and 1852, a course of lectures at the Medical Department of the University of New York, from which he graduated in 1853. He first settled at Hightstown, New Jersey, whence, after a short residence there, he removed to Phillipsburg, where he settled permanently. For about twelve years he was the only physician in Phillipsburg, which, at the time he took up liis residence in it, was a village of less than two hundred inhabitants ; Harper^ s Gazetteer, published a year or two later, putting its population at one hundred and seventy-five. It now contains between five and six thousand inhabitants, and its growth measures roughly the growth of his practice, which from a small beginning has become as large, perhaps, as that of any other physician in the county of Warren. He is a member of the Phillipsburg Medical Society, of which he is President, and of the Warren County Medical Society; and in 1877 represented Warren county in the State Medical Society. For eleven years he has been a member of the Phillipsburg School Board, of which for the last five years he has been Treasurer ; has been for several years a member of the Phillipsburg Town Council, is Treas- urer of the Phillipsburg Building Loan Association, Nos. 1 and 4, and also a member of the Masonic order. A man of strong and rounded character, combining general abilities with special training, he touches the community in which he lives at many points besides the strictly professional one, exerting through each a wholesome and decided influence. He was married, in 1856, to Miss Cummings, of Belvidere, who died the following year; and again, in 1871, to Mi's. Hannah Stears, of Plainfield. OTT, GERSHOM, Trenmn, Keeper of the New Jersey State Prison, late Major-General United States Volunteer Army, son of Gershom Mott, and descended from a German family long resident in New Jersey, was born near Trenton, April 7th, 1S22. Having received at the Trenton Academy the groundwork of a solid English education, he began his business career, when but fourteen years of age, in a com- mercial establishment in New York. Mercantile affairs, however, were not to his taste — he was destined to move in a broader field — and shortly before the breaking out of the Mexican war he had relinquished his position in New York, and was temporarily residing with his father in New Jersey. When Congress, in May, 1846, voted ten millions of dollars for the prosecution of the war against Mexico, and at the same time authorized President Polk to accept the services of fifty thousand volunteers, the opportunity that he required was presented, and he eagerly accepted it. Promptly upon the publication of President Polk's procla- mation calling for volunteers, he offered his services to the government, was commissioned a Second Lieutenant, and was assigned to the loth United States Infantry. \Vith this organization he served during the entire war, distinguishing himself for his coolness in danger and for his exactness as a disciplinarian — not only in seeing that his own orders were obeyed, but in rendering prompt obedience to the orders addressed to him by his superiors. On the triumphant termination of the war he willingly relinquished his military rank, having no desire to be a soldier in times of peace ; while in recognition of his meritorious services he was offered by President Polk the position — previously held by Gershom Mott, Sr, — of Collector of the Port of Lamber- ton {now a part of Trenton). This office he accepted, re- taining it until the spring of 1849, when he was removed to make room for President Taylor's appointee. About this time he was tendered and accepted a clerical situation in the office at Bordentown of the Delaware and Raritan Canal Company, remaining thus employed until 1855, when he was appointed Teller in the Bordentown Bank. It was while he held this latter position that the final acts were wrought out of the long chain terminating in the war of the rebellion. All his life long he had been a sincere believer in the principles espoused by the Democratic party; but when the Southern division of that political ortranization EIOGRArillCAL ENCVCLOr.EDIA. 443 declared and acted upon what its leaders styled the right of secession from the Federal Union, he promptly ranged him- self on the side of union and law, and loyally offered his services to the government in defence of its menaced in- tegrity. When the famous Second New Jersey Brigade — composed of the 5th, 6th, 7lh, and 8th Regiments — was formed, under a requisition made by President Lincoln on the 24th of July, i86t, he was appointed (August 4th) by Governor Olden Lieutenant-Colonel of the 5th Regiment. Practically — Colonel Starr being ranking officer and acting Brigadier-General — he was the Colonel of the 5th ; and un- der his supervision — his previous military training admirably fitting him for the task — its men were thoroughly disciplined and drilled. Early in December, l86i, the regiment was deemed ready for the field, and was accordingly ordered forward from the camp at Meridian Hill, near Washington, where it had lain since mustered into the service, and with the remainder of the brigade was attached to General Hooker's division, at Budd's Ferry, Maryland. In March, 1S62, it entered upon its brilliant career of service in the field ; on the loth of that month a detail of five hundred men, under Lieutenant-Colonel Mott, being sent across the Potomac to occupy the rebel works at Cockpit Point, aban- doned the previous day by General Beauregard in his retreat from Manassas, and a few weeks later — having been trans- ferred to the Peninsula — went into action for the first time at the battle of Williamsburg. In this battle the New Jersey Brigade took a leading part, holding for a time the entire rebel army in check, and the 5th Regiment was for more than nine hours exposed to a frightfully destructive fire. For the gallant manner in which he held his ground, Lieutenant-Colonel Mott was promoted (May 7, 1S62) to be Colonel of the 6lh New Jersey Regiment; and while in command of the 6lh his soldierly qualities became more and more conspicuous. In the official report of the battle of Seven Pines, General Hooker made especial mention of his " distinguished services in the field ;" and Acting Brigadier General Starr, in his official reports, again and again speaks of his intrepidity and coolness whilst under fire. Through- out the Peninsular campaign his record is distinguished, notwithstanding the heroic qualities of the men by the side of whom he fought. In the second Bull Run battle, July 28th, 1S62, he was severely wounded in the ami, and was com])elled for a time to relinquish his command ; and it was while thus absent on sick-leave that he was unanimously commended by his superior officers for promotion. Acting upon this commendation, President Lincoln promoted him (September 7th, 1862) to be Brigadier-General, and when he returned to duty (December 4tli) he was assigned, at the urgent request of General Hooker, to the command of the Second New Jersey Brigade ; or, as it was in fact, the Third Brig.nde of the Second Division, Third Army Corps. In the battle of Chancellorsville (May 3d, 1863) the Jersey troops were again placed in the thick of the fight, and were held up to Iheir work by General Mott with his accustomed cool- ness ana courage. Early in the day he had a narrow escape, rifle-ball passing between his bridle-arm and body, and at a later period of the engagement his left hand was struck and shattered. After receiving this wound he remained for a considerable time upon the field, and it \\'as only when greatly weakened by loss of blood that he at last consented to go to the rear. During the action a section of Dimmick's battery, ist Artillery, was in great danger of being captured, the artillerymen and horses having all been killed, and in order to rescue it General Mott ordered Cajilain Nicholls, with a detachment of men from the 8th New Jersey, to bring it off by hand. The battery waslieing raked by a pitiless fire, and for a moment the rescuing party wavered. Promptly General Mott seized the colors, sprang forward and said that he himself would lead the detail, and the men — with a ringing cheer for their plucky commander — rallied at once, put themselves down to their work, and the battery was saved. His wound, though not dangerous, was an ugly one, and it was not until the end of August that the surgeons would permit him to rejoin his brigade. On the 15th of the following October the brigade fought the spirited little engagement at McLean's Ford, on Bull Run, the ordering of the fight resting entirely with General Mott, and resulting in successfully holding the ford against a su- perior force of the enemy. When the grand advance was ordered by General Grant, in the spring of 1S64, General Mott was placed in command of the Second Division of the Third Army Corps, a position that he held until the end of the war. As had been his custom from the outset, during the campaign of the ensuing summer he was utterly regard- less of his personal safety, looking only to the effectiveness of his command, and it was owing to this regardlessness that (before Petersburg, August 19th, 1S64) he was again — though not seriously — wounded. His management of his division was as able as had been his management of his brigade and regiment, and on the loth of September he was deservedly brevetted a Major-General. Just at the end of the war (April 6th, 1865), in a skirmish at Amelia Springs, he was again wounded, and while the wound was but slight it was sufficient to temporarily disable him, and so prevent him from being in at the death with the brave Jcrseymen of his command. On the dissolution of the army General Mott was placed in temporary command of the Provisional Corps, and when, in July, that body was dis- banded, his services were still retained, and he was ordered to Washington. In August he was detailed to serve on the Wirz commission, and in the ensuing November was de- tailed to serve on the commission appointed to investigate the difficulties between the State of Massachusetts and the Austrian government, growing out of the enlistment of Austrian subjects by the former. While engaged in this last service he received his final promotion, being made (December ist, 1865) a full Major-General of Volunteers. He was thus the first soldier from New Jersey to receive the brevet of Major-General, and was the only Jerseyman who 444 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. attained to the full rank. On the 20th of February, 1866, his resignation, tendered some time previously, was accepted, and with hearty expressions of esteem from Secretary Stan- ton and other members of the government, he retired from the service to which he had so constantly done honor, and the interests of which he had so constantly advanced. The following is a partial list of the battles in which he person- ally took part : Yorktown, Williamsburg, Fair Oaks, Seven Pines, Savage's Station, Glendale, Malvern Hill, Bristow's Station, Second Bull Run, Chantilly, Centreville, Fredericks- burg, Chancellorsville, Wapping Heights, McLean's Ford, Mine Run, the Wilderness, Todd's Tavern, Po River, Spottsylvania, Spottsylvania Court House, North Anna River, Toloposomy Creek, Cold Harbor, before Petersburg, Deep Bottom, Mine Explosion, North Bank of the James, Fort Sedgewick, Poplar Spring Church, and Amelia Springs. Upon returning to his home in New Jersey, he was offered and accepted the important position of Paymaster in the Camden & Amboy Railroad Company. In 1867, while holding this office, the regular army was increased, and General Mott was appointed Colonel of the 33d Infantry, but he declined the commission. Although the nomina- tion was in a high degree complimentary to the reputation he had made as a soldier, and would certainly have proved only a stepping-stone to further preferment, he could not bring himself to a soldier's life in time of peace. When his country needed him he had not been found absent, but the war over he preferred civil life. He therefore con- tinued in his railroad appointment, and discharged his duties with marked ability and efficiency until March ist, 1872, when the Camden & Amboy Company's lines were leased to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Shortly after this event, September Ist, 1875, he was appointed to a much higher office, to wit : that of Treasurer of the State of New Jersey — his presentation to the treasurership having been made by Governor Bedle to fill the vacancy caused by the removal of Sooy. The management of the treasury at this particular juncture was of course a matter of some little delicacy, but by the efficient manipulation of the forces at his command he rapidly restored order throughout the de- partment, and during the entire period of his incumbency he evinced a quite exceptional financial ability. On Feb- ruary 15th, 1876, upon the appointment of his Republican successor, he relinquished his trust ; and on the 29th of the following March, 1876, was appointed to his present position of Keeper of the New Jersey State Prison. In tendering him this office. Governor Bedle recognized the fact that his habit of enforcing rigid discipline would admirably well fit him for the discharge of its responsible duties, and the record of his administration up to the present time has abundantly justified this belief. In his present, as was the case in all his past professions. General Mott keeps ever before him one single word — duty. It is this honesty to himself that has made his life so exemplary. He married August 8th, 1849, Elizabeth, daughter of John E. Smith Esq., of Trenton ING, REV. BARNABAS, D. D., late of Rocka- way, Morris county. New Jersey, was bom in New Marlborough, Massachusetts, June 2d, 1780; graduated at Williams College, September 5th, 1804, and in the fall of 1805 was licensed to preach by the Berkeshire Association. On the following 24th of December he first stepped upon the soil of New Jei-sey, and soon after began his labors at Sparta, Sussex county ; occasionally, also, at Berkeshire Valley, and Rockaway, Morris county; his first sermon in the latter place having been preached Friday evening, January 24th, 1806, at a private house, on the text : " To everj-thing there is a season, and a time to eveiy purpose under the heavens." — Ecclesiastes iii. I. At various times during that year he supplied the Rockaway pulpit; but in October, 1807, made an agreement to supply it regularly, and also the one at Sparta, on alternate Sabbaths. His labors were so accepta- ble that, on the 25th of September, 180S, he was called to be pastor of the church at Rockaway, the call being signed and attested by Rev. James Richards, D. D., of Morris- town, as moderator of the parish meetings ; and Decem- ber 27th was ordained and installed pastor by the Presby- tery of New York. The services took jilace in the old church, " which was less comfortable than many a modern barn, and which had no stove to warm it." Among the eminent men who were present were Drs. Griffin, Hillyer, Richards, John McDowell, Perrine, and Rev. Aaron Con- dit. Dr. McDowell, then in the third year of his ministry, preached the sermon ; and Dr. Perrine, then the pastor of the " Bottle Hill Church," as Madison was called, and after- ward the associate of Dr. Richards, in the Auburn Theo- logical Seminary, delivered the charge to the pastor. "As a mark of the times, it may be stated that the services were held in that rude and uncomfortable church on a very cold day ; they were begun with a congregational prayer-meeting at ten o'clock, and continued until three in the afternoon. There is no tradition of a single complaint, either by the clergymen or people, although it is said that the young pas- tor was so thoroughly chilled, that when seated at the din- ner-table, it was shaken by his trembling." — "Sketch" by Rev. Joseph F. Tuttle, D. D. His parish included a circle of territory whose diameter was ten or twelve miles. In that region he was for several years the sole minister; he visited with strict regularity every family; and, in addition, held such frequent public services in the church, the school- house, or private house, as often to amount, for weeks to- gether, to ten each week. These abundant labors, accom- plished by the most rigid adherence to rule in regard to his health, studies, and time, were attended with extraordinary success. The growth of the church was rapid, and health- ful in tone and character, and with that there was a marvel- lous and desirable change in society. Schools sprang up, many young men sought the culture of the college, business prospects grew brighter and more extended, the wealth of the mines was discovered and appreciated, and the refine- EIOGRAPIIICAL ENCYCLOP.TlDIA. 445 ments of an elegant social life increased. In 184S he preached his fortieth anniversary sermon, which was pub- hshed, and preserved among the pamphlets of the New Jersey Historical Society. "The greatness and value of the good man's labors are related in that discourse with far loo much modesty, in view of the results flowing from his residence in the State." In December, 1853, he pronounced his forty-fifth anniversary discourse, which he was unwilling to publish. December 24th, 1S54, he again preached an anniversary sermon, the forty-sixth of his pastorate, and tlie forty-ninth of his ministry in the one church, since he preached his first discourse in Rockaway, January 24th, 1S06. December 1 2th, 185S, the session of the Presbyte- rian Church at Rockaway adopted a minute, and directed a copy of it to be sent to him, its senior pastor, in view of the fact that the fiftieth anniversary of his installation as pastor was at hand. In this minute the session speak in terins ex- pressive of gratitude to God for sending such a faithful man to be their pastor, and for the abundant results of his minis- try. " Let it be added that he was spared to his people more than three years after the occasion referred to. He some- times preached, but oftener exhorted, and always with ac- ceptance. His mental faculties remained unimpaired, and his interest in everything pertaining to his friends, the church, and the country, was as warm as in early manhood. The Monday night the news of the Bull Run disaster gave such horrible unrest to vast multitudes in the loyal States was spent by him in sleep as trustful and sweet as an infant's ; and he said : ' Children, it cost us seven years of dreadful war to give us a nation, it will cost us years of more dreadful war to save that nation ; but you need not fear as if it were not to be saved. It shall live, and not die.' In the sprints of 1S62 it was thought best by himself that he tender his res- ignation formally to the parish ; but, to their honor, his faithful people refused to receive it, professing to him an un- abated attachment." He had then filled the pastorate fifly- three years and several months. " On the second Sabbath in March, 1S62, he had performed his last official act in public, with a singular fitness, it being on the occasion of his last communion with the church, at the close of which he stretched forth his hands and with such pathos and beauty pronounced the apostolical benediction, recorded in the thirteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Hebrews, that many were moved to tears, and some even said they had never heard the words before." More than fifty-six years before he had preached for the first time in that congrega- tion, and more than fifty-four years (from October, 1S07) had been preaching there regularly, lacking only less than a year of being their pastor during lh.1t long period. Thus writes Rev. Dr. Joseph F. Tuttle: "The first half of tliis century was marked by no event more important in its re- sults to the region of country of which Rockaway, Morris county, is the centre, than the entrance of the Rev. Barna- bas Kmg upon his duties as pastor of the First Presbyterian Church in that town ; the moral force he exerted effecting an entire cliange in the character of the people coming within the sphere of his influence." On the day that his resignation was laid Ijefore the parish he was stricken down by sickness ; and after several days of suffering, he passed from earth "as peacefully as a little child passes into sleep." In his able and interesting history of the Presbyterian Church, Dr. Gillett thus describes him : " Frail and feeble in appearance, and supposed by all to be consumptive, he was spared to the discharge of a long and useful pastorate. But wliile faithful to his special charge, he did not neglect the missionary field around him. With the best men of the Jersey Presbytei-y he bore his full share in itinerant evan- gelization, going from Powles Hook to the Delaware, to tell the destitute of Christ. The monuments of his success were scattered around him far and near. One of the most emi- nent of his contemporaries, the Rev. Albert Barnes, re- marked that he " knew of no minister whose walk and labor and success had been so admirable as those of Mr. King, of Rockaway. His great ambition was to win souls. His one book was the Bible." As a preacher, he was simple and scriptural ; and his whole course was characterized by good sense, consummate judgment, earnestness of purpose and devotion to his work ; and usefulness he placed high above eloquence or learning. Yet his utterance was always forcible and manly, and at times touchingly fervent. He rested from his labors on the loth of April, 1862, and on the 13th his remains were consigned to the grave, " in the midst of such a concourse of people as was never before gathered in the old yard at Rockaway." At his own request, the funeral sermon was preached by his colleague in the pas- torate of the church. ~ ONES, REV. JOSEPH H., D. D., late Pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of New Brunswick, New Jersey, was born in Tolland county, Connecti- cut, and graduated at Cambridge, Massachusetts, wherefrom, by appointment, he became a tutor in Bowdoin College. At the expiration of one year he removed to Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, and after spend- ing two or three years in that place prosecuted his theolog- ical studies at Princeton Seminary. He was then engaged one year as stated supply of Woodbury, New Jersey, and subsequently was called to New Brunswick, with a salary of nine hundred dollars. " The church prospered greatly under him ; and his pastoral attention was unremitting." Every successive year of his ministry here brought with it new evidences of prosperity. A parsonage was built in 1827, at a cost of three thousand three hundred and fifty dollars; and in 1832 anew frame session-house was erected adjoining the church, at a cost of two thousand six hundred and ninety-six dollars. The old session house was sold with permission of the session, and the proceeds, with rents amounting to one hundred and seventy-nine dollars and forty-four cents, were divided among the owners /ru rala. 446 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. At a later period the congregation had increased so much that the project of a second organization was entertained, and ventilated in a public meeting called for the purpose, but after a warm discussion the subject was indefinitely postponed. But, although the project was discountenanced by the majority, there were a few who continued to uphold it ; and eventually a second church was organized. "As in consequence of the determination to erect a new edifice the pretext of want of room was obviated, it was shrewdly sus- pected th.at theological differences were at the bottom of this scheme; and these suspicions grew into belief when, on the division of the General Assembly in 1838, the second church elected to adhere to the new school, while the first church adhered to the old. It is gratifying to be able to add that the second church having in the course of time become freed from its original elements, has since returned to the old school connection, and the congregation are now wor- sliipping in a new and tasteful building, erected chiefly by the liberality of three individuals. Although there was no small debate about it, it was at last determined by the old congregation to take down their house and erect a larger one nearly on the same site, viz., on the corner of George and Paterson streets." In the interval that elapsed, the consis- toiy of the Dutch church courteously offered the use of their house on Sabbath afternoons, which was gratefully accepted, the morning service being held in the lecture-room. The new church was dedicated on Thursday, December 15th, 1S36; Dr. John Breckinridge preaching in the morning, and Dr. McClelland in the afternoon, to crowded auditories. The amount of money disbursed was twenty-three thousand three hundred and twenty-eight dollars and fifty-six cents, of which six thousand dollars were borrowed. This debt was shortly after generously assumed in different proportions by ten gentlemen, viz. : Charles Smith, James Neilson, John W. Stout, Frederick Richmond, Joseph C. Griggs, Samuel Holcomb, F. R. Smith, Peter D-tyton, A. S. Neilson, and Augustus R. Taylor. A lien was given them on the unsold pews, and the income arising from them ; but when it was soon after discovered that there was still a further deljt on the church properly to the amount of two thousand eight hundred and twenty-six dollars, they voluntarily proposed to relinquish their lien, on condition that the rest of the con- gregation would raise money sufficient to wipe off this re- maining incumbrance. The condition was fulfilled ; fresh subscriptions were made, and the congregation had ulti- mately the satisfaction of occupying their new church, with- out fear of sheriff's writs or foreclosure of mortgages. In 1837 a remarkable revival of religion occurred, "altogether unprecedented in the history of New Brunswick," whose fruits were the addition of one hundred and forty-nine persons to the communion of the Presbyterian church, and of about tliree hundred and fifty to the other churches of the city. During tliat period of grace, the pastors were relieved in their arduous duties by the visits of eminent clergymen from other places, among whom were Dr. John Breckin- ridge, Professor Dod, Mr. Rodgers, Drs. Murray, Archibald, J.imes W. Alexander, David Abeel, Thomas L. Janeway, and Armstrong. From New Brunswick, the revival spread to the neighboring towns; and the churches of Bound Brook, Somerville, Plainfield, and Piscataway, in particular, largely shared the blessing. "In the First Presbyterian Church there have been other seasons of refreshing, but for power and extent the revival of 1837 stands without a parallel, either before or since. In attempting to account for it, he is of opinion that no natural causes were adequate; neither the cholera of 1832, the tornado of 1835, the com- mercial embarrassments of a later period, the predisposition of the people, or the ordinary means of grace ; in short, he prefers to ascribe it to that mysterious and divine agency which, like the wind, bloweth where it listeth. It only re- mains to add that the great mass of the converts have done credit to their profession." The singular success of his ministry drew on him the attention of the Sixth Church of Philadelphia, which was languishing, and turned to him as one likely to promote their resuscitation. At first he declined the invitation, and his people fearing to lose his services, at once raised his salary to twelve hundred dollars with the parsonage. Eventually, however, yielding to urgent importunities and the advice of the Princeton pro- fessors, he conceived it to be his duty to go, and accordingly gave up his charge in New Brunswick, in the spring of 183S, thus closing an honorable and useful career of thirteen years, amid the profound and openly expressed regrets of his people. " His name and services still continue fragrant in the memory of New Brunswick." At the lime of his de- parture, April 24th, 1838, the session reported the large number of four hundred and eleven communicants. ^l^jfloCKHILL, JOHN, M. D , late of Pittstown, Hunt- A-.l:ll erdon county. New Jersey, descended from a family of Lincolnshire, England, and son of Edward Rockhill, of Burlington county. New Jersey, was born in the latter county, March 22d, 1726. His professional studies were prosecuted under the supervision of Dr. Thomas Cadwallader, of Phil- adelphia, and upon being admitted to practise he established himself at Pittstown, where he was actively engaged during the ensuing fifty years. The range of country over which his functions were exercised was enomious, being limited only by the Blue mountains on the north, and the Delaware on the west, and extending on the south and east fairly into the territory covered by the physicians of Burlington, Rari- tan and New Brunswick. Owing to the troublous state of the times, his practice was largely surgical, one of his nota- ble cases being a most dangerous gunshot wound that he treated with remarkable skill and success. During a foray on the part of the Indians living to the north of the moun- tains, the house of a settler named Wedges was attacked, BIOGRAnilCAL ENXVCLOP.EDIA. captured, pliimlereil and burned; and while tlie family were escaping to the woods, one of the children, a giil of twelve, was shot directly through the lungs. She fell, as was supposed, dead, but when her people returned the next morning, she was found in the brush, very much exhausted, but yet alive. Dr. Rockhill was sent for— the distance to Pittstown was nearly forty miles, and the roads were little more than blazed tracks through the woods — and by his exertions saved her life. She entirely recovered, subse- quently married a son of Edward Marshall — the Edward Marshall who took the famous " long walk " alono- the Delaware — and reared a family of twelve children. Beside attending to his large and far-reaching practice. Dr. Rock- hill found time to transact a large amount of other business as well, being considerably engaged in public affairs, and being for a number of years employed as Surveyor to the West Jei-sey Board of Land Proprietors. He married a Miss Robeson, by whom he had several children. The brother of this lady married Dr. Rockhill's sister, George M. Robeson, late Secretary of the Navy, being a great- grandson of the latter couple. >AIGHT, CHARLES, Lawyer and ex-Member of Congress, of Freehold, New Jersey, son of Thomas G. and Ann Eliza (Van Meter) Haight, and descended from William Haight, one of three brothers who emigrated to this countiy from Germany, was born at Colt's Neck, Monmouth county. New Jersey, January 4th, 183S. Entenng the Col- lege of New Jersey, Princeton, as a sophomore, m 1854, he graduated from that institution in 1S57, and in the same year began the study of law in the office of that eminent barrister, Joel Parker, sometime Governor of New Jersey. Completing his legal education in the office of Messrs Cummins, Alexander & Green, counsellors and attorneys- at-law. New York, he was licensed to practise as an attor- ney at the bar of New Jersey in 1861, and as a counsellor m 1865 Upon being admitted to the bar he established himself at Freehold, where he rapidly built up an extensive practice. From early manhood he has taken an active and important part in politics — a sphere in which his father was also distinguished In lS5o he was elected, on the Demo- cratic ticket, a member of the State Legislature, and in the session of 1861-62 w.is Speaker of the House, a position the delicate duties of which he discharged m a manner satisfactoiy to both parties. In 1867 he was elected to Congress from the Second Congressional District (compris- ing Burlington, Mercer, Monmouth and Ocean counties^ and in 1869 was re elected from the same district. While in Congress his record was highly creditable, and in 1872 his name w.is brought prominently before the Slate Demo- cratic Convention as that of a candidate for the governor- 447 shiji. He h,is frequently been a Delegate to the conven- tions of his parly— was a member and Chairman of the New Jersey delegation in 1872 to the convention that nomi- nated Horace Greeley for the Presidency— and in conven- tions and party councils generally his opinions are listened to with respect and have a considerable influence in mould- ing the line of policy adopted. He is regarded as one of the leaders of the younger bar of New Jersey, and in 1873 was appointed, by Governor Parker, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Monmouth county. He was married, in 1862, to Mary B., daughter of Dr. J. L. Taylor, of Trenton, New Jersey. "^OLCOMBE, HENRV, M. D., late of Everiltstown, Hunterdon county, was born in Hunterdon county, August 5th, 1797. Having graduated from the College of New Jersey in 1818, he read medicine with his cousin. Dr. George Holcombe, of Allentown, Monmouth county. New Jersey — a physician who at that time stood at the head of his profes- sion in the State — subsequently entered the medical depart- ment of the University of Pennsylvania, and from that insti- tution received his degree of M. D. in 1821. Having been duly licensed to practise as a physician in New Jersey, he settled at Rowland's Mills, on the south branch of the Raritan, but in the ensuing year (1822) he removed to Everittstown, where he was engaged in active practice during the ensuing thirty-seven years. His exceptionally thorough education gave him a decided advantage over the medical men of the locality, and his services were soon in general demand ; in a few years his practice extended over almost the entire county, and even across the river into Pennsylvania. In 1 82 1 he was one of the founders of the Hunterdon County Medical Society, was Treasurer of that organization in 1825-26-27-28, and a member of the Board of Censors in 1825. He was also an honorary member of the Philadelphia Medical Society. He married Catherine, daughter of Samuel Case, Esq , by whom he had one daughter, Elizabeth, subsequently the wife of Baltus Pickel, Esq , of Trenton. In agricultural pursuits he took much interest, owning a large farm, the affairs of which he man- aged with remarkable skill and success. He died on the 7th of April, 1S59 je erA/A^'llETWOOn, HON. WILLIAM, Lawyer, late of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, was born in that place in 1770, and was the son of John Chet- wood, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court. G"*7'eJ His family were originally Quakers, and settled first in Salem county, but, after the removal of Judge Chetwood to Elizabethtown, became connected with the Episcopal Church. He was educated at Princeton Col- 448 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOPyEDIA. lege, graduated from that institution in 1792, and subse- quently pursued a course of studies in law, under the guidance and care of his father. During the memorable " Whiskey Insurrection," he became a volunteer, and served on the staff of General Lee, having the rank then, or after- ward, of Major, by which title he was usually addressed. He was licensed as an attorney in 1796, as counsellor in 1799, and in 1S16 was made a serjeant-at-law. He was elected a member of Congress by the Jackson party, being one of those Federalists who preferred him to Adams. Afterward, however, he acted chiefly with the Whigs. He accumulated a very handsome estate, a considerable part of which was invested in New York insurance companies, and ultimately lost by the great fire of 1S35, leaving him, how- ever, a competent support. He was for many years a con- stant attendant on the sittings of the Supreme Court at Trenton, and " was one of those indefatigable workers, who, by persistent industry, are pretty sure to succeed." A story was formerly told of hin\ that is not without piquancy : On one occasion he attended court in his own carriage, as the custom then was, expecting to remain only a day, and without a change of linen. Unexpectedly detained, it be- came necessary for him to go to Sussex county without returning home ; and he turned his shirt, in order to appear as decently as circumstances would permit. But before it was possible to procure a change, he found it expedient to turn it back again, and so arrived at home about as he left, but with a shirt rather the wor.se for wear. He married a daughter of Colonel PVancis Barber, who was killed during the revolutionary war by the falling of a tree. He died at Elizabethtown, New Jersey, in 1857, at the advanced age of eighty-six years and six months. '"^ , USENBERY, HENRY, of Jersey City, was born in New Hampton, New Jersey, April 2Ist, 182S. He is a son of Josej)h Warren Dusenbery, of New Hampton, formerly engaged in the mercan- tile and milling business there, and a grandson of Major Henry Dusenbery, a merchant of Phila- delphia, who afterwards settled at New Hampton. He attended the village school at New Hampton until he was fifieen years of age, when he became a clerk in the service of Benjamin Shackleton, a merchant at Qu.ikertown, New Jersey, whose head-quarters were at Belvidere, Warren county, of which the Quakertown business was a branch. He remained in that position for three years, engaging then in the same capacity with M. S. Sliger, of Clinton, the first mayor of that town, and remaining with him for about the same period. Leaving the em]>loyment of Mr. Stiger, he went to Imlaysdale, Warren county, and set up in busi- ness as a general storekeeper on his own account, conduct- ing the business for three years; after which he returned to Mr. Stiger's employment at Clinton. In 1854 he removed to New York city, and served as clerk in the house of Young, Bonnell & Sutphen, on the dissolution of which, in 1856, he became a partner in the reconstructed firm of Young, Bonnell Sc Co. Four years later Young retired from the firm, when the style was altered to A. Bonnell & Co., and afterwards to Bonnell, Dusenbery & Co., and finally on the 1st of May, 1S69, this latter partnership was dissolved to make way for one composed of himself and his brother, Joseph Warren, under the name of Dusenbeiy Brothers, in West street. New York. Thus was his business career crowned. Never was commercial success more gradual, regular, or legitimate, the way for each forward step in his course having been made smooth by the preceding one. After faithfully toiling at the bottom of the ladder, and slowly but surely mounting the rounds, he reached at last the top, where he has since stood, and now st.ands, not only a thoroughly successful man of business, a commercial leader in the commercial metropolis of the land, but a citizen universally esteemed and implicitly trusted. It is safe to assume that a success thus attained will be steadily maintained at its full height. He finds time to discharge with acceptability all his civic and social duties, but none for the mere contests of party. In religious belief he is a Presbyterian, and is a Ruling Elder and President of the Board of Trustees of the First Presbyterian Church, Bergen, Jersey City, New Jersey. He is a Director of the Library Association of Bergen, and President of the Central Savings Bank of Jereey City ; but, though several times nominated, he has always declined political office. He is married to Emily A. Stiger, daughter of Adam Stiger, of Clinton, an old resident and merchant of Hunterdon county. USENBERY, JOSEPH WARREN, younger brother of the subject of the preceding sketch, was born at New Hampton, New Jersey, March I2th, 1830. He was educated principally at the village school, which he attended until he was seventeen years of age, when he entered St. Matthew's Hall, Port Colden, New Jersey, where he pursued his studies for one year, and then, accoutred as he was, plunged in the " angry flood " of life. He first entered the employment of Benjamin Shackleton, at Quakertown, serving him as clerk for some three yeai-s, at the end of which he went to Clinton, New Jersey, and in the same capacity served Joseph Stiger for about the same length of time. His service with Mr. Stiger having been terminated by that gentleman's death, he formed a partnership in the general mercantile business with Alexander Bonnell, at Clinton, under the name of Bonnell & Dusenbery, which continued for ten years or thereabouts. During his mem- bership in this firm he was chosen a Director of the Clinton Bank. His integrity, talents and success as a business man BIOGRArillCAL EXCVCI.Or.F.DIA. 449 had alreaily given him an enviaMe standing in the com- munily. Sul)seqiiently he established himself in business on his own account in the same town, prosecuting the enter- prise for about two years, after which he removed to New York city, where he became a partner in the firm of Bun- nell, Dusenbery & Co., on the dissolution of which he united with his brother Henry in establishing the ])resent house of Dusenbery Brothers, in West street, New York. In this house his fortunes, hke his brother's, and through remarkably similar vicissitudes, have culminated, capping with substantial and visible success a long, patient, faithful, energetic and honorable course of mercantile toils and ven- tures. When the prizes of life are so won, they can excite only satisfaction in the beholder, as they should bring nothing but happiness to the possessor. He has been twice married : first to Chrissie Dunham, daughter of Nehemiah Dunham, a farmer of Clinton, New Jersey, of which he was an old resident, who died in 1862; and a second time, to Mary De Witt, daughter of Charles A. De Witt, superin- tendent of the United States Express Company, Jersey City, whose father, Charles G. De Witt, was at one time asso- ciated with President Jackson's administration, and in 1S33 w.is appointed Charge d' Affaires to Guatemala, in Central America. |OODRUFF, REV. BENJAMIN, Clergyman, late of Westlield, was born in Elizabethtown, New Jersey, and was the son of Samuel Woodruff, an eminent merchant of his native place, and for nearly twenty years a Trustee of Princeton College. After graduating he pursued the study of Iheolog)', probably with his pastor, Elihu Spencer. In due time he was licensed to preach, and on March 14th, 1759, was ordained pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Westfield, New Jersey. During the forty-four years of his useful and zealous ministry there, he greatly endeared him- self to his people by his earnest preaching, sincere piety and charitableness, and his pastoral intercourse. He is described as small in person, dignified and precise in his manners, scrupulously exact and fastidious in his dress, with small-clothes, silk hose, buckles, cock-hat and ruffles, everywhere the same, and always commanding respect. He died suddenly, April 3d, 1S03, and with him went a well- beloved link that connected the old time and the new, and a revered and exemplaiy spiritual guide and exhorter. ■ TEVENS, JOHN, Inventor, Prominent Citizen of New Jersey, late of Hoboken, New Jersey, was born in New York in 1749. In 17S7, happening to see the imperfectly constructed steamboat of John Fitch, he at once became interested in steam propulsion, and during the ensuing thirty years was constantly engaged in experimenting on the subject. 57 In 1789 he petitioned the Legislature of New York for a grant of the exclusive navigation of the waters of that State, his petition being accompanied with draughts of the plan of his steamboat. The right demanded was, however, not granted. In 1S04 he constructed a propeller, a small open boat worked by steam, and success meeting this venture, he built the " Phoenix," a steamboat which was completed but a short time after Fulton had finished the " Clermont." Fulton having obtained the exclusive right to the naviga- tion of the Hudson, his coworker placed his boats on the Delaware and Connecticut. In 1S12 he published a re- markable pamphlet, urging the government to make experi- ments in railways traversed by steam carriages, and pro- posed the construction of his projected railway from Albany to Lake Erie, "The railway engines," he thought," might traverse the roads at a speed of fifty miles, or even more, per hour, though probably in practice it would be found convenient not to exceed twenty or thirty miles per hour." The details of construction of the roadway, and of the locomotives and carriages, are given with such minuteness and accuracy, that " it is difficult to realize that their only existence at that time was in the mind of the inventor." He died at Hoboken, New Jersey, in 183S. TEVENS, ROBERT LIVINGSTON, Inventor, President of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, son of the inventor, John Stevens, late of Hoboken, New Jersey, was born in that place in 17SS. Inheriting his father's mechanical genius and his deep interest in propulsion by steam on land and water, he, while still a youth, commenced a course of dis- covery and improvement on these subjects which has given him a very high rank among the inventors of this ceirtury. At the ace of twenty he constructed a steamboat with con- cave water lines, the first application of the wave-line to ship-building ; subsequently used for the first time vertical buckets on pivots in the paddle-wheels of steamers, sus- pended the guard-beam by iron rods, and adopted a new and original method of bracing and fastening steamboats. In 1S18 he discovered the advantage of using steam ex- pansively, and of employing anthracite coal as fuel for steamers. In 1S22 he substituted the skeleton wrought- iron walking-beam for the heavy cast-iron one previously in use ; first placed the boilers on the guards, and divided the buckets on the water-wheels in order to lessen the jar of the boat. In 1S24 he applied artificial blast to the boiler furnace by means of blowers; and in 1827 adapted the " hof-frame " to boats, to prevent them from bending at the centre. In the course of the ensuing twenty-two years he made numerous other improvements, in the w.iy of balance, valves, tubular-boilers, steam-packing, cut-off-, cross-pro- pellers to turn bo.ats as on a pivot, the forcing of air undef the bottom of the steamer " John Wilson," to lighten the 45° BIOGKArillCAL EXCVCLOr.EDIA. 'Iraft, etc. During this period he also invented and put into use the T rail, and used successfully anthracite coal as a fuel for fast passenger locomotives. At an early age he had established steam ferry-boats on the Hudson river; and on the organization of the Camden & Amboy Railroad, took a warm interest in its management and development, and was for many years its President. In I8l3-I4he invented an elongated bombshell of great destructive power, and imparted to the government the secret of its construction, in consideration of which he received a large annuity. In 1842 he commenced experiments with a view to the con- struction of an iron-plated war-steamer, or battery, which should he shol-and-shell-proof, and whose construction was begun in 1858, at Hoboken, New Jersey, under a con- tract made by him with the Navy Department in 1849. The actual construction of this vessel was commenced, however, in 1856. The following were her principal di- mensions: extreme length, 415 feet; breadth, 48 feet; depth, 32 feet 4 inches; displacement in tons, 5,840; indi- cated steam-power at 50 pounds pressure equal to 8,624 liorses ; 10 large boilers; 8 driving-engines; 451^-inch cylinder; 3/^ feet stroke; 2 propellers; 9 subordinate engines for various purposes, such as pumping, blowing, starting, etc. lie also devoted much time and expense to an elaborate series of ordnance experiments, and entertained no doulit of the practicability of making his battery shot- and-shellproof. His vessel was intended to operate in the waters of New York bay and harbor, from Sandy Hook upward, and in March, 1858, was about two-thirds com- pleted, all her machinery, boilers and dependencies bein^ in place ; in February, 1S62, the propriety of finishing this huge war-instrument was earnestly advocated by those who foresaw the duration and probable magnitude of the sec- tional conllict. A more detailed and fuller account of his various inventions, improvements, etc., will probably be found in the later volumes of the "Annual of Scientific Discovery." He died at Hoboken, New Jersey, April 20th, 1856. jOODHULI., REV. GEORGE SPAFFORD, Pas- tor of the Presbyterian Church at Cranberry, late of Middletown Point, New Jersey, was born in New Jersey in the last quarter of the past century, and was the son of Rev. John WoodhuU, of the ^ Princeton class of 1766. He also studied at Princeton College, and in due time and season graduated from that institution. He subsequently studied law for two years, and medicine for one year; but, determining to enter the ministry, was licensed by the Presbytery of New Bruns- wick, November 14th, 1797. June 6th, 1798, he was or- dained and installed as pastor of the Presbyterian Church at Cranberry, New Jersey. Here he remained until 1S20, when he was chosen pastor of the church of Princeton, where, for twelve years, he labored faithfully and success- fully. In 1832 he resigned his charge, and spent the last two years of his life as pastor of the Presl)yterian Church at Middletown Point, New Jersey, where he died, December 25th, 1834. He was eminently blameless and exemplary in his life, eminently jieaceful and happy in his death. Three of his sons graduated at Princeton ; one in 1822, and two in 1828. ILLER, WILLIAM W., Lawyer, late of Paris, r'rance, was Ijorn in Hunterdon county. New Jersey, in 1797. "Although living in the country, which commonly presents so many more allur- ing pastimes for a boy, and having the com- panionship of a large family of brothers and sisters, yet his fondness for and his apflicalion to study was so great, that at the age of twelve years he was prepared to enter the freshman class at college." The regulations of the institution not permitting this, he pursued his studies alone, and at the age of fourteen entered the junior class of Princeton College, half advanced. Before attaining his sixteenth year he graduated, taking one of the honors of his class, several members of which were afterward distin- guished characters in public life. Owing to his youth, he was advised not to enter immediately upon his professional studies, but to review those to which he had so successfully applied himself while laboring as a student. For this pur- pose he went to Somerville, and there instructed in the languages a class of young men, all older than himself. Shortly afterward, however, he entered upon the study of the law with Theodore Frelinghuysen, and was licensed as an attorney in 1S18, and as a counsellor in 1821. He then commenced practice as a lawyer in Morristown, where he was professionally occupied during the ensuing five or six years, removing subsequently with his family, consisting of a wife and three children, to Newark. His reputation as a public speaker began at this time to attract attention, not only in his own neighborhood, but also in the city of New York, so that frequent calls were made upon him to address public meetings. His speech in behalf of the Greeks, then struggling to relieve themselves from the oppression of the Turks, made in Trinity Church, Newark, July 13th, 1824, won for him applause which rang through the whole coun- try, and is still spoken of as a master-piece of eloquence. In February, 1825, he was ret.ained as counsel for a minister of the Dutch church, who had sued his son-in-law in New York for a gross slander. The case was one that excited universal interest, and the City Hall was evei-y day crowded to excess while it was in progress. The celebrated Thomas Addis Emmet was one of the counsel of the defendant; so that every circumstance was calculated to enlist the sympa- thy and stimulate the ambition of a young lawyer. He spoke nearly three hours on this occasion, during which time the excitement of the crowd assembled was intense, and when at BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. 45t last he sank exhausted into a chair, Kmmct embraced him, and the defendant sobbed so violently as to be heard all over the court-room. The cause was gained, but it was the last effort of the gifted orator; that night he was prostrated by a hemorrhage of the lungs. liy the advice of his physi- cians he then left home and repaired to the south of France, and for a time seemed on the road to a complete recovery ; but on the 24th of July, 1825, he was again attacked by a hemorrhage, at a hotel in Paris, and there died, at the early age of twenty-eight years and a few months. He lies buried in the well-known cemetery of Pere la Chaise, where an iron railing marks his grave, and which is visited with mel- ancholy interest by his American friends. On the news of his death, a meeting of the bench and bar was held in the courtroom at Trenton, of which Richard Stockton was chairman and Peter D. Vroom secretary, and highly com- plimentary resolutions were duly adopted. Says Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer: " I well remember his reputation for splendid oratorical powers, and his high character as a Christian gentleman. His Greek speech was published, and uni- versally admired." Js JUTHERFURD, HON. JOHN, President of the f/t, V ) New Jersey Historical Society, President of the ¥;l| I Tuckerton Railroad in Ocean county, and of W'*i »• (j^g Council of Proprietors for the Eastern Di- vision of New Jersey, and of the New Jersey Co.al Company, Director in the Sussex Railroad, etc., late of Newark, New Jersey, was born at the resi- dence of his maternal grandfather, Lewis Mon-is, of Mor- risania, Westchester county. New York, July 21st, 1810, and was the son of Robert Walter Rutherfurd and Sabina (Morris) Rutherfurd. His paternal grandfather, after whom he was named, John Rutherfurd, was a country gentleman and large landed proprietor, living on his estate at Edger- ton, on the Passaic river, known as Rutherfurd park; he married the sister of Lewis Morris, " thus making a double tie of consanguinity in the ancestors of Mr. Rutherfurd " : he was also well known throughout the State as a public- spirited and energetic citizen, and is recorded as a United States Senator in the " Senate Journal " of the First Session of the Third Congress, which met in Philadelphia in 1793; his only son was Robert Walter Rutherfurd. The paternal great-grandfather was a British officer of the rank of colonel, who was prominent in several actions attendant on the old French war; and letters are still extant in the family, de» scribing his sufferings in the campaign on Lake Ontario and in Canada ; he married a sister of Lord Stirling, and the daughter of James Alexander, who holds an enviable and distinguished position in the colonial history of New jersey and New York. Ilis maternal grandfather. Colonel Lewis Morris, was a son of the signer of the Declaration of Independence; he was the oldest of six sons, "most of whom, excepting the youngest, joined the Continental army on reaching the age of sixteen ; the youngest, fearing the war would close before he w.as of that age, joined when only fifteen." When the British forces entered New York the officers took possession of the Morris country place, the family hastily escaping with their servants, horses and fur- niture, in a flat-boat across the Hudson to Weehawken, and to Round Valley, Hunterdon county, where they remained until the close of the conflict. " Thus, while this sturdy patriot was contending against the enemy with voice and pen in the Continental Congress, he sends his six sons into the field as soon as they can shoulder a -musket — his family, meantime, seeking refuge in a secluded valley among the Jersey hills." At the age of two and a half years he went to live with his grandfather, at Edgerton, situated on the east bank of the Passaic, about seven miles above Newark ; the old mansion there existed until quite recently, when it was altered and enlarged for a hotel, and ultimately de- stroyed by fire. " It was in its day the scene for the dis- pensation of elegant hospitality; and there are yet many old neighbors and former residents on the river who cherish very delightful recollections of the old place, and the pleas- ant and joyous times they have had within its hospitable walls." As a child he seems to have given token of some precocity of intellect; an extract from an old diary will serve to illustrate the fact : "July 21st, 1817. John Ruther- furd is seven years old to-day, and has commenced reading history with the Bible." .... "July 24th. Read an extract of Egypti.an and Persian history, with some extracts in third volume of Rollins' ' Belles-Lettres.' — Reading Goldsmith's 'Abridged History of Greece,' and an abridgment of Alex- ander's Life and Conquests, from ' Flowers of History.' — We began Goldsmith's ' Rome,' the number of the different states rendering Grecian history rather complicated for a child of seven years of age." At nine years of age he was sent to school, at the Newark Academy, then presided over by Andrew Smith, "a very respectable old Scotchman," and " probably because the distance was too far for the young boy to go to and fro each day, he was placed at board with the family of his teacher, who lived across the Passaic, in what is now known as East Newark, on the turnpike road near to the crossing of the Morris & Essex Railroad, from which place he, in company with four other boys, walked in daily to the academy, which then stood on the site of the present post-ofHce." From this school he was sent to the famous educational institute of Dr. Brown- lee, at Basking Ridge, to be fitted for college. It was in- tended also that he should go to Princeton, and be educated by the venerable J/nin A/aferundet whose shadow his father had won his scholarly attainments ; " but here we have an early instance of his strongly marked character, and decision of purpose as impressed by nature herself. One day he went to Princeton to pay a visit to an old schoolmate then in college, and living, as the custom of the times was, in 'commons;' but the boy, accustomed from his infancy to 452 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. the observance of all the nice pvoprieties of refined life, took such a disgust at the scenes he witnessed among the youths at dinner that he at once resolved he would look elsewhere for an education."' Accordingly, and without consulting any one, he went to New Brunswick and applied for admission to Rutgers Collej^e; and there, after the ordeal of a two hours* examination, conducted by the Dutch pro- fessors who had charge of the curriculum of that institution, secured a favorable verdict, becoming a member of the sophomore class at the early age of fifteen years. He gradu- ated while in his eighteenth year, and soon after entered the law othce of Elias Van Arsdale, in the city of Newark. After being admitted to the bar, and practising law for about two years, he abandoned his profession in order to assist his grandfather in the care and management of his large landed estate. He continued to live at Edgerton until the death of his grandparents, after which his two aunts, Mary and Louisa Rutherfurd, built an elegant residence on the same bank of the Passaic, about two miles distant from Newark, " which the refinement and taste of those ladies rendered conspicuous for all that is attractive in rural life." He then took up his residence with them at " Eastridge," as the grounds were named, and commenced there his married life. He possessed remarkable executive ability ; had a far-sighted vision as to the future of the State; and furthered materially the many enterprises set on foot to develop its interests and resources. " His great self-control, his tact in management of all embarrassing questions, his whole-souled generosity, his entire abnegation of self, and slowness to suspect anything wrong in the motives of others, caused him to be almost worshipped among his tenantry, and there was probably no one in the entire county of Essex who had equal popularity with him." One of his favorite projects was the uniting of the waters of the Delaware and Hudson by a continuous route of railway ; this led him to originate the Warwick Railroad, which was commenced on the line of the Erie road, at Chester, and continued to the Slate line, a distance of ten miles. He was also largely in- terested in the construction of the Pequest Valley Railroad, and was a Director and able worker in the Midland Rail- road; "his counsels and energetic action in this corporation will be sadly missed." He was President of the Tucker- ton Railroad, in Ocean county, where, with other mem- bers of his family, he was very largely interested in the Pine Barrens, which are now giving place to cultivated lands, fulfilling and realizing the Scripturtf prophecy, " The desert shall blossom as the rose." He was also the Presi- dent of the Council of Proprietors for the Eastern Division of New Jersey ; was an hereditai-y proprietor in this board, and had been its presiding officer for many years. " His influence in that body was so great, and the confidence in his inflexible uprightness and sound judgment so general, that he never failed, by expressing his opinion, to control the action of the board, no matter how divided the senti- ment might be." He was also the President of the New Jersey Coal Company, in which enterprise he was warmly interested, his faith in it being so great that he believed — from the value of their lands and the superior quality of their coal — that it could not fail to become a very wealthy corporation. He was a Director also in the Sussex Rail- road, in which county was his home, his residence being known as Maple Grange. Beyond these ofiicial positions he held several oihei's ; was a Director in the New Jersey State Agricultural Society, and in several financial institu- tions ; and was also the honored head of the New Jersey Historical Society, in whose prosperity and promotion he ever manifested a deep and generous interest, contributing to its funds with no sparing hand, and seeking by every means in his power to advance its aims and objects. ** Many of the priceless manuscripts, documents and literary curiosities contained in our library are the gifts of ^Ir. Rutherfurd and his family, and there is enough to-day in that library to keep his name ever fresh in grateful remem- brance." — R. S. Swords. He was elected a member of the society November 6th, 1845, and made Vice-President January 19th, 1865. Speaking of him the same writer re- marks, further: His versatile talents enabled him to devote himself with fidelity to ever)- duty he assumed. His memory was tenacious to an extraordinary degree, and he was wont to depend upon it to an extent that hardly another man would have felt safe in doing, , He never forgot a business engage.T.ent, or failed to keep an appointment ; in such matters he was the promptest of the prompt. There was probably no man in the Stale whose time was more entirely engrossed, and yet it is recorded of him that " he never brought his business affairs into his family." In his deal- ings with his fellow-men he was just and generous ; no friend ever appealed to him in vain for sympathy or aid. No man could be more simple and unaffected in manner ; and yet, so careful was he of wounding the feelings of others that, in most cases, where he had the right to be severe, he preferred silence to delivery of just resentment. His last sickness was sudden and severe. He came from Newport early in the fall, suffering from an attack of mala- rious fever, complicated with the beginning of the painful malady which was to end his days. He ihen remained temporarily at his city residence in Newark, in order to re- cuperate under the watching of his physician ; and subse- quently returned to his home in Sussex, where he improved slightly, and became strong enough to ride about the country. Being advised to return to Newark, where he could receive more attention and find higher medical skill, he started on his return, and on the night of his first day's journey was prostrated by a fresh attack while resting at the house of a friend. After reaching Newark his malady speedily assumed the most serious and alarming aspect; his naturally powerful frame and strength of constitution en- abled hiin to endure for a time what any other man of less vigor would at once have succumbed to; but on the 21st day of November, 1872, at 8 o'clock a. m., he breathed EIOGRArillCAL ENXYCLOP/EDIA. his last, " conscious to the extremeit moment," and " was gathered unto his fathers, having the testimony of a good conscience; in the communion of the catholic church, in the confidence of a certain faith, in the comfort of a reason- able, religious and holy hope ; in favor (as we devoutly be- lieve) with his God; and in perfect charity with the world." His funeral took place from Trinity Church, Newark ; and he was buried in the yard of Christ Church, Belleville, where are interred the remains of his father and mother, his aunts, and one of his own children. In this church he had grown up and become a communicant, and afterward for many years was one of its vestrymen ; he also frequently represented the parish in the diocesan conventions of the Episcopal Church in New Jersey. ■-^^;ERRINE, REV. MATTHEW LA RUE, Clergy- man, Professor of Ecclesiastical History and Church Polity, late of Auburn, New York, was born in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, and belonged to a distinguished and influential " family of Monmouth county. New Jersey. After graduating at Princeton College he studied theology under Dr. John Woodhull, of Freehold, New Jersey, and was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of New Brunswick, September iSih, 1799. On the 24th of June, :8oo, he was ordained, and for four months acted as a missionary in western New York. On the 15th of June, 1802, he was installed as pastor of the Spring Street Church, New York. Here he continued till the summer of 1820, when, at his own request, the pastoral relation was dissolved. In 1821 he was elected to the Professorship of Ecclesiastical His- tory and Church Polity in the Auburn Theological Semi- nary. He continued actively engaged in the discharge of his various duties till near the close of his life. In 181S he received the honorary degree of Doctor of Divinity from Allegheny College. " His personal appearance was alto- gether agreeable. His countenance indicated great mild- ness and benignity, mingled with thoughtfulness and intel- - ligence; his manners were urbane and winning; his temper amiable and benevolent." He was naturally of a specula- tive and metaphysical turn, and in theology harmonized with Dr. Emmons; as a preacher he was always instructive and interesting, but could not be called popular. His style was correct and perspicuous, but, in a great measure, un- adorned ; yet in the mellow and gentle tones of his voice there lurked a great and enduring charm. He had the reputation of being an accurate and thorough scholar. He published " Letters Concerning the Plan of Salvation, ad- dressed to the Members of the Spring Street Church," New York, 1816; "A Sermon before a French Missionary Society in New York," in 1S17; and "An Abstract of Biblical Geography," 1835. He also contributed several essays and articles to tlie current magazines and journals of his day. He died, Fel)ruai7 nth, 1836. y^fljl ANNERS, HON. JOHN, M. D., Physician, Law- yer and State Senator, late of Clinton, son of John and Rachel Manners, was born in Hunter- don county. New Jersey, April 8th, 1786. Having received his preliminary education — including, probably, a full course in the College of New Jersey — he entered the medical department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, and from that institution received, in 1812, his degree of M. D. While prosecuting his profes- sional studies at the university he was also an office student with Drs. Benjamin Rush and Thomas Cooper, the latter of whom became in due course of time his father-in-law, and with the former of whom he maintained for many years a more or less close friendship. Shortly after his gradua- tion he applied to the New Jersey Board of Censors for permission to practise in the State; was examined, passed and licensed. He at first established himself at Fleming- ton ; subsequently removed to a handsome country-seat (to which he gave the name of Belvoir), near Clinton, and finally settled in the town of Clinton. He became a mem- ber of the Hunterdon County Medical Society on the revival of that organization, in 1836, but as the society immediately fell to pieces again, and was not permanently revived until 1S46, he lost interest in it, and during the few years pre- vious to his death that it was in active operation he was but an irregular attendant at its meetings. He married, August 2d, 1810, Eliza, daughter of Dr. Thomas Cooper, of South Carolina, a connection that brought him into intimate rela- tions with many eminent Southerners, and led to a devel- opment on his part of a very sincere respect and admiration for southern character and customs. The latter to a certain extent he introduced at Belvoir, patterning that establish- ment, as nearly as circumstances would pei-mit, upon the model of a southern homestead. He was an earnest be- liever in blooded stock, and his horses were the best bred in all the country side ; and the same was true of his cows, pigs and chickens. After practising medicine for some years he determined upon entering the legal profession also; and to this end read law in the office of James M. Porter, of Easton, Pennsylvania. After the usual course he was examined and admitted to the bar. Although qualified to practise at the bar of both the State and United States courts, he does not seem to have been very largely em- ployed in either, and it is probable that he studied law mainly with the view of making it a stepping-stone to politi- cal preferment. For three years previous to his death he represented Hunterdon county in the State Senate, being during the last year of his term President of that body. That he would have risen to greater prominence in public life, had he lived, is extremely probable, for he is repre- 4j4- BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOIVEDIA. scntecl as having displayed while in office more than ordi- nary legislative ability. He died, June 24th, 1853. By his will, he ordered that his body should be buried in the cemetery at Trenton, and that over his grave should be erected, " of the best Italian marble," a monument bearing this inscription: "Erected to the memory of Hon. John JIanners, Esq., A. M., M. D., and Counsellor at Law of the Supreme Court, United States of America. The Friend and Medical Pupil of Benjamin Rush, M. D., LL. D., Phil- adelphia. The Friend, the Pupil and the Son-in-law of Thomas Cooper, M. D., LL. D., etc., of South Carolina; and the Friend and Correspondent of Thomas Jefferson, LL. D., of Virginia, formerly President of the United States." lERSON, CLARK, Journalist, of Lambertville, was born in Lambertville, New Jei-sey, July 13th, 1836, He was educated at the private school of Mr. Parson, which he attended until he was twelve or thirteen years of age, when he entered the printing office of the Lambertville Telegraph, in which he remained for several years, passing through all the grades of the craft, and ending with the superintendence of the job work, an excellent course of training for one des- tined to be a journalist. He did not, however, immediately take his seat on the tripod, but first added another chapter to his preliminary experience, becoming in 1 856 a clerk in the office of the Belvidere Delaware Railroad, where he remained until 1S58. In the Latter year he bought the Beacon newspaper (formerly the Telegrnpli), editing and publishing it till 1869, and then disposing of it. But he made this disposition with no thought of retiring from the newspaper business, his eleven years' experience in which had not dulled his p-irtiality for it, or failed, as may well be imagined, to perfect his mastery of it, particularly as those eleven years included the period of the civil war, during which American journalism, in all its branches, underwent an improvement so rapid and vast that it may be said to have been born anew. On the contrary, the sale of the Beacon establishment was but a step in his journalistic career — a step that he followed up by a stride in 1872, when he founded the Lambertville Record, which at once took a prominent place among the journals of New Jersey, and of which he is still the proprietor and editor. In politics he is a Republican, as he has been since the out- break of the civil war, previously to which he was a Demo- crat of the Douglas school ; but as a journalist he is accus- tomed to follow his own convictions, which enlist his pen and the influence of his paper in the service of eveiy praise- worthy reform, whether set down in the party platform or not. He is especially identified with the cause of temper- ance, of which he has proved himself an effective advocate, his strictures on the Lambertville Common Council, for in- stance, the majority of whose members he deemed to have sacrificed the welfare of the people to the interests of the rumsellers, telling with such effect that at the next election the faithless members were all defeated and their places filled by temperance councilmen, no license to sell liquor being granted for the three succeeding years. He is also a devoted friend of education, and in 1861 his fellow-citizens gave him an opportunity to make his devotion fruitful by electing him Superintendent of the Public Schools of Lam- bertville, an opportunity which, it need not be said, he turned to good account. He was the first President of the Young Men's Christian Association of Lambertville, in the organization of which he bore a leading part. To religion, temperance and education, in the cause of each of which he is an efficient worker, he adds philanthropy, being, to cite no further evidence, a Free Mason, belonging to the Lam- bertville Lodge and Chapter. In 1876 he was the Repub- lican candidate, in the First Legislative District of Hunter- don, for the State Assembly; but, the district being largely Democratic, he was defeated. His standing in his own immediate community was shown in 1877 by his trium- phant choice as Postmaster of Lambertville, the appoint- ment having been left to a vote of the people. But the character in which he is best known and most influential is that of conductor of the Lambertville Record. As a jour- nalist he is an acknowledged power in his section of the State. COTT, COLONEL WARREN, Lawyer, was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, toward the close of the last century, and graduated from Princeton College. He subsequently studied medicine for a short time with his father, and also paid some attention to theology, ** a science congenial to his intellect and early education." On one occasion he at- tended court in New York, and became greatly interested in the able argument of one of the lawyers, and this was the incentive that led him to adopt the law as his profes- sion. He was admitted an attorney of the Supreme Court of New Jersey at the Februaiy term, 1801, and as a coun- sellor in February, 1 804. In Februaiy, 1816, he was called to the position of serjeant-at-law. In criminal cases he showed great power and almost resistless eloquence. He argued his last case at the age of eighty, and spoke for several hours with veiy little apparent weariness, consider- ing his years. Hon. Hamilton Fish, Secretary of State of the United States, on hearing of his death, writes: "Genial and bright in intellect and wit, fourscore and ten years had not, when last I met him, quenched the ardor of his warm and impulsive nature; and I shall ever remember Colonel Warren Scott as one of the most attractive talkers and agreeable companions whom it has been my fortune to meet." He died, April 27th, 1871. BIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOP/EDIA. 45S ICTIOI.S, ISAAC A., M. D., of Newark, was born in that city on the 24lh of February, 1828. Ilav- iu^y received an ample preparatory education, he de- cided upon adopting medicine as his profession, %3^ ^"'' '" accordance with this determination matric- ulated at the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York. After duly attending lectures, he wxs grad- uated thence, with distinction, in 1850; received his degree of M. D., and in the same year entered upon the practice of his profession in his native city. From the outset of his career, both as a physician and surgeon, he was successful, and he has now been for many years one of the leading medical men of Newark. In 185S his standing was such that he was appointed City Physician, a position that he has since, during a period of nineteen years, continued to hold. As a surgeon, his reputation is quite exceplion.al, his prac- tice in this branch of his profession being so skilful as to lead to his appointment as surgeon to Saint Michael's 'Hos- pital, Newark, and also as surgeon to the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. In his profession, among his brother physicians, his standing is of the highest; a fact evidenced by his election in 1S73 to the Presidency of the Essex Counly Medical Society. Of the Newark Medical Associa- tion, and of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, he is also a distinguished member, taking a prominent part in the discussion of all important matters, and being a member of the leading committees of both organizations. He was married in 1854. I HITEHEAD, HON. ASA, Lawyer, late of New- ark, New Jersey, was born in Essex county. New Jersey, and was the son of Hon. Silas White- head, who was appointed, in 1817, Clerk of the county of Essex. He was licensed as an attor- ney in 1S18; as a counsellor in 1821; and was one of those called to the degree of serjeant-at-law in 1837, after which time that degree ceased to be conferred. He was subsequently commissioned by the Governor to fill the position of Clerk of the county of Essex, made vacant by the death of his father ; and, at the meeting of the Legisla- ture in 1819, was regularly appointed to the office. Being reappointed in 1824, he occupied that station for a period of ten years. Connected with the Pennington family by m.irriage, his politics were like theirs. Democratic, until the contest between Adams and Jackson, after which he became a Whig, and continued an active and influential supporter of this party as long as it existed. His term of office as Clerk expiring in 1819, when the Jackson party was largely in the majority, and political feeling running very high, he failed to be re-elected at the moment, '* very much to his regret." Chief- Justice Ewing remarked at the time, however, that '* it would prove a great benefit to him, for the reason that although he did not seem himself to be aware of it, he had the ability to make a first-class lawyer, and now he would be obliged to rely upon his profession." The opinion thus expressed proved to be entirely correct. He rapidly took rank as a relialjle counsellor and an alje advocate, so that, during the last twenty years of his life, he stood, if not at the head of the profession in the northern part of the State, yet among those relied upon in all impor- tant cases. In the years 1S33-1S34 he was a member of the Assembly; and in 1848, after the adoption of the new Constitution, was chosen a member of the State Senate for three years. " Of unimpeached integrity, and thoroughly imbued with the conservative spirit of the old school poli- ticians, he exercised a salutary influence in legislation, and was active in promoting the success of the Whig party." — Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer. He was a leading member of the delegates from New Jersey to the Whig Convention of 1840, and united with them in voting for General Scott, " without even consulting Mr. Southard, upon whom Henry Clay laid the blame of their not voting for him, as he expected," Although he did not favor the selection of General Har- rison as the Whig candidate for the Presidency, he cor- dially supported him at the election, and aided materially in securing for him the vote of New Jersey. He died in the spring of 1S60. Yyy ALBOT, RIGHT REV. JOHN, M. A., Founder ll and first Rector of Saint Mary's Church, Bur- /i linglon. New Jersey, and the first Bishop in America. The earliest information at hand concerning this noteworthy clergyman is, that he was once Rector of Freethern, in the county of Gloucester, England, and then chaplain on the ship "Cen- turion," which sailed from the Isle of Wight, April 2Sth, 1702, bringing to America the first missionaries from the Society of the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts — George Keith and Patrick Gordon. All that follows is quoted from a sermon preached at the Ninety-third Annual Convention of the Diocese of New Jersey, in Saint Michael's Church, Trenton, May 30th, 1876, by the Rev. George Morgan Hills, D. D., Rector of Saint Mary's Church, Bur- lington, New Jersey : " During their six weeks' voyage, a warm friendship sprung up between Keith and Talbot. So like-minded were they that, before the ship reached her moorings, Keith proposed and Talbot consented — if the Society approved — that they should be associated. ' Friend Keith and I,' writes Talbot from New York, 'have been above five hundred miles together, visiting the churches in these parts of America, viz.. New England, New Hamp- shire, New Bristol, New London, New York, and the Jer- seys as far as Philadelphia. We preached in all churches where we came, and in several Dissenters' meetings, such as owned the Church of England to be their mother church, and were willing to communicate with her and to submit to her bishops, if they had opportunity.' The many letters of 436 KIOGRAPHICAL ENTVCLOP-EUIA. jlr. Talbot lo private per<;on5, as well as for the public eye, ]iiesent him to us a well-furnished priest of apostolic sim- plicity, resolute, fearless, transparently honest, intent only on the kingdom of God and the righteousness thereof. 'God bless Queen Anne,' he exclaims, in one of his letters to a personal friend, ' and defend her that she may defend the faith ; and her faithful councellours, if they have any piety or policy, I'm sure will take some course with these heathens and hereticks, for if they be let alone to take the sword (which they certainly will when they think they are strong enough) we shall perish with it, for not opposing them in due time.' When we reflect that this utterance was made seventy years before the armed hostilities of rev- olution, we must regard it as a prophecy remarkably ful- filled. There was not only timid temporizing in managing the government of the colonies, but culpable neglect in manning the church. And yet what openings there were! ' It grieves me much,* writes Mr. Talbot, * to see so many people here without the benefit of serving God in the wil- derness. I believe I have been solicited to tany in twenty places where they want much, and are able to maintain a minister, so that he should want nothing.' The earnest determination of Mr. Talbot finds vent when he says, ' I believe I have done the church more service since I came hither than I would in seven years iu England. Per- haps when I have been here six or seven years, I may make a trip home to see some friends (for they won't come to me), but then it will be Aninio Ri-c'Cftendi, for I have given myself up to the service of God and his church apud Amer- icanos ; and I had rather dye in the service than desert it.' ... * I use to take a wallet full of books and carry them a hundred miles about, and disperse them abroad, and give them to all that desired them, which in due time will be of good service to the church.' In November, 1705, the clergy of New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, met at Burlington, and drew up an address to the Society, the whole burden of which was that a Suffragan Bishop might be sent to them. This address was signed by fourteen clergy, some of whom belonged to the Church of Sweden — (a beautiful instance of the catholic inter-communion of tliose days) — and with it was their united letter to the Bishop of London, commending Mr. Talbot, who was de- puted to cany it across the ocean. The following March Mr. Talbot was in London, * soliciting for a suffragan, books and ministers;' and two years afterwards we hear from him in New Jersey once more. August 24th, 1708, he . writes: 'I am forced to turn itinerant again, for the care of all the churches from East to West Jersey is upon me ; what is the worst is that I can't confirm any, nor have not a dea- con to help me.' Three years more elapsed, and in Octo- ber, 1 712, the famous projierty of John Talham, at Burling- ton, a 'great and stately palace, pleasantly situated on the north side of the town, having a very fine and delightful garden and orchaid,' and embracing in its domain 'fifteen acres,' was bought by the Society for six hundred pounds, sterling money of England, or nine hundred pounds cur- rent money of New York, for a Bishop's Seat. A bill was ordered to be drafted to be olTered in Parliament for establishing bishoprics in America. Everything presaged success; but, before the bill was introduced, its great patroness. Queen Anne, died. The first George was ab- sorbed by what politicians regarded as more important than religion in the colonies. He alienated many by the course he pursued both in church and state; and Mr. "albot, it was rumored, omitted from the litany the suffrage that the king might have ' victory over all his enemies.' Whether this was only rumor, we are unable to say. We know that he and three of the most distinguished laymen in New Jer- sey, ex-Governor Bass, Hon. Colonel Coxe, and Alexander Griffiths, Attorney-General, were charged by Governor Hunter, in a veiy scurrilous letter, with * incorporating the Jacobites in the Jerseys.' Mr. Talbot's vestry, who had known his doctrine, manner of life, and purpose, with whom he had been at all seasons for twelve years, united in a formal disavowal of the charge, pronouncing it ' a calumni- ous and groundless scandal,' and indorsing their rector as ' a truly pious and apostolic person.' During the next twelve months one of Mr. Talbot's bills was ordered to lie by for a half a year, and a missionary was sent over to take his place in case of his removal. Of this he writes in 1716, ' I suffer all things for the elect's sake, the poor church of God here, in the wilderness. There is none to guide her among all the sons that she has brought forth, nor is there any that takes her by the hand of all the sons that she has brought up. When the apostles heard that Samaria had received the word of God, immediately they set out two of the chief, Peter and John, to lay their hands on them, and pray that they might receive the Holy Ghost; they did not stay for a secular design of salary ; and when the apostles heard that the word of God was preached at Antioch, pres- ently they sent out Paul and Barnabas, that they should go as far as Antioch, to confirm the disciples, and so the churches were established in the faith, and increasing in number daily ; and when Paul did but dream that a man of Macedonia called him, he set sail all so fast, and went over himself to help them ; but we have been here these twenty years, calling till our hearts ache, and ye own 'tis the call and the cause of God, and yet ye have not heard, or have not answered, and it is all one. I must say this, that if the Society don't do more in a short time than they have in a long, they w^ill, I fear, lose their honor and char- acter too. I don't pretend to prophesy, but you know how they said the kingdom of God shall be taken from them, and given to a nation that will bring forth the fruits of it.' These and such like appeals, petitions, remonstrances, and warnings, were made persistently, not only by Mr. Talbot, but by all whom he could associate with him, for a period of eighteen years. Finally, in 1720, Mr. Talbot went to England, and received the interest on Archbishop Tenison's legacy as a retired missionary. He was absent nearly two ((AcOiX iJ^ ^yCe/iy^iiA^^<^ U/,^' BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA; 457 years and a half, and during tTiis time made the acquaint- ance of the nonjuring bishops who had perpetuated their succession from the days of Sancroft and Ken. In 1722 he received consecration from this source, and returned to America. On his arrival he did more as a missionary tlian ever before. He instituted the daily service in Burlington, with frequent communions, preaching on Sunday mornings, and catechising or homilizing in the afternoon. He urged the establishment of a college, and suggested that the Soci- ety's house in Burlington be devoted to that purpose. He travelled from the capes of Delaware to the mountains in East Jei-sey. He visited Trenton and Hopewell and Am- well, preaching and baptizing nineteen persons in one day. He visited persons that were sick, in one instance going all the way from East Jersey to Burlington and back, to get the elements, that he might administer the holy communion to some converts eighty years of age who had never received it. He set up a scliojlm.aster to read prayers, and controlled the churches of Pennsylv.ania and New Jersey with the magnetism of his wai m and honest heart. Two years he was thus eng.aged, 'no man forbidding him,' when another nonjuring bishop, one of his consecrators, Robert Welton, arrived and took charge of the church in Philadelphia. Contr.Tsted with the establishment in Great Britain, the nonjurors were a ' feeble folk,' yet in the transatlantic world, they could 'make their houses in the rocks.' The govern- ment became alarmed. His Majesty's ' Writ of Privy Seal ' was served on Welton, commanding him upon his alle- giance to return to England. Talbot was ' discharged ' the Society, and ordered to ' surcease officiating.' Welton went to Lisbon, where he shortly died. Talbot remained in Bur- lington, universally respected and beloved. More than one memorial was sent 10 the authorities in his behalf. The church people of Philadelphia, Bristol, and Burlington united in praying for the removal of his inhibition, declar- ing with solemn deliberation ' that by his exemplary life and ministry, he had been the greatest advocate for the Church of England, by law established, that ever appeared on this shore.' The next information comes from a news- paper, d.ited ' Phil.idelphia, November jolh, 1727. — Yes- terday, died at Burlington, the Rev. Mr. John Talbot, for- merly minister of that place, who was a pious, good man, and much lamented.' On his widow's will I discovered, within a few months past, his episcopal seal — a mitre, with a plain cross upon it, and bene.ath, the monogram, 'J. Tal- bot.' Such, in outline, is the career of one who did what he could to act the good Samaritan to the ' half dead ' church in the wilderness, which the priest and the I.evite of the court passed by. Because he acknowledged that he had the oil of the apostolate, as well as the wine of the priesthood, he was buried — a confessor for the truth. His character, his acts, his motives, examined through every available medium, fail to furnish him with a har.sher epi- taph than ' the zeal of thine house hath eaten me up.' In spirit, be resembled Ridley ; in fidelity, Juxon ; in suffering, 58 Sancroft; in devotion. Ken. He sought no emolument, he claimed no jurisdiction, he assumed no title, but a hun- dred and fifty years after his entombment, we, members of a free church in a free Stale, custodians of his sepulchre and trustees of his memory, .arise up and give him the title emeritus, ' First Bishop of the Continent of America.' " lERSON, WILLIAM. Jr., M. D., w.is born in Orange, New Jersey, November 20lh, iSjo. He comes of a line of physicians, being a son of Dr. William Pierson, a grandson of Dr. Isaac Pier- son, and a great-grandson of Dr. Matlhi.is Pier- son. He was educated at Nassau Hall, taking the degree of A. M., as well as that of A. B., and studied medicine in the medical department of the University of the City of New York, from which he graduated, settling in his native town. His specialty is surgery, in which he has attained marked distinction. He is a member of the Essex Medical Union ; of the Essex District Medical Society, of which he was President in 1S65; of the Medical Society of New Jersey, of which he has been Secretary ; and of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine, of which he is now Vice- President. He was Surgeon of the Board of Enrolment for the Fourth Congressional District of New Jersey during the civil war. In 1851 and 1852 he was House Physician and Surgeon to the Brooklyn City Ilo-ipilal. He is at present Surgeon to the Orange Memorial Hospital, and Consulting Surgeon to Saint Barnabas Hospital in Newark. His reputation alike as a physician and as a man is high and clear. He was married in 1S56. i c V9- ^1 o ■ ui^ERHUNE, RICHARD A., M. D., Physician, of the city of Passaic, was born, January 9th, 1S29, in H.ackensack, Bergen county. New Jersey. His father, Garrit Terhune, is one of the oldest med- ical practitioners in the State; his mother was Elizabeth (Zabriskie) Terhune — the former a na- tive of New Jersey, and the latter of New York State. Richard A. Terhune received a very careful home educa- tion, his father taking the utmost pains to ground him sol- idly and thoroughly in the studies he was to purs\ie, and to secure for him the utmost mental discipline and develop- ment. This course of home education was supplemented by attendance at the public .schools, and the two agencies secured for liim a good degree of training and a large stock of practical and carefully selected knowledge. Influenced p.irlly by the fact that his father was an eminent physician, and ])artly by the natural bent of his own inclinations, he de- cided upon ^ntefing the ^nedifal profession, and m the year 458 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 1S46 he commenced a regular preliminary course of profes- sional study, under Ihe direction of his father. His pre- paratory course completed, he entered the College of phy- sicians and Sur;;eons in New York and attended three courses there. He graduated and received his diploma in 1S50. On receiving his diploma he at once commenced practice in Passaic, in association with his father. This as- sociation continued until the year l86i, when he commenced independent practice, in which he has ever since continued. He speedily won the confidence of the community by the extent and thoroughness of his professional knowledge, l»y the skill which characterized his practice, and by the zeal and energy with which he performed the duties of his call- ing, and in consequence a large and valuable patronage was soon at his command. He is a member of the Passaic County Medical Society, in which body he has from time to time held official positions. Besides being a devoted professional man, he is an active and public-spirited citizen, interesting himself in all movements for the benefit of the community in which he lives. He is President of the Town AValer Company, and was President of the Board of Coun- cil of the city of Passaic for three years. He was married, in 1S61, to Mrs. Emily L. Morrell, widow of Rich.-ird Morrell, of Jersey City, and daughter of the late Alanson Randal, of Newhurgh, New York. 'OLEMAN, JAMES BEAKES, M. D., of Trenton, was born in 1S06. He is descended from ances- tors who long before the Revolution lived in Trenton and the immediate neighborhood. His great-grandfather, Edmund Beakes, as far back as 1716 resided in Trenton, and was for a lone period Surveyor-General of West Jersey. The only child of Mr, Beakes married Job Pearson, of one of the William Penn Quaker families of Pennsylvania. He resided on a farm two and half miles above Trenton, in Lawrence town- ship, at the period of the Revolution. His only living child, a daughter, married James Coleman, of an adjninmg town- ship. The Colemans were the first settlere of that district. J imes Coleman was a man highly esteemed by his acquaint- ances for his intelligence and manly qualities. His death occurred at middle age. He left a family of four children, two boys and two girls. One of the daughters, an accom- ])Iished and intelligent woman, died many years since; the other still lives, a blessing to those who depend on her for sympathy and counsel. The oldest son. Dr. Isaac Peai-son Coleman, died November 4th, 1S69, at Pemberton, New Jersey. He was eminent as a physician and surgeon, and was sought in counsel in most of the difficult cases that occurred in his district. He was President of the New Jersey Medical Society m 1858. So kindly was he regarded by his brothers of the profession that the Burlington County Medical .Society have erected to his memory a costly monu- ment in Mt. Hully cemetery. Dr. James Beakes Coleman was educated in Trenton, and spent some yer.rs with an apothecary, during which time he devoted Itmself particu- larly to chemistry, and became for one of his age, and at that period, an excellent practical chemist. He read such books as could be procured, sought advice from a Phila- delphia friend engaged in the same pursuits, and was able, under the difficulty that then attended cheniic.il studies, to succeed in making experiments, even making sulphate of quinine, a remedy that had within that year been introduced from France. He began the study of medicine when nine- teen years of age with Dr. Nicholas Belleville, of Tremon, attended three courses of lectures at Yale College, and gradu.ited in 1829. He read a thesis, as was the custom at that school, before the assembled professors and examiners appointed by the State Medical Society. The subject of the thesis was the " Similarity of the Nervous and Galvanic Fluid," a matter little investigated at that lime. In the dis- cussion that occurred in defence of the doctrines ailvanced, the late Professor Silliman strongly advocated the theories of the thesis, and assisted in removing the objections of some of the examiners. After graduating, nearly two years were spent in Philadelphia, when the prospect of a better immediate practice offered in Burlington county. New Jersey, which was accepted. Here an easy country practice, in a delightful neighborhood, occupied six years. During this interval, besides attending patients, some of the time was occupied lecturing to lyceums on subjects connected with medical studies, as natural philosophy, chemistry, vege- t.able physiology, phrenology, and battling with the Thomp- sonians, who then were popular and infested the neighbor- hood. Against them he wrote and h.td printed a Iludi- brastic pamphlet of twenty-one pages, which seemed to have the effect in that region of quieting their clamorous advocates, and driving away their troublesome doctors. The pamphlet was called " Number Six, or the Thompsonian conferring the degree of Steam Doctor on Sam Simons, with Practical Advice." Practice, although pleasant from all its associations in this neighborhood, was necessarily limited, not enough to occupy the whole time of one w ho was desirous to gain a position in a profession that requires, along with other (pi.-tlifications, that of much and varied ex- perience. The 1.1st move was to return to Trenton, his native place. Here, since 1837, he h.as remained without interruption engaged in general practice; the time absent during this long jieriod would not amount to more than five weeks, and part of this time away has been occasioned by pro- fessional calls. AUhoiigh a general practitioner he became better known as a surgeon, for cases in this department are more under the public eye. Soon after establishing himself in Trenton, while yet young in liis profession, the higher operations in surgery were frctpiently performed by him. As early as 1842 he extirpated successfully the parotid gland of John Gibbs, in Lanibcrton, an pperatiun the for- lilOGRAriUCAI. ENCYCLOr.KDIA. 459 Iiiiilal.le cliaracter of which speaks well of his skill and 1 nerve as a surgeon. Gibbs died some time afterward of consumption. Many pUno-plastic operations, relieving great deformities, such as lost noses restored by flaps cut from the forehead, and limbs distorted by burns relieved by transfer- ring skin to the contracted part; lithotomy, cataract, stra- bismus, club-foot, trepanning, strangul.ited hernia, hardly an operation of importance that he has not been successful in performing. Mechanical knowledge, invention, and a ready use of tools, enabling him to construct without assist- ance almost any implement or apparatus he may require, have qualified him particularly for the surgical branch of his profession. Tlie skill of a physician is hardly as demon- strable as that of the surgeon ; our only estimate is formed from the regard in which he is held by his patients, and by the members of his own profession, and by his writings. Judging from these he is entitled to high rank. His patients have been amongst those of the first position and inteili- gence, and they regard hmr as authority ; his brother phy- sicians accord him knowdedge of his profession in a high degree, theoretic and practical; his communic.iiions to medical societies show that he is original in thought, and industrious in research. A report to the New Jersey Medi- cal Society, " On the Effects of Mercurial Preparations on the living Animal Tissues," read before the society in 1S53, and published in their Transactions of that year, had it met the eye of Surgeon-General Barnes during the early part of the rebellion, when he was about ordering the army sur- geons to prescribe no mercury for the soldiers, would have been the document of all others upon which to base his action and authority. A paper on Malaria, for the same society, published in their Transactions of 1S66, took the position that malaria is the product of diseased action in vegetables, not of vegetable decomposition, but poisonous emanations caused by perverted functions, as in animals ■when suffering from infectious diseases. This new and 1 reasonable analogy has been received with much favor, and as a matter of general interest was republished in Bucher's Magazine in 1S71. Many papers have been read by him before the Mercy County Medical Society on practical sur- gery, such as knee-joint operations, illustrated by his own cases; apparatus for fractured clavicle; the propriety of im- mediate operations in cases of severe wounds, confirmed by railroad and machinery wounds, in which limbs have been amputated before reaction came on, showing the effect of the knife was to stimulate life and cause reaction, while the operation caused less pain during the prostration th.at fol- lowed the shock of the accident. These communications stated his experience had been that all cases thus promptly treated had done better in every respect, and without anres- thesia than others in which there had been the ordinary de- lay. He also contributed a series of articles, published in Beecher's Masraziiie, on natural and artificial mechanism, buildings to drive the circulation of hot air by a blowing- fan, was in tlie New Jersey renilenliary, in 1S41. At that time he was Thysician to the prison. The former plan of heating this establishment was by hot water circulating through the ranges of cells: it was the Perkins' plan, and adopted in many public buildings; heat without ventilation radiated from hot pipes, and as a consequence the cells be- came very offensive. The new plan was conceived from a hint given by a visit to Hanover furnace, w'here they had adopted the hot-air blast to facilitate the reduction of iron ore. The air here was found hot enough to burn a shingle as it rushed through the tuyere in the lower part of the furnace. A description of a new way to warm the prisoners, and at the s.ame time to ventilate perfectly, was drawn up, and submitted to the inspectors. It was approved and brought before the Legislature. An appropriation of SS.ooo was made for the purpose. The apparatus was constructed, and Professor Henry was called to witness the experiment and give his opinion as to the value of the method. He aid it was a new thing and he doubled its practicability. This is the plan by which all well-ventilated and well- warmed public buildings are now managed, and it was thrown out of the New Jersey Penitentiary because they had not power to spare from their other work to drive the fan. Almost as soon as electroplating was made known to the public he conceived the idea of applying the process to forming raised cuts to be used after the manner of wood- cuts in printing. He traced pictures through a wax coating on copper plates, filled up with more wax the broad spaces between the lines of the drawings, covered the edges and back of the plates with a still further coat of wax, and by proper arrangement submitted the prepared drawing to gal- vanic action in a solution of sulphate of copper. He suc- ceeded in forming a precipitate of pure copper that filled all the lines and around all the intervening spaces, which, when separated from the copper plate, showed the drawing in relief. These were backed, mounted, and used in the printing press more than a year before Palmer, of London, published his first pictures, and after this identical plan. The writer of this has seen some of these old plates, made in 1845. He is the originator of a plan for firing large ordnance, such as the fifteen or twenty-inch guns, by a cen- tral chamber, on which the ball rests, with the main charge of the powder around this chamber, so that it cannot take fire until the inner ch.amber has been fired and the inertia of the heavy ball has been overcome by its lift from its bed. Thus started, it is accelerated in its motion by the main body of the powder taking fire from the fount after the whole of the charge in the central chamber has been exploded. Commodore Robert F. Stockton, who led the way in heavy guns, as well as steam war vessels, when the results of the adoption of this plan to a fowding-piece were named to him, said it was the only method by which good, quick powder makinlunilii;i. He is a member of the Medical Society of W.ishingtou ; of the American Medical Association, of which he h.is been President; and of the Washington Alumni Association of Princeton College, of which he was elected President, De- cember 23d, 1876; and an honorary member of the Rhode Island Medical Society, the Historical Society of New Jer- sey, and numerous other societies in different quarters of the country. He h.is published articles on a variety of medical subjects in the American yournal of MeJicnl Science and other medical journals, as also literary and scientific articles in the North American Re^'icw, Sontltern Literary Rfcssenger, and other periodicals of the kind. In 1833 he was elected President of the Board of ITt-alih of Washington, and held the position for many jear.. lie was for thirty years a member of the American Colonization Society, and Chairman of its E.xecutive Committee. Philan- thropist, sanitarist, and author, as well as physician, he has borne well his part alike in his avocations and in his great vocation, wherein especially he has walked worthy of it, so that now, when nature in him stands on the " verge of her confine," he may enjoy the sweet solace of looking back over a long and busy life spent in usefulness and crowned with honor. LANCKE, FERDINAND F., Capitalist and In- surance Presiilent, of Linden, w.as born, January 31st, 1831, in Manden, Prussia. His parents were Frederick A. Blancke, a merchant of the city just named, and Anna (Snider) Blancke, of Duos- berg, on the Rhine. He came to this country in the year 1854, and established himself in New York, where for nearly ten yeare he was prosperously engaged in the confectionery business. In the year 1864 he removed to New Jersey, locating himself in what was then the lillle town of Wheatsheaf. Here he purcha.sed four hundred acres of land, and inaugurated a series of improvemeiils which have resulted in the thriving town now known as Linden. The success which has attended his enterpiise here well illustrates the energy and executive ability of the man. His character has inspired esteem and confi- dence in his neighbors, and they have given practical cn- pression thereto by placing him in various positions of trust and responsibility. He has been twice elected to the Slate Legislature; is President of the Germania Fire Insurance Company, of Eliz.abeth, which position he has filled since the organization of the company in 1 87 1 ; is President of the Union Manufacturing Company of Elizabcthport ; is a Director of the First National Bank of Elizabeth, and has 462 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. been for the past six years ; has been a Director of tlie New Jersey State Agricultural Society for the past eight years ; is the Manager of the Rahway Savings Bank, and is a Director of the Mechanics' Savings Bank, of Elizabeth. In politics he is thoroughly independent, always voting for the men and the measures best calculated in his judgment to ad- vance the welfare of the city, the State, and the nation. Me was married, April 3d, 1S55, lo Caroline Brake, of Balefeld, Germany. *^TRYKER, SAMUEL STANHOPE, M. D., was ^,, .j^ born at Trenton, New Jersey, May 4th, 1S42. fc/flJyl He is not only a native but a descendant of natives, his ancestors being American for many generations back. He received his preparatory education at Lawrenceville, New Jersey, and his classical at Princeton, studying medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, from the medical department of which he graduated in March, 1S66. He settled in West Philadel- phia, where he now resides. He is a member of the Pathological Society of Philadelphia, and of the Philadel- phia Obstetrical Society. As yet he contents himself with drawing from the fountain of medical literature, instead of contributing to its treasures, except indeed as every success- ful practitioner, especially in a great city, cannot help doing, seeing that practice furnishes the material of litera- ture. He is at present Visiting Accoucheur to the Phila- delphia Hospital. Still on the sunny side of his prime, of excellent general culture, and of acknowledged professional skill, he has a firm footing on the ladder of fame, and will, it may be safely predicted, steadily ascend the shining rounds. i T^i "LARK, ^^TLLIAM PATTERSON, M. D., late of Belvidere, New Jersey, son of the Rev. Joseph Clark, was born in New Brunswick, in which town his father was for many years pastor of the First Presbyterian Church. After graduating in ^ 1S19 from the College of New Jersey, Princeton, he studied medicine, was licensed as a physician, and for a short time was engaged in practice in Wilkesbarre, Penn- sylvania. He subsequently removed to Clinton, Hunterdon county, and in 1821 was one of the founders of the Hunter- don County Medical Society. He was the second Treasurer of that organization (elected May yih, 1822), and at the same time served as a member of the Board of Censors. His essay, "A Cursory Analysis of the Theory of Health, Predisposition, and Disease," read at the first semi-annual meeting of the society (October 23d, 1S21), was the only paper read at that meeting, and was the first of any sort read before the society. In 1836-37 he was Third Vice- President of the New Jersey State Medical Society. He removed to Belvidere in 1S25, and was there actively en- gaged in practice until the time of his death, occupying a leading place among the physicians of that locality, and possessing to a remarkable degree the confidence and esteem of the entire community. He died September 4th, 1S57. •-"/^ UKVEE, REV. PHILIP, Pastor of the Reformed J I Dutch Church at English Neighborhood, and I, I I late of Morrislown, New Jersey, was born in "^if^ New York in 1775 or 1776. In November, h ^ 1828, he was called from Saratoga, New York, to the church at Bergen, to succeed Rev. Mr. Abeel. His installation took place December 21st, 1828, on which occasion Rev. Benjamin C. Taylor preached the sermon, and Rev. Staats Van Santvoord addressed the pastor and the people, immediately after which he delivered his introductory discourse, on Mark xvi. 15: "Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature." Having, in his former field of labor, taken great pleasure and labored diligently in rearing new churches, while foster- ing the interests of his principal charge; and, being pos- sessed of a kind spirit and gentleness of manner, lie knew excellently well how to seek and follow the things which secure peace; with mild persuasion he gained many fiiends at English Neighborhood, and labored diligently and lovingly in his holy calling. About this time occurred the foreclosure of a mortgage covering the schoolhouse at New Durham, which had been executed by the seceding Con- sistory. The case was decided in favor of the mortgagee, and a heavy amount had to be raised to meet the claim. The Reformed Dutch Church at Bergen then aided their involved brethren to the amount of one hundred dollars, and the Collegiate Church in New York appropriated to them three hundred dollars, received by them in 1836. Thus relieved from these temporal difficulties, " God was pleased, in the winter of 1837-3S, to visit them with spiritual blessings," and at the February communion nine- teen persons were admitted to church membership on con- fession of faith. In 1839, in consideration of the growth of population at New Durham, and the increased desire for more frequent service there, the Classis, in September, recommended the attention of the English Neighborhooil Consistory to the propriety of organizing a district church at New Durham. On the 1st of October the Consistory ex- pressed their view of its inexpediency, and on the 7th of that month determined that it would not " at present " ad- vance the interests of the church. The measure was not effected until March 27lh, 1843. It was effected kindly, however, and the English Neighborhood Consistory agreed to convey to the New Durham Church the lecture-room owned by them at this place. In 1847 he requested his Consistory to take measures for calling another minister, in consideration of his increasing bodily infirmities, but they BTOC.RArilirAT. KNCYCLOr.r.niA. 463 po-tponcil ncliiig on Ms request for some time. On tlic 6tli of February, 1S4S, he requested the Consistory to join him in asking of Classis the dissolution of the ecclesiastical tie which had so pleasantly subsisted between them for nearly twenty years. The kindness of his feeling for this flock was .attested on the occasion by the following state- ment : " There is a considerable sum due me for wood and hay, also in money. These arrearages I give to my Con- sistory, hoping that it may encour.age all my friends to have my place filled." On the 3d of April, 1S4S, the Chassis, as requested, dissolved the connection be- tween him and the church, and adopted a resolution ex- pressive of " their esteem for this honored servant of Christ, and their appreciation of his valuable pastoral labors." Under his ministry there were added to the communion of his church eighty-four persons on confession of faith, and twenty-eight on certificate — in all, one hundred and twelve. Shortly after his resignation of his pastor.il charge he re- moved to Morristown, New Jersey, to reside with his son- in-law, Richard W. Stevenson, M. D. There, on the 24th of February, 1S50, he passed away. In 1S34 he was honored by the Trustees of Rutgers College with the degree of Doctor of Divinity. His widow, his daughter — Mrs. Stevenson — and his son, Abraham Duryee, survived him. On the west wall of the English Neighborhood Church is a while marble plate, placed there as a memorial of him by Thomas II. Herring. ^^EPUE, HON. DAVID AVRES, Justice of the Supreme Court of the State of New Jersey, was born at Mount Bethel, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, October 27th, 1826. He is of Huguenot descent, and his ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Pahaquarry, Warren county. When Samuel. Preston, in 1787, went out with a party into Northampton county on his first surveying tour, he met with two members of the family, and experienced at their hands great hospitality, and from them gained much valuable information. Writing to Ilauirirs Rt'gisler in June, 1828, respecting the Meenesink settlement, this sur- veyor says, that " at the venerable Samuel Dupuis' they found great hospitality and plenty of the necessaries of life ; " also, that " Samuel Dupuis told them that when the rivers were frozen he had a good road to Esopus (now Kingston) from the mine holes on the mine road some hundred miles ; that he took his wheat and cider there for salt and necessaries They were of opinion that the first settlements of Hollanders in Mtenesink were many years older than William Penn's charter." Samuel Dupuis (or De])uc) treated the surveying party so well that they concluded to make a survey of his claim " in order to be- friend him, if necessary." But the Indians thought they ought to say something about this time. So, when the men began to survey, the Indians gathered aronnd and watched for a while. At lenglli an old Indian laid his hand on ll-.e shoulder of one Nathaniel Scull, and said, " Put up i.on string; go home." This injunction seemed UUely to be followed up by further demonstrations of Indian disap- proval, so the surveyors *' quit and returned." In another letter the same writer says : " I found Nicholas Dupuis, Esquire (son of Samuel), living in a spacious stone house in great plenty and affluence." From him the surveyor ob- tained much information as to the means of communication with the outside world enjoyed by the settlers, when and by whom the mine road was made, the ores that were dug, and the formation of the original settlement ; but he only gave it as tradition, there being no records of any kind. At the time of this interview, June, 17S7, Nicholas Dupuis was about sixty years of age. The settlers then were by no means clear whether they were living in the jurisdiction of New Jersey or Pennsylvania. Judge Depue's ancestors continued to reside in this section, and his father, Benj.amin Depue, was a citizen thereof. The family moved, however, in 1840, to Belvidere, Warren county. New Jersey. After a sound preliminary training, the sul^ject of this sketch en- tered Princeton College, matriculating in 1S43. At the conclusion of a three years' course he was graduated, and soon thereafter began the study of law under the direction of John M. Sherrerd. In due course he was admitted to the bar, July, 1849, and began practice at Belvidere in the same year. He met with encouraging success, and prose- cuted his profession until the year 1866, when Governor Marcus L. Ward offered him a seat on the Supreme Bench, to succeed Judge Daniel Haines. The nomination was ac- cepted, and his commission bears date November Ijlh, 1866. On the expiration of his term, in 1S73, he w .is reappointed by Governor Joel Parker. Being himself a Republican, and originally appointed by a Republican, this renomination by a Democratic governor is all-sufficient tes- timony to the ability, impartiality and integrity of his ad- ministration of justice. On appointment he was assigned to the Essex and Union Circuit, and in order to be conve- nient to the sphere of his duty he removed to Newaik, where he has since resided. He received the honorary degree of LL. D. from Rutgers College in 1874. The judiciary of New Jersey has always ranked deservedly high, alike for ability and integrity, and this eminence will never be lost so long as the bench is occupied by men like Judge Depue. No purer or more thoroughly conscientious jurist ever wore the ermine. With a singularly even-balanced mind, a keen discrimination, and vast capacity ^i^i work, joined to pro- found knowledge of the law, he fills precisely the popular estimate of the upright, incorruptible judge, and his rulings and decisions carry with them an influence and weight which make them practically irresistible, whether as state- ments of law or interpretations of evidence. Judge Depiue, with all his learning, is a man of exceptionally simple and unaffected manners, and in his intercourse with his fellows 464 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOIVEDIA. is genial and kindly to the last degree. In his leisure hours he finds great delight in the perusal of favorite authors, and there are few men of his years who are more familiar than he with the best thoughts of the kings and priests of litera- ture. He has a fine appreciation of humor in its higher forms, and the happy faculty, moreover, of seeing the sun- shine of things rather than the shadow. Such a man — pure, able, broad in all his views, steady in the discharge of duty, inflexible in his detestation of wrong, squ.-iring his life by the perfect standard established by the Master — is not merely a blessing to the community which his virtues illuminate : he is a model and a helper, by as much as he reinforces the moral forces of the world, to the whole brotherhood of man, _(V^|^I\DSI,i:v, JOHN BERRIEN, M. D., was born at PriiiCL-lon, New Jersey, October 24th, 1822. His family, in the p.-iternal line, were among the first colonists at Morristown, New Jersey, while his maternal ancestors, the Lawrence family, set- tled at Hell Gate, Long Island, as early as 1660. He was educated at the University of Nashville, Tennessee, from which he graduated in 1839, taking the degree of A. M. in 1842, and after attending the session of 1841-42 at the medical department of the University of Louisville, entered the medical department of the University of Penn- sylvania, from which he graduated in March, 1S43, "'■''' William Walker, of Nicaragua fame, subsequently attending the session of 1849-50 at the medical department of the University of Louisville. His home has been at Nashville since 1S24, when his father, having declined the presidency of Princeton College, took charge of the Nashville Univer- sity. In October, 1850, he became Professor of Chemistry and Pharmacy in the Medical Department of the University of Nashville, and Dean of the Faculty, devoting six years mainly to the duties of the deanship, the schoul meanwhile growing froni nought to over four hundred students. In 1S73 he resigned his professorship. From February, 1855, to M.ay, 1870, he was Chancellor of the University of Nash- ville, preserving it unharmed throughout the war. He is a member of the American Medical Association, and a very faithful one, having attended nine of its annual meetings; and of the Numismatic and Antiquarian Society of Phila- delphia, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is the author of a " Eulogy on R. M. Porter, M. D.," 1856; and of an " Introductory Lecture,"' 1S58; and is now engaged on the "Medical Annals of Tennessee," at the request of the State Medical Society. He is also engaged now on a work to be entitled, "Sources and Sketches of Cumberland Presbyterian His- tory," his literary efficiency in behalf of Presbyterian ism having already earned for him the degree of D. D., from the G)llege of New Jersey. In conjunction with Dr. J. G. M. Runisey, of Knyxville, he will publish in the course of the present year (1877) the "Abridged Annals of Tennessee." In 1875 he was Secretary of the State Board of Education of Tennessee. He was Acting Post Surgeon at Nashville in February, 1862, by General A. S. Johnston's request. In 1S74 he was Professor of Materia Medica in the Tennes- see College of Pharmacy, and in 1876 Health Officer of Nashville. He was married, February 9lh, 1851, to Sarah McGavock, daughter of Jacob McGavock, of one of the old families of Nashville. lELD, CHAUNCEY MITCHELL, M. D., of Bound Brook, New Jersey, was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1850. The Field family is of English extraction, but has long been settled in New Jersey. Several of its members served in the Continental army during the revolutionary war, while in later years, in civil life, the name h.os been no less distinguished. The Hon. David Dudley Field, a recognized leader of the New York bar, and the Rev. M. S. Field, D. D., the able editor of the Evangelist, may be mentioned, as typical representatives at the present day. Dr. Field's father, R. R. Field, Esq., was the founder of the house of Field Brothers, extensive cloth dealers of St. Louis ; subsequently changing his residence to Brooklyn. Here, as already stated. Dr. Field was born. Entering, when a lad, the Lawrenceville Classical and Commercial High School, he was graduated thence with first honors; and from the College of New Jereej', Princeton, he was graduated with similar distinction in 1 87 1. Immediately upon taking his B. A. degree, he began the study of medi- cine under Dr. Markoe, of New York, svdKequenlly entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York, and was gi-aduated thence M. D. in 1874. For some six months after his graduation he continued his professional studies in the New York hospitals, and then established himself in Bound Brook, taking the practice of the well known Dr. Smith, of that town. Although so recently entered upon his professional career, he has already acquired something more than a local reputation, his skilful treatment of disease, joined to his success in a number of difficult surgical opera- tions, having given him a distinctive and honorable stand- ing among medical men. AN HORN, REV. WILLIAM, Pastor of the Church of Scotch Plains, New Jersey, Chaplain in the Revolutionary Army, w.as born in New Jersey in 1746, and was the son of Peter Van Horn. He was educated at Dr. Jones' academy, in Pennepek, New Jersey, and was ordained at Southampton, Pennsylvania, where he continued for a period of thirteen years, laboring zealously in all times and seasons BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.^IDIA. 46$ and serving for several years as chaplain in the army during the war. In 1785 he became the pastor of the church of Scotch Plains, remaining in this relation until 1807, when he resigned, and removed with his wife and seven children to the West, designing to settle near Lebanon, Ohio. He died of dropsy, ftt route, at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 31st, 1S07. fLARK, REV. JOSEPH, Clergyman, late of New Brunswick, was born in Elizaljethtown, New Jersey, October 21st, 1751. He early felt the power of religion, and was admitted to the com- munion by that distinguished Christian and patriot. Rev. James Caldwell. At the age of sev- enteen he was apprenticed to learn the trade of a carpenter, and had great difficulties to contend with in obtaining the elements of learning. After working all day at his trade, he studied the Latin grammar at night by the light of a pine-knot ; and thus, by indefatigable diligence, made him- self acquainted with the classics. In two years after com- mencing this course he presented himself as a candid.ale for admission to Princeton College, and after a creditable ex- amination was received into the junior class. The war soon afterward broke up the tenor and systematic regularity of the insi ructions at this institution, and he joined the army, and with his patriot comrades in arms served valiantly and efficiently for several years. While thus engaged in a military capacity, he received flattering testimonials from several distinguished militaiy characters for his fidelity and ability in the discharge of various important trusts. After many in- terruptions he eventually returned to college and the prose- cution of his studies, and in 17S1 obtained his bachelor's degree. He then applied himself to the study of theology, and at the expiration of two yeare was duly licensed to preach the gospel. October 21st, 1783, he took charge of the congregation at Allentown, whence he was translated in '797 'o New Brunswick. " The Rev. John Woodhull, of Freehold, having been called, and having declined the call, an invitation was given in 1796 to the Rev. Joseph Clark, pastor of the united churches of Allentown and Notting- ham. His people made a vigorous opposition, but they were finally overruled by the Presbytei-y ; and Mr. Clark was installed January 4th, 1797, with a salary of ^^250. President S. Stanhope Smith preached the sermon, 2 Timo- thy i. 13, and also presided, and gave the charge." He con- tinued in this connection for sixteen years, until his decease. He was *' a solid, serious, and impressive preacher;" was capable of moving the feelings in a notable degree ; and " wept freely himself ; while the tears of his auditors attested the power which he exercised over them. He blended great digiiily with aff.ibility. Few ministers have enjoyed to a greater degree the confidence and affection of their people. As a proof of their esteem, in 1809 they raised his salai-y from $666.66, on his request, to gSoo." He was 59 highly esteemed by his brethren in the ministry, and his counsel and judgment were greatly prized in the ecclesi.ns- tical courts. He was for many years a Trustee of the Col- lege of New Jersey, and a Director of the Theological Seminai-y ; and was also one of the most successful agents in collecting funds for rebuilding Nassau Hall after its de- struction by fire. The only production of his pen that was given to the world is a " Sermon on the Death of Governor Paterson;" who, after an exemplary and useful life, die-d peacefully, September 9th, 1S06. That discourse was so eloquent and accept.ible that the trustees ordered the print- ing of five hundred co|)ies. " It w.as written in a clear, manly style; first defining the character of a Christian statesman, and then applying the description to the deceased. The closing part of the discourse was a masterly appeal to the conscience and feelings of the diflerent cla.sses of hearers addressed. The number of communicants at his decease was one hundred and twenty-seven, nearly double what it had been at his accession. He died in New Bruns- wdck. New Jersey, October 20th, 1S13." The .Sund.iy before his death, he preached from the text : " The time is short," I Corinthians vii. 29. On Tuesday night he retired to bed m his Us-ual health, and suddenly expired about three o'clock the next morning. A handsome monument to his memory was erected by private subscriptions, and two quar- ters' salary were voted to his widow, subject to the deduction of $36 for supplies. TUDDIFORD, REV. PETER OGILVIE, D. D., Pastor of the Presbyterian Church of Lambert- ville, son of Rev. Peter Studdiford and Phiebe ( Vanderveer) Studdiford, was born at Re.idinglon, New Jersey, January nth, 1799. "His child- hootl w.^s marked by his dutiful conduct to his parents, his unexceptionable deportment generally, his unu- sual tenderness of conscience, and deep thoughtfulness on the sul>ject of personal religion. Having been devoted to God in covenant by baptism in his infancy, and having received a faithful religious training under the parental roof, he early consecrated himself to the service of Christ, and became a communicant in the church at Readington, of which his father was then the pastor." He pursued his classical studies in part at the academy in B.asking Ridge, in the care of Rev. Robert Finley, D. D., and in part at SomerviUe, under the tuition of Cullen Morris. Having completed his prep- aration, he entered Queens (now Rutgers) College, at New Brunswick, and in the summer of 1816, when but seventeen years of age, graduated at that institution with the highest honoi-s of his class. After leaving college, he was occupied for about three years in teaching, first in Bedmin- ster, su!:)sequently in SomerviUe, " and with great accept- ance, although many of his pupils were older than himself" July 8th, 1819, he entered the Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church, at Pringeton, where he remained prose- 466 UIOGRAPIIICAL ENCVCLOP.-EDIA. cutinj; his studies for the ministry until September 29th, 1S21. On the 27th of April in the same year, at a meeting of the Presbytery of New Brunswick in Trenton, he was licensed to preach the gospel, together with nine of his fel- low-students, only one of whom was surviving in 1S67. During the spring vacation he preached in the employ of the General Assembly's Board of Missions about Bristol and Tullytown, Pennsylvania. On Wednesday, November 2Slh, 1 82 1, in the Presbyterian Church at Trenton, he was or- dained as an evangelist by the Presbytery of New Bruns- wick, at the same time with Rev. Charles Hodge, D. D., and the late Rev. William I. Armstrong, D. D. ; and on the following Salibath, December 2d, commenced his labors at Lambertville, having agreed to supply that church, and the one at Solebury, Pennsylvania, alternately, for one year. In September, 1S22, upon the application of seven persons, ihe church of Lambertville and Georgetown was organized by Rev. Dr. Hodge, under the direction of the Presbytery of New Brunswick ; and Emley Holcombe and Jonathan Pidcock were chosen ruling elders. " On the fly-leaf of the session-book, in the handwriting of Dr. Studdiford, penned at the time of the first meeting of the session, is the motto: 'Who hath despised the day of small things?' How sig- nificant in view of subsequent changes and results since reached ! " In June, 1825, he was formally installed pastor of the churches of Lambertville and Solebury, public ser- vices being held in the morning at Solebury, and in the afternoon at Lambertville. Some time in the course of this year he opened a classical school in his own house ; and from that date to the commencement of his last sickness, for forty-one years, continued engaged in the instruction of youth; several of whom, includmg two of his own sons, have entered the Christian ministry, while others are occu- pying stations of usefulness and honor. As a testimonial of the estimate in which he was held as a schol.ir, in 1S21 the trustees of the College of New Jersey conferred upon him the honorary degree of M.aster of Arts; and in 1S44. that of Doctor in Divinity. " It is due to him and to this church (Lambertville, New Jersey) to state that on several occa- sions he had been called to the pastorate of other churches with promising expectations ; in the year 1826 to the Re- formed Protestant Dutch Church of Readington, as succes- sor to his father, then recently deceased ; in 183710 the church of Scraalenburg, also to the church in Bedminster, where he had been engaged in teaching for a season, and to the church of Lodi in New York, besides having received fi.ittering overtures froiu several other churches. But all these invitations he declined, because both his deliberate judgment and the feelings of his heart prompted him to abide with this people, and carry forward the work which he had commenced with such a small beginning. I need not say what this church owes to him, grown as it has from seven communicants to about three hundred, or how much this town (in whose prosperity he felt a lively interest) is in- debted to him, having increased during his residence from a population of some one hundred ami fifty persons, dwelling in scattered houses, to an incor[)or.^ted borough of three thousand inhabitants He was indeed the patriarch of this community, and one of the greatest blessings God could have bestowed upon it. For the first four years this was truly missionary ground, only twenty-five additions hav- ing been made to the church in that lime, and fifteen of these by certificate ; but he, without ambitious asjiirations, humbly and patiently persevered through all tlie discouragements of his position, and has founded a church which will, we tru!.t, by God's favor, live to be a lasting blessing." — " Funeral Sermon," of Rev. George Hale, D, D. Duiing a ministry of great length and eminent usefulness he was an untiring worker, and zealous in good counselling and tender deeds; his labors were abundant in extra preaching services at home and abroad, in systematic jmstoral visitations, in calls upon the sick, in ministering comfort to the afflicted, in advising the anxious inquirer, in rejoicing with his people in their joys, and sharing in their sorrows. He solemnized five hundred and ninety marriages, and officiated at more than twice that number of funerals. In the church at Solebury he baptized seventy-one adults and eighty-three infants ; in the church at Lambertville two hundred and sixty adults, and two hundred and twenty-four infants, making, in both churches, a total of six hundred and tliirty-eight baptisms. While in charge of the Solebury churcli — for twenty-six years, until 1848, when the pastoral relation was dissolved owing to the increased demand at Lambertville for all his services — one hundred and fifty-four persons were received into the communion of the church on profession of their faith, and fifteen by certificate. At Lambertville five hun- dred and seventy have been received on profession, and two hundred and ninety-two by certificate from other churches. As the result of his labors, nine hundred and thirty-one communicants have been taken under his pastoml care, of whom seven hundred and twenty-four were admitted on profession of their faith, making an average of a little more than sixteen persons each year received on confession. During his pastorate, also, " there were not less than eight precious seasons of the outpouring of the Holy Spirit," — in 1833-34, 1S37-3S, 1S41-42, 1S45-46, 1854, 1S56, and 1863. The largest ingatherings were probably in the winter of 1841-42, and 1845-46. " If to this part of his work were added his frequent services in other congregations and among the destitute, services always willingly rendered, and all the precious fruits brought together, it would be manifest that few ministers have wrought more earnestly, or have been more richly blessed." He was a diligent student through his life from childhood ; his reading was varied and extensive, and few could "eviscerate" a book with equal rapidity and thoroughness. He was also a sound and able theologian ; an independent thinker, investigating for himself the great questions that claimed his attention; and a judicious, dis- criminating and most instructive preacher. He seized with eagerness every book coming from the press which promised EIOGRAPHICAL ENCVCLOI'.ILDIA. 467 to throw light on the word of God — his constant study in the original Hebrew and Greek. " He was mighty in the Scriptures, and sought to malie his people so ; and the fruit of his efforts has been seen in the interesting and profitable Bible-classes which characterized his ministry." In his " Diary," at the date, February I llh, 1822, is found this record : " I must cultivate more intercourse with my people. Besides writing one sermon weekly. Theology, Church History, the German, French, Greek and Hebrew lan- guages claim my attention." One of his last public exer- cises was the giving of the charge to his son, Rev. Samuel Studdiford, at his instalment as pastor of the Trenton Third Church ; and his last sermon was preached at the funeral of " his venerable and life-long friend, Rev. Jacob Kirkpatrick, D. D., of Ringoes. Urged by his people (who made liberal provision for his journey) to take some rest he repaired to Baltimore, and there gathered his family and kindred around him for the last time." His final exclama- tion was; *' Into thy hands I commit my spirit." He then engaged in prayer, but his speech was too feeble and broken to be understood ; and waving his hand, as if to request the family to leave his bedside — " evidently desiring to be alone ■with God " — he went to the eternal home. Thus closed a life of sixty-seven years, a ministry of forty-five years, a fruitful pastorate of forty-four and a half years, on Tues- day, June 5th, 1S66. |[YLE, JOHN, Silk Manufacturer, of Paterson, New Jersey, was born in Macclesfield, England, noted for its silk fabrics, in the manufacture of which his brothers, Reuben and William, have for many years borne a leading part, supplying the London and Manchester markets. He emigrated to this country in 1839, and being already an expert in his business, engaged the following year in the manufacture of silk at Paterson. His products at first were limited to the ordinary varieties of sewing and floss silks, but in 1843 he attempted weaving, succeeding perfectly in producing marketable articles, though not, unfortunately, at a profitable cost, for ■which reason he gave up the attempt. Among his products of that period was the beautiful flag, which waved over the Crystal Palace at the great exhibition in New York in 1852. In i860 he renewed the attempt, but in consequence of the civil war and the lack of encouragement from the govern- ment, he was again constrained to abandon it. His ill fortune in weaving, however, was compensated by his suc- cess with his sewing silks, which during this period attained a high reputation, and have since been regarded everywhere as equal in quality to the imported. Some day, no doubt, when the conditions of the manufacture are improved, he will again renew the work of weaving, twice relinquished, and carry it through successfully, since he is a man of commer- cial nerve, and not likely in the line of his business to yield to any difticulty not absolutely insuperable. Meanwhile, the department in which he first set out gives fair scope to his energies and skill. The business in his hands has grown to immense proportions, the mechanical provisions for it hav- ing of course kept pace with it. On May loth, 1869, the Murray Mill, as the factory was then called, was destroyed by fire, entailing a loss of $550,000, against which there was no insurance. In order to more readily recover from the effects of this misfortune, Mr. Ryle caused to be char- tered and organized the Ryle Silk Manufacturing Company, and the mill was rebuilt and fitted with the newest and best appliances. In this manufactory all the processes are per- formed, including dyeing and finishing, as to the former of which he has been particularly successful, as he has been particularly solicitous, the dyeing department being under the superintendence of a Macclesfield dyer of long experi- ence. Macclesfield, indeed, as his native place, as still the home of his brothers, and as a great centre of the silk man- ufacture, in which his brothers are themselves leaders, is a storehouse to which he is probably indebled fur much, besides skilled workmen, that has profited him in his bold venture here, serving as a rich subsoil of knowledge and methods, so to speak, into which his enterprise might strike its roots and draw up nourishment. However, the part of this subsoil that has chiefly nourished him is doubtless the part he brought over with him when he transplanted him- self iiito this country, where his flourishing growth must be set down to the vigor and vitality of the plant as much as to all other things put together. Be this as it may, the fact of his distinguished success is patent. And richly does he deserve it, personally as well as commercially. After doing business in connection with the company organization for about three years, Mr. Ryle, who had in that time become the owner of nearly all its stock, retired from business in March, 1S72. During the after part of that year, however, he sustained such serious losses that he was compelled to resume business. At the present time he has employed in the extensive works, which are built upon the site of the mill burned in 1869 and on a large tract of adjoining prop- erty, about four hundred operatives, whose average annual wages, even at the present low rate, is over $150,000. His efibrls in the present manufacturing enterprise are aided and seconded by the well-known firm of Leister & Sum- merhoff, of New York city, who are the sole consignees of the silks produced at the establishment, and whose facilities for selling, combined with the facilities possessed by Mr. Ryle for producing every variety of goods in the silk mar- ket, constitute one of the ablest organizations in the counti-y. Mr. Ryle has been a benefactor to Paterson, not only in establishing a new branch of manufactures of great im- portance, but in promoting civic inijirovements tending to increase the attractions of the city as a place of residence. The waterworks, which furnish the city with an abundant supply of pure water, were erected mainly through his ex- ertions and means ; and the grounds around the *' cottage on the cliff" and the Falls, that afford a delightful breathing 46S BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOr.EDIA. place to the citizen^;, especially the operatives in the factories, were adorned by him and thrown open freely lo the public. He is not more shrewd and able than he is genefous and public-spirited. COTT, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL WIN- FIELD, United States Army, late of Elizabeth, New Jersey, was born in Petersburg, Virginia, June 13th, 17S6, of parentage of Scotch descent. He was left an orphan in early boyhood ; was educated at William and Mary College, whence he graduated in 1804; subsequently studied law, and in 1S06 was admilled to the bar. Afier a few years' practice of his profession he was appointed. May 3d, 1808, a Captain of the Light Artillery, and was stationed at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, in the division commanded by General Wilkin- son. At a later date certain remarks uttered by him, ex- pressive of an opinion of General Wilkinson's complicity with Burr's conspiracy, were made the basis of a prosecu- tion, and led to his suspension from duty on the score of disrespect to his commanding officer. He then returned to Virginia, and turned to advantage his year's absence from his post by again devoting his time and attention to legal .studies. In July, 181 2, he was promoted to a Lieutenant- Colonelcy, and ordered to the Canada frontier. Upon ar- riving at Levviston, while the affair of Queenstown Heights was in progress, he crossed the river, and entering instantly into action saw the field won under his direction ; it was eventually lost, however, and, owing to the refusal of the troops at Lewiston to cross to his assistance, he and his command fell into the hands of the enemy. " The war of j8i2 had arisen, in part out of the claim of the British gov- ernment to the right of impressing seamen into her service, Great Britain acting on the maxim, ' Once a subject alw.ays a subject,' while the American government insisted upon the right of expatriation. The British officers attempted to enforce practically the doctrine of their government in the case of the prisoners taken at Queenstown, and were in the act of selecting the Irish and other foreign-born citizens out of Colonel Scott's command, to send them to England to be tried for treason, when he ordered the men not to answer any question or make known the place of their na- tivity. He threatened the retaliation of his government, and upon being exchanged procured the passage of a law to that effect; and he caused a number of British prisoners, equal to that of his own men who had been sent to Europe, to be set aside for the same fate that those should receive. The result was the safe return of his men to the United States after the close of the war." Shortly after the capture of York, Upper Canada, he joined the army under General Dearborn, as his Adjutant-General, with the rank of Colo- nel; and in the combined nav.il and land attack on Fort George, May 27th, 1813, was in command of the advance, in surf-boats. Upon landing, under a severe fire of mus- ketry, the line was formed on the beach, below an abrupt elevation of ten or twelve feet held by 1,500 of the enemy. He was repulsed at the first onslaught, but finally carried the position by a vigorous rally, and pushed on to Fort George, which was abandoned by the enemy after they had attached slow matches to the magazines. One of these exploding, he was thrown from his horse by a flying piece of timber, and severely injured. Two officers snatched away in time the matches from the other magazines, while he with his own hands tore the British flag from its staff. In the autumn of 1S13 he commanded in the advance of Wilkinson's descent of the St. Lawrence, in the operations directed against Montreal, " but which was abandoned on wholly insufficient grounds, at a time when the place could have been easily captured and the campaign closed with honor." In the opening of 18:4 he was made a Brigadier- General, and established a camp of instruction at Buffalo, New York, where he introduced the French system of tactics, and put them in practice from April to July, " with such success that the three brigades and the battalion of artillery under him were as thoroughly instructed as is requisite for all the purposes of war." On the following July 13th his and Ripley's brigades, with Hindman's artil- lery, crossed the Niagara river, captured Fort Erie and a part of its garrison, and the next day advanced upon Chip- pewa, skirmishing the entire distance to the point occupied by General Riall, and on the 5th succeeding in repulsing the enemy and driving them beyond the river. Twenty days later was fought the battle of Lundy's Lane, or Bridge- water, near Niagara Falls, in which he had two horses killed under him and was twice severely wounded ; his wound of the left shoulder, especially, was critical, and his recovery painful and slow, and when completed his arm was left partially disabled. Before operations were resumed on the Canada frontier the treaty of peace was concluded, and he then was offered, and declined, a seat in the Cabinet as .Secretary of War, and was promoted to the rank of Major- General. After a.ssisting in the reduction of the army lo a peace establishment, he visited Europe in a military and diplomatic capacity; and, arriving in France shortly after the battle of Waterloo, enjoyed the great advantage of con- sultation and intercourse with many of the leading captains who h.id fought under Napoleon. After the peace of 1815 he made several needed contributions to American military literature; and his " General Regulations for the Army" supplied at the time a great desideratum, and contains much useful information for the garrison and field. The " Infantry Tactics," from the French, and published under a resolu- tion of Congress in 1S35, "is the basis of that department of military knowledge in this countiy." He also aided materially in the preparation of other works of a similar kind, and wielded an able pen in various departments of literature. In the hostilities of 1832 against the Sacs and Foxes, which were terminated by the battle of Bad Axe, he /ut BIOGRAnilCAL ENCVCLCP.EDIA. 469 was an active and prominent participant. On the passage of his troops to Chicago the cholera attacked them with great severity, and for the time utterly prostrated the com- mand ; and again, on his arrival at the Mississippi, he en- countered the same scourge in the army under General Atkinson. In the same year occurred the Nullification trouliles in South Carolina, foreshadowing an unwelcome collision between the authorities of that State and of the United States. " Great prudence, tact, self-restraint and delicacy were called for on the part of the chief military man commanding at that crisis the forces of the general government in the harbor of Charleston. Boldness, de- cision, energy, so valuable in their effect at other times, might then have precipitated a result fatal to the peace of the countiy. The qualities actually required by the situa- tion were conspicuously displayed by Winfield Scott." During the war with the Seminoles in Florida, which began in 1835, he was present for a short time at the scene of action in the Indian territory, was then called to the Creek country, and from there was ordered before a court of inquiry to answer for the failure of the campaigns in the Creek country and in Florida. The finding of the courl was, without qualification, in his favor. During the time of the Cherokee troubles, in 183S — which arose from the policy adopted by the United States government, and the nature of the attitude necessarily assumed — his personal and official influence was ably and considerately exerted to in- duce the incensed Indians to submit to the dictates of their masters, abandon their grounds in Georgia and remove to the banks of the Arkansas. At the time of the Canadian rebellion, which developed into the " Patriot War of 1837," he was called upon to prevent the outbreak of a fresh con- flict that would have been a violation of treaties, and in defiance of international law, between Great Britain and the United States; and eventually accomplished his diflicult mission in a most efficient and honorable manner. In the spring of 1S39, while actual hostilities were impending be- tween the State of Maine and the Province of New Bruns- wick, owing to a bitter dispute about their respective boun- dary lines, he arrived at Portland, Maine, in the character of a pacificator, and .it once reopened communications with Major-General Sir John Harvey, the Lieutenant-Governor, who, through his earnest efforts, assisted him in smoothing the way to a reconciliation with Governor Fairfield, and in establishing a temporary convention between the State and the province. The whole question and matter of dispute were then referred to Washington, where the difficulty w.as finally settled by the treaty arranged in 1S42 between Web- ster and Ashburton. He had in the meantime, by the death of General Macomb, become Commander-in-Chief of the Army of the United States. After the capture of Monterey, September, 1846, he was assigned to the chief command of the army in Mexico, and decided to direct an antiy upon the capital of the republic, with Vera Cruz as the base line. March 9th, 1847, his 12,000 men landed safely at their destination, and at once the city was invested from shore to shore. The mortar battery opened on the 22d, and the siege pieces on the 24th, and after receiving nearly 7,000 missiles, fired day and night, the city and the castle of San Juan d'UUoa capitulated on the 26th, and on the 29th the garrison of 5,000 men marched out of the city and grounded their arms. April Sth the march toward Jalapa was begun, and on the 17th the army was in front and on the flank of the mountain position of Cerro Gordo, while Santa Anna, with an army of double the numerical strength of the Americans, occupied the fortifications. His order, on that occasion, begins : "The enemy's whole line of intrench- ments and batteries will be attacked in front, and at the same time turned, early in the day, to-morrow, prob.-ibly before ten o'clock A. M. " ; and " the order that directed what was to be done, became, after it was done, the n.iria- tive of the performance." The enemy was driven from every point of his line, and, following in pursuit, the American army captured Jalapa April 19th, Perote on the 22d, and Puebla May 15th, where it remained, drilling and awaiting reinforcements, till August 7th. He had always opposed the policy of occupying an armed frontier line, either the Rio Grande or the Sierra Mndre, and h.id desig- nated the base line of Vera Cruz, and the line of operations from that place to the city of Mexico. For the preparatory measure of the campaign, whatever its pl.an should be, he, as the commanding General of the army at Washington, had proposed to the administration that the new troops should be assembled at convenient and healthful points within the United States, there to be organized and dis- ciplined, and suggested that the new line could not be placed upon the Rio Grande earlier than September. The proposal, however, met with ridicule and rejection, but time vindicated it with exactness, and brought its convinc- ing testimony of bitter experience to honor his slighted wisdom. " The army was delayed at Puebla to do there what should have been done at home beforehand ; the sick- ness and losses upon both Taylor's and Scott's lines were excessively increased by the unfitted state of the new troops for the field ; and Santa Anna had time to create a new army, and to fortify the capital." Up to the time of his arrival in Mexico there w.as no law to punish offences com- mitted by Americans upon Mexicans, and by Mexicans upon Americans. Congress had adjourned without pro- viding for the difficulty, the most flagrant crimes passed by unpunished, and terrible barbarities were continually oc- curring. The discipline of the army also was in peril, and daily its morale was being undermined by the state of anarchy in which it existed. To meet and correct this state of affairs he issued, .at Tampico, in February, his "General Order, No. 20," which specified the classes of crimes and offences hitherto unprovided for, deduced a code of laws from the .articles of war and the general crim- inal jurisprudence of the United States, and established tribun.als under the name of military commissions. August 470 BIOGRAPHICAL ENXYCLOP.EDIA. 7lh-iolh the divisions were set in motion from Puebia along the national road, the whole force numbering 10,740 men, the advance of the army coming in view of Mexico at the latter date. The road from Puehla was defended by the fortified mound El Penon, which, it was decided, could not be attacked with any desirable degi-ee of success ; while for reasons deemed sufficient the route by Mexicalcingo also was declined. He then ordered an examination through General Worth, to ascertain whether a possibly practicable route could be found or made around lakes Chalso and Xachimilco. A way being found, a detour was made around the lakes to the southern avenue of the city, the Acapulco road ; and the last division of the army with- drew from before El Penon on the i6th, up to which time it was supposed that the initial action would take place at the mound. *' The detour was a stroke of strategy which had long been premeditated as a likelihood by the general, and as such imparted to his staff." After the capture of Contreras and Cherubusco, August 20lh, the capital lay at the mercy of the invaders, but it was deemed advisable to afford an opportunity for negotiations, through the peace commissioner, Mr. Trist, who wxs present for that purpose. On the 2rst a truce was asked by Santa Anna, an armistice entered into, and negotiations carried on, which were con- tinued until September 7lh, when another series of opera- tions was begun on the southwest avenue, the Toluca road. On the morning of September 14th, after the most gallant and heroic exertions on the part of the American officers and soldiers, and valiant and stubborn resistance in many cases on the part of the enemy, the army passed into the conquered city, Quitman's division leading into the Grand Plaza and running up the United States flag on the national palace. At nine A. M. he also rode into the square amid the wildest enthusiasm. " Mexico was humiliated and cast down. Her 32,000 soldiers had disappeared, and her lines of fortifications were silent and abandoned." There was afterward some street-fighting, and filing upon the troops Trom the buildings, on the part of disbanded soldiers, re- leased criminals and the street beggars; but these futile reprisals were suppressed completely before nightfall. Order was then estal>lished, and a contribution levied on the city of 1(150,000 for the army, two-thirds of which sum he remitted to the United States as a fund for the creation and erection of military asylums. Taxes to raise revenue for the support of the troops were laid, the sphere of the military commission was extended and defined, and a civil organization created under the protection of the troops, who were spread over various parts of the country to give it an order and security which it had long ceased to enjoy; "all which made the presence of the American army in Mexico not the scourge that invading and victorious forces gen- erally are, but acceptable and a blessing to the people of the country, whose best citizens saw its withdrawal approaching with regret." The treaty of Guadalinipe-Hid.algo, negoti- ated by Mr. Trist, was signed March 2d, 1S4S, and Mexico was soon after evacuated by the American armies. The general, in May of the same year, returned to Elizabeth- town, New Jersey, which had been his home for some years. Subsequently a court of inquiry was called, " but the result only redounded to the fame of General Scott." In 1852 he was the unsuccessful nominee of the Whig party for the Presidency, receiving 1,386,580 votes, to 1,601,274 for the Democratic candidate. General Pierce. In 1855 the brevet rank of Lieutenant-General was revived, in order that it might be ct)nferred upon him, and was expressly so framed that it should not survive him. In 1859, serious differences as to the boundary line of the United States and British America through the straits of Fuca having arisen, and a disputed military possession occurring, he was ordered to that locality, where he succeeded in establishing a satis- factory state of affairs, and settling the difficulty. During the war of the rebellion he was a staunch and zealous up- holder of the Union, and during the latter portion of Bu- chanan's term " urged the wisest precautions to prevent the armed withdrawal of the eleven seceded States from the Union." He secured the safe inauguration of President Lincoln, the defence of the n.ational capital, the organiza- tion of the Union army, and its establishment upon the strategetic points of the country. "At his advanced age he has exerted an astonishing energy in the efforts to hold to- gether the interests, the affections, and the doctrines of the republic." November 1st, 1861, he retired from active service, retaining, by a special piovision in the act of Con- gress, passed at its extra session in the summer of 1861, his full pay and allowances, and, November 9th of the same year, sailed from New York for Europe, expecting to build up anew there his waning health. His later days he de- voted to the preparation of his "Autobiography," two vol- umes, 8vo., published in 1864. He died at West Point, New York, May 29th, 1866. c/pilOISNOT, JAMES M., M. D., was bom, July 20th, (^JlIC '^J^' '" Somerset county. New Jersey. He ('"JJII ^^^ educated at Trenton, New Jersey, and at fCci Carlisle Seminary, in Schoharie county. New ^p^ York, and studied medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in March, 1858. He settled in Philadelphia, where he became a lecturer on Anatomy and Operative Surgery. Among his notable cases is the successful reduction by manipulation of a double dislocation of the hip-joint, fol- lowed by a perfect recovery. This case he m.-ide the subject of a paper in the American Journal of the liledical Sciences. He is a member of the Northern Medical Society and of the Philadelphia County Medical Society. He has been a frequent and valued contributor to the medical journals of the day. In the civil war he was Surgeon of the 98th Pennsylvania Volunteers. BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. iHARTOX, CHARLES IIEXRV, D. D., CIcrg>-. 1 man, Scholar, Poet, Author, etc., was born in St. Mary's county, in Maryland, on the 25th of May, O. S., 1748. Ilis ancestors were Roman Catholics, and the family plantation, called Notley Hall, from a governor of that name, was pre- sented to his grandfather by Lord Baltimore. From him it descended to the father, Jesse Wharton, and at his death in 1754 became the property of Charles Henry, his eldest son. When not quite seven years old he was attacked by a furious dog, which had already torn off part of his scalp, when his father, with signal presence of mind and prompti- tude of action, seizing a loaded gun from behind the door, shot the dog while the child's head was still in its jaws. In 1760 he was sent to the English Jesuits' College at St. Omer's. At the close of two years the college was broken up by the expulsion of the Jesuits from France. The teach- ers and scholars retired to Bruges, in Flanders. "Seques- tered from all society," he writes, "beyond the walls of the college, and of course a total stranger to everything incon- sistent with the strictest discipline, in acquiring chassical attainments, and those habits of devotion which were deemed essential to a Roman Catholic youth, I applied myself very diligently to my studies, and became prominent among my associates, in a very accurate knowledge of the Latin language, which became nearly as familiar as English, as we were obliged to converse in it during our ordinary re- laxations from our studies." His Letters of Orders bear date in 1772, having been admitted in June of that year to the Order of Deacons, and in September to that of Priests, in the Roman Catholic Church. At the end of the war of the American Revolution, he was residing in Worcester, Engl.and, as Chaplain to the Roman Catholics of that city, deeply interested on the side of his country, and anxious to return. He employed his pen at this time in a poetical epistle to General Washington, with a sketch of his life, which was published in England for the benefit of Ameri- can prisoners there. His mind was at this period much agi- tated on the subject of his religious creed. He returned to this country in 1783, in the first vessel which sailed after the peace. In May, 17S4, he visited Philadelphia for the purpose of publishing his celebrated Letter to the Roman Catholics of Worcester. "This production," says Bishop White, "was perused by me with great pleasure in manu- script. The result was my entire conviction that the sound- ness of his arguments for the change of his religious pro- fession was fully equalled by the sincerity and disinterest- edness which accompanied the transaction." On the death of his father he was the legitimate heir to the paternal estate. Ujion taking orders he immediately conveyed it to his brother. After the controversy had taken place with Archbishop Carroll, occasioned by the Letter to the Roman Catholics of the city of Worcester, it appeared that the con- veyance was not complete. A meeting took place in the mo6t amicable manner, the paper was executed, and an es- tate of great value — the whole patrimony of the conveyer — given the second time to a younger brother. Fur the fust year after his return to America, Mr. Wharton resided at the paternal mansion, on leaving which, in July, 1784, the principal residents of the vicinage presented him, unasked and unsolicited, with a most honorable testimonial of his worth as a gentleman, a scholar, a Christian, and a Chris- tian minister. It is a document of singular excellence in sentiment, spirit, and expression, and does high honor to them who freely gave as well as to him who worthily re- ceived it. While Rector of Immanuel Church, New Cas- tle, Delaware, he was an influential member of the General Convention held in Philadelphia in 1785. On the 2Sth of September, in that year, he was on the committee " to pre- pare and report a draft of an Ecclesiastic.-il Constitution for the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States." On the 5th of October he was on the committee " to prepare a Form of Prayer and Thanksgiving for the Fourth of July," and also on a committee " to publish the Book of Common Prayer with the alterations, in order to render the Liturgy consistent with the American Revolution and the Constitu- tions of the respective States." On the 21st of July, 17S6, he was elected a member of the American Philosophical Society. Between this date and 1792 he was connected with the Swedish Church at Wilmington, Delaware, from which time until 179S he resided on his estate at Prospect Hill, in the neighborhood of that town, in feeble health. On the 20th of August, 1796, the vestry of St. Mary's Church, Burlington, New Jersey, made proposals to him with reference to the rectorship soon to be vacant, and on the 5th of September following unanimously elected him Rector. It was not, however, until March 15th, 179S, that he arrived at Burlington with his family. In less than three months his wife, who had been long an invalid, died at Philadelphia, and was buried in St. Peter's burial-ground. This was the occasion which evoked from his pen that most touching and mel!inchoIy production, evincing very high poetic talent, called " An Elegy to the Memory of Mrs. Mary Wharton, by her Husband." In October, 1801, he w.as unanimously elected President of Columbia College, New York, which he accepted so far as to preside at the com- mencement ; but his vestry at Burlington consenting to his conditions of remaining with them, he declined the presi- dency of the college. In 1S03 he was powerfully urged to become Principal of the College at Beaufort, South Carolina, and Rector of the parish there, but declined. He was at this time, and so continued to be until the day of his death, the most scholarly and influential clergyman in the Diocese of New Jersey. He was President of the Standing Committee, and Senior Deputy to the General Convention. Under his ministry in 181 1, the church building at Burlington was re- arranged internally, and a semi-circular chancel extension made on the east end. At the annual convention of the diocese, August 30th, 1 81 5, he preached the opening ser- mon, and, by resolution, received the thanks of the conven- 472 BIOGRAnilCAL EN'CVCLOr.EDIA. tion for the snnie. It was at this convention, when the Rev. John Croes, D. D., was chosen Bishop of New Jersey, that the Rev. Dr. Wharton was the only other person who received any ballots for that office. Dr. Croes, only two months previous, had been elected to the Episcopate of Connecticut, and it was while the committee from that dio- cese was in correspondence with their bishop-elect in re- gard to his support, consecration and removal, that the convention of New Jersey met and elected him — an exhi- bition of human nature of which it is not the only instance in electoral bodies. At the convention held May 2Sth, 1S28, Dr. Wharton offered two resolutions which showed him to be fully abreast, if not ahead of the times. The first was "recommending all congregations in the diocese to re- peat distinctly all the responses and prayers as the rubric directs," and the second was " highly approving the objects and designs of the Domestic and Foreign Missionary So- ciety," and " recommending it to the attention and patron- age" of the diocese, both of which were unanimously adopted. " It was not my good fortune," writes Bishop George W. Doane, "to know Dr. Wharton until within a short time previous to his death. I had indeed known him by reputation as a pillar and ornament of the church, adorn- ing with his life the doctrines which with his voice he pro- claimed, and with his pen so ably advocated. I knew him as among the first in scholarship of the clergy of America, a sound and thoroughly accomplished divine, a practised and successful controversialist, a faithful parish priest, a patriarch of the diocese in which he lived." " He fell sweetly asleep, even as an infant sinks to rest upon its mother's bosom, on Tuesday morning, July 23d, 1S33, hav- ing entered nearly two months upon his eighty-sixth year, and having been for more than sixty-one years a minister of Christ — the senior Presbyter, if I mistake not, of the American Protestant Episcopal Church." Dr. Wharton was twice married — the second time to Anne, daughter of Chief Justice Kinsey, who survived him. He had no chil- dren. jIEGLER, GEORGE JACOB, M. D., w.is born, March 6th, 1821, at Long-acoming (now Ber- lin), Gloucester county. New Jersey. He is the third child of George E. and Elizabeth Ziegler, who, when he was still a youth, removed to Philadelphia. He acquired his general education in the public schools of Philadelphia, supplemented by private tuition and self-cul- ture. His medical studies were begun under Dr. George W. Patterson, and completed at the University of Pennsyl- vania, from which he graduated in 1850, his thesis on the occasion being recommended for publicition. He settled in Philadelphia, where he has ever since resided. His specialty is nervous, pulmonary and chronic diseases, his practice dealing more particularly with these diseases in women and children. He is a member of the Philadelphia County Medical Society; of the American Medical Associ- ation ; of the Academy of the Natural Sciences of Philadel- phia, etc., etc. The literary promise he gave in his gradu- ating thesis has been fulfilled by the performances of his riper years, his medical writings being both numerous and valuable, and presenting the fruits of original investigation as well as the flowers of speech. They embrace publica- tions on " Zooadynamia," "Researches on Nitrous Oxide," " Human Rights as Exemplified in the Natural Laws of Marriage," "Legitimacy," and "Life." He is also the author of papers on " Tubercolosis," " Reproduction," " Reparation of Bone," and many other subjects. He was for years an editor of the Dental Cosmos, and later editor and publisher of the Medical Cosmos. He was Accoucheur and subsequently Physician to the Philadelphia Hospital, but was obliged to resign on account of ill health, his deli- cate constitution having in fact greatly restricted his profes- sional activity in general. The wonder is that with his feeble health he has been able to achieve so much that is useful and excellent in the field of practice and of literature. His achievements under the circumstances do hardly less honor to his tenacity of purpose than to his vigor and fer- tility of intellect. XTELL, REV. HENRY, D. D., late of Geneva, New York, was born in Mendhani, New Jersey, June 9th, 1773, and was a son of Henry Axlell, a farmer and a revolutionary officer. His studies were pursued at Princeton College, where he duly graduated. Subsequently he taught school for several years in Morristown and Mendham, and in 1S04 removed to Geneva, New York, where he was also for sev- eral years at the head of a flourishing educational institute. On the 1st of November, 1810, he was licensed to preach by the Presbytery of Geneva, and, after laboring zealously and with eminent usefulness in various places, was, in 1812, installed as colleagtie pastor with Rev. Jedediah Chapm.an, at Geneva, where he spent the remainder of his life. The degree of Doctor of Divinity was conferred upon him by Middlebury College in 1823, as a mark of his scholar- ship in theology. He was a bold and faithful preacher, and when unusually warmed by favoring circumstances, or spurred on by exceptional difficulties, became veiy powerful and singularly endowed with the fire of grace. He was both practical and argumentative, and emi- nently Scriptural in his preaching. In stature, he was rather above the average, and was of a broad and athletic build. "He died in the utmost peace, February illh, 1849." He published a " Sermon " preached at the ordina- tion of Julius Steele, in 1816. BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 473 t ■IIOMPSON, HON. UTCHAUD P., Lawyer, At- torney General of the State of New Jersey, late of Salem, New Jersey, was born in that town in (e?jj|^ 1S05. He studied law with William N. Jeffers, (w^ and was licensed as an attorney in 1825, and as a counsellor in 1S28. " He was, within the sphere of his knowle.lge, a very adroit and respectable advo- cate." His expertness in the trial of causes and in the transaction of business was very great, and for several years his practice was extensive and lucrative. For several years he prosecuted the pleas of New Jersey with noteworthy ability and success; and, while holding this office, was ap- pointed, by Governor Haines, Attorney-General of the State, to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death of Attor- ney-General Molleson. At the expiration of the term of that temporary office, he resumed the duties of Prosecutor, and was met by a writ of ytia warrania sued out by the late T'ldge Clawson. The Supreme Court decided that, by the acceptance of the office of attorney-general, that of prosecutor was vacated, the two offices being incunipatilile. Concerning that case the Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer writes: "Although as his counsel I was dissatisfied with this de- cision, on the ground that, admitting the two offices to be incompatible, it was the office of attoniey-general that could not be legally held, it was not thought advisal>le to cany the case into the Court of Errors, Mr. Clawson having re- linquished all claim to the fees received as prosecutor." In 1S52 he was appointed, by Governor Fort, Attorney- General ; and, being confinned by the Senate, held the office the full term. He succeeded also in inducing the Legislature, by the act passed in 1854, to place that office upon its present respectable footing, relieving the attorney- general from the necessity of taking upon himself the ordi- nary prosecution of criminals, giving him a respectable salary, and extra compensation for his aid in all exlraordi- nary cases. On the last day of the year 1S52 he carried through the prosecution of Treadway, for the murder of his wife, " in a manner that strikingly contrasts with many modern cases of this kind, and therefore deserves special mention." The case was well tiied on both sides. The Court of Oyer and Terminer of the county of Salem, for this trial, w.is opened at 9 A. M. ; thirty witnesses were ex- amined ; the case was ably summed up on both sides ; Mr. MacCulloch being the counsel for the defendant; the jury retired at ten o'clock in the evening, and at eleven returned with a verdict of guilty of murder in the first degree. The criminal afterward confessed his guilt and was executed. "Although the evidence was circumstantial, it was entirely satisfactory The defendant, several days before he had committed the crime, had been heard to threaten il; he was shown to have had a gun, and to have purchased powder and buckshot in the morning, the shot precisely of the kind extracted from the body of his victim ; he was shown to have been seen, late in the afternoon, with his gun, in the neighborhood of the house where his wife was. 60 She stood near a window in the evening, employed at a taljle on which there was a lamp, when she was shot through the window, several buckshot penetrating her body and heart, so that she ran into an adjoining room, fell down, and immediately died. The place where the person stood who shot her was easily determined, and upon being examined the next morning, a slight rain having fallen during the night, the paper w.addnig of the gun was found, discolored, but whole, and this, upon being pressed smooth, exactly fitted the torn part of a newspaper found in the criminal's pocket. The Attorney-General had made himself fully ac- quainted with all the circumstances of the case, and had arranged the evidence so that each witness testified to the material facts known to him, and nothing else. No ca.se ever tried before me, during an experience on the bench of fifteen years, was better conducted, or more satisfactory in the result." — Hon. L. Q. C. Elmer. He died in Salem, New Jersey, in 1859. ER, REV. NATHAN. Clergyman, and formerly Pastor of the Church of Springfield, was born at Basking Ridge, New Jersey, in 1735. ^'^ '^'•'^^ the great-grandson of Walter Ker, who was banished from Scotland, September 3d, 1685, and "^ came to America, settling at Freehold, New Jer- sey, where he was regarded as one of the principal founders of the town and the local church ; his son, Samuel, had two sons, Samuel and Joseph; the grandson, Samuel, also had two sons, Jacob and Nathan. The last named graduated at the College of New Jersey in 1761, and with his brother, Jacob, was ordained by the Presbytery of New P.runswick, July 17th, 176J. Shortly after this he was transferred to the Presbytery of New York, and took charge of the church of Springfield, New Jersey. He coiUinued here but two years, and at the expiration of that time re- moved to Long Lsland, and in 1766 to Goshen, New York, where he continued in the faithful discharge of his ministry until his decease, December 14th, 1804. His brother, J.acob Ker, graduated also at the College of New Jersey, in 1758, was a tutor in his A!ma Mater from 1760 to 1762, and afterward became a highly respectable minister of the Presbyterian Church in Delaware. 'JRNET, HON. \Vn.LL'\M, Judge, Physician, Inte of Elizabethtown, New Jersey, was born in that place about the middle of last century, and was the son of Ichabod Burnet, a distinguished physician of his native place. After graduating, he studied medicine with Dr. Staats, of New York, but the trouble with Great Britain dwarfing all other events, public and private, he feliiicjuished a lucrative prac- 474 BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. lice, and entered actively into the political and aggressive movements of the day and the patriot citizens. He pre- sided as Chairman of the Committee of Public Safety, which met daily at Newark; in 1775 was Superintendent of a Military Hospital, established on his own responsibility in the same city; and in the winter of 1776 was elected a member of the Continental Congress. Early in the session, however, Congress divided the thirteen States into three military districts, and he was appointed Physician and Surgeon-General of the Eastern District. He accordingly resigned his seat in Congress, and entered at once upon his office, the arduous duties of which he continued to discharge with zealous ability until the close of the war in 1783. He was for a time stationed at West Point, and on a certain oc- casion was dining with a party of gentlemen at the house of General Arnold, when the officer of the day entered, and reported that a spy had been taken below who called himself John Anderson. It was remarked by the persons who were at the table that this intelligence, interesting to the general as it must have been, produced no visible change in his conduct or behavior; that he continued in his seat for some minutes, conversing as before ; after which he rose, saying to his guests that business required him to be absent for a short time, and desiring them to remain and enjoy themselves till his return. The next intelligence they had of him was, that he was in his barge, moving rapidly to a British ship-of-war, the " Vulture," which was lying at anchor a short distance below the Point. — (On authority of his son, Hon. Judge Jacob Burnet, of Ohio.) At the ter- mination of the contest he returned to his home and family, and devoted himself to agricultural pursuits. He was sub- sefiuenlly appointed Presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas by the Legislature of New Jersey, and was also elected President of the State Medical Society, Being a fine classical scholar, on taking the chair he read an elaborate essay in Latin, " On the Proper Use of the Lancet in Pleuritic Cases." He died October 7th, 1791. [OOLE, HENRY B., M. D., late of South River, Middlesex county, New Jersey, son of Cyrus Poole, was bom in Enfield, England, April 24th, 1791. In 1801 his parents emigrated to America, settled at New Brunswick, and in that town his father was for a long time principal of a very well- conducted and popular school. Under his father's super- vision he was prepared for college, entered Rutgers, and in 1S09 graduated from that institution with first honors. He was subsequently engaged for several years as a teacher, being for a time Principal of a high school, and then priv.ate tutor to the children of the patroon of Albany, receiving, while occupying the latter position, the very high salary (for the times) of a thousand dollars a year. In 1S16 he mar- ried Olivia M., daughter of Samuel Jacques, of Middlesex, and in the same year entered the office of Dr. Augustus R. Taylor, and began the study of medicine. Applying for examination in 1818 to the Censors of the District Medical Society of Somerset county, his term of study was regarded as too brief, and he was subjected to an examination of altogether unusual severity. From this he came out with credit, was recommended for license, was licensed on the strength of the Censors' approval, and at once began the practice of his profession in Flemington. While resident at Flemington he was one of the founders of the Hunterdon County Medical Society (in 1821); was the first Secretary of that organization, serving until 1826; was in that year elected Vice-President, and repeatedly served on the Board of Censors. He w.as also a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, serving as a Censor of that body and, in 1S22, as Vice-President. In 1827-2S he practised in New York ; returned to New Jersey in the latter year and established himself at South River, Middlesex county. Here he remained actively eng.iged until 1855, when he was disabled by a stroke of paralysis. He died six years later, December 2d, 1S61. AN SYCKEL, CHESTER, Lawyer, of Fleming- ton, New Jersey, son of the kite Aaron Van Syckel, Esq., was born in Union township, Hun- terdon county. New Jersey, June 6th, 1838. Having received his preparatory education at the well-known school of the Rev. John Vanderveer, at Easton, he entered Lafayette College in 1859; was a student in that institution for two years ; entered the junior class in the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, and was graduated thence in 1S59. Immediately upon graduation he was entered at the New Jersey bar, began his legal studies in the office of his brother, Bennett Van Syckel, Esq. — now one of the judges of the New Jersey Supreme Court — and in 1862 was licensed as an attorney. For some two years he was associated with his brother ; was licensed as a counsellor in 1865 ; shortly after became a member of the law firm of Bird, Vorhees & Van Syckel — subsequently Vorhees & Van Syckel — with which he continued until 1872. Since 1872 he has practised alone. For several years he has been a Special Master in Chancery, and also a Commissioner of the Supreme Court ; is attorney for the Clinton National Bank, and independently of these sources commands an extensive practice. He is a member of the Democratic party, but is in no sense a politician ; his pro- fessional duties amply engrossing his time and affording full scope for his exceptional ability. At the bar, as well as among his fellow-citizens, his standing is of the best. ^^ BIOGRArillCAL ENCYCLOP.EDIA. 475 OWNE, JOHN, M. P., Kile of Rinn New Jersey, was born in Monmouth counly, Now Jersey, September 2d, 1767. Graduating from the academy at Freehold, wliere he received an unusually thorough classical education, he began his professional studies in the office of Dr. Moses Scott, of New Brunswick, at that time president of the New Jersey Medical Society, and one of the most prominent medical men in the State. He subsequently attended lectures in the medical department of the Univer sity of Pennsylvania — at the same time studying under the supervision of Professor William Shipman, of Philadelphi was graduated M. D. in the spring of 1791, and on the 3d of August in that year was licensed to practise as a physi- cian in New Jersey. In the fall of 1791 he entered upon the duties of his profession at Prallsville, removing thence in 1796 to the farm near Ringoes, where he resided for more than sixty years. Of the New Jersey State Medical Society he was for a long period a very prominent member, being repeatedly elected to office, and receiving from it the honorary degree of M. D. In 1821 he was one of the founders of the Hunterdon County Medical Society; was the second President of that body (1S22); was Vice-Presi- dent in 1S25 ; was again President in 1846, and was Chair- man of the Board of Censors in 1S21, 1S24-25, 1S27-28. He was also a member, elected in 181S, of the Cliosophic Society of Nassau Hall, Princeton, and for more than fifty years was a Ruling Elder in the Second Presbyterian Church of Amwell. His practice was very extensive, stretching over a tract of country some twenty miles long by six wide, and as the roads were few and bad his profes- sional rounds were uniformly made upon horseback. All told, something more than thirty years of his life was passed in the saddle. In temperament he was sanguine, in manner decided, and the confidence that he had in the remedies which he prescribed to produce the effect desired, tended largely to assure his patients, and materially helped him in his treatment of disease. His life was prolonged to the unusual length of ninety years, and up to a comparatively short time before his death he continued actively engaged. He died November 4th, 1857. :AVS, HON. JAMES L., of Newark, was born in Phil.idelphia in 1833, and was educated in the public schools of that city. Being designed by his parents for a business career, he was early trained therefor, and in 1853; when only twenty years of age, engaged in mercantile pursuits in Rock Island, Illinois, whither he drifted in the tide of emigration which about th.it time swept westward. After three years of western experiences, he returned to the East, and in 1856 loc.itcd in Newark, New Jersey, where he still resides. Here he in a few years built up a large and successful business, and by his activity and ability achieved a prominent position iji the community. A man of ardent impulses and great natural entluisLism of character, he was among the foremost, when rebellion assailed the national flag, to engage in patriotic labors and especially in the work of organizing the loyal sentiment of his adopted State. He was one of the founders of the Union League, an organization which at one time exercised a controlling influence upon the politics of New Jersey; and his influence and means were at all times freely given in aid of the cause of patriotism and national unity. A Republican by convic- tion, he was from the first an uncompromising supjiorter of the jirinciples and policy of lh.it party, and consequently the measures framed by the administration and Congress which were employed for the suppression of the rebellion. And no consideration of self-interest, or menace of a loss of patronage or social favor, ever swerved him a hair's breadth from his convictions of duty or his fidelity to principle. In 1S63 Mr. Hays was elected a member of the Common Council, then embracing some of the best men of Newark; and, illustrating in this position his high capacity, he was, in 1S65, chosen to the lower branch of the Legislature, where he at once took a leading place. The following year, the people of the county having discovered in him precisely the qualities needed in a representative, he was elected to the State Senate. His term of service in that body, three years, covered a most important period in the history of the State. The questions growing out of the war and the abolition of slavery were all, so far as New Jersey was concerned, settled within that period, and as to them all Mr. ILiys sustained an honorable and influential relation. The Legislature of 1866 proposing to withdraw the assent of the State, previously given, to the adoption of the Four- teenth Amendment to the Constitution, he presented an eloquent and able protest, which attracted wide attention from its comprehensive statement of the legal objections to such a course. As to matters of purely State concern. Mr. Hays occupied an equally prominent position, some of the most important acts of legislation having been consummated through his influence. He was always on the side of economy in expenditure and the largest possible develop- ment, consistently with the public demands, of the resources of the State. The educationalist interest had in him an earnest supporter, and all measures looking to the purifica- tion of the public morals uniformly commanded his active sympathy. In the care and protection of the interests of his own constituents he was at once vigilant and conscientious. He thrice defeated a stupendous "job," known as the Newark Park bill, thereby saving millions of dollars to the tax-payers of the city. He was chiefly instrumental in securing for his city, against a powerful opposition, a new line of railroad communication with New York, and also in defeating a project for the division of the county which was trongly urged by an influential and discontented clement of its population. Since his retirement from the Senate 476 EIOGKArmCAL ENXYCLOr.EDIA. Mr. Hays has held no public position, except that of a member of the Board of Education, being absorbed in the management of his personal interests and in the performance of less ostentatious but equally important duties in connec- tion with some of the leading charitable and religious organizations of the city. Mr. Hays is a forcible writer and an able speaker, and both pen and voice have been liberally used in furtherance of Christian and patriotic enterprises. He possesses great firmness and decision of character, is tenacious in his friendships, and generous to a fault. What he dogs he does effectually ; what he believes he believes absolutely and unchangeably. In his personal manners he is suave, genial, frank, but he is never undignified where dignity best befits the man. He is and has been for many years a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and that large and prosperous denomination has no man in its ranks who is prouder of its traditions and history, or more faithful, in his daily life, to the principles or standard of duty which it maintains. lALENTINE, MULFORD D., Manufacturer, of Woodbridge, was born in that town, October 26th, 1843. ^^'5 father, James Valentine, a brick manufacturer, was born in New York, and his mother, Catherine (Ackerman) Valentine, daugh- ter of J.ames Ackerman, Esq., was also a native of New York. Mulford Valentine received his education at the district schools of the vicinity in which he lived. His attendance at school continued, with some interruption, until he had reached the age of eighteen. By that time the war of the rebellion bad broken out, and he, like multitudes of the young men of those days, felt that he had a part to play in the great drama of the time. So he en- tered the army of the Union as a private in the 28th New Jersey Infantry. His term of enlistment was for nine months, and at the expiration of that time he returned with his regiment to the Army of the Potomac, and participated in a number of engagements. He was finally mustered out of service, July Isl, 1S63, and on leaving military life he entered Eastman's Business College, at Poughkeepsie, New York, where he remained for about six months. Leaving there, he went to New York city, and took a position as bookkeeper for the firm of L. T. Valentine & Co., propri- etoi-s of a large paper warehouse. He remained in this situation from 1864 to 1866, when, having determined to enter business on his own account, he returned to his home at Woodbridge, New Jersey, and associated himself with his brother, J. R. Valentine, under the firm-name of M. D. Valentine & Co., for the manufacture of fire-brick and drain tile. Their commencement in business was on a small scale, and for the first year they only imdertook the manu- facture of Bath brick, sometimes known as Bristol brick, for the cleaning of cutlery. Their success in this branch was not encouraging, and at the end of a year ihcy com- menced the manufacture of drainpipe in addition to their former specialty. A year later, in 1S68, the enterprising young firm added to their rapidly growing business tlie manufacture of fire-brick. They have occupied from the first the present site of their manufactory, and their beginnings in all their several departments were small. Year by year they have added to their business and to their establishment, until to-day the finn ranks among the foremost fire-brick manufacturers in the country. Indomitable energy, strict de- votion to business, and an integrity and uprightness that none could question have accomplished the result. Their manu- facturing establishment consists of half a dozen large two- story brick buildings. The largest is So by 125 feet in ex- tent, and the others range from eighty feet square to forty by fifty feet. There are four kilns, the capacity of all being vei"y great, baking from 22,000 to 52,000 bricks at one time. They are of the old English, round style, and are known as the " up-draught." The capacity of the works is upwards of 4,000,000 bricks per annum, and besides the various kinds of brick turned out, they produce very heavily of drain tile, stove linings, etc. When working to their full capacity, the works employ about one hundred hands. The products of the establishment are noted everywhere, and the market for them is national, orders being received from North, South, East, and West. Fortunately, the facilities for shipment are very great, and goods can be loaded on boats or cars. The premises have a frontage of three hundred feet on the creek, and a siding of the Pennsylvania Railroad has been laid beside the factory. Midford Valentine, the head of the firm, was married, September loth, 1S68, to Rachel V. Camp, of Ocean county, New Jersey. AYLOR, JOHN, Packer, etc., of Trenton, was born in Hamilton Square, Mercer county. New Jersey, October 6th, 1836. When he arrived at the age of ten years his father died, leaving the family without any means of support. John sought and obtained work in a brickyard, and from that time assumed the care of his mother and three younger brothers and sisters, and was their chief dependence. At the age of fifteen he entered as clerk a retail grocery store in the city of Trenton, and remained in that capacity for five years. During the last year of his service he was intrusted with the purchase of stock in Philadelphia and New York, and thus acquired a knowledge of business and formed an acquaintance with business men which largely aided him in his subsequent operations. At the age of twenty years he started a retail grocery store under his own name, with a cash capital of fifteen dollars. In this he continued for three years, and then tore out counters and shelves and boldly launched out into, the wholesale trade. It was the BIOGRAriUCAL ENXYCLOr.i: DIA. 477 first venture ever marie in the city of Trenton of a distinct- ively wholesale business of any kind. Many careful and sagacious business men doubted the expediency of the un- dertaking and predicted its failure. The first year he sold $250,000 worth of goods, and the annual sales thencefor- ward steadily increased until 1S70, when they reached over a million of dollars. The wholesale trade which grew out of this successful pioneer experiment has now become the most important element of mercantile life in the city. During the year 1S70 he sold his interest in the grocery business, and built a packing-house and slaughtering estab- lishment, which he is now successfully operating. He has served two terms in the Trenton Common Council, and in that capacity secured the passage of an ordinance submitting to a vole of the people the question of removing the pub- lic markets from Greene street, and the abandonment by the city of the market business. By his zealous labors for two years he procured the success of these projects. This question was one of the most interesting and exciting local contests that had agitated the community for several years. He contributed liberally to the stock in private market as- sociations, and several new and handsome markets have been erected, one of which, in honor to him, bears the name of Taylor. In 1866 he conceived the project of erecting an opera house, and by taking half the stock himself and energetically canvassing for the remainder he secured the success of the enterprise. The building was begun the same year and opened to the public in 1S67. It cost ;(Sl25,ooo, and is the finest structure of the kind in New Jer- sey. Many sagacious people also predicted that this enter- prise would be a disastrous failure, but there is now nothing in the city in which the citizens t.ake a greater pride than in the Taylor Opera House. He was also chiefly instrumental in organizing Company "A," of the National Guard, one of the finest military organizations in the State. In the directions indicated and in various other ways he has suc- cessfully labored to foster a spirit of public improvement in Trenton. i^UNYON, HON. ENOS W., Lawyer and Judge, t j was born, February 24th, 1825, in Somerset county. New Jersey. He is the son of Squire Runyon. His family is of Huguenot descent, his ancestors having left France on the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, settling first in England, from which one branch of them emigrated to this country, taking up their residence in the Carolinas, whence some of their descendants removed to New Jersey. He was educated at the Plainfield Academy, and afterwards taught school until his 25th year, at the same time preparing himself for the bar. He began the study of law with Cornelius Boice, and finished his preparatory course with Joseph Ainiin, a relative of President Edwards. He was admitted to the bar, June 8th, 1S54, and at once entered upon the practice in Plainfield. At that time he and Mr. P>()ice, his late precep- tor, were the only lawyers in Plainfield ; but, though the laborers were few, the harvest was not plenteous, and he had to depend on the growth of the town for the growth of his practice. This dependence, however, did not f.iil him in the end ; Plainfield has grown, and his practice with it, until both are large and flourishing, his practice having become lucrative in all branches of the profession. Mean- while, in 1855, when his practice was not yet absorbing, he founded the rininfield Gazette, and conducted it for about three years, placing it on a sound footing, financially and journalistically. In 1862 his brother. Nelson Runyon, be- came his law-partner, the name of the firm being E. \V. & N. Runyon. Most successful Lawyers, in the smaller cities at least, are drawn, soon or late, into politics, and he has not proved an exception, owing in some measure, possibly, to- his former connection with the press. In 1867 he was elected to the New Jersey Legislature, in which he took a leading part in favor of conferring the right of sufirage on the colored people of the State, being the most outspoken and fearless of all the advocates of the measure, and doing more, perhaps, than any other member to secure its passage. It was not a popular measure at the time, and his prominent connection with it no doubt contributed to prevent his return to the next Legislature, but he had the consolation of suc- cess in the line of duty, to which has since been added the general admission that he was right, the bitterest opponents of the measure then conceding now its justice and wisdom. In April, 1873, he was appointed L.aw Judge of Union county, a position which he still holds, and the duties of which he has discharged to the satisfaction of the bar and the public. He was married, February 20th, 1S50, to Miss Vail, daughter of Stephen Vail, of Plainfield. AXON, WILLIAM B., Lawyer, of Plainfield, was born in May, 1S29, at UnadiUa Forks, Olsego county, New York. He is a son of the Rev. \Vm. B. Maxon, of the Seventh-day Baptist Church. The Maxon family came to this country from England in the seventeenth centuiy, and set- tled in Rhode Island, where the whole family was murdered by the Indians, except one boy, the great-grandfather of the subject of this sketch, who was also a minister of the Sev- enth-day Baptist Church. The mother of the present sub- ject was Lucinda Le Roy, whose mother was a native of Stonington, Connecticut, and, when a young girl, signalized her revolutionary spirit by secretly entering the British lines, in company with another girl, and bringing off the British flag in triumph. The descendant of this spirited maiden, whose life is now to be sketched, received a classi- cal education at the Du Ruyter Institute, and at the age of eighteen went to New York city, where he was employed 47S BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. in the Novelty Iron Works, then operated and partly owned by Mr. Thomas Slillinan. Six montlis in this establishment convinced him that he had no aptitude for the mechanical arts and he accordingly relinquished the study of them. In 1S49 he went to California, in which he cast his first vote for President, voting for General Scott in 1S52. Finally discovering what he believed to be his true bent, he began the study of law, reading with Mr. Wheelan, formerly law- partner of Ex-Governor Smith, and in 1S54 was admitted to the California bar. He practised in San Francisco until J 859, when he was elected to the California Legislature, ■wherein he served with credit for one term, declining a re- nomination. Previously, however, he had held the office of Judge of the Court of General Sessions of San Mateo county, during his incumbency of which the Terry-Broder- ick duel took place, the first hostile meeting of the parties being frustrated by their arrest under a warrant issuing from him. Their second meeting, as is well known, eluded the officers of the law, with a result fatal to Senator Broderick. To return, while in the Legislature he was a member of the committee to investigate the necessity of an expedition against the Indians, making a minority report in opposition to the measure, and in favor of protecting the Indians rather than fighting them. This report, especially notable as coming from one who tracks his lineage through pools of innocent blood shed by Indians, was ultimately adopted, whereby the State was saved certainly a great expense and probably a great shame. After spending sixteen years in California, including the turbulent times in which the Vigil- ance Committee bore sway, a stern but necessary rule as he believes, he returned, in 1S67, to the East, settling at Plain- field, New Jersey, though entering into « legal partnership with Judge Titsworth, of Newark. He continued this partnership for two years, when he was elected Superin- tendent and Agent of the American and Mexican Railroad and Telegraph Company, organized to construct a railroad and telegraph line from Guaymas, in Sonora, to El Paso, in Texas. He spent two years in the service of this company, whose enterj^rise, owing to the unsettled state of the country and the death of Judge Whiting, one of the principal pro- jectors, was eventually abandoned. In 1873 he resumed his practice and his residence in the city of Plainfield, where he has since attained great distinction in his profession, par- ticularly as a jury lawyer, in which respect his reputation may fairly be said to have become national. His recent defence of a young girl accused of larceny was remarked upon at the time by the press of the metropolis, and of the country at large, as an effort of surpassing ability and elo- quence. In politics he was a Whig so long as the Whig party existed, after which he adhered to the Republican party until the nomination of Mr. Greeley, in 1872, when he took his place among the Liberal Republicans. Since 1S74 he has been Corporation Counsel for the city of Plain- field. He was married, in 1S67, to Miss Titsworth, daugh- ter of the l.ate Judge Titsworth, of Plainfield. ^1 OOK, LEWIS C, M. D., was born in December, 1818, at Stewartsville, Warren county. New Jer- sey. He was a son of Dr. Sikas C. Cook, of that county. He graduated at Princeton College in l8j8, and studied medicine in the medical de- partment of the University of Pennsylvania, fmm which he graduated in 1S42. He succeeded his father in the practice of medicine at Stewartsville, and subsequently formed a partnership with Dr. Rea, which lasted until the latter retired from practice, when he formed a new partner- ship with his younger brother. Dr. John S. Cook. The lat- ter partnership continued until he removed to Chicago, Illinois. After four years of successful practice in that city his declining health induced him to return to the East, upon which he renewed his partnership with his brother at Hackettstown, in his native county, where he resided for the remainder of his life. He was an active and leading member of the Warren County Medical Society, which he frequently represented in the State Medical Society. His profession in all its relations was the object of his ardent devotion, a devotion which never flagged while his life en- dured, and which was reflected back in the esteem and ad- miration accorded to him by his fellow-practitioners through- out the wide circle of his acquaintance and the still wider circle of his reputation. Personally he was a man of fine appearance, graceful address, refined and genial manneis, and warm social feelings, unstinted in his charities, tena- cious in his friendships, steadfast in his convictions, and above all, unfaltering in his faith, the type, in short, of a Christian gentleman. He died on the nth of January, 1S74, of typhus fever, after an illness of sixteen days, dying, as he had lived, in the full possession of the Christian faith as taught by the Presbyterian Church, of which he had long been an exemplary member. He was married, in March, 1852, to Miss Janet Eaton, whom he survived, though but for a few years. Lr^ ty c OOK, JOHN S., M. D., was born, June 19th, 1S27, near Stewartsville, Waneu county, New Jersey. He is a son of Dr. Silas C. Cook, long a promi- nent physician of that county. Having prepared for college at Easton, Pennsylvania, he entered Lafayette College in 1844, remaining at that institution until 1S46, when he left it to enter Union College, from which he graduated in 1S47, completing the curriculum in three years, which would seem to imply an unusually thorough preparation at the outset, or unusual proficiency in the course, if not both. He began the study of medicine with his father, and finished it in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, at which he graduated in 1S50. Soon after his graduation he entered upon the practice of his profession at Hackettstown, New Jersey, wheie he has since pv.rsned it, acquiring an extensive prac- rKiGRArincAi, en'cvclop.edia. 479 lico, mill estalilislilng an enviable reputation both as a ]iii_v-.ician and a man. For a number of years he was as- sociated in the practice with his elder brother, the late Dr. Lewis C. Cook, a physician of distinction, and in all re- spects an ornament to the profession, as indeed may be as truthfully said of the younger brother, whose professional abilities and personal character are held in the highest regard by the community which they serve and adorn. He is a member of the Warren County Medical Society; of the New Jersey Academy of Medicine ; and of the State Medi- cal Society, of which he is Vice-President. He was mar- ried, in 1S55, to Georgia Lewis, of Columbus, Ohio. ;.A.TEMAN, ROBERT MORRISON*, M. D., of Red Bank, New Jersey, son of Dr. B. Rush Bateman, and a grandson of the Hon. Ephraim Bateman, United States Senator from New Jer- sey, 1S26-28, was born at Cedarville, Cumber- land county, New Jei-sey, September 14th, 1836. Ilavin" received his preparatory education at Harmony Academy, Cedarville, and at Edgehill Grammar School, he entered the College of New Jersey, and was graduated thence B. A. His profession.il education was received in the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and by that institution, in March, 1859, he was granted his degree of M. D. In the same year he established himself as a general practitioner in his native town, and in a short time acquired a very sntisfactoiy practice. This was inter- rupted for a time by the war. In 1862 he was appointed Acting Assistant- Surgeon to the 25th New Jersey Regi- ment; was subsequently promoted to be Surgeon, and ren- dered efficient service in these capacities until the latter part of 1863. He then resumed practice at Cedarville, where he remained actively engaged until May, 1877, when he removed to Red Bank. He is a member of the Ameri- can Medical Association ; a member of the New Jersey Slate Medical Society, essayist in 1874 and in 1875, and while resident at Cedarville was one of the most prominent members of the Cumberland County Medical Society, being reporter in 1865, president in 1S66, and historian in 1S67. In the latter capacity he prepared his valuable " History of the Medical Men, and of the District Medical Society of the County of Cumberland, New Jersey," a work of present interest and of permanent value. His literary productions, professional and non-professional, have been quite exten- sive, including contributions to the leading medical periodi- cals and to the literary magazines of the day. He is also well and favorably known in the rostrum, being an ex- ceedingly popular lecturer before the religious and literary societies of Cumberland and the adjacent counties. His high professional and social standing has led to his appoint- r.-ent to numerous positions of local importance : he has been County Examiner of Public Schools; President of the Cuniljerland County Sunday-School Association ; memlier of the Board of Trustees of the West Jersey Academy ; member of the Board of Directors of the Cumberland County Bible Society, etc. He has also for a number of years been Medical Examiner to the American, of Phila- delphia, and the Mutual and j-Etna, of New York, Life Insurance Companies. He has married twice: first, April 7th, 1S59, to Caroline H. Bateman, who died August 23d, 1S74; and, second, June I4lh, 1876, to Louise L. Goff. ARRISON, CHARLES, M. D., late of Swedes- borough, Gloucester county. New Jersey, was born about 1800. His professional education was received in the medical department of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania, whence he graduated, " M. D., in 1821. In the same year, having been examined, passed and licensed by the District Board of Censors, he settled at Deerfield, Cumberland county. New Jersey; removed in less than a year to Clarksborongh, Gloucester county, and thence in a few months to Swedes- borough. Here for half a century he was eng.aged in active practice, being during the greater portion of this period the leading physician of southwest New Jersey. In obstetrics alone he attended 9,00x3 cases. He was a promi- nent member of the Gloucester County Medical Society, and also of the New Jersey State Medical Society, and for many years contributed largely to current medical litera- ture. He married a sister of Dr. Joseph Fithian, of Wood- bury, New Jersey. He died April I2th, 1875. GARRISON, REV JOSEPH FITHIAN M D., of Camden, New Jersey, son of the preceding, was born at Deerfield, Cumberland county, January 25th, 1822. Having received his preparatory education at the Bridgeton Board- ing School, he entered the College of New Jersey, Prince- ton, whence he was graduated with the second honor. He subsequently attended medical lectures at the University of Pennsylvania, receiving from that institution, in the spring of 1845, his degree of M. D. During the ensuing nine years, in partnership with his father, he was actively engaged in the practice of his profession at Swedesborough ; being a member of the State and county medical societies, and contributing occasional papers to the leading medical periodicals. In 1S55 he entered holy orders, and for the past twenty-two years has been Rector of St. Paul's Protest- ant Episcopal Church at Camden. GARRISON, CHARLES GRANT, M. D., of Swedes- borough, New Jersey, son of the preceding, was born in Swedesborough, August 3d, 1S49. Having received his preparatory education at Edgehill School, Princeton, he 48o BIOGRAPHICAL EXCYCLOP/EDIA. entered the classical department of the University of Penn- sylvania; was graduated thence B. A.; entered the medical department, and was graduated thence, M. D., in 1872. In the same year he established himself at Swedesborough, where his own ability and the prestige of his name led to his rapid acquisition of an extensive practice. He is a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, of which he has been Reporter since 1872, and of the Gloucester County Medical Society, of which he has for the past two years been Secretary. He has contributed a number of valuable reports of cases and monographs to the leading medical periodicals of the day. w j ICKES, STEPHEN, M. D., of Orange, New Jer- sey, son of Van Wyck and Eliza (Herriman) Wickes, and a descendant of Thomas Wickes, grantee in 1666 of the site of the present town of Huntington, Long Island, was born at Jamaica, Long Island, March 17th, 1813. His prepara- tory education was received at Union Hall Academy, in his native town, whence he passed to Union College, Sche- nectady. From this institution he graduated, B. A., in 1831 (receiving three years later the degree of M. A.), and with a view to fitting himself for the profession of medicine was, during the ensuing year, a student of the natural sci- ences at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. In the fall of 1832 he entered the medical department of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania; graduated thence, M. D., in the spring of 1S34, and shortly thereafter began practice in the city of New York. In 1S35 he removed to Troy, New York, where he remained for something over fifteen years, being for a considerable portion of this lime iii partnership with Dr. Thomas W. Blotchford, under whom he had read medicine previously to entering the University of Pennsyl- vania. In April, 1852, he finally established himself in Orange, where for a number of years he has been one of the leading physicians. During his residence in Troy he was a Trustee of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ; was President of the Rensselaer Tract Society, and was a Rul- ing Elder in the First Presbyterian Church. In 1 856 he was made a Ruling Elder of the First Presbyterian Church of Oranije; has for a number of years been a member of the E^sex County Bible Society, and in 1872 was President of that organization. He is a member of the American Medi- cal .Association ; a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, Chainnan since 1 86 1 of the Standing Committee; an honorary member of the New York State Medical So- ciety; a member of the National Sanitary Association; a member of the New Jersey Sanitary Association ; a member of the New Jersey Historical Society, etc. His most im- portant literary work is a volume entitled "Annals of New Jersey Medicine Prior to iSoo" — at present (1877) in manuscript and scarcely completed — a compilation neces- sitating most careful research, and destined to be of perma- nent value and interest. In a me.asure supplementing this are the annual reports which he has furnished since l86l to the New Jersey State Medical Society upon the current medical history of the State ; and during the same period he has edited the society's Transac/wns. The industry re- quired to produce so much literaiy matter, while attending to the duties of a large practice, may be readily estimated, especially when it is added that, beside his private profes- sional employment, he is Physician to Memorial Hospital, at Orange. He has twice married : first, in 1835, to Mary Whitney, daughter of Isaac Heyer, Esq., of New York; and, second, in 1841, to Lydia Matilda, widow of Dr. William Vandinderer, and daughter of Joseph Howard, Esq., of Brooklyn. OHNSON, WILLIAM, M. D., late of Whitehouse, Hunterdon county, son of Thomas P. and Mary (Stockton) Johnson, was born at Princeton, New Jersey, February l8th, 17S9. Having read medi- cine under Dr. John Van Cleve, of Princeton, he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and from that institution received, in the spring of 1811, his degree of M. D. In April of the same year he was examined by the State Board of Censors, and was licensed to practise as a physician in New Jersey, and ill the ensuing July he established himself at W'hitehouse. In 1821 he was one of the founders of the Hunterdon County Medical Society; was first Vice-President on the foundation, and held the same office in 1848 and in 1856; was President in 1824, 1836, 1849 and 1857, and was for many years a member of the Board of Censors. He was also a member of the New Jersey State Medical Society, serving as Vice-President in 1823. For more than fifty years he was one of the leading practitioners of Hunter- don, being highly successful in his treatment of disease, and attaining to high professional standing as well as to far- reaching personal popularity. Among his office-students were a number of subsequently eminent physicians. He died January 13th, 1S67. Ta^EN EYCK, HON. JOHN CONOVER, of Mount fi^lll Holly, Lawyer, and United Slates Senator from 1859 to 1865, was born in Freehold, Monmouth county. New Jersey, on March 12th, 1814. His classical education was very carefidly conducted by private tutors, and was of a thorough charac- ter. Inclining to the legal profession, he in due lime began the study of law in the office of Hon. Joseph F. Randolph, late a Justice of the Supreme Court of New Jersey, and having followed the prescribed course was admitted to the bar as an attorney in 1S35, and as counsellor in 1838. He BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOPAEDIA. 4S1 settled fov practice in Pjurlington, going into partnership with Hon. Garret D. Wail, then -United States Senator from New Jersey. In the year 1839 he was appointed Prose- cutor of the Pleas for Burlington county, and held the ap- pointment for ten years, performing all the duties of the office with ability and conscientious regard to the public interests. He has always manifested an active interest in public affairs, his opinions leading him into affiliation with the Whig and Republican parties. When the convention called to revise the constitution of the State met, in 1S44, he took his seat as a delegate, and, although next to the youngest member, made his influence felt in the delibera- tions of that body. He was elected to the United States Senate for the term commencing in 1859 and terminating in 1865. While a member of the Senate he served, among other committees, upon those on Commerce, Patents and the Judiciary. Recently he was again called upon to assist in the revision of the constitution of the State of New Jersey, being appointed a member of the commission formed in 1873 to prepare a comprehensive series of amendments. Of this commission he was chairman. The commission was a distinguished body, and the labor cast upon it was most worthily performed, the results meeting with the emphatic approbation of the community. :M^ bRANDIN, JOHN F., late of Hampden, son of Philip and Eleanor (Forman) Gr.indin, was born in Hunterdon county, New Jersey, in 1760. He read medicine under Dr. James Newell, of Allen- town, New Jersey, and upon being admitted to practise as a physician was appointed a Surgeon in the United States navy. In this capacity he served dur- ing the latter part of the revolutionary war ; subsequently visited Holland, and upon returning to America established himself in practice at Hampden. He married Mary, daugh- ter of Dr. James Newell. For upwards of twenty years he was a promment physician in Hunterdon, practising with fair success, and being generally esteemed both in and out of his profession. He died July 21st, iSll. ; ERLIN, ISAAC NEWTON, M. D., was born at Burlington, New Jersey, May 27th, 1834. He is a son of Joseph Kerlin, of Burlington county, New Jersey, and Sarah A. Ware, of Philadelphia. After receiving a common school and academical education he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, from which he graduated in 1856. He settled in Philadelphia, where he was Resi- dent Physician of Wills Hospital for one year. From 1S57 to 1S62 he was Assistant Superintendent of the Institution 6i for the Feeble-Minded, at Media, Pennsylvania, of which he has been .Superintendent-in-Chief since 1864. His pro- fessional life has been chiefly occupied with the delicate and responsible duties of this oflice. He is a member of the Delaware County Medical Society, of which he was Secretary for many years; of the State Medical Society of Pennsylvania; of the American Medical Association, his membership of which is permanent; of the American Public Health Association; and of the Association of Superin- tendents of Institutions for the Feeble-Minded, of which he is Secretary. In 1858 he published a small volume en- titled " Mind Unveiled," giving his experiences in the early days of his work in the care and treatment of idiots and imbeciles. In 1S62 and 1S63 he was connected for ten months with the Sanitary Commission, having charge of the field-work of the Army of the Potomac. He was married, September 7th, 1S65, to Harriet C. Dix, of Groton, Massachusetts. UTPHEN, HON. JOHN C, M. D., of Plainfield, was born at the old Sutphen homestead, in Som- erset county. New Jersey, in 1836. His ancestors on his father's side emigrated from Sutphen, Hol- land ; and from this ancient city the family name is derived. Both of his grandmothers were of English (Puritan) descent. His preparatory education was received at his home, and in 1852 he entered the College of New Jersey, at Princeton, whence he was graduated, B. A., in 1S56; his brother, the Rev. Morris C. Sutphen, D. D., being his classmate and fellow-graduate. In the ensuin"- year he entered the medical department of the University of Pennsylvania, and from th.at institution re- ceived, in 1859, his degree of M. D. During the ensuing eight years he was actively engaged in the practice of his profession at Liberty Corner, Somerset county, and in 1S67 removed to Plainfield, where he has since resided. Imme- diately upon his arrival at Plainfield he was chosen City Physician, under the new city charter then just adopted, and in the year following was elected a member of the Common Council, and was appointed chairman of several of the leading committees. During this time his practice s eadilv increased ; reliance in his professional skill and regard for his sterling qualities as a public-spirited citizen being greatly augmented by his fearless and largely suc- cessful labors during the memorable small-jjox pestilence. His heroic exertions on this occasion were in a measure recognized by his nomination and election, in 1874, and re- election in 1875, to the position of Mayor of Plainfield, an office that he filled to the entire satisfaction of his fellow- citizens and to the permanent benefit of the cily. Since the nomination of Mr. Greeley for the Presidency he h.as been a member of the Liberal wing of the Republican 482 BIOGRAPHICAL EXCVCLOP.EDIA. parly — ns lie w.is ])reviou5ly of the Republican parly ]irnpcr — and is in enlire sympathy with the policy adopted by President Hayes. |INDS, GENERAL WILLIAM, Revolutionary Hero, late of Rockaway, Morris county, New Jersey, was born in Southhold, Long Island, in 1727 or 1728. From "a list of the names of Old and Young, Christians and Heathens, Free- men and Servants, white and black, etc., inhab- itiinge within the Townshipp of Southhold," it would appear that the Winds family, early in the last century, was quite numerous. William removed to New Jersey when a young man, and purchased a part of the Burroughs tract of land on " Pigeon Ilill." After improving several acres of that estate he ascertained that the title under which he held it was not reliable, and with a frank statement of the fact, si»ld his right, giving a quit-claim deed. He then bought a large tract of land only a short distance from the village of Dover, where he resided until the time of his decease. The barn which he built is still standing, and the found.itions of his house are yet to be seen. He sold from his original purchase several farms, retaining for his own use what is still known as **the Winds Farm." His wealth as a landholder and his natural force of character gave him great influence in the community, at a time when the savages yet infested New Jersey, and the whole country was agitated with the contest between England and France. At such a period, naturally, a leader who could be relied upon for timely counsel and shrewd action was respected and looked up to by his neighbors and the State. " Besides this, he was so chivalric in his bravery, and so decided in his views, and withal there was in him such a blending of courage with j;reat physical powers, that his fellow-citizens naturally turned to him in times where ordinary gifts were insufficient to meet the emergencies which were constantly arising. In the old French war, a brigade was raised in New Jersey to aid in the conquest of Canada, and in that force he was conmiissioned as an officer. On their march, a great way north of Albany, the troops were exposed to the enemy, and, whilst being attacked, were forbidden by their own commander to return the fire, or even to offer any resistance. He, although a subordinate, then ran up to the general officer, and remonstrated with him, whereupon his siqierior menaced him with his sword. " The warm-blooded Winds, seconded by the enraged troojis, made such answer to this that the commander put .spur to his horse and fled for his life. Winds now assumed the command, and brought off the troops with honor." In 175S a battalion was raised in New Jersey, the term of enlistment being for one year, and he then received a royal commission as Major — " but Mr. Losey is mistaken in the rank he assigns liim at that period, since, in the records of the Presbyterian Parish of Rocka- way, on January 29th, 1771, he is called Captain Winds, and his name as M.ijor Winds is not given until the record of .April 20th, 1773." The same auihnrity stales further th.it he was not present at the capture of Quebec, by Wulfe, in 1759, the term for which the New Jersey troops were en- listed having expired. Yet he was actively engaged in many attendant and often severe skirmishes, and assisted in taking many prisoners. His treatment of these was so con- siderate and generous that several accompanied him back to New Jersey, and there settled .as permanent residents. -Among these was a man named Cubbey, to whom he be- came greatly attached, and presented a deed for twelve acres of land in the vicinity of Dover. This man acted as a soit of body-servant to him for many years. His conduct in that campaign was favorably reported by his soldier?, and he became more than ever a popular man at home. In this, .as in all his campaigns, also, he gained the love of his troops by intrepidity, and by his careful protection of their interests in standing between them and greedy speculators, who, through his efforts, were prevented from preying nier- ciles.sly on the means of the common soldier. With slight variations, the tradition concerning his exploit on the expe- dition to Canada is confirmed by Colonel Joseph J.acksun, of Rockaway, who was personally acquainted with him, and whose father served under him repeatedly dut;ing the rev(»- lutionary war. Th.it New Jersey sent troops to Canada in 175S is certain, and also that they formed a ]\irt of the army which Abercrombie led to the attack on Ticonderoga in July of that year. This probably affords the clue to the re- lation. In that dis.istrous battle Montcalm commanded the French ; and Abercrombie, scorning the sound advice of Stark (the husband of " Molly Stark"), and also various English officers, calling them " Rehoboam counsellors," precipitated his gallant troops upon a fooli.sh and bloody defeat. His conduct was severely reprobated by the sur- vivors of his army, and by the authorities at home. ".\nd here, in all probability, is the seed from which grew the Morris county tradition." At home he was not merely a brave man, but the bravest of the brave; and in some respects was the most noted man in the county, holding there a relative position which was not so obvious in an army made up of valiant S])irits from England and Scotland and the New England colonies, which, among other noted spirits, had sent Wolfe, Putnam and Stark. It is a matter of uncertainty whether he engaged in military service during the period intervening between the French war and the Revolution. Meanwhile he received a commission from the English authorities as one of the king's justices of the ])eace for the county of Morris. This was previous to 1765, a year famous in American history for the passage of the odious stamp act. In common w'ith the masses of his countrymen, he regarded that act as an intolerable oppres- sion, and resisted its practical enforcement, a step more difficult than common in his case as a justice of the peace. The bold resistance of the New England colonies has found a place in histoiy, and yet the mountains of Munis EIOGRArillCAL ENXVCLOr.EDIA. 483 county furnishetl as singular an evasion of llie act as ajiy on reconl. To avoid the use of the stamped paper, he sulisti- tuted the bark of the white birch. Warrants and writs, bonds and executions, were not then «o numerous as in these days of litigation, and the simplicity of the times allowed a brevity in those legal documents which might now be con- sidered indecorous. " But when the constable disjilayed a warrant to arrest ' Richard Roe,' and bring him before me, William Winds, there was no one bold enough to deny the summary authority." If there be another instance of a sworn justice of King George nullifying the stamp act with white birch bark, it has as yet escaped historical notice. He was connected with the Presbyterian Church of Rockaw.ay, which was organized about 1752; made a public profession of religion during the pastorate of Rev. James Tuttle, the first p:istor, and was a liberal contributor toward the church expenses and building the first meeting- house, " although it must be acknowledged that his warm imperious temper betrayed him into some extravagances scarcely consistent with his profession." For instance, one Sabbath morning, when the congregation was surprised by a messenger on horseback bringing the news that the enemy were on the march to Morristown, he exhibited the most wrathful impatience because the " minute men" h.ad come to church without their arms. A woman who witnessed the scene says that he never attended meeting in those days without his arms, and that on this alarm he " spoke, or rather bawled, so loud that I should think he might have been heard to the Short Hills." He sometimes led in prayer when the congregation, lacking a pastor, held deacons' meeting; at such times his voice was usually low and gentle until he began to plead for the cause of American freedom, when his excitement became explosive, and his "voice was raised until it sounded like heavy thunder! " In his " Revolutionary Reminiscences," Dr. Ashbel Green says i " He was of gigantic frame and strength, and no one doubted his courage. But the most remarkable thing about him was his voice. It exceeded in power and efficiency (for it was articulate as well as loud) every other human voice I ever heard. It was indeed a stentorophonic voice." Mrs. Anderson, who lived more than half a mile in an air line from his house, the valley of the Rockaway river interven- ing, says that she has frequently heard distinctly the various orders he issued at intervals to the laborers in his fields. The anecdote of his frightening off a detachment of British soldiers by crying out at the top of his voice : " Open to the right and left, and let the artillery through ! " is familiar to every Jerseyman. The scene of this anecdote was on the Hackensack river, as was testified by Stephen Jackson, father of Colonel Joseph Jackson, who was present when the fictitious order was given. When he sang in church it was said that he not only drowned the combined voices of the entire congregation, but that " he seemed also to make the very building itself shake." In his home everything was pl.inned and executed with milit.Try precision ; he insisted on literal obedience to his orders, even when his own interests sufTereil in consequence thereof. From Mrs. \\ inds to his slave, no one dared vary a hair's breadth from his commands, " under such a storm as it was fearful to en- counter." His favorite laborer, for this reason, w.is a man called Ogden, and on one occasion his prompt attention to orders was seriously to the cost of his employer : he w.as starting for Norristown one morning, when he saw that his sheep had broken into a grain-field; greatly excited, he called out ; " Ogden, go and kill every one of those sheep ! " and springing on his horse rode off at full speed, which was not abated until his steed had covered more than a mile. Then, " remembering that his man was a terrible literalist, he wheeled his horse and rode back at as swift a rate, at every leap of the animal," roaring out like the report of a brass field-piece : " Ogden, hold your hand ! Ogden, hold your hand I " But Ogden had executed orders so far as to have slaughtered seven of the sheep before he received counter commands. In the greateit good-humor, he com- mended the man for his promptness, but assured him that he had done enough for the present. He had reason to regret a great while one of his orders, which was to a niece, to whom he was greatly attached, to execute some errand on the horse he himself usually rode, and which was as fiery and headstrong as its master. The young woman, not daring to disobey, mounted the animal and was thrown from his back. The fall made her a cripple for life. During her tedious ill- ness he watched over her with untiring care and tenderness, and, at his death, left her a legacy amounting to one-twen- tieth of his whole estate. Yet all accounts depict him as a man of boundless generosity to the poor and distressed ; he had a rough manner, but a kind heart; w.is imperious and petulant, yet constantly swayed by generosity and magnani- mous promptings. As a magistrate he regarded equity and not technicalities, and dispensed justice in modes more conso- nant with martial than with civil law ; as a Christian, he shrank from no pecuniary obligation to religion, and was as punctilious as a Pharisee in all religious duties; as an em- ployer, he suffered no interference with his plans, and those who obeyed him most closely enlisted his kindest regards; as a military officer, he was always ready for duty, and his soldiers were devotedly attached to him — his very eccentric- ities endearing him to them, for even these were employed in their behalf. The date of his commission as Lieutenant- Colonel in the 1st New Jersey Battalion was Tuesday, November yih, 1775, and by appointment of the Continental Congress. Previously, on October 28th, of the same year, the 1st Battalion of New Jersey had elected the very officers who were subsequently commissioned by Congress. From a letter bearing date " Mendham, December 7th, 1775," it is learned that about this time he was vigorously engaged in scouring the country for the purchase of arms. On Decem- ber loth, 1775, Major de Hart wrote to Lord Stirling that some complaints had been made of "the price and quality of some of the arms purchased by Colonel Winds." An 4S4 BIOGRArmCAL EXCYCLOr.IDIA. order, also, is in exislence, under date of November 2lst, 1775, from Stirlnig, requesting him to lead three companies, of which Captain Morris' and Captain Howell's were two, to the Highlands, hut the order was probably counter- manded. During the contest between Governor Franklin and the Assembly, he was at Perth Aniboy, the seat of gov- ernment, in command of a detachment of troops, subject to the order of his Colonel, I-ord Stirling. Under date of January loih, 1776, Stirling writes to the President of the Continental Congress that he has ordered him to secure the person of the governor and renrove him to Elizabethtown, where he had " provided good and genteel lodgings for him." Two days previous to this. Winds wrote the follow- ing letter to FranUlin : " Barracks at Perth Amboy, January Sth, 1776. Sir — I have hints that you intend to leave the province in case the letters that were intercepted should be sent to the Continental Congress. As I have particular orders concerning the matter, I therefore desire you will give me your word and honor that you will not depart this province until I know the will and pleasure of the Conti- nental Congress concerning the matter." Franklin replies the s.ime day : " I h.ave not the least intention to quit the province; nor shall I, unless compelled by violence." But meanwhile, as the required pledge had not been given, he stationed his sentinels at the governor's gate, " to assist him in keeping his resolution." This calls out an indignant letter the next day, January 9th, which concludes with this significant sentence : " However, let the authority, or pre- tence, be what it may, 1 do hereby require of you, if these men are sent by your orders, that you do immediately remove them from hence, as you will answer the contrary at your peril." To this he instantly replied : " As you, in a former letter, say you wrote nothing but what was your duty to do as a faithful officer of the crown ; so I say, touching the sentinels placed at your gate, I have done nothing but what was my duty to do as a faithful officer of the Congress." The situation of Franklin was uncomfor- t.ible enough, since on the loth of January, Lord Stirling sent a message to him by the outspoken Winds, " which kindly invited him to dine with me at this place," Eliza- bethtown ; and such was the decision of the messenger, that " he at last ordered up his coach to proceed to this place." The intervention of Chief Justice Smyth, who pre- vailed on him to make the promise which Winds demanded, saved the governor from a disagreeable ride, under a guard, to Elizabethtown. From Franklin's second letter to him, it comes to light, incidentally, that he was not only a Lieuten- ant-colonel, but an elected representative also of the people of Morris in the Assembly. From December 2Ist, 1775, to January 14th, 1776, his troops were on duty around Perth Amboy and Elizabethtown; on the 14th of that month they searched Slaten Island for tories, and on the iSth marched from Eergentown to New York city, thence to Hellgate, Newtown, Jamaica, and Rockaway, on Long Island, always in pursuit of tories. On the 22d, at Elizabethtown, he stood sentry over a ship lately taken from the enemy. In Februnr)' of this year he informed Congress that he was sta- tioned at Perth Amboy with a part of the Eastern Battalion of the Continental forces; that he was destitute of ammu- nition ; and that he stood in pressing need of speedy supplies. Congress, by their President, then requested the committee of .Somerset county to furnish him with four quarter-casks of powder, and the committee of Middle.scx county to furni>h him with one hundred and fifty pounds of lead. On Thursday, March 7th, 1776, he was promoted to the Colonelcy of the 1st New Jersey Battalion ; and the news of his promotion was accompanied with a special and fl.attering letter from John Hancock. From the depositions of several soldiers applying for pensions is gathered the fact that, early in May, 1 776, his regiment set out to join the ex- pedition against Canada, in which Montgomery lost his life the previous year; it proceeded as far as the town of Sore!, if not to Three Rivers. In the following July he took post on the Onion river, under instructions from General Sulli- van, for the purpose of protecting the inhabitants of the sev- eral towns in the New Hampshire grants. The journals of the Provincial Legislature show that on February 3d, 1777, he was, by the joint meeting, elected Colonel of the West- ern Battalion of Militia in the county of Morris, *' lately commanded by Colonel Jacob Drake; " and that on March 4th, 1777, he was elected by ballot a Brigadier-General of the Militia of New Jersey. Previously, on the 6th of November, 1776, he had left Ticonderoga and was after- %vard with Washington during his retreat. During the summer of 1777 he was stationed on the North river, to aid in preventing a junction l^etween Burgoyne's army from the North, and that of Sir Henry Clinton from New York. In 1778 he was for several months in active service in the region of Elizabethtown and Hackensack, and during this lime several severe skirmishes were fought with the enemy. After the battle of Monmouth he led a detachment of troops to Minisink, on the Delaware, to repel a threatened incur- sion of Indians; and during the remainder of the summer and fall guarded the lines on the Passaic and Hacken- sack with noteworthy courage and prudence. On several occasions he attacked the enemy, and repulsed Ihem in all their attempts to cross the rivers. The venerable David Gordon, when ninety-one years of age, once repeated to Rev. Joseph F. Tuttle a speech made by him during the campaign, which is sufficiently characteristic. The troops were at Acquackanonk ; and one Sabbath morning he paraded, and thus addressed them : " Brother-soldiers, to-day by the blessing of God, I mean to attack the enemy. All you that are sick, lame, or afraid, stay behind, for I don't want sick men, lame men can't run, and cowards won't fight ! " He subsequently managed so adroitly an attack on a party of Hessians as to take, according to one witness, thirty, and ac- cording to another, sevenly prisoners, near Connecticut Farms, perhaps in Elizabethtown. In the following year he was " not much in active service," and, owing to the feeling ^^^ ^^^::r^.r lilOGRAnilCAL ENCYCI.Or.T-.DIA. 48s excited against him in connection with the Iiattle of Mon- mouth, resigned his commission as a Drigadier-General. His resignation liears date of June loth, 1779. From tliis lime he is not to be considered as a memljer of the active army, but did not desert his country's cause. When the battle of Springfield was fought in 1780 he was present, and did good service. In 17S1 also he was instrumental in fur- thering the aims of his fellow-countrymen. When Wash- ington was driving Cornwallis before him, and had begun the siege at Yorktown, it was deemed of the highest neces- sity to keep the British in New York until the arrival of the French fleet in the Chesapeake should cut off Cornwallis' retreat by water. Lafayette, accordingly, w.as sent to make a great demonstration on the enemy in New York. For this purpose he began to collect all the boats in the surrounding waters, even seizing those above Pattei-son Falls, on the Passaic. These were carried on wagons to be launched at Elizabethtown, apparently for an attack on Staten Island. On one particular night the rain poured down furiously and ill torrents, and several of the wagons broke down at Crane- town (West Bloomfield). These annoyances filled Lafay- ette with great vex.ation. " General Winds w.is then in com- mand of a detachment, and performed excellent and efficient service in aiding to better the general condition of things. His voice vied v.ith the tempest as he cheered and directed his men." In 17SS he, with William WoodhuU and John Jacob Faesch, were elected by Morris county to the State Convention which ratified the present Constitution of the United States. On the 12th of October, 17S9, he died, of dropsy in the chest. He had in his family, at the time of his death, one of his soldiers, named Phelps. This man in- sisted that his old commander should be buried with the honors of war, although opposition was encountered in some ([uarters. Accordingly, Captain Josiah Hall, who had fre- quently served under him, assembled a company of his for- mer soldiers, and he was finally buried in accordance with military customs. ^UTCIIINSON, MAIILON, La«7er, was born, May loth, 1S23, in the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and is a son of the late Randel Hutchinson, Jr., who married Mary Keeler, both natives of that State; the former being of Welsh descent, while the Latter was of German lineage. Mahlon received his preliminary education at the Lawrence- ville High School; he subsequently entered Princeton Col- lege in 1840, and remained there until 1841. Having de- termined to embrace the legal profession, he entered as a student the office of the Hon. Henry W. Green, with whom he remained until he completed the prescribed course of reading; and was licensed as an attorney in 1845, and as counsellor in 1854. He immediately entered upon the pr.actice of his profession, locating at Bordentown, where he has remained ever since engaged in legal pursuits, and has the control of an extensive and lucrative line of patronage. In 1853 he was elected on the Whig ticket a member of the Legislature, from the First district of Burlington county; that being the first year when the district system was adopted in that county. Wliile a member of the House in 1853 and 1854, he served on several important committees, chief among them being those on the Judiciary, the Educati.mal and on the Insane Asylum ; he declined a nomination for the year 1S55. He w.as appointed in 1S60, by Governor Olden, Prosecutor of the Pleas for Burlington county, which position he retained for five years. He has likewise been commissioned as one of the Commissioners of the Supreme Court of New Jersey. Also United' States Commissioner, and in addition, holds the position of a Master and Exam- iner in Chancery. He has served as a member of the Public School Bo.ard for three years, and at the present time is President of the Bo.ard of Trustees of the Borden- town Female College. He has been for the past eighteen years a Director of the Bordentown Bank ; and is also a Director of the First National Bank of Trenton. He has ever taken an active interest in the affairs of his adopted State, especially in connection with the various lines of railway, which have been constructed within the past twenty- five years. Since the disintegration of the Whig party he has affiliated with the Republican organization. He was married, February 23d, 1S4S, to Amy N., daughter of Caleb Shreeve, of Burlington county. KTSSACK, WILLIAM D., late of Millstone, Somerset county. New Jersey, was born in Som- erset county, and was the only son of Dr. William McKissack, long an eminent practitioner at Bound Brook, and a zealous Whig during and after the revolutionary war. His education was the best that the country afforded, beginning with a careful school course at Basking Ridge; continuing with a full collegiate course at Princeton, whence he graduated in iSo2; with office study in medicine under the famous Dr. Nicholas Bel- viile, of Trenton, and with medical lectures in New York. In the Latter part of 1S05, or the early part of 1806, he en- tered upon practice at Pittstovvn, Hunterdon county, but at the end of some two years removed thence to Millstone, where for something over forty years he was the leading representative of his profession. He was a prominent mem- ber of the New Jersey State Medical Society, being for twelve years Recording Secretary of that organization, and serving also as Vice-President .and (in 1S2C) as President. In the Somerset County Medical Society he was likewise a leader, filling at various times the several offices, and taking an active part in the conduct of the affairs of the society. During the war of 1S12 he was commissioned Captain of a company of volunteers raised for the defence of the State, and after the war remained in the militia and eventually 4S6 LIOGRAnilCAL EN'CVCLOr.F.DIA. became a rrigadiev-Geneml. In 1S35-36 lie was a member of the State Legislatnre. Both professionally and socially he was highly esteemed, his liberal habit of practising without fee among his poorer patients rendering him especially popular. He married Margaret, only daughter of Peter Ditmars, of Millstone, having by this marriage five chil- dren. He died March 6th, 1S5J. MITH, ABRAHAM CARrENTER, M. D.. Banker, of Bloomsbury, Hunterdon county, only son of William B. and Elizabeth Smith, was born in Greenwich township, Warren county. New Jersey, December nth, 1S40. Having received a careful preparatory education, he entered J^afayette College and was graduated thence B. A. Shortly after his graduation he began the study of medicine, and, after office-study and a collegiate course, received his degree of M. D. For some years he was engaged in practice at Mauch Chunk, Pennsylvania, but upon the foundation of the Bloomsbury National Bank, he relinquished his profes- sion in order to accept the position of Teller, tendered him by the Board of Directors of that corporation. This posi- tion he continues to retain-, holding in financial alFairs a leading position. [ALENTINE, HON. CALEB H., Lawyer, of Hackeltstown — a gi'andson of Judge Caleb H. Valentine, who, previous to his elevation to the bench of the Court of Errors and Appeals, was successively a member of the lower and upper houses of the New Jersey Legislature — was born at Hackettstown, July 22d, 1838. Having been prepared for college under the tutorship of the Rev. H. N. Wilson, D. D., pastor of the Presbyterian Church of his native town, he entered Yale, and was giaduated thence B. A. in 1863, ex-Governor Chamberlain, of South Carolina, being one of his classmates and fellow-graduates. Shortly after leaving college he began the study of law in the office of J. G. Shipman, Esq., of Belvidere, and at about the same time was commissioned Colonel of the 3d (militia) Regiment of Warren county. In 1865 he temporarily relinquished his legal studies for the purpose of visiting the oil regions of Pennsylvania, and here, by judicious speculation, he in a short time acquired a handsome competency. Returning to Belvidere, he resumed his course of reading and in 1S69 was admitted to the New Jersey bar. On being licensed he established himself in Hackettstown, where he rapidly acquired a large practice, and is now regarded as one of the leading barristers of the county, being especially successful with cases in the criminal courts. During the past few years he has devoted a considerable portion of his fortune to the purchase and improvement of I,-indcd properly, .nnd is at present one of the most extensive owners of improved real estate in Warren. His social and profession.il promi- nence has.naturally led to his selection as county Represent- ative in the State Assembly, and in 1869-70-71 he did good service in the Legislature. He was one of the originators and a most earnest promoter of the present ad- mirable free-school system, the adojilion of which has done so much honor to New Jersey ; showing in his Libors for this, and other measures of scarcely less importance, a liberal and far-seeing statesmanship. In 1S76 he was named as a candidate for Representative from the Fourth Congressional District of New Jersey, but as Somerset county claimed the right of nomination, he withdrew his name and heartily supported the Somerset nominee. From early manhood he has been a consistent member of the Democratic party, holding that personal claims should not be pressed at the risk of party success — a belief the honesty of which was sufficiently established in the instance just mentioned. He married, in 1S63, Miss Russling, daugh- ter of Robert Russling, Esq., of Hackettstown. ORTER, EDMUND, M. D., late of Ercnchtown, Hunterdon coun'.y. New Jersey, was born in Haddam, Connecticut, June i8th, lygr. His medical education was received in New England, and shortly after being licensed to practise he settled in E.aston, Pennsylvania. He thence mi- gr.ated to Union county in the same State; then drifted down to the West Indies, and finally, returning to North America, established himself in June, 1820, at Frenchtown, where he remained until his death, on the 12th of July, 1826. In 1821 he was one of the founders of the Hunter- don County Medical Society, and was one of the first dele- gates from that body to the Medical .Society of New Jersey. In practice he was generally successful, was of a cheerful, sanguine temperament, and was extremely popular in the community where the latter part of his life was passed. He was twice a candidate for the Assembly, and on being put in nomination the second time, was elected. In all matters relating to his profession he was exceedingly methodical, keeping a regular set of books, in which he noted all his cases, giving symptoms, disease, prescriptions, medicine actually administered, quantity, doses, effects produced from day to day, and result ; also a record of the daily state of the weather, with the effects of changes upon his pa- tients. He was for the times a voluminous writer upon medical, political and miscellaneous subjects, contributing quite largely to the medical and newspaper press of the day. Not content with writing for the present, he cherished a ilesire to write for posterity, and to this end deposited in the cellar wall of a house built for his use in Frenchtown, in BIOGRAPHICAL ENCYCLOP/EDIA. 4S7 ■1S23, a curious document, from which are extracted the fullowing paragraplis : " To futurily I address myself, in the year of our Lord 1823. Perhaps this memento may be of service or curiosity to future generations, if found among the rul)bish of this mansion erected by order of Edmund Porter, M. D., physician and surgeon ; member of and principal founder of the Medical Society of Hunterdon County, New Jersey ; licentiate of the Connecticut Medical Society, also of the Medical Society of St. Bartliolomew's (West Indies), and Union Medical Society, of Pennsyl- vania, and author of a number of medical essays, political pieces, to be found in the N'ew York Medical R<:J